ONESPAWORLD HOLDINGS Ltd - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

OR

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission File Number: 001-38843

OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (242) 356-0006

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.     ☐  Yes    ☒  No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    ☒  Yes    ☐  No.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    ☒  Yes    ☐  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    ☐  Yes    ☒  No

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common shares held by non-affiliates was $810,087,550 as of June 28, 2019, based on the closing price of the common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on June 28, 2019, which is the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. For the sole purpose of this calculation, only shares held by members of the board of directors of the registrant were deemed to be held by affiliates of the registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily conclusive for other purposes.

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As of December 31, 2019, the registrant had 61,119,398 common shares outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of our Proxy Statement prepared for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited (“OneSpaWorld,” the “Company,” “we,” “our, “us” and other similar terms refer to OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries).

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

From time to time, including in this report and other disclosures, we may issue “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements reflect our current views about future events and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We attempt, whenever possible, to identify these statements by using words like “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “forecast,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate” and similar expressions of future intent or the negative of such terms.

Such forward-looking statements include statements regarding:

These forward-looking statements are based on information available as of the date of this report and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions, and involve a number of judgments, risks and uncertainties. Accordingly, forward-looking statements should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date they were made, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.

As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. For a discussion of the risks involved in our business and investing in our common shares, see the section entitled “Risk Factors.”

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Business Combination

OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited is the pre-eminent global operator of health and wellness centers onboard cruise ships and a leading operator of health and wellness centers at destination resorts worldwide. Our highly trained and experienced staff offer guests a comprehensive suite of premium health, fitness, beauty and wellness services and products onboard 170 cruise ships and at 69 destination resorts globally as of December 31, 2019. We entered into the business combination (the “Business Combination”) contemplated by that certain Business Combination Agreement, dated as of November 1, 2018 (as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Transaction Agreement”), by and among us, Steiner Leisure Limited, an international business company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas (“Steiner Leisure”), Steiner U.S. Holdings, Inc., a Florida corporation, Nemo (UK) Holdco, Ltd., a limited company formed under the laws of England and Wales, Steiner UK Limited, a limited company formed under the laws of England and Wales, Steiner Management Services, LLC, a Florida limited liability company, Haymaker Acquisition Corp. a Delaware corporation (“Haymaker”), Dory US Merger Sub, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, Dory Acquisition Sub, Limited, an international business company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Dory Intermediate LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and Dory Acquisition Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation. The Business Combination enabled us to re-enter the public markets as a leader in global health and wellness services and enhance our ability to deliver the world class service and innovation that our cruise line and resort partners have come to expect from our organization.

General

At our core, we are a global services company. With over 90% market share in the historically highly attractive outsourced maritime health and wellness market, we are the market leader at more than 10x the size of our closest maritime competitor. Over the last 50 years, we have built our leading market position on our depth of staff expertise; broad and innovative service and product offerings; expansive global recruitment, training and logistics platform; and decades-long relationships with cruise and destination resort partners. Throughout our history, our mission has been simple: helping guests look and feel their best during and after their stay. We serve a critical role for our cruise line and destination resort partners, operating a complex and increasingly important aspect of their overall guest experience. Decades of investment and know-how have allowed us to construct an unmatched global infrastructure to manage the complexity of our operations, which in 2019 included over 8,600 annual voyages with visits to over 1,200 ports of call around the world. We have consistently expanded our onboard offerings with innovative, leading-edge service and product introductions, and developed a powerful back-end recruiting, training and logistics platform to manage our operational complexity, maintain our industry-leading quality standards and maximize revenue per center. The combination of our renowned recruiting and training platform, deep labor pool, global logistics and supply chain infrastructure and proven revenue management capabilities represents a significant competitive advantage that we believe is not economically feasible to replicate.

The majority of our revenue and profits are earned through long-term revenue sharing agreements with cruise line partners that economically align both parties and contribute to our attractive asset-light financial profile. These agreements average approximately five years in length and provide us with the exclusive right to offer health, fitness, beauty and wellness services and the ability to sell complementary products onboard the ships we serve. Under these long-term agreements, cruise line partners retain a specified percentage of revenues from all our sales onboard. This inherent alignment encourages collaboration in all aspects of our operations, including facility design, product innovation, pre- and post-cruise sales opportunities, capacity utilization initiatives and other data-driven strategies to drive increased guest traffic and revenue growth. Most of our cruise line agreements encompass 100% of a partner cruise line’s existing fleet and all new ships introduced by the cruise line during the term of the agreement. As opposed to fixed-rent landlords, cruise lines and destination resorts serve as our aligned economic partners.

We are recognized by our cruise line and destination resort partners and our guests for our comprehensive suite of services and products. We curate and deliver an exhaustive range of offerings centered on providing specific health and wellness solutions to meet our guests’ lifestyle routines or objectives. These services include: (i) traditional body, salon, and skin care services and products; (ii) specialized fitness classes and personal fitness training; (iii) innovative pain management, detoxifying programs and comprehensive body composition analyses; (iv) weight management programs and products; and (v) advanced medi-spa services. We also offer our guests access to leading beauty and wellness brands including ELEMIS ®, Kérastase ® and Dysport ®, with many brands offered exclusively by us at sea. On average, guests spend $230 per visit and our solution sales approach drives substantial retail sales, with approximately 25% of our revenues derived from the sale of retail products.

Our state-of-the-art health and wellness centers are designed and branded for each cruise line and destination resort to optimize the guest experience, align with the overall hospitality atmosphere and maximize productivity. Centers can employ up to 105 highly trained professionals and range in size from 200 to over 30,000 square feet, depending on the cruise or resort partner’s needs.

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Our cruise line relationships average over 20 years and encompass substantially all of the major global cruise lines, including Carnival Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean, Princess Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Costa and Holland America, among many others. These partnerships extend across contemporary, premium, luxury and budget cruise lines that operate ships globally. We maintain an exceptional contract renewal rate with our cruise line partners, having renewed approximately 95% of our contracts based on ship count over the last 15 years, including 100% of our contracts with ships larger than 3,500 berths. We have not only maintained relationships with existing cruise line partners, but have a history of winning contracts and gaining market share. In 2019, we signed an agreement with Celebrity Cruises to become the exclusive operator of health and wellness centers on Celebrity’s entire fleet, increasing the Celebrity vessels on which we operated in 2020 by nine, extended our current agreement with Norwegian Cruise Lines through 2024, and signed an agreement with the new lifestyle brand Virgin Voyages as the exclusive operator of the spa and wellness offerings onboard the first three Virgin vessels planned to launch in 2020, 2021 and 2022. On land, we have longstanding relationships with the world’s leading destination hotel and resort operators, including Marriott, Starwood, Hilton, ClubMed, Caesars Entertainment, Lotte, Loews and Four Seasons, among others.

As a Bahamian international business company that earns a substantial portion of our revenue in low- or no-tax jurisdictions, we have benefited from a highly attractive effective cash tax rate. Additionally, we have minimal capital expenditures as third parties typically fund the build-out, maintenance, and refurbishment of our onboard health and wellness centers. The combination of our attractive tax rate and asset-light operating model leads to a financial profile that delivers exceptional Unlevered After-Tax Free Cash Flow. Annually, from 2017 through 2019, we converted approximately 90% of our Adjusted EBITDA to Unlevered After-Tax Free Cash Flow.

We have driven strong financial results and believe our leading market position in a growing industry, differentiated business model and entrenched partner relationships position our business for continued growth. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we achieved revenues of $562.2 million, Adjusted EBITDA of $58.7 million, Net Loss of $37 million and Unlevered After-Tax Free Cash Flow of $54.6 million.

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus outbreak (“COVID-19”) a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern,” and on March 10, 2020, declared COVID-19 a pandemic. The regional and global outbreak of COVID-19 has negatively impacted our operations. Quarantines, labor shortages and other disruptions, including the cancellation of cruise itineraries and the closure of resort properties, have adversely impacted our revenues, the ability to provide services, and our operating results, and may continue to have further or additional adverse impacts in the future. In addition, COVID-19 has resulted in a widespread health crisis that has adversely affected the economies and financial markets of many countries, causing an economic downturn that could affect demand for our products and services, as we have seen in recent weeks. As such, the full impact on our operations and financial condition is difficult to assess at this point in time. As of the date of this report, the extent to which the coronavirus will impact us will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the coronavirus and actions taken to contain the coronavirus or its impact, among others.

Attractive Market Opportunity

Notwithstanding the recent uncertainties and adverse conditions impacting global operations and economies resulting from the coronavirus outbreak, we operate at the intersection of the historically attractive health and wellness and travel leisure industries. Although we cannot yet predict the full impact of the coronavirus outbreak on the industry, we believe we are well-positioned to grow as a result of the cruise industry’s historical new cruise ship and passenger growth, consumers’ desire for travel and experiences and increasing focus on health and wellness in consumers’ everyday lives.

Historical Cruise Industry Growth

The cruise industry has been among the fastest-growing segments in the travel leisure industry with passenger growth for more than 20 consecutive years, including through the recessions of 2001 and 2008. We estimate, based on annual statistics published by Cruise Lines International Association (“CLIA”), that global passenger counts have grown every year from approximately 6.3 million passengers in 1995 to a projected all-time high of 30.0 million passengers in 2019, representing a compound annual growth rate of 6.7%. This passenger growth has been driven by consistent, significant investments in new cruise ship capacity, strong loyalty among experienced cruisers and the large and growing appeal of cruising to all demographics, including millennials.

Historically Large and Growing Health and Wellness Industry

Our health and wellness centers cater to guests seeking a continuation of their wellness activities while traveling and those who want to trial services while away from home. As consumers increasingly incorporate health and wellness activities into their daily lives, they are placing a higher priority on health and wellness services while traveling and vacationing. The Global Wellness Institute (“GWI”) estimates that wellness-related tourism grew at twice the rate of general tourism from 2015 to 2017.

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Our Evolution

Our history dates back to the early 1960’s, when we opened the world’s first salons at sea onboard transatlantic cruise ships, including the Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth II. Over more than 50 years, we have continuously defined and redefined the onboard health and wellness category by consistently expanding our onboard offerings with innovative and leading-edge service and product introductions, while developing the powerful back-end recruiting, training and logistics platforms to manage and optimize the complexity of our operations and maintain our industry-leading quality standards. We have successfully evolved the onboard health and wellness category from what was once a consumer-centric amenity for passengers to a key onboard revenue driver for cruise line partners.

In 2015, a consortium led by L Catterton acquired Steiner Leisure, the holding company of OneSpaWorld (the “2015 Transaction”). Since then, OneSpaWorld has strengthened its already proven platform by leveraging L  Catterton’s expertise in multi-unit retail and customer acquisition. At sea, OneSpaWorld has enhanced collaboration with its cruise line partners to reinforce its market leading position and introduced innovative revenue initiatives to accelerate its onboard revenue growth. Key recent initiatives include:

Today, our comprehensive suite of premium health, fitness, beauty and wellness services and products reaches more consumers than ever before, with 176 centers onboard cruise ships addressing a captive audience of over 20 million passengers annually and 69 destination resort centers serving global travelers at premier destination resorts around the world.

Our Strengths

As noted above, we cannot yet fully predict the impacts of the coronavirus outbreak on the industry or on our business. Despite this uncertainty, we believe we have certain strengths that have positioned us as a leader in the hospitality-based health and wellness industry.

Global Leader in the Hospitality-Based Health and Wellness Industry

As the pre-eminent global operator of health and wellness centers onboard cruise ships and a leading operator of health and wellness centers at destination resorts worldwide, we are at the center of the intersection between the health and wellness and travel leisure industries. In 2018, the Global Wellness Institute reported that global wellness tourism was a $639 billion industry. We command over 90% market share in the highly attractive outsourced maritime health and wellness market and we are nearly 10x the size of our closest competitor. Through our market share, we have had access to a captive audience of over 20 million passengers. Cruise ship guests are an attractive demographic with average annual household incomes of over $100,000. Based on an independent study conducted by a global strategy consulting firm, approximately 45% of cruise guests are interested in or have participated in wellness activities during their cruise, while our revenues have been historically driven by approximately 10% of cruise ship passengers. As a result of our scale, our captive audience and consumers’ increasing desire for more health and wellness services, we are well-positioned in the global health and wellness industry and have a large addressable market at sea and on land.

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Differentiated Business Model That Would Be Difficult and Non-Economical to Replicate

For more than 50 years, our business model has been built through investment in global infrastructure and training, decades-long relationships with our cruise line and destination resort partners and our reputation for offering guests a best-in-class wellness experience. The robust infrastructure and processes required to operate and maximize revenue across our network of global health and wellness centers separates us from our peers. We embarked on over 8,600 voyages that welcomed over 22 million passengers at more than 178 ports of embarkation in 2019. Our business model is centered on providing our partners with the following solutions:

The above capabilities have contributed to building a differentiated and defensible strategy around our leading market position in a growing and attractive industry.

Unmatched Breadth of Service and Product Offering

We offer our guests a comprehensive suite of health and wellness services and products to meet any and all of their needs. We are continuously innovating and evolving our offerings based on the latest trends and tailor our service and product offerings to regional preferences. In addition to wellness and beauty services, we offer the latest in fitness, a full range of massage treatments, nutrition/weight management consultations, teeth whitening, acupuncture and wellness services. OneSpaWorld has also introduced innovative, higher-ticket medi-spa services, including BOTOX ® Cosmetic, Dysport, Restylane ®, CoolSculpting ®, Thermage and dermal fillers, among others. With our captive audience of over 20 million cruise guests annually, OneSpaWorld is a compelling distribution channel for leading wellness and beauty brands. Renowned brands, including ELEMIS and Kérastase, have partnered with us for exclusive distribution at sea. Cruise and resort partners depend on us to provide their guests with the best and broadest assortment of services and products to enhance their vacation experience.

Entrenched Partnerships with Economic Alignment

We have cultivated partnerships with most of the largest and most reputable cruise lines and premier resorts in the world. Our cruise line relationships average over 20 years and encompass substantially all of the major global cruise lines, including Carnival Cruise Line, Royal Caribbean, Princess Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Lines, Celebrity Cruises, Crystal Cruises, Costa, Seabourn Cruise Line, Virgin, and Holland America, among many others. The majority of our revenues and profits are earned through our long-term revenue sharing agreements with our cruise line partners that economically align both parties and create a collaborative relationship. On land, we partner with market leaders at highly-attractive destinations, including Atlantis Paradise Island Bahamas, The Ocean Club, a Four Seasons Resort, Hilton Hawaiian Village Beach Resort and Spa and the Mohegan Sun Resort. Our long-standing relationships, with economic alignment at the core, strengthens our competitive advantage.

Highly Visible and Predictable Revenue Streams

Historically, we have had access to over 20 million passengers annually with potential long-term passenger growth expected in the future as new ships are commissioned in the industry. This new ship growth is highly visible as demonstrated in a publicly available global order book outlining over five years of new ship orders. Across our contracts, OneSpaWorld typically operates on all ships in a fleet and on new ships added during the contract term, securing both existing and new ship revenue. A new ship requires approximately two to four years to be built and is rarely delayed as cruise lines typically sell out the vessel’s maiden voyage over a year in advance. New ships do not have a revenue ramp-up period given these advanced marketing efforts. Cruise line partners are experts at dependably filling their ships with passengers, as demonstrated by the industry’s historical average occupancy rate of above 100%, even through

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recessionary periods. Due to historically consistent industry practices and decades of proprietary operating history data, OneSpaWorld has had strong visibility into our future revenue realization for the next three to five years. Despite current market conditions related to the coronavirus outbreak, we expect these revenue streams to rebound in the future to historical levels.

Asset-Light Model with After-Tax Free Cash Flow Generation

Third parties typically fund the build-out, maintenance, and refurbishment of our onboard health and wellness centers, resulting in an asset-light profile with minimal capex required. Our capital expenditures have averaged 1% of revenues over the last three years. Being a Bahamian international business company and earning a significant portion of our revenue in low-tax or no-tax jurisdictions, including international waters, our effective cash tax rate has been approximately 1% over the last three years. This combination translates to exceptional after-tax free cash flow. Annually, from 2017 through 2019, we converted approximately 90% of our Adjusted EBITDA to Unlevered After-Tax Free Cash Flow.

Seasoned and Proven Leadership Team

OneSpaWorld is led by a management team that has operated Steiner for nearly 20 years. Our Executive Chairman, Leonard Fluxman, and CFO and COO, Stephen Lazarus, together led Steiner Leisure as a public company for more than a decade. Mr. Fluxman, Mr. Lazarus and our Chief Executive Officer, Glenn Fusfield, now lead an internally developed senior management team with over 150 years of combined industry experience. We also benefit from Haymaker’s investing and operational experience at Fortune 500 companies, particularly in the consumer and hospitality sectors. The OneSpaWorld management team’s deep experience and proven track record in managing the business in both public and private markets positions OneSpaWorld as an attractive vehicle for future long-term growth within the global hospitality-based health and wellness industry.

Growth Strategies

Our management plans to continue growing the business through the following strategies:

Capture Highly Visible New Ship Growth with Current Cruise Line Partners

We expect to continue to benefit long-term from a return to the cruise industry’s capacity for growth, with a consistent and visible pipeline of new ships commissioned annually by our cruise line partners. From 2020 to 2024, our existing cruise line partners are expected to build 44 new ships, representing over 135,000 new berths, which is an approximate 33.5% increase in our estimated year-end 2019 berth count. As our existing cruise line partners expand into the Asian region over the longer-term, we will be well-positioned to grow revenue alongside our cruise line partners, as we have over 78% market share in the region today. Through established cruise line partner relationships, current contracts and an approximately 95% contract renewal rate over the last 15 years, we are well-positioned to capture new ship growth over the long term.

Expand Market Share by Adding New Potential Cruise Line Partners

Although we have over 90% market share in the outsourced maritime health and wellness market, there is an opportunity to continue to grow our market share by winning new contracts. Recently, we signed an agreement with Celebrity Cruises as the exclusive operator of health and wellness centers on Celebrity’s entire fleet, increasing the Celebrity vessels on which we operated in 2020 by nine, extended our current agreement with Norwegian Cruise Lines through 2024, and won a contract with the new lifestyle brand Virgin Voyages to operate the spa and wellness offerings onboard the first three Virgin vessels, planned to launch in 2020, 2021 and 2022. We also routinely meet with cruise lines that do not currently outsource their health and wellness centers or utilize our smaller competitors but that may have an interest in contracting with us in the future due to our strong reputation and historical results. As evidenced by our successful history of winning new contracts, we remain focused on continuing to grow our market share at sea over time.

Continue Launching More Value-Added Services and Products

We have successfully innovated services and products to meet guests’ ever-changing needs, attract more guests and generate more revenue per guest. Medi-spa has been a highly successful innovation for OneSpaWorld at sea and is now a critical component of our offerings. Performed by licensed physicians, the medi-spa offerings provide the latest cosmetic medical services to guests such as non-surgical cosmetic procedures, including BOTOX ® Cosmetic, Dysport, Restylane ®, CoolSculpting ®, Thermage, and dermal fillers. Guests purchasing medi-spa services spend on average up to 10x more than on traditional services. We continue to roll out Kérastase, a leading global professional hair care brand. In 2019, we experienced year-over-year growth of 24.1% and a 41% increase in Kérastase retail attachment. We will continue to focus on launching higher value-add products and services that meet guest demands and drive traffic through our highly productive centers.

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Focus on Enhancing Health and Wellness Center Productivity

Cruise lines have become increasingly focused on growing onboard revenue as a way to enhance revenue beyond traditional cabin ticket sales. Between 2013 and 2018, onboard spend on the three largest cruise operators we serve increased by $2.6 billion, from $6.5 billion to $9.1 billion. We provide services to approximately 10% of cruise passengers on any one journey, while 45% of passengers say they are interested in using the centers onboard, per an independent global consulting study. We are focused on collaborating with cruise line partners to increase passenger penetration and maximize revenue yield through the following initiatives:

Health and Wellness Services

We curate and deliver an exhaustive range of offerings for our cruise and destination resort partners centered around a holistic wellness approach which includes:

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Products

We sell over 600 branded product SKUs due to our scale, superior operations, industry longevity and attractive captive audience at sea and on land. We sell products from leading brands including ELEMIS, Thermage, Dysport, GoodFeet Arch Supports and GO SMILE Teeth Whitening. We have an exclusive 10-year supply agreement with ELEMIS. We believe we have a leading retail attachment rate based on the number of products purchased in conjunction with a service compared to the broader retail industry. Approximately 25% of our revenues come from product sales, enabling incremental revenue even at full treatment room utilization.

We utilize three warehouses, one 35,000 square foot bonded warehouse in Miami, FL, one 10,000 square foot warehouse in Miami, FL, and one 4,000 square foot warehouse in New Jersey. The Miami warehouses provide fulfillment services for cruise inventory, and the New Jersey warehouse provides fulfillment for e-commerce and the Shop & Ship program.

Health and Wellness Centers

As of December 31, 2019, we operated state-of-the-art health and wellness centers across a total of 170 ships, including almost all of the major cruise lines globally, and 69 resorts principally in the United States, the Caribbean and Asia. Centers are designed and branded for each cruise and destination resort partner to optimize the guest experience, maximize revenues and align with our partners’ hospitality environment. Centers can range in size from approximately 200 square feet to over 30,000 square feet and generally provide fitness areas, treatment rooms and salons, as well as elaborate thermal suites and/or saunas. Cruise centers are generally located on higher ship decks, which encourages increased passenger interest and guest traffic.

Facility Design

Our partners seek differentiated health and wellness experiences for their guests. As such, we provide design capabilities for our cruise line and destination resort partners, creating bespoke branding and design consulting to optimize guest experiences and maximize revenues. We operate health and wellness centers under proprietary brands of Mandara ® and Chavana ® as well as brands curated specifically for each cruise line, complete with cruise line and/or ship-specific service menus. We have 38 health and wellness centers under the Mandara brand, 11 centers under the Chavana brand, and one center under our destination resort health and wellness brand, “Glow ®, a Mandara Spa.”

Principal Cruise Line Customers

A significant portion of our revenue is generated from each of the following cruise lines, which accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively: Carnival (including Carnival, Carnival Australia, Costa, Holland America, P&O, Princess, and Seabourn cruise lines): 46.7%, 48.5%, and 48.6%, Royal Caribbean (including Royal Caribbean, Celebrity Cruises, Pullmantur, Azamara and Silversea cruise lines): 23.1%, 21.0%, and 20.8%, and Norwegian Cruise Line (including Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises and Regent Seven Seas Cruises): 14.7%, 13.8%, and 13.0%. These companies, combined, accounted for 152 of the 170 ships served by OneSpaWorld as of December 31, 2019. Our contracts are signed at the cruise line-level, not with the parent operator, giving OneSpaWorld a diverse customer base despite parent-level consolidation. Our contracts average five years in duration.

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The numbers of ships served as of December 31, 2019 under cruise line agreements with the respective cruise lines (including ships temporarily out of service for routine dry dock maintenance) are listed below:

Resort Locations and Partners

As of December 31, 2019, we provided health and wellness services at destination resorts in the following locations:

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Cruise Line and Resort Agreements

Through the cruise line and resort agreements, we have the exclusive right to offer health, fitness, beauty and wellness services and the ability to sell complementary products onboard the ships and at destination resorts we serve. Under the cruise agreements, guests pay for our services through the cruise partners who retain a specified percentage of gross receipts from such sales before remitting the remainder to us. Our revenue share agreements result in a highly variable cost model, where the primary fixed costs are the meals and accommodations for our cruise employees. Most of the cruise line agreements cover all of the then-operating ships of a cruise line and typically new ships are added to ships in service through an amendment to the agreement. The agreements have specified terms ranging from 2 to 10.7 years, with an average remaining term per ship of approximately 3.4 years as of December 31, 2019. Cruise lines can terminate the agreements with limited or no advance notice under certain circumstances, including, among other things, the withdrawal of a ship from the cruise trade, the sale or lease of a ship, or our failure to achieve specified passenger service standards. However, we have never had a contract terminated prior to our respective expiration date.

We operate our destination resort centers pursuant to agreements with the owners of the properties involved. Our destination resort centers generally are required to pay rent based on a percentage of our revenues, with others having fixed rents. Some of our destination resort center agreements also require that we make minimum rental payments irrespective of the amount of our revenues. The terms of the agreements for our destination resort centers generally range from five to 20 years (including the terms of renewals available at our option). In North America, destination resort centers generally have a higher investment cost and lower revenue share with higher staff costs and contracts lasting 10 years on average. In Asia, destination resort centers have lower investment cost, higher revenue share, lower staff costs, and contracts averaging five years.

Recruiting and Training

Our continued success is dependent, in part, on our ability to attract qualified employees. Our goal in recruiting and training new employees is to have available a sufficient number of skilled personnel trained in our customer service philosophy. We recruit prospective cruise employees from geographies including the British Isles, Australia, South Africa, the Philippines, Canada, the Caribbean and continental Europe, providing an ample pipeline of talent to fulfill any demographic preferences. Recruitment professionals source potential employees using a variety of recruitment techniques including advertisements in trade and other publications, appearances at beauty, hair, and fitness trade shows, meetings with students at trade schools, and recommendations from our employees. Candidates are generally required to have received prior training and certifications in the services they will perform and are tested in their specific modalities. Prospective employees for destination resorts are also required to have received prior training but are recruited in a customary manner within the respective destination region.

Our candidates complete a rigorous training program at one of our nine global training facilities or at one of the destination resorts. We train over 3,000 employees annually and have 56 training, administrative, and recruitment staff to execute that training. Training courses are typically conducted over a period of one to six weeks, depending on the modality, and emphasize use of personalized, attentive guest care and the unique requirements of each cruise line partner. Additionally, employees are trained from day one in yield management and cross-selling products. This training covers, among other things, maximization of revenues, personnel supervision, customer service, and administrative matters, including interaction with cruise line and destination resort personnel. Given the complex human capital requirements, we consider our recruitment and training infrastructure to be a key barrier to entry.

Marketing and Promotion

We promote our services and products to cruise passengers and resort guests through targeted marketing, including pre-and post-cruise emails, website advertising, on-site demonstrations and seminars, video presentations shown on in-cabin/in-room television, ship newsletters, tours of our centers, and dedicated signage around the ship. We also encourage our employees to cross-sell as they believe that such cross-promotional activities frequently result in our customers purchasing services and/or products in addition to those they initially contemplated buying. For example, we cross-sell the fitness body assessment with detox programs, vitamins, and seaweed wraps. We also maintain a dedicated sales desk to facilitate pre-cruise health and wellness services booking and to disseminate health and wellness information for charters and other groups of cruise passengers.

Recent collaborative initiatives with cruise line partners have proven to enhance performance across certain key performance indicators. We have developed a fully integrated pre-booking platform which allows guests to book health and wellness treatments six to eight weeks prior to the voyage. Pre-booked and pre-paid guests on average spend approximately 30% more than guests who book services once already onboard. We recently introduced targeted marketing, including the ‘positive surprise’ direct marketing campaign where guests receive a targeted gift card to celebrate a birthday, honeymoon, anniversary, or other special occasion. Guests who received the ‘positive surprise’ campaign spent approximately 50% more in the health and wellness centers, which translated to a 6% increase in onboard spend. We have begun rolling out our dynamic pricing model to our full cruise fleet, which provides the ability to optimize demand and maximize utilization of the health and wellness center. We continually monitor the results of our marketing efforts and adjust our strategies in order to use our marketing resources in a cost-effective manner.

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Competition

We face competition in our cruise ships and destination resorts. On cruise ships, we compete with passenger activity alternatives for onboard passenger dollars. We also compete with other maritime wellness facility providers, including cruise lines that insource the activity as well as other outsource providers. Across the resorts business, we compete with other hotel operators that outsource health and wellness services. The destination resorts business is highly fragmented, and there is no one leader within this category.

Seasonality

A significant portion of our revenues are generated onboard cruise ships. Certain cruise lines, and, as a result, we have experienced varying degrees of seasonality as the demand for cruises is stronger in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer months and during holidays. Accordingly, the third quarter and holiday periods generally result in the highest revenue yields for us. Further, cruises and destination resorts have been negatively affected by the frequency and intensity of hurricanes. The negative impact of hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere is highest during peak hurricane season from August to October.

Trademarks

We hold or control numerous trademarks in the United States and a number of other countries. Our most recognized health and wellness products and services trademarks are for Mandara and Chavana. We believe that the use of our trademarks is important in establishing and maintaining our reputation for providing high quality health and wellness services as well as cosmetic goods, and we are committed to protecting these trademarks by all appropriate legal means.

Registrations for the OneSpaWorld, Mandara and Chavana trademarks, among others, have been obtained in a number of countries throughout the world. We continue to apply for other trademark registrations in various countries.

While a number of the trademarks we use have been registered in the United States and other countries, the registrations of other trademarks that we use are pending. Recently we have adopted the mark “OneSpaWorld” as the trade name of our maritime health and wellness business to reflect our position as a global provider of shipboard products and services.

We license “Mandara” for use by luxury destination resorts in certain Asian countries.

Employees

As of December 31, 2019, we had a total of 4,298 employees. Of that number, 3,840 worked in health and wellness operations, and 426 represented management and sales personnel and support staff, while 32 were involved in recruiting and training. We have one health and wellness center manager in each center and can have up to 105 total staff depending on the size of the center. Cruise employees typically are employed under nine month-long agreements with fixed terms. In recent years, we have improved staff retention, resulting in a more experienced staff across our fleet. Employees at our destination resorts generally are employed without contracts, on an at-will basis, although most of our employees in Asia have one- or two-year contracts.

Most cruise and destination resort employees’ compensation consists of commission based on the volume of revenues generated by the employee. Cruise managers receive incentive payments, including a commission based on the volume of revenue generated by our staff under their management. Destination resort managers receive a salary, plus bonus, if appropriate, based on various criteria. We believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

Government Regulation

Our business is subject to certain international, U.S. federal, state and local laws, and regulations and policies in jurisdictions in which we operate. Such laws, regulations and policies impact areas of our business, including securities, anti-discrimination, anti-fraud, data protection and security. We are also subject to anti-corruption and bribery laws and government economic sanctions, including applicable regulations under the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Asset Control and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”). The FCPA and similar anti-corruption and bribery laws in other jurisdictions generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or generating business.

Website Access to SEC Reports

Our website can be found at onespaworld.com. Information contained on our website is not part of this report.

We make available, free of charge through our website, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as is reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed, and has been harmed, by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. The trading price of our securities could decline, and has declined, due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business

Actual or Threatened Epidemics or Pandemics may Have an Adverse Effect on our Business, Financial Condition and Results of Operation

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was reported in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 to constitute a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern.” On January 30, 2020, the U.S. Department of State issued a Level 4 “do not travel” advisory for China. The U.S. government has also implemented enhanced screenings, quarantine requirements and travel restrictions in connection with the COVID-19 outbreak. On March 8, 2020 the U.S. Department of State issued a warning for US citizens to not travel by cruise ship. COVID-19 has resulted in the temporary ceasing of our operations of health and wellness centers onboard cruise ships and at destination resorts, and cruise ship itinerary modifications in response to travel restrictions and advisories, which has significantly impacted our business and revenue. Risks related to an epidemic or pandemic, such as COVID-19, could also lead to the prolonged closure of our health and wellness centers onboard cruise ships and at destination resorts. COVID-19 is also impacting consumer sentiment regarding travel generally. The situation surrounding the COVID-19 outbreak is fluid, and the duration and magnitude of its impacts on our financial condition and results of operations are difficult to reasonably estimate at this time. COVID-19, and similar outbreaks in the future, or threats of such outbreaks, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

We Depend on Our Agreements with Cruise Lines and Destination Resort Health and Wellness Centers; if These Agreements Terminate, Our Business Would Be Harmed

A significant portion of our revenues are generated from our cruise ship health and wellness operations. The cruise line agreements have specific terms, ranging from 2 to 10.7 years with an average remaining term per ship of approximately 3.4 years as of December 31, 2019. As of that date, cruise line agreements that expire within one year covered 14 of the 170 ships served by us. These 14 ships accounted for approximately 8% of our 2019 revenues. These agreements, as well as our other cruise line agreements, may not be renewed after their expiration date on similar terms or at all. Any renewals may cause reductions in our margins. From time to time, the amounts we pay to cruise lines and land-based venues increase upon entering into renewals of agreements.

In addition, these agreements provide for termination by the cruise lines with limited or no advance notice under certain circumstances, including, among other things, the withdrawal of a ship from the cruise trade, the sale or lease of a ship or our failure to achieve specified passenger service standards. As of December 31, 2019, agreements for four ships provided for termination for any reason by the cruise line on 90 days’ notice, and with respect to four of our ships, we are operating without written agreements. These four ships (which are included in the 170 ships referenced above) accounted for 5.0% of our 2019 revenues. Termination of significant cruise line agreements or a series of other cruise line agreements, either upon completion of their terms or prior thereto, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Some of our land-based health and wellness center agreements also provide for termination with limited advance notice under certain circumstances.

As a result of the consolidation of the cruise industry, the number of independent cruise lines has decreased in recent years, and this trend may continue. Also, historically, some smaller cruise lines have ceased operating for economic reasons and this may happen to other cruise lines in the future. As a result of these factors, a small number of cruise companies, all of which currently are our customers, dominate the cruise industry. Revenues from passengers of each of the following cruise line companies accounted for more than 10% of our total revenues in 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively: Carnival (including Carnival, Carnival Australia, Costa, Holland America, P&O, Princess, and Seabourn cruise lines): 46.7%, 48.5%, and 48.6%, Royal Caribbean (including Royal Caribbean, Celebrity Cruises, Pullmantur, Azamara and Silversea cruise lines): 23.1%, 21.0%, and 20.8%, and Norwegian Cruise Line (including Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises and Regent Seven Seas Cruises): 14.7%, 13.8%, and 13.0%. These companies, combined, accounted for 152 of the 170 ships served by OneSpaWorld as of December 31, 2019. If we cease to serve one of these cruise companies, or a substantial number of ships operated by a cruise company, it could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

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We Depend on the Cruise Industry and Their Risks Are Risks to Us

Cruise lines compete for consumer disposable leisure time dollars with other vacation alternatives, such as hotels and sightseeing vacations. Demand for cruises is dependent on the underlying economic strength of the countries from which cruise lines source their passengers. Economic changes that reduce disposable income or consumer confidence in the countries from which our cruise line partners source their passengers may affect demand for vacations, including cruise vacations, which are discretionary purchases.

Despite the general historic trend of growth in the volume of cruise passengers, in 2020 and future years, the global economic environment, including the impacts related to the recent coronavirus outbreak, may cause the number of cruise passengers to decline or be maintained through discounting, which could result in an increased number of passengers with limited discretionary spending ability. A significant decrease in passenger volume could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

A continuing industry trend reported by CLIA is the growing number of passengers sourced from outside North America. We believe that non-North American passengers spend less on our services and products than North American passengers. Other recent trends are those of certain cruise lines reducing the number of cruises to certain long-standing destinations and replacing them with alternative exotic destinations, as well as extending the length of voyages. A number of such replacements and extensions result in cruises producing lower revenues to us than cruises to the prior destinations and of certain long-standing durations. The continuation of these trends could materially adversely affect the results of our shipboard health and wellness operations.

A significant portion of the cruise industry’s growth is expected to come from expansion of markets outside of our core North American market. Our facilities on North American ships are our best performing facilities, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to generate the same revenue performance in non-North American markets. Additionally, our cruise partners dictate the itineraries and geographies where their ships sail, and they may change itineraries to be less favorable to our revenue performance.

Accidents and other incidents involving cruise ships can materially adversely affect the cruise industry, as well as our results of operations and financial condition. Among other things, accidents reduce our revenues and increase the costs of our maritime-related insurance. In addition, accidents can adversely affect consumer demand for cruise vacations.

Other unscheduled withdrawals of ships from service, delays in new ship introductions, environmental violations by cruise lines, restricted access of cruise ships to environmentally sensitive regions, hurricanes and other adverse weather conditions and increases in fuel costs could also materially adversely impact the cruise industry. For example, in the past, hurricanes have caused the withdrawal of ships that we served from service for use in hurricane relief efforts, as well as the temporary closing of cruise ports and the destruction of a cruise pier facility. A number of cruise ships have experienced outbreaks of illnesses that have affected, at times, hundreds of passengers on a ship. In addition, epidemics affecting global regions, or a pandemic such as the coronavirus, could also adversely affect cruise ship travel. Also, in recent years, plane crashes, violence and other crimes, passenger accidents, disappearances and assaults, fatalities from shore excursion activities, shipboard fires and other incidents have brought adverse publicity to the travel industry, including the cruise industry. The public concern over these incidents, especially if they are repeated, or other negative publicity about the cruise industry, could adversely affect the demand for cruises and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The cruise lines’ capacity has grown in recent years and is expected to continue to grow over the next few years as new ships are introduced. In order to utilize the new capacity, it is likely that the cruise industry will need to increase its share of the overall vacation market. In order to increase that market share, cruise lines may be required to offer discounted fares to prospective passengers, which would have the potentially adverse effects on us described above.

Severe weather conditions, both at sea and at ports of embarkation, also could adversely affect the cruise industry. The cruise industry also relies to a significant extent on airlines to transport passengers to ports of embarkation. Changes in airline service to cruise embarkation and disembarkation locations could adversely affect us. In addition, any strikes or other disruptions of airline service, including those that could follow terrorist attacks or armed hostilities, could adversely affect the ability of cruise passengers or our shipboard staff to reach their ports of embarkation, or could cause cancellation of cruises.

Cruise ships have increasingly had itineraries which provide for the ships to be in port during cruises. When cruise ships are in port, our revenues are adversely affected.

Cruise ships periodically go into dry-dock for routine maintenance, repairs and refurbishment for periods ranging from one to three weeks. Cruise ships also may be taken out of service unexpectedly for non-routine maintenance and repairs as a result of damage from an accident or otherwise, such as the Carnival Triumph, Oasis of the Seas, and Costa Smerelda incidents. A ship also may go out of service with respect to us if it is transferred to a cruise line we do not serve or if it is retired from service. While we attempt to plan appropriately for the scheduled removal from service of ships we serve, unexpected removals from service of ships we serve can hamper the efficient distribution of our shipboard personnel, in addition to causing unexpected reductions in our shipboard revenues.

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We Are Required to Make Minimum Payments under Our Agreements and May Face Increasing Payments to Cruise Lines and Owners of Our Destination Resort Health and Wellness Centers

We are obligated to make minimum annual payments to certain cruise lines and owners of our land-based venues regardless of the amount of revenues we receive from customers. We may also be required to make such minimum annual payments under any future agreements into which we enter. Accordingly, we could be obligated to pay more in minimum payments than the amount we collect from customers. As of December 31, 2019, these payments are required by cruise line agreements covering a total of 151 ships served by us and by six of the agreements for our destination resort health and wellness centers.

As of December 31, 2019, we guaranteed total minimum payments to cruise lines (excluding payments based on minimum amounts per passenger per day of a cruise applicable to certain ships served by us) and owners of our land-based venues of approximately $126 million in the aggregate in 2020, which amount does not take into account cancelled voyages. As we renew or enter into new agreements with cruise lines and land-based venues, we may experience increases in such required payments and such increases may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We Depend on the Continued Viability of the Ships and Destination Resort Health and Wellness Centers We Serve

Our revenues from our shipboard guests and guests at our destination resort health and wellness centers can only be generated if the ships and land-based venues we serve are open for business and continue to operate. Historically, some smaller cruise lines we served have ceased operating for economic reasons. We cannot be assured of the continued viability of any of the land-based venues (including our ability to protect our investments in build-outs of health and wellness centers) or cruise lines that we serve, particularly in the event of recurrence of the more severe aspects of the economic slowdown experienced in certain prior years, which may occur due to the recent coronavirus outbreak. To the extent that cruise lines or land-based venues we serve, or could potentially serve in the future, cease to operate, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Increased Costs Could Adversely Impact our Financial Results

In addition to the adverse effects on the cruise industry of high fuel costs described above, periods of higher fuel costs adversely affect us directly. We depend on commercial airlines for the transportation of our shipboard employees to and from the ships we serve and, as a result, we pay for a relatively large number of flights for these employees each year. During times of higher fuel costs, such as those experienced in certain prior years, airfares, including those applicable to the transportation of our employees, have been increased by the airlines we have utilized. Increased transportation costs associated with increased fuel costs also add to the costs of delivery of our products to the ships we serve and other destinations. Higher fuel charges also increase the cost to consumers of transportation to cruise ship destination ports and to venues where we operate our destination resort health and wellness centers and also increase the cost of utilities at our destination resort health and wellness centers. Periods of increasing fuel costs would likely cause these transportation costs to correspondingly increase. Extended periods of increased airfares could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Increases in prices of other commodities utilized by us in our business could adversely affect us. For example, in certain prior years, as a result of increases in the cost of cotton, the cost to us of linens and uniforms utilized in our operations has increased. Our land-based health and wellness operations also have experienced an increase in the cost of electrical utilities. A continuing increase in these costs or similar costs applicable to our operations could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

Increases in minimum wage obligations in jurisdictions where we employ personnel have also affected us directly and could adversely impact our results of operation and financial condition.

We Depend on Our Key Officers and Qualified Employees

Our continued success will depend to a significant extent on our senior executive officers, including Leonard Fluxman, our Executive Chairman, Glenn Fusfield, our Chief Executive Officer and President, and Stephen Lazarus, our Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer. The loss of the services of any of these persons or other key management personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business. Our continued success also is dependent on our ability to recruit and retain personnel qualified to perform our services. Shipboard employees typically are employed pursuant to agreements with terms of nine months. Our land-based health and wellness employees generally are employed without contracts, on an at-will basis. Other providers of shipboard health and wellness services compete with us for shipboard personnel. We also compete with destination resort health and wellness centers and other employers for our shipboard and land-based health and wellness personnel. We may not be able to continue to attract a sufficient number of applicants possessing the requisite training and skills necessary to conduct our business. Our inability to attract a sufficient number of qualified applicants to provide our services and products could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, in recent years, the immigration approval process in the United States has proceeded at a slower pace than previously had been the case. Since many of our shipboard employees are not United States citizens, exacerbation of this trend could adversely affect our ability to meet our shipboard staffing needs on a timely basis.

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Almost all of our shipboard personnel come from jurisdictions outside the United States. Our ability to obtain non-United States shipboard employees is subject to regulations in certain countries from which we source a number of our employees and, in the case of one country, control by an employment company that acts on behalf of employees and potential employees from that country. In addition, in that country, we are required to deal with local employment companies to facilitate the hiring of employees. Our ability to obtain shipboard employees from those countries on economic terms that are acceptable to us may be hampered by evolving regulatory requirements and/or our inability to enter into an acceptable agreement with the applicable local employment company.

In addition, the various jurisdictions where we operate our health and wellness centers have their own licensing or similar requirements applicable to our employees, which could affect our ability to open new health and wellness centers on a timely basis or adequately staff existing health and wellness centers. The ship we serve that is United States-based also is subject to United States labor law requirements that can result in delays in obtaining adequate staffing.

Possible Adverse Changes in United States or Foreign Tax Laws or Changes in Our Business Could Increase Our Taxes

Background

We are a Bahamas international business company (“IBC”) that owns, among other entities, OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) Limited (formerly known as Steiner Transocean Limited) (“OneSpaWorld (Bahamas)”), our principal subsidiary and a Bahamas IBC that conducts our shipboard operations, primarily outside United States waters (which constitutes most of our shipboard activities), and One Spa World LLC, a Florida limited liability company that performs administrative services in connection with our operations in exchange for fees from OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) and other subsidiaries.

We also own, directly or indirectly, the shares of additional subsidiaries organized in the United States, the United Kingdom and other taxable jurisdictions, as well as subsidiaries organized in jurisdictions that do not subject the subsidiaries to taxation.

Currently, we and our non-United States subsidiaries are not subject to Bahamas income tax or other (including United States federal) income tax, except as set forth below. Our United States subsidiaries are subject to United States federal income tax as a consolidated group at regular corporate rates up to 21%. Generally, any dividends paid by our United States holding company to its parent, are subject to a 30% United States withholding tax. Other than as described below, we believe that none of the income generated by our non-United States subsidiaries should be effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and, accordingly, that such income should not be subject to United States federal income tax.

A foreign corporation generally is subject to United States federal corporate income tax at a rate of up to 21% on its United States-source income that is effectively connected with its trade or business within the United States and on certain limited types of its foreign-source income that is effectively connected to a trade or business it conducts in the United States. A foreign corporation also can be subject to a branch profits tax of 30% imposed on its after-tax earnings that are so effectively connected.

OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) has three types of income: income from the provision of health and wellness services, income from the sales of health and wellness products and income from leasing (at rates determined on an arm’s length basis) our shipboard employees and space to a United States subsidiary that performs health and wellness services and sells health and wellness products while the ships are in United States waters and pays OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) the amounts referenced above (the “U.S. Waters Activities”).

We believe that most of OneSpaWorld (Bahamas)’s shipboard income should be treated as foreign-source income not effectively connected to a business it conducts in the United States. This belief is based on the following:

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The Risks to OneSpaWorld

Under United States Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) regulations, as of January 1, 2007, all or a portion of OneSpaWorld (Bahamas)’s income for periods commencing on or after that date could be subject to United States federal income tax at a rate of up to 35% with respect to income earned prior to January 1, 2018 and up to 21% with respect to income earned thereafter:

If OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) is considered to be a controlled foreign corporation (“CFC”), any of its shipboard income would be considered income from sources within the United States and would be subject to United States federal income tax unless such income is attributable to functions performed, resources employed or risks assumed in a foreign country or countries.

A foreign corporation is a CFC if more than 50% of (i) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote or (ii) the total value of the stock of such corporation is owned or considered as owned by “United States shareholders” (“U.S. shareholders”) on any day during the taxable year of such corporation. A “U.S. Shareholder,” generally, means a “United States person” (“U.S. person”) who owns directly, indirectly or constructively at least 10% of the voting power or value of the stock of a foreign corporation. A “U.S. person” is a citizen or resident of the United States, a domestic partnership, a domestic corporation, any domestic estate or a trust over which a United States court is able to exercise administrative supervision and over which one or more United States persons have authority to control all substantial decisions.

Under certain “downward attribution” rules, made applicable by a provision of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”) to determine the CFC status of a foreign corporate subsidiary of a foreign parent corporation that also has a U.S. subsidiary, the foreign subsidiary may in certain circumstances be treated as a CFC based solely on its brother-sister relationship to the U.S. subsidiary. However, in 2018 the IRS and Treasury Department announced that pending the issuance of further guidance, and solely for purposes of the income-source rules described above, taxpayers may determine whether a foreign corporation is a CFC without regard to this provision of the TCJA. In 2019, the IRS and Treasury Department issued a proposed regulation which is consistent with the 2018 announcement, and proposed that a taxpayer may apply the regulation to the last tax year of a foreign corporation beginning before January 1, 2018 and each subsequent year.

Accordingly, solely for purposes of the income-sourcing rules described above, we believe that OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) should not be characterized as a CFC. This should allow us to treat most of our shipboard income, which is earned by a foreign corporation that would not be a CFC but for the TCJA provision referred to above, to be foreign source income to the same extent as income earned by a non-CFC.

If OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) is subject to United States federal income tax (at a rate of up to 21%) on its United States-source income and on certain of its foreign-source income that is effectively connected to a business it conducts in the United States, it also would be subject to a branch profits tax of 30% imposed on its after-tax earnings withdrawn, or considered to be withdrawn, from its United States business.

Certain non-United States jurisdictions may also assert that OneSpaWorld (Bahamas)’s income is subject to their income tax.

Some of our United Kingdom, Bahamas and United States subsidiaries provide goods and/or services to us and certain of our other subsidiaries. The United Kingdom or United States tax authorities may assert that some or all of these transactions do not contain arm’s length terms. In that event, income or deductions could be reallocated among our subsidiaries in a manner that could increase the United Kingdom or United States tax on us. This reallocation also could result in the imposition of interest and penalties.

We cannot assure you that the tax laws on which we have relied to minimize our income taxes will remain unchanged in the future.

Our land-based operations, the income from which is generally taxable, have significantly increased and we intend to consider land-based opportunities in the future (though we cannot assure you that we will be successful in finding appropriate opportunities). To the extent that we are able to effectively implement this strategy, the amount of our income that is subject to tax would increase.

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The Success of Health and Wellness Centers Depends on the Hospitality Industry

We are dependent on the hospitality industry for the success of destination resort centers. To the extent that consumers do not choose to stay at venues where we operate health and wellness centers, over which we have no control, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. The hospitality industry is subject to risks that are similar to those of the cruise industry. As discussed above, the recent coronavirus outbreak has caused government travel advisories, itinerary modifications and/or travel cancellations that are impacting demand at hotels and resorts, resulting in material adverse effects to the hospitality industry.

The considerations described above regarding the effects of adverse economic conditions on the cruise industry apply similarly to the hospitality industry, including the resorts where we have operations. Periods of economic slowdown result in reduced destination resort occupancy rates and decreased spending by destination resort guests, including at the resorts where we operate health and wellness centers. The recurrence of challenging economic conditions, as well as instances of increased fuel costs, which have occurred in certain prior years, could result in lower resort occupancy, which would have a direct, adverse effect on the number of resort guests that purchase our health and wellness services and products at the venues in question. Accordingly, such lower occupancy rates at the resorts we serve could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

The following are other risks related to the hospitality industry:

We Compete with Passenger Activity Alternatives

We compete with passenger activity alternatives on cruise ships and with competing providers of services and products similar to our services and products seeking agreements with cruise lines. Casinos, bars and a variety of shops are found on almost all of the ships served by us. In addition, ships dock in ports which provide opportunities for additional shopping as well as other activities that compete with us for passenger attention and disposable income, and cruise ships are increasingly offering itineraries providing for greater numbers of port days. Cruise ships also typically offer swimming pools and other recreational facilities and activities, as well as musical and other entertainment, all without additional charge to the passengers. Certain cruise lines we formerly served have engaged the services of third parties or their own personnel for the operation of the health and wellness centers for all or some of their ships. Additional cruise lines could take similar actions in the future. In addition, there are certain other entities offering services in the cruise industry similar to those provided by us and we may not be able to serve new cruise ships that come into service and that are not covered by our cruise line agreements.

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Many of the land-based venues that we serve or may serve in the future offer recreational entertainment facilities and activities similar to those offered on cruise ships, often without additional charge to guests. A number of the hotels we serve also offer casino gambling. These activities and facilities compete with us for customer time and disposable income. Our destination resort health and wellness centers also compete with other health and wellness centers in their vicinities, as well as with other beauty, relaxation or other therapeutic alternatives. These include salons that offer these services at prices significantly lower than those charged by us. We believe, however, that the prices charged by us are appropriate for the quality of the experience we provide in our respective markets. In addition, we also compete, both for customers and for contracts with hotels, with health and wellness centers and beauty salons owned or operated by companies that have offered their destination resort health and wellness services longer than we have, some of which enjoy greater name recognition with customers and prospective customers than health and wellness centers operated by us. Also, a number of these health and wellness center operators may have greater resources than we do. Further, some hotel operators provide health and wellness services themselves. If we are unable to compete effectively in one or more areas of our operations, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Non-U.S. Operations and Hostilities

The cruise lines we serve operate in waters and call on ports throughout the world and our destination resort health and wellness centers are located in a variety of countries. Operating internationally exposes us to a number of risks, including increased exposure to a wider range of regional and local economic conditions, volatile local political conditions, potential changes in duties and taxes, including changing and/or uncertain interpretations of existing tax laws and regulations, required compliance with additional laws and policies affecting cruising, vacation or maritime businesses or governing the operations of foreign-based companies, currency fluctuations, interest rate movements, difficulties in operating under local business environments, port quality and availability in certain regions, U.S. and global anti-bribery laws or regulations, imposition of trade barriers and restrictions on repatriation of earnings.

Operating globally also exposes us to numerous and sometimes conflicting legal, regulatory and tax requirements. In many parts of the world, including countries in which we operate, practices in the local business communities might not conform to international business standards. We must adhere to policies designed to promote legal and regulatory compliance as well as applicable laws and regulations. However, we might not be successful in ensuring that our employees, agents, representatives and other third parties with whom we associate throughout the world properly adhere to them. Failure by us, our employees or any of these third parties to adhere to our policies or applicable laws or regulations could result in penalties, sanctions, damage to our reputation and related costs which in turn could negatively affect our results of operations and cash flows.

As a global operator, our business may also be impacted by changes in U.S. policy or priorities in areas such as trade, immigration and/or environmental or labor regulations, among others. Depending on the nature and scope of any such changes, they could impact our domestic and international business operations. Any such changes, and any international response to them, could potentially introduce new barriers to passenger or crew travel and/or cross border transactions, impact our guest experience and/or increase our operating costs.

The waters and countries in which we operate include geographic regions that, from time to time, experience political and civil unrest and armed hostilities. Political unrest in areas where we operate health and wellness centers also has adversely affected our operations and continued political unrest in the Middle East has adversely affected the travel industry in that region. The threat of additional attacks and of armed hostilities internationally or locally may cause prospective travelers to cancel their plans, including plans for cruise or land-based venue vacations. Weaker cruise industry and land-based venue performance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to address these risks adequately, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected, including potentially impairing the value of our shipboard spas and other assets.

Severe Weather Can Disrupt Our Operations

Our operations may be impacted by adverse weather patterns or other natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, fires, tornados, tsunamis, typhoons and volcanic eruptions. It is possible that cruises we serve could be forced to alter itineraries or cancel a cruise or a series of cruises or tours due to these or other factors, which would have an adverse effect on our net revenue yields and profitability. Extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods and typhoons, may not only cause disruption, alteration, or cancellation of cruises and closures of destination resort health and wellness centers but may also adversely impact commercial airline flights and other transport or prevent certain individuals from electing to utilize our offerings altogether. In addition, these extreme weather conditions could result in increased wave and wind activity, which would make it more challenging to sail and dock ships and could cause sea/motion sickness among guests and crew on the ships we serve. These events could have an adverse impact on the safety and satisfaction of cruising and could have an adverse impact on our net revenue yields and profitability. Additionally, these extreme weather conditions could impact our ability to provide our cruise products and services as well as to obtain insurance coverage for operations in such areas at reasonable rates.

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Risk of Early Termination of Land-Based Health and Wellness Center Agreements

A number of our land-based health and wellness center agreements provide that landlords may terminate the agreement prior to its expiration date (provided, in some cases, that we receive certain compensation with respect to our build-out expenses and earnings lost as a result of such termination). While we always attempt to negotiate the best deal we can in this regard, we may not be able to successfully negotiate a termination fee in any of our future agreements or that any amounts we would receive in connection with such termination accurately reflects the economic value of the assets we would be leaving behind as a result of such termination. In addition, in the event of certain terminations of an agreement with a land-based venue, such as by the venue operator after our breach of an agreement, or as a result of the bankruptcy of a venue, even if we have a provision in our agreement providing for a termination payment, we could receive no compensation with respect to build-out expenditures we have incurred.

We also attempt to obtain terms in our land-based health and wellness center agreements that protect us in the event that the lessor’s lender forecloses and takes over the property in question. However, we cannot always obtain such protective “non-disturbance” terms. In the event that the lender to a land-based venue owner under an agreement where no such non-disturbance term is included forecloses on that property, our agreement could be terminated prior to the expiration of its term. In such case, in addition to the loss of income from that health and wellness center, we could lose the residual value of any investment we made to build out that facility.

Delays in New Ship Introductions Could Slow Our Growth

Our growth depends, in part, on our serving new cruise ships brought into service. A number of cruise lines we serve have experienced in the past and recently, and could experience in the future, delays in bringing new ships into service. In addition, there is a limited number of shipyards in the world capable of constructing large cruise ships in accordance with the standards of major cruise lines. This also may contribute to delays in new ship construction. Such delays could slow our growth and have an adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in and Compliance with Laws and Regulations Relating to Environment, Health, Safety, Security, Data Privacy and Protection, Tax and Anti-Corruption under Which We Operate May Lead to Litigation, Enforcement Actions, Fines, or Penalties

We are subject to numerous international, national, state and local laws, regulations and treaties covering many areas, including social issues, health, safety, security, data privacy and protection, and tax. Failure to comply with these laws, regulations, treaties and agreements could lead and has led to enforcement actions, fines, civil or criminal penalties or the assertion of litigation claims and damages. These issues are, and we believe will continue to be, an area of focus by the relevant authorities throughout the world. Accordingly, new legislation, regulations or treaties, or changes thereto, could impact our operations and would likely subject us to increased compliance costs in the future. In addition, training of crew may become more time consuming and may increase our operating costs due to increasing regulatory and other requirements.

Environmental laws and regulations or liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposure to, hazardous substances or vessel discharges, including ballast water and waste disposal, could materially adversely affect our business, profitability and financial condition. Some environmental groups have lobbied for more stringent regulation of cruise ships. Various agencies and regulatory organizations have enacted or are considering new regulations or policies, such as stricter emission limits to reduce greenhouse gas effects, which could adversely impact the cruise industry.

Our guest and employee relationships provide us with access to sensitive data. We are subject to laws and requirements related to the treatment and protection of such sensitive data. We may be subject to legal liability and reputational damage if we do not comply with data privacy and protection regulations. Various governments, agencies and regulatory organizations have enacted and are considering new regulations and implementation of rules for existing regulations. Additional requirements could negatively impact our ability to market cruises to consumers and increase our costs.

We are subject to the European Union (“EU”) General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which came into effect in May 2018 and imposes significant obligations to businesses that sell products or services to EU customers or otherwise control or process personal data of EU residents. Should we violate or not comply with the GDPR, or any other applicable laws or regulations, contractual requirements relating to data security and privacy, either intentionally or unintentionally, or through the acts of intermediaries, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as subject us to significant fines, litigation, losses, third-party damages and other liabilities.

We are subject to the examination of our income tax returns by tax authorities in the jurisdictions where we operate. There can be no assurance that the outcome from these examinations will not adversely affect our profitability.

As budgetary constraints continue to adversely impact the jurisdictions in which we operate, increases in income or other taxes affecting our operations may be imposed. Some social activist groups have lobbied for more taxation on income generated by cruise companies. Certain groups have also generated negative publicity for us. In recent years, certain members of the U.S. Congress have proposed various forms of legislation that would result in higher taxation on income generated by cruise companies.

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Our global operations subject us to potential liability under anti-corruption, economic sanctions, and other laws and regulations. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act and other anti-corruption laws and regulations (“Anti-Corruption Laws”) prohibit corrupt payments by our employees, vendors, or agents. While we devote substantial resources to our global compliance programs and have implemented policies, training, and internal controls designed to reduce the risk of corrupt payments, our employees, vendors, or agents may violate our policies. Our failure to comply with Anti-Corruption Laws could result in significant fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers, or our employees, prohibitions or limitations on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation. Operations outside the U.S. may also be affected by changes in economic sanctions, trade protection laws, policies, and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment. We may be subject to legal liability and reputational damage if we improperly sell goods or otherwise operate improperly in areas subject to economic sanctions such as Crimea, Iran, North Korea, Cuba, Sudan, and Syria or if we improperly engage in business transactions with persons subject to economic sanctions.

These various international laws and regulations could lead and have led to enforcement actions, fines, civil or criminal penalties or the assertion of litigation claims and damages. In addition, improper conduct by our employees or agents could damage our reputation and lead to litigation or legal proceedings that could result in significant awards or settlements to plaintiffs and civil or criminal penalties, including substantial monetary fines. Such events could lead to an adverse impact on our financial condition or profitability, even if the monetary damage is mitigated by our insurance coverage.

As a result of ship or other incidents, litigation claims, enforcement actions and regulatory actions and investigations, including, but not limited to, those arising from personal injury, loss of life, loss of or damage to personal property, business interruption losses or environmental damage to any affected coastal waters and the surrounding areas, may be asserted or brought against various parties, including us. The time and attention of our management may also be diverted in defending such claims, actions and investigations. We may also incur costs both in defending against any claims, actions and investigations and for any judgments, fines, or civil or criminal penalties if such claims, actions or investigations are adversely determined and not covered by our insurance policies.

Product Liability and Other Potential Claims Could Adversely Affect Us

The nature and use of our products and services could give rise to liability if a customer were injured while receiving one of our services. Guests at our health and wellness centers could be injured, among other things, in connection with their use of our fitness equipment, sauna facilities or other facilities. If any of these events occurred, we could incur substantial litigation expense and be required to make payments in connection with settlements of claims or as a result of judgments against us.

We maintain insurance to cover a number of risks associated with our business. While we seek to obtain comprehensive insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates, we cannot be certain that appropriate insurance will be available to us in the future on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Our insurance policies are subject to coverage limit, exclusions and deductible levels and are subject to non-renewal upon termination at the option of the applicable insurance company. Our inability to obtain insurance coverage at commercially reasonable rates for the potential liabilities that we face could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, in connection with insured claims, we bear the risks associated with the fact that insurers often control decisions relating to pre-trial settlement of claims and other significant aspects of claims and their decisions may prove to not be in our best interest in all cases.

We believe that our current coverage is adequate to protect us against most of the significant risks involved in the conduct of our business, but we self-insure or use higher deductibles for various risks. Accordingly, we are not protected against all risks (including failures by third-party service providers such as insurance brokers to fulfill their duties), which could result in unexpected increases in our expenses in the event of certain claims against us.

If the types of services we offer increase, the potential for claims against us also could increase. We self-insure potential claims regarding certain of our medi-spa services. High visibility claims also could cause us to receive adverse publicity and suffer a loss of sales, and, therefore, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected in such cases. We are, and may in the future be, subject to other legal proceedings, including claims presented as class actions. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties, and we cannot predict the outcome of individual matters. It is reasonably possible that the final resolution of these matters could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Our Indebtedness Could Adversely Affect Our Financial Condition and Ability to Operate and We May Incur Additional Debt

As of March 19, 2020, we have $247.5 million of secured indebtedness under our First Lien Term Loan Facility and Second Lien Term Loan Facility, and our First Lien Revolving Facility (collectively, the “New Credit Facilities”). Our debt level and the terms of our financing arrangements could adversely affect our financial condition and limit our ability to successfully implement our growth strategies. In addition, under the New Credit Facilities, certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries have granted the lenders a security interest in substantially all of their assets. Our ability to meet our debt service obligations will depend on our future performance, which will be affected by the other risk factors described herein. If we do not generate enough cash flow to pay our debt service obligations, we may be required to refinance all or part of our existing debt, sell our assets, borrow more money or raise equity. We may not be able to take any of these actions on a timely basis, on terms satisfactory to us, or at all.

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The New Credit Facilities bear interest at variable rates. If market interest rates increase, variable rate debt will create higher debt service requirements, which could adversely affect our cash flow.

Our Credit Facilities Contain Financial and Other Covenants. The Failure to Comply with Such Covenants Could Have An Adverse Effect on Us

Our New Credit Facilities contain certain financial covenants and a number of traditional negative covenants, including limitations on our ability to, among other things, incur and/or undertake asset sales and other dispositions, liens, indebtedness, certain acquisitions, and investments, consolidations, mergers, reorganizations and other fundamental changes, payment of dividends and other distributions to equity and warrant holders and prepayments of material subordinated debt, in each case, subject to customary exceptions. Any failure to comply with the restrictions of the New Credit Facilities, including any failure to comply with certain financial covenants due to the negative effects of the coronavirus on our revenue and results of operations, may result in an event of default under the agreements. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the New Credit Facilities are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the New Credit Facilities and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor, subject to customary intercreditor provisions among the first and second lien secured parties.

If We Are Unable to Execute Our Growth Strategies, Including Our Ability to Offer and Integrate New Services and Products, Our Business Could Be Adversely Affected

The demands of consumers with respect to health and wellness services and products continue to evolve. Among other things, there is a continuing trend to add services at health and wellness centers similar to those traditionally provided in medical facilities, including services relating to skin care. If we are unable to identify and capture new audiences, our ability to successfully integrate additional services and products will be adversely affected. Our ability to provide certain additional services depends on our ability to find appropriate third parties with whom to work in connection with these services and, in certain cases, could be dependent on our ability to fund substantial costs. We cannot assure you that we will be able to find such appropriate third parties or be able to fund such costs. We also cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to expand our health and wellness services sufficiently to keep up with consumer demand. Accordingly, we may not be able to successfully implement our growth strategies or continue to maintain sales at our current rate, or at all. If we fail to implement our growth strategies, our sales and profitability may be negatively impacted, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our Business Could Be Adversely Affected if We Are Unable to Successfully Protect Our Trademarks or Obtain New Trademarks

The market for our services and products depends to a significant extent upon the value associated with our brand names. Although we take appropriate steps to protect our brand names, in the future, we may not be successful in asserting trademark protection in connection with our efforts to grow our business or otherwise due to the nature of certain of our marks or for other reasons. In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. The costs required to protect our trademarks and trade names may be substantial. If other parties infringe on our intellectual property rights, the value of our brands in the marketplace may be diluted. In addition, any infringement of our intellectual property rights would likely result in a commitment of our time and resources to protect these rights through litigation or otherwise. One or more adverse judgments with respect to these intellectual property rights could negatively impact our ability to compete and could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We Are Subject to Currency Risk

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar can impact our results of operations, most significantly because we pay for the administration of recruitment and training of our shipboard personnel in U.K. pounds sterling and Euros. Accordingly, while the relative strength of the U.S. dollar has improved recently, renewed weakness of the U.S. dollar against those currencies can adversely affect our results of operations, as has occurred in some recent years. To the extent that the U.K. pound sterling or the Euro is stronger than the U.S. dollar, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We May Be Exposed to the Threat of Cyber Attacks and/or Data Breaches

Cyberattacks can vary in scope and intent from economically driven attacks to malicious attacks targeting our key operating systems with the intent to disrupt, disable or otherwise cripple our maritime and/or land-based operations. This can include any combination of phishing attacks, malware and/or viruses targeted at our key systems. The breadth and scope of this threat has grown over time, and the techniques and sophistication used to conduct cyberattacks, as well as the sources and targets of the attacks, change frequently. While we invest time, effort and capital resources to secure our key systems and networks, we cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in preventing or responding to all such attacks.

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A successful cyberattack may target us directly, or may be the result of a third-party vendor’s inadequate care. In either scenario, we may suffer damage to our key systems and/or data that could interrupt our operations, adversely impact our reputation and brand and expose us to increased risks of governmental investigation, litigation and other liability, any of which could adversely affect our business. Furthermore, responding to such an attack and mitigating the risk of future attacks could result in additional operating and capital costs in systems technology, personnel, monitoring and other investments.

In addition to malicious cyberattacks, we are also subject to various risks associated with the collection, handling, storage and transmission of sensitive information. In the course of doing business, we collect large volumes of internal, customer and other third-party data, including personally identifiable information and individual credit data, for various business purposes. We are subject to federal, state and international laws (including the GDPR), as well as industry standards, relating to the collection, use, retention, security and transfer of personally identifiable information and individual credit data. In many cases, these laws apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between us and our subsidiaries, and among us, our subsidiaries and other parties with which we have commercial relations. Several jurisdictions have passed laws in this area, and other jurisdictions are considering imposing additional restrictions. These laws continue to develop and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Complying with emerging and changing international requirements has caused, and may cause, us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices. If we fail to comply with the various applicable data collection and privacy laws, we could be exposed to fines, penalties, restrictions, litigation or other expenses, and our business could be adversely impacted.

Even if we are fully compliant with legal and/or industry standards and any relevant contractual requirements, we still may not be able to prevent security breaches involving sensitive data and/or critical systems. Any breach, theft, loss, or fraudulent use of guest, employee, third-party or company data, could adversely impact our reputation and brand and our ability to retain or attract new customers, and expose us to risks of data loss, business disruption, governmental investigation, litigation and other liability, any of which could adversely affect our business. Significant capital investments and other expenditures could be required to remedy the problem and prevent future breaches, including costs associated with additional security technologies, personnel, experts and credit monitoring services for those whose data has been breached. Further, if we or our vendors experience significant data security breaches or fail to detect and appropriately respond to significant data security breaches, we could be exposed to government enforcement actions and private litigation.

Changes in Privacy Law Could Adversely Affect Our Ability to Market Our Services Effectively

Our ability to market our services effectively is an important component of our business. We rely on a variety of direct marketing techniques, including telemarketing, email marketing, and direct mail. Any further restrictions under laws such as the Telemarketing Sales Rule, the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, the GDPR, and various United States state laws or new federal laws regarding marketing and solicitation, or international data protection laws that govern these activities, could adversely affect the continuing effectiveness of telemarketing, email, and postal mailing techniques and could force further changes in our marketing strategy. If this were to occur, we may be unable to develop adequate alternative marketing strategies, which could impact our ability to effectively market and sell our services.

In addition, we collect information relating to our customers for various business purposes, including marketing and promotional purposes. The collection and use of personal data, such as, among other things, credit card information, is governed by privacy laws and regulations of the United States and other jurisdictions. Privacy regulations continue to evolve and, occasionally, may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. Compliance with applicable privacy regulations may increase our operating costs and/or adversely impact our ability to market our services and products and serve our customers. In addition, non-compliance with applicable privacy regulations by us or, in some instances, non-compliance by third parties engaged by us, or a breach of security systems storing our data may result in fines, payment of damages or restrictions on our use or transfer of data.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

Steiner Leisure Owns a Significant Portion of Our Shares and Has Representation on Our Board; Steiner Leisure May Have Interests That Differ from Those of Other Shareholders

Approximately 14% of our common shares are beneficially owned by Steiner Leisure. One of our directors was nominated by Steiner Leisure, and as a result, Steiner Leisure may be able to significantly influence the outcome of matters submitted for director action, subject to our directors’ obligation to act in the interest of all of our shareholders, and for shareholder action, including the designation and appointment of the OneSpaWorld Board (and committees thereof) and approval of significant corporate transactions, including business combinations, consolidations and mergers. The influence of Steiner Leisure over our management could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of us, which could cause the market price of our common shares to decline or prevent our shareholders from realizing a premium over the market price for our common shares.

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Under the “Business Opportunities” section of our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (our “Articles”), among other things, we have renounced any interest or expectancy of us or our subsidiaries being offered an opportunity to participate in any potential transaction opportunities available to Steiner Leisure and certain of its affiliates and related parties, such parties have no obligation to communicate or offer such potential transaction opportunities to us, and such parties will have no duty to refrain from engaging in the same or similar businesses as us. Prospective investors in our common shares should consider that the interests of Steiner Leisure may differ from their interests in material respects.

If We Fail to Maintain an Effective System of Internal Control over Financial Reporting, We May Not Be Able to Accurately Report Our Financial Results or Prevent Fraud; as a Result, Shareholders Could Lose Confidence in Our Financial and Other Public Reporting, Which Is Likely to Negatively Affect Our Business and the Market Price of Our Common Shares

Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in our implementation could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing conducted by us, or any testing conducted by our independent registered public accounting firm, may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retroactive changes to our financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which is likely to negatively affect our business and the market price of our shares.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis and our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually.

However, for as long as we are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. We could be an “emerging growth company” for up to five years. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems that our management’s assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

The Market Price and Trading Volume of Our Common Shares Has Been and May Continue to Be Volatile

The stock markets, including Nasdaq, on which we have listed our common shares, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. The market price of our common shares may be volatile and could decline significantly, as has recently happened as a result of the coronavirus outbreak and related economic uncertainty. In addition, the trading volume in our common shares may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. We cannot assure you that the market price of our common shares will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

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In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

If Securities or Industry Analysts Do Not Publish Research, Publish Inaccurate or Unfavorable Research or Cease Publishing Research About Us, Our Share Price and Trading Volume Could Decline Significantly

The market for our common shares will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, the market price and liquidity for our common shares could be negatively impacted. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade their opinions about our common shares, publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, or cease publishing about us regularly, demand for our common shares could decrease, which might cause our share price and trading volume to decline significantly.

Future Issuances of Debt Securities and/or Equity Securities May Adversely Affect Us, Including the Market Price of Our Common Shares, and May Be Dilutive to Our Existing Shareholders

In the future, we may incur debt and/or issue equity ranking senior to our common shares. Those securities will generally have priority upon liquidation. Such securities also may be governed by an indenture or other instrument containing covenants restricting our operating flexibility. Additionally, any convertible or exchangeable securities that we issue in the future may have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common shares. Because our decision to issue debt and/or equity in the future will depend, in part, on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, we cannot predict or estimate the amount, timing, nature or success of our future capital raising efforts. As a result, future capital raising efforts may reduce the market price of our common shares and be dilutive to our existing shareholders.

You May Have Difficulty Enforcing Judgments Against Us

We are an international business company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. A substantial portion of our assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible to:

It is unlikely that Bahamian courts would entertain original actions against Bahamian companies, their directors or officers predicated solely upon U.S. federal securities laws. The Bahamian courts may apply any rule of Bahamian law which is mandatory irrespective of the governing law and may refuse to apply a rule of such governing law of the relevant documents, if it is manifestly incompatible with the public policy of The Bahamas. Furthermore, judgments based upon any civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws are not directly enforceable in The Bahamas. Rather, a lawsuit must be brought in The Bahamas on any such judgment. The courts of The Bahamas would recognize a U.S. judgment as a valid judgment, and permit the same to provide the basis of a fresh action in The Bahamas and should give a judgment based thereon without there being a re-trial or reconsideration of the merits of the case provided that (i) the courts in the United States had proper jurisdiction under Bahamian conflict of law rules over the parties subject to such judgment, (ii) the judgment is for a debt or definite sum of money other than a sum payable in respect of taxes or charges of a like nature or in respect of a fine or penalty, (iii) the U.S. courts did not contravene the rules of natural justice of The Bahamas, (iv) the judgment was not obtained by fraud on the part of the party in whose favor the judgment was given or of the court pronouncing it, (v) the enforcement of such judgment would not be contrary to the public policy of The Bahamas, (vi) the correct procedures under the laws of The Bahamas are duly complied with, (vii) the judgment is not inconsistent with a prior Bahamian judgment in respect of the same matter and (viii) enforcement proceedings are instituted within six years after the date of such judgment.

Certain Provisions in Our Articles May Limit Shareholders’ Ability to Affect a Change in Management or Control

Our Articles include certain provisions which may have the effect of delaying or preventing a future takeover or change in control of us that shareholders may consider to be in their best interests. Among other things, our Articles provide for a classified Board serving staggered terms of three years, super majority voting requirements with respect to certain significant transactions and restrictions on the acquisition of greater than 9.99% ownership without our Board’s approval. Our equity plans and our officers’ employment agreements provide certain rights to plan participants and those officers, respectively, in the event of a change in control of us.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our hotel spas are operated under agreements with the hotel operators or owners, as the case may be, of those venues. Our other facilities, including our warehouses, are leased from the owners of the venues where they are located. Our principal office is located in Nassau, The Bahamas, and we own an office building in Coral Gables, Florida where certain administrative functions are located.

We believe that our existing facilities are adequate for our current and planned levels of operations and that alternative sites are readily available on competitive terms in the event that any of our material leases are not renewed.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED SHAREHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common shares are traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “OSW.” As of March 19, 2020, there were approximately 36 holders of our common shares.    

Dividends

We adopted a cash dividend program in November 2019, with an initial quarterly cash dividend payment of $0.04 per common share. However, as a result of the impact of the coronavirus outbreak on our business, our board of directors re-evaluated our current dividend program and has determined that in order to increase our financial flexibility and reallocate our capital resources, to defer the previously authorized and declared quarterly dividend to be paid on May 29, 2020 and to temporarily suspend the dividend program until further notice.

Repurchases and Sales of Unregistered Securities

We have no recent repurchases of any securities or sales of any unregistered securities.

Stock Performance Graph

The following graph compares the change in the cumulative total shareholder return on our common shares against the cumulative total return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) of the Nasdaq Composite® (United States and Foreign) Index, and the Dow Jones U.S. Travel and Leisure Index for the period beginning March 21, 2019 and ending December 31, 2019.

We did not pay dividends on our common shares during the year ended December 31, 2019. The graph assumes that $100.00 was invested on March 21, 2019 in our common shares at a per share price of $11.85, the closing price on that date, and in each of the comparative indices. The share price performance on the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future share price performance.

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COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

Among OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited, the Nasdaq Composite Index, and the Dow Jones US Travel & Leisure Index

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

At the closing of the Business Combination, OneSpaWorld became the ultimate parent company of Haymaker and OSW Predecessor. “OSW Predecessor” is comprised of the net assets and operations of (i) the following wholly owned subsidiaries of Steiner Leisure: OneSpaWorld LLC, Steiner Spa Asia Limited, Steiner Spa Limited, and Steiner Marks Limited, (ii) the following respective indirect subsidiaries of Steiner Leisure: Mandara PSLV, LLC, Mandara Spa (Hawaii), LLC, Florida Luxury Spa Group, LLC, Steiner Transocean U.S., Inc., Steiner Spa Resorts (Nevada), Inc., Steiner Spa Resorts (Connecticut), Inc., Steiner Resort Spas (California), Inc., OneSpaWorld Resort Spas (North Carolina), Inc. (formerly known as Steiner Resort Spas (North Carolina), Inc.), OSW SoHo LLC, OSW Distribution LLC, World of Wellness Training Limited (formerly known as Steiner Training Limited), STO Italy S.r.l., One Spa World LLC, Mandara Spa Services LLC, OneSpaWorld Limited, OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) Limited (formerly known as Steiner Transocean Limited), OneSpaWorld Medispa LLC, OneSpaWorld Medispa Limited, OneSpaWorld Medispa (Bahamas) Limited (formerly known as STO Medispa Limited), Mandara Spa (Cruise I), LLC, Mandara Spa (Cruise II), LLC, Steiner Transocean (II) Limited (subsequently dissolved), The Onboard Spa by Steiner (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Mandara Spa LLC, Mandara Spa Puerto Rico, Inc., Mandara Spa (Guam), L.L.C. (subsequently dissolved), Mandara Spa (Bahamas) Limited, Mandara Spa Aruba N.V., Mandara Spa Polynesia Sarl, Mandara Spa (Saipan), Inc., Mandara Spa Asia Limited, PT Mandara Spa Indonesia, Spa Services Asia Limited, Mandara Spa Palau, Mandara Spa (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Mandara Spa Ventures International Sdn. Bhd., Spa Partners (South Asia) Limited, Mandara Spa (Maldives) PVT LTD, and Mandara Spa (Fiji) Limited, (iii) Medispa Limited, a majority-owned subsidiary of Steiner Leisure, and (iv) the timetospa.com website, owned by Elemis USA, Inc. (formerly known as Steiner Beauty Products, Inc.) and subsequently transferred to OneSpaWorld.

The following tables contain selected historical financial data for the Company, derived from the audited consolidated and combined financial statements of OSW Predecessor included elsewhere in this report. The information below should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the audited consolidated and combined financial statements of the Company, and the notes related thereto, included elsewhere in this report.

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The following table reconciles Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA and Unlevered After-Tax Free Cash Flow for the periods March 20, 2019 to December 31, 2019 (Successor) and January 1, 2019 to March 19,2019 (Predecessor) and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (Predecessor):

Note Regarding Non-GAAP Financial Information

We believe that these non-GAAP measures, when reviewed in conjunction with GAAP financial measures, and not in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results of operations under GAAP, are useful to investors as they are widely used measures of performance and the adjustments we make to these non-GAAP measures provide investors further insight into our profitability and additional perspectives in comparing our performance to other companies and in comparing our performance over time on a consistent basis. Adjusted EBITDA and Unlevered After-Tax Free Cash Flow have limitations as profitability measures in that they do not include total amounts for interest expense on our debt and provision for income taxes, and the effect of our expenditures for capital assets and certain intangible assets. In addition, all of these non-GAAP measures have limitations as profitability measures in that they do not include the impact of certain expenses related to items that are settled in cash. Because of these limitations, the Company relies primarily on its GAAP results.

In the future, we may incur expenses similar to those for which adjustments are made in calculating Adjusted EBITDA. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as a basis to infer that our future results will be unaffected by extraordinary, unusual or non-recurring items.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General

The following discussion and analysis of our audited financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the information presented in “Selected Historical Financial Information” and our combined financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. In addition to historical information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our expectation for future performance, liquidity and capital resources, that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause such differences include those identified below and those described in the sections entitled “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.” We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

The information for the periods ended March 20, 2019 to December 31, 2019 (Successor) and January 1, 2019 to March 19, 2019 (Predecessor) and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 are derived from OSW Predecessor’s audited combined financial statements and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.

Any reference to “OneSpaWorld” refers to OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited and our consolidated subsidiaries on a forward-looking basis or, as the context requires, to the historical results of OSW Predecessor. Any reference to “OSW Predecessor” refers to the entities comprising the “OneSpaWorld” business prior to the consummation of the Business Combination.

Overview

We are the pre-eminent global operator of health and wellness centers onboard cruise ships and a leading operator of health and wellness centers at destination resorts worldwide. Our highly-trained and experienced staff offer guests a comprehensive suite of premium health, fitness, beauty and wellness services and products onboard 170 cruise ships and at 69 destination resorts globally as of December 31, 2019. With over 90% market share in the outsourced maritime health and wellness market, we are the market leader at approximately 10x the size of our closest maritime competitor. Over the last 50 years, we have built our leading market position on our depth of staff expertise, broad and innovative service and product offerings, expansive global recruitment, training and logistics platform as well as decades-long relationships with cruise and destination resort partners. Throughout our history, our mission has been simple—helping guests look and feel their best during and after their stay.

At our core, we are a global services company. We serve a critical role for our cruise line and destination resort partners, operating a highly complex and increasingly important aspect of our cruise line and destination resort partners’ overall guest experience. Decades of investment and know-how have allowed us to construct an unmatched global infrastructure to manage the complexity of our operations, which in 2019 included nearly 8,600 annual voyages with visits to over 1,200 ports of call around the world. We have consistently expanded our onboard offerings with innovative and leading-edge service and product introductions, and developed the powerful back-end recruiting, training and logistics platforms to manage our operational complexity, maintain our industry-leading quality standards, and maximize revenue per center. The combination of our renowned recruiting and training platform, deep labor pool, global logistics and supply chain infrastructure, and proven revenue management capabilities represents a significant competitive advantage that we believe is not economically feasible to replicate.

A significant portion of our revenues are generated from our cruise ship operations. Historically, we have been able to renew almost all of our cruise line agreements that expired or were scheduled to expire. Recently, we signed an agreement with Celebrity Cruises as the exclusive operator of health and wellness centers on Celebrity’s entire fleet, increasing the Celebrity vessels on which we operated in 2020 by nine, extended our current agreement with Norwegian Cruise Lines through 2024, won a contract with the new lifestyle brand Virgin Voyages to operate the spa and wellness offerings onboard the first three Virgin vessels, planned to launch in 2020, 2021 and 2022, and entered into an amended agreement with P&O Cruises to extend our operations on P&O’s vessels for the next five years.

As discussed above, the coronavirus outbreak is currently impacting global economic conditions, the Health & Wellness industry, and other industries in which we do business. Temporary closures of businesses have been ordered and individuals’ ability to travel has been curtailed through mandated travel restrictions and may be further limited through additional voluntary or mandated closures of travel-related businesses. These actions have expanded significantly in the past few weeks and are expected to continue. The coronavirus outbreak has had a significant effect on our business and is expected to continue to have a significant effect on our results of operations and financial condition during the remainder of fiscal 2020, although the full financial impact on our business cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

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Matters Affecting Comparability

Supply Agreement

We purchase beauty products for resale from an entity (the “Supplier Entity”) that was, during the periods presented, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Steiner Leisure. OSW Predecessor and the Supplier Entity entered into an agreement, effective as of January 1, 2017 (subsequently amended in 2018), which established the prices at which beauty products will be purchased by us from the Supplier Entity for a term of 10 years (the “Supply Agreement”). The Supply Agreement has had a positive impact on our business as it has reduced the cost of products for retail goods and has lowered the cost of products used in services.

The Supply Agreement was effective as of January 1, 2017, however, existing inventories of products purchased prior to the effectiveness of the Supply Agreement were not fully depleted until the end of the third quarter of 2017. Beginning October 1, 2017, the cost of products used in services and cost of products reflect the actual pricing under the Supply Agreement because, at that time, all inventory on hand was purchased under the terms of the Supply Agreement.

On March 19, 2019, we consummated the previously announced Business Combination pursuant to the Transaction Agreement.

“OSW Predecessor” is comprised of the net assets and operations of (i) the following wholly-owned subsidiaries of Steiner Leisure: OneSpaWorld LLC, Steiner Spa Asia Limited, Steiner Spa Limited, and Steiner Marks Limited, (ii) the following respective indirect subsidiaries of Steiner Leisure: Mandara PSLV, LLC, Mandara Spa (Hawaii), LLC, Florida Luxury Spa Group, LLC, Steiner Transocean U.S., Inc., Steiner Spa Resorts (Nevada), Inc., Steiner Spa Resorts (Connecticut), Inc., Steiner Resort Spas (California), Inc., OneSpaWorld Resort Spas (North Carolina), Inc. (formerly known as Steiner Resort Spas (North Carolina), Inc.), OSW SoHo LLC, OSW Distribution LLC, World of Wellness Training Limited (formerly known as Steiner Training Limited), STO Italy S.r.l., One Spa World LLC, Mandara Spa Services LLC, OneSpaWorld Limited, OneSpaWorld (Bahamas) Limited (formerly known as Steiner Transocean Limited), OneSpaWorld Medispa LLC, OneSpaWorld Medispa Limited, OneSpaWorld Medispa (Bahamas) Limited (formerly known as STO Medispa Limited), Mandara Spa (Cruise I), LLC, Mandara Spa (Cruise II), LLC, Steiner Transocean (II) Limited (subsequently dissolved), The Onboard Spa by Steiner (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Mandara Spa LLC, Mandara Spa Puerto Rico, Inc., Mandara Spa (Guam), L.L.C., Mandara Spa (Bahamas) Limited, Mandara Spa Aruba N.V., Mandara Spa Polynesia Sarl, Mandara Spa Asia Limited, PT Mandara Spa Indonesia, Spa Services Asia Limited, Mandara Spa Palau, Mandara Spa (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Mandara Spa Ventures International Sdn. Bhd., Spa Partners (South Asia) Limited, Mandara Spa (Maldives) PVT LTD, and Mandara Spa (Fiji) Limited, (iii) Medispa Limited, a majority-owned subsidiary of Steiner Leisure, and (iv) the timetospa.com website owned by Elemis USA, Inc. (formerly known as Steiner Beauty Products, Inc.), subsequently transferred to OneSpaWorld.

At the closing of the Business Combination, OneSpaWorld became the ultimate parent company of Haymaker and OSW Predecessor. Unless the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer to OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited and its subsidiaries.

timetospa.com Business Model

As a result of our separation from Steiner Leisure, we ceased operating timetospa.com as a standalone e-commerce business with focused marketing efforts and paid search advertising effective as of December 31, 2017. timetospa.com is now a post-cruise sales tool where guests may continue their wellness journey after disembarking. Revenue and net income in the year ended December 31, 2017 are not directly comparable to revenue and net income in the year ended December 31, 2018 due to this change in the timetospa.com business model.

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Key Performance Indicators

In assessing the performance of our business, we consider several key performance indicators used by management. These key indicators include:

For the year ended December 31, 2019, we have combined the results of the successor entity, OneSpaWorld Holdings Limited, for the period from March 20, 2019 to December 31, 2019 with the results of OSW Predecessor for the period from January 1, 2019 to March 19, 2019 (the “2019 Combined Period”) in the following table which sets forth the above key performance indicators for the periods presented:

Key Financial Definitions

Revenues. Revenues consist primarily of sales of services and sales of products to cruise ship passengers and destination resort guests. The following is a brief description of the components of our revenues:

Cost of services. Cost of services consists primarily of an allocable portion of payments to cruise lines (which are derived as a percentage of service revenues or a minimum annual rent or a combination of both), an allocable portion of wages paid to shipboard employees, an allocable portion of staff-related shipboard expenses, costs related to recruitment and training of shipboard employees, wages paid directly to destination resort employees, payments to destination resort venue owners, the allocable cost of products consumed in the rendering of a service and health and wellness center depreciation. Cost of services has historically been highly variable; increases and decreases in cost of services are primarily attributable to a corresponding increase or decrease in service revenues. Cost of services has tended to remain consistent as a percentage of service revenues.

Cost of products. Cost of products consists primarily of the cost of products sold through our various methods of distribution, an allocable portion of wages paid to shipboard employees and an allocable portion of payments to cruise lines and destination resort partners (which are derived as a percentage of product revenues or a minimum annual rent or a combination of both). Cost of products

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has historically been highly variable, increases and decreases in cost of products are primarily attributable to a corresponding increase or decrease in product revenues. Cost of products has tended to remain consistent as a percentage of product revenues.

Administrative. Administrative expenses are comprised of expenses associated with corporate and administrative functions that support our business, including fees for professional services, insurance, headquarters rent and other general corporate expenses. We expect administrative expenses to increase due to additional legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses related to becoming a public company.

Salary and payroll taxes. Salary and payroll taxes are comprised of employee expenses associated with corporate and administrative functions that support our business, including fees for employee salaries, bonuses, payroll taxes, pension/401(k) and other employee costs.

Amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets are comprised of the amortization of intangible assets with definite useful lives (e.g. retail concession agreements, destination resort agreements, licensing agreements) and amortization expenses associated with the 2015 and 2019 Transactions.

Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense) consists of royalty income, interest income, interest expense and minority interest expense.

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes includes current and deferred federal income tax expenses, as well as state and local income taxes. See “—Critical Accounting Policies—Income Taxes” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Net income. Net income consists of income from operations less other income (expense) and provision for income taxes.

Revenue Drivers and Business Trends

Our revenues and financial performance are impacted by a multitude of factors, including, but not limited to:

The effect of each of these factors on our revenues and financial performance varies from period to period.

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Results of Operations

The following tables present operations for two periods, Predecessor and Successor, which relate to the periods preceding and the periods succeeding the Business Combination, respectively. References to the “Successor 2019 Period” in the discussion below refer to the period from March 20, 2019 to December 31, 2019. References to the “Predecessor 2019 Period” in the discussion below refers to the period from January 1, 2019 to March 19, 2019.

Revenues. Revenues for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $443.8 million, $118.5 million and $540.8 million, respectively. The increase was driven by seven incremental net new shipboard health and wellness centers added to the fleet, a continued trend towards larger and enhanced shipboard health and wellness centers, as well as increased guest spending on higher-priced services, product innovation and improved collaboration with partners, such as the continued rollout of new direct marketing initiatives onboard. This growth was partially offset by the negative impacts of ships temporarily taken out of service:

The productivity of shipboard health and wellness centers increased slightly for the 2019 combined period compared to 2018, as evidenced by an increase in both average weekly revenues and a small increase in revenues per shipboard staff per day. Average weekly revenues increased by 1.9% to $61,561 in 2019, from $60,421 in 2018, and revenues per shipboard staff per day increased by 0.2% over the same time period. We had an average of 2,964 shipboard staff members in service in 2019 compared to an average of 2,852 shipboard staff members in service in 2018. The productivity of destination resort health and wellness centers, measured by average weekly revenues, decreased 12.9% to $12,128 in 2019, from $13,927 in 2018. The decrease in productivity was driven by the closure of two large health and wellness centers in North America.

Cost of services. Cost of services as a percentage of service revenue for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period, and for the year ended December 31, 2018 were 86.2%, 84.2% and 85.8%, respectively.

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Cost of products. Cost of products as a percentage of product revenue for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and for the year ended December 31, 2018 were 86.9%, 88.2% and 85.3%, respectively. Successor 2019 Period includes purchase price adjustments concerning the inventory valuations resulting in higher costs, a portion of which are non-cash.  

Administrative. Administrative expenses for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $14.0 million, $2.5 million and $9.9 million, respectively. The Successor 2019 Period had expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination and costs associated with being a public company.

Salary and payroll taxes. Salary and payroll taxes for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $32.3 million, $29.3 million and $15.6 million, respectively. The Successor 2019 Period includes stock-based compensation of $20.4 million related to stock options that fully vested upon grant to certain directors and executives. The Predecessor 2019 Period had change in control payments of $26.6 million pursuant to employment agreements entered into in 2016 that were earned upon consummation of the Business Combination for services rendered prior to the Business Combination.

Amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and year ended December 31, 2018 were $13.5 million, $0.8 million and $3.5 million, respectively. Amortization expense in the 2019 Successor Period reflects the new basis of intangible assets identified in the Business Combination.

Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense) for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and year ended December 31, 2018 were $(13.5) million, $(9.7) million and $(33.7) million, respectively. The Predecessor 2019 Period included a loss on extinguishment of debt of $3.4 million associated with the payoff of the pre-existing debt by the Parent of the Company’s predecessor.

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period, and year ended December 31, 2018 were $(0.1) million, $0.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively.

Net income. Net (loss) income for the Successor 2019 Period, Predecessor 2019 Period and year ended December 31, 2018 were $(12.2) million, $(24.8) million and $13.7 million, respectively. The Successor 2019 Period had expenses related to stock-based compensation of $20.4 million. The Predecessor 2019 Period had change in control payments of $26.6 million earned upon consummation of the Business Combination.

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Comparison of Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2018 (audited) and December 31, 2017 (audited)

Revenues. Revenues increased approximately 6.7%, or $34.1 million, to $540.8 million in 2018, from $506.7 million in 2017. The increase was driven by six incremental net new shipboard health and wellness centers added to the fleet, 14 incremental net new destination resort health and wellness centers opened, a continued trend towards larger and enhanced shipboard health and wellness centers as well as increased guest spending on higher-priced services, product innovation and improved collaboration with partners such as the continued rollout of new direct marketing initiatives onboard. The revenue increase was offset by one-time changes in the business model for the timetospa.com website.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, the 20 incremental net new health and wellness centers contributed $20.1 million, the increase in average price of services and products sold contributed $15.3 million and the increase in the volume of services sold at existing health and wellness centers contributed $1.0 million in increased revenue, respectively, offset by a decrease of $2.2 million due to the change in the timetospa.com website business model. The revenue growth over this time period was relatively proportional between service and product revenues:

The productivity of shipboard health and wellness centers increased for 2018 compared to 2017 as evidenced by an increase in both average weekly revenues and revenues per shipboard staff per day. Average weekly revenues increased by 6.0% to $60,421 in 2018, from $56,999 in 2017, and revenues per shipboard staff per day increased by 6.3% over the same time period. We had an average of 2,852 shipboard staff members in service in 2018 compared to an average of 2,809 shipboard staff members in service in 2017. The productivity of destination resort health and wellness centers, measured by average weekly revenues, decreased 12.9% to $13,927 in 2018, from $16,400 in 2017. The decrease in productivity was primarily driven by one large destination resort health and wellness center being under renovation as well as the addition of smaller health and wellness centers in Asia that generate lower revenue and the closure of a large health and wellness center in Las Vegas.

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Cost of services. Cost of services increased $20.0 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in service revenues which accounted for an increase of $23.6 million, offset by the effect of reduced costs under the Supply Agreement which decreased cost of services by $4.2 million. Cost of services as a percentage of service revenues decreased to 85.8% in 2018, from 86.6% in 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to the effect of the Supply Agreement.

Cost of products. Cost of products increased $2.8 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in product revenues which accounted for an increase of $6.1 million and an increase in payments to cruise and destination resort partners of $3.0 million, offset by the effect of the Supply Agreement which decreased cost of products by $5.2 million. Cost of products as a percentage of product revenues decreased to 85.3% in 2018, from 87.8% in 2017. The decrease was attributable to the effect of reduced costs under the Supply Agreement.

Administrative. Administrative expenses increased $0.7 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase in administrative expenses was driven primarily by expenses incurred in connection with the Business Combination.

Salary and payroll taxes. Salary and payroll taxes increased $0.3 million in 2018 compared to 2017. The increase was primarily related to additional merit-based compensation.

Amortization of intangible assets. Amortization of intangible assets remained flat at $3.5 million in 2018 and 2017.

Other income (expense), net. Other income (expense), net decreased $33.9 million in 2018 compared to 2017. This decrease was primarily attributable to an increase in interest expense related to internal restructuring, which resulted in debt previously held at the parent level being assigned to us in anticipation of the Business Combination.

Provision for income taxes. Provision for income taxes decreased $4.2 million in 2018 compared to 2017. This decrease was primarily due to a favorable impact of the Act which resulted in a lower U.S. federal tax rate effective January 1, 2018. Cash taxes as a percentage of income before provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were 4.9% and 1.2%, respectively.

Net income. Net income was $13.7 million in 2018 compared to net income of $33.2 million in 2017. This decrease in net income was due to all of the factors described above.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

We have historically funded our operations with cash flow from operations, except with respect to certain expenses and operating costs that had been paid prior to the Business Combination by Steiner Leisure on our behalf, and, when needed, with borrowings under our credit facility. Steiner Leisure has paid on our behalf expenses associated with the allocation of Parent corporate overhead and costs associated with the purchase of products from related parties and forgiven by Steiner Leisure. Historical operating cash flows exclude OSW Predecessor’s expenses and operating costs paid by Steiner Leisure on our behalf. Consequently, our combined historical cash flows may not be indicative of cash flows had we been a separate stand-alone entity, or of our future cash flows.

Our principal uses for liquidity have been distributions to Steiner Leisure prior to the Business Combination, debt service and working capital, and most recently, the acquisition of the medi-spa joint venture. On December 31, 2019, the Company had a 60% controlling interest and a third party had a 40% noncontrolling interest in Medispa Limited. On February 14, 2020, the Company purchased the 40% noncontrolling interest for $12.3 million in a combination of cash and 98,753 shares of the Company’s common stock.

The regional and global outbreak of the coronavirus has negatively impacted our revenue, including our current cash flow in the first quarter of fiscal 2020. As of the date of this report, the extent to which the coronavirus will impact our liquidity and capital resources will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted at this time.

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Cash Flows

The following table shows summary cash flow information for the periods from March 20, 2019 to December 31, 2019 (Successor), January 1, 2019 to March 19, 2019 (Predecessor) and the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 (Predecessor)(audited).