PAVmed Inc. - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

For the transition period from ________ to ________

Commission File Number: 001-37685

PAVMED INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(212) 949-4319

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange

Act. Yes[  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent files pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of  “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ] No [X]

As of June 30, 2018, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $17.9 million, based on the last reported sales price per share of the registrant’s common stock on such date.

As of March 29, 2019 there were 27,893,023 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2019 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K where indicated. Such definitive proxy statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the year ended December 31, 2018.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K of PAVmed Inc. (“we”, “us”, “our” or “PAVmed” or the “Company”) contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A of Part I of this Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors,” which are incorporated herein by reference.

Important factors that may affect our actual results include:

In addition, our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future financings, acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, and /or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents we have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Background and Overview

PAVmed is a highly-differentiated multi-product medical device company organized to advance a broad pipeline of innovative medical technologies we believe address unmet clinical needs and possess attractive market opportunities to commercialization. Since our inception on June 26, 2014, our activities have focused on advancing the lead products in our pipeline towards regulatory approval and commercialization, while protecting our intellectual property, and strengthening our corporate infrastructure and management team. As resources permit, we will continue to explore internal and external innovations that fulfill our project selection criteria without limiting ourselves to any target specialty or condition.

Since our inception in June 2014, we have financed our operations principally through issuances of our common stock, preferred stock, common stock purchase warrants, and debt, summarized as follows:

During 2018, we raised approximately $15.5 million of net proceeds, comprised of $20.5 million of gross proceeds, less $5.0 million used to repay debt ahead of the contractual maturity date, including:

Additionally during 2018, we also completed exchange offers of private securities and a Tender Offer of public warrants, including:

During 2017 we raised a total of approximately $7.5 million of net cash proceeds from: a Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC, including the issuance of each of a Senior Secured Note with an initial face value principal of $5.0 million and Series S Warrants; the Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units private placement; and the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement.

In April 2016 our IPO resulted in approximately $4.2 million of net cash proceeds, and prior to our IPO, we raised approximately $2.1 million of net cash proceeds from private offerings of our common stock and warrants.

Our multiple products are in various phases of development and have yet to receive regulatory approval. We have filed final nonprovisional patent applications for each of CarpX™ and PortIO™ and have obtained licenses for “DisappEAR™” from Tufts University and a group of academic centers, and for the “EsoCheck™ Technology” from Case Western Reserve University. We have recently hired a Chief Commercial Officer to further develop and implement our commercialization strategy in the United States and commercialization partnerships worldwide. The following is a brief overview of five lead products under development, including CarpX™, EsoCheck™, PortIO™, DisappEAR™, and NextFlo™.

Item 1. Business - continued

Background and Overview - continued

Our CarpX product is designed to be a minimally invasive device designed to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. The Company believes CarpX will dramatically reduce recovery times compared to traditional open surgery and target an estimated immediately addressable domestic market opportunity of over $1 billion. PAVmed has been working closely with the FDA to secure U.S. regulatory clearance of CarpX through the FDA’s 510(k) pathway, which is based on demonstrating substantial equivalence (SE) to a previously cleared predicate device. CarpX is being manufactured in Massachusetts by a medical device contract manufacturer with lines scalable to accommodate demand for the foreseeable future following regulatory clearance. We have advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our CarpX product from concept to working prototypes, completed successful benchtop and cadaver testing confirming the device consistently cuts the transverse carpal ligament, as well as commercial design and development, and performed pre-submission verification and validation testing.

On November 27, 2017, we filed with the Federal Food and Drug Administration, or the “FDA,” a premarket notification submission for CarpX under section 510(k) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or the “FDCA,” using a commercially available carpel tunnel release device as a predicate. The initial 510(k) application review period expired before the FDA’s branches were able to reach a consensus on SE and it therefore recommended a 510(k) re-submission following an in-person pre-submission meeting held on January 7, 2019. During this meeting, the FDA recommended clinical testing to definitively document CarpX procedural safety in humans and indicated data from a properly structured clinical study outside of the U.S. would be acceptable, precluding the need to engage in the FDA’s time-consuming Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) process required for U.S. studies. PAVmed offered to amend its previously planned first-in-human (“FIH”) clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03747510) in New Zealand to meet this clinical testing recommendation and postponed the initiation of the amended study until study parameters were finalized with the FDA. We recently reached a consensus with the FDA on the parameters of the CarpX FIH safety study, including pre- and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing to document device safety. The CarpX FIH safety study is a single-arm, two-center, two-surgeon, 20-patient study of the CarpX procedure in carpal tunnel syndrome patients, with a device safety primary endpoint defined as the absence of certain serious device-related adverse events over a limited 90-day follow-up period. Patients are currently undergoing pre-operative assessment and CarpX procedures are expected soon thereafter, subject-to customary procedure consents timely completed by each patient. We will also be preparing to submit CarpX for CE Mark clearance in Europe.

In May 2018, our majority-owned subsidiary Lucid Diagnostics Inc. entered into a license agreement with Case Western Reserve University, or “CWRU,” - referred to as the “EsoCheck License Agreement,” pursuant to which Lucid Diagnostics Inc. obtained the worldwide intellectual property rights to the “EsoCheck™ Technology”. The EsoCheck™ Technology consists of the “EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™” - “EsoCheck™ CCD™” - and the “EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™”, a panel of methylated DNA biomarkers. The EsoCheck™ Technology is intended for use to detect “Barrett’s Esophagus” (“BE”), which is a primary precursor to esophageal cancer. At this time, the EsoCheck™ Technology is progressing through a two-phase regulatory and commercialization strategy which seeks to maximize the long-term commercial opportunity while providing near-term commercial milestones.

With respect to the first phase of the EsoCheck™ Technology strategy, we previously submitted EsoCheck™ CCD™ for FDA 510(k) clearance in late November 2018 and received an initial response from the FDA in late January 2019. This Additional Information (“AI”) letter requested additional head-to-head effectiveness data relative to previously cleared esophageal cell collection devices. We have discussed this request with the FDA reviewer and will be submitting existing human cell count data of EsoCheck™ CCD™ vs. endoscopic brushings, collected from the ongoing NIH trial, to fulfill this request. The AI letter also requested some additional technical data related to the manufacturing and verification and validation testing of the device which will be ready for submission shortly. The EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ methylated DNA biomarkers laboratory test is progressing toward achieving a Laboratory Developed Test (“LDT”) designation at its designated clinical reference laboratory in Cleveland in early 2019. We are prepared to file for EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ reimbursement codes through the American Medical Association’s Proprietary Laboratory Analysis - “AMA PLA” - process as soon as the test is available as an LDT.

The second phase of our EsoCheck™ Technology regulatory and commercialization strategy seeks a specific indication for widespread BE screening based on existing American College of Gastroenterology (“ACG”) guidelines, which recommend BE screening of up 20 million GERD patients. We have positioned resources to allow the EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ second phase to move forward in an accelerated fashion. The multi-center NIH-funded clinical trial comparing EsoCheck™ CCD™ plus EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ to endoscopy has enrolled 200 patients and interim results have been accepted for presentation at the major annual gastroenterology meeting, Digestive Diseases Week (“DDW”), which is scheduled for May 18 to 21, 2019. Draft protocol synopses for the Lucid Diagnostics Inc. sponsored clinical studies have been completed based upon input from former FDA officials retained through a leading regulatory consulting firm. Soon thereafter, we expect to file a pre-submission package with the FDA and secure a meeting date to discuss its clinical data requirements for a de novo or Pre-Market Approval (“PMA”) pathway submission to support the EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ second phase goal of a specific indication for widespread BE screening using EsoCheck™ Technology.

Item 1. Business - continued

Background and Overview - continued

We have advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our PortIO product from concept to working prototypes, benchtop, animal, and cadaver testing, commercial design and development, verification and validation testing. We are pursuing an FDA clearance for use in patients with a need for vascular access up to seven days, under “de novo classification” of section 513(f)2 of the FDCA. The broader “seven days” clearance is being pursued in discussion with FDA following our previous initial submission to the FDA for a 510(k) premarket notification for use in patients only requiring 24-hour emergency type vascular access. The FDA-requested long-term GLP animal study implants and explants have been completed as has supplemental acute animal and cadaver studies designed to support the findings of the GLP study. The data will be submitted to the FDA once pathologic analysis of the implant sites is completed. Based on encouraging animal data, we are planning a long-term first-in-human (“FIH”) series in dialysis patients in Colombia, South America and intend to fulfill the likely FDA request for human clinical data with an “outside-of-United States” (“OUS”) study in New Zealand, CE Mark submission is scheduled for later this year, and we continue to explore potential strategic partnerships including acquisition of PortIO. Of significance toward our belief PortIO will one day become the answer to solve many of the current drawbacks intravenous access devices regularly encounter, our supplemental animal testing demonstrated PortIO was effective as a long-term vascular access device for the infusion of a daily dose of antibiotics over 60 days and also demonstrated PortIO remained patent in another animal despite not being accessed for 60 days.

We have advanced the development of our DisappEAR product in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners and our academic partners at Tufts University and Harvard Medical School. Our DisappEAR™ animal study to evaluate resorption rates was initiated in December 2018 with successful implants of machined silk ear tubes. The initial set of explants at three months look excellent and are currently undergoing pathologic analysis. Upon completion, data from this animal study will be used to support a planned FDA 510(k) submission later in 2019.

We have advanced the design and development of the NextFlo™ device, including a redesign which dramatically simplifies the product, lowers the projected cost of goods and expands its application to routine inpatient infusion sets, resulting in a proof of concept. NextFlo has generated favorable bench-top data, demonstrating it is able to passively adjust its resistance and deliver constant flow across a wide, clinically-relevant pressure range. The project has moved into the industrial and human factors design phase, whereby the technology will be incorporated into a standard intravenous infusion set. Full design verification and validation testing will follow to support an FDA 510(k) submission later this year and we believe will be limited to bench-top testing. Demonstration of this groundbreaking technology to interested strategic partners will commence soon and proceed in parallel with the regulatory process.

We have completed initial design work on the first product in the NextCath™ product line, completed head-to-head testing of retention forces, comparing our working prototype to several competing products, which has validated our approach and advanced the commercial design and development process focusing on optimizing the self-anchoring helical portion as well as cost of materials and manufacturing processes.

We are evaluating which initial applications for our Caldus™ disposable tissue ablation technology to pursue from a clinical and commercial point-of-view and will reinitiate development activity on this product once resources are available.

We are evaluating a number of product opportunities and intellectual property covering a spectrum of clinical conditions, which have been presented to us by clinician innovators and academic medical centers, for consideration of a partnership to develop and commercialize these products; we are also exploring opportunities to partner with larger medical device companies to commercialize our lead products as they move towards regulatory clearance and commercialization. In this regard, we remain actively engaged with our full-service regulatory consulting partner and who is working closely with our contract design, engineering and manufacturing partners as our products advance towards regulatory submission, clearance, and commercialization.

We are exploring other opportunities to grow our business and enhance shareholder value through the acquisition of pre-commercial or commercial stage products and /or companies with potential strategic corporate and commercial synergies.

Collectively, we - PAVmed Inc. and Lucid Diagnostics Inc. - have proprietary rights to the trademarks used herein, including, among others, PAVmed™, Lucid Diagnostics™, Caldus™, CarpX™, DisappEAR™, EsoCheck™, EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™, EsoCheck™ CCD™, EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ , EsoCheck™ Technology, NextCath™, NextFlo™, PortIO™, and “Innovating at the Speed of Life” ™, among others. Solely as a matter of convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to herein may or may not be accompanied with the requisite marks of “™” or “®”, however, the absence of such marks is not intended to indicate, in any way, each of PAVmed Inc. and /or Lucid Diagnostics Inc. will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, its rights or the rights to such trademarks and trade names.

Item 1. Business - continued

Corporate History

PAVmed Inc. was incorporated on June 26, 2014 in the State of Delaware, initially as PAXmed Inc., then on April 19, 2015, we changed our name to PAVmed Inc. - referred to herein as “PAVmed” or “the Company”. from PAXmed Inc., which was the Company’s initial name.

Our principal business address is One Grand Central Place, 60 East 42^nd Street, Suite 4600, New York, New York 10165, and our telephone number is (212) 949-4319. Our corporate website is www.PAVmed.com.

Our founders include three accomplished medical device entrepreneurs: Lishan Aklog M.D., Michael J. Glennon, and Brian J. deGuzman, M.D. In 2007, they founded Pavilion Holdings Group (“PHG”), a medical device holding company with a vision to create innovative single-product medical device companies using an outsourced business model focused on capital efficiency and speed to market. Two years later PHG formed Pavilion Medical Innovations (“PMI”), a venture-backed medical device incubator. Between 2008 and 2013, PHG and PMI founded four distinct, single-product medical device companies, three of which commercialized products and one of which was acquired, each as discussed below.

Vortex Medical Inc., founded in 2008 with $3.5 million in capital, created the AngioVac system, designed to remove large volume clots and other undesirable intravascular material without the need for open surgery. It received its initial U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance 16 months after the company was founded. AngioVac was commercially launched in 2009 and the first AngioVac procedure was performed at Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital later the same year. Vortex Medical marketed the AngioVac system across the United States until it was acquired in October 2012 by AngioDynamics Inc. (NASDAQ: ANGO) for $55.0 million in guaranteed consideration. At the time of its acquisition the company was cash-flow positive, carried no debt and did not require any additional capital beyond original $3.5 million raised.

Saphena Medical Inc., spun out of PMI in 2013 with $3.0 million in initial capital, created the VenaPax next-generation endoscopic vessel harvest device for use during coronary artery bypass surgery, which received FDA clearance in 18 months after the company was founded. VenaPax was first commercialized at Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital in late 2014. VenaPax is currently being marketed across the United States.

Cruzar Medsystems Inc., spun out of PMI in 2013 with $2.5 million in capital, created a novel peripheral chronic total occlusion (CTO) device for use in peripheral arterial disease, which received its initial FDA 510(k) clearance in late 2015, and was first commercialized in May 2016, and is currently being marketed across the United States.

PAVmed was founded to adapt this model to a multi-product company with access to public capital markets. We believe this model allows us to conceive, develop and commercialize our pipeline of medical device products using significantly less capital and time than a typical medical device company, and provide a streamlined pathway to incorporate outside innovations.

Initial Public Offering - PAVmed Inc - April 28, 2016

The PAVmed Inc initial public offering (“IPO”) was consummated on April 28, 2016 under a registration statement on Form S-1 - File No. 333-203569 - declared effective January 29, 2016, and resulted in approximately $4.2 million of net cash proceeds, after deducting cash selling agent discounts and commissions and offering expenses, from the issuance of 1,060,000 units at an offering price of $5.00 per unit, with each such “IPO Unit” comprised of one share of the Company’s common stock and one warrant to purchase a share of common stock of the Company, with such warrant referred to as a “Series W Warrant”.

The IPO Units were initially listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol “PAVMU”, until July 27, 2016, when they ceased be listed on Nasdaq, with the underlying shares of common stock and the Series W Warrants being separately listed on Nasdaq, under the symbols of “PAVM” for the shares of common stock and “PAVMW” for the Series W Warrants.

Upon the issuance of the IPO Units on April 28, 2016, the 9,560,295 remaining unexercised common stock purchase warrants previously issued in private placements before the IPO were converted into identical Series W Warrants issued in the IPO. We refer to all such warrants collectively as “Series W Warrants”, inclusive of those issued in the IPO and in the pre-IPO private placements. The Series W Warrants have an exercise price of $5.00 per share, with such exercise price not subject to further adjustment, except in the event of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the common stock, are currently exercisable, and expire on January 29, 2022 or earlier upon redemption by the Company, under certain conditions.

Item 1. Business - continued

Corporate History - Continued

As of December 31, 2018, the following were issued and outstanding: 27,142,979 shares of common stock of the Company, along with common stock purchase warrants of: 16,815,039 Series Z Warrants, 381,818 Series W Warrants, and 1,199,383 Series S Warrants, as well as 53,000 Unit Purchase Options (“UPO-Z”); and 1,069,941 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.

As of December 31, 2017, the following were issued and outstanding: 14,551,234 shares of common stock of the Company, along with common stock purchase warrants of: 10,567,845 Series W Warrants, 1,473,640 Series S Warrants, 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants, and 268,001 Series A Warrants, as well as 53,000 Unit Purchase Options (“UPO-W”); and 249,667 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 357,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock.

See herein below under “— Recent Events - Financing Transactions” for further information regarding the shares of common stock of the Company, the common stock purchase warrants, and the shares of preferred stock.

Recent Events

Regulatory Events

On November 21, 2018 our majority-owned subsidiary Lucid Diagnostics Inc. filed a 510(k) premarket notification submission with the FDA for the EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™ - EsoCheck™ CCD™ - which was accepted for substantive review in early December 2018. Subsequently, we received an initial response from the FDA in late January 2019. This Additional Information (“AI”) letter requested additional head-to-head effectiveness data relative to previously cleared esophageal cell collection devices. We have discussed this request with the FDA reviewer and will be submitting existing human cell count data of EsoCheck™ CCD™ vs. endoscopic brushings collected from the ongoing NIH trial to fulfill this request. The AI letter also requested some additional technical data related to the manufacturing and verification and validation testing of the EsoCheck™ CCD™ which will be ready for submission shortly.

On August 22, 2018 we were notified by the lead FDA branch reviewing the 510(k) premarket notification submission for CarpX™ the lead branch had not reached a consensus with the consulting branch within the review period allotted under the FDA’s rules and regulations. Accordingly, the lead branch recommended we take the appropriate steps to extend the review process through resubmission of the 510(k) premarket notification following an in-person pre-submission meeting which was conducted on January 7, 2019. During this meeting, the FDA recommended clinical testing to definitively document CarpX procedural safety in humans and indicated data from a properly structured clinical study outside of the U.S. would be acceptable, precluding the need to engage in the FDA’s time-consuming Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) process required for U.S. studies. PAVmed offered to amend its previously planned first-in-human (“FIH”) clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03747510) in New Zealand to meet this clinical testing recommendation and postponed the initiation of the amended study until study parameters were finalized with the FDA. We recently reached a consensus with the FDA on the parameters of the CarpX FIH safety study, including pre- and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing to document device safety. The CarpX FIH safety study is a single-arm, two-center, two-surgeon, 20-patient study of the CarpX procedure in carpal tunnel syndrome patients, with a device safety primary endpoint defined as the absence of certain serious device-related adverse events over a limited 90-day follow-up period. Patients are currently undergoing pre-operative assessment and CarpX procedures are expected soon thereafter, subject-to customary procedure consents timely completed by each patient. We also will be preparing to submit CarpX for CE Mark clearance in Europe.

Item 1. Business - continued

Recent Events - continued

Financing Transactions

Overview - Financing

During 2018, we raised approximately $15.5 million of net proceeds, comprised of $20.5 million of gross proceeds, less $5.0 million used to repay debt ahead of the contractual maturity date, including:

Additionally during 2018, we also completed exchange offers of private securities and a Tender Offer of public warrants, including:

During 2017 we raised a total of approximately $7.5 million of net cash proceeds from: a Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC, including the issuance of each of a Senior Secured Note with an initial face value principal of $5.0 million and Series S Warrants; the Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units private placement; and the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement.

Item 1. Business - continued

Recent Events - continued

Financing Transactions - continued

Debt Refinancing - Issue of Senior Secured Convertible Note & Repayment of Senior Secured Note - December 2018

In a private placement transaction with an institutional investor, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement under which we issued a Senior Secured Convertible Note, with an issue date of December 27, 2018, a contractual maturity date of December 31, 2020, a face value principal of $7.75 million, and a stated interest rate of 7.875% per annum - referred to as the “Senior Convertible Note”. At the election of the Holder, the Senior Convertible Note may be converted into shares of common stock of the Company.

The Senior Convertible Note proceeds were $7.0 million after payment of $750,000 of lender fees. The Company incurred total offering costs of $614,940, inclusive of the payment of a $455,000 placement agent fee and legal fees.

On December 27, 2018, concurrent with the issue of the Senior Convertible Note, we repaid-in-full the previously issued Senior Secured Note, inclusive of the total outstanding principal payable and the accrued but unpaid interest expense payable as of December 27, 2018, with such repayment comprised of a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue of 600,000 shares of our common stock to the lender, Scopia Holdings LLC. The Sr Secured Note had a contractual maturity date of June 30, 2019, with such maturity date not subject-to any early repayment provisions. See below for further information with respect to the Senior Secured Note.

The Senior Convertible Note requires bi-monthly payments, with such payments due and payable on each of the 15^th calendar day of each month and the Last Trading Day of each month, with the first bi-monthly payment date of January 15, 2019 and the last bi-monthly payment date of December 31, 2020. The bi-monthly payments have two components: a bi-monthly “Installment Repayment” which commences June 28, 2019 through Dec 31, 2020, and a bi-monthly “Non-Installment Payment” which commences Jan 15, 2019 through the Dec 31, 2020. The bi-monthly Installment Repayments are prescribed and the bi-monthly Non-Installment Repayments are a function of the remaining Senior Convertible Note face value principal outstanding.

As noted, at the election of the Holder, the Senior Convertible Note may be converted into shares of common stock of the Company. The Holder may make the conversion election at any time after the December 27, 2018 issue date at an initial contractual stated conversion price of $1.60 per share of common stock of the Company. The conversion price per share is subject-to adjustment for the effect of stock dividends, stock splits, or similar events affecting the common stock of the Company - i.e. “plain vanilla standard anti-dilution provisions”. The conversion price may also be adjusted: if we issue or agree to issue any variable rate securities, in which case the Holder shall be entitled to substitute the variable price for the initial stated conversion price; or if certain Events of Default occur, as defined, in which case the Holder is entitled to convert all or a portion of the Senior Convertible Note at the lower of (i) the actual conversion price then in effect or (ii) 80% of the market price of the Company’s common stock, as defined, but not lower than a floor price of $0.19 per share. The initial stated conversion price of $1.60 per share may be reduced at any time during the term of the Senior Convertible Note at our discretion, subject to the Holder’s written consent.

We have filed with the SEC an effective registration statement on Form S-3 - File No. 333- 229372 - referred to as the “Senior Convertible Note Registration Statement” - registering for resale the maximum number of shares of common stock of the Company issuable upon conversion of the Senior Convertible Note and the shares issued in connection with the repayment of the Senior Secured Note. The Company timely filed with SEC the initial Senior Convertible Note Registration Statement on January 25, 2019 and such registration statement became effective on February 14, 2019, with each such date consistent with the requirements of the registration rights agreement entered into in connection with the Senior Secured Convertible Note private placement discussed above. If the Senior Convertible Note Registration Statement effectiveness is not maintained, then, the Company is required to make payments of 1% of the Senior Convertible Note face value principal payable on the date of such event, and every thirty days thereafter until the effectiveness failure is cured.

See Liquidity and Capital Resources herein below for further information regarding the Senior Secured Convertible Note.

Item 1. Business - continued

Recent Events - continued

Financing Transactions - continued

Equity Subscription Rights Offering - June 2018

Our Equity Subscription Rights Offering - “ESRO” - closed on June 12, 2018, after the June 7, 2018 expiration date of the equity subscription period. The ESRO was completed under a registration statement on Form S-1 - File No. 333-222581 - declared effective by the SEC on May 23, 2018.

The ESRO involved the Company distributing one non-transferable equity subscription for each of the 17,509,654 issued and outstanding shares of common stock of the Company, as of the record date of May 21, 2018, subject-to the acceptance by the Company of a maximum of 9.0 million fully-paid equity subscriptions tendered as of the June 7, 2018 expiration date of the equity subscription period. The equity subscription provided for the purchase of a common stock unit at a $1.15 per unit, which immediately separated upon issue into one share of common stock of the Company and one Series Z Warrant to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $1.60 per share.

The ESRO resulted in approximately $10.4 million of gross cash proceeds, before approximately $1.0 million of commissions and fees to the dealer-managers, and approximately $0.2 million of offering costs incurred by the Company, upon the issue on June 12, 2018 of 9.0 million common stock units, comprised of one share of common stock of the Company and one Series Z Warrant. See below for further information with respect to the Series Z Warrant.

Issue of Common Stock - Underwritten Public Offering - January 2018

In January 2018, we conducted an underwritten public offering resulting in the issue of a total of 2,649,818 shares of common stock of the Company pursuant to our previously filed and effective shelf registration statement on SEC Form S-3 - File No. 333-220549 - declared effective October 6, 2017, along with a corresponding prospectus supplement dated January 19, 2018. On January 19, 2018, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Dawson James Securities, Inc., as sole underwriter, under which we agreed to issue to the underwriter at $1.80 per share, 2,415,278 shares of common stock on a firm commitment basis and up to an additional 362,292 shares solely to cover underwriter over-allotments, if any, at the option of the underwriter, exercisable within 45 calendar days from January 19, 2018. We issued the 2,415,278 shares of common stock of the Company on January 23, 2018, and on January 25, 2018, we issued an additional 234,540 shares of common stock of the Company, under the underwriter’s over-allotment, resulting in cash proceeds, net of the underwriter’s discount of $4,388,099, before $113,438 of offering costs incurred by us.

Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer - March 2018

On March 15, 2018, the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” was completed, wherein, two shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued-upon-exchange of one share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and five Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of one Series A Warrant; and, 1.33 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued-upon-exchange of one share of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, and five Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of one Series A-1 Warrant. Collectively, such exchanges are referred to as the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” and the “March 15, 2018 Exchange Date”. The Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer was offered to and accepted by all holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants.

On the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date: a total of 975,568 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued-upon-exchange, including 499,334 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued-upon-exchange of 249,667 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 476,234 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued-upon-exchange of 357,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock; and, a total of 2,739,190 Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange, including 1,340,005 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 268,001 Series A Warrants and 1,399,185 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants.

As of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer March 15, 2018 Exchange Date, there were no issued and outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants, nor shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants, as each were fully exchanged-upon-issue of shares of the corresponding Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Series Z Warrants, respectively. See below for further information with respect to each of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series Z Warrant.

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Series W Warrants Exchange Offer - April 5, 2018 & Series W Warrant Temporary Exercise Price Reduction - February 2018

On April 5, 2018, the “Series W Warrants Exchange Offer” was completed, resulting in 5,075,849 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 10,151,682 Series W Warrants, pursuant to an offer-to-exchange letter dated February 20, 2018, as included in a Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO filed with the SEC on February 20, 2018, wherein, the Company offered to issue one Series Z Warrant in exchange for two Series W Warrants. Such Series W Warrants Exchange Offer commenced on February 20, 2018 and had April 2, 2018 expiration date. The Series W Warrants Offer-to-Exchange was completed after expiration of the guaranteed delivery period on April 5, 2018.

On January 11, 2018, the Company filed with the SEC a Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO offering Series W Warrants holders a temporary reduced exercise price of $2.00 per share. As of the February 8, 2018 expiry date, a total of 34,345 Series W Warrants were exercised at the temporary reduced exercise price of $2.00 per share, resulting in $68,690 of cash proceeds, before offering costs of $50,520.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, there were 381,818 and 10,567,845 Series W Warrants issued and outstanding, respectively. The Series W Warrants have an exercise price of $5.00 per share, with such exercise price not subject to further adjustment, except in the event of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the common stock of the Company, and became exercisable on October 28, 2016 and expire on January 29, 2022, or earlier upon redemption by the Company, as discussed below.

Commencing April 28, 2017, the Company may redeem the outstanding Series W Warrants (other than those outstanding prior to the IPO held by the Company’s management, founders, and members thereof, but including the warrants held by the initial investors), at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at a price of $0.01 per warrant: at any time while the warrants are exercisable; upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption; if, and only if, the volume weighted average price of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds $10.00 (subject-to adjustment) for any 20 consecutive trading days ending three business days before the Company issues its notice of redemption, and provided the average daily trading volume in the stock is at least 20,000 shares per day; and, if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the shares of common stock of the Company underlying such warrants. The right to exercise will be forfeited unless the Series W Warrants are exercised prior to the date specified in the notice of redemption. On and after the redemption date, a record holder of an Series W Warrant will have no further rights except to receive the redemption price for such holder’s Series W Warrant upon its surrender.

UPO Exchange Offer - August 2018

On the April 28, 2016 closing date of the Company’s IPO, as discussed above, a total of 53,000 unit purchase options were issued to the IPO selling agents, with each such unit purchase option issued on April 28, 2016 referred to as an “UPO-W”. The UPO-W, with an exercise price of $5.50 per unit, could have been exercised to purchase the same unit issued in the Company’s IPO, with such “IPO Unit” comprised of one share of common stock of the Company and one Series W Warrant to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The UPO-W had a January 29, 2021 expiration date. Subsequently, on August 22, 2018, the “UPO Exchange Offer” was completed, wherein, 53,000 “UPO-Z” were issued-upon-exchange of all the previously issued and outstanding 53,000 UPO-W. The UPO-Z, with an exercise price of $5.50 per unit, may be exercised to purchase a unit comprised of one share of common stock of the Company and one Series Z Warrant to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $1.60 per share. The UPO-Z has a January 29, 2021 expiration date. See below for further information with respect to the Series Z Warrant.

Series A Exchange Offer - November 17, 2017

On November 17, 2017, the “Series A Exchange Offer” was completed, wherein the 28 holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants were offered the opportunity to exchange of one share Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for 1.5 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, and, one Series A Warrant for one Series A-1 Warrant, resulting in 13 holders exchanging 154,837 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock for 232,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, and 154,837 Series A Warrants for 154,837 Series A-1 Warrants. Additionally, in November and December 2017, a total of 18,334 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into 22,093 shares of common stock of the Company. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2017, there were 249,667 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 268,001 Series A Warrants issued and outstanding, and 357,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants issued and outstanding.

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Series Z Warrants

As of December 31, 2018, 16,815,039 Series Z Warrants were issued and outstanding, resulting from the initial issue of 2,739,190 Series Z Warrants on the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, as such exchange offer is discussed above; the issue of 5,075,849 Series Z Warrants on the April 5, 2018 Exchange Date of the “Series W Warrants Exchange Offer”, as such exchange offer is discussed above; and the issue of 9,000,000 Series Z Warrants on the June 12, 2018 close date of the Equity Subscription Rights Offering, as such offering is discussed above.

The Series Z Warrant is a common stock purchase warrant with an exercise price initially of $3.00 per share through May 31, 2018, and then $1.60 per share effective June 1, 2018, wherein, on May 15, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved a reduction to the Series Z Warrant exercise price to $1.60 per share, effective June 1, 2018, upon completion of the period-of-notice to the then-current Series Z Warrant holders. The Series Z Warrant $1.60 exercise price is not subject-to further adjustment, unless by action of the PAVmed Inc board of directors, or the effect of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the common stock of the Company. The Series Z Warrants expire after the close of business on April 30, 2024, if not earlier redeemed by the Company, as discussed below.

Commencing on May 1, 2019, the Company may redeem the outstanding Series Z Warrants, at the Company’s option, in whole or in part, at a price of $0.01 per Series Z Warrant at any time while the Series Z Warrants are exercisable, upon a minimum of 30 days’ prior written notice of redemption, if, and only if, the volume weighted average closing price of the common stock of the Company equals or exceeds $9.00 (subject to adjustment) for any 20 out of 30 consecutive trading days ending three business days before the Company issues its notice of redemption, and provided the average daily trading volume in the common stock of the Company during such 30-day period is at least 20,000 shares per day; and if, and only if, there is a current registration statement in effect with respect to the shares of Common Stock underlying such Series Z Warrants.

Series B Convertible Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2018, 1,069,941 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding, including: 975,568 shares issued-upon-exchange in the March 15, 2018 Exchange Offer, as such exchange offer is discussed above, 33,325 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock converted into a corresponding number of shares of common stock of the Company in July 2018, at the holders election, and a total of 127,698 shares issued in settlement of the aggregate Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payouts, as discussed below.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock has a par value of $0.001 per share, no voting rights, a stated value of $3.00 per share, and is immediately convertible upon its issuance. At the holders’ election, a share of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible into a number of shares of common stock of the Company at a common stock conversion exchange factor equal to a numerator and denominator of $3.00, with each such numerator and denominator not subject to further adjustment, except for the effect of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the Company’s common stock.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock provides for dividends at a rate of 8% per annum based on the $3.00 per share stated value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, with such dividends compounded quarterly, accumulate, and are payable in arrears upon being declared by the Company’s board of directors. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividends from April 1, 2018 through October 1, 2021 are payable-in-kind (“PIK”) in additional shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The dividends may be settled after October 1, 2021, at the option of the Company, through any combination of the issuance of additional Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, shares of common stock, and /or cash payment.

To-date through December 31, 2018, the Company’s board of directors have declared Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment of earned but unpaid dividends as of September 30, 2018, payable as of October 1, 2018, of an aggregate of $382,920, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 127,698 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Subsequently, in January 2019, the Company’s board-of-directors declared a Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment of earned but unpaid dividends as of December 31, 2018, payable as of January 1, 2019, of $64,196, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 21,413 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.

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Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC - July 2017

In July 2017, we previously entered into a Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC (“Scopia” or the “Lender”), whereupon Scopia delivering to us $4.8 million in net cash proceeds, we issued to Scopia, a Senior Secured Note with an initial principal of $5.0 million, referred to herein as the “Senior Secured Note”, and also issued 2,660,000 Series S Warrants to Scopia to purchase a corresponding number of shares of common stock of the Company.

On December 27, 2018, concurrent with the issue of the Senior Convertible Note as discussed above, we repaid-in-full the previously issued Senior Secured Note, inclusive of the total outstanding principal payable and the accrued but unpaid interest expense payable as of December 27, 2018, with such repayment comprised of a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue to Scopia of 600,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The Senior Secured Note repayment was executed under a Notice of Prepayment agreement dated December 27, 2018. The Sr Secured Note had a contractual maturity date of June 30, 2019, with such maturity date not subject-to any early repayment provisions.

The Senior Secured Note annual interest rate was 15.0%, with interest payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each calendar year, commencing December 30, 2017 (“15% interest expense”). At our sole discretion, we were able to defer payment of up to 50% of each of the semi-annual 15% interest expense payable, with such deferred amount added to the outstanding interest-bearing principal balance of the Senior Secured Note. In this regard, the Senior Secured Note principal balance was $5,780,116 and $5,188,542, as of December 27, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, with each such principal amount comprised of the initial principal of $5.0 million and the total unpaid semi-annual interest as of December 27, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The Senior Secured Note total interest expense of $2,392,447 and $724,684, for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, was comprised of $786,145 and $377,083, respectively, resulting from the 15% interest expense and $1,606,302 and $347,601, respectively, resulting from the amortization of Senior Secured Note debt discount. The Senior Secured Note remaining unamortized debt discount was $1,637,972 as of December 27, 2018 and $3,244,274 as of December 31, 2017.

On the December 27, 2018 repayment date, we recognized as other income (expense), a debt extinguishment loss of $1.4 million resulting from the difference between a $5.5 million debt reacquisition price and a $4.1 million debt carrying value, net, of the Senior Secured Note as of December 27, 2018.

There were 1,199,383 and 1,473,640 Series S Warrants issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In March 2018, a total of 274,257 Series S Warrants exercised for $2,743 of cash proceeds, resulting in the issue of a corresponding number of a shares of common stock of the Company. In each of October 2017 and November 2017, 532,000 (or a total of 1,064,000) Series S Warrants were exercised for total cash proceeds of $10,640, resulting in the issuance of a corresponding number of shares of common stock of the Company, and in November 2017, a total of 122,360 Series S Warrants were exercised on a cashless basis, resulting in the issuance of a total of 122,080 shares of common stock of the Company.

The Series S Warrants were immediately exercisable upon issuance, have an exercise price of $0.01 per share, with such exercise price not subject to further adjustment, except in the event of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the common stock of the Company, may be exercised for cash or on a cashless basis, and expire June 30, 2032, with any Series S Warrants outstanding on the expiration date automatically exercised on a cashless basis.

See Liquidity and Capital Resources herein below for further information regarding the Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC.

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Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units Private Placement - August 4, 2017

On the Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units private placement August 4, 2017 closing date, we issued a total of 125,000 Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units for aggregate proceeds of $500,000. We did not incur placement agent fees in connection with the Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units private placement. The Series A-1 Preferred Stock Unit was comprised of one share of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock convertible into one share of our common stock, and one Series A-1 Warrant exercisable for one share of our common stock, or could have been exchanged for five Series W Warrants or four Series X-1 Warrants each of which would have been exercisable for a corresponding number of shares of our common stock. As discussed above, as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, there were no issued and outstanding shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants.

Series A Preferred Stock Units Private Placement - Three Months Ended March 31, 2017

On the January 26, 2017 initial closing date of the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement, and on subsequent closings on January 31, 2017 and March 8, 2017, a total of 422,838 Series A Preferred Stock Units were issued for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $2.5 million and net proceeds of approximately $2.2 million, after payment of placement agent fees and closing costs. A Series A Preferred Stock Unit was comprised of one share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock convertible into one share of our common stock, and one Series A Warrant exercisable for one share of common stock of the Company, or could have been exchanged for four Series X Warrants, each of which would have been exercisable for corresponding number of shares of our common stock.

As discussed above, as a result of the “November 17, 2017 Series A Exchange Offer” and the “March 15, 2018 Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer”, and the conversion of shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock in each of November and December 2017, as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, there were no issued and outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants.

See Liquidity and Capital Resources herein below for further information regarding the Series A-1 Preferred Stock Units private placement, Series A-1 Convertible Stock, and Series A-1 Warrants.

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Other Events

EsoCheck™ License Agreement

On May 8, 2018, Lucid Diagnostics Inc., a majority-owned subsidiary of the Company, was incorporated in the State of Delaware. On May 12, 2018, Lucid Diagnostics Inc. entered into the “EsoCheck™ License Agreement” with Case Western Reserve University (“CWRU”), with respect to the “EsoCheck™ Technology”. The EsoCheck™ License Agreement provides for the exclusive worldwide license of the intellectual property rights for the proprietary technologies of two distinct components, including: the “EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™” or the “EsoCheck™ CCD™”, and the EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™, a panel of methylated DNA biomarkers, referred to collectively as the “EsoCheck™ Technology”.

Lucid Diagnostics Inc. issued a total of 10 million shares of its common stock for a purchase price of $0.001 per share, including: the issue of 8,187,499 shares to PAVmed Inc.; the issue of 943,464 shares to CWRU; and, the issue of 289,679 shares to each of the three individual physician inventors of the “EsoCheck™ Technology. Furthermore, Lucid Diagnostics Inc. board of directors adopted the Lucid Diagnostics, Inc. 2018 Long-term Incentive Equity plan and reserved for issuance 2 million shares of common stock under the plan.

Under a management services agreement, PAVmed Inc. is providing certain operational management services to Lucid Diagnostics Inc. for which Lucid Diagnostics Inc. paid a $20,000 monthly fee from May 15, 2018 to February 15, 2019, then such monthly fee was $60,000 effective February 16, 2019.

Under the EsoCheck™ License Agreement, Lucid Diagnostics Inc. incurred a payment obligation to CWRU of approximately $273,000, referred to as the “EsoCheck™ License Agreement Fee”. The Company has made a $50,000 initial payment of the EsoCheck™ License Agreement Fee, and is required to make future quarterly payments of $50,000 until such fee is paid-in-full, provided, however, the commencement of such quarterly payments is subject to Lucid Diagnostics Inc. consummation of a bona fide financing with an unrelated third-party in excess of $500,000. The EsoCheck™ License Agreement also provides for potential payments upon the achievement of certain product development and regulatory clearance milestones. If Lucid Diagnostics Inc. does not meet certain milestones listed in the EsoCheck™ License Agreement, then CWRU has the right, in its sole discretion, to require the Company to transfer to CWRU a percentage, varying up to 100%, of the shares of common stock of Lucid Diagnostics Inc. held by the Company. Lucid Diagnostics Inc. will also be required to pay a minimum annual royalty commencing the year after the first commercial sale of products resulting from the commercialization of the EsoCheck™ Technology, with the minimum amount rising based on net sales of such product(s), if any.

The three physician inventors of the EsoCheck™ Technology each entered into consulting agreements with Lucid Diagnostics Inc. to continue to support the development of the EsoCheck™ Technology. In addition to cash compensation based on a contractual rate per hour, additional compensation under each such consulting agreement includes: the grant of stock options under the Lucid Diagnostics Inc 2018 Long-Term Incentive Equity Plan to each individual to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock of Lucid Diagnostics Inc. at an exercise price of $0.50 per share of such common stock; and, the grant under the PAVmed Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan of stock options to each individual to purchase 25,000 shares of PAVmed Inc. common stock at an exercise price of $1.59 per share of such common stock.

In June 2018, Lucid Diagnostics Inc. entered into a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) agreement with an unrelated third-party for the supply of the “EsoCheck™ CCD™, principally for use in research and development activities - referred to herein as the “EsoCheck™ CCD™ CDMO Supply Agreement”. The EsoCheck™ CCD™ CDMO Supply Agreement contains a firm price per unit, and a contractual device purchase minimum quantity, is cancellable with 10 day notice, among other routine and customary provisions. With respect to the device purchase contractual minimum quantity, if Lucid Diagnostics Inc. terminates the EsoCheck™ CCD™ CDMO Supply Agreement without “good reason”, as defined, prior to placing purchase orders for 5,000 units of the EsoCheck™ CCD™, then Lucid Diagnostics Inc. will make a single one-time $50,000 payment to the unrelated third-party CDMO. The minimum quantity contingent payment, if any, will be recognized as a current period expense if and when such payment obligation is incurred. Further, in June 2018 Lucid Diagnostics Inc. entered into a separate consulting agreement with the owner of the CDMO, with the sole compensation under such consulting agreement being the June 2018 issue of 75,000 Lucid Diagnostics Inc. stock options with an exercise price of $1.00 per share of common stock of Lucid Diagnostics Inc.

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Executive Vice President of Strategic Projects for PAVmed Inc. and Chief Medical Officer of Lucid Diagnostics Inc.

On February 16, 2019, the Company entered into at-will employment with David F. Wurtman, M.D. to serve as Executive Vice President of Strategic Projects for PAVmed Inc. and Chief Medical Officer of Lucid Diagnostics Inc. Previously, Dr. Wurtman had been engaged as a consultant to each of PAVmed Inc. and Lucid Diagnostics Inc. In connection with his employment, Dr. Wurtman was granted the following stock options: (i) 150,000 stock options were granted under the PAVmed Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Equity Plan to purchase shares of common stock of PAVmed Inc. at an exercise price of $1.00 per share of common stock of PAVmed Inc., with a grant date of March 7, 2019, vesting ratably on a quarterly basis commencing March 31, 2019 and ending December 31, 2021, and a ten year contractual term from date-of-grant; and, (ii) 300,000 stock options were granted under the Lucid Diagnostics Inc. 2018 Long-Term Incentive Equity Plan to purchase shares of common stock of Lucid Diagnostics Inc. at an exercise price of $1.00 per share of common stock of Lucid Diagnostics Inc., with a grant date of February 18, 2019, and vesting of 200,000 of such stock options vesting immediately upon grant, and 100,000 of such stock options vesting ratably on a quarterly basis commencing March 31, 2019 and ending December 31, 2021, and a ten year contractual term from date-of-grant. In addition to the 300,000 Lucid Diagnostics Inc. stock options granted on February 18, 2019, Dr. Wurtman is eligible for a separate grant of 200,000 Lucid Diagnostics Inc stock options upon achievement of certain product development objective(s), with the achievement of such objective(s) determined solely by the Lucid Diagnostics Inc. board of directors.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 10, Stock-Based Compensation, for information regarding each of the “PAVmed Inc. 2014 Long-Term Incentive Plan” and the “Lucid Diagnostics Inc 2018 Long-Term Incentive Equity Plan”.

Tufts Patent License Agreement - Antibiotic-Eluting Resorbable Ear Tubes

In November 2016, we executed the Tufts Patent License Agreement with the Licensors. Pursuant to the Tufts Patent License Agreement, the Licensors granted us the exclusive right and license to certain patents owned or controlled by the Licensors in connection with the development and commercialization of antibiotic-eluting resorbable ear tubes based on a proprietary aqueous silk technology. Upon execution of the Tufts Patent License Agreement, we paid the Licensors a $50,000 up-front non-refundable payment. The Tufts Patent License Agreement also provides for payments by us to the Licensors upon the achievement of certain product development and regulatory clearance milestones as well as royalty payments on net sales upon the commercialization of products developed utilizing the licensed patents.

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Our Business Model

In contrast to pharmaceuticals and other life science technologies, which typically require long and capital-intensive paths to translate cellular or biochemical processes into commercially-viable therapeutics or diagnostics, we believe that medical devices have the potential to move much more rapidly from concept to commercialization with significantly less capital investment. Many commercially successful medical devices are often elegant solutions to important and prevalent clinical problems. Most medical device companies, however, are not structurally or operationally equipped to fulfill this potential. According to a report by Josh Makower, M.D., Consulting Professor of Medicine at Stanford University, the typical medical device company will spend over $31.0 million and take approximately five years to develop and commercialize a product through the FDA’s 510(k) pathway and over $100.0 million and seven or more years through the FDA’s Premarket Approval (“PMA”) pathway.

Prior to forming PAVmed, our leadership team established a model to realize this potential in single-product companies by advancing medical device products from concept to commercialization using significantly less capital and time than a typical medical device company. When previously applied to single-product venture backed companies, the model utilized a virtual business structure. PAVmed’s structure enables us to retain the model’s tight focus on capital and time efficiency and the core elements which drive efficiency, including limited infrastructure and low fixed costs, while taking advantages of the economies of scale and flexibility inherent in a multi-product company.

Project Selection

A key element of our model is the project selection process. We choose projects to develop and commercialize based on characteristics which contribute to a strong commercial opportunity. We place a heavy emphasis on medical device products with the potential for high-margins and high-impact in attractive markets without regard to the target specialty or clinical area.

Our project selection process begins with the identification of an unmet clinical need. We seek prevalent medical conditions where we believe an opportunity exists to advance the care of the patient through improvements in existing technologies or the introduction of new platform technologies. In the current healthcare environment, this usually means our products must be less invasive and more cost effective. We select projects which we believe have the potential to lessen procedural invasiveness and/or the opportunity to shift care from the surgical operating room to lower-cost venues such as the interventional suite or the ambulatory setting. We expect our products to decrease complications, hospital stays, recovery times and indirect costs associated with a patient’s loss of productivity.

Additional characteristics which impact a project’s commercial opportunity are its technology, regulatory and reimbursement profiles. We typically select projects with strong intellectual property position, low to moderate technological complexity, low to moderate manufacturing costs and primarily disposable products do not require significant capital equipment.

One of the most important features we consider is the project’s regulatory pathway, both in the U.S. and internationally. The FDA’s less arduous 510(k) pathway requires us to demonstrate our product is safe and substantially equivalent to FDA-cleared predicates. The FDA’s costlier and more prolonged PMA pathway requires us to demonstrate our product is safe and effective through randomized clinical studies. A product which is eligible for the 510(k) pathway will require substantially less capital and time than one that requires full PMA clearance. With all our products we are very aggressive about identifying what we believe are the quickest paths to regulatory clearance, paying very careful attention to selection of the best predicates and references as well as careful attention to precisely crafting the primary indications for use language. Although we favor products eligible for the FDA’s 510(k) pathway, with or without clinical safety studies, we may also pursue PMA pathway products with large addressable markets, or in the case of one of our lead products, PortIO™, pursue classification under section 513(f)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, also referred to as de novo classification, which could be more rigorous than the 510(k) pathway, but generally require substantially less time and resources than a PMA pathway. We have a variety of options to commercialize such products more efficiently by initially, or even exclusively, targeting European or emerging markets which have shorter, less costly regulatory pathways for such projects. We also attempt to identify narrower applications and indications with lower regulatory hurdles will allow us to start commercializing our product, while broader applications and indications with higher hurdles move through the regulatory process.

The project’s reimbursement profile, both in the U.S. and internationally, is another very important component of the project’s commercial opportunity. We prefer projects with existing reimbursement codes, the opportunity to seek reimbursement under higher-value surgical procedure codes or the potential to seek reimbursement under narrow, product-specific codes as opposed to bundled procedure codes.

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Development and Commercialization Processes

Once we add a project to our pipeline, we map out development and commercialization processes specifically tailored to the product seeking to optimize capital and time efficiency and maximize value creation. The model emphasizes parallel development processes, such as engineering, quality, regulatory, supply chain, and manufacturing, utilizing outsourced, best-in-class process experts on an as-needed basis. We initially select the shortest, most-efficient path to commercialization of a safe and effective first-generation product. We then proceed with iterative product development based on real-life product performance and user feedback.

We intend to continue to utilize outsourced best-in-class process experts. We have strong relationships with a network of experts in design engineering, regulatory affairs, quality systems, supply chain management and manufacturing, including many with highly specialized skills in areas critical to our current and future pipeline. We will not be reluctant, however, to in-source certain heavily utilized process experts when and if we decide such a move will enhance our ability to execute on our strategy. As we grow, we expect to maintain a lean management infrastructure while expanding our bandwidth primarily with skilled project managers.

Although the PHG and PMI companies were created with a credible path to self-commercialization, they were fundamentally “built to sell.” We believe our structure will enhance our flexibility to commercialize our products compared to these and other single-product, development-stage companies. Each of our products generally follow one of three commercialization pathways. For certain products with one or more natural strategic acquirers such as PortIO and NextFlo, we may seek an early acquisition of the product prior to or soon after regulatory clearance, providing us with a source of non-dilutive capital. For certain groundbreaking high-margin products with large market opportunities such as CarpX™ and the EsoCheck™ Technology, we retain the flexibility to fully commercialize our products for the foreseeable future. For certain other high-volume, lower sale price products such as DisappEAR, we may seek to co-market them with strategic partners through sales and distribution agreements. We may also choose to monetize products through licensing agreements or the sale of the products’ underlying technology if consistent with our broader business strategy. For products we choose to commercialize ourselves, we may do through a network of independent U.S. medical distributors. We eventually may, however, choose to build (or obtain through a strategic acquisition) our own sales and marketing team, initially utilizing a hybrid model with national /regional sales management of independent distributors moving towards direct sales as warranted. As our pipeline grows, we may choose to jointly commercialize subsets of related products which target certain medical specialties or healthcare locations

Research and development expenses are recognized in the period they are incurred and consist principally of internal and external expenses incurred for the research and development of our products. We incurred approximately $9.1 million in cumulative research and development expenses from June 26, 2014 (inception) through December 31, 2018, inclusive of approximately $4.3 million and $2.6 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We plan to increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue development of our products. Our current research and development activities are focused principally on obtaining FDA approval and clearance and initializing commercialization of the lead products in our product portfolio pipeline - CarpX™, EsoCheck™ and PortIO™ - and advancing DisappEAR™ and NextFlo through development. The research and development activities on the other portfolio products is commensurate with available sufficient capital resources. See Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Financial Results of Operations, herein below, for a further discussion of research and development expenses.

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Our Products Pipeline

Since our inception, we have conceived and developed a pipeline of products which fulfill our selection criteria. Our five lead products provide groundbreaking approaches to carpal tunnel syndrome (CarpX™), precancerous conditions of the esophagus (EsoCheck™), vascular access (PortIO™), pediatric ear infections (DisappEAR™) and medical infusions (NextFlo™). The company is also developing innovative products in other areas, such as catheters and tissue ablation, while seeking to further expand its pipeline through engagements with clinician innovators and leading academic medical centers. We will need to receive regulatory clearance in order to commercialize these products. Additional capital will be required for us to commercialize these products and/or pursue additional regulatory clearances. Further, there is no assurance any of our products will ever be commercialized or, if commercialized, will achieve the results we expect. In December 2016, we filed a 510(k) premarket notification submission with the FDA for our first product, PortIO™, and in October 2017 decided instead to pursue classification under section 513(f)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, also referred to as de novo classification under a broader indication, for up to seven days and consequently filed its de novo pre-submission package with the FDA for PortIO™ on October 30, 2017. Furthermore, on November 27, 2017 we filed a 510(k) premarket notification submission with the FDA for our CarpX™ minimally invasive device designed to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. As discussed above, on November 21, 2018, our majority-owned subsidiary Lucid Diagnostics Inc. filed a 510(k) premarket notification submission with the FDA for our EsoCheck™ CCD™. We anticipate additional submissions in 2019 and beyond for the products in our pipeline.

Our product pipeline is dynamic, and we adjust our development and commercialization plans based on real-time progress, changes in market conditions, commercial opportunity and availability of resources. As such, we have designated CarpX™, EsoCheck™ , PortIO™, NextFlo™, and DisappEAR™ as lead products which are moving aggressively towards regulatory clearance and commercialization.

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CarpX™ - Percutaneous Device to Treat Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

The Market. Carpal tunnel syndrome (“CTS”) is the most common cumulative trauma disorder and accounts for over half of all occupational injuries. The carpal tunnel is an anatomic compartment in the wrist through which tendons and the median nerve pass. Cumulative trauma leads to inflammation which manifests itself clinically through its compressive effect on the median nerve, resulting in motor and sensory dysfunction in the hand. A survey published in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported 2.5% of U.S. adults, or approximately five million individuals, have CTS and about 600,000 surgical procedures are performed annually for CTS. According to the CDC, CTS accounts for two million office visits per year. According to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research CTS costs the U.S. over $20.0 billion in annual workers’ compensation costs.

Current Devices and their Limitations. Patients who have failed to improve with physical therapy or other non-invasive treatments are candidates for interventions which seek to relieve the compression of the median nerve by cutting the transverse carpal ligament, which forms the superficial wall of the carpal tunnel. Traditional surgical approaches are effective, but invasive and must be performed in a surgical operating room. Endoscopic approaches are less invasive, but are more technically challenging, more expensive and have been associated with higher complication rates. These approaches still require a surgical incision and some surgical dissection before the endoscope is passed into the carpal tunnel. Two less-invasive devices are currently on the market. One device attempts to use transillumination to guide blind passage of a protected knife and the other passes a saw-like device blindly or by ultrasound guidance. Technical limitations have hindered market acceptance of these devices.

Our Solution. We are developing CarpX as a minimally invasive device to treat CTS. We believe our device will allow the physician to relieve the compression on the median nerve without an open incision or the need for endoscopic or other imaging equipment. To use our device, the operator first advances a guidewire through the carpal tunnel under the ligament. Our device is then advanced over the wire and positioned in the carpal tunnel under ultrasonic and/or fluoroscopic guidance. When the balloon is inflated it creates tension in the ligament positioning the cutting electrodes underneath it and creates space within the tunnel, providing anatomic separation between the target ligament and critical structures such as the median nerve. Radiofrequency energy is briefly delivered to the electrodes, rapidly cutting the ligament and relieving the pressure on the nerve. We believe our device will be significantly less invasive than existing treatments. We also believe it will allow for more extensive lateral dissection within the tunnel and more reliable division of the ligament, resulting in lower recurrence rates than some of the endoscopic approaches. We have filed a nonprovisional patent application and advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our CarpX™ product from concept to working prototypes, completed successful benchtop and cadaver testing confirming the device consistently cuts the transverse carpal ligament, as well as commercial design and development, and performed pre-submission verification and validation testing.

On November 27, 2017, we filed with the Federal Food and Drug Administration, or the “FDA,” a premarket notification submission for CarpX under section 510(k) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or the “FDCA,” using a commercially available carpel tunnel release device as a predicate. On July 24, 2018, the FDA received our response to its requests-for-information regarding non-clinical support for our 510(k) premarket notification submission. Our July 24, 2018 response to the FDA included results from an animal study, which documented the device’s bipolar electrode design results in minimal spread of thermal energy – less than one-millimeter thermal injury by pathologic analysis - and no increase in tissue temperatures except directly over the cutting electrodes. Our July 24, 2018 response to the FDA also included additional physician usability testing, wherein each of the hand surgeons successfully performed the CarpX procedure multiple times in cadavers. On August 22, 2018 we were notified by the lead FDA branch reviewing the 510(k) premarket notification submission it had not reached a consensus with the consulting branch within the review period allotted under the FDA’s rules and regulations. Accordingly, the lead branch recommended we take the appropriate steps to extend the review process through resubmission of the 510(k) premarket notification following an in-person pre-submission meeting which was conducted on January 7, 2019. During this meeting, the FDA recommended clinical testing to definitively document CarpX procedural safety in humans and indicated data from a properly structured clinical study outside of the U.S. would be acceptable, precluding the need to engage in the time-consuming FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) process required for U.S. studies. PAVmed offered to amend its previously planned first-In-human (“FIH”) clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03747510) in New Zealand to meet this clinical testing recommendation and postponed the initiation of the amended study until study parameters were finalized with the FDA. We recently reached a consensus with the FDA on the parameters of the CarpX FIH safety study, including both pre-operative and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing to document device safety. The CarpX FIH safety study is a single-arm, two-center, two-surgeon, 20-patient study of the CarpX procedure in carpal tunnel syndrome patients, with a device safety primary endpoint defined as the absence of certain serious device-related adverse events over a limited 90-day follow-up period. Patients are currently undergoing pre-operative assessment and CarpX procedures are expected soon thereafter, subject-to customary procedure consents timely completed by each patient. Additionally, we will be preparing to submit CarpX for CE Mark clearance in Europe.

Once this product is commercialized, we believe it will have the potential to (i) decrease procedural costs by shifting the procedure from the operating room to an office setting while retaining similar reimbursement to traditional surgical approaches, (ii) reduce post-operative pain, (iii) accelerate the patient’s return to full activity and (iv) lower the threshold for intervention for patients “suffering in silence” who chose to delay surgery until symptoms become debilitating. Our device may also be applicable to other clinical situations where percutaneous division of a fibrous structure can be used for therapeutic effect such as plantar fasciitis and extremity compartment syndromes resulting from trauma or ischemia.

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EsoCheck™ Technology - Non-Invasive Cell Collection Device & DNA Biomarkers to Detect Esophageal Cancer Precursor

The Market. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, or “EAC,” the most common cancer of the esophagus, has quadrupled over the past 30 years. Its prognosis, however, remains dismal, with less than 20% of patients surviving five years. We are pursuing the development of the EsoCheck™ Technology to provide the estimated 50 million at-risk patients a non-invasive, less costly test to detect Barrett’s Esophagus, so as to enable treatment of esophageal cancer at an early stage. The primary cause of the EAC form of esophageal cancer is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, or “GERD,” commonly known as chronic heartburn or acid reflux, wherein stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus. GERD affects 20-40% of Western adult populations, according to published epidemiological data. The repeated exposure to stomach acid can lead to pre-cancerous changes in the esophagus lining, a condition known as “Barrett’s Esophagus.”

Current Devices and their Limitations. Nearly all patients diagnosed with EAC have evidence of previously undetected Barrett’s Esophagus (“BE”). If detected before the EAC esophagus cancer develops, BE can be successfully treated, usually with non-surgical approaches. Heartburn symptoms, commonly seen in patients with acid reflux with or without BE, can easily be treated with over-the counter medications, while endoscopy, the current standard-of-care diagnostic test, is expensive, invasive, and requires sedation. As a result, wide screening for BE is not practical or cost-effective.

Our Solution. In May 2018, our majority-owned subsidiary, Lucid Diagnostics Inc., entered into a license agreement, the “EsoCheck™ License Agreement,” with Case Western Reserve University, or “CWRU,” pursuant to which Lucid Diagnostics Inc. obtained the worldwide intellectual property rights to the “EsoCheck™ Technology”. The EsoCheck™ Technology, which is intended for use to detect BE, a primary precursor to esophageal cancer, includes the following proprietary technologies:

The first phase of our EsoCheck™ Technology regulatory and commercialization strategy included the November 21, 2018 submission of our EsoCheck™ CCD™ FDA 510(k) clearance application which was accepted for substantive review in early December 2018. The EsoCheck EsoGuard™ methylated DNA biomarker laboratory test is undergoing a battery of tests to secure CLIA certification which will allow it to be marketed under a Laboratory Developed Test, or “LDT,” designation without further regulatory review. In anticipation of these milestones we have engaged a leading consulting firm with expertise in securing reimbursement for LDT’s and we have begun the process to apply for EsoCheck™ Technology related codes through the AMA’s Proprietary Laboratory Analysis - “AMA PLA” - process upon receiving LDT designation for EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™.

The second phase of our EsoCheck™ Technology regulatory and commercialization strategy seeks a specific indication for widespread BE screening through the FDA’s PMA medical device pathway, based on existing American College of Gastroenterology (“ACG”) guidelines, which recommend BE screening for up 20 million GERD patients. We have positioned resources to allow our EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ second phase strategy to move forward in an accelerated fashion.

The multi-center NIH-funded clinical trial comparing EsoCheck™ CCD™ plus EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ to endoscopy has enrolled 200 patients and interim results have been accepted for presentation at the major annual gastroenterology meeting, Digestive Diseases Week (“DDW”), scheduled for May 18 through 21, 2019. Draft protocol synopses for the Lucid Diagnostics Inc sponsored clinical studies have been completed and will be finalized in the near future at an important meeting with former FDA officials retained through a leading regulatory consulting firm.

Soon thereafter, we expect to file a pre-submission package with the FDA and secure a meeting date to discuss its clinical data requirements for a de novo or Pre-Market Approval (PMA) pathway submission to support the EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ second phase’s goal of a specific indication for widespread BE screening using the EsoCheck™ Technology.

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PortIO™ - Implantable Intraosseous Vascular Access Device

The Market. Vascular access devices, including peripheral intravenous catheters, central venous lines, peripherally inserted central catheters, tunneled catheters or implanted ports, are used to deliver various medications, fluids, blood products, nutrition or other therapeutic agents to patients with a wide variety of clinical conditions over multiple episodes spanning a period of days to weeks to months. A report by iData Research Group estimates the market for such devices to be several billion dollars annually. The market is moderately fragmented and highly commoditized, with slight premium pricing for modest features, including anti-infective coating, anti-thrombotic properties, tip location and power injector compatibility.

Current Devices and their Limitations Many chronically ill patients requiring long-term vascular access devices have poor or no central venous access as a result of repeated instrumentation of the veins or the presence of pacemaker and defibrillator leads, resulting in thrombosis or scarring. In addition, patients with renal failure need preservation of their peripheral and central veins for future dialysis access. The decades-old core technologies underlying currently available long-term vascular access devices have several limitations which relate directly to the intravascular component of the device. Up to 10% of such devices become infected, which can lead to costly and severe complications and even death (van de Wetering, Cochrane Database 2013). Since they are in constant contact with the blood stream, current devices require regular flushes to clear stagnant blood and prevent thrombus formation and occlusion. Despite these maneuvers, up to one-third of long-term vascular access devices become occluded at some point during their implantation period (Baskin, et al., Lancet 2009) and the resulting clot can dislodge as an embolism causing further downstream complications. This complication requires treatment with clot-dissolving agents or removal and implantation of a new device at an alternative site which in turn can lead to additional complications. Finally, most long-term vascular access devices require surgical insertion and removal, radiographic confirmation of tip placement and careful handling by trained clinicians to prevent the introduction of air into the circulation.

Our Solution. The intraosseous route provides a means for infusing fluids, medications and other substances directly into the bone marrow cavity which communicates with the central venous circulation via nutrient and emissary veins. This route is well established, having been used for decades in a variety of settings including trauma, especially military trauma, and pediatric emergencies. It has been shown to be bioequivalent to the intravenous route. Complication rates are low and there are few contraindications. Recently, physicians have expanded the use of the intraosseous route to non-emergent clinical scenarios. Currently available intraosseous devices pass through the skin into the bone and are therefore limited to short term use. We have developed a novel, implantable intraosseous vascular access device which does not require accessing the central venous system and does not have an indwelling intravascular component. It is designed to be highly resistant to occlusion and, we believe, may not require regular flushing. It features simplified, near-percutaneous insertion and removal, without the need for surgical dissection or radiographic confirmation. It provides a near limitless number of potential access sites and can be used in patients with chronic total occlusion of their central veins. We believe the absence of an intravascular component will result in a very low infection rate.

We have filed a final nonprovisional patent application and advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our PortIO™ product from concept to working prototypes, benchtop, animal, and cadaver testing, commercial design and development, verification and validation testing, and an initial submission to the FDA for 510(k) market clearance for use in patients requiring 24-hour emergency type vascular access.

After further discussion with the FDA, we decided to pursue a broader clearance for use in patients with a need for vascular access up to seven days under section 513(f)2 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, also referred to as de novo classification. We filed a de novo pre-submission package with the FDA which was followed by an in-person meeting on January 9, 2018 to discuss the risk assessment and proposed mitigation testing for the de novo application. Based on their recommendations, the FDA-requested long-term GLP animal study implants and explants have been completed as has supplemental acute animal and cadaver studies designed to support the findings of the GLP study. The data will be submitted to FDA once pathologic analysis of the implant sites is completed.

Of significance toward our belief PortIO will one day become the answer to solve many of the current drawbacks intravenous access devices regularly encounter, our supplemental animal testing demonstrated PortIO was effective as a long-term vascular access device. In parallel with the GLP animal study, we also conducted a long-term pilot study to assess PortIO function and patency for up to 60 days. PortIO devices were used to infuse antibiotics, saline, albumin and blood at various intervals and over various implant durations. The device with the longest implant duration was simply left in place, untouched, with no infusions or flushes for a period of 62 days following implantation. Prior to removal, it’s function and patency were confirmed by injecting intravenous contrast material and visualizing brisk flow into the bone marrow and central veins. There was no evidence of clots, bony ingrowth or infection in any device or implant site. Based on this encouraging animal data, we are planning a long-term FIH series during in dialysis patients in Colombia, South America with a 90-day implant duration and intend to fulfill the likely FDA request for human clinical data with an outside-of-United States (OUS”) study in New Zealand, The CE Mark submission is scheduled for later this year.

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DisappEAR™ - Antimicrobial Resorbable Ear Tubes

The Market. Each year up to one million children, generally between the ages of 2 and 5, with persistent ear infections (otitis media) or middle ear fluid collections (effusions) undergo placement of metal, plastic or latex bilateral ear tubes to ventilate and drain the middle ear. This procedure, formally known as bilateral tympanostomy, is the most common pediatric surgical procedure in the United States. The procedure is performed under general anesthesia. After the procedure, the patients are typically treated with a one-week course of antibiotic ear drops administered twice a day. The tubes are regularly monitored and allowed to remain in place for at least one year until the natural drainage pathway of the middle ear (the Eustachian tube) opens up as the child grows and the surrounding tonsillar tissue regresses. A second procedure, again under general anesthesia, is often needed to remove the tubes once they are no longer needed or if they become dislodged and do not fall out of the ear canal on their own. Although the tubes themselves are marketed as a moderately priced item, the antibiotics course can cost $300 or more. Thus, there is a significant market opportunity of up to $300 million for a system which can replace the post-operative antibiotic drops and reduce the need for future procedures.

Current Devices and their Limitations. As noted, the currently available pediatric ear tubes require general anesthesia for insertion and removal and a course of antibiotic ear drops. The ear drops can be quite difficult for parents to administer in children of younger age which can lead to poor compliance. Furthermore, tube dislodgement is not uncommon. When the tube dislodges into the ear canal it can get embedded in wax and lead to inflammation, obscured visualization of the ear drum, pain and bleeding. When the tube dislodges into the middle ear, where the fragile bones that transduce sound to the inner ear reside, parents and physicians become concerned about long-term damage and hearing loss. As a result, both situations usually require a second procedure, again under general anesthesia. Up to 50% of patients undergoing ear tube placement require a second procedure.

Our Solution. In November 2016, we entered in a licensing agreement with a group of leading academic institutions, including Tufts University and two Harvard Medical School teaching hospitals - Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Massachusetts General Hospital. The agreement provides PAVmed with an exclusive worldwide license for the life of the underlying patents to develop and commercialize antimicrobial resorbable ear tubes based on a proprietary aqueous silk technology conceived and developed at these institutions. One of the visionaries behind this technology, Christopher J. Hartnick, M.D., Professor of Otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School and Chief of Pediatric Otolaryngology at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Massachusetts General Hospital, joined our Medical Advisory Board in October 2016. We are working closely with Dr. Hartnick and Dr. David Kaplan, Stern Family Professor of Engineering, Chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Director of Bioengineering and Biotechnology Center at Tufts University. We have committed to a timeline with certain milestones on the path to commercialization. Once commercialized, the institutions will receive royalties based on revenue and a portion of certain additional proceeds from the sale or sublicensing of the technology to a third party. We believe the resorbable ear tubes will eliminate the need for a second procedure to remove retained or dislodged tubes in most patients. Having the device embedded with antimicrobial agents will eliminate the difficult-to administer post-procedure antibiotic ear tube regimen. Our partners previously completed successful animal studies using working prototypes of the device. Our DisappEAR™ animal study to evaluate resorption rates was initiated in December 2018 with successful implants of machined silk ear tubes. The initial set of explants at three months look excellent and are currently undergoing pathologic analysis. Upon completion, data from this animal study will be used to support a planned FDA 510(k) submission later in 2019. Once this product is commercialized, we believe it will garner premium pricing based on improving compliance and eliminating the significant cost related to the post-procedure antibiotic regimen, the need for second procedure and fewer complications.

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NextCath™ - Self-Anchoring Short-Term Catheters

The Market. A wide variety of short-term catheters are used in clinical practice to infuse fluids, medications or other substances into a vein or other structures, to monitor physiologic parameters and to drain visceral organs or cavities. Interventional radiology catheters, in particular, are widely used to drain various structures and cavities including the pleural space, obstructed kidneys and abscess cavities. There is an increasing appreciation, however, of the importance of catheter securement in preventing complications of all indwelling catheters. There has been an explosion of separate propriety devices marketed to facilitate catheter securement. A report by iData Research Group estimates the catheter securement market to be approximately $4.0 billion annually.

Current Devices and their Limitations. Currently marketed short-term catheters are not self-anchoring, they have been traditionally anchored to the skin with simple tape or some other adhesive incorporated into the sterile dressing. According to a report by Dr. Gregory J. Schears, a pediatric anesthesiologist and expert on catheter securement, both microscopic and macroscopic movements from inadequate catheter securement can lead to complications including vascular injury and dislodgment. Catheter dislodgement leads to increased pain, increased costs and potentially more serious complications arising from interruption of critical treatments or bleeding. These of course can also adversely impact quality of care. Monitoring catheter patency and security and reinserting dislodged catheters is labor intensive. Many types of catheters are sutured to the skin, a process which leads to increased pain and exposure to needle sticks. Dislodgement of interventional radiology catheters are a significant concern since they can lead to serious complications and may require another visit to the procedural suite to replace or reposition the catheter. A wide variety of catheter securement devices are currently marketed. Some have been shown to decrease complications relative to traditional techniques but add cost and complexity to the process.

Our Solution. We are developing self-anchoring short-term catheters which do not require suturing, traditional anchoring techniques or costly add-on catheter securement devices. We are initially focusing on interventional radiology catheters which are less commoditized and result in significantly greater risk when dislodged. Our self-anchoring technique, however, is applicable to most, if not all, short-term catheters. The self-anchoring mechanism is integral to the catheter. It allows insertion with standard techniques and the use of simple clear sterile dressings. It allows the hub of the catheter to be flat and the tubing to come out eccentrically, or parallel to the skin, improving patient comfort and catheter management. We have filed a nonprovisional patent application, engaged design and contract manufacturing firms with experience in extrusions which have completed initial design work on the first product in the NextCath™ product line, and completed head-to-head testing of retention forces, comparing our working prototype to several competing products, which has validated our approach and advanced the commercial design and development process focusing on optimizing the self-anchoring helical portion as well as cost of materials and manufacturing processes. Further development of NextCath™ is subject to availability of additional financial resources. Once this product is commercialized, we believe it will garner premium pricing based on fewer complications and reduced overall costs.

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NextFlo™ - Highly-Accurate Disposable Infusion System

The Market. Each day, over one million patients receive some type of infusion and 90% of hospitalized patients receive an intravenous infusion at some point during their hospital stay. (Husch et al. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2005; 14:80-86). Unlike twenty years ago, nearly all inpatient infusions, including routine ones which do not require flow adjustment, are delivered by expensive electric infusion pumps instead of with simple gravity. An increasing number of these patients are receiving infusions of medications or other substances outside of a hospital, in ambulatory facilities and at home. In addition, disposable infusion pumps (“DIPs”) have many attractive features favor their use in these settings over outpatient electric infusion pumps. Patients tend to favor DIPs because they are small, disposable, simple to operate, easy to conceal, and allow for greater mobility. They are used to deliver medications including antibiotics, local anesthetics and opioids. According to a report by Transparency Market Research, the overall global infusion market is estimated to be over $5.0 billion annually. DIPs account for approximately 10% of this market and inpatient infusion sets for about 20%.

Current Devices and their Limitations. Infusion pump errors are a serious ongoing problem and represent a large share of the overall human and economic burden of medical errors. Electronic infusion pumps have become expensive, high-maintenance devices and have been plagued in recent years with recalls due to serious software and hardware problems. These pumps are designed for fine titration of infusions in complex patients such as those in a critical care setting. Using them for routine administration of medications or fluids is technological overkill. We believe there is a significant market opportunity for a simple, disposable device which can be incorporated into a standard infusion set and eliminate the need for expensive, problem-prone infusion pumps for routine inpatient infusions. In terms of outpatient infusions, currently marketed DIPs are powered by elastomeric membranes, compressed springs, compressed gas or vacuum and controlled by mechanical flow limiters. The primary limitation of DIPs is they can be highly inaccurate in actual use because they can be susceptible to changes in operating conditions (e.g. temperature, atmospheric pressure, viscosity, back pressure, partial filing and prolonged storage). As a result, their safety profiles make them unsuitable for use with medications, such as chemotherapeutics, where flow accuracy is critical to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and avoid complications. The FDA’s MAUDE database includes numerous reports of complications and even deaths as a result of DIPs infusing a particular medication too slowly or too fast. We believe there is a significant market opportunity for highly accurate disposable infusion pumps for outpatient use.

Our Solution. We are developing highly-accurate infusion systems with variable flow resistors. We acquired U.S. Patent 8,622,976 issued January 7, 2014 and associated U.S. and international patent applications, “System and Methods for Infusion of Fluids Using Stored Potential Energy and a Variable Flow Resistor”. We have built on the principles underlying this patent and developed a new concept whereby the variable resistor does not have to be mechanically-linked to the infusion drive mechanism. This simplifies the design and expands the range of potential follow-on products. We have performed extensive computer simulation testing on various embodiments and have demonstrated highly-accurate flow rates across a wide range of driving pressures. We have advanced the design and development of the NextFlo™ device, including a redesign which dramatically simplifies the product, lowers the projected cost of goods and expands its application to routine inpatient infusion sets, resulting in a proof of concept. NextFlo has generated favorable bench-top data, demonstrating it is able to passively adjust its resistance and deliver constant flow across a wide, clinically-relevant pressure range. The project has moved into the industrial and human factors design phase, whereby the technology will be incorporated into a standard intravenous infusion set. Full design verification and validation testing will follow to support an FDA 510(k) submission later this year and we believe will be limited to bench-top testing. Once this product is commercialized, we believe it will command a premium price over existing inpatient infusion sets and low-accuracy, DIPs. We believe infusion sets incorporating this product will permit hospitals to return to gravity and eliminating expensive infusions pumps for the most inpatient infusions. We also believe the accuracy of our device incorporated into DIPs will allow them to be used with a broader range of drugs, thereby significantly expanding the addressable market. Demonstration of this groundbreaking technology to interested strategic partners will commence soon and proceed in parallel with the regulatory process.

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Caldus™ - Disposable Tissue Ablation Devices

The Market. Tissue ablation involves the targeted destruction of tumors or benign tissues with pathologic impact (e.g. gastrointestinal, endometrial and cardiac) using one of a variety of commercially-available ablation devices based on a specific energy source (e.g. radiofrequency, microwave, laser, ultrasound, cryoablation). With the exception of cryoablation, all of these devices act through a common pathway of cellular hyperthermia. A 2014 report by Transparency Market Research estimates the tissue ablation market generates $4.0 billion to $5.0 billion in annual revenue. One target which has not been successfully treated with ablation is fistula tracts, specifically fistula-in-ano. Up to 100,000 patients present with this condition annually. More recently, the renal nerves have been identified as a therapeutic target for ablation in patients with refractory hypertension. Despite a widely publicized clinical trial which failed to meet its endpoint, many believe renal denervation remains an attractive clinical and commercial opportunity with approximately 10 million U.S. and 100 million worldwide patients with resistant hypertension (Pimenta et al. Circulation 2012; 125-1594-96).

Current Devices and their Limitations. All commercially-available devices or those under development for renal denervation rely on some form of a console to generate the ablation energy. These consoles, whether sold or leased as capital equipment or incorporated into the disposable costs, represent a significant portion of the cost of the technology and the procedure. These costs can significantly impact procedural margins and marketing in emerging countries with limited biomedical staff. Another limitation of current devices is they depend on maintaining the conductivity of its energy through the tissue during the ablation period. For example, radiofrequency ablation depends on electrical conductivity to generate heat, but creating too much heat near the probe can generate charring which increases impedance and decreases the effective range of the ablation. A wide variety of technologies and techniques have been developed to accommodate the challenges of ablating across large distances using radiofrequency (e.g. multi-electrode probes, cooling, irrigation and complex power algorithms). As a result, these tissue ablation modalities typically require a complex, external console to assure the precise amount of energy is delivered to the tissue. In addition, the consoles require on-going maintenance and monitoring by the manufacturer and local facility technical staff to assure they remain safe for use in patients. This can be particularly burdensome when commercializing such devices in emerging markets where access to qualified technical personnel may be limited.

Our Solution. We are developing completely disposable tissue ablation devices, including for renal denervation, based on direct thermal ablation of the tissue using heated fluid. We are evaluating which initial applications for our Caldus™ disposable tissue ablation technology to pursue from a clinical and commercial point-of-view and will reinitiate development activity on this product upon resources becoming available. Once this product is commercialized, we believe our completely disposable system will have significantly lower procedural costs and higher margins than existing technologies.

Additional Products

We are evaluating a number of other product opportunities and intellectual property covering a spectrum of clinical conditions, which have been presented to us by clinician innovators and academic medical centers, for consideration of a partnership to develop and commercialize these products. We are also exploring opportunities to partner with larger medical device companies to commercialize our lead products as they move towards regulatory clearance and commercialization; we are evaluating strategic merger and acquisition opportunities which synergize with our growth strategy. Furthermore, we are exploring other opportunities to grow our business and enhance shareholder value through the acquisition of pre-commercial or commercial stage products and /or companies with potential strategic corporate and commercial synergies.

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Our Implementation Strategy

We intend to advance our lead products towards commercialization as quickly and efficiently as possible and expand our product pipeline by advancing our conceptual phase projects through patent submission and early testing.

Although we will continue to conceive and develop products internally, as we grow and expand our resources, we intend to expand our pipeline with innovative products sourced from third parties. In contrast to pharmaceuticals and other life sciences technologies, medical device innovation often begins with one, or at most a few, clinicians and/or engineers identifying an unmet clinical need and proposing a technological solution to address such need. Many academic medical centers and other large institutions try to aggregate their intellectual property through technology transfer centers and, more recently, through “innovation” centers which do not merely secure and transfer intellectual property, but actually advance projects internally prior to spinning them out for eventual commercialization.

It is our belief, despite these efforts, only a small fraction of the potential pool of intellectual capital (i.e. the universe of individual clinicians with innovative product ideas) is participating in medical device innovation. These clinicians rarely engage in the process for a variety of reasons, including the belief they are too busy, can’t afford to divert time away from their practice or that the upfront out-of-pocket costs are too great. Other clinicians believe they lack the knowledge or connections to successfully navigate the process. Technology transfer and full-fledged innovation centers have only had modest success in getting their clinicians to bring them innovative product ideas and even less success getting these products commercialized. Even centers with extensive resources are usually limited in their ability to advance products beyond the pre-clinical phase and are dependent on a shrinking pool of early-stage medical device venture capital to bring their products to market. Furthermore, some technology transfer and innovation centers associated with not-for-profit hospitals, universities, endowments and charitable organizations may be precluded from directly engaging in commercial sales of medical devices, creating opportunities for us to commercialize and market their intellectual property.

Our capital and time efficient model put us in strong position to partner with innovative clinicians and academic medical centers focusing on medical device innovation. We have developed a collaboration model focused on licensing technologies for development and commercialization. Since our founding, we have been contacted by clinicians and centers inquiring about opportunities to work with us on developing and commercializing their ideas and technologies. In November 2016, we signed a definitive licensing agreement with a group of leading academic institutions, including Tufts University and two Harvard Medical School teaching hospitals - Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Massachusetts General Hospital. The agreement provides us with an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize antibiotic-eluting resorbable ear tubes based on a proprietary aqueous silk technology conceived and developed at these institutions, a product we have dubbed DisappEAR™. Once commercialized, the institutions will receive royalties based on revenue and a portion of certain additional proceeds from the sale or sublicensing of the technology to a third party.

Whether internally or externally sourced, we seek to maintain balance within our pipeline with shorter-term, lower-risk products which offer the opportunity for more rapid commercialization, generating revenue to support development of longer-term products. As each product moves through our pipeline from concept to commercialization, we continuously reassess the product’s long-term commercial potential, balance it against other products in the pipeline and re-allocate resources accordingly. As such, we expect to have much greater flexibility to move products through our pipeline based on the actual developments and the overall interests of our company. We may accelerate, decelerate, pause or abandon a product and increase or decrease resources applied to a product based on a variety of factors including available capital, shifts in the regulatory, clinical, market and/or intellectual property landscape for a particular product, the emergence of one or more products with significantly greater commercial potential, or any other factor which may impact its long-term commercial potential.

Sales and Marketing

We currently expect to commercialize our products through a network of independent U.S. medical distributors. We focus on high-margin products which are particularly suitable to this mode of distribution. A high gross margin allows us to properly incentivize our distributors, which in turn allows us to attract the top distributors with the most robust networks in our targeted specialties. Independent distributors play an even larger role in many parts of Europe, most of Asia and emerging markets worldwide.

We eventually may, however, choose to build (or obtain through a strategic acquisition) our own sales and marketing team to commercialize some or all of our products if it is in our long-term interests. We may also choose to enter into distribution agreements with larger strategic partners whereby we take full responsibility for the manufacturing of our products but outsource some or all of its distribution to a partner with its own robust distribution channels. Such agreements may include regional carve outs, minimum sales volumes, margin splitting and/or an option or right of first offer to purchase the technology at a future date. As our pipeline grows, we may choose to jointly commercialize subsets of related products which target certain medical specialties or healthcare locations.

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Manufacturing

We currently have no plans to manufacture our own products because the fixed overhead costs and limited flexibility that come with owning manufacturing facilities are not consistent with our capital efficient model. The entire medical device industry, including many of its largest players, depends heavily on contract manufacturers operating in the United States and abroad. Medical device manufacturers are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other authorities. Compliance with these regulations is costly and particularly onerous on small, development-phase companies. Contract manufacturers can also take advantage of significant economies of scale in terms of purchasing, machining, tooling, specialized personnel, sub-contracting or even off-shoring certain processes to lower-cost operators. These economies are simply not available to us.

We have relationships with many contract manufacturers, including those with specialized skills in several processes important to our devices. We expect them to have sufficient capacity to handle our manufacturing needs and anticipate our growth will be better served by deploying our resources to expand our pipeline and commercialization efforts.

We intend to work closely with our contract manufacturing partners to establish and manage our products’ supply chain, dual sourcing whenever possible. We expect to help them design and build our products’ manufacturing lines including subassembly, assembly, sterilization and packaging and to work closely with them to manage our quality system, to assure compliance with all regulations and to handle inspections or other queries with regulatory bodies. Our contract manufacturers have the ability to add lines and shifts to increase the manufacturing capacity of our products as our demand dictates. We may ship our products directly from our contract manufacturers, but we may also choose to utilize third-party regional warehousing and distribution services.

Intellectual Property

Our business will depend on our ability to create or acquire proprietary medical device technologies to commercialize. We intend to vigorously protect our proprietary technologies’ intellectual property rights in patents, trademarks and copyrights, as available through registration in the United States and internationally. We currently have applied for or own 72 patents across 10 families of products. Patent protection and other proprietary rights are thus essential to our business. Our policy is to aggressively file patent applications to protect our proprietary technologies including inventions and improvements to inventions. We seek patent protection, as appropriate, on:

In addition to filing and prosecuting patent applications in the United States, we intend to file counterpart patent applications in Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, China and other countries worldwide. Foreign filings can be cumbersome and expensive, and we will pursue such filings when we believe they are warranted as we try to balance our international commercialization plans with our desire to protect the global value of the technology.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent or as a result of delays in patent prosecution by the patentee, and a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent.

We intend to continuously reassess and fine-tune our intellectual property strategy in order to fortify our position in the United States and internationally. Prior to acquiring or licensing a technology from a third party, we will evaluate the existing proprietary rights, our ability to adequately obtain and protect these rights and the likelihood or possibility of infringement upon competing rights of others.

We will also rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation, and may rely upon licensing opportunities in the future, to develop and maintain our competitive position. We intend to protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods, including confidentiality agreements and/or proprietary information agreements with suppliers, employees, consultants, independent contractors and other entities who may have access to proprietary information. We will generally require employees to assign patents and other intellectual property to us as a condition of employment with us. All of our consulting agreements will pre-emptively assign to us all new and improved intellectual property that arise during the term of the agreement.

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Coverage and Reimbursement

Our ability to successfully commercialize our products will depend in part on the extent to which governmental authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payors provide coverage for and establish adequate reimbursement levels for the procedures during which our products are used.

In the United States, third-party payors continue to implement initiatives that restrict the use of certain technologies to those that meet certain clinical evidentiary requirements. In addition to uncertainties surrounding coverage policies, there are periodic changes to reimbursement. Third-party payors regularly update reimbursement amounts and also from time to time revise the methodologies used to determine reimbursement amounts. This includes annual updates to payments to physicians, hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers for procedures during which our products are used. An example of payment updates is the Medicare program’s updates to hospital and physician payments, which are done on an annual basis using a prescribed statutory formula. In the past, when the application of the formula resulted in lower payment, Congress has passed interim legislation to prevent the reductions.

A product’s reimbursement profile, both in the U.S. and internationally, is an important component of the product’s commercial opportunity. We prefer projects with existing reimbursement codes, the opportunity to seek reimbursement under higher-value surgical procedure codes or the potential to seek reimbursement under narrow, product-specific codes as opposed to bundled procedure codes. For those products that have high strategic value, but with less defined reimbursement, we have engaged reimbursement experts and support from industry associations to accelerate the acquisition of satisfactory reimbursement levels.

Competition

Developing and commercializing new products is highly competitive. The market is characterized by extensive research and clinical efforts and rapid technological change. We face intense competition worldwide from medical device, biomedical technology and medical products and combination products companies, including major medical products companies. We may be unable to respond to technological advances through the development and introduction of new products. Most of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, distribution, manufacturing and technological resources. These competitors may also be in the process of seeking FDA or other regulatory approvals, or patent protection, for new products. Our competitors may commercialize new products in advance of our products. Our products also face competition from numerous existing products and procedures, some of which currently are considered part of the standard of care. We believe the principal competitive factors in our markets are:

We will also compete in the marketplace to recruit and retain qualified scientific, management and sales personnel, as well as in acquiring technologies and licenses complementary to our products or advantageous to our business. We are aware of several companies that compete or are developing technologies in our current and future products areas. In order to compete effectively, our products will have to achieve market acceptance, receive adequate insurance coverage and reimbursement, be cost effective and be simultaneously safe and effective.

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Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of products such as those we are developing. The following is a summary of the government regulations applicable to our business.

Healthcare Reform

Current and future legislative proposals to further reform healthcare or reduce healthcare costs may result in lower reimbursement for our products, or for the procedures associated with the use of our products, or limit coverage of our products. The cost containment measures payors and providers are instituting and the effect of any healthcare reform initiative implemented in the future could significantly reduce our revenues from the sale of our products. Alternatively, the shift away from fee-for-service agreements to capitated payment models may support the value of our products which can be shown to decrease resource utilization and lead to cost saving - for both payors and providers.

The implementation of the Affordable Care Act is an example that has the potential to substantially change healthcare financing and delivery by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impact the pharmaceutical and medical device industries.

The Affordable Care Act imposed, among other things, a new federal excise tax on the sale of certain medical devices. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Pub. L. 114-113), signed into law on Dec. 18, 2015, included a two-year moratorium on the medical device excise tax imposed by Internal Revenue Code section 4191. Because of the moratorium, the medical device excise tax did not apply to sales of taxable medical devices during the period beginning on January 1, 2016 and ending on December 31, 2017. The moratorium expired on Dec. 31, 2017. On January 22, 2018 as part of a stop gap spending bill, President Trump signed into law a moratorium for an additional two years retroactive to January 1, 2018. The tax will not go into effect until January 1, 2020.

In addition, the ACA implemented payment system reforms including a national pilot program on payment bundling to encourage hospitals, physicians and other providers to improve the coordination, quality and efficiency of certain healthcare services through bundled payment models. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, (“PPACA”) was enacted. On August 2, 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2.0% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013, and will stay in effect through 2024 unless congressional action is taken. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 took effect, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. We expect additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressure. Additionally, there is no assurance the PPACA, in whole or in part, will not be repealed in the future. Any impact such a repeal would have on the medical device industry remains unclear.

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FDA Regulation

Any product we may develop must be cleared by the FDA before it is marketed in the United States. Before and after approval or clearance in the United States, our products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and/or the Public Health Service Act, as well as by other regulatory bodies. FDA regulations govern, among other things, the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, safety, storage, recordkeeping, market clearance or approval, advertising and promotion, import and export, marketing and sales, and distribution of medical devices and products.

In the United States, medical devices are subject to varying degrees of regulatory control and are classified in one of three classes depending on the extent of controls the FDA determines are necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and efficacy:

In general, the higher the classification, the greater the time and cost to obtain approval to market. There are no “standardized” requirements for approval, even within each class. For example, the FDA could grant 510(k) status, but require a human clinical trial, a typical requirement of a PMA. They could also initially assign a device Class III status but end up approving a device as a 510(k) device if certain requirements are met. The range of the number and expense of the various requirements is significant. The quickest and least expensive pathway would be 510(k) approval with just a review of existing data. The longest and most expensive path would be a PMA with extensive randomized human clinical trials. We cannot predict how the FDA will classify our products, nor predict what requirements will be placed upon us to obtain market approval, or even if they will approve our products at all.

To request marketing authorization by means of a 510(k) clearance, we must submit a pre-market notification demonstrating the proposed device is substantially equivalent to another currently legally marketed medical device, has the same intended use, and is as safe and effective as a currently legally marketed device and does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness than does a currently legally marketed device. 510(k) submissions generally include, among other things, a description of the device and its manufacturing, device labeling, medical devices to which the device is substantially equivalent, safety and biocompatibility information, and the results of performance testing. In some cases, a 510(k) submission must include data from human clinical studies. Marketing may commence only when the FDA issues a clearance letter finding substantial equivalence. After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any product modification that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the product, or would constitute a significant change in intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or, if the device would no longer be substantially equivalent, would require PMA, or possibly, a de novo pathway under section 513(f)2 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act . In addition, any additional claims the Company wished to make at a later date may require a PMA. If the FDA determines the product does not qualify for 510(k) clearance, they will issue a Not Substantially Equivalent letter, at which point the Company must submit and the FDA must approve a PMA or issue premarket clearance using the de novo before marketing can begin.

In 1997, the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) added the de novo classification pathway under section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act, establishing an alternate pathway to classify new devices into Class I or II that had automatically been placed in Class III after receiving a Not Substantially Equivalent (NSE) determination in response to a 510(k) submission. In this process, a sponsor who receives an NSE determination may, within 30 days of receiving notice of the NSE determination, request FDA to make a risk-based classification of the device under section 513(a)(1) of the Act.

In 2012, section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act was amended by section 607 of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA), to provide a second option for de novo classification. In this second pathway, a sponsor who determines there is no legally marketed device upon which to base a determination of substantial equivalence may request FDA to make a risk-based classification of the device under section 513(a)(1) of the Act without first submitting a 510(k).

During the review of a 510(k) submission, the FDA may request more information or additional studies and may decide the indications for which we seek approval or clearance should be limited. In addition, laws and regulations and the interpretation of those laws and regulations by the FDA may change in the future. We cannot foresee what effect, if any, such changes may have on us.

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Clinical Trials of Medical Devices

One or more clinical trials may be necessary to support an FDA submission. Clinical studies of unapproved or uncleared medical devices or devices being studied for uses for which they are not approved or cleared (investigational devices) must be conducted in compliance with FDA requirements. If an investigational device could pose a significant risk to patients, the sponsor company must submit an Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE application to the FDA prior to initiation of the clinical study. An IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory test results, showing it is safe to test the device on humans and the testing protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA unless the FDA notifies the company the investigation may not begin. Clinical studies of investigational devices may not begin until an institutional review board (“IRB”) has approved the study.

During any study, the sponsor must comply with the FDA’s IDE requirements. These requirements include investigator selection, trial monitoring, adverse event reporting, and record keeping. The investigators must obtain patient informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and study protocol, control the disposition of investigational devices, and comply with reporting and record keeping requirements. We, the FDA, or the IRB at each institution at which a clinical trial is being conducted may suspend a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable risk. During the approval or clearance process, the FDA typically inspects the records relating to the conduct of one or more investigational sites participating in the study supporting the application.

Post-Approval Regulation of Medical Devices

After a device is cleared or approved for marketing, numerous and pervasive regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

We will continue to be subject to inspection by the FDA to determine our compliance with regulatory requirements.

Manufacturing cGMP Requirements

Manufacturers of medical devices are required to comply with FDA manufacturing requirements contained in the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) set forth in the quality system regulations promulgated under section 520 of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. cGMP regulations require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Failure to comply with statutory and regulatory requirements subjects a manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, including the seizure or recall of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations, and civil and criminal penalties. Adverse experiences with the product must be reported to the FDA and could result in the imposition of marketing restrictions through labeling changes or in product withdrawal. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy of the product occur following the approval. We expect to use contract manufacturers to manufacture our products for the foreseeable future we will therefore be dependent on their compliance with these requirements to market our products. We work closely with our contract manufacturers to assure our products are in strict compliance with these regulations.

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Other U.S. Regulation

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing and promotion of drugs and devices, other federal and state laws restrict our business practices. These laws include, without limitation, anti-kickback and false claims laws, data privacy and security laws, as well as transparency laws regarding payments or other items of value provided to healthcare providers.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available under such laws, it is possible some of our business activities, including certain sales and marketing practices and the provision of certain items and services to our customers, could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the health regulatory laws described above or any other laws that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including potentially significant criminal and civil and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

Physician Payment Sunshine Act

There has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments and transfers of value provided to healthcare professionals or entities. On February 8, 2013, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, released its final rule implementing section 6002 of the Affordable Care Act known as the Physician Payment Sunshine Act that imposes new annual reporting requirements on device manufacturers for payments and other transfers of value provided by them, directly or indirectly, to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their family members. A manufacturer’s failure to submit timely, accurately and completely the required information for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests may result in civil monetary penalties of up to an aggregate of $150,000 per year, and up to an aggregate of  $1 million per year for “knowing failures.” Manufacturers that produces at least one product reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid, or Children’s Health Insurance Program and i.) If the product is a drug or biological, and it requires a prescription (or physician’s authorization) to administer; or ii.) If the product is a device or medical supply, and it requires premarket approval or premarket notification by the FDA are required to comply with the Open Payments (commonly referred to as the Sunshine Act) filing requirements under CMS. We currently do not have any products covered by Medicare, Medicaid, or Children’s Health Insurance Program as none of our products have premarket approval or clearance notification. We expect once our products receive regulatory clearance, we will be required to comply with the Sunshine Act provisions.

Certain states, such as California and Connecticut, also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, and other states, such as Massachusetts and Vermont, impose restrictions on device manufacturer marketing practices and require tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to healthcare professionals and entities. The shifting commercial compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with different compliance or reporting requirements in multiple jurisdictions increase the possibility a healthcare company may fail to comply fully with one or more of these requirements.

Federal Anti-Kickback Statute

The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any good, facility, item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all its facts and circumstances. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the Anti-Kickback Statute has been violated.

Additionally, the intent standard under the Anti-Kickback Statute was amended by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively the Affordable Care Act, to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the Affordable Care Act codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

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Federal False Claims Act

The False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval to the federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. The False Claims Act also applies to false submissions that cause the government to be paid less than the amount to which it is entitled, such as a rebate. Intent to deceive is not required to establish liability under the False Claims Act. Several pharmaceutical, device and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for, among other things, allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the companies’ marketing of products for unapproved, and thus noncovered uses.

The government may further prosecute, as a crime, conduct constituting a false claim under the False Claims Act. The False Claims Act prohibits the making or presenting of a claim to the government knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent and, unlike civil claims under the False Claims Act, requires proof of intent to submit a false claim.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. Activities that violate the FCPA, even if they occur wholly outside the United States, can result in criminal and civil fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, oversight, and debarment from government contracts.

International Regulation

In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. We may be subject to regulations and product registration requirements in the areas of product standards, packaging requirements, labeling requirements, import and export restrictions and tariff regulations, duties and tax requirements. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable foreign regulatory authorities before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in foreign countries and jurisdictions. The time required to obtain clearance required by foreign countries may be longer or shorter than required for FDA clearance, and requirements for licensing a product in a foreign country may differ significantly from FDA requirements.

European Union

The European Union or EU will require a CE mark certification or approval in order to market our products in the various countries of the European Union or other countries outside the United States. To obtain CE mark certification of our products, we will be required to work with an accredited European notified body organization to determine the appropriate documents required to support certification in accordance with existing medical device directive. The predictability of the length of time and cost associated with such a CE mark may vary or may include lengthy clinical trials to support such a marking. Once the CE mark is obtained, we may market our product in the countries of the EU.

European Good Manufacturing Practices

In the European Union, the manufacture of medical devices is subject to good manufacturing practice (GMP), as set forth in the relevant laws and guidelines of the European Union and its member states. Compliance with GMP is generally assessed by the competent regulatory authorities. Typically, quality system evaluation is performed by a Notified Body, which also recommends to the relevant competent authority for the European Community CE Marking of a device. The Competent Authority may conduct inspections of relevant facilities, and review manufacturing procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. In addition to obtaining approval for each product, in many cases each device manufacturing facility must be audited on a periodic basis by the Notified Body. Further inspections may occur over the life of the product.

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Employees

Currently, we have nine full-time compensated employees, including our Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), our Executive Vice President (“EVP”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), and our Chief Medical Officer (“CMO”), each of whom are named executive officers, along with our Vice Chairman, who is currently not a compensated employee of the Company, but is a member of our board of directors. No employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Available Information

We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act.” We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to the SEC. We also make available, free of charge on our website, the reports filed with the SEC by our executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders pursuant to Section 16 under the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after copies of those filings are provided to us by those persons. The public also may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549, on official business days during the hours of 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us that we file electronically with the SEC.

Our website address is http://www.pavmed.com. The content of our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, nor in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any reference to our website are intended to be inactive textual references only.

Item 1A Risk Factors

The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Financial Position and Capital Resources

We have incurred operating losses since our inception and may not be able to achieve profitability.

We have incurred net losses since our inception.

In 2018, we incurred a net loss attributable to PAVmed Inc. common stockholders of approximately $18.8 million and net cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $8.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2018. We had an accumulated deficit of approximately $37.0 million and negative working capital of approximately $2.5 million, with such working capital inclusive of approximately $7.9 million of the Senior Secured Convertible Note classified as a current liability and approximately $8.2 million of cash as of December 31, 2018.

In 2017, we incurred a net loss attributable to PAVmed Inc. common stockholders of approximately $10.4 million and net cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $6.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. We had an accumulated deficit of approximately $17.9 million and negative working capital of approximately $(0.9) million, with such working capital inclusive of approximately $1.0 million of derivative liabilities and approximately $1.5 million of cash as of December 31, 2017.

To date, since our inception in June 2014, we have financed our operations principally through issuances of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, and debt, in both private placements and underwritten public offerings of our securities. Our ability to generate sufficient revenue from any of our products in development, and to transition to profitability and generate consistent positive cash flows is dependent upon factors that may be outside of our control. We expect our operating expenses will continue to increase as we continue to build our commercial infrastructure, develop, enhance and commercialize new products and incur additional operational and reporting costs associated with being a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future.

We have concluded there is substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern and our independent registered public accounting firm’s report on our financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph describing our ability to continue as a going concern.

In our December 31, 2018 consolidated financial statements, we have concluded and stated our recurring losses from operations, recurring cash flows used in operations, accumulated deficit, and the requirement to raise additional capital to support our operating and capital expenditures, raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Correspondingly, our independent registered public accounting firm’s report on our consolidated financial statements also includes an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our plans to address this going concern risk include, pursuing additional offerings of debt and /or equity securities. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments might result from our inability to consummate such offerings or our ability to continue as a going concern. Moreover, there is no assurance if we consummate additional offerings, we will raise sufficient proceeds in such offerings to pay our financial obligations as they become due. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may need substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which could force us to delay, reduce, eliminate or abandon growth initiatives or product development programs.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth. Because we have not generated any revenue or cash flow to date, we will require additional funds to:

If we do not have, or are not able to obtain, sufficient funds, we may have to delay product development initiatives or license to third parties the rights to commercialize products or technologies we would otherwise seek to market. We also may have to reduce marketing, customer support or other resources devoted to our products.

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Risks Associated with Our Business

Since we have a limited operating history, and have not generated any revenues, you will have little basis upon which to evaluate our ability to achieve our business objective.

Since we have a limited operating history, and have not generated any revenues, you will have little basis upon which to evaluate our ability to achieve our business objective. We are subject to all of the problems, expenses, delays and other risks inherent in any new business, as well as problems inherent in establishing a name and business reputation.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and we may not be able to effectively compete against other providers of medical devices, particularly those with greater resources.

We face intense competition from companies with dominant market positions in the medical device industry. These competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have and may be better able to:

We expect competition in the markets in which we participate to continue to increase as existing competitors improve or expand their product offerings.

Our future performance will depend largely on the success of products we have not yet developed.

Technology is an important component of our business and growth strategy, and our success depends on the development, implementation and acceptance of our products. Commitments to develop new products must be made well in advance of any resulting sales, and technologies and standards may change during development, potentially rendering our products outdated or uncompetitive before their introduction. Our ability to develop products to meet evolving industry requirements and at prices acceptable to our customers will be significant factors in determining our competitiveness. We may expend considerable funds and other resources on the development of our products without any guarantee these products will be successful. If we are not successful in bringing one or more products to market, whether because we fail to address marketplace demand, fail to develop viable technologies or otherwise, we may not generate any revenues and our results of operations could be seriously harmed.

Our products may never achieve market acceptance.

To date, we have not generated any revenues. Our ability to generate revenues from product sales and to achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to successfully commercialize our products. Because we have not yet begun to offer any of our products for sale, we have no basis to predict whether any of our products will achieve market acceptance. A number of factors may limit the market acceptance of any of our products, including:

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Risks Associated with Our Business - continued

Any products we may develop may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, thereby harming our business.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more other products we may develop, even if our other products we may develop obtain regulatory approval.

Our ability to commercialize any products we may develop successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments becomes available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which treatments they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular treatments. We cannot be sure reimbursement will be available for any product we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product we successfully develop.

Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower cost products that are already reimbursed and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of products from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government funded and private payors could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product to other available therapies. Our business could be materially harmed if reimbursement of any products we may develop, if any, is unavailable or limited in scope or amount or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels.

Any products we may develop may cause serious adverse side effects or even death or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial desirability of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following any marketing approval.

The risk of failure of clinical development is high. It is impossible to predict when or if any products we may develop will prove safe enough to receive regulatory approval. Undesirable side effects caused by any products we may develop could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials. They could also result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority.

Additionally, after receipt of marketing approval of any products we may develop, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects or even deaths caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product.

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Risks Associated with Our Business - continued

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the sale of any products we may develop. The marketing, sale and use of any products we may develop could lead to the filing of product liability claims against us if someone alleges product failures, product malfunctions, manufacturing flaws, or design defects, resulted in injury to patients. We may also be subject to liability for a misunderstanding of, or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that any product, we may develop caused injuries, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

In addition, insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

We may not be able to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could impair our competitive position.

Our success depends significantly on our ability to protect our rights to the patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and all the other intellectual property rights used, or expected to be used, in our products. Protecting intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. We rely primarily on patent protection and trade secrets, as well as a combination of copyright and trademark laws and nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements to protect our technology and intellectual property rights. However, these legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or maintain any competitive advantage. Despite our intellectual property rights practices, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology without authorization, develop similar technology independently or design around our patents.

We cannot be assured that any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent to us. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or PTO, may deny or require significant narrowing of claims in our pending patent applications, and patents issued as a result of the pending patent applications, if any, may not provide us with significant commercial protection or be issued in a form that is advantageous to us. We could also incur substantial costs in proceedings before the PTO. Patents that may be issued to or licensed by us in the future may expire or may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing related technologies. Upon expiration of our issued or licensed patents, we may lose some of our rights to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing products using the technology based on the expired patents. There is no assurance that competitors will not be able to design around our patents.

Further, we may not be able to obtain patent protection or secure other intellectual property rights in all the countries in which we operate, and under the laws of such countries, patents and other intellectual property rights may be unavailable or limited in scope. If any of our patents fails to protect our technology, it would make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products. Our trade secrets may be vulnerable to disclosure or misappropriation by employees, contractors and other persons. Any inability on our part to adequately protect our intellectual property may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also rely on unpatented proprietary technology. We cannot assure you that we can meaningfully protect all our rights in our unpatented proprietary technology or that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary products or processes or otherwise gain access to our unpatented proprietary technology. We seek to protect our know-how and other unpatented proprietary technology, as trade secrets or otherwise, with confidentiality agreements and/or intellectual property assignment agreements with our team members, independent distributors and consultants. However, such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements or in the event that our competitors discover or independently develop similar or identical designs or other proprietary information. Our trade secrets may be vulnerable to disclosure or misappropriation by employees, contractors and other persons.

In addition, we intend to rely on the use of registered and common law trademarks with respect to the brand names of some of our products. Common law trademarks provide less protection than registered trademarks. Loss of rights in our trademarks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Associated with Our Business - continued

We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims by third parties which could be costly to defend, divert management’s attention and resources, and may result in liability.

The medical device industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights. Companies in the medical device industry have used intellectual property litigation to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. From time to time, third parties may assert against us their patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights relating to technologies that are important to our business. Searching for existing intellectual property rights may not reveal important intellectual property and our competitors may also have filed for patent protection, which is not publicly-available information, or claimed trademark rights that have not been revealed through our availability searches. We may be subject to claims that our team members have disclosed, or that we have used, trade secrets or other proprietary information of our team members’ former employers. Our efforts to identify and avoid infringing on third parties’ intellectual property rights may not always be successful. Any claims that our products or processes infringe these rights, regardless of their merit or resolution, could be costly, time consuming and may divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel. In addition, we may not prevail in such proceedings given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in intellectual property litigation.

Any claims of patent or other intellectual property infringement against us, even those without merit, could:

Any of the foregoing could affect our ability to compete or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Competitors may violate our intellectual property rights, and we may bring litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, which may result in substantial expense and may divert our attention from implementing our business strategy.

We believe that the success of our business depends, in significant part, on obtaining patent protection for our products and technologies, defending our patents and preserving our trade secrets. Our failure to pursue any potential claim could result in the loss of our proprietary rights and harm our position in the marketplace. Therefore, we may be forced to pursue litigation to enforce our rights. Future litigation could result in significant costs and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations and the implementation of our business strategy.

We or our third-party manufacturers may not have the manufacturing and processing capacity to meet the production requirements of clinical testing or consumer demand in a timely manner.

Our capacity to conduct clinical trials and commercialize our products will depend in part on our ability to manufacture or provide our products on a large scale, at a competitive cost and in accordance with regulatory requirements. We must establish and maintain a commercial scale manufacturing process for all of our products to complete clinical trials. We or our third-party manufacturers may encounter difficulties with these processes at any time that could result in delays in clinical trials, regulatory submissions or the commercialization of products.

For some of our products, we or our third-party manufacturers will need to have sufficient production and processing capacity in order to conduct human clinical trials, to produce products for commercial sale at an acceptable cost. We have no experience in large-scale product manufacturing, nor do we have the resources or facilities to manufacture most of our products on a commercial scale. We cannot guarantee that we or our third-party manufacturers will be able to increase capacity in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. Delays in providing or increasing production or processing capacity could result in additional expense or delays in our clinical trials, regulatory submissions and commercialization of our products.

The manufacturing processes for our products have not yet been tested at commercial levels, and it may not be possible to manufacture or process these materials in a cost-effective manner.

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Risks Associated with Our Business - continued

Our business may suffer if we are unable to manage our growth.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our ability to execute our business strategy could be impaired. The anticipated rapid growth of our business may place a strain on our management, operations and financial systems. We need to improve existing systems and controls or implement new systems and controls in response to anticipated growth.

We will be dependent on third-party manufacturers since we will not initially directly manufacture our products.

Initially, we will not directly manufacture our products and will rely on third parties to do so for us. If our manufacturing and distribution agreements are not satisfactory, we may not be able to develop or commercialize products as planned. In addition, we may not be able to contract with third parties to manufacture our products in an economical manner. Furthermore, third-party manufacturers may not adequately perform their obligations, may delay clinical development or submission of products for regulatory approval or otherwise may impair our competitive position. We may not be able to enter into or maintain relationships with manufacturers that comply with good manufacturing practices. If a product manufacturer fails to comply with good manufacturing practices, we could experience significant time delays or we may be unable to commercialize or continue to market the products. Changes in our manufacturers could require costly new product testing and facility compliance inspections. In the United States, failure to comply with good manufacturing practices or other applicable legal requirements can lead to federal seizure of violative products, injunctive actions brought by the federal government, and potential criminal and civil liability on the part of a company and its officers and employees. Because of these and other factors, we may not be able to replace our manufacturing capacity quickly or efficiently in the event that our manufacturers are unable to manufacture our products at one or more of their facilities. As a result, the sale and marketing of our products could be delayed or we could be forced to develop our own manufacturing capacity, which could require substantial additional funds and personnel and compliance with extensive regulations.

We may be dependent on the sales and marketing efforts of third parties if we choose not to develop an extensive sales and marketing staff.

Initially, we will depend on the efforts of third parties (including sales agents and distributors) to carry out the sales and marketing of our products. We anticipate that each third party will control the amount and timing of resources generally devoted to these activities. However, these third parties may not be able to generate demand for our products. In addition, there is a risk that these third parties will develop products competitive to ours, which would likely decrease their incentive to vigorously promote and sell our products. If we are unable to enter into co-promotion agreements or to arrange for third-party distribution of our products, we will be required to expend time and resources to develop an effective internal sales force. However, it may not be economical for us to market our own products or we may be unable to effectively market our products. Therefore, our business could be harmed if we fail to enter into arrangements with third parties for the sales and marketing of our products or otherwise fail to establish sufficient marketing capabilities.

Our officers will allocate their time to other businesses thereby potentially limiting the amount of time they devote to our affairs. This conflict of interest could have a negative impact on our operations.

Our officers are not required to commit their full time to our affairs, which could create a conflict of interest when allocating their time between our operations and their other commitments. We presently expect each of our employees to devote such amount of time as they reasonably believe is necessary to our business. All of our officers are engaged in several other business endeavors and are not obligated to devote any specific number of hours to our affairs. If our officers’ other business affairs require them to devote more substantial amounts of time to such affairs, it could limit their ability to devote time to our affairs and could have a negative impact on our operations. We cannot assure you these conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Our ability to be successful will be totally dependent upon the efforts of our key personnel.

Our ability to successfully carry out our business plan is dependent upon the efforts of our key personnel. We cannot assure you that any of our key personnel will remain with us for the immediate or foreseeable future. The unexpected loss of the services of our key personnel could have a detrimental effect on us. We may also be unable to attract and retain additional key personnel in the future. An inability to do so may impact our ability to continue and grow our operations.

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Risks Associated with Our Business - continued

Our officers have fiduciary obligations to other companies and, accordingly, may have conflicts of interest in determining to which entity a particular business opportunity should be presented.

Certain of our officers have fiduciary obligations to other companies engaged in medical device business activities, namely Saphena Medical, Kaleidoscope Medical and Cruzar Medsystems. Accordingly, they may participate in transactions and have obligations that may be in conflict or competition with our business. As a result, a potential business opportunity may be presented by certain members of our management team to another entity prior to its presentation to us and we may not be afforded the opportunity to engage in such a transaction.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by the political and economic conditions of the countries in which we conduct business.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by the political and economic conditions of the countries in which we conduct business. These factors include:

Any products we may develop may not be approved for sale in the U.S. or in any other country.

Neither we nor any future collaboration partner can commercialize any products we may develop in the U.S. or in any foreign country without first obtaining regulatory approval for the product from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The approval route in the U.S. for any products we may develop may be either via the PMA process, a de novo 510(k) pathway, or traditional 510(k). The PMA approval process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. Additional randomized, controlled clinical trials may be necessary to obtain approval. The approval process may take several years to complete and may never be obtained. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product we may develop in the U.S., we must demonstrate with substantial evidence, gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, that the planned products are safe and effective for use for that target indication. We may not conduct such a trial or may not successfully enroll or complete any such trial. Any products we may develop may not achieve the required primary endpoint in the clinical trial and may not receive regulatory approval. We must also demonstrate that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls for any products we may develop are adequate. Moreover, obtaining regulatory approval in one country for marketing of any products we may develop does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries.

Even if we or any future collaboration partner were to successfully obtain a regulatory approval for any product we may develop, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for any products, we may develop in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient revenue to justify commercial launch. Also, any regulatory approval of a product, once obtained, may be withdrawn. If we are unable to successfully obtain regulatory approval to sell any products we may develop in the U.S. or other countries, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation

The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain, and may prevent us or our partners from obtaining approval for the commercialization of any products we may develop. Approval of products in the U.S. or other territories may require that we, or a partner, conduct randomized, controlled clinical trials.

The regulatory pathway in the U.S. for approval of the products we are currently developing has not been determined. However, it is possible the FDA will require us to file for approval via the PMA pathway for one or more of our planned products. In this case, the FDA is likely to require that randomized, controlled clinical trials be conducted before an application for approval can be filed. These are typically expensive and time consuming and require substantial commitment of financial and personnel resources from the sponsoring company. These clinical trials also entail significant risk, and the resulting data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA or other regulatory bodies.

Furthermore, regulatory approval of a PMA or a 510(k) pathway is not guaranteed, and the filing and approval process itself is expensive and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. Despite the time and expense exerted, failure may occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical studies. The FDA can delay, limit, or deny approval of a future product for many reasons, including but not limited to:

If any products we may develop fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy in further clinical studies may be required, or do not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any product we may develop, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and subject us to penalties if we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

Once regulatory approval has been obtained, the approved product and its manufacturer are subject to continual review by the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Our regulatory approval for any products we may develop may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. Future approvals may contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies to monitor the safety and efficacy of the approved product. In addition, we are subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements by the FDA and other regulatory authorities with regard to the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for our products. In addition, we are required to comply with cGMP regulations regarding the manufacture of any products we may develop, which include requirements related to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Further, regulatory authorities must approve these manufacturing facilities before they can be used to manufacture drug products, and these facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations. If we or a third party discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

Failure to obtain regulatory approvals in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products internationally.

We intend to seek distribution and marketing partners for one or more of the products we may develop in foreign countries. The approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional clinical testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Moreover, clinical studies or manufacturing processes conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and even if we file, we may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation - continued

Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent our products’ commercial success.

In the U.S., there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system in ways that could affect our future revenue and profitability and the future revenue and profitability of our potential customers. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that could result in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. For example, one of the most significant healthcare reform measures in decades, the PPACA, was enacted in 2010. The PPACA contains a number of provisions, including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse measures, all of which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs. The PPACA, among other things:

While the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of most elements of the PPACA in June 2012, other legal challenges are still pending final adjudication in several jurisdictions. In addition, Congress has also proposed a number of legislative initiatives, including possible repeal of the PPACA. At this time, it remains unclear whether there will be any changes made to the PPACA, whether to certain provisions or its entirety. The 2.3% tax on sales of medical devices may be applicable to sales of one or more products we may develop. We cannot assure you that the PPACA, as currently enacted or as amended in the future, will not adversely affect our business and financial results and we cannot predict how future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform will affect our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. For example, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals for spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, which triggered the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs, including aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2.0% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by the sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The ATRA, among other things, also reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. In March 2013, President Obama signed an executive order implementing sequestration, and in April 2013, the 2.0% Medicare reductions went into effect. We cannot predict whether any additional legislative changes will affect our business.

There likely will continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at containing or lowering the cost of health care. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future or their full impact. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of health care may adversely affect:

Further, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur, both in the United States and in foreign countries, and we may need to amend clinical study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical study protocols to IRB’s for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical study. In light of widely publicized events concerning the safety risk of certain drug and medical device products, regulatory authorities, members of Congress, the Governmental Accounting Office, medical professionals and the general public have raised concerns about potential safety issues. These events have resulted in the recall and withdrawal of medical device products, revisions to product labeling that further limit use of products and establishment of risk management programs that may, for instance, restrict distribution of certain products or require safety surveillance or patient education. The increased attention to safety issues may result in a more cautious approach by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to clinical studies and the drug approval process. Data from clinical studies may receive greater scrutiny with respect to safety, which may make the FDA or other regulatory authorities more likely to terminate or suspend clinical studies before completion or require longer or additional clinical studies that may result in substantial additional expense and a delay or failure in obtaining approval or approval for a more limited indication than originally sought.

Given the serious public health risks of high profile adverse safety events with certain products, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require, as a condition of approval, costly risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, which may include safety surveillance, restricted distribution and use, patient education, enhanced labeling, special packaging or labeling, expedited reporting of certain adverse events, preapproval of promotional materials and restrictions on direct-to-consumer advertising.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation - continued

If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, without limitation:

The PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation - continued

If required, clinical trials necessary to support a 510(k) notice or PMA application will be expensive and will require the enrollment of large numbers of patients, and suitable patients may be difficult to identify and recruit. Delays or failures in our clinical trials will prevent us from commercializing any modified or new products and will adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

Initiating and completing clinical trials necessary to support a 510(k) notice or a PMA application will be time-consuming and expensive and the outcome uncertain. Moreover, the results of early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and any product the Company advances into clinical trials may not have favorable results in early or later clinical trials.

Conducting successful clinical studies will require the enrollment of large numbers of patients, and suitable patients may be difficult to identify and recruit. Patient enrollment in clinical trials and completion of patient participation and follow-up depend on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the attractiveness of, or the discomforts and risks associated with, the treatments received by patients enrolled as subjects, the availability of appropriate clinical trial investigators, support staff, and proximity of patients to clinical sites and ability to comply with the eligibility and exclusion criteria for participation in the clinical trial and patient compliance. For example, patients may be discouraged from enrolling in our clinical trials if the trial protocol requires them to undergo extensive post-treatment procedures or follow-up to assess the safety and effectiveness of our products or if they determine that the treatments received under the trial protocols are not attractive or involve unacceptable risks or discomforts. Patients may also not participate in our clinical trials if they choose to participate in contemporaneous clinical trials of competitive products. In addition, patients participating in clinical trials may die before completion of the trial or suffer adverse medical events unrelated to investigational products.

Development of sufficient and appropriate clinical protocols to demonstrate safety and efficacy may be required and the Company may not adequately develop such protocols to support clearance and approval. Further, the FDA may require the Company to submit data on a greater number of patients than it originally anticipated and/or for a longer follow-up period or change the data collection requirements or data analysis for any clinical trials. Delays in patient enrollment or failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical trial may cause an increase in costs and delays in the approval and attempted commercialization of our products or result in the failure of the clinical trial. The FDA may not consider our data adequate to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Such increased costs and delays or failures could adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

The results of the Company’s clinical trials may not support our product candidate claims or may result in the discovery of adverse side effects.

Even if any of the Company’s clinical trials are completed as planned, it cannot be certain that study results will support product candidate claims or that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical evaluation and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses, which could cause us to abandon a product candidate and may delay development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing of our product submissions and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of the product candidate’s profile.

The Company’s medical products may in the future be subject to product recalls that could harm its reputation, business and financial results.

The FDA has the authority to require the recall of commercialized medical device products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. In the case of the FDA, the authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious injury or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by the Company or one of its distributors could occur as a result of component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of the Company’s products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to the FDA within ten (10) working days after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. The Company may initiate voluntary recalls involving its products in the future that the Company determines do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with the Company’s determinations, they could require the Company to report those actions as recalls. A future recall announcement could harm the Company’s reputation with customers and negatively affect its sales. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for failing to report the recalls when they were conducted. No recalls of the Company’s medical products have been reported to the FDA.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Related to Government Regulation - continued

If the Company’s medical products cause or contribute to a death or a serious injury, or malfunction in certain ways, we will be subject to medical device reporting regulations, which can result in voluntary corrective actions or agency enforcement actions.

Under the FDA medical device reporting regulations, medical device manufacturers are required to report to the FDA information that a device has or may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or has malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction of the device or one of our similar devices were to recur. If the Company fails to report these events to the FDA within the required timeframes, or at all, the FDA could take enforcement action against the Company. Any such adverse event involving its products also could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or agency action, such as inspection or enforcement action. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of the Company’s time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm its reputation and financial results.

If the effectiveness and safety of the Company’s devices are not supported by long-term data, the Company’s future revenues could decline.

The Company’s products may not be accepted in the market if the Company does not produce clinical data supported by the independent efforts of clinicians, and if that data indicates that treatment with the Company’s products does not provide patients with sustained benefits or that treatment with the Company’s products is less effective or less safe than the Company’s current data suggests, the Company’s future revenues could decline. In addition, the FDA could then bring legal or regulatory enforcement actions against the Company and/or its products including, but not limited to, recalls or requirements for pre-market 510(k) authorizations. The Company can give no assurance that its data will be substantiated in studies involving more patients. In such a case, the Company may never achieve significant revenues or profitability.

If the Company is found to be promoting the use of its devices for unapproved or “off-label” uses or engaging in other noncompliant activities, the Company may be subject to recalls, seizures, fines, penalties, injunctions, adverse publicity, prosecution, or other adverse actions, resulting in damage to its reputation and business.

The Company’s labeling, advertising, promotional materials and user training materials must comply with the FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition of the promotion of a medical device for a use that has not been cleared or approved by the FDA. Obtaining 510(k) clearance or PMA approval only permits the Company to promote its products for the uses specifically cleared by the FDA. Use of a device outside its cleared or approved indications is known as “off-label” use. Physicians and consumers may use the Company’s products off-label because the FDA does not restrict or regulate a physician’s choice of treatment within the practice of medicine nor is there oversight on patient use of over-the-counter devices. Although the Company may request additional cleared indications for our current products, the FDA may deny those requests, require additional expensive clinical data to support any additional indications or impose limitations on the intended use of any cleared product as a condition of clearance. Even if regulatory clearance or approval of a product is granted, such clearance or approval may be subject to limitations on the intended uses for which the product may be marketed and reduce our potential to successfully commercialize the product and generate revenue from the product.

If the FDA determines that the Company’s labeling, advertising, promotional materials, or user training materials, or representations made by Company personnel, include the promotion of an off-label use for the device, or that the Company has made false or misleading or inadequately substantiated promotional claims, or claims that could potentially change the regulatory status of the product, the agency could take the position that these materials have misbranded the Company’s devices and request that the Company modifies its labeling, advertising, or user training or promotional materials and/or subject the Company to regulatory or legal enforcement actions, including the issuance of an Untitled Letter or a Warning Letter, injunction, seizure, recall, adverse publicity, civil penalties, criminal penalties, or other adverse actions. It is also possible that other federal, state, or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider the Company’s labeling, advertising, promotional, or user training materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines, penalties, or other adverse actions under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement. In that event, we would be subject to extensive fines and penalties and the Company’s reputation could be damaged and adoption of the products would be impaired. Although the Company intends to refrain from statements that could be considered off-label promotion of its products, the FDA or another regulatory agency could disagree and conclude that the Company has engaged in off-label promotion. For example, the Company has made statements regarding some of its devices that the FDA may view as off-label promotion. In addition, any such off-label use of the Company’s products may increase the risk of injury to patients, and, in turn, the risk of product liability claims, and such claims are expensive to defend and could divert the Company’s management’s attention and result in substantial damage awards against the Company.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Related to Government Regulation - continued

The Company may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and could face substantial penalties if the Company is unable to fully comply with such laws.

While the Company does not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, many healthcare laws and regulations apply to the Company’s business. For example, the Company could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation and enforcement by both the federal government and the states in which the Company intends to conduct its business. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect the Company’s ability to operate include:

Recently, the medical device industry has been under heightened scrutiny as the subject of government investigations and regulatory or legal enforcement actions involving manufacturers who allegedly offered unlawful inducements to potential or existing customers in an attempt to procure their business, including arrangements with physician consultants. If the Company’s operations or arrangements are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to the Company, the Company may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the curtailment or restructuring of its operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, exclusions, curtailment or restructuring of the Company’s operations could adversely affect its ability to operate its business and its financial results. The risk of the Company being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of these laws are broad and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Any action against the Company for violation of these laws, even if the Company successfully defends against that action and the underlying alleged violations, could cause the Company to incur significant legal expenses and divert its management’s attention from the operation of its business. If the physicians or other providers or entities with whom the Company does business are found to be non-compliant with applicable laws, they may be subject to sanctions, which could also have a negative impact on the Company’s business.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Related to Government Regulation - continued

The Company or its subsidiaries’ failure to obtain or maintain necessary FDA clearances or approvals, or equivalents thereof in the U.S. and relevant foreign markets, could hurt our ability to distribute and market our products.

In both the United States and foreign markets, the Company and its subsidiaries are affected by extensive laws, governmental regulations, administrative determinations, court decisions and similar constraints. Such laws, regulations and other constraints may exist at the federal, state or local levels in the United States and at analogous levels of government in foreign jurisdictions.

For example, certain of the Company’s planned product candidates may fall under the regulatory purview of various centers at the FDA and in other countries by similar health and regulatory authorities.

In addition, the formulation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, distribution, importation, sale and storage of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ products are subject to extensive regulation by various federal agencies, including, but not limited to, the FDA, the FTC, State Attorneys General in the United States, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan, as well as by various other federal, state, local and international regulatory authorities in the countries in which its products are manufactured, distributed or sold. If the Company or its manufacturers fail to comply with those regulations, the Company and its subsidiaries could become subject to significant penalties or claims, which could harm its results of operations or its ability to conduct its business. In addition, the adoption of new regulations or changes in the interpretations of existing regulations may result in significant compliance costs or discontinuation of product sales and may impair the marketing of its products, resulting in significant loss of net sales. The Company’s failure to comply with federal or state regulations, or with regulations in foreign markets that cover its product claims and advertising, including direct claims and advertising by the Company or its subsidiaries, may result in enforcement actions and imposition of penalties or otherwise harm the distribution and sale of its products. Further, the Company and its subsidiaries’ businesses are subject to laws governing our accounting, tax and import and export activities. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in legal and/or financial consequences that might adversely affect its sales and profitability. Each medical device that the Company wishes to market in the U.S. must first receive either 510(k) clearance or premarket approval from the FDA unless an exemption applies. Either process can be lengthy and expensive. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process may take from three to twelve months, or longer, and may or may not require human clinical data. The premarket approval process is much costlier and lengthier. It may take from eleven months to three years, or even longer, and will likely require significant supporting human clinical data. Delays in obtaining regulatory clearance or approval could adversely affect the Company’s revenues and profitability. Although the Company has obtained 510(k) clearances for its LHE devices as these clearances may be subject to revocation if post-marketing data demonstrates safety issues or lack of effectiveness. Similar clearance processes may apply in foreign countries. Further, more stringent regulatory requirements or safety and quality standards may be issued in the future with an adverse effect on the Company’s business.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock

We may issue shares of our common and /or preferred stock in the future which could reduce the equity interest of our stockholders and might cause a change in control of our ownership.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 75,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.001 per share, and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $.001 per share. In addition, pursuant to the SPA (as defined below) we are required to seek stockholder approval to increase the number of shares of Common Stock we are authorized to issue to $100,000,000 shares. We may issue a substantial number of additional shares of our common stock or preferred stock, or a combination of common and preferred stock, to raise additional funds or in connection with any strategic acquisition. The issuance of additional shares of our common stock or any number of shares of our preferred stock:

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

We have incurred substantial indebtedness, and may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

On December 27, 2018, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with an institutional investor - “Alto Opportunity Master Fund, SPC Segregated Master Portfolio B” or “Alto Opportunity Fund” or “Alto” - and simultaneously consummated the sale to such institutional investor of a Senior Secured Convertible Note with an initial principal amount of $7,750,000, the “Senior Convertible Note”, in a private placement pursuant to the SPA, the “Private Placement”. Maxim Group LLC (“Maxim Group”) acted as the placement agent for the Private Placement. The Senior Convertible Note was issued with a face value principal payable of $7.75 million and resulted in cash proceeds of $7.0 after the payment of $750,000 of lender fees. Maxim Group received a fee of 6.5% of the cash proceeds of the Private Placement, or an aggregate of $455,000. After deducting the placement agent fee and our estimated expenses associated with the Private Placement, our cash proceeds were approximately $6,445,000. In connection with the Private Placement closing on December 27, 2018, we repaid in full the outstanding principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest expense on the previously issued Senior Secured Note held by our existing lender, Scopia Holdings LLC - “Scopia” - with such repayment consisting of a cash payment of $5,000,000 and the issue of 600,000 shares of our common stock. In accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement entered into in connection with Senior Convertible Note Private Placement, on January 25, 2019, we filed a registration statement with the SEC on Form S-3 - File No. 333-229372 - which became effective on February 14, 2019, with respect to our common shares underlying the Senior Convertible Note as-well-as the shares of common stock issued to Scopia Holdings LLC as a component of the repayment of the Senior Secured Note, as discussed above.

Previously, on July 3, 2017, we issued to Scopia Holdings LLC a Senior Secured Note with an initial principal amount of $5.0 million pursuant to a Note and Security Purchase Agreement. As noted above, on December 27, 2018, we repaid-in-full the principal and earned but unpaid interest of the Senior Secured Note, with a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue of 600,000 shares of our common stock. The aggregate remaining unpaid principal balance of the Senior Secured Note was otherwise due on June 30, 2019, and there was no impact of the repayment on December 27, 2018. The Senior Secured Note had a contractual annual interest rate of 15%, interest payments semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each calendar year commencing on December 30, 2017.

Our indebtedness could have important consequences on our business. To the extent new debt and/or new credit sources are added to our existing debt under the issued and outstanding Senior Convertible Note, the related risks for us could intensify. In particular, it could:

In addition, the Security Purchase Agreement and the Senior Secured Convertible Note contain financial and other restrictive covenants which may potentially be subject to factors beyond our control and negatively affect our ability to comply.

Despite our right to pay the interest and principal balance of the Senior Convertible Note by issuing shares of our common stock, we may be required to repay the Convertible Note and interest thereon in cash, if we do not meet certain customary equity conditions (including minimum price and volume thresholds) or in certain other circumstances. For example, we will be required to repay the outstanding principal balance and accrued but unpaid interest, along with a premium, upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Convertible Note). In such event, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service the Senior Convertible Note, or any future indebtedness incurred by us, as cash payments become due. If we are unable to make payments as they come due or comply with the restrictions and covenants in the Security Purchase Agreement and the Senior Convertible Note, or any other agreements governing our future indebtedness, there could be a default under the terms of such agreements. In such event, or if we are otherwise in default under the Security Purchase Agreement and the Senior Convertible Note, or such other agreements, including pursuant to any cross-default provisions of such agreements, the lenders could terminate their commitments to lend and/or accelerate the loans and declare all amounts borrowed due and payable. Furthermore, the Senior Convertible Note lender, and any future lenders to whom we grant a security interest, could foreclose on their security interests in our assets, including our intellectual property. If any of those events occur, our assets might not be sufficient to repay in full all of our outstanding indebtedness and we may be unable to find alternative financing. Even if we could obtain alternative financing, it may not be on terms we deem favorable or acceptable to us. Additionally, we may not be able to amend the Security Purchase Agreement and the Senior Convertible Note, or such other agreements, or obtain needed waivers, on satisfactory terms or without incurring substantial costs. Failure to maintain existing or secure new financing could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position, and/or results of operations.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

Our management and their affiliates control a substantial interest in us and thus may influence certain actions requiring a stockholder vote.

As of December 31, 2018, our management and their affiliates collectively own approximately 19% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock. Accordingly, these individuals would have considerable influence regarding the outcome of any transaction that requires stockholder approval. Furthermore, our Board of Directors is and will be divided into three classes, each of which will generally serve for a term of three years with only one class of directors being elected in each year. As a consequence of our “staggered” Board of Directors, only a minority of the Board of Directors will be considered for election in any given year and our initial stockholders, because of their ownership position, will have considerable influence regarding the outcome.

There can be no assurance that our common stock will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national securities exchange.

On March 5, 2018, we were not in compliance with the MVLS standard of the continued listing standards for Nasdaq Capital Market companies. On July 3. 2018, the Nasdaq Staff notified the Company that it had regained compliance. There can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to meet the MVLS or any of the other Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards. If we are maintaining compliance with the MVLS standard or another listing standard within the time frame set by Nasdaq, and maintain compliance with such standards, our common stock may no longer be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national securities exchange and the liquidity and market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

A robust public market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained, which could affect your ability to sell our common stock or depress the market price of our common stock.

Our common stock is listed on Nasdaq, but we cannot assure you our common stock will continue to trade on this market or another national securities exchange. In addition, we are unable to predict whether an active trading market for our common stock will develop or will be sustained. A substantial number of our securities are “restricted securities” as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” and/or are held by affiliates of ours. Securities held by affiliates of an issuer are sometimes referred to as “control securities.” Restricted securities and control securities may only be sold publicly pursuant to a registration statement or an exemption from registration. Rule 144, which provides such an exemption, requires that public sales meet certain conditions, including, in the case of restricted securities, that certain holding period requirements are met and, in the case of control securities (including restricted securities that are control securities), that certain information be publicly available and that sales be made in compliance with certain manner of sale and volume limitations. The public information requirement also applies to sales of restricted securities (even if they are not control securities), if such securities have been held for less than one year. There can be no assurance that we will continue to fulfill the public information requirement or that the other conditions to the availability of Rule 144 will be satisfied, and even if satisfied, the volume limitations of Rule 144 will restrict the number of control securities that may be sold. Accordingly, certain amounts of our securities may not be eligible for public sale. If an active market does not develop or is not sustained for the foregoing reasons or for any other reason, it may be difficult for you to sell your securities at the time you wish to sell them, at a price that is attractive to you, or at all.

Our stock price may be volatile, and purchasers of our securities could incur substantial losses.

Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general, and the market for life science companies, and medical device companies in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following:

These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

Our outstanding warrants and other convertible securities may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

As of December 31, there were 2018, 27,142,979 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. Additionally, the following common stock purchase warrants, eligible to purchase a corresponding number of shares of our common stock, were also issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018, including: 16,815,039 Series Z Warrants, 381,818 Series W Warrants, 1,199,383 Series S Warrants; as well as, 53,000 Unit Purchase Options (“UPO-Z”) issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018, with the exercise of such UPO-Z resulting in the issue of an aggregate of 106,000 shares of common stock of the company, inclusive of the issue of 53,000 shares of our common stock and 53,000 common stock purchase Series Z Warrants. Further, as of December 31, 2018, there were 1,069,941 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, with such preferred stock convertible to a corresponding number of shares of our common stock at the Holders’ election. Finally, as of December 31, 2018, there were a total of 3,327,140 stock options issued and outstanding, eligible for exercise to purchase a corresponding number of shares of common stock of the Company.

In addition to the shares of our common stock and the common stock purchase warrants and options issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2018, as discussed above, we issued a Senior Secured Convertible Note which is convertible into shares of our common stock. In this regard, in connection with the Senior Secured Convertible Note private placement on December 27, 2018, we filed with the SEC an effective registration statement on Form S-3 - File No. 333- 229372 - referred to as the “Senior Convertible Note Registration Statement” - with such registration statement initially filed with the SEC on January 25, 2019 and became effective on February 14, 2019, with each such date consistent with the requirements of the registration rights agreement entered into in connection with the Senior Secured Convertible Note private placement. The Senior Convertible Note Registration Statement registered, in part, 10,691,334 shares of our common stock underlying the Senior Secured Convertible Note, with such amount equal to 200% of the maximum number of shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of the Senior Secured Convertible Note assuming the sum of the face value principal of $7.75 million and the interest thereon accruing as of December 31, 2020 and a conversion price of $1.60 per share with such number of shares of our common stock not taking into account any of the limitations on conversion of the Senior Secured Convertible Note.

The issuance of these shares will dilute our other equity holders, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay any dividends on our common stock at this time.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our shares of common stock to date. The payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition and will be within the discretion of our Board of Directors. It is the present intention of our Board of Directors to retain all earnings, if any, for use in our business operations and, accordingly, our Board of Directors does not anticipate declaring any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. As a result, any gain you will realize on our common stock (including common stock obtained upon exercise of our warrants) will result solely from the appreciation of such shares.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

We are an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”), and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, which was enacted in April 2012. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of  (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may suffer or be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the other rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq or any other national securities exchange on which our securities are then trading. Compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies requires considerable time and attention of management. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. These rules and regulations result in significant legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costlier.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K following the date on which we are no longer an emerging growth company. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We currently do not have an internal audit group, and as our business expands, we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect that we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on trading prices for our common stock, and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If any analyst who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the forecast of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors. Because our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. Among others, these provisions include the following.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15.0% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15.0% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None

Item 2. Property

Our principal corporate offices, located at One Grand Central Place, 60 East 42nd Street, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10165, are currently leased on a month-to-month basis, with such lease agreement able to be cancelled with three months written notice.

At this time, we consider the leased corporate offices to be adequate for our current operations. Notwithstanding, we may obtain additional space as warranted by our business operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We executed a “Settlement Agreement & Mutual Releases”, dated December 12, 2018, resulting in us making a settlement payment of $136,606, inclusive of the plaintiff’s legal fees of $11,006, to a former financial advisor to the Company. Previously, on July 2, 2018, such former financial advisor filed a complaint in New York State court of a claim of breach of contract based on our purported failure to pay certain compensation claimed by the former financial advisor and seeking monetary damages to be determined at trial of not less than $125,400.

In the ordinary course of our business, particularly as we begin commercialization of our products, we may be subject to certain other legal actions and claims, including product liability, consumer, commercial, tax and governmental matters, which may arise from time to time. Except as otherwise noted herein, we do not believe we are currently a party to any other pending legal proceedings. Notwithstanding, legal proceedings are subject-to inherent uncertainties, and an unfavorable outcome could include monetary damages, and excessive verdicts can result from litigation, and as such, could result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations, and /or cash flows. Additionally, although we have specific insurance for certain potential risks, we may in the future incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations, and /or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for Common Equity

Our Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PAVM”. Our Series Z Warrants and Series W Warrants also are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “PAVMZ” and “PAVMW,” respectively.

Holders

As of March 29, 2019, there were 27,893,023 shares of common stock of PAVmed Inc. outstanding. We believe our shares of common stock are held by more than 3,000 beneficial owners of our common stock.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. Any future decisions regarding dividends will be made by our board of directors. We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future but expect to retain earnings to finance the growth of our business. Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors the board of directors may deem relevant.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock provides for dividends at a rate of 8% per annum based on the $3.00 per share stated value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, with such dividends compounded quarterly, accumulate, and are payable in arrears upon being declared by the Company’s board of directors. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividends from April 1, 2018 through October 1, 2021 are payable-in-kind (“PIK”) in additional shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The dividends may be settled after October 1, 2021, at the option of the Company, through any combination of the issuance of additional Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, shares of common stock, and /or cash payment.

To-date through December 31, 2018, the Company’s board of directors have declared Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment of earned but unpaid dividends as of September 30, 2018, payable as of October 1, 2018, of an aggregate of $382,920, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 127,698 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Subsequently, in January 2019, the Company’s board-of-directors declared a Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment of earned but unpaid dividends as of December 31, 2018, payable as of January 1, 2019, of $64,196, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 21,413 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. Such preferred stock dividends are in accordance with the PAVmed Inc. Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights, and Limitations of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.

The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock provided for dividends at a rate of 8% per annum based on the $6.00 per share stated value of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, with such dividends compounded quarterly, accumulate, and are payable in arrears upon being declared by the Company’s board of directors. In August 2018, the Company’s board of directors declared a Series A Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment dated July 1, 2018 of earned but unpaid dividends totaling $7,099 with respect to the shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock previously converted in November and December 2017. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock dividends were settled with cash payments. Such preferred stock dividends are in accordance with the (former) PAVmed Inc. Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights, and Limitations of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Except as previously disclosed in our current reports on Form 8-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, we did not sell any unregisteres securities or repurchase any of our securities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018.

Information about our equity compensation plans

Information required by Item 5 of Form 10-K regarding equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 5. Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities- continued

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements involving risks and uncertainties and should be read together with the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to “we”, “us”, and “our”, and to the “Company” or “PAVmed” are to PAVmed Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the following discussion and analyses of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations, contains forward-looking statements.

All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital and operating expenditure requirements and needs for additional financing, our business strategy and plans and the objectives of management for future operations, and any statement of assumptions underlying or relating to the foregoing, are forward-looking statements. The words “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, and /or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not rely on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements we make. Factors which may cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

Furthermore, our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future financings, acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents we have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Overview

PAVmed Inc. (“PAVmed” or “the Company”) is a highly-differentiated multi-product medical device company organized to advance a broad pipeline of innovative medical technologies to address unmet clinical needs and possess attractive market opportunities to commercialization. Our goal is to enhance and accelerate value creation by employing a business model focused on capital efficiency and speed-to-market.

Since our inception in June 2014, our activities have focused on advancing the lead products in our pipeline towards regulatory approval and commercialization, protecting our intellectual property, and strengthening our corporate infrastructure and management team. As resources permit, we will continue to explore internal and external innovations that fulfill our project selection criteria without limiting ourselves to any target specialty or condition.

Our multiple products are in various phases of development and have yet to receive regulatory approval. We have filed final nonprovisional patent applications for each of CarpX™ and PortIO™, and have obtained licenses for “DisappEAR™” from Tufts University and a group of academic centers, and for the “EsoCheck™ Technology” from Case Western Reserve University. We have recently hired a Chief Commercial Officer to further develop and implement our commercialization strategy in the United States and commercialization partnerships worldwide. The following is a brief overview of our lead products under development, including CarpX™, EsoCheck™, PortIO™, , DisappEAR™, and NextFlo™.

CarpX™

Our CarpX product is intended to be a minimally invasive device designed to treat carpal tunnel syndrome (“CTS”) without an open incision or the need for endoscopic or other imaging equipment. The Company believes CarpX will dramatically reduce recovery times compared to traditional open surgery and target an estimated immediately addressable domestic market opportunity of over $1 billion. PAVmed has been working closely with the FDA to secure U.S. regulatory clearance of CarpX through the FDA’s 510(k) pathway, which is based on demonstrating substantial equivalence (SE) to a previously cleared predicate device. CarpX is being manufactured in Massachusetts by a medical device contract manufacturer with lines scalable to accommodate demand for the foreseeable future following regulatory clearance. We have advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our CarpX product from concept to working prototypes, completed successful benchtop and cadaver testing confirming the device consistently cuts the transverse carpal ligament, as well as commercial design and development, and performed pre-submission verification and validation testing. On November 27, 2017, we filed with the Federal Food and Drug Administration, or the “FDA,” a premarket notification submission for CarpX under section 510(k) of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or the “FDCA,” using a commercially available carpel tunnel release device as a predicate The initial 510(k) application review period expired before the FDA’s branches were able to reach a consensus on SE and it therefore recommended a 510(k) re-submission following an in-person pre-submission meeting held on January 7, 2019. During this meeting, the FDA recommended clinical testing to definitively document CarpX procedural safety in humans and indicated data from a properly structured clinical study outside of the U.S. would be acceptable, precluding the need to engage in the FDA’s time-consuming Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) process required for U.S. studies. PAVmed offered to amend its previously planned first-In-human (“FIH”) clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03747510) in New Zealand to meet this clinical testing recommendation and postponed the initiation of the amended study until study parameters were finalized with the FDA. We recently reached a consensus with the FDA on the parameters of the CarpX FIH safety study, including pre- and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing to document device safety. The CarpX FIH safety study is a single-arm, two-center, two-surgeon, 20-patient study of the CarpX procedure in carpal tunnel syndrome patients, with a device safety primary endpoint defined as the absence of certain serious device-related adverse events over a limited 90-day follow-up period. Patients are currently undergoing pre-operative assessment and CarpX procedures are expected soon thereafter, subject-to customary procedure consents timely completed by each patient. We also will be preparing to submit CarpX for CE Mark clearance in Europe.

There are more than 600,000 CTS procedures performed in the United States each year creating an addressable market for our CarpX product of over one billion dollars. Furthermore, it is believed more than twice such number of people continue to suffer in silence rather than be subjected to an open incision and the long recovery time associated with an open incision. CTS is one of the leading claims workers’ compensation insurance.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Overview - continued

EsoCheck™

In May 2018, our majority-owned subsidiary Lucid Diagnostics Inc. entered into the “EsoCheck™ License Agreement” with Case Western Reserve University (“CWRU”) for the worldwide intellectual property rights to the “EsoCheck™ Technology”.

The “EsoCheck™ Technology” - intended for use to detect “Barrett’s Esophagus”, which is the primary precursor to esophageal cancer - includes the proprietary technologies of two distinct components - the “EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™”, referred to as the “EsoCheck™ CCD™” - and the proprietary “EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™, a panel of methylated DNA biomarkers.

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), the most common cancer of the esophagus, has quadrupled over the past 30 years. Its prognosis, however, remains dismal, with less than 20% of patients surviving five years. We are pursuing the development of the EsoCheck™ Technology to provide the estimated 50 million at-risk patients a non-invasive, less costly test to detect Barrett’s Esophagus, so as to enable treatment of esophageal cancer at an early stage.

In a five-minute office-based test, the patient swallows the EsoCheck™ CCD™ - a vitamin-sized silicone-covered capsule containing a small inflatable balloon attached to a thin catheter - which swabs the target area for cell collection as the catheter is withdrawn. The collected cell sample can then be tested against a panel of the proprietary EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ DNA biomarkers, which have recently been shown to be highly accurate in detecting Barrett’s Esophagus.

The primary cause of the EAC form of esophageal cancer is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), commonly known as chronic heartburn or acid reflux, wherein stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus. GERD affects 20-40% of Western adult populations, according to published epidemiological data. The repeated exposure to stomach acid can lead to pre-cancerous changes in the esophagus lining, a condition known as “Barrett’s Esophagus” (“BE”). Nearly all patients diagnosed with EAC have evidence of previously undetected BE. If detected before the EAC esophagus cancer develops, BE can be successfully treated, usually with non-surgical approaches. Heartburn symptoms, commonly seen in patients with acid reflux with or without BE, can easily be treated with over-the counter medications, while endoscopy, the current standard-of-care diagnostic test, is expensive, invasive, and requires sedation. As a result, wide screening for BE is not practical or cost-effective.

The proprietary EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ DNA biomarkers were developed by the laboratory of the EsoCheck™ Technology co-inventor Sanford D. Markowitz, M.D., PhD. In an article published in the periodical Science Translational Medicine, clinical data showed DNA methylation of the VIM and CCNA1 genes is diagnostic of BE and the EsoCheck™ Technology was over 90% accurate at identifying patients without BE. Another of the EsoCheck™ Technology physician co-inventors, Dr. Joseph E. Willis, M.D., is leading an ongoing National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) supported effort to create a CLIA-certified VIM/CCNA1 DNA methylation test suitable for commercialization.

The Lucid Diagnostics Inc. EsoCheck™ Technology is progressing through a two-phase regulatory and commercialization strategy which seeks to maximize the long-term commercial opportunity while providing near-term commercial milestones.

In terms of the first phase, we submitted EsoCheck™ CCD™ for FDA 510(k) clearance in late November 2018 and received an initial response from the FDA in late January 2019. The FDA Additional Information (AI) letter requested additional head-to-head effectiveness data relative to previously cleared esophageal cell collection devices. We have discussed this request with the FDA reviewer and will be submitting existing human cell count data of EsoCheck™ CCD™ vs. endoscopic brushings, collected from the ongoing NIH trial, to fulfill this request. The AI letter also requested some additional technical data related to the manufacturing and verification and validation testing of the device which will be ready for submission shortly. The EsoCheck EsoGuard™ methylated DNA biomarker laboratory test is progressing toward achieving a Laboratory Developed Test (” LDT”) designation at its designated clinical reference laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio in early 2019. We are prepared to file for EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ reimbursement codes through the American Medical Association’s Proprietary Laboratory Analysis - “AMA PLA” - process as soon as the test is available as an LDT

The second phase of our EsoCheck™ Technology regulatory and commercialization strategy seeks a specific indication for widespread BE screening based on existing American College of Gastroenterology (“ACG”) guidelines, which recommend BE screening of up 20 million GERD patients. We have positioned resources to allow our EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ second phase strategy to move forward in an accelerated fashion. The multi-center NIH-funded clinical trial comparing EsoCheck™ CCD™ plus EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™ to endoscopy has enrolled 200 patients and interim results have been accepted for presentation at the major annual gastroenterology meeting, Digestive Diseases Week (“DDW”), scheduled for May 18 to 21, 2019. Draft protocol synopses for the Lucid Diagnostics Inc. sponsored clinical studies have been completed based upon input from former FDA officials retained through a leading regulatory consulting firm. Soon thereafter, we expect to file a pre-submission package with the FDA and secure a meeting date to discuss its clinical data requirements for a de novo or Pre-Market Approval (PMA) pathway submission to support the second phase’s goal of a specific indication for widespread BE screening using EsoCheck™ CCD™ and EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™.

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Overview - continued

PortIO™

Our PortIO™ implantable intraosseous vascular access device is being developed for up to seven days of continuous use. The intraosseous route, which is well established, provides a means for infusing fluids, medications and other substances directly into the bone marrow cavity which communicates with the central venous circulation via nutrient and emissary veins.

We have advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our PortIO product from concept to working prototypes, benchtop, animal, and cadaver testing, commercial design and development, verification and validation testing. We are pursuing an FDA clearance for use in patients with a need for vascular access up to seven days, under “de novo classification” of section 513(f)2 of the FDCA. The broader “seven days” clearance is being pursued in discussion with FDA following our previous initial submission to the FDA for a 510(k) premarket notification for use in patients only requiring 24-hour emergency type vascular access. The FDA-requested long-term GLP animal study implants and explants have been completed as has supplemental acute animal and cadaver studies designed to support the findings of the GLP study. The data will be submitted to FDA once pathologic analysis of the implant sites is completed.

Of significance toward our belief PortIO will one day become the answer to solve many of the current drawbacks intravenous access devices regularly encounter, our supplemental animal testing demonstrated PortIO was effective as a long-term vascular access device. In parallel with the GLP animal study, we also conducted a long-term pilot study to assess PortIO function and patency for up to 60 days. PortIO devices were used to infuse antibiotics, saline, albumin and blood at various intervals and over various implant durations. The device with the longest implant duration was simply left in place, untouched, with no infusions or flushes for a period of 62 days following implantation. Prior to removal, it’s function and patency were confirmed by injecting intravenous contrast material and visualizing brisk flow into the bone marrow and central veins. There was no evidence of clots, bony ingrowth or infection in any device or implant site. Based on this encouraging animal data, we are planning a long-term FIH series during in dialysis patients in Colombia, South America with a 90-day implant duration and intend to fulfill the likely FDA request for human clinical data with an OUS study in New Zealand. The CE Mark submission is scheduled for later this year.

DisappEAR™

Our DisappEAR™ product is an antimicrobial resorbable pediatric ear tubes based on a proprietary aqueous silk technology. With respect to DisappEAR™:

NextFlo™

Our NextFlo™ product is being developed as a highly-accurate intravenous infusion system with a new concept of variable flow resistors, whereby the variable resistor does not have to be mechanically-linked to the infusion drive mechanism. We believe this technology will permit hospitals to return to gravity-driven infusions and eliminate expensive and troublesome electronic pumps for most of the over 1 million hospital infusions performed in the U.S. each day. With respect to NextFlo™

We have advanced the design and development of the NextFlo™ device, including a redesign which dramatically simplifies the product, lowers the projected cost of goods and expands its application to routine inpatient infusion sets, resulting in a proof of concept. NextFlo has generated favorable bench-top data, demonstrating it is able to passively adjust its resistance and deliver constant flow across a wide, clinically-relevant pressure range. The project has moved into the industrial and human factors design phase, whereby the technology will be incorporated into a standard intravenous infusion set. Full design verification and validation testing will follow to support an FDA 510(k) submission later this year and we believe will be limited to bench-top testing. Demonstration of this groundbreaking technology to interested strategic partners will commence soon and proceed in parallel with the regulatory process.

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Overview - continued

Other Products

Although we have focused the majority of our resources on our lead products, we have additional products in our pipeline which are currently in different stages of development. We have completed initial design work on the first product in the NextCath™ product line, completed head-to-head testing of retention forces, comparing our working prototype to several competing products, which has validated our approach and advanced the commercial design and development process focusing on optimizing the self-anchoring helical portion as well as cost of materials and manufacturing processes.

We are evaluating which initial applications for our Caldus™ disposable tissue ablation technology to pursue from a clinical and commercial point-of-view and will reinitiate development activity on this product once resources are available.

We are evaluating a number of product opportunities and intellectual property covering a spectrum of clinical conditions, which have been presented to us by clinician innovators and academic medical centers, for consideration of a partnership to develop and commercialize these products; we are also exploring opportunities to partner with larger medical device companies to commercialize our lead products as they move towards regulatory clearance and commercialization. In this regard, we remain actively engaged with our full-service regulatory consulting partner and who is working closely with our contract design, engineering and manufacturing partners as our products advance towards regulatory submission, clearance, and commercialization.

We are exploring other opportunities to grow our business and enhance shareholder value through the acquisition of pre-commercial or commercial stage products and /or companies with potential strategic corporate and commercial synergies consistent with our growth strategy.

Trademarks

With respect to each of PAVmed Inc. and Lucid Diagnostics Inc., we have proprietary rights to the trademarks used herein, including, among others, PAVmed™, Lucid Diagnostics™, Caldus™, CarpX™, DisappEAR™, EsoCheck™, EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™, EsoCheck™ CCD™, EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™, EsoCheck™ Technology, NextCath™, NextFlo™, PortIO™, and “Innovating at the Speed of Life” ™, among others. Solely as a matter of convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to herein may or may not be accompanied with the requisite marks of “™” or “®”, however, the absence of such marks is not intended to indicate, in any way, each of PAVmed Inc. and /or Lucid Diagnostics Inc. will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, its rights or the rights to such trademarks and trade names.

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Overview - continued

Recent Developments

Lucid Diagnostics Inc. EsoCheck™ License Agreement with Case Western Reserve University

As discussed above, on May 12, 2018, Lucid Diagnostics Inc., a majority-owned subsidiary of the Company, entered into the EsoCheck™ License Agreement with CWRU, for the exclusive worldwide license of the intellectual property rights of the proprietary “EsoCheck™ Technology”, which includes the proprietary technologies of two distinct components - the “EsoCheck™ Cell Collection Device™”, referred to as the “EsoCheck™ CCD™”, and the “EsoCheck™ EsoGuard™, a panel of methylated DNA biomarkers, each as further described herein above. Lucid Diagnostics Inc was incorporated in the State of Delaware on May 8, 2018, and was formed to further develop the EsoCheck™ Technology. Along with PAVmed Inc., the other initial stockholders of Lucid Diagnostics Inc. include CWRU and each of the three individual physician inventors of the EsoCheck™ Technology.

See our consolidated financial statements, including: Note 7, Agreements Related to Acquired Intellectual Property Rights, for further information regarding the EsoCheck™ License Agreement with CWRU.

Regulatory

On November 21, 2018 our majority-owned subsidiary Lucid Diagnostics Inc. filed a 510(k) premarket notification submission with the FDA for the EsoCheck™ CCD™ which was accepted for substantive review in early December 2018. We received an initial response from the FDA in late January 2019. The FDA Additional Information (AI) letter requested additional head-to-head effectiveness data relative to previously cleared esophageal cell collection devices. We have discussed this request with the FDA reviewer and will be submitting existing human cell count data of EsoCheck™ CCD™ vs. endoscopic brushings, collected from the ongoing NIH trial, to fulfill this request. The AI letter also requested some additional technical data related to the manufacturing and verification and validation testing of the device which will be ready for submission shortly.

On August 22, 2018 we were notified by the FDA lead branch reviewing the 510(k) premarket notification submission for CarpX, the lead branch had not reached a consensus with the consulting branch within the review period allotted under the FDA’s rules and regulations. Accordingly, the lead branch recommended we take the appropriate steps to extend the review process through resubmission of the 510(k) premarket notification following an in-person pre-submission meeting which was conducted on January 7, 2019. During this meeting, the FDA recommended clinical testing to definitively document CarpX procedural safety in humans and indicated data from a properly structured clinical study outside of the U.S. would be acceptable, precluding the need to engage in the FDA’s time-consuming Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) process required for U.S. studies. PAVmed offered to amend its previously planned first-in-human (“FIH”) clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03747510) in New Zealand to meet this clinical testing recommendation and postponed the initiation of the amended study until study parameters were finalized with the FDA. We recently reached a consensus with the FDA on the parameters of the CarpX FIH safety study, including pre- and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing to document device safety. The CarpX FIH safety study is a single-arm, two-center, two-surgeon, 20-patient study of the CarpX procedure in carpal tunnel syndrome patients, with a device safety primary endpoint defined as the absence of certain serious device-related adverse events over a limited 90-day follow-up period. Patients are currently undergoing pre-operative assessment and CarpX procedures are expected soon thereafter, subject-to customary procedure consents timely completed by each patient. We also will be preparing to submit CarpX for CE Mark clearance in Europe.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Overview - continued

Recent Developments - continued

Financing

As further discussed below under the section captioned Liquidity and Capital Resources, during 2018 we raised approximately $15.5 million in net proceeds, comprised of $20.5 million of gross proceeds, less $5.0 million used to repay debt ahead of the contractual maturity date, including:

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Financial Results of Operations

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales. Our ability to generate product revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully complete the development and initiate the commercialization of our products.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel, including travel expenses for our employees in executive and research and development functions, facility-related costs, professional fees, accounting and legal services, consultants and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining patents within our intellectual property portfolio.

We anticipate our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future prior to the potential regulatory approval of our first product, as we anticipate an increase in payroll and related expenses related to our preparation for commercial operations, including as it relates to sales and marketing. We also anticipate continued expenses related to being a public company, including audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance as a public company, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations costs.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses are recognized in the period they are incurred and consist principally of internal and external expenses incurred for the research and development of our products and include:

We incurred approximately $9.1 million in research and development costs from June 26, 2014 (inception) through December 31, 2018. We plan to incur research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our products. Our current research and development activities are focused principally on obtaining FDA clearance and initializing commercialization of the lead products in our pipeline, CarpX™, EsoCheck™, along with advancing our DisappEAR™ and NextFlo^TM products through their respective development phase, with research and development activities on our other portfolio products commensurate with available capital resources. These planned research and development activities include the following:

The successful development of our products is uncertain and subject to numerous risks including, but not limited to:

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Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

Revenue

As discussed above, to date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales. Our ability to generate product revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully complete the development and initiate the commercialization of our products.

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Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expenses incurred in the year ended December 31, 2018 were $6,310,206, an increase of $897,613 as compared to $5,412,593 incurred for corresponding prior year period. The increased general and administrative expenses for the current year period is principally due to increased expenses related to compensation and related personnel costs of $630,220, stock based compensation of $22,609, outside professional services of $12,938, and $304,106 in other operating costs, partially offset by decreases in facility related costs of $13,510 and board related costs of $58,750.

The increased compensation and related personnel costs expense in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, resulted from higher salary and benefit expense related to the hiring of additional personnel, annual salary increases, and higher accrued bonus expense, inclusive of increases in each of the guaranteed bonus under the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) employment agreement and discretionary bonus payments to the CEO and other employees.

The stock-based compensation expense classified as general and administrative expense, which includes stock options granted to both employees and non-employees, of $948,143 incurred during the year ended December 31, 2018, increased $22,609 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulting from increased stock-based compensation expense resulting from stock options granted in 2018 for which there is no such comparable expense in the corresponding prior year, along with stock-based compensation expense recognized on a full year basis with respect to stock options granted during 2017, as compared to such expense recognized on a partial year basis; partially offset by the absence of stock-based compensation expense related to forfeited stock options of former members of the board of directors who resigned in February 2018; the recognition in the prior year period of stock-based compensation expense related to March 31, 2017 modification to the stock option grant previously awarded to our former CFO; and by lower stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to non-employees, resulting principally from lower stock option vesting date estimated fair value in the current year period as compared to the corresponding prior year period, resulting from lower share prices of the underlying common stock of the Company on the respective vesting dates.

The outside professional services expense of $2,593,282 incurred during the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, increased by $12,938, principally resulting from increased expenses of: $294,087 related to regulatory matters and $186,224 related to intellectual property matters; partially offset by decreased expenses of: $174,159 associated with professional fees for legal, accounting, auditing, tax, valuations, and information technology, and $163,214 related to investor and public relations. Additionally, outside professional services expenses decreased $130,000 in the current period as compared with the corresponding prior period with respect to consulting agreements with entities and /or individuals affiliated with certain of our officers and /or former directors. In this regard, $250,000 and $300,000 of expense was incurred in the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, with respect to the HCP/Advisors consulting agreement, with such consulting agreement having an October 31, 2018 expiration date, and $0 and $80,000 incurred in the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, related to the previous (expired) HCFP/Strategy Advisors consulting agreement. See “Contractual Obligations” herein below for further details on these related party agreements.

The decrease in facility related costs of $13,510 in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulted from decreased rent expense associated with our corporate offices, resulting from a previous reduction of the leased office space.

The board of director related costs of $247,917 for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased by $58,750 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulting from the resignation of two non-executive members in February 2018, partially offset by one non-executive member’s fee paid for the full year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to fees paid for a partial year in the prior year period.

The increased other operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the prior year period, principally resulted from the $136,606 payment to a former financial advisor of the Company under a litigation settlement agreement, as well as higher director and officer insurance premiums, worker compensation insurance expense, and travel and related costs. See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 9, Commitments and Contingencies, for further information with respect to the litigation settlement agreement.

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Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses incurred for the year ended December 31, 2018 totaled $4,252,999, an increase of $1,631,473 as compared to $2,621,526 incurred for the corresponding prior year period. The increase in research and development expenses resulted from the patent license fee of $272,553 incurred with respect to the EsoCheck™ License Agreement, and increased expenses of: $334,644 related to compensation and related personnel costs, $157,963 related to stock-based compensation, $858,407 of increased expenses incurred for outside professional services, and $7,519 of increased other operating costs.

The increased compensation and related personnel costs expense of $334,644 in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, resulted from higher salary expense related to additional personnel, as well as annual salary increases, increased accrued bonus expense related to higher discretionary employee bonus payments, and accrued expense related to employee relocation costs, for which there was no comparative amount in the prior year period.

As more fully discussed above, in connection with the “EsoCheck™ License Agreement”, we incurred an expense of $272,553, which was recognized as a current period research and development expense on the May 12, 2018 execution date of such license agreement.

The outside professional services of $2,920,812 in the year ended December 31, 2018 is an increase of $858,407 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The increased outside professional services research and development expense principally resulted from our emphasis of current research and development activities being focused principally on completion of on-going efforts to obtain FDA clearance and initializing commercialization of each of the CarpX™, EsoCheck™ Technology, and PortIO™ products, and to continue to advance the development of the DisappEAR™ and the NextFlo™ products, as discussed above under “Overview”.

Regulatory filing fees of $10,953 in the year ended December 31, 2018 are with respect to the submission to the FDA of a 510(k) premarket notification for the EsoCheck™ CCD™ and the regulatory filing fee of $10,566 in the year ended December 31, 2017 was with respect to the submission to the FDA of 510(k) premarket notification for CarpX™.

The increased other operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 as compared to the prior year period, principally resulted from higher compensation insurance expense, and travel and related costs.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense

Interest Expense - Senior Secured Note

In July 2017, we previously entered into a Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC (“Scopia” or the “Lender”), whereupon Scopia delivering to us $4.8 million in net cash proceeds, we issued to Scopia, a Senior Secured Note with an initial principal of $5.0 million, referred to herein as the “Senior Secured Note”, and also issued 2,660,000 Series S Warrants to Scopia to purchase a corresponding number of shares of common stock of the Company.

On December 27, 2018, concurrent with the issue of the Senior Convertible Note as discussed above, we repaid-in-full the previously issued Senior Secured Note, inclusive of the total outstanding principal payable and the accrued but unpaid interest expense payable as of December 27, 2018, with such repayment comprised of a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue to Scopia of 600,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The Senior Secured Note repayment was executed under a Notice of Prepayment agreement dated December 27, 2018. The Sr Secured Note had a contractual maturity date of June 30, 2019, with such maturity date not subject-to any early repayment provisions. The Company recognized as other income (expense), a debt extinguishment loss of $1.4 million, as discussed below.

The Senior Secured Note annual interest rate was 15.0%, with interest payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each calendar year, commencing December 30, 2017 (“15% interest expense”). At our sole discretion, we were able to defer payment of up to 50% of each of the semi-annual 15% interest expense payable, with such deferred amount added to the outstanding interest-bearing principal balance of the Senior Secured Note. In this regard, the Senior Secured Note principal balance was $5,780,116 and $5,188,542, as of December 27, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, with each such principal amount comprised of the initial principal of $5.0 million and the total unpaid semi-annual interest as of December 27, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The Senior Secured Note total interest expense of $2,392,447 and $724,684, for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, was comprised of $786,145 and $377,083, respectively, resulting from the 15% interest expense and $1,606,302 and $347,601, respectively, resulting from the amortization of Senior Secured Note debt discount. The Senior Secured Note remaining unamortized debt discount was $1,637,972 as of December 27, 2018 and $3,244,274 as of December 31, 2017.

Debt Extinguishment - Senior Secured Note

As noted above, on the December 27, 2018 repayment date, we recognized as other income (expense), a debt extinguishment loss of $1.4 million resulting from the difference between a $5.5 million debt reacquisition price and a $4.1 million debt carrying value, net, of the Senior Secured Note as of December 27, 2018, as follows:

See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 12, Debt, for further information regarding the Note and Security Purchase Agreement, and the corresponding Senior Secured Note, between us and Scopia Holdings LLC.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Change in Fair Value - Senior Secured Convertible Note

In a private placement transaction with an institutional investor - referred to herein as “Investor”, “Lender”, and /or “Holder” - on December 27, 2018, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement under which was issued a Senior Secured Convertible Note Agreement, with such agreement having an issue date of December 27, 2018, a contractual maturity date of December 31, 2020, a face value principal of $7.75 million, and a stated interest rate of 7.875% per annum - the “Senior Convertible Note”. At the election of the Holder, the Senior Convertible Note may be converted into shares of our common stock.

The Senior Convertible Note proceeds were $7.0 million after payment of $750,000 of lender fees. We incurred total offering costs of $614,940, inclusive of the payment of $455,000 placement agent fee and legal fees, with such offering costs recognized as a current period expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations.

The Senior Convertible Note requires bi-monthly payments, with such payments due and payable on each of the 15^th calendar day of each month and the Last Trading Day of each month, with the first bi-monthly payment date of January 15, 2019 and the last bi-monthly payment date of December 31, 2020. The bi-monthly payments have two components: a bi-monthly “Installment Repayment” which commences June 28, 2019 through Dec 31, 2020, and a bi-monthly “Non-Installment Payment” which commences Jan 15, 2019 through the Dec 31, 2020. The bi-monthly Installment Repayments are prescribed and the bi-monthly Non-Installment Repayments are a function of the remaining Senior Convertible Note face value principal outstanding.

The Senior Convertible Note is principally a debt financial instrument host containing embedded features and /or options which would otherwise be required to be bifurcated from the debt host and recognized as separate derivative liabilities subject to initial and subsequent periodic estimated fair value measurements under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Notwithstanding, the Senior Convertible Note is being afforded the guidance of the “fair value option (“FVO”) of ASC 825, Financial Instruments, specifically, the FVO election provided for under ASC 825-10-15-4. As such, the Senior Convertible Note will be initially measured at its December 27, 2018 issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date.

The Senior Convertible Note estimated fair value as of the December 27, 2018 issue date was as follows:

The Senior Convertible Note estimated fair value, changes in fair value, face value principal payable, and changes in face value principal payable, as of December 31, 2018 is as follows:

The total fair value adjustment of $903,000 of each of the fair value adjustments of December 27, 2018 issue date of and December 31, 2018, as presented above, was recognized as a current period expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, as no portion of such fair value adjustment resulted from instrument-specific credit risk of the Senior Convertible Note, as of the dates noted.

The estimated fair value of the Senior Convertible Note as of the December 27, 2018 issue date and as of December 31, 2018, were each computed using a combination of the present value of its cash flows using a synthetic credit rating analysis’ required rate of return and the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the respective unit purchase options’ and warrants’ exercise price.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 12, Debt for a further discussion of the Senior Secured Convertible Note.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Modification Expense - Series Z Warrant Agreement Amendment - June 1, 2018

The Series Z Warrant is a common stock purchase warrant with an exercise price initially of $3.00 per share through May 31, 2018, and then $1.60 per share effective June 1, 2018, wherein, on May 15, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved a reduction to the Series Z Warrant exercise price to $1.60 per share, effective June 1, 2018, upon completion of the period-of-notice to the then-current Series Z Warrant holders. The Series Z Warrant $1.60 exercise price is not subject-to further adjustment, unless by action of the PAVmed Inc board of directors, or the effect of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the common stock of the Company.

The Series Z Warrant exercise price adjustment to $1.60 per share from $3.00 per share, as discussed above, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, wherein an exchange of warrants is deemed to be a modification of the initial warrant agreement by the replacement with a revised warrant agreement, requiring the incremental estimated fair value, measured as the difference between the estimated fair value immediately after the modification as compared to the estimated fair value immediately before the modification, to the extent an increase, recognized as a modification expense.

In this regard, the Series Z Warrant June 1, 2018 exercise price adjustment resulted in the recognition on such date of a current period modification expense of $1,140,995 included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet, as the Series Z Warrants are equity classified.

Additionally, the Series Z Warrants issued in both the March 15, 2018 Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer and the April 5, 2018 Series W Warrants Exchange Offer, each as discussed below, were issued under the (original) “Series Z Warrant Agreement”. The Company’s board of directors approved Amendment No. 1 to the original Series Z Warrant Agreement, resulting in the “Amended and Restated Series Z Warrant Agreement”, dated June 8, 2018, referred to as the Amended Series Z Warrant Agreement. The Series Z Warrant Agreement Amendment No. 1 was evaluated under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718 as discussed above, but did not result in the recognition of a modification expense as there was no incremental estimated fair value.

The incremental estimated fair value of the Series Z Warrant modifications, as discussed above, were computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the respective warrants’ exercise price.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, for a further discussion of the Series Z Warrants.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Modification Expense - Series A-1 Warrant Agreement Amendment - October 18, 2017

Upon issue, a Series A-1 Warrant was exercisable to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $6.67 per share, or the Series A-1 Warrant could be exchanged for four Series X Warrants, which were each exercisable to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $6.00 per share. Subsequently, on October 18, 2017, the holders approved the Series A-1 Warrants Amendment No. 1, wherein: the Series X-1 Warrant replaced the Series X Warrant, and provided for the additional option to exchange a Series A-1 Warrant for five Series W Warrants, with the Series W Warrant. The were each exercisable to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The Series X-1 Warrant was substantively equivalent to the Series X Warrants with respect to the material contractual terms and conditions, including the same $6.00 per share exercise price.

The Series A-1 Warrant Amendment, as discussed above, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, as described above with respect to the Series Z Warrant Agreement Amendment. In this regard, the Series A-1 Warrant Amendment No.1, as discussed above, resulted in the recognition on such date of a current period modification expense of $222,000 included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet, as the Series A-1 Warrants were equity classified.

The incremental estimated fair value assumed the exchange of one Series A-1 Warrant for five Series W Warrants after the modification of the Series A-1 Warrant, as compared to an exchange of one Series A-1 Warrant for four Series X Warrants before such modification, using a Black-Scholes valuation model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, an estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock price, and the respective warrants’ exercise price.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, for a further discussion of the Series A-1 Warrants the Series A-1 Warrant Agreement Amendment No.1.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Overview - “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” - March 15, 2018 Exchange Date

The “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer”, completed on March 15, 2018, was offered to and accepted by all holders of both the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants, and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants, wherein shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued-upon-exchange of shares of each of Series A and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of each of Series A and Series A-1 Warrants - referred to as the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” and the “March 15, 2018 Exchange Date”.

On the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date: a total of 975,568 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued, including 499,334 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued-upon-exchange of 249,667 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 476,234 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued-upon-exchange of 357,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock; and, a total of 2,739,190 Series Z Warrants were issued, including 1,340,005 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 268,001 Series A Warrants and 1,399,185 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants.

As a result of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date there were no issued and outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants, nor shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants, as each were fully exchanged-upon-issue of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Series Z Warrants, respectively. Additionally, each of the corresponding Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were each fully extinguished-upon-exchange as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date.

See our consolidated financial statements, as follows: Note 11, Financial Instruments Fair Value Measurements, for further information with respect to the “March 15, 2018 Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” Note 13, Preferred Stock, with respect to preferred stock, including Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; and Note 14, Stockholders Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, with respect to common stock purchase warrants, including Series Z Warrants.

Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer - March 15, 2018 Exchange Date

- Modification Expense - Series Z Warrants Issued Upon Exchange of Series A-1 Warrants -

The Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of Series A-1 Warrants in the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, as such exchange offer is discussed above, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, as described above with respect to the Series Z Warrant Agreement Amendment.

In this regard, the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair value of $895,478 of the equity-classified 1,399,185 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange as compared to the estimated fair value of $545,682 of the equity-classified 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants extinguished-upon-exchange, resulted in incremental estimated fair value of $349,796, which was recognized on such exchange date as a current period modification expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid in capital, as the Series Z Warrants are equity classified.

The March 15, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair values the Series Z Warrants and the Series A-1 Warrants, were each computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the respective warrants’ exercise price.

See our consolidated financial statements, as follows: Note 11, Financial Instruments Fair Value Measurements, for further information with respect to the “March 15, 2018 Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” Note 13, Preferred Stock, with respect to preferred stock, including Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; and Note 14, Stockholders Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, with respect to common stock purchase warrants, including Series Z Warrants.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Modification Expense - Series W Warrants Exchange Offer - April 5, 2018 ’

A total of 5,075,849 Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of 10,151,682 Series W Warrants, in an exchange offer transaction referred to as the “Series W Warrants Exchange Offer” and the “April 5, 2018 Exchange Date”. In this regard, pursuant to an offer-to-exchange dated February 20, 2018, as included in a Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO filed with the SEC on February 20, 2018, wherein, the Company offered one Series Z Warrant issued-upon-exchange of two Series W Warrants. Such Series W Warrants Exchange Offer commenced on February 20, 2018 and had April 2, 2018 expiration date, and after completion of the guaranteed delivery period, an April 5, 2018 close date.

The Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of the Series W Warrants on the April 5, 2018 Exchange Date, upon their issuance, enabled the holder to immediately purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $1.60 per share, effective June 1, 2018, with an expiry of April 30, 2024. The Series Z Warrant exercise price was initially $3.00 per share through May 31, 2018, and then $1.60 per share effective June 1, 2018, wherein, on May 15, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved a reduction to the Series Z Warrant exercise price to $1.60 per share, effective June 1, 2018, upon completion of the period-of-notice to the then-current Series Z Warrant holders. See herein below for further information with respect to the modification expense recognized in connection with the Series Z Warrant exercise price adjustment. The Series Z Warrant $1.60 exercise price is not subject-to further adjustment, unless by action of the PAVmed Inc board of directors, or the effect of stock dividends, stock splits or similar events affecting the common stock of the Company. The Series Z Warrants are redeemable by the Company under certain conditions, as discussed above.

The Series W Warrant Exchange Offer, as discussed above, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense on the April 5, 2018 Exchange Date, under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, as described above with respect to the Series Z Warrants Agreement Amendment.

In this regard, the April 5, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair value of $3,304,377 of the 5,075,849 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange as compared of the estimated fair value of $2,537,921 of the 10,151,682 Series W Warrants extinguished-upon-exchange, resulted in incremental estimated fair value of $766,456, which was recognized on such exchange date as a current period modification expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid in capital, as the Series Z Warrants are equity classified.

The April 5, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair values of each of the Series Z Warrants and Series W Warrants noted above, were each computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the respective warrants’ exercise price.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, for a further discussion of the “April 5, 2018 Series W Warrants Exchange Offer” and the common stock purchase warrants, including the Series Z Warrants.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Modification Expense - Unit Purchase Option Exchange Offer - August 22, 2018

Previously, on the April 28, 2016 closing date of the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”), a total of 53,000 unit purchase options were issued to the IPO selling agents, with each such unit purchase option issued on April 28, 2016 referred to as a “UPO-W”. The UPO-W, with an exercise price of $5.50 per unit, could have been exercised to purchase the same unit issued in the Company’s IPO, with such unit comprised of one share of common stock of the Company and one Series W Warrant to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $5.00 per share. The UPO-W had a January 29, 2021 expiration date.

On August 22, 2018, the “UPO Exchange Offer” was completed, wherein, 53,000 “UPO-Z” were issued-upon-exchange of all the previously issued and outstanding 53,000 UPO-W. The UPO-Z, with an exercise price of $5.50 per unit, may be exercised to purchase a unit comprised of one share of common stock of the Company and one Series Z Warrant to purchase one share of common stock of the Company at an exercise price of $1.60 per share. The UPO-Z has a January 29, 2021 expiration date.

The UPO Exchange Offer resulted in the recognition of a modification expense under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, as described above with respect to the Series Z Warrants Agreement Amendment.

In this regard, the August 22, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair value of $3,180 of the 53,000 UPO-Z issued-upon-exchange as compared of the estimated fair value of $1,060 of the 53,000 UPO-W extinguished-upon-exchange, resulted in incremental estimated fair value of $2,120, which was recognized on such exchange date as a current period modification expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid in capital.

The August 22,2018 Exchange Date estimated fair values of each of the UPO-Z and UPO-W were each computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the respective unit purchase options’ and warrants’ exercise price.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants for a further discussion of the Unit Purchase Options, the “August 22, 2018 Unit Purchase Option Exchange Offer”, and the Series Z Warrants.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Loss on Series A Preferred Stock Units Issued in a Private Placement

The Series A Preferred Stock Units were issued in a private placement with an initial closing on January 26, 2017, and subsequent closings on January 31, 2017 and March 8, 2017, resulting in a total of 422,838 Series A Preferred Stock Units issued for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $2.5 million and net proceeds of approximately $2.2 million, after payment of placement agent fees and closing costs. The Series A Preferred Stock Unit was comprised of one share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and one Series A Warrant, which was immediately separable upon issue, and became convertible and exercisable, respectively, on May 21, 2017 upon stockholder approval of the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement.

The Series A Warrant and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option were each determined to be a derivative liability under FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivative and Hedging (ASC 815), as the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock common stock exchange factor denominator and the Series A Warrant exercise price were each subject to potential adjustment resulting from future financing transactions, under certain conditions, along with certain other provisions which may result in required or potential full or partial cash settlement. Through the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, as such exchange offer is discussed below, each of the respective Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were classified as a current liability in the consolidated balance sheet, and each were initially measured at estimated fair value at the time of issuance and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date, with changes in estimated fair value of the respective derivative liability recognized as other income or expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

The issuance of the Series A Preferred Stock Units resulted in the recognition of a loss of $3,124,285, resulting from the aggregate initial fair value of each of the Series A Warrant and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability, being in excess of the gross proceeds of the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement, with such excess amounting to $2,735,657, recognized as a current period expense, along with offering costs of $388,628, which were also recognized as a current period expense.

The initial issue date estimated fair value of each of the Series A Warrants and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability, as discussed above, were each estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation valuation model using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, and certain other Level-3 inputs including, assumptions regarding the estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock price and probabilities associated with the likelihood and timing of future dilutive transactions.

See our consolidated financial statements, including: Note 11, Financial Instruments Fair Value Measurements, for further information with respect to the initial issue date estimated fair values of each of the Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability; Note 13, Preferred Stock, for further information regarding the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; and Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, for a further discussion of the Series A Warrants.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Change in Fair Value of Series A Warrants Derivative Liability and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion Option Derivative Liability - Year Ended December 31, 2018

The Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were each initially measured at fair value at the time of issuance and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date, with changes in estimated fair value of each respective derivative liability recognized as other income or expense.

As of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, as such exchange offer is discussed above, each of the corresponding Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were each fully extinguished-upon-exchange as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date. Accordingly, there was no recognition of income or expense related to the change in estimated fair value of each such derivative liability after the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date.

In this regard, during the year ended December 31, 2018, as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date, the change in the estimated fair value of each respective derivative liability resulted in the recognition of income of $246,561 with respect to the Series A Warrant derivative liability and income of $64,913 with respect to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability, with a corresponding decrease in each respective derivative liability.

Further, the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date adjustment to the estimated fair value of the Series A Warrants derivative liability resulted in the recognition of a net expense of $96,480 comprised of: income of $246,561 upon the Series A Warrant derivative liability being adjusted to its March 15, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair value of $514,562, as noted above, and an expense of $343,041 resulting from the incremental estimated fair value of the consideration given of $857,603 of the 1,340,005 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange as compared to the estimated fair value of $514,562 of the 268,001 Series A Warrants derivative liability extinguished-upon-exchange.

See our consolidated financial statements, including: Note 11, Financial Instruments Fair Value Measurements, for further information with respect to the initial issue date and subsequent reporting date estimated fair values of each of the Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability, and the “March 15, 2018 Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” Note 13, Preferred Stock, for further information with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; and Note 14, Stockholders’ Equity and Common Stock Purchase Warrants, for a further discussion of the Series A Warrants and Series Z Warrants.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Change in Fair Value of Series A Warrants Derivative Liability and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion Option Derivative Liability - Year Ended December 31, 2017

As noted above, total of 422,838 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 422,838 Series A Warrants were issued in the “Series A Preferred Stock Units private placement” in the three months ended March 31, 2017. Further, on the “Series A Exchange Offer” “November 17, 2017 Exchange Date”, a total of 232,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock were issued-upon-exchange of 154,837 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and a total of 154,837 Series A-1 Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of 154,837 Series A Warrants. Additionally, in November and December 2017, a total of 18,334 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into a total of 22,093 shares of common stock of the Company.

Accordingly, as of December 31, 2017, there were 249,667 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (classified in temporary equity), 357,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (classified in permanent equity), 268,001 Series A Warrants, and 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants, each issued and outstanding. Subsequently, as discussed above, as a result of the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer”, on the “March 15, 2018 Exchange Date” there were no issued and outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock nor Series A Warrants.

As noted above, the Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were each initially measured at fair value at the time of issuance and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date, with changes in estimated fair value of each respective derivative liability recognized as other income or expense.

The reconciliation of each of the Series A Warrants and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability for the year ended December 31, 2017 are as follows:

Change in Fair Value

The change in estimated fair value, including fair value adjustments on the dates of the Series A Exchange Offer, the conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, and the recurring fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2017, resulted in the recognition of income of $1,942,501 with respect to the Series A Warrants derivative liability, and income of $643,318 with respect to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability, with a corresponding decrease in each the respective derivative liability, during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Change in Fair Value of Series A Warrants Derivative Liability and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion Option Derivative Liability - Year Ended December 31, 2017 - continued

Series A Exchange Offer - November 17, 2017

The Series A Exchange Offer resulted in the extinguishment of: 154,837 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, the corresponding (bifurcated) conversion option derivative liability, and, 154,837 Series A Warrants, resulting from the issuance-upon-exchange of: 232,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and 154,837 Series A-1 Warrants, each as discussed herein below.

Series A Exchange Offer - Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Exchanged for Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock

The fair value of the consideration given in the form of the issue of 232,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, with such fair value recognized as the carrying value of such issued shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, as compared to the extinguishment of both: the carrying value of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and the fair value of the corresponding conversion option derivative liability, resulted in an excess of fair value of $504,007 recognized as a deemed dividend charged to accumulated deficit in the consolidated balance sheet on the November 17, 2017 Exchange Date, with such deemed dividend included as a component of net loss attributable to attributable to common stockholders, summarized as follows:

Series A Exchange Offer - Series A Warrants Exchanged for Series A-1 Warrants

The 154,837 Series A Warrants derivative liability fair value was adjusted to the November 17, 2017 Exchange Date fair value of the consideration given in the form the 154,837 Series A-1 Warrants issued, with the resulting change in fair value recognized as other income or expense in the consolidated statement of operations, immediately followed by the derecognition of the 154,837 Series A Warrants derivative liability and the recognition of additional paid-in capital of such amount in the consolidated balance sheet, as the Series A-1 Warrants are equity classified. The November 17, 2017 Exchange Date fair value of the Series A-1 Warrants of $1,347,082 was estimated assuming the exchange of one Series A-1 Warrant for five Series W Warrants, using a Black-Scholes valuation model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, the estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock price, and the Series W Warrant exercise price.