PALISADE BIO, INC. - Annual Report: 2012 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One) 

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012.

or

For the transition period from                      to                     .

Commission File Number 000-1357459

NEURALSTEM, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (301)-366-4841 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. o Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  x Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). x  Yes o No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.   o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).   ¨ Yes   x  No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the Company’s common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter based upon the closing price of the common stock as reported by the NYSE MKT on such date, was $45,888,174.

The number of shares outstanding of Registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value at February 28, 2013 was 68,447,314

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2013 annual meeting of shareholders (the “2013 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The 2013 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

NEURALSTEM, INC

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012

INDEX

PART I

We urge you to read this entire Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the” Risk Factors” section, the financial statements and related notes included herein. As used in this Annual Report, unless context otherwise requires, the words “we,” “us,”“our,” “the Company,” “Neuralstem” and “Registrant” refer to Neuralstem, Inc. Also, any reference to “common share” or “common stock,” refers to our $.01 par value common stock.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Statements in this annual report that are not strictly historical are forward-looking statements and include statements about products in development, results and analyses of clinical trials and studies, research and development expenses, cash expenditures, regulatory applications and approvals, and third party relationships, among other matters. You can identify these forward-looking statements because they involve our expectations, intentions, beliefs, plans, projections, anticipations, or other characterizations of future events or circumstances. These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements as a result of any number of factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, risks relating to our ability to conduct and obtain successful results from our clinical trials, our ability to commercialize our technology, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our ability to contract with third parties to adequately manufacture our proposed products, our ability to protect our intellectual property rights and our ability to obtain additional financing to continue development efforts. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this Annual Report, and in particular, the risks discussed under the caption “Risk Factors” in Item 1A and those discussed in other documents we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

The information contained herein is current as of the date of this Annual Report (December 31, 2012), unless another date is specified.

ITEM 1.  BUSINESS

Overview

We are focused on the development and commercialization of treatments based on human neuronal stem cells and our small molecule compounds. We are headquartered in Rockville, Maryland and have a wholly-owned subsidiary in China.

We have developed and maintain a portfolio of patents and patent applications that form the proprietary base for our research and development efforts. We own or exclusively license thirty (30) U.S. and foreign issued patents and forty-two (42) U.S. and foreign patent applications in the field of regenerative medicine, related to our stem cell technologies as well as our small molecule compounds. At times, including in the third quarter of 2012 and the first quarter of 2013, we have licensed the use of our intellectual property to third parties.

We believe our technology base, in combination with our know-how, and collaborative projects with major research institutions, provide a competitive advantage and will facilitate the development and commercialization of products for use in the treatment of a wide array of neurodegenerative conditions and in regenerative repair of acute disease.

Regenerative medicine is a young and emerging field. Regenerative medicine is the process of creating living, functional tissues to repair or replace tissue or organ function lost due to age, disease, damage, or congenital defects. There can be no assurances that our intellectual property portfolio will ultimately produce viable commercialized products and processes. Even if we are able to produce a commercially viable product, there are strong competitors in this field and our products may not be able to successfully compete against them.

All of our research efforts to date are at the pre-clinical or clinical stage of development. We are focused on leveraging our key assets, including our intellectual property, our scientific team and our facilities, to advance our technologies. In addition, we are pursuing strategic collaborations with members of academia as a means of reducing the cost and expense associated with research and development.

Technology

Stem Cells.

Our technology enables the isolation and large-scale expansion of human neural stem cells from all areas of the developing human brain and spinal cord, thus enabling the generation of physiologically relevant human neurons of all types. We believe that our stem cell technology will assist the body in producing new cells to replace malfunctioning or dead cells as a way to treat disease and injury. Many significant and currently untreatable human diseases arise from the loss or malfunction of specific cell types in the body. Our focus is the development of effective methods to generate replacement cells from neural stem cells. We believe that replacing damaged, malfunctioning or dead neural cells with fully functional ones may be a useful therapeutic strategy in treating many diseases and conditions of the central nervous system or CNS, including: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Lou Gehrig’s disease or ALS, depression, and injuries to the spinal cord. We own or exclusively license twenty-four (24) U.S. and foreign issued patents and twenty-one (21) U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our stem cell technologies.

To date we have focused our research efforts on applications involving spinal cord stem cells. We believe we have established “proof of principle” for three important spinal cord applications: ALS, Ischemic Spastic Paraplegia and Traumatic spinal cord injury. Of these applications, we have completed our first Phase I trial with regard to ALS and anticipate commencing initial Phase II trials in the first half of 2013. We have also received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA to commence a Phase I trial in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury (patients one to two years out from their injury) in complete (no sensory of motor function from the site of the injury down) thoracic patients. We believe that if successfully developed, stem cell therapeutics have the potential to provide a broad therapeutic approach comparable to traditional pharmaceuticals and genetically engineered biologics.

Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Compounds.

We have developed and patented a series of small molecule compounds (low molecular weight organic compounds which can efficiently cross the blood/brain barrier). We believe that these small molecule compounds will stimulate the growth of new neurons in the hippocampus and provide a treatment for depression, and possibly other cognitive impacting diseases. In mice, our research indicated that our small molecule compounds both stimulate neurogenesis of the hippocampus and increase its volume. Additionally, our research also indicates that our small molecule compounds stimulate neurogenesis of human hippocampus-derived neural stem cells in vitro. Based on this research, we believe that our small molecule compounds may assist in reversing atrophy in the human hippocampal. Such atrophy has been seen in major depression and other disorders.

Our small molecule compounds are covered by patents which include both structure and method claims for inducing neurogenesis and the growth of new neurons, both in-vitro and in-vivo. We own or exclusively license six (6) U.S. and foreign issued patents and twenty-one (21) U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our small molecule compounds.

Clinical Programs

Below is a description of our four most advanced clinical programs, their intended indication, current stage of development and our expected future development plans.

NSI - 566 (Stem Cells).

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. In ALS, nerve cells (neurons) waste away or die, and can no longer send messages to muscles. This eventually leads to muscle weakening, twitching, and an inability to move the arms, legs, and body. The condition slowly gets worse. When the muscles in the chest area stop working, it becomes hard or impossible to breathe. We believe that NSI-566 may provide an effective treatment for ALS by providing cells which nurture and protect the patients’ remaining motor neurons; and possibly repair some motor neurons which were not dead, but diseased.

During the first nine months of 2012, we were primarily engaged in conducting the Phase I trial for our proposed treatment of ALS at Emory University in Atlanta Georgia. The purpose of the Phase I trial was to evaluate the safety and transplantation technique of our proposed treatment and procedure. The dosing of patients in the Phase I trial, as designed, was completed in August of 2012. The collection of data for the final trial report ends six months after the last surgery, which is anticipated to be in late February 2013. During the Phase I trial, we treated eighteen (18) patients of which twelve (12) were treated by transplantation in the lumbar (lower back) region, three (3) in the cervical (upper back) region and three (3) in both the lumbar and cervical regions under our amended protocol. Although initial data from the trial appears promising, the outcome of the trial is uncertain and this trial or future trials may ultimately be unsuccessful. We anticipate commencing the Phase II clinical trial, for our proposed treatment of ALS, during the first half of 2013.

Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

A spinal cord injury or SCI generally refers to any injury to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma instead of disease although in some cases, it can be the result of diseases. Chronic Spinal Cord Injury refers to the time after the initial hospitalization. Spinal cord injuries are most often traumatic, caused by lateral bending, dislocation, rotation, axial loading, and hyperflexion or hyperextension of the cord or cauda equina. Motor vehicle accidents are the most common cause of SCIs, while other causes include falls, work-related accidents, sports injuries, and penetrations such as stab or gunshot wounds. In certain instances, SCIs can also be of a non-traumatic origin, as in the case of cancer, infection, intervertebral disc disease, vertebral injury and spinal cord vascular disease. We believe that NSI-566 may provide an effective treatment for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury by “bridging the gap” in the spinal cord created in traumatic spinal cord injury and providing new cells to help transmit the signal from the brain to points at or below the point of injury.

During the first quarter of 2013, we received approval from the FDA to commence our proposed Phase I clinical trial to treat chronic spinal cord injury. We anticipate the trial will commence during the first half of 2013.

Motor Deficits Due to Ischemic Stroke

Ischemic strokes, the most common type of stroke, occur as a result of an obstruction within a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. Post-stroke motor deficits include paralysis in arms and legs and can be permanent. We believe that NSI-566 may provide an effective treatment for restoring motor deficits resulting from Ischemic Stroke by both creating new cells in the area of injury and through repairing diseased cells to increase function in the patients.

In September of 2012, we received approval to commence human clinical trials to treat motor deficits due to ischemic stroke. The trial will be conducted by our wholly owned subsidiary, Neuralstem China, and will utilize our spinal cord stem cells. The trial will be conducted at BaYi Brain Hospital in Veijing, China. The trial approval includes a combined phase I/II design and will test direct injections into the brain of NSI-566, the same cell product used in our recently-completed Phase I ALS trial in the United States. The trial is expected to begin dosing patients in the first quarter of 2013 and is designed to enroll up to 118 patients.

NSI - 189 (Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Compound).

Major Depression Disorder

Major depressive disorder or MDD (also known as recurrent depressive disorder, clinical depression, major depression, unipolar depression, or unipolar disorder) is a mental disorder characterized by episodes of all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. We believe that NSI-189 may provide an effective treatment for patients suffering from MDD by structurally rebuilding the hippocampus.

In February of 2011, we commenced the Phase I clinical trial (Phase Ia portion) of our small molecule drug compound, NSI-189, at California Clinical Trials, LLC, in Glendale, California. NSI-189 is being developed for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other psychiatric indications. NSI-189 is the lead compound in our neurogenerative small molecule drug platform. The purpose of the Phase Ia portion of the trial was to evaluate the safety of the drug in healthy volunteers. The Phase Ia portion tested a single oral administration of NSI-189 in 24 healthy volunteers and was completed in October of 2011. In December of 2011, we received approval from the FDA to commence the Phase Ib portion of the trial. The purpose of the Phase Ib portion of the clinical trial is to determine the safety of the drug at several dosings in actual  MDD patients. The Phase Ib portion consists of patients with MDD receiving daily doses for 28 consecutive days. In June of 2012, we dosed our first patient in the Phase Ib portion of the trial. To date, we have dosed two of the three cohorts of patients in the Phase Ib portion of the trial. It is still too early in the trial to make any determination as to its level of success, if any.

Collaborative Projects

Department of Defense — Loma Linda Subcontract Agreement

During 2011, we were selected as the primary subcontractor for a U.S. Department of Defense or DOD contract, awarded to Loma Linda University, to develop human neural stem cell technology for the treatment of cancerous brain tumors. The research contract, entitled "Research to Treat Cancerous Brain Tumors with Neural Stem Cells," was carried out in collaboration with Principal Investigator John Zhang, MD, PhD, Professor of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, in Loma Linda, CA. The DOD has three one-year options to continue the program after the first year, based upon milestones. The goal of the program is to develop a therapeutic product for the treatment of cancerous brain tumors and submit that product to the FDA by the end of the fourth year (2015). We began work on the project during August of 2011 and completed the first year in June of 2012. Due to uncertainties with the DOD budget, there can be no assurances that this program will continue beyond the initial year completed. To date none of the program options have been exercised by the DOD.

Potential Markets

The table below summarizes the potential United States patient populations by indication, for our proposed stem cell and small molecule products:

(1) The ALS Association (ALSA)

(2) Huntington’s Disease Society of America (HDSA)

(3) National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS)

(4) American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS)

(5) National Spinal Cord Injury Association (NSCIA)

(6) National Stroke Association (NSA)

(7) Alzheimer’s Association (AA)

(8) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

Research

We have devoted substantial resources to our research programs in order to isolate and develop a series of neural stem cell banks that we believe can serve as a basis for our therapeutic products. Our efforts to date have been directed at developing methods to identify, isolate and culture large varieties of stem cells of the human nervous system, and to develop therapies utilizing these stem cells, including the development of our small molecule compounds. This research is conducted internally, through the use of third party laboratories and consulting companies under our direct supervision, and through collaboration with academic institutes.

Operating Strategy

We generally employ an outsourcing strategy where we outsource our Good Laboratory Practices or GLP preclinical development activities and Good Manufacturing Practices or GMP manufacturing and clinical development activities to contract research organizations or CRO and contract manufacturing organizations or CMO as well as all non-critical corporate functions. Manufacturing is also outsourced to organizations with approved facilities and manufacturing practices. This outsource model allows us to better manage cash on hand and minimize non-vital expenditures. It also allows for us to operate with relatively fewer employees and lower fixed costs than that required by similar companies.

Manufacturing

We currently manufacture our cells both in-house and on an outsource basis. We outsource the manufacturing of our pharmaceutical compounds to third party manufacturers. We manufacture cells in-house which are not required to meet stringent FDA requirements. We use these cells in our research and collaborative programs. We outsource all the manufacturing and storage of our stem cells and pharmaceuticals compound to be used in pre-clinical works, and which are accordingly subject to higher FDA requirements, to Charles River Laboratories, Inc., of Wilmington, Massachusetts (stem cells) and Albany Molecular Resources, Inc. (“AMRI”) (small molecule). Both the Charles River and AMRI facilities have the capacity to be used for manufacturing under the FDA determined GMP standards in quantities sufficient for our current and anticipated pre-trial and clinical trial needs. We have no quantity or volume commitment with either Charles River Laboratories or AMRI and our cells and pharmaceutical compounds are ordered and manufactured on an as needed basis.

Our Intellectual Property

Our research and development is supported by our intellectual property. We own or exclusively license thirty (30) U.S. and foreign issued patents and forty-two (42) U.S. and foreign patent applications in the field of regenerative medicine, related to our stem cell technologies as well as our small molecule compounds. Our issued patents have expiration dates ranging from 2016 through 2029.

Our success will likely depend upon our ability to preserve our technologies and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of other parties. However, we may rely on certain proprietary technologies and know-how that are not patentable. We protect our proprietary information, in part, by the use of confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and certain of our contractors.

When appropriate, we seek patent protection for inventions in our core technologies and in ancillary technologies that support our core technologies or which we otherwise believe will provide us with a competitive advantage. We accomplish this by filing patent applications for discoveries we make, either alone or in collaboration with scientific collaborators and strategic partners. Typically, although not always, we file patent applications both in the United States and in select international markets. In addition, we plan to obtain licenses or options to acquire licenses to patent filings from other individuals and organizations that we anticipate could be useful in advancing our research, development and commercialization initiatives and our strategic business interests.

We also rely upon trade-secret protection for our confidential and proprietary information and take active measures to control access to that information.

Our policy is to require our employees, consultants and significant scientific collaborators and sponsored researchers to execute confidentiality and assignment of invention agreements upon the commencement of an employment or consulting relationship with us. These agreements generally provide that all confidential information developed or made known to the individual by us during the course of the individual's relationship with us, is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. In the case of employees and consultants, the agreements generally provide that all inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including ours, are uncertain and involve complex and evolving legal and factual questions. The coverage sought in a patent application can be denied or significantly reduced before or after the patent is issued. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our pending applications will result in the issuance of patents, or if any existing or future patents will provide significant protection or commercial advantage or will be circumvented by others. Since patent applications are secret until the applications are published (usually eighteen months after the earliest effective filing date), and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications or that we were the first to file patent applications for such inventions. There can be no assurance that patents will issue from our pending or future patent applications or, if issued, that such patents will be of commercial benefit to us, afford us adequate protection from competing products, or not be challenged or declared invalid.

In the event that a third party has also filed a patent application relating to inventions claimed in our patent applications, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the United States Patent and Trademark Office or USPTO, to determine priority of invention, which could result in substantial uncertainties and costs, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us. There can be no assurance that our patents, if issued, would be held valid by a court of competent jurisdiction.

A number of pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other companies, universities and research institutions have filed patent applications or have been issued patents relating to cell therapy, stem cells and other technologies potentially relevant to or required by our expected products. We cannot predict which, if any, of such applications will issue as patents or the claims that might be allowed.

If third party patents or patent applications contain claims infringed by our technology and such claims are ultimately determined to be valid, there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain licenses to these patents at a reasonable cost, if at all, or be able to develop or obtain alternative non-infringing technology. If we are unable to obtain such licenses or develop or obtain alternative non-infringing technology at a reasonable cost, we may not be able to develop certain products commercially. There can be no assurance that we will not be obliged to defend ourselves in court against allegations of infringement of third party patents. Patent litigation is very expensive and could consume substantial resources and create significant uncertainties. An adverse outcome in such a suit could subject us to significant liabilities to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties, or require us to cease using such technology.

 Competition

The biotechnology industries are characterized by rapidly evolving technology and intense competition. Our competitors include major multinational pharmaceutical companies, specialty biotechnology companies and chemical and medical products companies. Many of these companies are well-established and possess technical, research and development, financial and sales and marketing resources significantly greater than ours. In addition, certain smaller biotech companies have formed strategic collaborations, partnerships and other types of joint ventures with larger, well established industry competitors that afford these companies potential research and development and commercialization advantages. Academic institutions, governmental agencies and other public and private research organizations are also conducting and financing research activities which may produce products directly competitive to those we are developing. Moreover, many of these competitors may be able to obtain patent protection, obtain FDA and other regulatory approvals and begin commercial sales of their products before we do.

The diseases and medical conditions we are targeting have no effective long-term therapies. Nevertheless, we expect that our technologies and products will compete with a variety of therapeutic products and procedures offered by major pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Many pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are investigating new drugs and therapeutic approaches for the same purposes, which may achieve new efficacy profiles, extend the therapeutic window for such products, alter the prognosis of these diseases, or prevent their onset. We believe that our products, when and if successfully developed, will compete with these products principally on the basis of improved and extended efficacy and safety and their overall economic benefit to the health care system. Competition for our products may be in the form of existing and new drugs, other forms of cell transplantation, surgical procedures, and gene therapy. We believe that some of our competitors are also trying to develop similar stem cell-based technologies. We expect that all of these products will compete with our potential product candidates based on efficacy, safety, cost and intellectual property positions. We may also face competition from companies that have filed patent applications relating to the use of genetically modified cells to treat disease, disorder or injury. In the event our therapies should require the use of such genetically modified cells, we may be required to seek licenses from these competitors in order to commercialize certain of our proposed products, and such licenses may not be granted or be extremely expensive.

If we develop products that receive regulatory approval, they would then have to compete for market acceptance and market share. For our potential products, an important success factor will be the timing of market introduction of competitive products. This timing will be a function of the relative speed with which we and our competitors can develop products, complete the clinical testing and approval processes, and supply commercial quantities of a product to the market. These competitive products may also impact the timing of clinical testing and approval processes by limiting the number of clinical investigators and patients available to test our potential products.

Government Regulation

Regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries is a significant factor in our research and development and will be a significant factor in the manufacture and marketing of our proposed products. The nature and extent to which such regulation applies to us will vary depending on the nature of any products we may develop. We anticipate that many, if not all, of our products will require regulatory approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. In particular, human therapeutic products are subject to rigorous preclinical and clinical testing and other approval procedures of the FDA and similar regulatory authorities in European and other countries. Various governmental statutes and regulations also govern or influence testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage and recordkeeping related to such products and their marketing. The process of obtaining these approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and money, and there can be no guarantee that approvals will be granted.

FDA Approval Process

Prior to commencement of clinical studies involving humans, preclinical testing of new pharmaceutical or biological products is generally conducted on animals in the laboratory to evaluate the potential efficacy and safety of the product candidate. The results of these studies are submitted to the FDA as part of an IND application, which must become effective before clinical testing in humans can begin. Typically, human clinical evaluation involves a time-consuming and costly three-phase process. In Phase I, clinical trials are conducted with a small number of people to assess safety and to evaluate the pattern of drug distribution and metabolism within the body. In Phase II, clinical trials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to determine preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and expanded evidence of safety. (In some cases, an initial trial is conducted in diseased patients to assess both preliminary efficacy and preliminary safety and patterns of drug metabolism and distribution, in which case it is referred to as a Phase I/II trial.) In Phase III, large-scale, multi-center, comparative trials are conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease in order to provide enough data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety required by the FDA. The FDA closely monitors the progress of each of the three phases of clinical testing and may, at its discretion, re-evaluate, alter, suspend, or terminate the testing based upon the data which have been accumulated to that point and its assessment of the risk/benefit ratio to the patient. All adverse events must be reported to the FDA. Monitoring of all aspects of the study to minimize risks is a continuing process.

The results of the preclinical and clinical testing on non-biologic drugs and certain diagnostic drugs are submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug Application (“NDA”) for approval prior to commencement of commercial sales. In the case of vaccines or gene and cell therapies, the results of clinical trials are submitted as a Biologics License Application (“BLA”). In responding to an NDA/BLA submission, the FDA may grant marketing approval, may request additional information, may deny the application if it determines that the application does not provide an adequate basis for approval, and may also refuse to review an application that has been submitted if it determines that the application does not provide an adequate basis for filing and review. There can be no assurance that approvals will be granted on a timely basis, if at all, for any of our proposed products.

European, China and Other Regulatory Approval

Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a product by comparable regulatory authorities in Europe, China and other countries will be necessary prior to commencement of marketing the product in such countries. The regulatory authorities in each country may impose their own requirements and may refuse to grant an approval, or may require additional data before granting it, even though the relevant product has been approved by the FDA or another authority. As with the FDA, the regulatory authorities in the European Union (EU), China and other developed countries have lengthy approval processes for biological and pharmaceutical products. The process for gaining approval in particular countries varies, but generally follows a similar sequence to that described for FDA approval.

Other Regulations

We are also subject to various U.S. federal, state, local and international laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our business. We cannot accurately predict the extent of government regulation which might result from future legislation or administrative action.

For additional information about governmental regulations as well as risk related to our business that could affect our planned and intended business operations, see the “Risk Factors” Section of this Annual Report.

Executive Officers

The following sets forth our current executive officers and information concerning their age and background:

Mr. I. Richard Garr, JD, age 60, has been a director and our Chief Executive Officer since 1996.  Mr. Garr was previously an attorney with Beli, Weil & Jacobs, the B&G Companies, and Circle Management Companies. Mr. Garr is a graduate of Drew University (1976) and the Columbus School of Law, The Catholic University of America (1979). Additionally, he was a founder and current Board Trustee of the First Star Foundation, a children’s charity focused on abused children’s issues; a founder of The Starlight Foundation Mid Atlantic chapter, which focuses on helping seriously ill children; and is a past Honorary Chairman of the Brain Tumor Society. In evaluating Mr. Garr’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills in connection with his appointment to our board, we took into account his broad experience in Neural Stem Cells.  He is among the longest serving executives in the field.

Mr. Karl Johe, Ph.D., age 52, has been a director, Chairman of the Board and our Chief Scientific Officer since 1996. Dr. Johe has over 15 years of research and laboratory experience. Dr. Johe is the sole inventor of Neuralstem’s granted stem cell patents and is responsible for the strategic planning and development of our therapeutic products. Dr. Johe received his Bachelor of Arts Degree in Chemistry and a Master’s Degree from the University of Kansas. Dr. Johe received his doctorate from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. From 1993 to January 1997, Dr. Johe served as a Staff Scientist at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke in Bethesda, Maryland. While holding this position, Dr. Johe conducted research on the isolation of neural stem cells, the elucidation of mechanisms directing cell type specification of central nervous system stem cells and the establishment of an in vitro model of mammalian neurogenesis. In evaluating Dr. Johe’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills in connection with his appointment to our board, we took into account his extensive experience in international  science and business communities.  Mr. Johe is also multilingual.  

Employees

As of March 1, 2013, we had 16 full-time employees and one (1) full-time independent contractor. Of these full-time employees and contractor, 12 work on research and development and five (5) in administration. We also use the services of numerous outside consultants in business and scientific matters.

Our Corporate Information

We are incorporated in the state of Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 9700 Great Seneca Highway, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and our telephone number is (301) 366-4960. Our website is located at www.neuralstem.com. We have not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report the information in, or that can be accessed through, our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this Annual Report.

Where to Find More Information

We make our public filings with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all exhibits and amendments to these reports. Also our executive officers, directors and holders of more than 10% of our common stock, file reports with the SEC on Forms 3, 4 and 5 regarding their ownership of our securities. These materials are available on the SEC’s web site, http://www.sec.gov. You may also read or copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Alternatively, you may obtain copies of these filings, including exhibits, by writing or telephoning us at:

NEURALSTEM, INC

9700 Great Seneca Highway,

Rockville, Maryland 20850

Attn: Chief Financial Officer

Tel: (301) 366-4841

Below are a number of uncertainties and risks which, in addition to uncertainties and risks presented elsewhere in this Annual Report, may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.  The uncertainties and risks enumerated below as well as those presented elsewhere in this Annual Report should be considered carefully in evaluating us, our business and the value of our securities. The following factors, among others, could cause our actual business, financial condition and future results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report or presented elsewhere by management from time to time.

Risks Relating to Our Stage of Development.

We have a history of losses.

Since inception in 1996 and through December 31, 2012, we have recorded accumulated losses totaling approximately $108,594,000. On December 31, 2012, we had a working capital surplus of approximately $5,896,000 and stockholders’ equity of approximately $6,973,000. Our net losses for the two most recent fiscal years have been approximately $10,122,000 and $12,519,000 for 2012 and 2011, respectively. In August of 2011, we were selected as the primary subcontractor under a DOD contract to develop its human neural stem cell technology for the treatment of cancerous brain tumors. We have recognized revenue related to this contract of approximately $234,000 and $391,000 for years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. We also recognized revenue of approximately $173,000 and $0, during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively related to the licensing of certain intellectual property to third parties. Notwithstanding, we had no revenue from the sales of our products during 2012 and 2011. Our ability to generate revenues and achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to complete the development of our proposed products, obtain the required regulatory approvals, manufacture, and market and sell our proposed products. To date, we have not generated any revenue from the commercial sale of our proposed products and do not anticipate recognizing any revenues from such source for the foreseeable future. No assurances can be given as to exactly when, if at all, we will be able to fully develop, commercialize, market, sell and/or derive any, let alone material, revenues from our proposed products.

We will need to raise additional capital to continue operations.

Since our inception, we have funded our operations through the sale of our securities, the exercise of investor warrants, and to a lesser degree, from grants and research contracts and other revenue generating activities such as licensing. As of December 31, 2012, we had cash and cash equivalents on hand of approximately $7,444,000. Currently our monthly cash burn for operations is approximately $780,000. We anticipate that our available cash, expected income and expected proceeds from sales of our securities will be sufficient to finance our current activities at least through December 31, 2013, although certain activities and related personnel may need to be reduced. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional financing or enter into licensing agreements. Our inability to either license our intellectual property or secure additional financing will materially impact our ability to fund our current activities which will result in our being required to substantially reduce our activities.

We have expended and expect to continue to expend substantial cash in the research, development, clinical and pre-clinical testing of our proposed products with the goal of ultimately obtaining FDA approval to market such products. We will require additional capital to conduct research and development, establish and conduct clinical and pre-clinical trials, enter into commercial-scale manufacturing arrangements and to provide for marketing and distribution of our products. We cannot assure you that financing will be available if needed. If additional financing is not available, we may not be able to fund operations and planned growth, develop or enhance our technologies, take advantage of business opportunities or respond to our competitive market pressures. If we exhaust our cash reserves and are unable to secure adequate additional financing, we may be unable to meet operating obligations which could result in us initiating bankruptcy proceedings or delaying, or eliminating some or all of our research and product development programs.

Risks Relating to Our Business.

Our business is dependent on the successful development of our product candidates.

At present, our future opportunities are significantly dependent on our two product candidates currently at different phases of clinical trials. Any clinical, regulatory or other development that significantly delays or prevents us from completing any of our trials, any material safety issue or adverse side effect to any study participant in these trials, or the failure of these trials to show the results expected, would likely depress our stock price significantly and could prevent us from raising the additional capital we will need to further develop our technologies. Moreover, any adverse occurrence in our clinical trials could substantially impair our ability to initiate clinical trials to test our product candidates in other potential indications. This, in turn, could adversely impact our ability to raise additional capital and pursue our planned research and development efforts.

Our business relies on technologies that we may not be able to commercially develop.

We have concentrated the majority of our research on stem cell and small molecule technologies. Our ability to generate revenue and operate profitably will depend on being able to develop these technologies for human applications. These are emerging technologies that may have limited human application. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to develop our technologies or that such development will result in products with any commercial utility or value. We anticipate that the commercial sale of such products or royalty/licensing fees related to our technologies, will be our primary sources of revenue. To date we have generated minimal revenue from the licensing of our technologies and from consulting fees. If we are unable to develop our technologies, we may never realize any additional or meaningful revenue.

Our product development programs are based on novel technologies and are inherently risky.

We are subject to the risks inherent in the development of products based on new technologies. The novel nature of therapies in the field of regenerative medicine creates significant challenges in regard to product development and optimization, manufacturing, government regulation, third party reimbursement, and market acceptance. For example, the pathway to regulatory approval for cell-based therapies, including our product candidates, may be more complex and lengthy than the pathway for conventional drugs. These challenges may prevent us from developing and commercializing products on a timely or profitable basis, or at all.

We are unable to predict when or if we will be able to earn revenues.

Given the uncertainty of our technologies and the need for government regulatory approval, we cannot predict when, or if ever, we will be able to realize revenues related to our products. As a result, we will be primarily dependent on our ability to raise capital through the sale of our securities for the foreseeable future.

We are unable to accurately predict time frames for approvals relating to government contracts or time frames for our products to receive regulatory approvals.

In 2011 we were selected as a subcontractor for a U.S. department of Defense or DOD contract awarded to Loma Linda University to develop human neural stem cell technology for treatment of cancerous brain tumors. We currently have completed our initial year under this contract. The transaction was cash neutral and did not offset any of our other operating expenses. We completed our work under the contract in June of 2012. In the event the extension option is not exercised by the DOD, we will need to either secure additional financing or curtail this research. Given the uncertainty of budget allocation for the DOD and other uncontrollable factors, we cannot predict whether the DOD will exercise its option for future years under this contract.

Our inability to manufacture and store our stem cells and small molecule pharmaceutical compounds in-house could adversely impact our business.

We currently outsource the manufacturing of our stem cells and small molecule pharmaceutical compounds to third party contractors and as such are unable to adequately control the manufacturing process and the safe storage thereof. Any manufacturing or storage irregularity, error, or failure to comply with applicable regulatory procedure would require us to find new third parties to outsource our manufacturing and storage responsibilities. Our business would suffer in the event that there are delays in locating suitable third parties or if no suitable third parties are found.

Our inability to complete pre-clinical and clinical testing and trials will impair our viability.

We are currently in clinical trials for two of our proposed products. We anticipate commencing our first Phase II clinical trial, related to a proposed product for the treatment of ALS, during the first half of 2013. Additionally, we anticipate commencing Phase I clinical trials related to chronic spinal cord injury and motor deficit due to ischemic stroke during the first half of 2013. Although we have commenced a number of trials, the ultimate outcome of the trials is uncertain. If we are unable to satisfactorily complete such trials, or if such trials yield unsatisfactory results, we will be unable to commercialize our proposed products. No assurances can be given that our clinical trials will be completed or result in a successful outcome. If regulatory authorities do not approve our products or if we fail to maintain regulatory compliance, we would be unable to commercialize our proposed products, and our business and results of operations could be materially harmed.

Our proposed products may not have favorable results in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Positive results from pre-clinical studies or our Phase I trials should not be relied upon as evidence that our clinical trials will succeed. Even if our product candidates achieve positive results in pre-clinical studies or during our Phase I studies, we will be required to demonstrate through further clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a diverse population before we can seek regulatory approvals for their commercial sale. There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates as they proceed through clinical trials. If any product candidate fails to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy in any clinical trial, then we would experience potentially significant delays in, or be required to abandon, development of that product candidate. If we delay or abandon our development efforts of any of our product candidates, then we may not be able to generate revenues.

There are no assurances that we will be able to submit or obtain FDA approval of a Biologics License Application or New Drug Application in order to market and sell our products.

There can be no assurance that even if the clinical trial of any potential product candidate is successfully initiated and completed, that we will be able to submit a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) or New Drug Application (“NDA”) to the FDA or that any BLA or NDA we submit will be approved in a timely manner, if at all. If we are unable to submit a BLA or NDA with respect to any future product candidate, or if such application is not approved by the FDA, we will be unable to commercialize that product. The FDA can and does reject BLAs and NDAs and may require additional clinical trials, even when product candidates performed well or achieved favorable results in clinical trials. If we fail to commercialize our product candidate, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenues to attain profitability and our reputation in the industry and in the investment community would likely be damaged, each of which would cause our stock price to decrease.

The manufacturing of stem cell-based therapeutic products is novel and dependent upon specialized key materials.

The manufacturing of stem cell-based therapeutic products is a complicated and difficult process, dependent upon substantial know-how and subject to the need for continual process improvements. We depend almost exclusively on third party manufacturers to supply our cells. In addition, our suppliers’ ability to scale-up manufacturing to satisfy the various requirements of our planned clinical trials is uncertain. Manufacturing irregularities or lapses in quality control could have a material adverse effect on our reputation and business, which could cause a significant loss of stockholder value. Many of the materials that we use to prepare our cell-based products are highly specialized, complex and available from only a limited number of suppliers. At present, some of our material requirements are single sourced, and the loss of one or more of these sources may adversely affect our business.

Our business is subject to ethical and social concerns.

The use of stem cells for research and therapy has been the subject of debate regarding ethical, legal and social issues. Negative public attitudes toward stem cell therapy could result in greater governmental regulation of stem cell therapies, which could harm our business. For example, concerns regarding such possible regulation could impact our ability to attract collaborators and investors. Existing and potential U.S. government regulation of human tissue may lead researchers to leave the field of stem cell research or the country altogether, in order to assure that their careers will not be impeded by restrictions on their work. Similarly, these factors may induce graduate students to choose other fields less vulnerable to changes in regulatory oversight, thus exacerbating the risk that we may not be able to attract and retain the scientific personnel we need in the face of competition among pharmaceutical, biotechnology and health care companies, universities and research institutions for what may become a shrinking class of qualified individuals

We may be subject to litigation that will be costly to defend or pursue and uncertain in its outcome.

Our business may bring us into conflict with licensees, licensors, or others with whom we have contractual or other business relationships or with our competitors or others whose interests differs from ours. If we are unable to resolve these conflicts on terms that are satisfactory to all parties, we may become involved in litigation brought by or against such parties. Any litigation is likely to be expensive and may require a significant amount of management's time and attention, at the expense of other aspects of our business. The outcome of litigation is always uncertain, and in some cases could include judgments against us which could have a materially adverse effect on our business. By way of example, in May of 2008, we filed a complaint against StemCells Inc., alleging that U.S. Patent No. 7,361,505 (the “‘505 patent”), allegedly exclusively licensed to StemCells, Inc., is invalid, not infringed and unenforceable. On the same day, StemCells, Inc. filed a complaint alleging that we had infringed, contributed to the infringement of, and or induced the infringement of two patents allegedly exclusively licensed to StemCells. Please refer to the section of this Annual Report entitled “Legal Proceedings” for a further discussion of such litigation.

We may not be able to obtain necessary licenses to third-party patents and other rights.

A number of companies, universities and research institutions have filed patent applications or have received patents relating to technologies in our field. We cannot predict which, if any, of these applications will issue as patents or how many of these issued patents will be found valid and enforceable. There may also be existing issued patents on which we would be infringed by the commercialization of our product candidates. If so, we may be prevented from commercializing these products unless the third party is willing to grant a license to us. We may be unable to obtain licenses to the relevant patents at a reasonable cost, if at all, and may also be unable to develop or obtain alternative non-infringing technology. If we are unable to obtain such licenses or develop non-infringing technology at a reasonable cost, our business could be significantly harmed. Also, any infringement lawsuits commenced against us may result in significant costs, divert our management’s attention and result in an award against us for substantial damages, or potentially prevent us from continuing certain operations.

We may not be able to obtain third-party patient reimbursement or favorable product pricing.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our proposed products in the human therapeutic field depends to a significant degree on patient reimbursement of the costs of such products and related treatments. We cannot assure you that reimbursement in the U.S. or in foreign countries will be available for any products developed, or, if available, will not decrease in the future, or that reimbursement amounts will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, our products. We cannot predict what additional regulation or legislation relating to the health care industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such regulation or legislation may have on our business. If additional regulations are overly onerous or expensive or if healthcare related legislation makes our business more expensive or burdensome than originally anticipated, we may be forced to significantly downsize our business plans or completely abandon the current business model.

Our proposed products may not be profitable due to manufacturing costs.

Our proposed products may be significantly more expensive to manufacture than other drugs or therapies currently on the market today due to a fewer number of potential manufacturers, greater level of needed expertise and other general market conditions affecting manufacturers of stem cell based products. Accordingly, if developed, we may not be able to charge a high enough price for us to make a profit from the sale of our cell therapy products.

We are dependent on the acceptance of our products by the healthcare community.

Our proposed products, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community, in general, may decide not to accept and utilize these products. The products that we are attempting to develop represent substantial departures from established treatment methods and will compete with a number of more conventional drugs and therapies manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. The degree of market acceptance will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

If the healthcare community does not accept our products for any reason, our business would be materially harmed.

We depend on key employees for our continued operations and future success.

We are highly dependent on our chief executive officer, chief scientific officer and outside consultants. Although we have entered into employment and consulting agreements with these parties, these agreements can be terminated at any time. The loss of any of these key employees or consultants could adversely affect our opportunities and materially harm our future prospects. In addition, we anticipate growth and expansion into areas and activities requiring additional expertise. We anticipate the need for additional management personnel and the development of additional expertise by existing management personnel. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in the areas of our present and planned activities, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the development our business.

The employment contracts of certain key employees contain significant anti-termination provisions which could make changes in management difficult or expensive.

We have entered into employment agreements with Messrs. Garr and Johe which expire on October 31, 2017. In the event either individual is terminated prior to the full term of their respective contracts, for any reason other than a voluntary resignation, all compensation due to such employee under the terms of the respective agreement shall become due and payable immediately. These provisions will make the replacement of either of these employees very costly and could cause difficulty in effecting a change in control. Termination prior to the full term of these contracts could cost us as much as approximately $2.7 million per contract including the immediate vesting of all outstanding options, restricted stock units and warrants held by Messrs. Garr and Johe.

Our competition has significantly greater experience and financial resources.

The biotechnology industry is characterized by intense competition. We will compete against numerous companies, many of which have substantially greater resources. Several such enterprises have initiated cell therapy research programs and/or efforts to treat the same diseases which we target.

Our outsource model depends on third parties to assist in developing and testing our proposed products.

Our strategy for the development, clinical and preclinical testing and commercialization of our proposed products is based on an outsource model. This model requires us to engage third parties in order to further develop our technology and products as well as for the day to day operations of our business. In the event we are not able to enter into such relationships in the future, our ability to operate and develop products may be seriously hindered or we would be required to expend considerable resources to bring such functions in-house. Either outcome could result in our inability to develop a commercially feasible product or in the need for substantially more working capital to complete the research in-house.

The commercialization of our proposed products exposes us to product liability claims.

Product liability claims could result in substantial litigation costs and damage awards against us. We have obtained liability insurance that covers our clinical trials. If we begin commercializing products, we will need to increase our insurance coverage. We may not be able to obtain insurance on acceptable terms, if at all, and the policy limits on our insurance policies may be insufficient to cover our liability.

We currently rely exclusively upon third party FDA-regulated manufacturers and suppliers for our proposed products

We currently have no internal commercial manufacturing capability, and rely exclusively on FDA-approved licensees, strategic partners or third party contract manufacturers or suppliers for the foreseeable future. Because manufacturing facilities are subject to regulatory oversight and inspection, failure to comply with regulatory requirements could result in material manufacturing delays and product shortages, which could delay or otherwise negatively impact our clinical trials and product development. We currently engage Charles River Laboratories, Inc., of Wilmington, Massachusetts (stem cells) and Albany Molecular Resources, Inc. (“AMRI”) (small molecule). In the event we are required to seek third party suppliers or alternative manufacturers, they may require us to purchase a minimum amount of materials or could require other unfavorable terms. Any such event would materially impact our business prospects and could delay the development of our products. Moreover, there can be no assurance that any manufacturer or supplier that we select will be able to supply our products in a timely or cost effective manner or in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or our specifications. In addition, due to the novelty of our products and product development, there can be no assurances that we would be able to find other suitable third party FDA-regulated manufacturers at terms reasonable to us. Failure to secure such third party manufacturers or suppliers would materially impact our business.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and perform data collection and analysis, which may result in costs and delays that prevent us from successfully commercializing our product candidates.

Although we design and manage our current preclinical and clinical studies, we do not have the in-house capability to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. We rely, and will rely in the future, on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract research organizations, contract laboratories, and collaborators to perform data collection and analysis and other aspects of our clinical trials. Our preclinical activities or clinical trials conducted in reliance on third parties may be delayed, suspended, or terminated if:

Third party performance failures may increase our development costs, delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval, and delay or prevent the commercialization of our product candidates. While we believe that there are numerous alternative sources to provide these services, in the event that we seek such alternative sources, we may not be able to enter into replacement arrangements without incurring delays or additional costs.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property.

We may not be able to withstand challenges to our intellectual property rights.

We rely on our intellectual property, including issued and applied-for patents, as the foundation of our business. Our intellectual property rights may come under challenge. No assurances can be given that, even though issued, our current and potential future patents will survive such challenges. For example, in 2005 one of our patents was challenged in the USPTO. Although we prevailed in this particular matter, these cases are complex, lengthy, expensive, and could potentially be adjudicated adversely to our interests, removing the protection afforded by an issued patent. The viability of our business would suffer if such patent protection were limited or eliminated. Moreover, the costs associated with defending or settling intellectual property claims would likely have a material adverse effect on our business and future prospects. At present, there is litigation with StemCells, Inc., which is further described in this Annual Report in the section entitled “Legal Proceedings.”

We may not be able to adequately protect against the piracy of the intellectual property in foreign jurisdictions.

We anticipate conducting research in countries outside of the U.S., including through our subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China. A number of our competitors are located in these countries and may be able to access our technology or test results. The laws protecting intellectual property in some of these countries may not adequately protect our trade secrets and intellectual property. The misappropriation of our intellectual property may materially impact our position in the market and any competitive advantages, if any, that we may have.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock.

Our common shares have until recently been “thinly” traded.

Until recently, our common shares have been “thinly” traded, meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our common shares at or near the asking price at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. Recently, the trading volume and liquidity for our common shares has increased. However, there can be no assurances that this increased trading volume will persist in the future. The lack of historical liquidity in our common shares is attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company which is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community. Although our common shares have recently experienced an increase in trading volume and accordingly, liquidity, these factors still exist. We cannot give you any assurance that a broader or more active trading market for our common shares will continue, or that current trading levels will be sustained. Due to these conditions, you may not be able to sell your shares if you need money or otherwise desire to liquidate your investment.

The market price for our common shares is particularly volatile.

The market for our common shares is characterized by significant price volatility when compared to seasoned issuers, and we expect that our share price will continue to be more volatile than those of a seasoned issuer. The volatility in our share price is attributable to a number of factors. Mainly however, we are a speculative or “risky” investment due to our limited operating history, lack of significant revenues to date and the uncertainty of future market acceptance for our products if successfully developed. As a consequence of this enhanced risk, more risk-adverse investors may, under the fear of losing all or most of their investment in the event of negative news or lack of progress, be more inclined to sell their shares on the market more quickly and at greater discounts than would be the case with the stock of a seasoned issuer. Additionally, in the past, plaintiffs have often initiated securities class action litigation against a company following periods of volatility in the market price of its securities. We may in the future be the target of similar litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and liabilities and could divert management’s attention and resources.

The following factors may add to the volatility in the price of our common shares: actual or anticipated variations in our quarterly or annual operating results; government regulations; announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships or joint ventures; our capital commitments; and additions or departures of our key personnel. Many of these factors are beyond our control and may decrease the market price of our common shares, regardless of our operating performance. We cannot make any predictions or projections as to what the prevailing market price for our common shares will be at any time, including as to whether our common shares will sustain their current market prices, or as to what effect the sale of shares or the availability of common shares for sale at any time will have on the prevailing market price.

We face risks related to compliance with corporate governance laws and financial reporting standard.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as related new rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board or PCAOB, require changes in the corporate governance practices and financial reporting standards for public companies. These laws, rules and regulations, including compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 relating to internal control over financial reporting, will materially increase the Company’s legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and more burdensome. We recently re-qualified as a non-accelerated filer and, accordingly, are exempt from the requirements of Section 404(b) and our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to audit the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls and management’s assessment of the design and the operating effectiveness of such internal controls. In the event we become an accelerated filer again, we will be required to expend substantial capital in connection with compliance.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we would not incur as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. We also incur costs associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and related rules implemented or to be implemented by the SEC and the NYSE MKT. The expenses incurred by public companies for reporting, insurance and corporate governance purposes have been increasing. We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some activities more time-consuming and costly, although we are currently unable to estimate these costs with any degree of certainty. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult or costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. These laws and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as our executive officers and may divert management’s attention. Furthermore, if we are unable to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we could be subject to delisting of our common stock, fines, sanctions and other regulatory action and potentially civil litigation.

We have never paid a cash dividend and do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never paid cash dividends nor do we anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, any return on your investment, if any, will be as a result of stock appreciation.

Our anti-takeover provisions may delay or prevent a change of control, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that may make it difficult to remove our board of directors and management and may discourage or delay “change of control” transactions, which could adversely affect the price of our common stock. These provisions include, among others:

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research reports, or publish unfavorable research about our business, the price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us and our business. We currently have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. In the event an analyst downgrades our securities, the price of our securities would likely decline. If analysts ceases to cover us or fails to publish regular reports on us, interest in our securities could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock and other securities and their trading volume to decline.

Our corporate documents and Delaware law contain provisions that could make it difficult for us to be acquired in a transaction that might be beneficial to our stockholders.

Our board of directors has the authority to issue shares of preferred stock and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions of these shares without stockholder approval. Additionally, our Bylaws provide for a staggered board. These provisions in our corporate documents, along with certain provisions under Delaware law, may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or discourage a third party from attempting to acquire us, even if the acquisition might be beneficial to our stockholders.

Our board of directors has broad discretion to issue additional securities which might dilute the net tangible book value per share of our common stock for existing stockholders.

We are entitled under our certificate of incorporation to issue up to 150,000,000 shares of common stock and 7,000,000 shares of “blank check” preferred stock. Shares of our blank check preferred stock provide our board of directors broad discretion to determine voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights. As of December 31, 2012 we have issued and outstanding 68,189,314 shares of common stock and we have 38,564,368 shares of common stock reserved for future grants under our equity compensation plans and for issuances upon the exercise or conversion of currently outstanding options, warrants, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units and other convertible securities. As of December 31, 2012, we had no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding. Accordingly, we are entitled to issue up to 43,246,318 additional shares of common stock and 7,000,000 additional shares of “blank check” preferred stock. Our board may generally issue those common and preferred shares, or convertible securities to purchase those shares, without further approval by our shareholders. Any preferred shares we may issue will have such rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions as may be designated from time-to-time by our board, including preferential dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions. It is likely that we will be required to issue a large amount of additional securities to raise capital in order to further our development and marketing plans. It is also likely that we will be required to issue a large amount of additional securities to directors, officers, employees and consultants as compensatory grants in connection with their services, both in the form of stand-alone grants or under our various stock plans. The issuance of additional securities may cause substantial dilution to our shareholders.

Our publicly filed reports are subject to review by the SEC, and any significant changes or amendments required as a result of any such review may result in material liability to us and may have a material adverse impact on the trading price of our common stock.

The reports of publicly traded companies are subject to review by the SEC from time to time for the purpose of assisting companies in complying with applicable disclosure requirements, and the SEC is required to undertake a comprehensive review of a company’s reports at least once every three years under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. SEC reviews may be initiated at any time. We could be required to modify, amend or reformulate information contained in prior filings as a result of an SEC review. Any modification, amendment or reformulation of information contained in such reports could be significant and result in material liability to us and have a material adverse impact on the trading price of our common stock.

If we cannot continue to satisfy the NYSE MKT listing maintenance requirements and other rules, our securities may be delisted, which could negatively impact the price of our securities.

Although our common stock is listed on the NYSE MKT, we may be unable to continue to satisfy the listing maintenance requirements and rules. If we are unable to satisfy the criteria for maintaining our listing on the NYSE MKT, our securities could be subject to delisting. To qualify for continued listing on the NYSE MKT, we must continue to meet specific criteria including conditions with respect to our shareholders equity as well as minimum stock price. There can be no assurance that we will continue to meet these criteria. If we fail to meet the listing requirements and the NYSE MKT makes the determination that our common stock is no longer eligible for listing and is delisted, trading in our common stock may be conducted on the over-the-counter bulletin board or on the OTC Markets or the “Pinksheets”. In such event, broker-dealers may be less willing or able to sell and/or make a market in our common stock. Moreover, such markets have historically been less liquid than the NYSE MKT. Accordingly, an investor would find it more difficult to dispose of his shares or to obtain accurate quotations for their price, which could result in a negative impact on the price of our common shares.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Approval of our Product Candidates.

Our products may not receive regulatory approval.

The FDA and comparable government agencies in foreign countries impose substantial regulations on the manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical and biological products through lengthy and detailed laboratory, pre-clinical and clinical testing procedures, sampling activities and other costly and time-consuming procedures. Satisfaction of these regulations typically takes several years or more and vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the proposed product. We are currently undertaking clinical trials with regard to two of our proposed products. We cannot assure you that we will successfully complete any clinical trials. Further, we cannot predict when we might first submit any product license application (BLA or NDA) for FDA approval or whether any such product license application will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Moreover, we cannot assure you that FDA approvals for any products developed by us will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Any delay in obtaining, or failure to obtain, such approvals could have a material adverse effect on the marketing of our products and our ability to generate product revenue.

Development of our technologies is subject to extensive government regulation.

Our research and development efforts, as well as any future clinical trials, and the manufacturing and marketing of any products we may develop, will be subject to, and restricted by, extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries. The process of obtaining FDA and other necessary regulatory approvals is lengthy, expensive and uncertain. FDA and other legal and regulatory requirements applicable to our proposed products could substantially delay or prevent us from initiating additional clinical trials. We may fail to obtain the necessary approvals to commence clinical testing or to manufacture or market our potential products in reasonable time frames, if at all. In addition, the U.S. Congress and other legislative bodies may enact regulatory reforms or restrictions on the development of new therapies that could adversely affect the regulatory environment in which we operate or the development of any products we may develop.

A substantial portion of our research and development entails the use of stem cells obtained from human tissue. The U.S. federal and state governments and other jurisdictions impose restrictions on the acquisition and use of human tissue, including those incorporated in federal Good Tissue Practice, or “GTP,” regulations. These regulatory and other constraints could prevent us from obtaining cells and other components of our products in the quantity or of the quality needed for their development or commercialization. These restrictions change from time to time and may become more onerous. Additionally, we may not be able to identify or develop reliable sources for the cells necessary for our potential products — that is, sources that follow all state and federal laws and guidelines for cell procurement. Certain components used to manufacture our stem and progenitor cell product candidates will need to be manufactured in compliance with the FDA’s GMP. Accordingly, we will need to enter into supply agreements with companies that manufacture these components to GMP standards. There is no assurance that we will be able to enter into any such agreements.

Noncompliance with applicable requirements both before and after approval, if any, can subject us, our third party suppliers and manufacturers and our other collaborators to administrative and judicial sanctions, such as, among other things, warning letters, fines and other monetary payments, recall or seizure of products, criminal proceedings, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, interruption or cessation of clinical trials, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, limitations on or the elimination of claims we can make for our products, refusal of the government to enter into supply contracts or fund research, or government delay in approving or refusal to approve new drug applications.

We cannot predict if or when we will be permitted to commercialize our products due to regulatory constraints.

Federal, state and local governments and agencies in the U.S. (including the FDA) and governments in other countries have significant regulations in place that govern many of our activities. We are, or may become, subject to various federal, state and local laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental use of animals and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances used in connection with its research and development work. The preclinical testing and clinical trials of our proposed products are subject to extensive government regulation that may prevent us from creating commercially viable products. In addition, our sale of any commercially viable product will be subject to government regulation from several standpoints, including manufacturing, advertising, marketing, promoting, selling, labeling and distributing. If, and to the extent that, we are unable to comply with these regulations, our ability to earn revenues, if any, will be materially and negatively impacted.

If our clinical trials fail to demonstrate to the FDA that any of our product candidates are safe and effective for the treatment of particular diseases, the FDA may require us to conduct additional clinical trials or may not grant us marketing approval for such product candidates for those diseases.

We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of a BLA or NDA from the FDA. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate for a target indication, we must demonstrate with evidence gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical trials, and, with respect to approval in the United States, to the satisfaction of the FDA and, with respect to approval in other countries, similar regulatory authorities in those countries, that the product candidate is safe and effective for use for that target indication and that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls used to produce the product are compliant with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Our failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any of our product candidates for the treatment of particular diseases may delay or prevent our receipt of the FDA’s approval and, ultimately, may prevent commercialization of our product candidates for those diseases. The FDA has substantial discretion in deciding whether, based on the benefits and risks in a particular disease, any of our product candidates should be granted approval for the treatment of that particular disease. Even if we believe that a clinical trial or trials has demonstrated the safety and statistically significant efficacy of any of our product candidates for the treatment of a disease, the results may not be satisfactory to the FDA. Preclinical and clinical data can be interpreted by the FDA authorities in different ways, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. If regulatory delays are significant or regulatory approval is limited or denied altogether, our financial results and the commercial prospects for those of our product candidates involved will be harmed, and our prospects for profitability will be significantly impaired.

In addition, in the course of its review of a BLA or NDA or other regulatory application, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may conduct audits of the practices and procedures of a company and its suppliers and contractors concerning manufacturing, clinical study conduct, non-clinical studies and several other areas. If the FDA and/or other regulatory authorities conducts an audit relating to an BLA, NDA or other regulatory application and finds a significant deficiency in any of these or other areas, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could delay or not approve such BLA, NDA or other regulatory application. If regulatory delays are significant or regulatory approval is limited or denied altogether, our financial results and the commercial prospects for those of our products or product candidates involved will be harmed, and our prospects for profitability will be significantly impaired.

We are subject to extensive and rigorous governmental regulation, including the requirement of FDA or other regulatory approval before our product candidates may be lawfully marketed.

Both before and after the approval of our product candidates, we, our product candidates, our operations, our facilities, our suppliers, and our contract manufacturers, contract research organizations, and contract testing laboratories are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries, with regulations differing from country to country. In the United States, the FDA regulates, among other things, the pre-clinical testing, clinical trials, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, potency, labeling, storage, record keeping, quality systems, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution of therapeutic products. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could result in, among other things, one or more of the following actions: notices of violation, untitled letters, warning letters, fines and other monetary penalties, unanticipated expenditures, delays in approval or refusal to approve a product candidate; product recall or seizure; interruption of manufacturing or clinical trials; operating restrictions; injunctions; and criminal prosecution. We or the FDA, or an institutional review board, may suspend or terminate human clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Our product candidates cannot be lawfully marketed in the United States without FDA approval. Any failure to receive the marketing approvals necessary to commercialize our product candidates could harm our business.

The regulatory review and approval process of governmental authorities, which includes the need to conduct nonclinical studies and clinical trials of each product candidate, is lengthy, expensive and uncertain, and regulatory standards may change during the development of a particular product candidate. We are not permitted to market our product candidates in the United States or other countries until we have received requisite regulatory approvals. For example, securing FDA approval requires the submission of an NDA to the FDA. The approval application must include extensive nonclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish the product candidate’s safety and effectiveness for each indication. The approval application must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product. The FDA review process typically takes significant time to complete and approval is never guaranteed. If a product is approved, the FDA may limit the indications for which the product may be marketed, require extensive warnings on the product labeling, impose restricted distribution programs, require expedited reporting of certain adverse events, or require costly ongoing requirements for post-marketing clinical studies and surveillance or other risk management measures to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product. Markets outside of the United States also have requirements for approval of drug candidates with which we must comply prior to commencing marketing of our proposed products in those markets. Obtaining regulatory approval for marketing of a product candidate in one country does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries. Also, any regulatory approval of any of our product candidates, once obtained, may be withdrawn.

In addition, we, our suppliers, our operations, our facilities, and our contract manufacturers, our contract research organizations, and our contract testing laboratories are required to comply with extensive FDA requirements both before and after approval of our products. For example, we are required to report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA, and to comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotion for our product candidates and our products. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, regulations after approval, and the FDA periodically inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money, and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production, and quality control. In addition, discovery of safety issues may result in changes in labeling or restrictions on a product manufacturer or NDA holder, including removal of the product from the market.

The results of pre-clinical studies and early-stage clinical trials, such as the results from our recent Phase I ALS trial, may not be predictive of the results of later-stage clinical trials.

A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in Phase II and Phase III clinical trials, despite positive results during earlier-stage trials. The principal investigator of the Phase I safety trial of our human spinal cord stem cells (HSSC's) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), recently presented primary and secondary endpoint data on the patients in the study. However, the small sample size, limited time frame and preliminary nature of the study make it difficult to draw any conclusions from the results of the study. The study was designed to assess the safety of intraspinal transplantation in ALS patients and was not intended to demonstrate efficacy. No assurance can be given that the surgical procedure or our neural stem cells will be deemed safe by the FDA or that efficacy in the treatment of ALS will be demonstrated in any future studies. Failure to demonstrate safety and efficacy results acceptable to the FDA in later stage trials could impair our development prospects and even prevent regulatory approval of our proposed or future products.

Not Applicable

We currently lease three facilities located in the United States. Our executive offices and primary research facilities are located at 9700 Great Seneca Highway, Rockville, Maryland. We lease these facilities consisting of approximately 3,200 square feet. The term of our lease expired on January 31, 2013 and was subsequently renewed through January 31, 2014 for approximately $11,900 per month. This lease is subject to extension of its term through amendment to the original lease.

In July 2011, we entered into a lease for research space in San Diego, California, for a base rent amount of approximately $5,000 per month plus certain additional monthly fees to be determined based on usage. This lease has an expiration date of August 31, 2013. This lease is subject to renewal on a monthly basis.

In October 2011, we entered into a lease, consisting of approximately 3,000 square feet of additional research space in San Diego, California for approximately $6,800 per month. The term of this lease expires on August 31, 2015.

We also lease a research facility in People’s Republic of China. This lease initially expired on September 30, 2011 and was subsequently renewed through September 30, 2013 for 10,000 RMB or, approximately, $1,600 per month.

The aforesaid properties are in good condition and we believe they will be suitable for our purposes for the next 12 months. There is no affiliation between us or any of our principals or agents and our landlords or any of their principals or agents.

As of the date of this Annual Report, there are no material pending legal or governmental proceedings relating to our company or properties to which we are a party, and to our knowledge there are no material proceedings to which any of our directors, executive officers or affiliates are a party adverse to us or which have a material interest adverse to us, other than the following:

Not Applicable 

PART II

Market Information

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE MKT under the symbol "CUR." The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sale prices for our common stock.

Holders

As of February 28, 2013 our common stock was held by approximately 418 record holders and approximately 9,487 beneficial shareholders who hold their shares in street name.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends to date and have no plans to do so in the immediate future.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth information with respect to our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2012.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

The following information is given with regard to unregistered securities sold during the period covered by this report. The unregistered securities were issued pursuant to section 4(2) of the Securities Act:

Not Applicable

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations or MD&A, is provided in addition to the accompanying financial statements and notes to assist readers in understanding our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Our MD&A is organized as follows:

Executive Overview

We are focused on the development and commercialization of treatments based on human neuronal stem cells and the development and commercialization of treatments using small molecule compounds. We are headquartered in Rockville, Maryland and have a wholly-owned subsidiary in China.

We have developed and maintain a portfolio of patents and patent applications that form the proprietary base for our research and development efforts. We own or exclusively license thirty (30) U.S. or foreign issued patents and forty-two (42) U.S. and foreign patent applications in the field of regenerative medicine, related to our stem cell technologies as well as our small molecule compounds. At times, including in the third quarter of 2012 and the first quarter of 2013, we have licensed the use of our intellectual property to third parties.

All of our research efforts to date are at the pre-clinical or clinical stage of development. We are focused on leveraging our key assets, including our intellectual property, our scientific team and our facilities, to advance our technologies. In addition, we are pursuing strategic collaborations with members of academia.

We have not derived any revenue or cash flows from the sale or commercialization of our products. In the past, we have derived limited revenue from the licensing of certain intellectual property to third parties and from consulting fees. As a result, we have incurred annual operating losses since inception and expect to continue to incur substantial operating losses in the future. Therefore, we are dependent upon external financing and revenue from collaborative research arrangements with sponsors to finance our operations. We have no such collaborative research arrangements at this time and there can be no assurance that such financing or partnering revenue will be available when needed or on terms acceptable to us.

Before we can derive revenue or cash inflows from the commercialization of any of our proposed product candidates, we will need to: (i) conduct substantial testing of our proposed products, (ii) undertake preclinical and clinical testing for specific disease indications; and (iii), obtain required regulatory approvals. These steps are risky, expensive and time consuming.

Trends & Outlook

For the year ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, we generated no revenues from the sale of our proposed therapies based on our stem cell and small molecule technologies. We are mainly focused on managing our clinical trials. We are also pursuing pre-clinical studies on other central nervous system indications in preparation for additional clinical trials.

In August of 2011, we were selected as the primary subcontractor for a DOD contract awarded to Loma Linda University entitled "Research to Treat Cancerous Brain Tumors with Neural Stem Cells." We received $625,000 pursuant to this contract through its completion in the second quarter of 2012, and recognized revenue related to this contract of approximately $234,000 and $391,000 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

During the third quarter of 2012, we licensed the use of certain of our intellectual property to third parties. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2012, we recognized revenue of approximately $170,000 related to up-front payments received under these licenses, since our performance obligations contained in the licenses are substantially complete. The license agreements also provide for ongoing annual fees which are recognized on a straight-line basis over the annual period.

On a long-term basis, we anticipate that our revenue will be derived primarily from licensing fees and sales of our cell based therapy and small molecule compounds. Because we are at such an early stage in the clinical trials process, we are not yet able to accurately predict when we will have a product ready for commercialization, if ever.

Research & Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of contractors charges and personnel expenses associated with clinical trials and regulatory submissions; costs associated with preclinical activities such as proof of principle for new indications; toxicology studies; costs associated with cell and small molecule processing and process development; facilities-related costs and supplies. Clinical trial expenses include payments to research organizations, contract manufacturers, clinical trial sites, laboratories for testing clinical samples and consultants.

We focus on the development of treatment candidates with potential uses in multiple indications, and use employee and infrastructure resources across several projects. Accordingly, many of our costs are not attributable to a specifically identified product and we do not account for internal research and development costs on a project-by-project basis.

For a further description of these clinical trials, see the section of this report entitled “Clinical Programs” contained in Item 1.

We expect that research and development expenses, which include expenses related to our ongoing clinical trials, will increase in the future, as funding allows and we proceed into our anticipated Phase II trials. To the extent that it is practical, we will continue to outsource much of our efforts, including product manufacture, proof of principle and preclinical testing, toxicology, tumorigenicity, dosing rationale, and development of clinical protocol and IND applications. This approach allows us to use the best expertise available for each task and permits staging new research projects to fit available cash resources.

We have formed a wholly owned subsidiary in the People’s Republic of China. We anticipate that this subsidiary will primarily: (i) conduct pre-clinical research with regard to proposed stem cells therapies, and (ii) oversee our anticipated future clinical trials in China, including our proposed trial to treat motor deficits due to ischemic stroke. Through December 31, 2012, we have expensed all costs in connection with establishing this new subsidiary and its operations.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of internal salaries, benefits and other costs associated with, general operations, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, public relations, facilities as well as other external general and administrative services such as legal and accounting fees.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. Note 1 of the Notes to Audited Financial Statements included elsewhere herein describes the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of the financial statements. Certain of these significant accounting policies are considered to be critical accounting policies, as defined below.

A critical accounting policy is defined as one that is both material to the presentation of our financial statements and requires management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments that could have a material effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Specifically, critical accounting estimates have the following attributes: (1) we are required to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time of the estimate; and (2) different estimates we could reasonably have used, or changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur, would have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Estimates and assumptions about future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be applicable and reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates may change as new events occur, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. These changes have historically been minor and have been included in the financial statements as soon as they became known. Based on a critical assessment of our accounting policies and the underlying judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of those policies, management believes that our financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and present a meaningful presentation of our financial condition and results of operations. We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Use of Estimates— Our financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Specifically, we have estimated the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology, our net operating loss carryforward for tax purposes and our share-based compensation expenses related to employees, directors, consultants and investment banks. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition—Historically, our revenue has been derived primarily from (i) selling treated samples for gene expression data from stem cell experiments, (ii) providing services under various grants and contracts, and (iii) through the licensing of the use of our intellectual property. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2012, we recognized revenue from our services as principal subcontractor pursuant to a DOD contract with Loma Linda University and from the licensing of certain of our intellectual property to third parties. Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery of goods and services has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. To date, we have not recognized any revenue from the commercialization of our proposed products and do not anticipate recognizing any revenue therefrom for the foreseeable future.

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets—We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. During the twelve month periods ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, no significant impairment losses were recognized.

Research and Development Expenses - Research and development expenses consist of expenditures for the research and development of patents and technology, including the costs of pre-clinical and clinical trials, which are not capitalizable and charged to operations when incurred. Our research and development costs consist mainly of payroll and payroll related expenses, research supplies and costs incurred in connection with specific research grants.

Share-Based Compensation - We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants is determined at the grant date using an option pricing model; share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Comparison of Year Ended December 31, 2012 and 2011

Revenue

We did not generate any revenues from the sale of our products in 2012 or 2011. During 2012 and 2011, we recognized revenue of approximately $234,000 and $391,000, respectively, for our services as principal subcontractor under the DOD contract; this contract was completed in the second quarter of 2012. During 2012 and 2011, we recognized revenue of approximately $173,000 and $0, respectively related to the licensing of certain of our intellectual properties to third parties.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses totaled approximately $10,564,000 and $13,381,000 for 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of contractors charges and personnel expenses associated with clinical trials and regulatory submissions; costs associated with preclinical activities such as proof of principle for new indications; toxicology studies; costs associated with cell and small molecule processing and process development; facilities-related costs and supplies. Clinical trial expenses include payments to research organizations, contract manufacturers, clinical trial sites, laboratories for testing clinical samples and consultants.

Research and development expenses totaled approximately $6,106,000 and $7,355,000 for 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease of approximately $1,249,000 or 17% was primarily attributable to an approximately $1,072,000 decrease in stock based compensation expense coupled with an approximately $450,000 decrease in project expenses related to studies that were completed in 2011 partially offset by increased salary and related expenses due to additional employees in 2012.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses are primarily comprised of internal salaries, benefits and other costs associated with, general operations, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, public relations, facilities as well as other external general and administrative services such as legal and accounting fees.

General and administrative expenses totaled approximately $4,247,000 and $5,839,000 for 2012 and 2011, respectively. The decrease of approximately $1,592,000 or 27% was primarily attributable to decreases of approximately $797,000 in legal expenses primarily related to patent litigation, $651,000 in stock based compensation expense and $347,000 in employee salary and bonus expenses due to the restructuring of our finance and accounting department in April 2012 partially offset by an increase of approximately $253,000 in consultant fees.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses totaled approximately $211,000 and $187,000 for 2012 and 2011, respectively. The increase of approximately $24,000 is primarily due to increased amortization related to our patent portfolio.

Other income (expense)

Other income (expense) totaled approximately $35,000 and $472,000 for 2012 and 2011, respectively. Other income in 2012 consisted primarily of interest income. In 2011, other income consisted primarily of $250,000 in connection with the settlement of a lawsuit and approximately $162,000 related to gains from changes in the fair value of certain warrant obligations.

Settlement of Lawsuit

On February 2, 2011, we received $250,000 from a settlement with ReNeuron, Ltd., ending litigation between the parties. In addition to the settlement, ReNeuron agreed to make future milestone payments to Neuralstem based on ReNeuron's development of certain products which were at issue in the case. The success of Reneuron’s development of these products and our future receipt of any payment milestones, if any, is uncertain.

Warrant Obligations

The gain from the change in fair value of warrant obligations of approximately $162,000 in 2011 represents the final mark to market adjustment prior to the expiration and exercise of all outstanding derivative warrant liabilities.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have financed our operations through the sales of our securities, the exercise of investor warrants, and to a lesser degree from grants and research contracts.  During 2012 we raised gross proceeds of approximately $15,164,000 from the issuance of our securities.

Currently, our monthly cash burn for operations is approximately $780,000. We anticipate that our available cash, expected income and expected proceeds from the sales of our securities will be sufficient to finance our current activities at least through December 31, 2013, although certain activities and related personnel may need to be reduced. We cannot assure you that we will be able to secure such additional financing or that the expected income will materialize. Several factors will affect our ability to raise additional funding, including, but not limited to, the volatility of our common shares and general market conditions. 

Total cash and cash equivalents was approximately 7,444,000 at December 31, 2012, compared with approximately $2,352,000 at December 31, 2011.  The increase in our cash and cash equivalents of approximately $5,092,000 or approximately 216%, was primarily due proceeds from our capital market activities during 2012 partially offset by cash used to fund our operations.

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

We used approximately $8,478,000 and $8,097,000 of cash in our operating activities during 2012 and 2011, respectively.   The increase in cash used was approximately $381,000 or 5%. This increase was primarily due to an increase in vendor payments partially offset by cash receipts from our DOD and license agreements in 2012.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

We used approximately $255,000 and $481,000 of cash in connection with investment activities during 2012 and 2011, respectively.  The decrease in our use of cash of approximately $226,000 or 46% was primarily attributable to a decreased level of property and equipment purchases coupled with a decrease in activity related to our patents.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

We raised approximately $13,889,000 and $1,668,000 in net proceeds from the issuance of our securities during 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Future Liquidity and Needs

We have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows since inception. We have not achieved profitability and may not be able to realize sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability in the future. We do not expect to be profitable in the next several years, but rather expect to incur additional operating losses. We have limited liquidity and capital resources and must obtain significant additional capital resources in order to sustain our product development efforts, for acquisition of technologies and intellectual property rights, for preclinical and clinical testing of our anticipated products, pursuit of regulatory approvals, acquisition of capital equipment, laboratory and office facilities, establishment of production capabilities, for general and administrative expenses and other working capital requirements. We rely on cash balances and the proceeds from the offering of our securities, exercise of outstanding warrants and grants to fund our operations.

We intend to pursue opportunities to obtain additional financing in the future through the sale of our securities and additional research grants. On October 14, 2010, our shelf registration statement registering the sale of up to $50 million of our securities was declared effective by the SEC. We currently have approximately $28,875,000 million remaining under this shelf registration statement. We anticipate conducting financing in the future based on our current and future shelf registration statements when and if financing opportunities arise.

The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend principally upon market conditions, interest rates and, more specifically, on our progress in our exploratory, preclinical and future clinical development programs. Funding may not be available when needed, at all, or on terms acceptable to us. Lack of necessary funds may require us, among other things, to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our research and product development programs, planned clinical trials, and/or our capital expenditures or to license our potential products or technologies to third parties.

Off-balance Sheet Arrangements

None

Not Applicable

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Neuralstem, Inc.

Rockville, Maryland

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Neuralstem, Inc. as of December 31, 2012 and 2011 and the statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2012. The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Neuralstem, Inc. as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two year period ended December 31, 2012 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ Stegman & Company

Baltimore, Maryland

March 15, 2013

Neuralstem, Inc.

Balance Sheets

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

Neuralstem, Inc.

Statements of Operations

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

Neuralstem, Inc.

Statements of Cash Flows

See accompanying notes to financial statements.

Neuralstem, Inc.

Statements of Changes In Stockholders' Equity

See accompanying notes to financial statements

NEURALSTEM, INC.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1.  Nature of Business and Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of business:

Neuralstem, Inc. is referred to as “Neuralstem,” the “Company,” “us,” or “we” throughout this report. Our investment in, and the operations of, a recently established wholly-owned and controlled subsidiary located in China were not material in any period presented.

Neuralstem is a biopharmaceutical company that is utilizing its proprietary human neural stem cell technology to create a comprehensive platform for the treatment of central nervous system diseases. The Company will commercialize this technology as a tool for use in the next generation of small-molecule drug discovery and to create cell therapy biotherapeutics to treat central nervous system diseases for which there are no cures. The Company was founded in 1997 and currently has laboratory and office space in Rockville, Maryland and laboratory facilities in San Diego, California and in the People’s Republic of China.

Inherent in the Company’s business are various risks and uncertainties, including its limited operating history, the fact that Neuralstem’s technologies are new and may not allow the Company or its customers to develop commercial products, regulatory requirements associated with drug development efforts and the intense competition in the genomics industry. The Company’s success depends, in part, upon successfully raising additional capital, prospective product development efforts, the acceptance of the Company’s solutions by the marketplace, and approval of the Company’s solutions by various governmental agencies.

A summary of the Company’s significant accounting policies is as follows:

Basis of Presentation and Liquidity

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The Company's operations currently do not generate significant cash. The Company's management does not know when this will change. The Company has spent and will continue to spend substantial funds in the research, development, clinical and pre-clinical testing of the Company's stem cell and small molecule product candidates with the goal of ultimately obtaining approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), to market and sell our products. While we believe our long-term cash position is inadequate to fund all of the costs associated with the full range of testing and clinical trials required by the FDA for our core product candidates, we anticipate that our available cash and expected income will be sufficient to finance our current activities at least through December 31, 2013, although certain activities and related personnel may need to be reduced.

No assurance can be given that (i) we will be able to expand our operations prior to FDA approval of our products, or (ii) FDA approval will ever be granted for our product candidates.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The financial statements include significant estimates for the expected economic life and value of our licensed technology, our net operating loss for tax purposes and our share-based compensation related to employees and directors, consultants and investment banks, among other things. Because of the use of estimates inherent in the financial reporting process, actual results could differ significantly from those estimates. 

Financial Instruments

The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash equivalents, receivables and accounts payable reflect approximate fair value as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, because of the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Credit Risk

Cash equivalents consist of investments in low risk, highly liquid securities with original maturities of 90 days or less. We place most of our cash in United States banks and we invest some of our cash in interest bearing instruments issued by United States banks. Deposits with banks may exceed the amount of insurance provided on such deposits. If the amount of a deposit at any time exceeds the federally insured amount at a bank, the uninsured portion of the deposit could be lost, in whole or in part, if the bank were to fail. While we monitor the cash balances in our operating accounts and adjust the cash balances as appropriate, these cash balances could be impacted if the underlying financial institutions fail or could be subject to other adverse conditions in the financial markets. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents. Cash equivalents currently consist solely of money market funds and certificates of deposit. Our investment policy, approved by our Board of Directors, limits the amount we may invest in any one type of investment issuer, thereby reducing credit risk concentrations. We limit our credit and liquidity risks through our investment policy and through regular reviews of our portfolio against our policy. To date, we have not experienced any loss or lack of access to cash in our operating accounts or to our cash equivalents and marketable securities in our investment portfolios.

Revenue Recognition

Historically, our revenue has been derived primarily from (i) selling treated samples for gene expression data from stem cell experiments, (ii) providing services under various contracts and grants and (iii) licensing the use of our intellectual property to third parties. Revenue is recognized when there is persuasive evidence that an arrangement exists, delivery of goods and services has occurred, the price is fixed and determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. In 2012, we recognized revenue of from our services as principal subcontractor pursuant to a Department of Defense contract with Loma Linda University and from licensing the use of certain intellectual property. In 2012, we recognized revenue of approximately $234,000 related to the Department of Defense contract, using a proportional performance method over the period of performance of the contract; this contract expired pursuant to its terms in the second quarter of 2012. In 2012, we also recognized revenue of approximately $173,000 related to fees for the licensing of certain intellectual property to third parties, since our performance obligations contained in the licenses are substantially complete.

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as they are incurred. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs associated exclusively for the development of treatments for central nervous system diseases, and the Company’s clinical trials for both pharmaceutical and stem cell based treatments.  These expenses represent both pre-clinical development costs and costs associated with non-clinical support activities such as quality control and regulatory processes as well as the cost of our stem cell and pharmaceutical clinical trials.

Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic income (loss) per common share is computed by dividing consolidated net income (loss) available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The Company’s unvested restricted shares contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends, and therefore are considered to be participating securities; the calculation of basic and diluted income per share excludes net income attributable to the unvested restricted shares from the numerator and excludes the impact of the shares from the denominator.

For periods of net income when the effects are dilutive, diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding and the dilutive impact of all dilutive potential common shares. Dilutive potential common shares consist primarily of stock options, restricted share units and stock warrants. The dilutive impact of potential common shares resulting from common stock equivalents is determined by applying the treasury stock method.

For all periods of net loss, diluted loss per share is calculated similarly to basic loss per share because the impact of all dilutive potential common shares is anti-dilutive due to the net losses; accordingly, diluted loss per share is the same as basic loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011.

Share-Based Compensation

We account for share-based compensation at fair value; accordingly we expense the estimated fair value of share-based awards over the requisite service period. Share-based compensation cost for stock options and warrants is determined at the grant date using an option pricing model; share-based compensation cost for restricted stock and restricted stock units is determined at the grant date based on the closing price of our common stock on that date. The value of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period.

Intangible and Long-Lived Assets

We assess impairment of our long-lived assets using a "primary asset" approach to determine the cash flow estimation period for a group of assets and liabilities that represents the unit of accounting for a long-lived asset to be held and used. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, no significant impairment losses were recognized.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability approach, which requires the recognition of future tax benefits or liabilities on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of our assets and liabilities. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. We also recognize a tax benefit from uncertain tax positions only if it is “more likely than not” that the position is sustainable based on its technical merits. Our policy is to recognize interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions as a component of income tax expense.

Significant New Accounting Pronouncements

We have evaluated all Accounting Standards Updates through the date the financial statements were issued and believe the adoption of any new accounting and disclosure requirements will not have a material impact to our results of operations or financial position.

Note 2.  Fair Value of Common Stock Purchase Warrants

The Company previously had outstanding common stock purchase warrants which were classified as derivative liabilities and measured at fair value. All of these warrants were either exercised or expired during the year ended December 31, 2011. The following table presents the activity for those items which were measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

The fair value of the warrant obligations was determined using the Black Scholes option pricing model with inputs which are described in Note 4.

Note 3.   Stockholders’ Equity

We have granted share-based compensation awards to employees, board members and service providers.  Awards may consist of common stock, restricted common stock, restricted common stock units, warrants, or stock options.  Our stock options and warrants have lives of up to ten years from the grant date.  The stock options or warrants vest either upon the grant date or over varying periods of time. The stock options we grant provide for option exercise prices equal to or greater than the fair market value of the common stock at the date of the grant.  Restricted stock units grant the holder the right to receive fully paid common shares with various restrictions on the holder’s ability to transfer the shares.  Vesting of the restricted stock units is similar to that of stock options. As of December 31, 2012, we have approximately 38.6 million shares of common stock reserved for issuance of such awards.

We record share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period and recognized approximately $1,611,000 and $3,333,000 in total share-based compensation expense during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.  Included in general and administrative expense for each of the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, is approximately $256,000 related to consulting expenses where we paid the consultants in shares of common stock. Additionally, included in the expense for the year ended December 31, 2012, is approximately $128,000 related to research and development expenses that we paid for with shares of common stock.

Share-based compensation expense included in the statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 was as follows:

Stock Options

A summary of stock option activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 follows:

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of options. Significant assumptions used in this model include:

The options granted in the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 had weighted average grant date fair values of $0.49 and $1.64, respectively.

Total compensation cost for unvested stock option awards outstanding at December 31, 2012 was approximately $2,046,000 to be recognized over approximately 2.3 years.

RSUs

We have granted restricted stock units (RSUs) to certain employees that entitle the holders to receive shares of our common stock upon vesting of the RSUs, and subject to certain restrictions regarding the exercise of the RSUs.  The fair value of restricted stock units granted is based upon the market price of the underlying common stock as if they were vested and issued on the date of grant. A summary of our restricted stock unit activity for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 follows:

Total compensation cost for unvested restricted stock unit awards outstanding at December 31, 2012 was approximately $233,000 to be recognized over approximately 1.0 year.

 Stock Purchase Warrants

Warrants to purchase common stock were issued to certain officers, directors, stockholders and service providers. A summary of warrant activity for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 follows:

The stock purchase warrants granted in the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 had a weighted average grant date fair value of $0.47 and $0.80, respectively.

Prior to 2012, certain of our stock purchase warrants were classified as derivative liabilities due to non-standard anti-dilutions provisions contained in the warrant agreements. On February 23, 2011, all remaining common stock purchase warrants which had an exercise price reset and an anti-liquidation feature were exercised or expired, eliminating the derivative liability.  In the year ended December 31, 2011, approximately 1.4 million common stock purchase warrants were exercised or forfeited; the expiration of these common stock purchase warrants resulted in a net gain from the change in fair value of $161,809 for the year ended December 31, 2011. There were no derivative liabilities at December 31, 2012.

Common Stock

In the first quarter of 2011, we issued common stock as a result of several warrant holders exercising their stock purchase warrants. We issued a total of 1,468,775 shares of common stock at prices ranging from $1.10 to $1.25 generating net proceeds of approximately

$1,668,000.

In April 2011, we issued 120,000 common shares to a consultant in lieu of cash compensation for services valued at approximately $240,000.

In September 2011, we issued 195,814 restricted shares of common stock to a consultant in lieu of cash compensation for services valued at approximately $325,000.

In February 2012, the Company completed a registered direct placement of 5,200,000 shares of common stock at a price of $1.00 per share, and 5,200,000 warrants, each with an exercise price of $1.02 per share and exercisable starting six months from the issuance date for a term of five years. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of $5,200,000, which will be used for general corporate purposes, including ongoing U.S. clinical trials. Net proceeds were approximately $4,877,000. The warrants are classified within equity.

In March 2012, pursuant to the terms of the consulting agreement entered into with Market Development Consulting Group, Inc. in January of 2010 and amended May 14, 2010 and February 7, 2011, we issued: (i) 180,000 common shares; and (ii) a common stock purchase warrant entitling the holder to purchase 510,821 shares of common stock at $0.99 per share as compensation for business advisory services.  The warrant was exercisable immediately, expires on January 6, 2022, and is freely assignable in whole or in part.  We also agreed to register the shares underlying the warrant with the SEC for resale.  The warrants were valued at approximately $166,000 are classified within equity.

In August 2012, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 6,900,000 shares of common stock at a price of $0.40 per share. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of $2,760,000, which will be used for general corporate purposes, including ongoing clinical trials. Net proceeds were approximately $2,441,000. In connection with the offering, the Company issued stock purchase warrants to the underwriters for the purchase of up to 300,000 shares of its common stock; the warrants have an exercise price of $0.50 per share and are exercisable for five years. The warrants are classified within equity.

In September 2012, the Company completed a registered direct placement of 7,000,000 shares of common stock at a price of $1.00 per share. The Company received aggregate gross proceeds of $7,000,000, which will be used for general corporate purposes, including ongoing clinical trials. Net proceeds were approximately $6,368,000. In connection with the offering, the Company issued stock purchase warrants to the placement agent for the purchase of up to 350,000 shares of its common stock; the warrants have an exercise price of $1.25 per share and are exercisable for five years. The warrants are classified within equity.

In October of 2012, we entered into a consulting agreement related to the marketing of NS-189, our small molecule compound to other pharmaceutical and drug development companies. As partial consideration for the services to be rendered, we issued an aggregate of 25,000 shares of our common stock which vests over the initial five month term of the agreement.

In December 2012, we issued 200,000 shares of common stock as a result of a warrant holder exercising their stock purchase warrants. The stock was issued at $1.02 and generated approximately $204,000 in net proceeds.

Loss per Common Share 

Basic loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted loss per common share adjusts basic loss per share for the potentially dilutive effects of shares issuable under our stock option plan, using the treasury stock method. All of the Company’s restricted stock units, options and warrants, which are common stock equivalents, have been excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

A total of approximately 35.0 million and 24.5 million common stock equivalents as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively were excluded from the loss per common share calculation because their effect would have been antidilutive.

Note 4. Property and Equipment

The major classes of property and equipment consist of the following:

Property and equipment are recorded at cost and are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 was approximately $101,000 and $104,000, respectively. 

Note 5. Intangible Assets 

The Company holds patents related to its stem cell research. Patent filing costs are capitalized and are being amortized over the life of the patents. The weighted average remaining unamortized life of issued patents was approximately 10.4 years and 7.7 years at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Long-lived assets to be held and used are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying amount of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. During the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, no significant impairment losses were recognized. The Company’s intangible assets and accumulated amortization consisted of the following at December 31, 2012 and 2011:

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 was approximately $110,000 and $83,000, respectively.

The expected future annual amortization expense is approximately $95,000 for each of the next five years based on current balances of our tangible assets.

Note 6. Income Taxes

We did not provide any current or deferred U.S. federal income tax provision or benefit for any of the periods presented because we have experienced operating losses since inception. We provided a full valuation allowance on the net deferred tax asset, consisting primarily of net operating loss carry forwards and deferred stock based compensation expense, because management has determined that it is more likely than not that we will not earn income sufficient to realize the deferred tax assets during the carryforward period.

The tax effects of significant temporary differences representing deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2012 and 2011:

The Company’s effective tax rate of 0% differs from the statutory rate due to our being in a loss situation and fully valuing our deferred tax assets. The Company had net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $71.4 million and $62.9 million at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively. The Company has also reported certain other tax credits, the benefit of which has been deferred. The Company’s net operating loss carryforwards will expire in the years 2016 through 2032. The Company’s tax credits will expire in the tax years 2017 through 2022. The timing and manner in which these net operating loss carryforwards and credits may be utilized in any year by the Company will be limited to the Company’s ability to generate future earnings and also may be limited by certain provision of the U.S. tax code. The Company has not identified any uncertain tax positions and did not recognize any adjustments for unrecognized tax benefits. The Company remains subject to examination for income tax returns dating back to 1996 due to the taxing authority’s ability to adjust operating loss carryforwards.

Note 7. Commitments and Contingencies 

We currently lease three facilities located in the United States. Our executive offices and primary research facilities are located at 9700 Great Seneca Highway, Rockville, Maryland. We lease these facilities consisting of approximately 3,200 square feet. The term of our lease expired on January 31, 2013 and was subsequently renewed through January 31, 2014 for approximately $11,900 per month. This lease is subject to extension of its term through amendment to the original lease.

In July 2011, we entered into a lease for research space in San Diego, California, for a base rent amount of approximately $5,000 per month plus certain additional monthly fees to be determined based on usage. This lease has an expiration date of August 31, 2013. This lease is subject to renewal on a monthly basis.

In October 2011, we entered into a lease, consisting of approximately 3,000 square feet of additional research space in San Diego, California for approximately $6,800 per month. The term of this lease expires on August 31, 2015.

We also lease a research facility in People’s Republic of China. This lease initially expired on September 30, 2011 and was subsequently renewed through September 30, 2013 for 10,000 RMB or, approximately, $1,600 per month.

Future minimum payments under all leases at December 31, 2012 are as follows:

The above table reflects future minimum payments at December 31, 2012 and does not reflect the minimum payments under our lease extension executed in February 2013. The minimum payments under this lease are approximately $143,000.

The Company recognized approximately $240,000 and $226,000, in rent expense for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

The Company is currently obligated under two written employment agreements with our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Scientific Officer (“CSO”). Both agreements terminate on October 31, 2017.  Pursuant to the CEOs agreement, he receives a salary of $407,000 per annum and in the event of termination prior to the completion of the agreement the Company would pay the CEO the greater of his remaining compensation due under the agreement or one million dollars ($1,000,000).  Pursuant to the CSO’s agreement, he receives $422,100 per annum and in the event of termination prior to the completion of the agreement the Company would pay the CSO the greater of the remaining compensation due under the agreement or one million dollars ($1,000,000).  In addition, pursuant to both the agreements any and all stock options, warrants, restricted stock or restricted stock units granted would accelerate and vest immediately in the event the agreements are terminated early.

On May 7, 2008, we filed suit against StemCells, Inc., StemCells California, Inc. (collectively "StemCells") and Neurospheres Holding Ltd. in U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, alleging that U.S. Patent No. 7,361,505 (the "'505 patent") is invalid, not infringed, and unenforceable. See Civil Action No. 08-1173. On May 13, we filed an Amended Complaint seeking declaratory judgment that U.S. Patent No. 7,155,418 (the "'418 patent") is invalid and not infringed and that certain statements made by our CEO are not trade libel or do not constitute unfair competition. On September 11, 2008, StemCells filed its answer asserting counterclaims of infringement for the '505 patent, the 418 patent, and state law claims for trade libel and unfair competition. This case was consolidated with the 2006 litigation discussed below and it is not known when, nor on what basis, this matter will be concluded.

On July 28, 2006, StemCells, Inc., filed suit against Neuralstem, Inc. in the U.S. District Court in Maryland, alleging that Neuralstem has been infringing, contributing to the infringement of, and or inducing the infringement of four patents allegedly owned by or exclusively licensed to StemCells. See Civil Action No. 06-1877. We answered the Complaint denying infringement, asserting that the patents are invalid, asserting that we have intervening rights based on amendments made to the patents during reexamination proceedings, and further asserting that some of the patents are unenforceable due to inequitable conduct. Neuralstem has also asserted counterclaims that StemCells has engaged in anticompetitive conduct in violation of antitrust laws. On February 28, 2011, Neuralstem filed a Motion to Dismiss for lack of standing and concurrently filed a Motion for Leave to Amend its Answer and Counterclaim to allege that StemCells is not the exclusive licensee of the patents-in-suit and also that Neuralstem has obtained a non-exclusive license to the patents-in-suit. In addition, before the Court decided Neuralstem’s Motion to Dismiss for lack of standing, StemCells filed a motion for summary judgment on the issue standing. Neuralstem responded to that motion and cross-moved for summary judgment on the issue of standing. The Court further issued its Markman Order on August 12, 2011. On August 26, 2011, StemCells moved for reconsideration of two terms construed in the Markman Order and that motion remains pending. On April 6, 2012 the Court granted Neuralstem's Motion for Leave to Amend to assert lack of standing and denied Neuralstem's Motion to Dismiss and Motion for Summary Judgment without prejudice. The Court also denied StemCells' Motion for Summary Judgment with prejudice. The Court has stayed all other matters pending resolution of the question of standing and discovery on that issue is ongoing. It is not known when, nor on what basis, this matter will be concluded.

Note 9. Subsequent Events 

None

Not applicable.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s principal executive officer (who is also the Company’s acting principal financial officer) and principal financial officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act were effective as of December 31, 2012 to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission rules and forms and (ii) accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer (who is also the Company’s acting principal financial officer) and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Inherent Limitations Over Internal Controls

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets;

(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and

(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company’s internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the Company’s assessment, management has concluded that its internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2012 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2012, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

None

PART III

The information required by this Item is set forth under the heading “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” in our 2013 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC in connection with the solicitation of proxies for our 2013 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (“2013 Proxy Statement”) and is incorporated herein by reference. Such Proxy Statement will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates. The information required by this item regarding delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the 2013 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this Item is set forth under the headings “Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation” of our 2013 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this Item is set forth under the headings “Beneficial Owners of Shares of Common Stock” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” of our 2013 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this Item is set forth under the heading “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” of our 2013 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

The information required by this Item is set forth under the heading “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” of our 2013 Proxy Statement and is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K contain representations and warranties by the parties to the agreements that have been made solely for the benefit of the parties to the agreement. These representations and warranties:

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time, and investors should not rely on them as statements of fact.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the following capacities and on the dates indicated.

INDEX TO EXHIBITS