PAVmed Inc. - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019

OR

For the transition period from _____ to _____

Commission File Number: 001-37685

PAVMED INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(212) 949-4319

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period the registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of  “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” , “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to section 13(c) of the Exchange Act [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ] No [X]

As of June 30, 2019, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting stock held by non-affiliates was approximately $29.8 million, based on 26,107,832 shares of common stock held by non-affiliates and a last reported sales price per share of the registrant’s common stock of $1.14 on such date.

As of April 10, 2020 there were 44,133,745 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share, issued and outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2020 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K where indicated. Such definitive proxy statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the year ended December 31, 2019.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K of PAVmed Inc. (“we”, “us”, “our” or “PAVmed” or the “Company”) contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”), including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “could,” “intends,” “target,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and the Company’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Item 1A of Part I of this Form 10-K under the heading “Risk Factors,” which are incorporated herein by reference.

Important factors that may affect our actual results include:

In addition, our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future financings, acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions, and /or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements, and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents we have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Background and Overview

PAVmed is a highly-differentiated multi-product technology medical device company organized to advance a broad pipeline of innovative medical technologies from concept to commercialization, employing a business model focused on capital efficiency and speed to market. Since inception on June 26, 2014, the Company’s activities have focused on advancing its lead products towards regulatory approval and commercialization, protecting its intellectual property, and building its corporate infrastructure and management team. The Company operates in one segment as a medical device company with four operating divisions which include GI Health, Minimally Invasive Interventions, Infusion Therapy, and Emerging Innovations. As resources permit, we will continue to explore internal and external innovations that fulfill our project selection criteria without limiting ourselves to any target specialty or condition. The Company has ongoing operations conducted in two active majority owned subsidiaries: Lucid Diagnostics, Inc. (“Lucid Diagnostics” or “Lucid”) incorporated in May 2018 and Solys Diagnostics, Inc. (“Solys Diagnostics” or “Solys”) incorporated in October 2019.

PAVmed and its subsidiaries have proprietary rights to the trademarks used herein, including, among others, PAVmed™, Lucid Diagnostics™, Caldus™, CarpX™, DisappEAR™, EsoCheck™, EsoGuard™, EsoCheck Cell Collection Device™ EsoCure Esophageal Ablation Device™ , NextCath™, NextFlo™, PortIO™, and “Innovating at the Speed of Life” ™. Solely as a matter of convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to herein may or may not be accompanied with the requisite marks of “™” or “®”, however, the absence of such marks is not intended to indicate, in any way, PAVmed or its subsidiaries will not assert, to the fullest extent possible under applicable law, their respective rights to such trademarks and trade names.

Our multiple products are in various phases of development and regulatory clearances or approvals. EsoCheck has received 510(k) marketing clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) as a generic esophageal cell collection device. EsoGuard has been established as a Laboratory Developed Test (“LDT”) and was launched commercially in December 2019 after Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (“CLIA”) and College of American Pathologists (“CAP”) accreditation of the test at Lucid’s commercial diagnostic laboratory partner ResearchDx Inc. (“ResearchDx”), headquartered in Irvine, CA. Our other products in development have not yet received clearance or approval to be marketed or sold in the U.S. or elsewhere. We have been granted patents by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) for CarpX, PortIO, and Caldus and have acquired licenses to certain patents and intellectual property for DisappEAR from Tufts University and a group of academic centers, for EsoGuard and EsoCheck from Case Western Reserve University (“CWRU”) and more recently for patents covering infrared technology to non-invasively detect glucose in tissue within the in-patient field of use from Liquid Sensing, Inc.

Our four operating divisions include:

A brief description of our key divisions and products is as follows:

GI Health

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

Minimally Invasive Interventions

Infusion Therapy

Emerging Innovations

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

GI Health (Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure)

In May 2018, Lucid Diagnostics, a majority-owned subsidiary of PAVmed, entered into a patent license agreement with CWRU (the “CWRU License Agreement”), for the exclusive worldwide license of the intellectual property rights for two distinct proprietary technologies focused on the early detection and prevention of EAC, a highly lethal form of esophageal cancer.

The two patent-protected technologies licensed from CWRU are EsoGuard and EsoCheck:

Additionally, PAVmed has recently added the EsoCure Esophageal Ablation Device with Caldus Technology to its commercial product development pipeline. EsoCure is a disposable single-use thermal balloon ablation catheter designed to advance through the working channel of a standard endoscope and allow the clinician to treat dysplastic BE before it can progress to highly lethal EAC and to do so without the need for complex and expensive capital equipment. It complements Lucid Diagnostics’ portfolio of EsoGuard and EsoCheck products, which are designed to detect nondysplastic and dysplastic BE, as well as EAC itself. EsoCure incorporates PAVmed’s patented Caldus Technology (“Caldus”) which allows direct thermal tissue ablation using disposable single-use ablation devices. Once PAVmed completes its product development process including obtaining market clearance from the FDA, we intend to add EsoCure to our product offering being presented to the GI physician community by Lucid’s contract sales force.

Hence, our first commercial products consist of the EsoCheck device for collecting esophageal cells and the EsoGuard DNA assay for testing cells for the presence of BE and EAC, with both products now commercially available to be prescribed by physicians for U.S. patients. Currently, each product is permitted to be distributed as a separate and distinct product offering. However, we are planning a human clinical trial, expected to be approximately 31 months in duration, in support of an FDA premarket approval (“PMA”) application for the marketing of EsoCheck and EsoGuard in combination as a screening tool for the detection of BE. We also plan to develop and commercialize other products that use or enhance the same underlying technology or address the same disease states of the esophagus. We are also currently exploring commercial partnerships for the launch of EsoGuard outside the United States.

We believe the development and commercial availability of our EsoGuard diagnostic test is revolutionary, particularly when performed on samples collected by EsoCheck. Our molecular DNA assay has the potential to save many lives through early BE detection. We were affirmed in this belief in February 2020 when we received Breakthrough Device designation from the FDA for our EsoGuard Esophageal DNA Test on esophageal samples collected using its EsoCheck Cell Collection Device in a prevalent well-defined group of patients at elevated risk for esophageal dysplasia due to chronic GERD. The FDA Breakthrough Device Program was created to offer patients more timely access to breakthrough technologies which provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating human disease or conditions by expediting their development, assessment and review through enhanced communications and more efficient and flexible clinical study design, including more favorable pre/post market data collection balance. Breakthrough Devices receive priority FDA review, and a bipartisan bill before Congress (H.R. 5333) seeks to require Medicare to temporarily cover all Breakthrough Devices for three years while determining permanent coverage. Additionally, the National Cancer Institute (“NCI”) highlighted EsoGuard and EsoCheck as one of a handful of the year’s significant advances in cancer prevention in the NCI’s 2020 Annual Plan and Budget Proposal submitted to Congress.

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

GI Health - Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure

Furthermore, we believe EsoGuard and EsoCheck (and later EsoCure, if and when it receives FDA 510(k) clearance) will revolutionize the frequency and manner that GI physicians interact with patients suffering from chronic acid reflux and other diseases of the esophagus for the following reasons:

Our EsoGuard Opportunity

The incidence of EAC, the most common cancer of the esophagus, has quadrupled over the past 30 years. Its prognosis remains dismal, with fewer than 20% of patients surviving at five years. We are pursuing the development of the EsoGuard technology to provide the more than 30 million diagnosed GERD patients a non-invasive, less costly test by which to detect BE so that patients identified with the condition may receive surveillance and medical therapies well known to be highly effective at preventing progression to esophageal cancer.

The primary risk factor for, and a presumed cause of BE is GERD, commonly known as chronic heartburn or acid reflux, wherein stomach acid refluxes into the esophagus. GERD affects 20-40% of Western adult populations, according to published epidemiological data. The repeated exposure to stomach acid can lead to specific metaplastic and dysplastic, i.e. pre-cancerous changes in the esophageal lining, a condition known as Barrett’s Esophagus (which we refer to as BE).

BE is most diagnosed in the U.S. by the presence of so-called “salmon colored” mucosa visualized during upper endoscopy together with columnar epithelium (so-called intestinal metaplasia) seen on in biopsies taken from such an affected area. In BE, columnar epithelium replaces the stratified squamous epithelium which normally lines the distal esophagus (at the nexus of the stomach). This metaplastic epithelium is the initial manifestation of a progressive disease process, which, if unabated, continues through a dysplastic phase and ultimately into EAC. Due to the known risk for progression of BE toward EAC, current guidelines advise patients with nondysplastic BE to be enrolled in endoscopic surveillance programs in order to detect progression. Endoscopic surveillance includes extensive biopsy sampling, taken per the Seattle biopsy protocol. For nondysplastic BE, the American College of Gastroenterology recommends surveillance endoscopy at 3-5 year intervals. For patients with confirmed low grade dysplasia (“LGD”) and without life-limiting comorbidity, endoscopic therapy is considered as the preferred treatment modality, although endoscopic surveillance every 12 months is an acceptable alternative. Patients with high grade dysplasia (“HGD”) are to be managed with endoscopic therapy.

The only currently-validated approach to assess a patient for BE and EAC, and the current “gold standard”, is white light esophagogastroduodenoscopy (“EGD,” also commonly known as “upper endoscopy”), together with collection of multiple biopsy specimens from the potentially affected area in the distal esophagus. The procedure is invasive and expensive. In the U.S., EGD is almost always done under intravenous sedation in a specialized facility. It requires a patient to be fasting for several hours beforehand, to take a day off from work, and to be accompanied by a caregiver who also must miss work as a result. Multiple biopsies must be taken, and each must be read by a highly trained and specialized medical pathologist. Interpretation of these biopsies is highly subjective; for BE with LGD, pathological interpretation comes with an unacceptably low concordance rate between pathologists. The EGD procedure itself, the administration of anesthesia, and the procurement of biopsies, all carry medical risk. No screening alternative exists currently, and no device currently carries an FDA label indication to screen for any of these conditions. It is our belief that EsoGuard may become the widespread screening test to fulfill this unmet patient need similar to how pap smears and HPV testing have now become the widespread screening test to help eradicate cervical cancer.

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

GI Health - Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure - continued

Our EsoGuard Opportunity - continued

However, despite the well-accepted understanding that BE may progress to dysplasia and EAC, the clear guidance on the importance of BE surveillance and treatment, and the broad availability of EGD throughout the U.S., most cases of BE remain undiagnosed. Multiple studies demonstrate that more than 90% of patients who develop EAC never knew they had BE prior to their EAC diagnosis. A major opportunity for prevention of this cancer is being missed due to inadequate screening of at-risk populations. The major GI societies clearly define populations at high risk and advocate screening of such individuals, yet the vast majority go unscreened. It is estimated that more than 90% of high risk individuals for whom screening is currently indicated do not have it done. Put simply, nearly all EAC patients have evidence of BE but fewer than one in ten will have had the condition detected prior to their cancer diagnosis.

Dysplasia can be treated with ablation, but most patients are diagnosed with EAC at an advanced stage. EsoCheck and EsoGuard are designed to enhance screening and help clinicians catch BE and dysplasia while it’s still early enough to be treated and eliminated. Enhancing screening, in this case, means providing better sampling of the esophagus as well as a highly accurate test to determine whether precursor conditions have occurred.

Nearly all patients diagnosed with EAC have evidence of BE, and it is accepted that BE is a precursor condition on a spectrum of progression that in certain individuals will culminate in EAC, but in the vast majority of those with EAC, no prior diagnosis of BE will have been made. If detected before the EAC esophagus cancer develops, Barrett’s Esophagus can be successfully treated, usually with non-surgical approaches. Heartburn symptoms, commonly seen in patients with acid reflux with or without BE, can easily be treated with over-the counter medications, while a diagnosis of BE with LGD or HGD offers options for endoscopic management including radiofrequency ablation and local resection; these technologies have made LGD and HGD highly treatable with success rates of such therapies at greater than 90%.

Our EsoGuard and EsoCheck Solution

EsoCheck collects cells from the esophagus without the need for endoscopy in a non-invasive five-minute office-based procedure. Its proprietary and patent-protected Collect+Protect Technology protects collected samples from being diluted or contaminated during retrieval within an easy to swallow capsule the size of a gelcap. The capsule contains a proprietary textured balloon that when inflated inside the esophagus exposes ridges that have been shown to collect a greater amount of cellular material than predicate devices.

We have completed a survival porcine study that included side-by-side comparison testing between the EsoCheck Cell Collection Device and the Hobbs Medical Cytology Brush, a reference device included in our 510(k) submission to the FDA. The study was conducted under Good Laboratory Practices (“GLP”) per the FDA’s regulation 21 CFR Part 58.5 and the results submitted to the FDA as part of the EsoCheck 510(k) marketing application. One of the objectives of the study was to evaluate the performance of the EsoCheck Device and the Hobbs Medical Cytology Brush when used as indicated for cell collection in the esophagus in a clinically representative model. Specific evaluation included assessment of the adequacy of the sample of collected cells.

The study was performed utilizing four animals with two separate anatomic areas in each animal’s esophagus sampled with the EsoCheck device, and two separate anatomic areas in each animal’s esophagus sampled with the Hobbs Medical cytology brush to ensure that each cell sample was taken from a previously undisturbed area of the esophagus.

After collection of the esophageal cell samples, each cell collection device was placed in vials containing standard preservative solution. The vials were then delivered to a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (“CLIA”) and College of American Pathologists (“CAP”) certified laboratory for assessment of the cellular material. A pathologist with subspecialty board certification in gastrointestinal cytopathology reviewed the slides and cell counts were determined using standard methodology. Each slide was viewed under high-power and standard visual estimation techniques were used to determine the total number of cells sampled. The results showed an average number of cells greater than 25,000 for the EsoCheck device compared to an average number of cells greater than 11,000 for the Hobbs Medical Cytology Brush.

Once the targeted region of the esophagus is swabbed collecting cells on the balloon’s surface, the Collect+Protect Technology pulls the collected cells into the capsule where they are then protected during the retrieval process. Avoiding sample dilution is a key feature of the device since capturing unnecessary cells decreases the ability to detect the needed signal. The sampled cells can then be sent onto a molecular laboratory to perform any commercially available diagnostic test.

The use of EsoGuard, on samples collected using EsoCheck, may offer an accurate, lower cost, non-invasive approach, that does not require endoscopy, to screen for BE and EAC. The use of EsoGuard, on samples collected using EsoCheck, is not intended as a replacement for EGD. Instead of replacing EGD, it is our vision that the use of EsoGuard, on samples collected using EsoCheck, may “enlarge the top of the funnel” of high risk individuals who get screened in the first place; those who test positive by EsoGuard will proceed to an EGD, whether as a confirmatory diagnostic procedure, a therapeutic ablation procedure, or both.

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

GI Health - Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure - continued

Our EsoGuard and EsoCheck Solution - continued

By focusing the use of these follow-up EGDs on patients with the highest pre-EGD likelihood of a positive finding, and by doing so more effectively and less expensively than the current risk stratification criteria allow, the use of EsoGuard, on samples collected using EsoCheck, may enable health care systems to allocate more effectively the resources they currently spend on performing EGDs.

EsoGuard and EsoCheck Development and Commercial Status

EsoCheck is commercially available under a substantial equivalence determination made by the FDA pursuant to a 510(k). On June 21, 2019, Lucid was notified by FDA that it may market EsoCheck, subject to the general controls provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”), as a cell collection device indicated for use in the collection and retrieval of surface cells of the esophagus in the general population of adults, 22 years of age and older.

EsoGuard is commercially available to be prescribed by physicians for patients in the United States as an LDT and has been reported in an article in Science Translational Medicine to have a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Barrett’s Esophagus with and without dysplasia, as well as for EAC. LDT refers to a laboratory developed test and is a type of molecular diagnostic test that is designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory which is also certified pursuant to the CLIA to support the marketing of the test.

EsoCheck (i.e., by itself) may be used routinely by physicians to collect esophageal cells for various medical diagnostic purposes, including to diagnose or manage conditions such as Esophageal Candidiasis (a yeast infection of the esophagus which occurs in patients with compromised immune systems) and Eosinophilic Esophagitis (a common inflammatory condition of the esophagus) (“EoE”). EsoGuard (i.e., also by itself) may be performed on cytology samples collected by a means other than EsoCheck, e.g., via EGD. However, our present clinical development focus, and the subject of a recent IVD pre-submission meeting with the FDA, is on assessing the performance of the combined system (i.e., the use of the EsoGuard assay on cells collected using EsoCheck) as a screening tool to detect BE, with and without dysplasia, and/or EAC, in individuals deemed to be at high risk for these conditions.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

In March 2020, we entered into a clinical trial research agreement with the University of Pennsylvania (“Penn”) for a clinical trial designed to evaluate whether Lucid’s EsoCheck Esophageal Cell Collection Device with Collect+Protect™ Technology provides a less invasive, more efficient, and cost-effective alternative to endoscopic biopsies in the management of patients with EoE.

EoE is a rapidly emerging allergy-mediated inflammatory condition of the esophagus similar to and often associated with inflammatory bowel disease (“IBD”). Although underappreciated by the medical community and frequently confused with GERD, EoE has a prevalence comparable to IBD and exacts a significant burden on patients. It can lead to swallowing difficulties, esophageal scarring, food impaction and pain. Current treatment includes oral steroids and an elimination diet. Since inflammation can persist despite resolution of symptoms, treatment courses can be very difficult and costly for patients, requiring multiple and frequent invasive endoscopies with biopsies. To date efforts to replace endoscopy with a non-invasive diagnostic device have proven unsuccessful.

The Lucid-Penn agreement covers a research program entitled “Pilot Study of EsoCheck Compared to Biopsies and Brush Cytology During Endoscopy for Evaluation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis” (the “Study”) led by principal investigator Gary W. Falk, M.D., M.S., AGAF. Dr. Falk is a professor of Gastroenterology, the clinical co-director of the Joint Center for Digestive, Liver and Pancreatic Medicine at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and the co-director of the Penn Medicine Esophageal and Swallowing Center at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. He is also a Director of the International Society for Diseases of the Esophagus and Past President of the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE).

The trial is a prospective cross-sectional pilot feasibility study of ten patients with suspected or established EoE scheduled for a clinically indicated upper endoscopy. The patients will undergo esophageal sampling using EsoCheck followed by endoscopy, including brushings and biopsies. The primary endpoint of the trial is the sensitivity and specificity of EsoCheck versus endoscopic biopsy in the assessment of EoE.

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

GI Health - Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure - continued

EsoGuard and EsoCheck Development and Commercial Status - continued

Barrett’s Esophagus Screening Tool

We intend to seek FDA approval for the use of EsoGuard, on samples collected using EsoCheck, as an IVD device through a PMA submission. The combined system may offer an accurate, lower cost, non-invasive, approach to screen for BE with and without dysplasia, and for EAC, as compared with the current gold standard, namely diagnostic EGD plus biopsy. EsoCheck used for this purpose is performed as a five-minute office-based procedure without sedation. Samples collected are sent for laboratory analysis by EsoGuard and typically result in the issuance of a report of findings to the ordering physician, in under three weeks from the date of the test.

In October 2019, we had a pre-submission meeting with the FDA seeking FDA guidance on the clinical development plan we propose to conduct, consisting of a screening study and a case control study, in support of a future PMA submission to approve EsoCheck and EsoGuard as an IVD medical device. We expect to enroll our first patient in the early part of 2020.

In February 2020, we received Breakthrough Device designation from the FDA for its EsoGuard™ Esophageal DNA Test on esophageal samples collected using its EsoCheck Cell Collection Device in a prevalent well-defined group of patients at elevated risk for esophageal dysplasia due to chronic GERD. The FDA Breakthrough Device Program was created to offer patients more timely access to breakthrough technologies which “provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating human disease or conditions” by expediting their development, assessment and review through enhanced communications and more efficient and flexible clinical study design, including more favorable pre/post market data collection balance. Breakthrough Devices receive priority FDA review, and a bipartisan bill before Congress (H.R. 5333) seeks to require Medicare to temporarily cover all Breakthrough Devices for three years while determining permanent coverage.

EsoGuard Business Strategy

The EsoGuard technology is progressing through a two-phase regulatory and commercialization strategy which seeks to maximize the long-term commercial opportunity while providing near-term commercial milestones.

Near-Term Strategy

In June 2019, we received 510(k) marketing clearance for the EsoCheck cell collection device from the FDA, which determined that EsoCheck is substantially equivalent to legally marketed predicate devices for its indication for use, namely “the collection and retrieval of surface cells of the esophagus in the general population of adults, 22 years of age or older.” We are also pursuing other indications for EsoCheck beyond its use to collect cells for the EsoGuard DNA test. We have engaged key advisors to begin utilizing EsoCheck in other common esophageal conditions such as Esophageal Candidiasis and EoE.

EsoGuard has been established as an LDT and was launched commercially in December 2019 after completing CLIA/CAP certification of the test at Lucid’s commercial diagnostic laboratory partner ResearchDx, headquartered in Irvine, CA.

Laboratory Developed Tests

LDTs are clinical laboratory tests that are designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory. The laboratories that furnish LDTs are subject to regulation under CLIA and state clinical laboratory licensure laws (where applicable). The FDA takes the position that LDTs meet the definition of a medical device under the FDCA. Historically, however, the FDA has exercised enforcement discretion with respect to most LDTs, and not actively enforced the regulatory requirements that otherwise apply to medical device manufacturers (e.g., premarket review, Quality Systems Regulation, adverse event reporting, establishment registration, device listing). The FDA has traditionally chosen to exercise enforcement discretion because LDTs were limited in number, were relatively simple tests, and were typically used to diagnose rare disease and uncommon conditions.

In October 2014, the FDA published two draft guidance documents describing a proposed risk-based framework under which the FDA proposed to end enforcement discretion and begin regulating LDTs as medical devices. The FDA’s draft framework proposed, among other things, premarket review for higher-risk LDTs, such as those that have the same intended use as FDA-approved companion diagnostic currently on the market. In November 2015, the FDA issued a report citing evidence for the need for additional regulation of LDTs and stated the FDA is continuing to work to finalize the 2014 draft guidance. However, in November 2016, the FDA announced that it did not intend to finalize the draft guidance at that time. In January 2017, the FDA issued a Discussion Paper on LDTs, which confirmed it did not intend to finalize the draft guidance at that time to allow more time for public discussion and time for the congressional authorizing committees to develop a legislative solution. Various legislative proposals that would give FDA express authority to regulate LDTs have been proposed since that time, but the chances of any specific proposal being enacted remain unclear at this time. It is also unclear at this time if or when the FDA may end enforcement discretion for LDTs, and the FDA may decide to regulate certain LDTs on a case-by-case basis at any time. Action by the FDA to actively regulate our LDT may materially impact our ability to develop and commercialize EsoGuard as planned.

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

GI Health - Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure - continued

EsoGuard Business Strategy - continued

Reimbursement Strategy

Successful commercialization of our EsoGuard test depends, in large part, on our receipt of adequate reimbursement from government insurance plans, including Medicare and Medicaid, managed care organizations and private insurance plans. We are in the process of seeking a Local Coverage Determination (“LCD”) from Palmetto GBA (“Palmetto”), the Medicare Administrative Contractor (“MAC”) that coordinates coverage for molecular diagnostic tests and will subsequently seek private payer health insurance coverage for patients. As of yet, no payer has adopted a positive coverage policy for EsoGuard. Until such time, we will need to obtain reimbursement from payers on a case-by-case basis.

At the end of March 2019, we submitted an application for a Proprietary Laboratory Analysis (“PLA”) code for EsoGuard to the American Medical Association (the “AMA).” The AMA assigned EsoGuard PLA code 0114U “Gastroenterology (Barrett’s esophagus), VIM and CCNA1 methylation analysis, esophageal cells, algorithm reported as likelihood for Barrett’s esophagus” effective October 1, 2019.

The Clinical Laboratory Fee Schedule (“CLFS”) has not yet set the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) reimbursement rate for EsoGuard or EsoCheck, and neither have any other third-party payers approved reimbursement or set a reimbursement rate for our products. In December 2019, CMS posted the Final Determinations for new and revised billing codes for laboratory services under the Medicare CLFS. Under the Final Determinations, Medicare payment for the EsoGuard test will be set by the regional MACs under the “gapfill” process. Under this process, the MACs will consider test charges, resources, rates paid by other payers, rates paid for similar tests, and other factors. CMS will take the regional rates set by MACs in early 2020 and determine a preliminary CLFS rate for 2021 at the median of the MAC rates. This preliminary rate will be subject to comments before being finalized later in 2020. The final gapfill amount will apply for the period January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2023.

Commercial third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Third-party payers are increasingly attempting to contain healthcare costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for new healthcare products. As a result, there is uncertainty surrounding whether EsoGuard or EsoCheck, or any other product or service we develop, will be eligible for coverage by third-party payers or, if eligible for coverage, what the reimbursement rates will be. Reimbursement of esophageal cancer screening by a third-party payer may depend on a number of factors, including a payer’s determination that tests using our technologies are: sensitive and specific for esophageal cancer and pre-cancer; not experimental or investigational; approved or recommended by the major guidelines organizations; reliable, safe and effective; medically necessary; appropriate for the specific patient; and cost-effective.

Medicare

For EsoGuard, Medicare reimbursement is critical. CMS relies on a network of MACs to process provider claims for reimbursement, including claims for diagnostic tests. Where appropriate, MACs draft and finalize LCDs that describe the circumstances under which an item or service that is not included in the CLFS will (or will not) be covered. Almost all EsoGuard claims will be processed by the MAC for California, Noridian Healthcare Solutions (“Noridian”). Noridian participates in the Molecular Diagnostic Services (“MolDX”) Program coordinated by Palmetto. Under the MolDX Program, Palmetto reviews a detailed dossier of information describing the performance characteristics of molecular diagnostic tests (i.e., data describing the test’s analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility) and, working collaboratively with other MAC medical directors, decides whether to cover a test. We will need to work with the MolDX Program to obtain a favorable final LCD before Noridian will pay claims for EsoGuard.

LDTs that are covered by Medicare are generally reimbursed under the Medicare CLFS. From time to time, Congress has revised the Medicare statute, including how CMS establishes CLFS payment rates. The payment amounts established under the Medicare fee schedules (such as the CLFS) are important because they will determine the amount of reimbursement for a diagnostic under Medicare, and those payment amounts are also often used as a basis for payment amounts set by other governmental and private third-party payers. For example, state Medicaid programs are prohibited from paying more than the CLFS rate for clinical laboratory services furnished to Medicaid recipients.

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Background and Overview - continued

GI Health - Gastroenterology – EsoGuard, EsoCheck, and EsoCure - continued

EsoGuard Business Strategy - continued

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Private Third-Party Payers

In addition to seeking Medicare coverage and reimbursement, we will seek coverage and reimbursement from private payers such as health insurance companies and HMOs. Private payers generally will determine whether to approve an LDT for reimbursement based on the published results demonstrating the analytical validity, clinical validity, and clinical utility of the test.

Reimbursement rates paid by private third-party payers can vary based on whether the provider is considered to be an “in-network” provider, a participating provider, a covered provider, an “out-of-network” provider or a non-participating provider. These definitions can vary among payers. An in-network provider usually has a contract with the payer or benefits provider. This contract governs, among other things, service-level agreements and reimbursement rates. In certain instances, an insurance company may negotiate an in-network rate for our testing. An in-network provider may have rates that are lower per test than those that are out-of-network, and that rate can vary widely. Rates vary based on the payer, the testing type and often the specifics of the patient’s insurance plan. If a laboratory agrees to contract as an in-network provider, it generally expects to receive quicker payment and access to additional covered patients. However, it is likely that we will initially be considered an “out-of-network” or non-participating provider by payers who cover the vast majority of patients until we can negotiate contracts with the payers. Our out-of-network claims may be subject to certain “surprise billing” restrictions enacted by state legislatures and/or currently under consideration in the U.S. Congress.

We cannot predict whether, or under what circumstances, payers will cover and pay for our tests. Full or partial denial of coverage by payers, or reimbursement at inadequate levels, would have a material adverse impact on our business and on market acceptance of our tests.

We are pursuing a variety of strategies to maximize commercial payer coverage for EsoGuard, including developing cost effectiveness data to provide to payers to make the case for EsoGuard reimbursement. We will focus our efforts on large national and regional insurers and health plans that have affiliated health systems.

When there is a private or governmental third-party payer coverage policy in place, we will bill the payer through our contract laboratory service provider (and the patient for cost-sharing, where applicable). Our efforts in obtaining reimbursement based on individual claims, including pursuing appeals or reconsiderations of claims denials, could take a substantial amount of time, and bills may not be paid for many months, if at all. Furthermore, if a third-party payer denies coverage after final appeal, payment may not be received at all. Where there is no coverage policy in place, we will pursue reimbursement on a case-by-case basis.

Longer-Term Strategy

Our longer-term strategy is to secure a specific indication, based on published guidelines, for BE screening in certain at-risk populations using EsoGuard on samples collected with EsoCheck. This requires having the EsoGuard screening system cleared or approved by the FDA as an IVD device, a process which is progressing in close collaboration with our medical and regulatory advisors, including the former Director, Office of In Vitro Diagnostics and Radiological Health, FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health. An FDA pre-submission package outlining Lucid-sponsored clinical studies to be performed in support of this indication has been submitted and a pre-submission meeting held with the FDA on October 9, 2019 to discuss its clinical data requirements for a premarket submission to approve EsoGuard as an IVD medical device. As part of advancing this longer-term strategy, PAVmed hired David F. Wurtman, M.D., in February 2019 to act as, and spend substantially all of his time as, Lucid’s Chief Medical Officer. In June 2019, PAVmed hired Randy Brown, to act as and spend substantially all of his time as Lucid’s Chief Operating Officer. Mr. Brown, who recently served as the director of clinical operations of a large multinational medical device company, is overseeing clinical planning of these upcoming clinical trials sponsored by Lucid, as well as operations of the EsoGuard LDT. In September 2019, we entered into an agreement with a clinical research organization (“CRO”) in connection with EsoGuard clinical trials. The CRO will assist us with conducting two concurrent clinical trials, an EsoGuard screening study and an EsoGuard case control study. The term of the agreement with the CRO runs from the September 2019 to the conclusion of the respective clinical trials, which is expected not to exceed 31 months. The agreement may be cancelled with sixty days written notice, without an early termination fee. We enrolled our first patient in the clinical trials in February 2020.

The screening study will enroll GERD patients without a prior diagnosis of BE or EAC who satisfy ACG BE screening guidelines. The case control study will enroll patients with a previous diagnosis of non-dysplastic BE, dysplastic BE (both low and high-grade) or EAC. In both studies, EsoGuard will be compared to the gold standard of endoscopy with biopsies. In February 2020, EsoGuard has received Breakthrough Device designation from the FDA for its EsoGuard Esophageal DNA Test on esophageal samples collected using its EsoCheck Cell Collection Device in a prevalent well-defined group of patients at elevated risk for esophageal dysplasia due to chronic GERD.

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FDA Breakthrough Device

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration “Breakthrough Device” designation relates to the FDA’s Breakthrough Device Program that was created to offer patients more timely access to breakthrough technologies which provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating human disease or conditions by expediting their development, assessment and review through enhanced communications and more efficient and flexible clinical study design, including more favorable pre- and post-market data collection. Breakthrough Devices receive priority FDA review, and a bipartisan bill before Congress (H.R. 5333) seeks to require Medicare to temporarily cover all Breakthrough Devices for three years while determining permanent coverage.

In-Vitro Diagnostics

IVDs are regulated by the FDA as medical devices. Medical devices marketed in the United States are subject to the regulatory controls under the FDCA and regulations adopted by the FDA. Some requirements, known as premarket requirements, apply to medical devices before they are marketed, and other requirements, known as post-market requirements, apply to medical devices after they are marketed.

The particular premarket requirements that must be met to market a medical device in the United States will depend on the classification of the device under FDA regulations. Medical devices are categorized into one of three classes, based on the degree of risk they present. Devices that pose the lowest risk are designated as Class I devices; devices that pose moderate risk are designated as Class II devices and are subject to general controls and special controls; and the devices that pose the highest risk are designated as Class III devices and are subject to general controls and premarket approval.

A premarket submission to the FDA will be required for some Class I devices, most Class II devices; and all Class III devices. Most Class I and some Class II devices are exempt from premarket submission requirements. Some Class I and most Class II devices may be marketed after a 510(k) clearance, while a more extensive PMA is required to market Class III devices.

Unless the FDA begins enforcing the medical device requirements with respect to LDTs (either generally or with respect to our specific test), or Congress enacts legislation that explicitly gives FDA the authority to regulate LDTs, EsoGuard (as a stand-alone product) will not be subject to FDA requirements, including (without limitation) the requirements for FDA premarket review and post-market controls. Since the EsoGuard test is being performed in a clinical laboratory, the laboratory will be subject to CLIA requirements, as well as the laboratory requirements in the state in which the laboratory is located (if applicable). Insofar as the laboratory accepts specimens from patients nationwide, the laboratory will be required to obtain an out-of-state laboratory license from regulators in New York, California, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Rhode Island. Moreover, before we can begin offering our LDT to patients in New York, we must obtain test-specific approval from the state.

Complying with the FDA’s requirements for medical devices can be expensive, time consuming, and may subject us to significant or unanticipated delays. If we are required to obtain premarket clearance or approval to perform or continue performing EsoGuard tests, or otherwise become subject to FDA regulation (e.g., via an act of Congress), we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain such clearance or approval or comply with such regulations. Even if we obtain regulatory clearance or approval where required, such authorization may not be for an intended use that we believe to be commercially attractive or critical to the commercial success of our tests. As a result, the application of FDA oversight to our tests could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

However, in parallel to our efforts to commercialize EsoGuard as an LDT, we are engaging with the FDA to explore the possibility of performing EsoGuard on cell samples collected using EsoCheck as an IVD. The IVD path seeks to secure a specific Barrett’s Esophagus screening indication for EsoGuard and EsoCheck as an FDA-cleared device in high-risk GERD patients as defined by published society guidelines. This will allow EsoGuard and EsoCheck to be broadly marketed together as a single diagnostic tool to screen patients for BE. It requires a premarket submission to the FDA supported by strong clinical data demonstrating that EsoGuard performed on samples collected with EsoCheck is sufficiently sensitive and specific to serve as a widespread screening tool in high-risk GERD patients recommended for screening. We have provided a pre-submission document to the FDA outlining our clinical plan and have held a pre-submission meeting with the FDA on October 9, 2019 to review the proposed clinical plan to meet the above endpoints in an effort to secure EsoGuard IVD FDA clearance as a medical device once the clinical study is completed. The EsoGuard screening tool also has received a “Breakthrough Device” designation, which will facilitate the process of seeking premarket approval.

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CWRU License Agreement

In May 2018, PAVmed incorporated Lucid Diagnostics and caused Lucid to issue a total of 10.0 million founders shares of its common stock for a purchase price of $0.001 per share, including: the issue of 8,187,499 founders shares to PAVmed; 943,464 founders shares to CWRU; and 289,679 founders shares to each of the three individual physician inventors of the of the intellectual property and proprietary technologies underlying the CWRU License Agreement.

In May 2018, Lucid entered into the CWRU License Agreement. Under the terms of the CWRU License Agreement, we acquired an exclusive worldwide right to use the intellectual property rights to the EsoGuard and EsoCheck technology for the detection of changes in the esophagus. CWRU retains the right to grant licenses to the EsoCheck and EsoGuard technology for other non-overlapping uses.

The CWRU License Agreement required Lucid to pay an initial license fee to CWRU of approximately $273,000. The initial license fee consisted of an initial payment of $50,000, followed by quarterly payments of $50,000 until such fee is paid-in-full, provided, however, the commencement of the quarterly payments is subject to the Company consummation of a bona fide financing with an unrelated third-party in excess of $500,000. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, the balance of the initial license fee of $273,000 remains unpaid.

The CWRU License Agreement also provides for potential payments upon the achievement of certain product development and regulatory clearance milestones. In this regard, upon FDA clearance on June 21, 2019 of the EsoCheck device, Lucid incurred a $75,000 milestone payment. The CWRU License Agreement also provides for two additional milestone obligations with a payment of $100,000 due within 30 days upon the first commercial sale of a licensed product and a payment of $200,000 due upon a PMA submission to the FDA related to a licensed product.

The Company will be required to pay CWRU a royalty of 5% on net sales of less than $100,000,000 per contract year and 8% for net sales greater than $100,000,000 per contract year, with the following minimum annual royalty payments:

Under the CWRU License Agreement, Lucid is responsible for the costs of CWRU in preparing, filing and prosecuting any patents related to the EsoGuard and EsoCheck technology (subject to a provision for cost sharing in the event CWRU grants other non-overlapping licenses to the technology). CWRU agreed to apply for patent coverage, at Lucid’s expense, in any country requested by Lucid, to the extent such protection is reasonably attainable. CWRU also may apply for patent, copyright or trademark rights to the EsoGuard and EsoCheck technology in other countries, at its option, and Lucid will have no rights under any the patents in such countries unless Lucid reimburses CWRU for its expenses. In the event of any actual or threatened infringement of any patent in the field of use covered by the License Agreement, Lucid will have the first right to commence an action against the infringer. Lucid also will have the right to defend against any claims that the EsoGuard and EsoCheck technology infringes on the intellectual property rights of a third party.

The CWRU License Agreement provides for Lucid to indemnify CWRU and certain related parties for any claims relating to product liability or similar claims involving acts or omissions by Lucid in connection with the EsoGuard technology and the development, use or sale of products based on such technology, or relating to Lucid’s gross negligence or willful misconduct, or relating to our breach of the CWRU License Agreement, unless, in any case, such claim results from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of CWRU.

The CWRU License Agreement terminates upon the expiration of certain related patents, or on May 12, 2038 in countries where no such patents exist, or upon expiration of any exclusive marketing rights that have been granted by the FDA or other U.S. government agency, whichever comes later. The key EsoGuard U.S. patents begin to expire in August 2024, however, Lucid is pursuing applications of the clinical utility to extend the patent protection with more recently filed families of cases that have a twenty year term and will be set to expire in the mid to late 2030’s once they are issued. It is noteworthy that the accuracy confidence of the EsoGuard assay has only been tested with cells collected using the EsoCheck Collect + Protect technology. The key EsoCheck device U.S. patents begin to expire in December 2034. In the event that Lucid defaults in the payment of any amount when due under the License Agreement, and such amount is not paid within 30 days of notice of nonpayment, CWRU may terminate the exclusivity of the license or terminate the CWRU License Agreement in full. In addition, either party may terminate the CWRU License Agreement upon the other party’s default in the performance of its obligations under the License Agreement, subject to certain grace periods. Upon expiration of the CWRU License Agreement in the ordinary course, we expect to continue selling products using the EsoGuard and EsoCheck technology, as CWRU’s proprietary intellectual property rights in the technology also will have expired.

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EsoGuard Sales and Marketing

We currently expect to commercialize the EsoCheck and EsoGuard products through a network of independent U.S. sales representative and/or inventory-stocking medical distributors. To do so, we rely on having a high gross margin on our products, although there can be no assurance that we will be able to achieve such margins. A high gross margin allows us to properly incentivize our independent sales reps and distributors, which in turn allows us to attract the top independent reps and distributors with the most robust networks in our targeted specialties. Independent distributors play an even larger role in many parts of Europe, most of Asia and emerging markets worldwide.

We eventually may, however, choose to build (or obtain through a strategic acquisition) our own sales and marketing team to commercialize some or all of the EsoCheck and EsoGuard products if it is in our long-term interests. We may also choose to enter into distribution agreements with one or more larger strategic partners whereby we retain full responsibility for the manufacturing of the EsoCheck and EsoGuard products but outsource a substantial portion or all of our distribution to a partner with its own robust distribution channels. Such agreements may include regional carve outs, minimum sales volumes, margin splitting and/or an option or right of first offer to purchase the technology at a future date.

EsoGuard Clinical Laboratory and EsoCheck Manufacturing

EsoGuard will be marketed as an LDT, which is a clinical laboratory test that is designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory. The laboratories that furnish LDTs are subject to regulation under CLIA and state clinical laboratory licensure laws (where applicable). We will depend on third parties as the clinical laboratories for our LDTs. Although we relied on the central reference laboratory in Cleveland, Ohio, to complete our initial EsoGuard LDT validation process, as part of our longer term commercialization strategy, we have established an outsourced contract relationship with ResearchDx, a state-of-the-art, highly automated contract diagnostic organization in Irvine, California that is certified pursuant to federal CLIA requirements to perform key portions of the assay to support the marketing of the EsoGuard LDT. ResearchDx will have the capacity to process and report on the volume of expected patient samples using EsoGuard for the foreseeable future. We completed the EsoGuard LDT validation process at ResearchDx in December 2019, making the LDT test available for physicians to prescribe for patients.

We currently have no plans to use in-house facilities to manufacture the EsoCheck device, because the fixed overhead costs and limited flexibility involved in owning manufacturing facilities are not consistent with our business strategy. The diagnostic medical device industry, including many of its largest players, depends heavily on contract manufacturers operating in the United States and abroad. Diagnostic medical device manufacturers are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other authorities. Compliance with these regulations is costly and particularly onerous on small, development-phase companies. Contract manufacturers can also take advantage of significant economies of scale in terms of purchasing, machining, tooling, specialized personnel, sub-contracting or even off-shoring certain processes to lower-cost operators. These economies are simply not available to us.

We have relationships with many contract manufacturers and service providers, including those with specialized skills in several processes important to our devices. We expect them to have sufficient capacity to handle our manufacturing needs and anticipate that our growth will be better served by deploying our resources to expand our pipeline and commercialization efforts.

We intend to work closely with our contract manufacturing partners and service providers to establish and manage the EsoCheck and EsoGuard products’ supply chain, dual sourcing whenever possible. We expect to help them design and build the EsoCheck and EsoGuard products’ manufacturing lines including subassembly, assembly, sterilization and packaging and to work closely with them to manage our quality system, to assure compliance with all regulations and to handle inspections or other queries with regulatory bodies. Our contract manufacturers have the ability to add lines and shifts to increase the manufacturing capacity of the EsoCheck and EsoGuard products as our demand dictates. We may ship our products directly from our contract manufacturers, but we may also choose to utilize third-party regional warehousing and distribution services.

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EsoGuard and EsoCheck Intellectual Property

Our GI Health business will depend on proprietary medical device and diagnostic technologies, including the EsoCheck and EsoGuard technology licensed by us. We intend to vigorously protect our proprietary technologies’ intellectual property rights in patents, trademarks and copyrights, as available through registration in the United States and internationally. Patent protection and other proprietary rights are thus essential to our GI Health business. The EsoCheck and EsoGuard technology is protected by patents in the United States and internationally, and our policy is to continue to aggressively file patent applications, both independently and in collaboration with CWRU, as appropriate, to protect this technology and other proprietary technologies of ours relating to our GI Health business, including inventions and improvements to inventions. Under the CWRU License Agreement, CWRU has agreed to apply for patent coverage, at our expense, in any country requested by us, to the extent such protection is reasonably attainable. We seek patent protection, as appropriate, on:

In addition to filing and prosecuting patent applications in the United States, we intend to file counterpart patent applications in Canada, the European Union and other countries worldwide. Foreign filings can be cumbersome and expensive and we will pursue such filings when we believe they are warranted as we try to balance our international commercialization plans with our desire to protect the global value of the technology.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent or as a result of delays in patent prosecution by the patentee, and a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in granting a patent.

We intend to continuously reassess and fine-tune our intellectual property strategy in order to fortify the position of our GI Health business in the United States and internationally. Prior to acquiring or licensing a technology from a third party, we will evaluate the existing proprietary rights, our ability to adequately obtain and protect these rights and the likelihood or possibility of infringement upon competing rights of others.

We will also rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation, and may rely upon licensing opportunities in the future, to develop and maintain our competitive position in our GI Health business. We intend to protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods, including confidentiality agreements and/or proprietary information agreements with suppliers, employees, consultants, independent contractors and other entities who may have access to proprietary information. We will generally require employees to assign patents and other intellectual property to us as a condition of employment with us. All of our consulting agreements will pre-emptively assign to us all new and improved intellectual property that arise during the term of the agreement.

The License Agreement with CWRU terminates upon the expiration of certain related patents, or on May 12, 2038 in countries where no such patents exist, or upon expiration of any exclusive marketing rights that have been granted by the FDA or other U.S. government agency, whichever comes later. The key EsoGuard U.S. patents begin to expire in August 2024, however, the company is pursuing applications of the clinical utility to extend the patent protection with more recently filed families of cases that have a twenty year term and will be set to expire in the mid to late 2030’s once they are issued. It is noteworthy that the accuracy confidence of the EsoGuard assay has only been tested with cells collected using the EsoCheck Collect + Protect technology. The key EsoCheck device U.S. patents begin to expire in December 2034. In the event that we default in the payment of any amount when due under the License Agreement, and such amount is not paid within 30 days of notice of nonpayment, CWRU may terminate the exclusivity of the license or terminate the License Agreement in full. In addition, either party may terminate the License Agreement upon the other party’s default in the performance of its obligations under the License Agreement, subject to certain grace periods. Upon expiration of the License Agreement in the ordinary course, we expect to continue selling products using the EsoGuard and EsoCheck technology, as CWRU’s proprietary intellectual property rights in the technology also will have expired.

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EsoGuard and EsoCheck Competition

The U.S. market for esophageal cancer (i.e., EAC) and pre-cancer (i.e., BE, with or without dysplasia) screening is large, consisting of more than 30 million at-risk individuals over the age of 50. Given the large market for pre-cancer screening, we likely will face numerous competitors, some of which possess significantly greater financial and other resources and development capabilities than us. Our EsoGuard test faces competition from procedure-based detection technologies such as upper endoscopy, and other screening technologies such as pill-based imaging solutions like PillCam Eso, cleared by the FDA in November 2004, and transnasal esophagoscopy, a flexible tube with a miniature camera that is inserted into the nose and advanced through the esophagus into the upper portion of the stomach. Our EsoCheck device faces competition from other manufactures with devices designed to collect cell samples from targeted regions of the esophagus. For example, Cytosponge is a small mesh sponge within a soluble gelatin capsule that dissolves in the stomach and then is pulled thru the targeted region brushing the lining of the esophagus and then later retrieved, although, unlike EsoCheck, it is unprotected from contamination. Interpace Diagnostics (Nasdaq: IDXG), NeoGenomics (Nasdaq: NEO) and Cernostics (private) are developing progression type test for known patients with BE aimed at assessing or predicting the likely development of EAC. Our competitors may also be developing additional methods of detecting esophageal cancer and pre-cancer that have not yet been announced.

Accordingly, the market for our GI Health products is highly competitive and is characterized by extensive research and clinical efforts and rapid technological change. In order to compete effectively, EsoGuard and EsoCheck will have to achieve market acceptance, receive adequate insurance coverage and reimbursement, be cost effective and be simultaneously safe and effective. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our markets are:

Most of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, distribution, manufacturing and technological resources. We may be unable to compete effectively against our competitors either because their products and services are superior or more cost efficient, or because of they have access to greater resources than us. These competitors may have greater name recognition than we do. Many of these competitors have obtained all desirable FDA or other regulatory approvals, and superior patent protection, for their products. Certain of our competitors have already commercialized their products, and others may commercialize their products in advance of our products. In addition, our competitors may make technical advances that render our products obsolete. We may be unable to respond to such technical advances.

Notwithstanding that the market for BE and EAC screening is highly competitive, we believe that EsoCheck, currently cleared by the FDA pursuant to a 510(k), and EsoGuard, the first and only DNA-based non-invasive BE screening LDT test on the market today, compare favorably to other available products and services. When used in combination after achieving FDA approval as an IVD medical device through the PMA process, the use of EsoGuard, on samples collected using EsoCheck, may offer an accurate, lower cost, non-invasive approach, that does not require endoscopy, to screen for BE and EAC. The test may be performed in five minutes, without sedation, in an outpatient ambulatory setting such as a primary care or family practice physician’s office or a freestanding diagnostic facility.

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EsoGuard and EsoCheck Specific Government Regulation

HIPAA and Other Privacy Laws

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HIPAA”) established comprehensive protection for the privacy and security of health information. The HIPAA standards apply to three types of organizations, or “Covered Entities”: health plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and healthcare providers that conduct certain healthcare transactions electronically. Covered Entities and their business associates must have in place administrative, physical, and technical standards to guard against the misuse of individually identifiable health information. We perform activities that may implicate HIPAA, such as providing clinical laboratory testing services and entering into specific kinds of relationships with Covered Entities and business associates of Covered Entities. Penalties for violations of HIPAA include civil money and criminal penalties.

Our activities must also comply with other applicable privacy laws, which impose restrictions on the access, use and disclosure of personal information. More state and international privacy laws are being adopted. Many state laws are not preempted by HIPAA because they are more stringent or are broader in scope than HIPAA. Beginning in 2020 we will also need to comply with the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, which protects personal information other than health information covered by HIPAA. In the E.U., the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) took effect in May 2018 and imposes increasingly stringent data protection and privacy rules. All of these laws may impact our business and may change periodically, which could have an effect on our business operations if compliance becomes substantially costlier than under current requirements. Our failure to comply with these privacy laws or significant changes in the laws restricting our ability to obtain patient samples and associated patient information could significantly impact our business and our future business plans.

Self-Referral Law

The federal “self-referral” law, commonly referred to as the “Stark” law, provides that physicians who, personally or through a family member, have ownership interests in or compensation arrangements with a laboratory are prohibited from making a referral to that laboratory for laboratory tests reimbursable by Medicare, and also prohibits laboratories from submitting a claim for Medicare payments for laboratory tests referred by physicians who, personally or through a family member, have ownership interests in or compensation arrangements with the testing laboratory. The Stark law contains a number of specific exceptions which, if met, permit physicians who have ownership or compensation arrangements with a testing laboratory to make referrals to that laboratory and permit the laboratory to submit claims for Medicare payments for laboratory tests performed pursuant to such referrals. We are subject to comparable state laws, some of which apply to all payers regardless of source of payment, and do not contain identical exceptions to the Stark law.

Specimen Transportation

Our commercialization activities for EsoGuard subject us to regulations of the Department of Transportation, the United States Postal Service, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that apply to the surface and air transportation of clinical laboratory specimens.

Environmental

The cost of compliance with federal, state and local provisions related to the protection of the environment has had no material effect on our GI Health business. There were no material capital expenditures for environmental control facilities in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2019, and there are no material expenditures planned for such purposes for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Minimally Invasive Interventions

CarpX - Percutaneous Device to Treat Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

The Market

CTS is the most common cumulative trauma disorder and accounts for over half of all occupational injuries. The carpal tunnel is an anatomic compartment in the wrist through which tendons and the median nerve pass. Cumulative trauma leads to inflammation which manifests itself clinically through its compressive effect on the median nerve, resulting in motor and sensory dysfunction in the hand. A survey published in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported 2.5% of U.S. adults, or approximately five million individuals, have CTS and about 600,000 surgical procedures are performed annually for CTS. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CTS accounts for two million office visits per year. Of the CTS patients that are candidates for surgery, an estimated 1.5 million CTS patients continue to suffer in silence rather than undergoing traditional invasive surgery due to concerns over the prolonged recovery time associated with an open incision. According to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, CTS costs the U.S. over $20.0 billion in annual workers’ compensation costs.

Current Devices and Their Limitations

Patients who have failed to improve with physical therapy or other non-invasive treatments are candidates for interventions which seek to relieve the compression of the median nerve by cutting the transverse carpal ligament, which forms the superficial wall of the carpal tunnel. Traditional surgical approaches are effective but are invasive and must be performed in a surgical operating room. Endoscopic approaches are less invasive, but are more technically challenging, more expensive and have been associated with higher complication rates. These approaches still require a surgical incision and some surgical dissection before the endoscope is passed into the carpal tunnel. Two less-invasive devices are currently on the market. One device attempts to use transillumination to guide blind passage of a protected knife and the other passes a saw-like device blindly or by ultrasound guidance. Technical limitations have hindered market acceptance of these devices.

Our Solution

We have developed CarpX as a patented, single-use disposable, minimally invasive medical device designed as a precision cutting tool to treat carpal tunnel syndrome while reducing recovery times. We believe our device will allow the physician to relieve the compression on the median nerve without an open incision or the need for endoscopic or other imaging equipment. To use our device, the operator first advances a guidewire through the carpal tunnel under the ligament. Our device is then advanced over the wire and positioned in the carpal tunnel under ultrasonic and/or fluoroscopic guidance. When the balloon is inflated it creates tension in the ligament positioning the cutting electrodes underneath it and creates space within the tunnel, providing anatomic separation between the target ligament and critical structures such as the median nerve. Radiofrequency energy is briefly delivered to the electrodes, rapidly cutting the ligament and relieving the pressure on the nerve. We believe our device will be significantly less invasive than existing treatments. We also believe it will allow for more extensive lateral dissection within the tunnel and more reliable division of the ligament, resulting in lower recurrence rates than some of the endoscopic approaches. The USPTO has issued U.S. Patent 10,335,189 which covers the technology underlying PAVmed’s CarpX minimally invasive device developed to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. The patent, assigned to PAVmed at its founding, lists Lishan Aklog, M.D., PAVmed’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, and Brian J. deGuzman, M.D., its Chief Medical Officer, as inventors. We have advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our CarpX product from concept to working prototypes, completed successful benchtop and cadaver testing confirming the device consistently cuts the transverse carpal ligament, as well as commercial design and development, and performed pre-submission verification and validation testing.

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Regulatory History

On November 2017, we filed with the FDA a premarket notification submission for CarpX under section 510(k) of the FDCA using a commercially available carpel tunnel release device as a predicate.

In July 2018, the FDA received our response to its requests-for-information regarding non-clinical support for our 510(k) premarket notification submission. Our response to the FDA included results from an animal study, which documented the device’s bipolar electrode design results in minimal spread of thermal energy – less than one-millimeter thermal injury by pathologic analysis – and no increase in tissue temperatures except directly over the cutting electrodes. Our response also included additional physician usability testing, wherein each of the hand surgeons successfully performed the CarpX procedure multiple times in cadavers.

In August 2018 we were notified by the lead FDA branch reviewing the 510(k) premarket notification submission it had not reached a consensus with the consulting branch within the review period allotted under the FDA’s rules and regulations. Accordingly, the lead branch recommended we take the appropriate steps to extend the review process through resubmission of the 510(k) premarket notification.

In January 2019, following an in-person pre-submission meeting, the FDA recommended clinical testing to definitively document CarpX procedural safety in humans and indicated data from a properly structured clinical study outside of the U.S. would be acceptable, precluding the need to engage in the time-consuming FDA Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) process required for U.S. studies. We offered to amend our previously planned first-in-human (“FIH”) clinical trial in New Zealand to meet this clinical testing recommendation and postponed the initiation of the amended study until study parameters were finalized with the FDA. We reached a consensus with the FDA on the parameters of the CarpX FIH safety study, including both pre-operative and post-operative electrodiagnostic testing to document device safety. The CarpX FIH safety study was designed as a single-arm, two-center, two-surgeon, 20-patient study of the CarpX procedure in carpal tunnel syndrome patients, with a device safety primary endpoint defined as the absence of certain serious device-related adverse events over a limited 90-day follow-up period.

By August 2019, all 20 patients of its FIH 510(k) clinical safety study underwent successful CarpX procedures.

In December 2019, PAVmed personnel and the local clinical investigators in New Zealand completed an on-site review of the study data concluding that the device appeared to meet the study’s primary effectiveness and safety endpoints. The remaining tasks required before a resubmission could occur included finalization of the clinical reports, including customary overreads of the diagnostic test results by a U.S. physician. Following the completion of the overreads, the 510(k) application was compiled with the requisite compendium of clinical data and submitted to the FDA.

In March 2020, we announced the FDA acknowledged receipt of a 510(k) premarket notification submission for our CarpX minimally invasive carpal tunnel device. This re-submission incorporates data from the FIH clinical safety study described above, in which all patients met the study’s pre-specified safety and effectiveness endpoints. The final report noted that twenty carpal tunnel syndrome patients in New Zealand underwent successful CarpX minimally invasive carpal tunnel release. All patients met the study’s pre-specified effectiveness endpoint – clinical device technical success defined as the ability of CarpX to perform complete division of the transverse carpal ligament as assessed by post-procedural endoscopic inspection of the transverse carpal ligament after treatment. Two-week and 90-day post-operative follow-up rates were 100% and 95%, respectively, exceeding the target 80% rate recommended by the FDA. The only loss to follow-up was a patient who was documented to be “back to normal” with resolution of symptoms at six weeks but opted not to return to the study site because he was traveling a significant distance away and was overall very satisfied with the procedure’s outcome.

All patients who completed follow-up met the study’s pre-specified primary safety endpoint – device safety defined as no serious adverse event probably or definitely related to the device resulting in significant morbidity through 90-day follow-up. Patients underwent additional pre-specified outcome assessments at baseline and during post-operative follow-up, using well-established, standardized and validated measures to assess patient satisfaction, as well as changes in symptoms, motor and sensory function and neurophysiological parameters following carpal tunnel release. These outcome assessments included the Global Satisfaction Questionnaire, QuickDASH and Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (BCTQ) Questionnaires, Ten Test and Semmes-Weinstein Monofilament sensory tests, Grip and Pinch Strength motor function tests, as well as nerve conduction and electromyographic studies. The excellent results of these pre-specified outcome assessments following CarpX minimally invasive carpal tunnel release were similar to, or better than, expected results following traditional open surgery.

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Background and Overview - continued

Minimally Invasive Interventions

CarpX - Percutaneous Device to Treat Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - continued

Regulatory History - continued

Additional observations from the study strongly support CarpX’s clinical and commercial potential. Surgeons were able to achieve the same anatomic result as traditional open surgery using a minimally invasive approach. Endoscopic visualization showed that CarpX cut the ligament cleanly and precisely, without evidence of thermal spread beyond the target tissue cut line. Procedure times fell after a short learning curve, indicating that CarpX minimally invasive carpal tunnel release can be performed in the same or less time as traditional open surgery. The final set of procedures were performed through 5-10 mm keyhole incisions, with no incision crossing the base of the palm, an area known to be problematic for healing, resulting in delayed recovery and persistent pain after traditional open surgery. The surgeons also observed that the CarpX balloon appeared to create more space within the carpal tunnel than traditional carpal tunnel release, which could favorably impact long-term outcomes.

CarpX Sales and Marketing

Once we obtain market clearance from the FDA, we expect to commercialize our products through a network of independent U.S. sales representatives and/or inventory-stocking medical distributors together with our in-house sales management and marketing teams. Our focus on high-margin products, including CarpX, are particularly suitable to this mode of distribution. A high gross margin allows us to properly incentivize our distributors, which in turn allows us to attract the top distributors with the most robust networks in our targeted specialties. Independent distributors play an even larger role in many parts of Europe, most of Asia and emerging markets worldwide.

We eventually may, however, choose to build (or obtain through a strategic acquisition) our own sales and marketing team to commercialize some or all of our products if it is in our long-term interests. We may also choose to enter into distribution agreements with larger strategic partners whereby we take full responsibility for the manufacturing of our products but outsource some or all of its distribution to a partner with its own robust distribution channels. Such agreements may include regional carve outs, minimum sales volumes, margin splitting and/or an option or right of first offer to purchase the technology at a future date. As our pipeline grows, we may choose to jointly commercialize subsets of related products which target certain medical specialties or healthcare locations.

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Infusion Therapy – PortIO and NextFlo

PortIO – Implantable Intraosseous Vascular Access Device

The Market

Vascular access devices, including peripheral intravenous catheters, central venous lines, peripherally inserted central catheters, tunneled catheters or implanted ports, are used to deliver various medications, fluids, blood products, nutrition or other therapeutic agents to patients with a wide variety of clinical conditions over multiple episodes spanning a period of days to weeks to months. A report by iData Research Group estimates the market for such devices to be several billion dollars annually. The market is moderately fragmented and highly commoditized, with slight premium pricing for modest features, including anti-infective coating, anti-thrombotic properties, tip location and power injector compatibility.

Current Devices and Their Limitations

Many chronically ill patients requiring long-term vascular access devices have poor or no central venous access as a result of repeated instrumentation of the veins or the presence of pacemaker and defibrillator leads, resulting in thrombosis or scarring. In addition, patients with renal failure need preservation of their peripheral and central veins for future dialysis access. The decades-old core technologies underlying currently available long-term vascular access devices have several limitations which relate directly to the intravascular component of the device. Up to 10% of such devices become infected, which can lead to costly and severe complications and even death (van de Wetering, Cochrane Database 2013). Since they are in constant contact with the blood stream, current devices require regular flushes to clear stagnant blood and prevent thrombus formation and occlusion. Despite these maneuvers, up to one-third of long-term vascular access devices become occluded at some point during their implantation period (Baskin, et al., Lancet 2009) and the resulting clot can dislodge as an embolism causing further downstream complications. This complication requires treatment with clot-dissolving agents or removal and implantation of a new device at an alternative site which in turn can lead to additional complications. Finally, most long-term vascular access devices require surgical insertion and removal, radiographic confirmation of tip placement and careful handling by trained clinicians to prevent the introduction of air into the circulation.

Our Solution

The intraosseous route provides a means for infusing fluids, medications and other substances directly into the bone marrow cavity which communicates with the central venous circulation via nutrient and emissary veins. This route is well established, having been used for decades in a variety of settings including trauma, especially military trauma, and pediatric emergencies. It has been shown to be bioequivalent to the intravenous route. Complication rates are low and there are few contraindications. Recently, physicians have expanded the use of the intraosseous route to non-emergent clinical scenarios. Currently available intraosseous devices pass through the skin into the bone and are therefore limited to short term use. We have developed a novel, implantable intraosseous vascular access device which does not require accessing the central venous system and does not have an indwelling intravascular component. It is designed to be highly resistant to occlusion and, we believe, may not require regular flushing. It features simplified, near-percutaneous insertion and removal, without the need for surgical dissection or radiographic confirmation. It provides a near limitless number of potential access sites and can be used in patients with chronic total occlusion of their central veins. We believe the absence of an intravascular component will result in a very low infection rate.

Our PortIO implantable intraosseous vascular access device is being developed for up to seven days of continuous use, as a means for infusing fluids, medications and other substances directly into the bone marrow cavity and from there into the central venous circulation.

We have advanced, in partnership with our design and contract manufacturing partners, our PortIO product from concept to working prototypes, benchtop, animal, and cadaver testing, commercial design and development, verification and validation testing. We are pursuing an FDA clearance for use in patients with a need for vascular access up to seven days, under de novo classification of section 513(f)2 of the FDCA. The broader “seven days” clearance is being pursued in discussion with FDA following our previous initial submission to the FDA for a 510(k) premarket notification for use in patients only requiring 24-hour emergency type vascular access. The GLP animal study requested by the FDA has been completed along with supplementary cadaver and animal studies. This data was submitted to the FDA as part of a pre-submission filing that included an in-person meeting on January 8, 2020 to define a likely small human clinical safety study through the de novo pathway. Based on encouraging animal data, we are also planning a long-term (60-day implant duration) FIH clinical study in dialysis patients or those with poor venous access in Colombia, South America and intend to fulfill the likely FDA request for human clinical data with an “outside-of-United States” clinical safety study in Auckland, New Zealand. Of significance toward our belief of PortIO will one day become the answer to solve many of the current drawbacks intravenous access devices regularly encounter, our supplemental animal testing has demonstrated maintenance-free patency over a six-month implant duration.

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Infusion Therapy – PortIO and NextFlo - continued

NextFlo – Highly-Accurate Disposable Infusion System

The Market

Each day, over one million patients receive some type of infusion and 90% of hospitalized patients receive an intravenous infusion at some point during their hospital stay. (Husch et al. Quality & Safety in Health Care 2005; 14:80-86). Unlike twenty years ago, nearly all inpatient infusions, including routine ones which do not require flow adjustment, are delivered by expensive electric infusion pumps instead of with simple gravity. An increasing number of these patients are receiving infusions of medications or other substances outside of a hospital, in ambulatory facilities and at home. Disposable infusion pumps (“DIPs”) have many attractive features that favor their use in these settings over outpatient electric infusion pumps. Patients tend to favor DIPs because they are small, disposable, simple to operate, easy to conceal, and allow for greater mobility. They are used to deliver medications including antibiotics, local anesthetics and opioids. According to a report by Transparency Market Research, the overall global infusion market is estimated to be over $5.0 billion annually. DIPs account for approximately 10% of this market and inpatient infusion sets for about 20%.

Current Devices and Their Limitations

Infusion pump errors are a serious ongoing problem and represent a large share of the overall human and economic burden of medical errors. Electronic infusion pumps have become expensive, high-maintenance devices and have been plagued in recent years with recalls due to serious software and hardware problems. These pumps are designed for fine titration of infusions in complex patients such as those in a critical care setting. Using them for routine administration of medications or fluids is technological overkill. We believe there is a significant market opportunity for a simple, disposable device which can be incorporated into a standard infusion set and eliminate the need for expensive, problem-prone infusion pumps for routine inpatient infusions. In terms of outpatient infusions, currently marketed DIPs are powered by elastomeric membranes, compressed springs, compressed gas or vacuum and controlled by mechanical flow limiters. The primary limitation of DIPs is they can be highly inaccurate in actual use because they can be susceptible to changes in operating conditions (e.g., temperature, atmospheric pressure, viscosity, back pressure, partial filing and prolonged storage). As a result, their safety profiles make them unsuitable for use with medications, such as chemotherapeutics, where flow accuracy is critical to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and avoid complications. The FDA’s MAUDE database includes numerous reports of complications and even deaths as a result of DIPs infusing a particular medication too slowly or too fast. We believe there is a significant market opportunity for highly accurate disposable infusion pumps for outpatient use.

Our Solution

We have developed a highly-accurate infusion system with variable flow resistors. We acquired U.S. Patent 8,622,976 issued January 7, 2014 and associated U.S. and international patent applications, “System and Methods for Infusion of Fluids Using Stored Potential Energy and a Variable Flow Resistor”. We have built on the principles underlying this patent and developed a new concept whereby the variable resistor does not have to be mechanically linked to the infusion drive mechanism. This simplifies the design and expands the range of potential follow-on products. We have performed extensive computer simulation, built protypes, and conducted benchtop testing on various embodiments and have demonstrated highly-accurate flow rates across a wide range of driving pressures.

Our NextFlo product has been developed as a highly accurate, disposable intravenous (“IV”) infusion set. NextFlo maintains constant flow by incorporating a proprietary, passive, pressure-dependent variable flow-resistor consisting entirely of inexpensive, easy-to-manufacture disposable mechanical parts. We believe this technology will permit hospitals to return to gravity-driven infusions and eliminate expensive and troublesome electronic pumps for most of the over one million infusions of fluids, medications and other substances delivered each day in hospitals and outpatient settings in the United States.

The NextFlo disposable IV infusion set has achieved a key milestone in its quest to eliminate the need for complex and expensive electronic infusion pumps. NextFlo testing has now repeatedly demonstrated it can achieve constant flow rates across a wide range of IV bag heights, with accuracy rates comparable to electronic infusion pumps. Deloitte Consulting LLP has completed a comprehensive market research and strategic analysis of NextFlo demonstrating a very large addressable market and recommended PAVmed seek a long-term strategic partnership or acquisition. The global professional services firm Alvarez and Marsal has been running a formal M&A process for NextFlo targeting strategic and financial partners. The process is active with ongoing discussion with multiple parties.

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Emerging Innovations

We are evaluating a number of product opportunities and intellectual properties covering a spectrum of clinical conditions, which have either been developed internally or have been presented to us by clinician innovators and academic medical centers, for consideration of a partnership to develop and commercialize these products. Additionally, we are exploring other opportunities to grow our business and enhance shareholder value through the acquisition of pre-commercial or commercial stage products and /or companies with potential strategic corporate and commercial synergies. The emerging innovation products that we presently believe are furthest along the development timeline are as follows:

DisappEAR

PAVmed’s DisappEAR pediatric ear tubes, manufactured from a proprietary aqueous silk technology licensed from Tufts University and two Harvard teaching hospitals, seeks to revolutionize the care of the estimated one million children who undergo bilateral ear tube placement each year to treat complex or recurrent middle ear infections or fluid collections, by eliminating the need for a second procedure as well as the standard difficult-to-administer post-operative ear drop regimen. An eight-month animal study of DisappEAR has been completed with excellent results. The ear tubes appear to possess unexpected surfactant properties which would provide several unique benefits over traditional plastic tubes, including enhanced flow of fluids in and out of the tube and potential intrinsic antimicrobial properties. A six-month GLP animal study has been completed and the Company is in active discussions with a large strategic partner to produce commercial-scale aqueous silk to support a future FDA 510(k) submission and commercialization.

Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring

In October 2019, PAVmed incorporated Solys Diagnostics Inc. (“Solys”) and caused Solys to issue 8.3 million shares of its common stock to PAVmed and also to immediately enter into a license agreement with Liquid Sensing, Inc., a subsidiary of Airware, Inc., each an unrelated-third-party, in exchange for 1.5 million shares of Solys common stock issued to Airware, Inc., and 200,000 shares of Solys common stock issued to a unrelated-third-party consultant. Airware Inc. equity interests have certain anti-dilution rights under limited circumstances and 810,810 shares of Solys common stock issued to Airware Inc. are subject to certain milestone vesting restrictions. PAVmed Inc. and Airware Inc. have entered into a shareholder’s agreement which, among other customary terms, limits certain transfers of their respective ownership interests in Solys.

The exclusive worldwide licensing agreement with Liquid Sensing, Inc. grants to Solys a license for six issued and one pending U.S. patents covering a proprietary nondispersive infrared laser technology for the non-invasive detection of glucose and other substances such as electrolytes in tissue within the inpatient (e.g., hospital) field of use. Pursuant to the licensing agreement, Solys will immediately advance the technology toward an established accuracy milestone for blood glucose monitoring within the licensed field of use. Upon achievement of the accuracy milestone, it is expected Solys will then pursue a full regulatory and development plan while also seeking to maximize the value of this proprietary technology with potential strategic partners or acquirers in the blood glucose monitoring market. If commercialized by Solys, Liquid Sensing Inc. has the right to collect future royalties on revenues related to the product developed for commercial use. Liquid Sensing Inc. has granted a 15 percent equity interest in its company to PAVmed with a portion of the shares issued being subject to certain performance vesting restrictions.

FlexMo – Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Cannula

We are developing a next generation Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (“ECMO”) cannula to overcome current limitations and challenges related to cannula positioning and vascular access. ECMO is a treatment that uses a pump to circulate blood through an artificial lung back into the bloodstream during heart or lung failure or compromise. ECMO is used when the lungs cannot provide enough oxygen to the body or cannot get rid of carbon dioxide, or the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body. Clinicians have multiple choices in terms of cannula placement depending on the patient condition and traditionally two access sites are necessary to complete the circuit. Many of these configurations require precision placement of the cannula to ensure oxygenated blood is correctly circulated through the patient’s arterial system. The addition of these advanced and alternative tailored placements of ECMO cannula will allow clinicians to serve a greater patient population and increases likelihood of procedural success.

FlexMo’s proposed embodiment will expand opportunities across all clinical spectrums by allowing the reinfusion into any anatomic location, including Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Artery, Left Atrium and the Aorta. With the advent of more portable and readily available ECMO technology, the use of ECMO has increased for every clinical indication and usage will continue to rise. Further development of FlexMo is subject to availability of additional financial resources. Once this product is commercialized, we believe it will garner a premium pricing and support increased use of ECMO through simplified procedural steps and enhanced vascular access pathways.

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NextCath - Self-Anchoring Short-Term Catheters

A wide variety of short-term catheters are used in clinical practice to infuse fluids, medications or other substances into a vein or other structures, to monitor physiologic parameters and to drain visceral organs or cavities. Currently marketed short-term catheters are not self-anchoring, they have been traditionally anchored to the skin with simple tape or some other adhesive incorporated into the sterile dressing. We are developing self-anchoring short-term catheters which do not require suturing, traditional anchoring techniques or costly add-on catheter securement devices. We are initially focusing on interventional radiology catheters which are less commoditized and result in significantly greater risk when dislodged. Our self-anchoring technique, however, is applicable to most, if not all, short-term catheters. The self-anchoring mechanism is integral to the catheter. It allows insertion with standard techniques and the use of simple clear sterile dressings. It allows the hub of the catheter to be flat and the tubing to come out eccentrically, or parallel to the skin, improving patient comfort and catheter management. We have filed a nonprovisional patent application, engaged design and contract manufacturing firms with experience in extrusions which have completed initial design work on the first product in the NextCath product line, and completed head-to-head testing of retention forces, comparing our working prototype to several competing products, which has validated our approach and advanced the commercial design and development process focusing on optimizing the self-anchoring helical portion as well as cost of materials and manufacturing processes. Further development of NextCath is subject to availability of additional financial resources. Once this product is commercialized, we believe it will garner premium pricing based on fewer complications and reduced overall costs.

Additional Products

We are evaluating a number of product opportunities and intellectual property covering a spectrum of clinical conditions, which have been presented to us by clinician innovators and academic medical centers, for consideration of a partnership to develop and commercialize these products; we are also exploring opportunities to partner with larger medical device companies to commercialize our lead products as they move towards regulatory clearance and commercialization. In this regard, we remain actively engaged with our full-service regulatory consulting partner and who is working closely with our contract design, engineering and manufacturing partners as our products advance towards regulatory submission, clearance, and commercialization.

We are exploring other opportunities to grow our business and enhance shareholder value through the acquisition of pre-commercial or commercial stage products and/or companies with potential strategic corporate and commercial synergies.

Our product pipeline is dynamic, and we adjust our development and commercialization plans based on real-time progress, changes in market conditions, commercial opportunity and availability of resources.

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Recent Events

Product Development Events

In June 2019, Lucid, PAVmed’s majority owned subsidiary, received FDA 510(k) marketing clearance for EsoCheck as a generic esophageal cell collection device. See “—GI Health— EsoGuard and EsoCheck Development and Commercial Status”.

In October 2019, Solys Diagnostics, PAVmed’s majority owned subsidiary, entered into a license agreement with Liquid Sensing, Inc., a subsidiary of Airware, Inc., granting Solys a license for six issued and one pending U.S. patents covering a nondispersive infrared laser proprietary technology for the non-invasively detection of glucose and other substances such as electrolytes in tissue within the inpatient (e.g., hospital) field of use. See “—Emerging Innovations—Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring.”

In December 2019, Lucid, PAVmed’s majority owned subsidiary completed CLIA/CAP certification for EsoGuard Esophageal DNA Test as an LDT at Lucid’s commercial diagnostic laboratory partner, ResearchDx. See “—GI Health— EsoGuard Clinical Laboratory and EsoCheck Manufacturing.”

In January 2020, an FDA pre-submission in-person meeting was held to review PortIO’s GLP animal study and to define a small human clinical safety study to support FDA approval through the de novo pathway. See “—Infusion Therapy—PortIO.”

In February 2020, Lucid, PAVmed’s majority owned subsidiary, received Breakthrough Device designation from the FDA for EsoGuard Esophageal DNA Test on esophageal samples collected using its EsoCheck Cell Collection Device. See “—GI Health—EsoGuard Business Strategy.”

In February 2020, the first patient was enrolled in Lucid’s IVD clinical trial for EsoGuard Esophageal DNA Test on esophageal samples collected using its EsoCheck Cell Collection Device. See “—GI Health—EsoGuard Business Strategy.”

In March 2020, we announced the FDA acknowledged receipt of a 510(k) premarket notification submission for the Company’s CarpX minimally invasive carpal tunnel device, which incorporates data from the Company’s successful first-in-human CarpX clinical safety study. See “—Minimally Invasive Interventions—CarpX.”

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Recent Events

Financing Transactions

In April, May and June 2019, we raised approximately $5.4 million, net, from three registered direct offerings of 5,480,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to our previously filed effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-220549).

In November 2019, we consummated the sale of a Senior Secured Convertible Notes in a private placement with a $14.0 million aggregate face value principle, referred to herein as the “November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes”.

The November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes were further sub-divided into a Series A and Series B, each having a face value principal of $7.0 million, with each referred to as the “Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes” and the “ Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes”. The Series A and Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes each provide for the payment of a $700,000 lender fee, with such lender fee deducted from the proceeds when funded by the investors, and additionally, we are obligated to pay a financial advisory fee to the placement agent of 6.5% of the cash proceeds upon their receipt.

With respect to the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes, the investors delivered to us cash proceeds of $6.3 million on November 4, 2019, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fee, and we incurred total offering costs of $550,254, including a $409,500 advisory fee paid to the placement agent.

Subsequent to December 31, 2019, with respect to the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, the investors, at their election under the prepayment provisions, delivered to the Company cash proceeds of $6.3 million on March 30, 2020 after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees, and we paid an advisory fee of $409,500 to the placement agent.

In connection with the November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes, a registration statement on Form S-3 was filed with the SEC in December 2019, which has not yet been declared effective, for the common stock underlying the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note.

Other Events

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock provides for dividends at a rate of 8% per annum based on the $3.00 per share stated value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, with such dividends compounded quarterly, accumulate, and are payable in arrears upon being declared by the Company’s board of directors. The Company’s board of directors declared a Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment of earned but unpaid dividends as of December 31, 2019, payable as of January 1, 2020, of an aggregate of $69,493, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 23,182 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the Series B Certificate of Designation.

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Our Business Model

In contrast to pharmaceuticals and other life science technologies, which typically require long and capital-intensive paths to translate cellular or biochemical processes into commercially-viable therapeutics or diagnostics, we believe that medical devices have the potential to move much more rapidly from concept to commercialization with significantly less capital investment. Many commercially successful medical devices are often elegant solutions to important and prevalent clinical problems. Most medical device companies, however, are not structurally or operationally equipped to fulfill this potential. According to a report by Josh Makower, M.D., Consulting Professor of Medicine at Stanford University, the typical medical device company will spend over $31.0 million and take approximately five years to develop and commercialize a product through the FDA’s 510(k) pathway and over $100.0 million and seven or more years through the FDA’s PMA pathway.

Prior to forming PAVmed, our leadership team established a model to realize this potential in single-product companies by advancing medical device products from concept to commercialization using significantly less capital and time than a typical medical device company. When previously applied to single-product venture backed companies, the model utilized a virtual business structure. PAVmed’s structure enables us to retain the model’s tight focus on capital and time efficiency and the core elements which drive efficiency, including limited infrastructure and low fixed costs, while taking advantages of the economies of scale and flexibility inherent in a multi-product company.

Project Selection

A key element of our model is the project selection process. We choose projects to develop and commercialize based on characteristics which contribute to a strong commercial opportunity. We place a heavy emphasis on medical device products with the potential for high-margins and high-impact in attractive markets without regard to the target specialty or clinical area.

Our project selection process begins with the identification of an unmet clinical need. We seek prevalent medical conditions where we believe an opportunity exists to advance the care of the patient through improvements in existing technologies or the introduction of new platform technologies. In the current healthcare environment, this usually means our products must be less invasive and more cost effective. We select projects which we believe have the potential to lessen procedural invasiveness and/or the opportunity to shift care from the surgical operating room to lower-cost venues such as the interventional suite or the ambulatory setting. We expect our products to decrease complications, hospital stays, recovery times and indirect costs associated with a patient’s loss of productivity.

Additional characteristics which impact a project’s commercial opportunity are its technology, regulatory and reimbursement profiles. We typically select projects with strong intellectual property position, low to moderate technological complexity, low to moderate manufacturing costs and primarily disposable products do not require significant capital equipment.

One of the most important features we consider is the project’s regulatory pathway, both in the U.S. and internationally. The FDA’s less arduous 510(k) pathway requires us to demonstrate our product is safe and substantially equivalent to FDA-cleared predicates. The FDA’s costlier and more prolonged PMA pathway requires us to demonstrate our product is safe and effective through randomized clinical studies. A product which is eligible for the 510(k) pathway will require substantially less capital and time than one that requires full PMA clearance. With all our products we are very aggressive about identifying what we believe are the quickest paths to regulatory clearance, paying very careful attention to selection of the best predicates and references as well as careful attention to precisely crafting the primary indications for use language. Although we favor products eligible for the FDA’s 510(k) pathway, with or without clinical safety studies, we may also pursue PMA pathway products with large addressable markets, or in the case of one of our lead products, PortIO™, pursue classification under section 513(f)(2) of the FDCA, also referred to as de novo classification, which could be more rigorous than the 510(k) pathway, but generally require substantially less time and resources than a PMA pathway. We have a variety of options to commercialize such products more efficiently by initially, or even exclusively, targeting European or emerging markets which have shorter, less costly regulatory pathways for such projects. We also attempt to identify narrower applications and indications with lower regulatory hurdles will allow us to start commercializing our product, while broader applications and indications with higher hurdles move through the regulatory process.

The project’s reimbursement profile, both in the U.S. and internationally, is another very important component of the project’s commercial opportunity. We prefer projects with existing reimbursement codes, the opportunity to seek reimbursement under higher-value surgical procedure codes or the potential to seek reimbursement under narrow, product-specific codes as opposed to bundled procedure codes.

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Development and Commercialization Processes

Once we add a project to our pipeline, we map out development and commercialization processes specifically tailored to the product seeking to optimize capital and time efficiency and maximize value creation. The model emphasizes parallel development processes, such as engineering, quality, regulatory, supply chain, and manufacturing, utilizing outsourced, best-in-class process experts on an as-needed basis. We initially select the shortest, most-efficient path to commercialization of a safe and effective first-generation product. We then proceed with iterative product development based on real-life product performance and user feedback.

We intend to continue to utilize outsourced best-in-class process experts. We have strong relationships with a network of experts in design engineering, regulatory affairs, quality systems, supply chain management and manufacturing, including many with highly specialized skills in areas critical to our current and future pipeline. We will not be reluctant, however, to in-source certain heavily utilized process experts when and if we decide such a move will enhance our ability to execute on our strategy. As we grow, we expect to maintain a lean management infrastructure while expanding our bandwidth primarily with skilled project managers.

Although the PHG and PMI companies were created with a credible path to self-commercialization, they were fundamentally “built to sell.” We believe our structure will enhance our flexibility to commercialize our products compared to these and other single-product, development-stage companies. Each of our products generally follow one of three commercialization pathways. For certain products with one or more natural strategic acquirers such as PortIO and NextFlo, we may seek an early acquisition of the product prior to or soon after regulatory clearance, providing us with a source of non-dilutive capital. For certain groundbreaking high-margin products with large market opportunities such as CarpX™ and the EsoCheck™ Technology, we retain the flexibility to fully commercialize our products for the foreseeable future. For certain other high-volume, lower sale price products such as DisappEAR, we may seek to co-market them with strategic partners through sales and distribution agreements. For products we choose to commercialize ourselves, we may do so through a network of independent U.S. medical representatives and/or inventory-stocking distributors. We eventually may, however, choose to build (or obtain through a strategic acquisition) our own sales and marketing team, initially utilizing a hybrid model with national /regional sales management of independent distributors moving towards direct sales as warranted. As our pipeline grows, we may choose to jointly commercialize subsets of related products which target certain medical specialties or healthcare locations

Research and development expenses are recognized in the period they are incurred and consist principally of internal and external expenses incurred for the research and development of our products. We incurred approximately $15.7 million in cumulative research and development expenses from June 26, 2014 (inception) through December 31, 2019, inclusive of approximately $6.6 million and $4.3 million in each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We plan to increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue development of our products. Our only product to obtain regulatory approval to date is EsoCheck, which has received 510(k) marketing clearance from the FDA as a generic esophageal cell collection device. EsoGuard has been established as an LDT that does not require regulatory approval and was launched commercially in December 2019 after completing CLIA/CAP certification of the test at Lucid’s commercial diagnostic laboratory partner ResearchDx, headquartered in Irvine, CA. Our current research and development activities are focused principally on obtaining FDA approval and clearance and initializing commercialization of the other lead products in our product portfolio pipeline, such as EsoGuard IVD, CarpX and PortIO, while advancing DisappEAR and NextFlo through development. The research and development activities on the other portfolio products is commensurate with available sufficient capital resources.

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Our Implementation Strategy

We intend to advance our lead products towards commercialization as quickly and efficiently as possible and expand our product pipeline by advancing our conceptual phase projects through patent submission and early testing.

Although we will continue to conceive and develop products internally, as we grow and expand our resources, we intend to expand our pipeline with innovative products sourced from third parties. In contrast to pharmaceuticals and other life sciences technologies, medical device innovation often begins with one, or at most a few, clinicians and/or engineers identifying an unmet clinical need and proposing a technological solution to address such need. Many academic medical centers and other large institutions try to aggregate their intellectual property through technology transfer centers and, more recently, through “innovation” centers which do not merely secure and transfer intellectual property, but actually advance projects internally prior to spinning them out for eventual commercialization.

It is our belief, despite these efforts, only a small fraction of the potential pool of intellectual capital (i.e. the universe of individual clinicians with innovative product ideas) is participating in medical device innovation. These clinicians rarely engage in the process for a variety of reasons, including the belief they are too busy, can’t afford to divert time away from their practice or that the upfront out-of-pocket costs are too great. Other clinicians believe they lack the knowledge or connections to successfully navigate the process. Technology transfer and full-fledged innovation centers have only had modest success in getting their clinicians to bring them innovative product ideas and even less success getting these products commercialized. Even centers with extensive resources are usually limited in their ability to advance products beyond the pre-clinical phase and are dependent on a shrinking pool of early-stage medical device venture capital to bring their products to market. Furthermore, some technology transfer and innovation centers associated with not-for-profit hospitals, universities, endowments and charitable organizations may be precluded from directly engaging in commercial sales of medical devices, creating opportunities for us to commercialize and market their intellectual property.

Our capital and time efficient model put us in strong position to partner with innovative clinicians and academic medical centers focusing on medical device innovation. We have developed a collaboration model focused on licensing technologies for development and commercialization. Since our founding, we have been contacted by clinicians and centers inquiring about opportunities to work with us on developing and commercializing their ideas and technologies. In November 2016, we signed a definitive licensing agreement with a group of leading academic institutions, including Tufts University and two Harvard Medical School teaching hospitals – Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and Massachusetts General Hospital. The agreement provides us with an exclusive worldwide license to develop and commercialize antibiotic-eluting resorbable ear tubes based on a proprietary aqueous silk technology conceived and developed at these institutions, a product we have initially referred to as DisappEAR. More recently, in May 2018, we licensed technologies from Case Western Reserve University for EsoGuard and EsoCheck. Within the twelve to eighteen months following the grant date of the license, Lucid Diagnostics, our majority owned subsidiary, achieved FDA 510(k) market clearance for EsoCheck and launched EsoGuard as an LDT at our contract laboratory in California. Typical in-license products, once commercialized, provided for the licensor institution to receive royalties based on revenue, and/or milestone payments, potentially including a portion of certain additional proceeds from the sale or sublicensing of the technology to a third party.

Whether internally or externally sourced, we seek to maintain balance within our pipeline with shorter-term, lower-risk products which offer the opportunity for more rapid commercialization, generating revenue to support development of longer-term products. As each product moves through our pipeline from concept to commercialization, we continuously reassess the product’s long-term commercial potential, balance it against other products in the pipeline and re-allocate resources accordingly. As such, we expect to have much greater flexibility to move products through our pipeline based on the actual developments and the overall interests of our company. We may accelerate, decelerate, pause or abandon a product and increase or decrease resources applied to a product based on a variety of factors including available capital, shifts in the regulatory, clinical, market and/or intellectual property landscape for a particular product, the emergence of one or more products with significantly greater commercial potential, or any other factor which may impact its long-term commercial potential.

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Approach to Sales and Marketing

We generally expect to commercialize our products through a network of independent U.S. medical representatives and/or inventory-stocking distributors. We focus on high-margin products which are particularly suitable to this mode of distribution. A high gross margin allows us to properly incentivize our distributors, which in turn allows us to attract the top distributors with the most robust networks in our targeted specialties. Independent distributors play an even larger role in many parts of Europe, most of Asia and emerging markets worldwide.

We eventually may, however, choose to build (or obtain through a strategic acquisition) our own sales and marketing team to commercialize some or all of our products if it is in our long-term interests. We may also choose to enter into distribution agreements with larger strategic partners whereby we take full responsibility for the manufacturing of our products but outsource some or all of its distribution to a partner with its own robust distribution channels. Such agreements may include regional carve outs, minimum sales volumes, margin splitting and/or an option or right of first offer to purchase the technology at a future date. As our pipeline grows, we may choose to jointly commercialize subsets of related products which target certain medical specialties or healthcare locations.

Manufacturing

We currently have no plans to manufacture our own products because the fixed overhead costs and limited flexibility that come with owning manufacturing facilities are not consistent with our capital efficient model. The entire medical device industry, including many of its largest players, depends heavily on contract manufacturers operating in the United States and abroad. Medical device manufacturers are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other authorities. Compliance with these regulations is costly and particularly onerous on small, development-phase companies. Contract manufacturers can also take advantage of significant economies of scale in terms of purchasing, machining, tooling, specialized personnel, sub-contracting or even off-shoring certain processes to lower-cost operators. These economies are simply not available to us.

We have relationships with many contract manufacturers, including those with specialized skills in several processes important to our devices. We expect them to have sufficient capacity to handle our manufacturing needs and anticipate our growth will be better served by deploying our resources to expand our pipeline and commercialization efforts.

We intend to work closely with our contract manufacturing partners to establish and manage our products’ supply chain, dual sourcing whenever possible. We expect to help them design and build our products’ manufacturing lines including subassembly, assembly, sterilization and packaging and to work closely with them to manage our quality system, to assure compliance with all regulations and to handle inspections or other queries with regulatory bodies. Our contract manufacturers have the ability to add lines and shifts to increase the manufacturing capacity of our products as our demand dictates. We may ship our products directly from our contract manufacturers, but we may also choose to utilize third-party regional warehousing and distribution services.

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Intellectual Property

Our business will depend on our ability to create or acquire proprietary medical device technologies to commercialize. We intend to vigorously protect our proprietary technologies’ intellectual property rights in patents, trademarks and copyrights, as available through registration in the United States and internationally. We currently have applied for or own 72 patents across 10 families of products. Patent protection and other proprietary rights are thus essential to our business. Our policy is to aggressively file patent applications to protect our proprietary technologies including inventions and improvements to inventions. We seek patent protection, as appropriate, on:

In addition to filing and prosecuting patent applications in the United States, we intend to file counterpart patent applications in Europe, Canada, Japan, Australia, China and other countries worldwide. Foreign filings can be cumbersome and expensive, and we will pursue such filings when we believe they are warranted as we try to balance our international commercialization plans with our desire to protect the global value of the technology.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, a patent’s term may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent or as a result of delays in patent prosecution by the patentee, and a patent’s term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent.

We intend to continuously reassess and fine-tune our intellectual property strategy in order to fortify our position in the United States and internationally. Prior to acquiring or licensing a technology from a third party, we will evaluate the existing proprietary rights, our ability to adequately obtain and protect these rights and the likelihood or possibility of infringement upon competing rights of others.

We will also rely upon trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation, and may rely upon licensing opportunities in the future, to develop and maintain our competitive position. We intend to protect our proprietary rights through a variety of methods, including confidentiality agreements and/or proprietary information agreements with suppliers, employees, consultants, independent contractors and other entities who may have access to proprietary information. We will generally require employees to assign patents and other intellectual property to us as a condition of employment with us. All of our consulting agreements will pre-emptively assign to us all new and improved intellectual property that arise during the term of the agreement.

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Approach to Health Insurance Coverage and Reimbursement

Our ability to successfully commercialize our products will depend in part on the extent to which governmental authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payors provide coverage for and establish adequate reimbursement levels for the procedures during which our products are used.

In the United States, third-party payors continue to implement initiatives that restrict the use of certain technologies to those that meet certain clinical evidentiary requirements. In addition to uncertainties surrounding coverage policies, there are periodic changes to reimbursement. Third-party payors regularly update reimbursement amounts and also from time to time revise the methodologies used to determine reimbursement amounts. This includes annual updates to payments to physicians, hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers for procedures during which our products are used. An example of payment updates is the Medicare program’s updates to hospital and physician payments, which are done on an annual basis using a prescribed statutory formula. In the past, when the application of the formula resulted in lower payment, Congress has passed interim legislation to prevent the reductions.

A product’s reimbursement profile, both in the U.S. and internationally, is an important component of the product’s commercial opportunity. We prefer projects with existing reimbursement codes, the opportunity to seek reimbursement under higher-value surgical procedure codes or the potential to seek reimbursement under narrow, product-specific codes as opposed to bundled procedure codes. For those products that have high strategic value, but with less defined reimbursement, we have engaged reimbursement experts and support from industry associations to accelerate the acquisition of satisfactory reimbursement levels.

Competition for New Medical Device Innovation

Developing and commercializing new products is highly competitive. The market is characterized by extensive research and clinical efforts and rapid technological change. We face intense competition worldwide from medical device, biomedical technology and medical products and combination products companies, including major medical products companies. We may be unable to respond to technological advances through the development and introduction of new products. Most of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, distribution, manufacturing and technological resources. These competitors may also be in the process of seeking FDA or other regulatory approvals, or patent protection, for new products. Our competitors may commercialize new products in advance of our products. Our products also face competition from numerous existing products and procedures, some of which currently are considered part of the standard of care. We believe the principal competitive factors in our markets are:

We will also compete in the marketplace to recruit and retain qualified scientific, management and sales personnel, as well as in acquiring technologies and licenses complementary to our products or advantageous to our business. We are aware of several companies that compete or are developing technologies in our current and future products areas. In order to compete effectively, our products will have to achieve market acceptance, receive adequate insurance coverage and reimbursement, be cost effective and be simultaneously safe and effective.

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Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of products such as those we are developing. The following is a summary of the government regulations applicable to our business.

Healthcare Reform

Current and future legislative proposals to further reform healthcare or reduce healthcare costs may result in lower reimbursement for our products, or for the procedures associated with the use of our products, or limit coverage of our products. The cost containment measures payors and providers are instituting and the effect of any healthcare reform initiative implemented in the future could significantly reduce our revenues from the sale of our products. Alternatively, the shift away from fee-for-service agreements to capitated payment models may support the value of our products which can be shown to decrease resource utilization and lead to cost saving - for both payors and providers.

The implementation of the Affordable Care Act is an example that has the potential to substantially change healthcare financing and delivery by both governmental and private insurers can have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical and medical device industries.

As an example of Healthcare legislation volatility, the Affordable Care Act imposed, among other things, a new federal excise tax on the sale of certain medical devices. The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (Pub. L. 114-113), signed into law on Dec. 18, 2015, included a two-year moratorium on the medical device excise tax imposed by Internal Revenue Code section 4191. Because of the moratorium, the medical device excise tax did not apply to sales of taxable medical devices during the period beginning on January 1, 2016 and ending on December 31, 2017. The moratorium expired on Dec. 31, 2017. On January 22, 2018 as part of a stop gap spending bill, President Trump signed into law a moratorium for an additional two years retroactive to January 1, 2018. The tax was scheduled to go into effect until January 1, 2020. On December 20, 2019, the U.S. President signed into law a federal spending package that permanently repealed the 2.3% medical excise tax.

In addition, the ACA implemented payment system reforms including a national pilot program on payment bundling to encourage hospitals, physicians and other providers to improve the coordination, quality and efficiency of certain healthcare services through bundled payment models. In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, (“PPACA”) was enacted. On August 2, 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2.0% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013, and will stay in effect through 2024 unless congressional action is taken. On January 2, 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 took effect, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. We expect additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products or additional pricing pressure. Additionally, there is no assurance the PPACA, in whole or in part, will not be repealed in the future. Any impact such a repeal would have on the medical device industry remains unclear.

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FDA Regulation

Generally, products we develop must be cleared by the FDA before they are marketed in the United States. Before and after approval or clearance in the United States, our products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA under the FDCA and/or the Public Health Service Act, as well as by other regulatory bodies. FDA regulations govern, among other things, the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, safety, storage, recordkeeping, market clearance or approval, advertising and promotion, import and export, marketing and sales, and distribution of medical devices and products.

In the United States, medical devices are subject to varying degrees of regulatory control and are classified in one of three classes depending on the extent of controls the FDA determines are necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and efficacy:

In general, the higher the classification, the greater the time and cost to obtain approval to market. There are no “standardized” requirements for approval, even within each class. For example, the FDA could grant 510(k) status, but require a human clinical trial, a typical requirement of a PMA. They could also initially assign a device Class III status but end up approving a device as a 510(k) device if certain requirements are met. The range of the number and expense of the various requirements is significant. The quickest and least expensive pathway would be 510(k) approval with just a review of existing data. The longest and most expensive path would be a PMA with extensive randomized human clinical trials. We cannot predict how the FDA will classify our products, nor predict what requirements will be placed upon us to obtain market approval, or even if they will approve our products at all.

To request marketing authorization by means of a 510(k) clearance, we must submit a pre-market notification demonstrating the proposed device is substantially equivalent to another currently legally marketed medical device, has the same intended use, and is as safe and effective as a currently legally marketed device and does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness than does a currently legally marketed device. 510(k) submissions generally include, among other things, a description of the device and its manufacturing, device labeling, medical devices to which the device is substantially equivalent, safety and biocompatibility information, and the results of performance testing. In some cases, a 510(k) submission must include data from human clinical studies. Marketing may commence only when the FDA issues a clearance letter finding substantial equivalence. After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any product modification that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the product, or would constitute a significant change in intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or, if the device would no longer be substantially equivalent, would require PMA, or possibly, a de novo pathway under section 513(f)2 of the FDCA. In addition, any additional claims the Company wished to make at a later date may require a PMA. If the FDA determines the product does not qualify for 510(k) clearance, they will issue a Not Substantially Equivalent letter, at which point the Company must submit and the FDA must approve a PMA or issue premarket clearance using the de novo before marketing can begin.

In 1997, the Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act (FDAMA) added the de novo classification pathway under section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act, establishing an alternate pathway to classify new devices into Class I or II that had automatically been placed in Class III after receiving a Not Substantially Equivalent (NSE) determination in response to a 510(k) submission. In this process, a sponsor who receives an NSE determination may, within 30 days of receiving notice of the NSE determination, request FDA to make a risk-based classification of the device under section 513(a)(1) of the Act.

In 2012, section 513(f)(2) of the FD&C Act was amended by section 607 of the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA), to provide a second option for de novo classification. In this second pathway, a sponsor who determines there is no legally marketed device upon which to base a determination of substantial equivalence may request FDA to make a risk-based classification of the device under section 513(a)(1) of the Act without first submitting a 510(k).

During the review of a 510(k) submission, the FDA may request more information or additional studies and may decide the indications for which we seek approval or clearance should be limited. In addition, laws and regulations and the interpretation of those laws and regulations by the FDA may change in the future. We cannot foresee what effect, if any, such changes may have on us.

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FDA Regulations will continue to change and evolve including the 2016-21st Century Cures Act which mandated the creation and revision of policies and processes intended to speed patient access to new medical devices and codifying into law the FDA’s expedited review program for breakthrough devices for which EsoGuard was so designated. In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration Reauthorization Act (FDARA) which included improvements to premarket review times and investments in strategic initiatives like the National Evaluation System for health Technology (NEST) and patient input and decoupling accessory classification from classification of the parent device. We must continue to be aware of these changes that possibly impact our development and commercialization work. The Company has a network of professionals with extensive experience in these matters that advise us on both the pre-approval/clearance requirements as well as the post market surveillance compliance obligations.

Clinical Trials of Medical Devices

One or more clinical trials may be necessary to support an FDA submission. Clinical studies of unapproved or uncleared medical devices or devices being studied for uses for which they are not approved or cleared (investigational devices) must be conducted in compliance with FDA requirements. If an investigational device could pose a significant risk to patients, the sponsor company must submit an Investigational Device Exemption, or IDE application to the FDA prior to initiation of the clinical study. An IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory test results, showing it is safe to test the device on humans and the testing protocol is scientifically sound. The IDE will automatically become effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA unless the FDA notifies the company the investigation may not begin. Clinical studies of investigational devices may not begin until an institutional review board (“IRB”) has approved the study.

During any study, the sponsor must comply with the FDA’s IDE requirements. These requirements include investigator selection, trial monitoring, adverse event reporting, and record keeping. The investigators must obtain patient informed consent, rigorously follow the investigational plan and study protocol, control the disposition of investigational devices, and comply with reporting and record keeping requirements. We, the FDA, or the IRB at each institution at which a clinical trial is being conducted may suspend a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable risk. During the approval or clearance process, the FDA typically inspects the records relating to the conduct of one or more investigational sites participating in the study supporting the application.

Post-Approval Regulation of Medical Devices

After a device is cleared or approved for marketing, numerous and pervasive regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

We will continue to be subject to inspection by the FDA to determine our compliance with regulatory requirements.

Manufacturing cGMP Requirements

Manufacturers of medical devices are required to comply with FDA manufacturing requirements contained in the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) set forth in the quality system regulations promulgated under section 520 of the FDCA. cGMP regulations require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Failure to comply with statutory and regulatory requirements subjects a manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, including the seizure or recall of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations, and civil and criminal penalties. Adverse experiences with the product must be reported to the FDA and could result in the imposition of marketing restrictions through labeling changes or in product withdrawal. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy of the product occur following the approval. We expect to use contract manufacturers to manufacture our products for the foreseeable future we will therefore be dependent on their compliance with these requirements to market our products. We work closely with our contract manufacturers to assure our products are in strict compliance with these regulations.

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Other U.S. Regulation

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing and promotion of drugs and devices, other federal and state laws restrict our business practices. These laws include, without limitation, anti-kickback and false claims laws, data privacy and security laws, as well as transparency laws regarding payments or other items of value provided to healthcare providers.

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available under such laws, it is possible some of our business activities, including certain sales and marketing practices and the provision of certain items and services to our customers, could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the health regulatory laws described above or any other laws that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including potentially significant criminal and civil and administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, administrative burdens, diminished profits and future earnings, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

Physician Payment Sunshine Act

There has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments and transfers of value provided to healthcare professionals or entities. On February 8, 2013, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, released its final rule implementing section 6002 of the Affordable Care Act known as the Physician Payment Sunshine Act that imposes new annual reporting requirements on device manufacturers for payments and other transfers of value provided by them, directly or indirectly, to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their family members. A manufacturer’s failure to submit timely, accurately and completely the required information for all payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests may result in civil monetary penalties of up to an aggregate of $150,000 per year, and up to an aggregate of  $1 million per year for “knowing failures.” Manufacturers that produces at least one product reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid, or Children’s Health Insurance Program and (i) if the product is a drug or biological, and it requires a prescription (or physician’s authorization) to administer; or (ii) if the product is a device or medical supply, and it requires premarket approval or premarket notification by the FDA are required to comply with the Open Payments (commonly referred to as the Sunshine Act) filing requirements under CMS. We currently do not have any products covered by Medicare, Medicaid, or Children’s Health Insurance Program as none of our products have premarket approval or clearance notification. We expect once our products receive regulatory clearance, we will be required to comply with the Sunshine Act provisions.

Certain states, such as California and Connecticut, also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, and other states, such as Massachusetts and Vermont, impose restrictions on device manufacturer marketing practices and require tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to healthcare professionals and entities. The shifting commercial compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust and expandable systems to comply with different compliance or reporting requirements in multiple jurisdictions increase the possibility a healthcare company may fail to comply fully with one or more of these requirements.

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Federal Anti-Kickback Statute

The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe or rebate), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease or order of any good, facility, item or service reimbursable, in whole or in part, under Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all its facts and circumstances. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the Anti-Kickback Statute has been violated.

Additionally, the intent standard under the Anti-Kickback Statute was amended by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, collectively the Affordable Care Act, to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, the Affordable Care Act codified case law that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.

Federal False Claims Act

The False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval to the federal government or knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. The False Claims Act also applies to false submissions that cause the government to be paid less than the amount to which it is entitled, such as a rebate. Intent to deceive is not required to establish liability under the False Claims Act. Several pharmaceutical, device and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for, among other things, allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the companies’ marketing of products for unapproved, and thus noncovered uses.

The government may further prosecute, as a crime, conduct constituting a false claim under the False Claims Act. The False Claims Act prohibits the making or presenting of a claim to the government knowing such claim to be false, fictitious, or fraudulent and, unlike civil claims under the False Claims Act, requires proof of intent to submit a false claim.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations. Activities that violate the FCPA, even if they occur wholly outside the United States, can result in criminal and civil fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, oversight, and debarment from government contracts.

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International Regulation

In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. We may be subject to regulations and product registration requirements in the areas of product standards, packaging requirements, labeling requirements, import and export restrictions and tariff regulations, duties and tax requirements. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable foreign regulatory authorities before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in foreign countries and jurisdictions. The time required to obtain clearance required by foreign countries may be longer or shorter than required for FDA clearance, and requirements for licensing a product in a foreign country may differ significantly from FDA requirements.

European Union

The European Union or EU will require a CE mark certification or approval in order to market our products in the various countries of the European Union or other countries outside the United States. To obtain CE mark certification of our products, we will be required to work with an accredited European notified body organization to determine the appropriate documents required to support certification in accordance with existing medical device directive. The predictability of the length of time and cost associated with such a CE mark may vary or may include lengthy clinical trials to support such a marking. Once the CE mark is obtained, we may market our product in the countries of the EU. The new European Medical Device Regulation (EU MDR 2017/745) goes into effect on May 26, 2020. The EU MDR imposes strict new requirements on medical device companies marketing their products in Europe. As such, many device companies have been scrambling to renew existing CE certificates granted under the Medical Devices Directive (MDD 93/42/EEC). Notified Bodies are now focused on their current customers and those customers’ current devices making it virtually impossible to submit a new MDD application before May 2020.

European Good Manufacturing Practices

In the European Union, the manufacture of medical devices is subject to good manufacturing practice (GMP), as set forth in the relevant laws and guidelines of the European Union and its member states. Compliance with GMP is generally assessed by the competent regulatory authorities. Typically, quality system evaluation is performed by a Notified Body, which also recommends to the relevant competent authority for the European Community CE Marking of a device. The Competent Authority may conduct inspections of relevant facilities, and review manufacturing procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. In addition to obtaining approval for each product, in many cases each device manufacturing facility must be audited on a periodic basis by the Notified Body. Further inspections may occur over the life of the product.

Item 1. Business - Continued

Background and Overview - continued

Employees

Currently, we have fifteen full-time compensated employees, including our Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”), our President and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), and our Chief Medical Officer (“CMO”). Our non-employee Vice Chairman is currently not a compensated employee of the Company, but is a compensated member of our board of directors. No employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Corporate History

We were incorporated on June 26, 2014 in the State of Delaware, under the name PAXmed Inc. On April 19, 2015, we changed our name to PAVmed Inc.

Our principal business address is One Grand Central Place, Suite 4600, 60 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10165, and our main telephone number is (212) 949-4319.

Our founders include three accomplished medical device entrepreneurs: Lishan Aklog M.D., Michael J. Glennon, and Brian J. deGuzman, M.D. In 2007, they founded Pavilion Holdings Group (“PHG”), a medical device holding company with a vision to create innovative single-product medical device companies using an outsourced business model focused on capital efficiency and speed to market. Two years later PHG formed Pavilion Medical Innovations (“PMI”), a venture-backed medical device incubator. Between 2008 and 2013, PHG and PMI founded four distinct, single-product medical device companies, three of which commercialized products and one of which was acquired, each as discussed below.

Vortex Medical Inc., founded in 2008 with $3.5 million in capital, created the AngioVac system, designed to remove large volume clots and other undesirable intravascular material without the need for open surgery. It received its initial FDA clearance 16 months after the company was founded. AngioVac was commercially launched in 2009 and the first AngioVac procedure was performed at Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital later the same year. Vortex Medical marketed the AngioVac system across the United States until it was acquired in October 2012 by AngioDynamics Inc. (NASDAQ: ANGO) for $55.0 million in guaranteed consideration. At the time of its acquisition the company was cash-flow positive, carried no debt and did not require any additional capital beyond original $3.5 million raised.

Saphena Medical Inc., spun out of PMI in 2013 with $3.0 million in initial capital, created the VenaPax next-generation endoscopic vessel harvest device for use during coronary artery bypass surgery, which received FDA clearance in 18 months after the company was founded. VenaPax was first commercialized at Harvard’s Massachusetts General Hospital in late 2014. VenaPax is currently being marketed across the United States.

Cruzar Medsystems Inc., spun out of PMI in 2013 with $2.5 million in capital, created a novel peripheral chronic total occlusion (CTO) device for use in peripheral arterial disease, which received its initial FDA 510(k) clearance in late 2015, and was first commercialized in May 2016, and is currently being marketed across the United States.

PAVmed Inc. was founded to adapt this model to a multi-product company with access to public capital markets. We believe this model allows us to conceive, develop and commercialize our pipeline of medical device products using significantly less capital and time than a typical medical device company, and provide a streamlined pathway to incorporate outside innovations.

Available Information

We make available free of charge through our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the “Exchange Act.” We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to the SEC. We also make available, free of charge on our website, the reports filed with the SEC by our executive officers, directors and 10% stockholders pursuant to Section 16 under the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after copies of those filings are provided to us by those persons. The public also may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549, on official business days during the hours of 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding us that we file electronically with the SEC.

Our website address is http://www.pavmed.com. The content of our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K, nor in any other report or document we file with the SEC, and any reference to our website are intended to be inactive textual references only.

Item 1A, Risk Factors

The following risk factors and other information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be carefully considered. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or we presently deem less significant may also impair our business operations. If any of the following risks occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Financial Position and Capital Resources

We have incurred operating losses since our inception and may not be able to achieve profitability.

We have incurred net losses since our inception.

To date, since our inception in June 2014, we have financed our operations principally through issuances of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, and debt, in both private placements and underwritten public offerings of our securities. Our ability to generate sufficient revenue from any of our products in development, and to transition to profitability and generate consistent positive cash flows is dependent upon factors that may be outside of our control. We expect our operating expenses will continue to increase as we continue to build our commercial infrastructure, develop, enhance and commercialize new products and incur additional operational and reporting costs associated with being a public company. As a result, we expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future.

We have concluded there is substantial doubt of our ability to continue as a going concern and our independent registered public accounting firm’s report on our financial statements contains an explanatory paragraph describing our ability to continue as a going concern.

In our December 31, 2019 consolidated financial statements, we have concluded and stated our recurring losses from operations, recurring cash flows used in operations, accumulated deficit, and the requirement to raise additional capital to support our operating and capital expenditures, raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. Correspondingly, our independent registered public accounting firm’s report on our consolidated financial statements also includes an explanatory paragraph expressing substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our plans to address this going concern risk include, pursuing additional offerings of debt and/or equity securities. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments might result from our inability to consummate such offerings or our ability to continue as a going concern. Moreover, there is no assurance if we consummate additional offerings, we will raise sufficient proceeds in such offerings to pay our financial obligations as they become due. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We may need substantial additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which could force us to delay, reduce, eliminate or abandon growth initiatives or product development programs.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth. Because we have not generated any revenue or cash flow to date, we will require additional funds to:

If we do not have, or are not able to obtain, sufficient funds, we may have to delay product development initiatives or license to third parties the rights to commercialize products or technologies we would otherwise seek to market. We also may have to reduce marketing, customer support or other resources devoted to our products.

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Risks Associated with Our Business

Since we have a limited operating history, and have not generated any revenues, you will have little basis upon which to evaluate our ability to achieve our business objective.

Since we have a limited operating history, and have not generated any revenues, you will have little basis upon which to evaluate our ability to achieve our business objective. We are subject to all of the problems, expenses, delays and other risks inherent in any new business, as well as problems inherent in establishing a name and business reputation.

The markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and we may not be able to effectively compete against other providers of medical devices, particularly those with greater resources.

We face intense competition from companies with dominant market positions in the medical device industry. These competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have and may be better able to:

We expect competition in the markets in which we participate to continue to increase as existing competitors improve or expand their product offerings.

Our future performance will depend on the success of products we have not yet developed.

Technology is an important component of our business and growth strategy, and our success depends on the development, implementation and acceptance of our products. To date, only our EsoCheck and EsoGuard products have reached the marketing stage. Commitments to develop new products must be made well in advance of any resulting sales, and technologies and standards may change during development, potentially rendering our products outdated or uncompetitive before their introduction. Our ability to develop products to meet evolving industry requirements and at prices acceptable to our customers will be significant factors in determining our competitiveness. We may expend considerable funds and other resources on the development of our products without any guarantee these products will be successful. If we are not successful in bringing one or more products to market, whether because we fail to address marketplace demand, fail to develop viable technologies or otherwise, we may not generate any revenues and our results of operations could be seriously harmed.

Our products may never achieve market acceptance.

To date, we have not generated any revenues. Our ability to generate revenues from product sales and to achieve profitability will depend upon our ability to successfully commercialize our products. Because we only recently began to market our first products for sale, we have no basis to predict whether any of our products will achieve market acceptance. A number of factors may limit the market acceptance of any of our products, including:

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Any products we may develop may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, thereby harming our business.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more other products we may develop, even if our other products we may develop obtain regulatory approval.

Our ability to commercialize any products we may develop successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments becomes available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which treatments they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular treatments. We cannot be sure reimbursement will be available for any product we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product we successfully develop.

Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower cost products that are already reimbursed and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of products from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government funded and private payors could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product to other available therapies. Our business could be materially harmed if reimbursement of any products we may develop, if any, is unavailable or limited in scope or amount or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels.

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Any products we may develop may cause serious adverse side effects or even death or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial desirability of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following any marketing approval.

The risk of failure of clinical development is high. It is impossible to predict when or if any products we may develop will prove safe enough to receive regulatory approval. Undesirable side effects caused by any products we may develop could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials. They could also result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority.

Additionally, after receipt of marketing approval of any products we may develop, if we or others later identify undesirable side effects or even deaths caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular product.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the sale of any products we may develop. The marketing, sale and use of any products we may develop could lead to the filing of product liability claims against us if someone alleges product failures, product malfunctions, manufacturing flaws, or design defects, resulted in injury to patients. We may also be subject to liability for a misunderstanding of, or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that any product, we may develop caused injuries, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

In addition, insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

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We may not be able to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could impair our competitive position.

Our success depends significantly on our ability to protect our rights to the patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and all the other intellectual property rights used, or expected to be used, in our products. Protecting intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. We rely primarily on patent protection and trade secrets, as well as a combination of copyright and trademark laws and nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements to protect our technology and intellectual property rights. However, these legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or maintain any competitive advantage. Despite our intellectual property rights practices, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our technology without authorization, develop similar technology independently or design around our patents.

We cannot be assured that any of our pending patent applications will result in the issuance of a patent to us. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or PTO, may deny or require significant narrowing of claims in our pending patent applications, and patents issued as a result of the pending patent applications, if any, may not provide us with significant commercial protection or be issued in a form that is advantageous to us. We could also incur substantial costs in proceedings before the PTO. Patents that may be issued to or licensed by us in the future may expire or may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing related technologies. Upon expiration of our issued or licensed patents, we may lose some of our rights to exclude others from making, using, selling or importing products using the technology based on the expired patents. There is no assurance that competitors will not be able to design around our patents.

Further, we may not be able to obtain patent protection or secure other intellectual property rights in all the countries in which we operate, and under the laws of such countries, patents and other intellectual property rights may be unavailable or limited in scope. If any of our patents fails to protect our technology, it would make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products. Our trade secrets may be vulnerable to disclosure or misappropriation by employees, contractors and other persons. Any inability on our part to adequately protect our intellectual property may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also rely on unpatented proprietary technology. We cannot assure you that we can meaningfully protect all our rights in our unpatented proprietary technology or that others will not independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary products or processes or otherwise gain access to our unpatented proprietary technology. We seek to protect our know-how and other unpatented proprietary technology, as trade secrets or otherwise, with confidentiality agreements and/or intellectual property assignment agreements with our team members, independent distributors and consultants. However, such agreements may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure or other breaches of the agreements or in the event that our competitors discover or independently develop similar or identical designs or other proprietary information. Our trade secrets may be vulnerable to disclosure or misappropriation by employees, contractors and other persons.

In addition, we intend to rely on the use of registered and common law trademarks with respect to the brand names of some of our products. Common law trademarks provide less protection than registered trademarks. Loss of rights in our trademarks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims by third parties which could be costly to defend, divert management’s attention and resources, and may result in liability.

The medical device industry is characterized by vigorous protection and pursuit of intellectual property rights. Companies in the medical device industry have used intellectual property litigation to gain a competitive advantage in the marketplace. From time to time, third parties may assert against us their patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights relating to technologies that are important to our business. Searching for existing intellectual property rights may not reveal important intellectual property and our competitors may also have filed for patent protection, which is not publicly-available information, or claimed trademark rights that have not been revealed through our availability searches. We may be subject to claims that our team members have disclosed, or that we have used, trade secrets or other proprietary information of our team members’ former employers. Our efforts to identify and avoid infringing on third parties’ intellectual property rights may not always be successful. Any claims that our products or processes infringe these rights, regardless of their merit or resolution, could be costly, time consuming and may divert the efforts and attention of our management and technical personnel. In addition, we may not prevail in such proceedings given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in intellectual property litigation.

Any claims of patent or other intellectual property infringement against us, even those without merit, could:

Any of the foregoing could affect our ability to compete or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Competitors may violate our intellectual property rights, and we may bring litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights, which may result in substantial expense and may divert our attention from implementing our business strategy.

We believe that the success of our business depends, in significant part, on obtaining patent protection for our products and technologies, defending our patents and preserving our trade secrets. Our failure to pursue any potential claim could result in the loss of our proprietary rights and harm our position in the marketplace. Therefore, we may be forced to pursue litigation to enforce our rights. Future litigation could result in significant costs and divert the attention of our management and key personnel from our business operations and the implementation of our business strategy.

We or our third-party manufacturers may not have the manufacturing and processing capacity to meet the production requirements of clinical testing or consumer demand in a timely manner.

Our capacity to conduct clinical trials and commercialize our products will depend in part on our ability to manufacture or provide our products on a large scale, at a competitive cost and in accordance with regulatory requirements. We must establish and maintain a commercial scale manufacturing process for all of our products to complete clinical trials. We or our third-party manufacturers may encounter difficulties with these processes at any time that could result in delays in clinical trials, regulatory submissions or the commercialization of products.

For some of our products, we or our third-party manufacturers will need to have sufficient production and processing capacity in order to conduct human clinical trials, to produce products for commercial sale at an acceptable cost. We have no experience in large-scale product manufacturing, nor do we have the resources or facilities to manufacture most of our products on a commercial scale. We cannot guarantee that we or our third-party manufacturers will be able to increase capacity in a timely or cost-effective manner, or at all. Delays in providing or increasing production or processing capacity could result in additional expense or delays in our clinical trials, regulatory submissions and commercialization of our products.

The manufacturing processes for our products have not yet been tested at commercial levels, and it may not be possible to manufacture or process these materials in a cost-effective manner.

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Our business may suffer if we are unable to manage our growth.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our ability to execute our business strategy could be impaired. The anticipated rapid growth of our business may place a strain on our management, operations and financial systems. We need to improve existing systems and controls or implement new systems and controls in response to anticipated growth.

We will be dependent on third-party manufacturers since we will not initially directly manufacture our products.

Initially, we will not directly manufacture our products and will rely on third parties to do so for us. If our manufacturing and distribution agreements are not satisfactory, we may not be able to develop or commercialize products as planned. In addition, we may not be able to contract with third parties to manufacture our products in an economical manner. Furthermore, third-party manufacturers may not adequately perform their obligations, may delay clinical development or submission of products for regulatory approval or otherwise may impair our competitive position. We may not be able to enter into or maintain relationships with manufacturers that comply with good manufacturing practices. If a product manufacturer fails to comply with good manufacturing practices, we could experience significant time delays or we may be unable to commercialize or continue to market the products. Changes in our manufacturers could require costly new product testing and facility compliance inspections. In the United States, failure to comply with good manufacturing practices or other applicable legal requirements can lead to federal seizure of violative products, injunctive actions brought by the federal government, and potential criminal and civil liability on the part of a company and its officers and employees. Because of these and other factors, we may not be able to replace our manufacturing capacity quickly or efficiently in the event that our manufacturers are unable to manufacture our products at one or more of their facilities. As a result, the sale and marketing of our products could be delayed or we could be forced to develop our own manufacturing capacity, which could require substantial additional funds and personnel and compliance with extensive regulations.

We may be dependent on the sales and marketing efforts of third parties if we choose not to develop an extensive sales and marketing staff.

Initially, we will depend on the efforts of third parties (including sales agents and distributors) to carry out the sales and marketing of our products. We anticipate that each third party will control the amount and timing of resources generally devoted to these activities. However, these third parties may not be able to generate demand for our products. In addition, there is a risk that these third parties will develop products competitive to ours, which would likely decrease their incentive to vigorously promote and sell our products. If we are unable to enter into co-promotion agreements or to arrange for third-party distribution of our products, we will be required to expend time and resources to develop an effective internal sales force. However, it may not be economical for us to market our own products or we may be unable to effectively market our products. Therefore, our business could be harmed if we fail to enter into arrangements with third parties for the sales and marketing of our products or otherwise fail to establish sufficient marketing capabilities.

Our officers will allocate their time to other businesses thereby potentially limiting the amount of time they devote to our affairs. This conflict of interest could have a negative impact on our operations.

Our officers are not required to commit their full time to our affairs, which could create a conflict of interest when allocating their time between our operations and their other commitments. We presently expect each of our employees to devote such amount of time as they reasonably believe is necessary to our business. All of our officers are engaged in several other business endeavors and are not obligated to devote any specific number of hours to our affairs. If our officers’ other business affairs require them to devote more substantial amounts of time to such affairs, it could limit their ability to devote time to our affairs and could have a negative impact on our operations. We cannot assure you these conflicts will be resolved in our favor.

Our ability to be successful will be totally dependent upon the efforts of our key personnel.

Our ability to successfully carry out our business plan is dependent upon the efforts of our key personnel. We cannot assure you that any of our key personnel will remain with us for the immediate or foreseeable future. The unexpected loss of the services of our key personnel could have a detrimental effect on us. We may also be unable to attract and retain additional key personnel in the future. An inability to do so may impact our ability to continue and grow our operations.

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Our officers have fiduciary obligations to other companies and, accordingly, may have conflicts of interest in determining to which entity a particular business opportunity should be presented.

Certain of our officers have fiduciary obligations to other companies engaged in medical device business activities, namely Saphena Medical, Kaleidoscope Medical and Cruzar Medsystems. Accordingly, they may participate in transactions and have obligations that may be in conflict or competition with our business. As a result, a potential business opportunity may be presented by certain members of our management team to another entity prior to its presentation to us and we may not be afforded the opportunity to engage in such a transaction.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by the political and economic conditions of the countries in which we conduct business.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected by the political and economic conditions of the countries in which we conduct business. These factors include:

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Any products we may develop may not be approved for sale in the U.S. or in any other country.

Our only product for which we have obtained approval or clearance from the FDA or a comparable foreign regulatory authority is our EsoCheck product. In certain limited circumstances, we also may market our products without such approval or clearance, as is the case for the EsoGuard LDT. Generally, however, neither we nor any future collaboration partner can commercialize any products we may develop in the U.S. or in any foreign country without first obtaining regulatory approval for the product from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities. The approval route in the U.S. for any products we may develop may be either via the PMA process, a de novo 510(k) pathway, or traditional 510(k). The PMA approval process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. Additional randomized, controlled clinical trials may be necessary to obtain approval. The approval process may take several years to complete and may never be obtained. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product we may develop in the U.S., we must demonstrate with substantial evidence, gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, that the planned products are safe and effective for use for that target indication. We may not conduct such a trial or may not successfully enroll or complete any such trial. Any products we may develop may not achieve the required primary endpoint in the clinical trial and may not receive regulatory approval. We must also demonstrate that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls for any products we may develop are adequate. Moreover, obtaining regulatory approval in one country for marketing of any products we may develop does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries.

Even if we or any future collaboration partner were to successfully obtain a regulatory approval for any product we may develop, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for any products, we may develop in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient revenue to justify commercial launch. Also, any regulatory approval of a product, once obtained, may be withdrawn. If we are unable to successfully obtain regulatory approval to sell any products we may develop in the U.S. or other countries, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects could be adversely affected.

Our business may be adversely affected by health epidemics, including the recent coronavirus outbreak.

In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) originated in Wuhan, China and has since spread to a number of other countries, including the U.S. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic.

COVID-19 may have an adverse impact on our operations, supply chains and distribution systems or those of our contractors of our laboratory partner, and increase our expenses, including as a result of impacts associated with preventive and precautionary measures that are being taken, such restrictions on travel, quarantine polices and social distancing. For example, the ability of our employees or those of our contractors or laboratory partner to work may be adversely affected. In addition, the spread of COVID-19 has disrupted the United States’ healthcare and healthcare regulatory systems which could divert healthcare resources away from, or materially delay FDA approval with respect to our products. Furthermore, our clinical trials may be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. Site initiation and patient enrollment may be delayed, for example, due to prioritization of hospital resources toward the COVID-19 outbreak, travel restrictions imposed by governments, and the inability to access sites for initiation and monitoring. COVID-19 also may have an adverse impact on the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could affect demand for our product candidates, if approved, and impact our operating results. Any of the foregoing could harm our business and we cannot anticipate all of the ways in which health epidemics such as COVID-19 could adversely impact our business. Although we are continuing to monitor and assess the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, the ultimate impact of the COVID-19 outbreak or a similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change.

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Failure in our information technology or storage systems could significantly disrupt our operations and our research and development efforts, which could adversely impact our revenues, as well as our research, development and commercialization efforts.

Our ability to execute our business strategy depends, in part, on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology (“IT”) systems that support our operations and our research and development efforts, and those IT systems within the control of our contract manufacturers and contract laboratories. The integrity and protection of our own data, and that of our customers and employees, is critical to our business. The regulatory environment governing information, security and privacy laws is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve. IT systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts and natural disasters. Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect our IT systems, and the precautionary measures taken by our contract parties, sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt our ability to generate and maintain data, could adversely affect our ability to operate our business. Furthermore, any breach in our IT systems could lead to the unauthorized access, disclosure and use of non-public information, including protected health information, which is protected by HIPAA and other laws. Any such access, disclosure, or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and damage to our reputation.

System upgrades, enhancements and replacements, as well as new systems, are required from time to time, and require significant expenditures and allocation of valuable employee resources. Delays in integration or disruptions to our business from implementation of these new or upgraded systems could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition and operating results. There can be no assurance that our process of improving existing systems, developing new systems to support our expanding operations, integrating new systems, protecting confidential patient information, and improving service levels will not be delayed or that additional systems issues will not arise in the future. Failure to adequately protect and maintain the integrity of our information systems issues and data may result in a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

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Risks Related to Government Regulation

The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain, and may prevent us or our partners from obtaining approval for the commercialization of any products we may develop. Approval of products in the U.S. or other territories may require that we, or a partner, conduct randomized, controlled clinical trials.

For many of the products we are currently developing, the regulatory pathway in the U.S. for approval of the product has not been determined. However, it is possible the FDA will require us to file for approval via the PMA pathway for one or more of our planned products. In this case, the FDA is likely to require that randomized, controlled clinical trials be conducted before an application for approval can be filed. These are typically expensive and time consuming and require substantial commitment of financial and personnel resources from the sponsoring company. These clinical trials also entail significant risk, and the resulting data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA or other regulatory bodies.

Furthermore, regulatory approval of a PMA or a 510(k) pathway is not guaranteed, and the filing and approval process itself is expensive and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. Despite the time and expense exerted, failure may occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical studies. The FDA can delay, limit, or deny approval of a future product for many reasons, including but not limited to:

If any products we may develop fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy in further clinical studies may be required, or do not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any product we may develop, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and subject us to penalties if we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

Once regulatory approval has been obtained, the approved product and its manufacturer are subject to continual review by the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Our regulatory approval for any products we may develop may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. Future approvals may contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies to monitor the safety and efficacy of the approved product. In addition, we are subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements by the FDA and other regulatory authorities with regard to the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for our products. In addition, we are required to comply with cGMP regulations regarding the manufacture of any products we may develop, which include requirements related to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Further, regulatory authorities must approve these manufacturing facilities before they can be used to manufacture drug products, and these facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations. If we or a third party discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

Failure to obtain regulatory approvals in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products internationally.

We intend to seek distribution and marketing partners for one or more of the products we may develop in foreign countries. The approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional clinical testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Moreover, clinical studies or manufacturing processes conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and even if we file, we may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

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Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent our products’ commercial success.

In the U.S., there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system in ways that could affect our future revenue and profitability and the future revenue and profitability of our potential customers. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that could result in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. For example, one of the most significant healthcare reform measures in decades, the PPACA, was enacted in 2010. The PPACA contains a number of provisions, including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse measures, all of which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs. The PPACA, among other things, could result in the imposition of injunctions.

While the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of most elements of the PPACA in June 2012, other legal challenges are still pending final adjudication in several jurisdictions. In addition, Congress has also proposed a number of legislative initiatives, including possible repeal of the PPACA. For instance, in December 2019, the 2.3% tax on sales of medical devices was repealed. At this time, it remains unclear whether there will be any changes made to the PPACA, whether to certain provisions or its entirety. We cannot assure you that the PPACA, as currently enacted or as amended in the future, will not adversely affect our business and financial results and we cannot predict how future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform will affect our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. For example, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals for spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, which triggered the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs, including aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2.0% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by the sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The ATRA, among other things, also reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. In March 2013, President Obama signed an executive order implementing sequestration, and in April 2013, the 2.0% Medicare reductions went into effect. We cannot predict whether any additional legislative changes will affect our business.

There likely will continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at containing or lowering the cost of health care. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future or their full impact. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of health care may adversely affect:

Further, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur, both in the United States and in foreign countries, and we may need to amend clinical study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical study protocols to IRB’s for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical study. In light of widely publicized events concerning the safety risk of certain drug and medical device products, regulatory authorities, members of Congress, the Governmental Accounting Office, medical professionals and the general public have raised concerns about potential safety issues. These events have resulted in the recall and withdrawal of medical device products, revisions to product labeling that further limit use of products and establishment of risk management programs that may, for instance, restrict distribution of certain products or require safety surveillance or patient education. The increased attention to safety issues may result in a more cautious approach by the FDA or other regulatory authorities to clinical studies and the drug approval process. Data from clinical studies may receive greater scrutiny with respect to safety, which may make the FDA or other regulatory authorities more likely to terminate or suspend clinical studies before completion or require longer or additional clinical studies that may result in substantial additional expense and a delay or failure in obtaining approval or approval for a more limited indication than originally sought.

Given the serious public health risks of high profile adverse safety events with certain products, the FDA or other regulatory authorities may require, as a condition of approval, costly risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, which may include safety surveillance, restricted distribution and use, patient education, enhanced labeling, special packaging or labeling, expedited reporting of certain adverse events, preapproval of promotional materials and restrictions on direct-to-consumer advertising.

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If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, without limitation:

The PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the FCA.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

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If required, clinical trials necessary to support a 510(k) notice or PMA application will be expensive and will require the enrollment of large numbers of patients, and suitable patients may be difficult to identify and recruit. Delays or failures in our clinical trials will prevent us from commercializing any modified or new products and will adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

Initiating and completing clinical trials necessary to support a 510(k) notice or a PMA application will be time-consuming and expensive and the outcome uncertain. Moreover, the results of early clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, and any product the Company advances into clinical trials may not have favorable results in early or later clinical trials.

Conducting successful clinical studies will require the enrollment of large numbers of patients, and suitable patients may be difficult to identify and recruit. Patient enrollment in clinical trials and completion of patient participation and follow-up depend on many factors, including the size of the patient population, the nature of the trial protocol, the attractiveness of, or the discomforts and risks associated with, the treatments received by patients enrolled as subjects, the availability of appropriate clinical trial investigators, support staff, and proximity of patients to clinical sites and ability to comply with the eligibility and exclusion criteria for participation in the clinical trial and patient compliance. For example, patients may be discouraged from enrolling in our clinical trials if the trial protocol requires them to undergo extensive post-treatment procedures or follow-up to assess the safety and effectiveness of our products or if they determine that the treatments received under the trial protocols are not attractive or involve unacceptable risks or discomforts. Patients may also not participate in our clinical trials if they choose to participate in contemporaneous clinical trials of competitive products. In addition, patients participating in clinical trials may die before completion of the trial or suffer adverse medical events unrelated to investigational products.

Development of sufficient and appropriate clinical protocols to demonstrate safety and efficacy may be required and the Company may not adequately develop such protocols to support clearance and approval. Further, the FDA may require the Company to submit data on a greater number of patients than it originally anticipated and/or for a longer follow-up period or change the data collection requirements or data analysis for any clinical trials. Delays in patient enrollment or failure of patients to continue to participate in a clinical trial may cause an increase in costs and delays in the approval and attempted commercialization of our products or result in the failure of the clinical trial. The FDA may not consider our data adequate to demonstrate safety and efficacy. Such increased costs and delays or failures could adversely affect our business, operating results and prospects.

The results of the Company’s clinical trials may not support our product candidate claims or may result in the discovery of adverse side effects.

Even if any of the Company’s clinical trials are completed as planned, it cannot be certain that study results will support product candidate claims or that the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding them. Success in pre-clinical evaluation and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses, which could cause us to abandon a product candidate and may delay development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing of our product submissions and, ultimately, our ability to commercialize our product candidates and generate revenues. It is also possible that patients enrolled in clinical trials will experience adverse side effects that are not currently part of the product candidate’s profile.

The Company’s medical products may in the future be subject to product recalls that could harm its reputation, business and financial results.

The FDA has the authority to require the recall of commercialized medical device products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture. In the case of the FDA, the authority to require a recall must be based on an FDA finding that there is a reasonable probability that the device would cause serious injury or death. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall by the Company or one of its distributors could occur as a result of component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Recalls of any of the Company’s products would divert managerial and financial resources and have an adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations. The FDA requires that certain classifications of recalls be reported to the FDA within ten (10) working days after the recall is initiated. Companies are required to maintain certain records of recalls, even if they are not reportable to the FDA. The Company may initiate voluntary recalls involving its products in the future that the Company determines do not require notification of the FDA. If the FDA disagrees with the Company’s determinations, they could require the Company to report those actions as recalls. A future recall announcement could harm the Company’s reputation with customers and negatively affect its sales. In addition, the FDA could take enforcement action for failing to report the recalls when they were conducted. No recalls of the Company’s medical products have been reported to the FDA.

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If the Company’s medical products cause or contribute to a death or a serious injury, or malfunction in certain ways, we will be subject to medical device reporting regulations, which can result in voluntary corrective actions or agency enforcement actions.

Under the FDA medical device reporting regulations, medical device manufacturers are required to report to the FDA information that a device has or may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or has malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction of the device or one of our similar devices were to recur. If the Company fails to report these events to the FDA within the required timeframes, or at all, the FDA could take enforcement action against the Company. Any such adverse event involving its products also could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or agency action, such as inspection or enforcement action. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, will require the dedication of the Company’s time and capital, distract management from operating our business, and may harm its reputation and financial results.

If the effectiveness and safety of the Company’s devices are not supported by long-term data, the Company’s future revenues could decline.

The Company’s products may not be accepted in the market if the Company does not produce clinical data supported by the independent efforts of clinicians, and if that data indicates that treatment with the Company’s products does not provide patients with sustained benefits or that treatment with the Company’s products is less effective or less safe than the Company’s current data suggests, the Company’s future revenues could decline. In addition, the FDA could then bring legal or regulatory enforcement actions against the Company and/or its products including, but not limited to, recalls or requirements for pre-market 510(k) authorizations. The Company can give no assurance that its data will be substantiated in studies involving more patients. In such a case, the Company may never achieve significant revenues or profitability.

If the Company is found to be promoting the use of its devices for unapproved or “off-label” uses or engaging in other noncompliant activities, the Company may be subject to recalls, seizures, fines, penalties, injunctions, adverse publicity, prosecution, or other adverse actions, resulting in damage to its reputation and business.

The Company’s labeling, advertising, promotional materials and user training materials must comply with the FDA and other applicable laws and regulations, including the prohibition of the promotion of a medical device for a use that has not been cleared or approved by the FDA. Obtaining 510(k) clearance or PMA approval only permits the Company to promote its products for the uses specifically cleared by the FDA. Use of a device outside its cleared or approved indications is known as “off-label” use. Physicians and consumers may use the Company’s products off-label because the FDA does not restrict or regulate a physician’s choice of treatment within the practice of medicine nor is there oversight on patient use of over-the-counter devices. Although the Company may request additional cleared indications for our current products, the FDA may deny those requests, require additional expensive clinical data to support any additional indications or impose limitations on the intended use of any cleared product as a condition of clearance. Even if regulatory clearance or approval of a product is granted, such clearance or approval may be subject to limitations on the intended uses for which the product may be marketed and reduce our potential to successfully commercialize the product and generate revenue from the product.

If the FDA determines that the Company’s labeling, advertising, promotional materials, or user training materials, or representations made by Company personnel, include the promotion of an off-label use for the device, or that the Company has made false or misleading or inadequately substantiated promotional claims, or claims that could potentially change the regulatory status of the product, the agency could take the position that these materials have misbranded the Company’s devices and request that the Company modifies its labeling, advertising, or user training or promotional materials and/or subject the Company to regulatory or legal enforcement actions, including the issuance of an Untitled Letter or a Warning Letter, injunction, seizure, recall, adverse publicity, civil penalties, criminal penalties, or other adverse actions. It is also possible that other federal, state, or foreign enforcement authorities might take action if they consider the Company’s labeling, advertising, promotional, or user training materials to constitute promotion of an unapproved use, which could result in significant fines, penalties, or other adverse actions under other statutory authorities, such as laws prohibiting false claims for reimbursement. In that event, we would be subject to extensive fines and penalties and the Company’s reputation could be damaged and adoption of the products would be impaired. Although the Company intends to refrain from statements that could be considered off-label promotion of its products, the FDA or another regulatory agency could disagree and conclude that the Company has engaged in off-label promotion. For example, the Company has made statements regarding some of its devices that the FDA may view as off-label promotion. In addition, any such off-label use of the Company’s products may increase the risk of injury to patients, and, in turn, the risk of product liability claims, and such claims are expensive to defend and could divert the Company’s management’s attention and result in substantial damage awards against the Company.

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The Company may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations and could face substantial penalties if the Company is unable to fully comply with such laws.

While the Company does not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, many healthcare laws and regulations apply to the Company’s business. For example, the Company could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation and enforcement by both the federal government and the states in which the Company intends to conduct its business. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect the Company’s ability to operate include:

Recently, the medical device industry has been under heightened scrutiny as the subject of government investigations and regulatory or legal enforcement actions involving manufacturers who allegedly offered unlawful inducements to potential or existing customers in an attempt to procure their business, including arrangements with physician consultants. If the Company’s operations or arrangements are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to the Company, the Company may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the curtailment or restructuring of its operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, exclusions, curtailment or restructuring of the Company’s operations could adversely affect its ability to operate its business and its financial results. The risk of the Company being found in violation of these laws is increased by the fact that many of these laws are broad and their provisions are open to a variety of interpretations. Any action against the Company for violation of these laws, even if the Company successfully defends against that action and the underlying alleged violations, could cause the Company to incur significant legal expenses and divert its management’s attention from the operation of its business. If the physicians or other providers or entities with whom the Company does business are found to be non-compliant with applicable laws, they may be subject to sanctions, which could also have a negative impact on the Company’s business.

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The Company or its subsidiaries’ failure to obtain or maintain necessary FDA clearances or approvals, or equivalents thereof in the U.S. and relevant foreign markets, could hurt our ability to distribute and market our products.

In both the United States and foreign markets, the Company and its subsidiaries are affected by extensive laws, governmental regulations, administrative determinations, court decisions and similar constraints. Such laws, regulations and other constraints may exist at the federal, state or local levels in the United States and at analogous levels of government in foreign jurisdictions.

For example, as discussed above, certain of the Company’s planned product candidates may fall under the regulatory purview of various centers at the FDA and in other countries by similar health and regulatory authorities. Each medical device that the Company wishes to market in the U.S. must first receive either 510(k) clearance or premarket approval from the FDA unless an exemption applies. Either process can be lengthy and expensive. The FDA’s 510(k) clearance process may take from three to twelve months, or longer, and may or may not require human clinical data. The premarket approval process is much costlier and lengthier. It may take from eleven months to three years, or even longer, and will likely require significant supporting human clinical data. Delays in obtaining regulatory clearance or approval could adversely affect the Company’s revenues and profitability. Although the Company has obtained 510(k) clearance for EsoCheck, this clearance may be subject to revocation if post-marketing data demonstrates safety issues or lack of effectiveness. Similar clearance processes may apply in foreign countries. Further, more stringent regulatory requirements or safety and quality standards may be issued in the future with an adverse effect on the Company’s business.

In addition, the formulation, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, distribution, importation, sale and storage of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ products are subject to extensive regulation by various federal agencies, including, but not limited to, the FDA, the FTC, State Attorneys General in the United States, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan, as well as by various other federal, state, local and international regulatory authorities in the countries in which its products are manufactured, distributed or sold. If the Company or its manufacturers fail to comply with those regulations, the Company and its subsidiaries could become subject to significant penalties or claims, which could harm its results of operations or its ability to conduct its business. In addition, the adoption of new regulations or changes in the interpretations of existing regulations may result in significant compliance costs or discontinuation of product sales and may impair the marketing of its products, resulting in significant loss of net sales. The Company’s failure to comply with federal or state regulations, or with regulations in foreign markets that cover its product claims and advertising, including direct claims and advertising by the Company or its subsidiaries, may result in enforcement actions and imposition of penalties or otherwise harm the distribution and sale of its products. Further, the Company and its subsidiaries’ businesses are subject to laws governing our accounting, tax and import and export activities. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in legal and/or financial consequences that might adversely affect its sales and profitability.

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Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock

We may issue shares of our common and /or preferred stock in the future which could reduce the equity interest of our stockholders and might cause a change in control of our ownership.

Our certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $.001 per share, and 20,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $.001 per share. In addition, pursuant to the November 2019 SPA, we are required to seek stockholder approval to increase the number of shares of our common stock we are authorized to issue to 150,000,000 shares. We may issue a substantial number of additional shares of our common stock or preferred stock, or a combination of common and preferred stock, to raise additional funds or in connection with any strategic acquisition. The issuance of additional shares of our common stock or any number of shares of our preferred stock:

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We have incurred substantial indebtedness, and may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.

As of December 31, 2019, we had an aggregate of $8.7 million of indebtedness, which was secured by substantially all of our assets. In addition, we may incur additional debt in the future. Our indebtedness could have important consequences on our business. To the extent new debt and/or new credit sources are added to our existing debt, the related risks for us could intensify. In particular, it could:

In addition, the agreements governing our indebtedness contain (and any agreements governing our future indebtedness may contain) financial and other restrictive covenants which may potentially be subject to factors beyond our control and negatively affect our ability to comply.

Despite our right to pay the interest and principal balance of our existing indebtedness by issuing shares of our common stock, we may be required to repay such indebtedness in cash, if we do not meet certain customary equity conditions (including minimum price and volume thresholds) or in certain other circumstances. For example, we may be required to repay the outstanding principal balance and accrued but unpaid interest, along with a premium, upon the occurrence of certain changes of control or an event of default. We also may be required to repay any future indebtedness incurred by us in cash. In such event, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service our existing indebtedness, or any future indebtedness incurred by us, as cash payments become due.

If we are unable to make payments as they come due or comply with the restrictions and covenants in our existing indebtedness, or any other agreements governing our future indebtedness, there could be a default under the terms of such agreements. In such event, or if we are otherwise in default under such agreements, including pursuant to any cross-default provisions of such agreements, the lenders could terminate any commitments to lend and/or accelerate the loans and declare all amounts borrowed due and payable. Furthermore, our existing secured lenders and any future lenders to whom we grant a security interest, could foreclose on their security interests in our assets, including our intellectual property. If any of those events occur, our assets might not be sufficient to repay in full all of our outstanding indebtedness and we may be unable to find alternative financing. Even if we could obtain alternative financing, it may not be on terms we deem favorable or acceptable to us. Additionally, we may not be able to amend the agreements governing our indebtedness, or obtain needed waivers, on satisfactory terms or without incurring substantial costs. Failure to maintain existing or secure new financing could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial position, and/or results of operations.

Our management and their affiliates control a substantial interest in us and thus may influence certain actions requiring a stockholder vote.

As of December 31, 2019, our management and their affiliates collectively own approximately 14% of our issued and outstanding shares of common stock. Accordingly, these individuals would have considerable influence regarding the outcome of any transaction that requires stockholder approval. Furthermore, our Board of Directors is and will be divided into three classes, each of which will generally serve for a term of three years with only one class of directors being elected in each year. As a consequence of our “staggered” Board of Directors, only a minority of the Board of Directors will be considered for election in any given year and our initial stockholders, because of their ownership position, will have considerable influence regarding the outcome.

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There can be no assurance that our common stock will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national securities exchange.

On October 10, 2019, we were not in compliance with the market value of listed securities (“MVLS”) standard of the continued listing standards for Nasdaq Capital Market companies. Although on January 10, 2020, the Nasdaq Staff notified us that we had regained compliance, there can be no assurance that we will be able to continue to meet the MVLS or any of the other Nasdaq Capital Market listing standards. If we are unable to maintain compliance with the MVLS standard and all other listing standard, our common stock may no longer be listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market or another national securities exchange and the liquidity and market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

A robust public market for our common stock may not be sustained, which could affect your ability to sell our common stock or depress the market price of our common stock.

We are unable to predict whether an active trading market for our common stock will be sustained. If an active market is not sustained for any reason, it may be difficult for you to sell your securities at the time you wish to sell them, at a price that is attractive to you, or at all.

Our stock price may be volatile, and purchasers of our securities could incur substantial losses.

Our stock price is likely to be volatile. The stock market in general, and the market for life science companies, and medical device companies in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following:

These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

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Our outstanding warrants and other convertible securities may have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding: (i) employee stock options to purchase 5,203,529 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $2.68 per share; (ii) warrants to purchase 17,196,857 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $1.68 per share; (iii) unit purchase options to purchase 53,000 units at an exercise price of $5.50 per unit, with each unit consisting of one share of our common stock and one warrant, and each warrant entitling the holder to purchase one share of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.60 per share; (iv) Series B preferred stock convertible into 1,158,209 shares of our common stock; (v) the November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes, which were convertible into 8,750,000 shares of our common stock (assuming the November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes were converted in full on such date at the initial fixed conversion price of $1.60 per share); and (vi) the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note (as defined below), which was convertible in to 31,250 shares of our common stock (assuming the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note was converted in full on such date at the initial fixed conversion price of $1.60 per share). As of December 31, 2019, we also have 2,548,406 shares reserved for issuance, but not subject to outstanding awards, under our long-term incentive equity plan, and 167,228 shares reserved for issuance under our employee stock purchase plan.

Furthermore, accrued and unpaid interest and installments of principal under the 2019 Convertible Notes and the 2018 Convertible Notes are due on bi-monthly payment dates as prescribed therein, and are payable at our option in shares of our common stock, subject to the satisfaction of customary equity conditions (including minimum price and volume thresholds). The number of shares of common stock to be issued under these notes may be substantially greater than the estimate set forth in the preceding paragraph, if the interest and the installments of principal are paid in shares of our common stock, because in such cases the number of shares issued will be determined based on the then current market price, but in any event not more than fixed conversion price per share or less than a floor price specified in the notes. We cannot predict the market price of our common stock at any future date, and therefore, we are unable to accurately forecast or predict the total amount of shares that ultimately may be issued under these notes. In addition, the number of shares issued under these notes may be substantially greater if we voluntarily lower the conversion price, which we are permitted to do pursuant to the terms thereof.

The issuance of these shares will dilute our other equity holders, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay any dividends on our common stock at this time.

We have not paid any cash dividends on our shares of common stock to date. The payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the future will be dependent upon our revenues and earnings, if any, capital requirements and general financial condition and will be within the discretion of our Board of Directors. It is the present intention of our Board of Directors to retain all earnings, if any, for use in our business operations and, accordingly, our Board of Directors does not anticipate declaring any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. As a result, any gain you will realize on our common stock (including common stock obtained upon exercise of our warrants) will result solely from the appreciation of such shares.

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Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

We are an “emerging growth company”, and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, which was enacted in April 2012. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of  (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering, December 31, 2021, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may suffer or be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act.

We incur significant costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to compliance initiatives.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the other rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq or any other national securities exchange on which our securities are then trading. Compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies requires considerable time and attention of management. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq have imposed various requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. These rules and regulations result in significant legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costlier.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. In addition, we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K following the date on which we are no longer an emerging growth company. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We currently do not have an internal audit group, and as our business expands, we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect that we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors if required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on trading prices for our common stock, and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.

We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate the material weakness, or if we experience additional material weaknesses in the future, our business may be harmed.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for evaluating and reporting on the effectiveness of our system of internal control. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a public company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules that govern public companies. In particular, we are required to certify our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires us to furnish annually a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Management performed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019 and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2019 due to the material weakness related to the level of precision of our control environment. Specifically, we did not maintain a properly designed control environment that identified key control risk areas with an appropriate level of precision in order to conclude on the operating effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. We have taken and continue to take remedial steps to improve our internal control over financial reporting. For further discussion of the material weakness identified and our remedial efforts, see Item 9A.

Remediation efforts place a significant burden on management and add increased pressure to our financial resources and processes. If we are unable to successfully remediate our existing material weakness or any additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that may be identified in the future in a timely manner, the accuracy and timing of our financial reporting may be adversely affected; our liquidity, our access to capital markets, the perceptions of our creditworthiness may be adversely affected; we may be unable to maintain or regain compliance with applicable securities laws, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market; we may be subject to regulatory investigations and penalties; investors may lose confidence in our financial reporting; our reputation may be harmed; and our stock price may decline.

Item 1A Risk Factors - continued

Risks Associated with Ownership of Our Common Stock - continued

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If any analyst who covers us downgrades our stock or publishes inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the forecast of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.

Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors. Because our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. Among others, these provisions include the following.

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15.0% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15.0% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Item 2. Property

Our principal corporate offices, located at One Grand Central Place, 60 East 42nd Street, Suite 4600, New York, NY 10165, are currently leased on a month-to-month basis, with such lease agreement able to be cancelled with three months written notice. We also have short-term leases for limited office space in each of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. At this time, we consider the leased office space to be commensurate with our current operations. Notwithstanding, we may obtain additional space as warranted by our business operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of our business, particularly as we begin commercialization of our products, we may be subject to certain other legal actions and claims, including product liability, consumer, commercial, tax and governmental matters, which may arise from time to time. Except as otherwise noted herein, we do not believe we are currently a party to any other pending legal proceedings. Notwithstanding, legal proceedings are subject-to inherent uncertainties, and an unfavorable outcome could include monetary damages, and excessive verdicts can result from litigation, and as such, could result in a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations, and /or cash flows. Additionally, although we have specific insurance for certain potential risks, we may in the future incur judgments or enter into settlements of claims which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations, and /or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for Common Equity

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “PAVM.” Our Series Z Warrants and Series W Warrants are also traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbols “PAVMZ” and “PAVMW,” respectively.

Holders

As of March 31, 2020, there were 44,133,745 shares of our common stock outstanding. Our shares of common stock are held by 25 holders of record and we believe our shares of common stock are held by more than 3,000 beneficial owners.

Dividends

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock to date. Any future decisions regarding dividends will be made by our board of directors. We do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future but expect to retain earnings to finance the growth of our business. Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors the board of directors may deem relevant.

The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock provides for dividends at a rate of 8% per annum based on the $3.00 per share stated value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, with such dividends compounded quarterly, accumulate, and are payable in arrears upon being declared by the Company’s board of directors. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividends from April 1, 2018 through October 1, 2021 are payable-in-kind (“PIK”) in additional shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock. The dividends may be settled after October 1, 2021, at the option of the Company, through any combination of the issuance of additional Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, shares of common stock, and /or cash payment.

Through December 31, 2019, the Company’s board of directors had declared Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payments of an aggregate of $647,518, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 215,966 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the applicable certificate of designations. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, in January 2020, the Company’s board of directors declared a Series B Convertible Preferred Stock dividend payment of earned but unpaid dividends as of December 31, 2019, payable as of January 1, 2020, of $69,492, with such dividend payment settled by the issue of an additional 23,182 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the applicable certificate of designations.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Except as previously disclosed in our current reports on Form 8-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, we did not sell any unregistered securities or repurchase any of our securities during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and related financing, includes forward-looking statements involving risks and uncertainties and should be read together with the “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis. Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to “we”, “us”, and “our”, and to the “Company” or “PAVmed” are to PAVmed Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

PAVmed is a highly differentiated multi-product technology medical device company organized to advance a broad pipeline of innovative medical technologies from concept to commercialization, employing a business model focused on capital efficiency and speed to market. Since inception on June 26, 2014, the Company’s activities have focused on advancing the lead products towards regulatory approval and commercialization, protecting its intellectual property, and building its corporate infrastructure and management team. The Company operates in one segment as a medical device company and recently aligned its product offerings into four general groupings intended to become future operating divisions of the Company which include GI Health, Minimally Invasive Interventions, Infusion Therapy, and Emerging Innovations. As resources permit, we will continue to explore internal and external innovations that fulfill our project selection criteria without limiting ourselves to any target specialty or condition. In addition to the PAVmed, the parent company, we have substantive daily operations conducted in two majority owned subsidiaries: Lucid Diagnostics, incorporated in May 2018 and Solys Diagnostics, incorporated in October 2019.

Our multiple products are in various phases of development and regulatory clearance or approval. EsoCheck has received 510(k) marketing clearance from the FDA as a generic esophageal cell collection device. EsoGuard has been established as a LDT and was ready for commercial launch in December 2019 after completing CLIA/CAP certification of the test at Lucid’s commercial diagnostic laboratory partner ResearchDx, headquartered in Irvine, CA. Our other products in development have not yet received clearance or approval to be marketed or sold in the U.S. or elsewhere. We have been granted patents by the USPTO for CarpX, PortIO, and Caldus and have acquired licenses to certain patents and intellectual property for DisappEAR from Tufts University and a group of academic centers, for EsoGuard and EsoCheck from CWRU and more recently for patents covering infrared technology to non-invasively detect glucose in tissue within the in-patient field of use from Liquid Sensing, Inc.

Our product groupings for each of the four operating divisions include:

From inception through December 31, 2019, our operational efforts have been almost exclusively devoted to medical innovation, product development, testing, clinical studies, patent writing, regulatory acceptance, insurance reimbursement and more recently toward planning and pre-market activities (e.g. trade shows and industry conferences) to sustain a substantive market introduction in 2020 for EsoCheck, our first FDA cleared device, and our EsoGuard LDT assay.

EsoCheck is commercially available under a substantial equivalence determination made by the FDA pursuant to a 510(k). On June 21, 2019, Lucid was notified by FDA that it may market EsoCheck, subject to the general controls provisions of the FDCA, as a cell collection device indicated for use in the collection and retrieval of surface cells of the esophagus in the general population of adults, 22 years of age and older.

EsoGuard is commercially available to be prescribed by physicians for patients in the United States as an LDT and has been reported in an article in Science Translational Medicine to have a high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of BE with and without dysplasia, as well as for EAC. LDT refers to a laboratory developed test and is a type of molecular diagnostic test that is designed, manufactured and used within a single laboratory which is also certified pursuant to the CLIA to support the marketing of the test.

EsoCheck (i.e., by itself) may be used routinely by physicians to collect esophageal cells for various medical diagnostic purposes, including to diagnose or manage conditions such as Esophageal Candidiasis (a yeast infection of the esophagus which occurs in patients with compromised immune systems) and Eosinophilic Esophagitis (a common inflammatory condition of the esophagus). EsoGuard (i.e., also by itself) may be performed on cytology samples collected by a means other than EsoCheck, e.g., via EGD. However, our present clinical development focus, and the subject of a recent IVD pre-submission meeting with the FDA, is on assessing the performance of the combined system (i.e., the use of the EsoGuard assay on cells collected using EsoCheck) to detect BE, with and without dysplasia, and/or EAC, in individuals deemed to be at high risk for these conditions.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Overview - continued

Other Products – Continuing development and regulatory clearances

As mentioned above, many of our other products are in various phases of development and regulatory clearances or approvals and incurred substantive amount of management effort and/or costs to date and will require more of the same in the upcoming year, include:

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Overview - continued

Financing

In April, May and June 2019, we raised approximately $5.4 million, net, from three registered direct offerings of 5,480,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to our previously filed effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-220549).

In November 2019, we consummated the sale of a Senior Secured Convertible Notes in a private placement with a $14.0 million aggregate face value principal, referred to herein as the “November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes”.

The November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes were further sub-divided into a Series A and Series B, each having a face value principal of $7.0 million, with each referred to as the “Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note” and the “Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note”. The Series A and Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes each provide for the payment of a $700,000 lender fee, with such lender fee deducted from the cash proceeds when funded by the investors, and additionally, we are obligated to pay a financial advisory fee to the placement agent fee of 6.5% of the cash proceeds upon their receipt.

With respect to the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, the investors delivered to us cash proceeds of $6.3 million on November 4, 2019, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees, and we incurred total offering costs of $550,254, including a $409,500 advisory fee paid to the placement agent.

Subsequent to December 31, 2019, with respect to the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, the investors, at their election under the prepayment provisions, delivered to us cash proceeds of $6.3 million on March 30, 2020, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees, and we paid an advisory fee of $409,500 to the placement agent.

A registration statement on Form S-3 was filed with the SEC in December 2019, which has not yet been declared effective, for the common stock underlying the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenues from product sales. Our ability to generate product revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to successfully complete the development and initiate the commercialization of our products.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related costs for personnel, including travel expenses for our employees in executive and research and development functions, facility-related costs, professional fees, accounting and legal services, consultants and expenses associated with obtaining and maintaining patents within our intellectual property portfolio.

We anticipate our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future prior to the potential regulatory approval of our first product, as we anticipate an increase in payroll and related expenses related to our preparation for commercial operations, including as it relates to sales and marketing. We also anticipate continued expenses related to being a public company, including audit, legal, regulatory and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance as a public company, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations costs.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses are recognized in the period they are incurred and consist principally of internal and external expenses incurred for the research and development of our products and include:

We plan to incur research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our products. Our current research and development activities are focused principally on obtaining FDA clearance and initializing commercialization of the lead products in our pipeline including CarpX, EsoGuard, and EsoCheck, along with advancing our DisappEAR, NextFlo, and noninvasive glucose monitoring products through their respective development phase, with research and development activities on our other portfolio products commensurate with available capital resources. These planned research and development activities include the following:

The successful development of our products is uncertain and subject to numerous risks including, but not limited to:

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expenses incurred in the year ended December 31, 2019 were $7,664,965, an increase of $1,354,759 as compared to $6,310,206 incurred for corresponding prior year period. The increased general and administrative expenses for the current year period is principally due to increased expenses related to compensation and related personnel costs of $399,634, stock based compensation of $214,227, outside professional services of $473,159, facility related costs of $123,410, board related costs of $23,333 and other operating costs of $120,996.

The increased compensation and related personnel costs expense in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, resulted from higher salary and benefit expense related to the hiring of additional personnel, annual salary increases, and higher accrued bonus expense, inclusive of increases in each of the guaranteed bonus under the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) employment agreement and discretionary bonus payments to the CEO and other employees.

The stock-based compensation expense classified as general and administrative expense, which includes stock options and restricted stock granted to both employees and non-employees, of $1,162,370 incurred during the year ended December 31, 2019, increased $214,227 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulting from increased stock-based compensation expense resulting from stock options granted to employees in 2019.

The outside professional services expense of $3,066,441 incurred during the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, increased by $473,159, principally resulting from increased expenses of: $380,720 related to intellectual property matters, $234,566 related to investor and public relations, $183,622 related to marketing expenses, and $29,598 associated with professional fees for legal, accounting, auditing, tax, valuations, and information technology; partially offset by decreased expenses of: $105,348 related to regulatory matters. Additionally, outside professional services expenses decreased $250,000 in the current period as compared with the corresponding prior period with respect to consulting agreements with entities and /or individuals affiliated with certain of our officers and /or former directors. In this regard, $0 and $250,000 of expense was incurred in the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, with respect to the HCP/Advisors consulting agreement.

The increase in facility related costs of $123,410 in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulted from increased computer and internet expense, postage and delivery expense and rent expense associated with our corporate offices.

The board of director related costs of $271,250 for the year ended December 31, 2019 increased by $23,333 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulting from increase in expenses related to board of director fees.

The increased other operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the prior year period, principally resulted from higher director and officer insurance premiums, worker compensation insurance expense, and travel and related costs.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses incurred for the year ended December 31, 2019 totaled $6,630,330, an increase of $2,377,331 as compared to $4,252,999 incurred for the corresponding prior year period. The increase in research and development expenses resulted from the milestone costs of $75,000 incurred with respect to the CWRU License Agreement and increased expenses of: $901,908 related to compensation and related personnel costs, $127,726 related to stock-based compensation, $1,500,720 of increased expenses incurred for outside professional services, and $55,483 of increased other operating costs; partially offset by decreased expenses of: patent license fees $272,553 with respect to the CWRU License Agreement, and regulatory filing fees of $10,953.

The increased compensation and related personnel costs expense of $901,909 in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, resulted from higher salary expense related to additional personnel, as well as annual salary increases, increased accrued bonus expense related to higher discretionary employee bonus payments, and accrued expense related to employee relocation costs, for which there was no comparative amount in the prior year period.

The outside professional services of $4,421,531 in the year ended December 31, 2019 is an increase of $1,500,720 as compared to the corresponding prior year period. The increased outside professional services research and development expense principally resulted from our emphasis of current research and development activities being focused principally on completion of on-going efforts to obtain FDA clearance and initializing commercialization of each of the CarpX, EsoGuard, EsoCheck and PortIO products, and to continue to advance the development of the DisappEAR and the NextFlo products, as discussed above under “Overview”.

There were no regulatory filing fees for the year ended December 31, 2019. The regulatory filing fee of $10,953 in the year ended December 31, 2018 was with respect to the submission to the FDA of a 510(k) premarket notification for the EsoCheck.

The increased other operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the corresponding prior year period, principally resulted from higher compensation insurance expense, and travel and related costs.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense

Interest Expense – Senior Secured Convertible Note - November 4, 2019 - Series B.

The Senior Secured Convertible Notes issued November 4, 2019 are comprised of a Series A and Series B - each with a face value principal of $7.0 million - “Series A” and /or “Series B” “November 2019 Senior Convertible Note”. The investors delivered to the Company cash proceeds of $6.3 million on November 4, 2019, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees. Subsequent to December 31, 2019, with respect to the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, the investors delivered to the Company cash proceeds of $6.3 million on March 30, 2020, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees.

The Series A and Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes have a stated interest rate of 7.875% per annum, to the extent the investor has funded the cash proceeds of each such respective note. During the period November 4, 2019 to March 29, 2020, when the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note was not funded by the investors, the Company will incur interest expense of 3.0% per annum on the $7.0 million face value principal of the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note.

The (cash) payment of 3.0% interest on the $7.0 million face value principal of the (unfunded) Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, as such interest is discussed above, resulted in the recognition of $32,667 during the period November 4, 2019 through December 31, 2019, with such interest expense included in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 12, Debt, for further information regarding the Senior Secured Convertible Notes issued November 4, 2019 - Series A and Series B.

Interest Expense - Senior Secured Note issued July 3, 2017 (Scopia Holdings LLC)

The Senior Secured Note, previously issued in July 2017 by us to Scopia Holdings LLC (“Scopia Note”) had an annual interest rate of 15.0%, with interest payable semi-annually in arrears on June 30 and December 30 of each calendar year, commencing December 30, 2017 (“15% interest expense”). At our sole discretion, we were able to defer payment of up to 50% of each of the semi-annual 15% interest expense payable, with such deferred amount added to the outstanding interest-bearing principal balance of the Scopia Note. In this regard, the Scopia Note principal balance was $5,780,116 at December 27, 2018

On December 27, 2018, concurrent with the issue of the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note (as defined below), we repaid-in-full the previously issued Scopia Note, inclusive of the total outstanding principal payable and the accrued but unpaid interest expense payable as of December 27, 2018, with such repayment comprised of a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue of 600,000 shares of common stock of the Company. The Scopia Note repayment was executed under a Notice of Prepayment agreement dated December 27, 2018.

The Scopia Note total interest expense of $ $2,392,447, for the year ended December 31, 2018, and was comprised of $786,145 resulting from the 15% interest expense and $1,606,302 resulting from the amortization of Scopia Note debt discount. The Scopia Note remaining unamortized debt discount was $1,637,972 as of December 27, 2018 the date of extinguishment. There was no interest expense on the Scopia Note in 2019.

See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 12, Debt, for further information regarding the Scopia Note.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Change in Fair Value – Senior Secured Convertible Notes

Fair Value Option Election

The November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes (Series A and Series B) and the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note are each a debt financial instrument host containing embedded features and /or options which would otherwise be required to be bifurcated from the debt-host and recognized as separate derivative liabilities subject to initial and subsequent periodic estimated fair value measurements under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC-815”).

Notwithstanding, ASC 825, Financial Instruments (“ASC-825”), under ASC 825-10-15-4 provides for the “fair value option” (“FVO”) election, to the extent not otherwise prohibited by ASC 825-10-15-5, to be afforded to financial instruments, wherein the financial instrument is initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date. As such, the November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes, with respect to the Series A of such note, was initially measured at its November 4, 2019 issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each subsequent reporting period date. (As well, the Series B of such note will be initially measured at its issue-date estimated fair value and then subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each subsequent reporting period date. For accounting purposes, the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note issue date is deemed to be the prepayment date of the promissory notes issued by the investors in payment for such Series B notes, or March 30, 2020.) As provided for by ASC 825-10-50-30(b), the estimated fair value adjustment is presented as a single line item within other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

Senior Secured Convertible Notes Issued November 4, 2019

As noted above, the November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes are comprised of Series A and Series B notes, each with a face value principal of $7.0 million.

With respect to the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, on November 4, 2019, the investors delivered to the Company cash proceeds of $6.3 million, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees (which were recognized as a current period expense on such date), and we incurred total offering costs of $550,254, including a $409,500 advisory fee paid to the placement agent, with such offering costs recognized as an expense in other income (expense).

The Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note fair value adjustment totaled $475,250 and was recognized as current period income in the year ended December 31, 2019 (as no portion of such fair value adjustments resulted from instrument-specific credit risk of such note as of such dates), and was inclusive of the fair value adjustment on the November 4, 2019 issue date and the fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2019.

Senior Secured Convertible Note Issued December 27, 2018

On December 27, 2018, the Company consummated the sale of a Senior Secured Convertible Note in a private placement with a $7.75 million face value principal, referred to herein as the “December 2018 Senior Convertible Note”.

On the December 27, 2018 closing date of the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note, the investor delivered to the Company cash proceeds were $7.0 million, after deducting $0.750 million of lender fees (which were recognized as a current period expense on the closing date), and the Company incurred total offering costs of $614,940, inclusive of the payment of $455,000 placement agent fee and legal fees, with such offering costs recognized as an expense in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

The December 2018 Senior Convertible Note fair value adjustments of $333,849 and $153,000 in the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, were recognized as a current period income in the respective accompanying consolidated statement of operations (as no portion of such fair value adjustments resulted from instrument-specific credit risk of such note as of such dates).

The estimated fair value of the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes as of their November 4, 2019 issue date and as of December 31, 2019, was computed using a Monte Carlo simulation of the present value of its cash flows using a synthetic credit rating analysis and a required rate of return; and, the estimated fair value of the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, were computed using a combination of the present value of its cash flows using a synthetic credit rating analysis’ required rate of return and the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the Company’s common stock price, the Company’s dividend yield, the risk-free rates based on U.S. Treasury security yields, estimated volatility in the value of the Company’s common stock, and the respective unit purchase options’ and warrants’ exercise price.

See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 11, Financial Instruments Fair Value Measurements, and Note 12, Debt, for further information regarding the fair value option election, the change in fair value recognized as other income (expense), and the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes and the December 2018 Senior Secured Convertible Note.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Debt Extinguishment – Senior Secured Convertible Note Issued December 27, 2018

During the year ended December 31, 2019, aggregate principal repayments of $6,058,000 on the December 2018 Convertible Note and corresponding non-installment payments of $199,847 were settled by the issue of a total of 7,773,110 shares of common stock of the Company with a fair value of $8,089,163, resulting in a debt extinguishment loss in the year ended December 31, 2019 of $1,831,316. There were no such issue of shares of common stock of the Company with respect to the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note in the prior year ended December 31, 2018.

The fair value of the shares of common stock of the Company issued was measured as the respective issue date quoted closing price per share of the common stock of the Company.

See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 12, Debt, for further information regarding the debt extinguishment loss with respect to the issue of shares of our common stock in connection with the Senior Secured Convertible Note issued December 27, 2018 .

Debt Extinguishment - Senior Secured Note issued July 3, 2017

We recognized as other income (expense), a debt extinguishment loss of $1.4 million resulting from the difference between a $5.5 million debt reacquisition price and a $4.1 million debt carrying value, net, of the Scopia Note as of December 27, 2018 debt repayment date.

See our accompanying consolidated financial statements Note 12, Debt, for further information regarding the Scopia Note.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Modification Expense - Series Z Warrant Agreement Amendment - June 1, 2018

The Series Z Warrant is a common stock purchase warrant with an exercise price initially of $3.00 per share through May 31, 2018, and then $1.60 per share effective June 1, 2018, wherein, on May 15, 2018, the Company’s board of directors approved a reduction to the Series Z Warrant exercise price to $1.60 per share, effective June 1, 2018.

The Series Z Warrant exercise price adjustment to $1.60 per share from $3.00 per share, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, wherein an exchange of warrants is deemed to be a modification of the initial warrant agreement by the replacement with a revised warrant agreement, requiring the incremental estimated fair value, measured as the difference between the estimated fair value immediately after the modification as compared to the estimated fair value immediately before the modification, to the extent an increase, recognized as a modification expense.

In this regard, the Series Z Warrant June 1, 2018 exercise price adjustment resulted in the recognition on such date of a current period modification expense of $1,140,995 included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet, as the Series Z Warrants are equity classified.

Additionally, the Series Z Warrants issued in both the March 15, 2018 Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer and the April 5, 2018 Series W Warrants Exchange Offer, each as discussed below, were issued under the original Series Z Warrant Agreement. The Company’s board of directors approved Amendment No. 1 to the original Series Z Warrant Agreement, which was embodied in an Amended and Restated Series Z Warrant Agreement, dated June 8, 2018, referred to as the “Amended Series Z Warrant Agreement”. The amendment to the original Series Z Warrant Agreement was evaluated under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718 as discussed above but did not result in the recognition of a modification expense as there was no incremental estimated fair value.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Overview - “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” - March 15, 2018 Exchange Date

The “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer”, completed on March 15, 2018, was offered to and accepted by all holders of both the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants, and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants, wherein shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued-upon-exchange of shares of each of Series A and Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of each of Series A and Series A-1 Warrants - referred to as the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer” and the “March 15, 2018 Exchange Date”.

The Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of Series A-1 Warrants in the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer, as such exchange offer is discussed above, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, as described above with respect to the Series Z Warrant Agreement Amendment.

In this regard, the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair value of $895,478 of the equity-classified 1,399,185 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange as compared to the estimated fair value of $545,682 of the equity-classified 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants extinguished-upon-exchange, resulted in incremental estimated fair value of $349,796, which was recognized on such exchange date as a current period modification expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid in capital, as the Series Z Warrants are equity classified.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Modification Expense - Series W Warrants Exchange Offer - April 5, 2018 ’

A total of 5,075,849 Series Z Warrants were issued-upon-exchange of 10,151,682 Series W Warrants, in an exchange offer transaction referred to as the “Series W Warrants Exchange Offer” and the “April 5, 2018 Exchange Date”. The Series W Warrant Exchange Offer, resulted in the recognition of a modification expense on the April 5, 2018 Exchange Date, under the analogous guidance with respect to stock option modification under FASB ASC 718, as described above with respect to the Amended Series Z Warrant Agreement. In this regard, the April 5, 2018 Exchange Date estimated fair value of $3,304,377 of the 5,075,849 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange as compared of the estimated fair value of $2,537,921 of the 10,151,682 Series W Warrants extinguished-upon-exchange, resulted in incremental estimated fair value of $766,456, which was recognized on such exchange date as a current period modification expense in other income (expense) in the consolidated statement of operations, with a corresponding increase to additional paid in capital, as the Series Z Warrants are equity classified.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Other Income and Expense - continued

Change in Fair Value - Derivative Liability - Series A Warrants Derivative Liability and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Conversion Option

The Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were each initially measured at fair value at the time of issuance and subsequently remeasured at estimated fair value on a recurring basis at each reporting period date, with changes in estimated fair value of each respective derivative liability recognized as other income or expense.

As of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer each of the corresponding Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were each fully extinguished-upon-exchange as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date. Accordingly, there was no recognition of income or expense related to the change in estimated fair value of each such derivative liability after the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date.

In this regard, as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date, the change in the estimated fair value of each respective derivative liability resulted in the recognition of income of $64,913 with respect to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability, and the recognition of a net expense of $96,480 with respect to the Series A Warrants derivative liability.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Financial Results of Operations - continued

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method, as required by FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, (“ASC 740”). Current tax liabilities or receivables are recognized for the amount of estimated income tax payable and/or refundable for the current year. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recognized for estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis, along with net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled, Changes in deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are recorded in the provision for income taxes.

Under ASC 740, a “more-likely-than-not” criterion is applied when assessing the estimated realization of deferred tax assets through their utilization to reduce future taxable income, or with respect to a deferred tax asset for tax credit carryforward, to reduce future tax expense. A valuation allowance is established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, when the assessment indicated it is more-likely-than-not, the full or partial amount of the net deferred tax asset will not be realized. As a result of the evaluation of the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the estimated realizability of net deferred tax assets, and based on a history of operating losses, it is more-likely-than-not the deferred tax assets will not be realized, and therefore a valuation allowance reserve equal to the full amount of the deferred tax assets, net of deferred tax liabilities, has been recognized as a charge to income tax expense as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.

We have total estimated federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $40.0 and $27.4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which are available to reduce future taxable income and begin to expire in 2035. We have total estimated research and development (“R&D”) tax credit carryforward of $0.4 million as of December 31, 2019, with the R&D tax credit carryforward available to reduce future tax expense and begin to expire in 2035.

See our consolidated financial statements Note 6, Income Taxes, for additional information with respect to our income tax provision, deferred tax assets, and deferred tax liabilities.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview - Financing

Issue of Common Stock - Registered Offerings

In the year ended December 31, 2019, a total of 5,480,000 shares of common stock of the Company were issued in registered offerings, under common stock share subscription agreements entered into with individual investors, resulting in total proceeds of $5,480,000, before placement agent fees and legal fees of $101,098.

Issue of Common Stock - Conversions - Senior Secured Convertible Note - Issued December 27, 2018

On December 27, 2018, we issued the December 2018 Senior Secured Convertible Note with a face value principal of $7.75 million, a stated interest rate of 7.875% per annum, and a contractual maturity date of December 31, 2020. At the election of the Holder, the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note may be converted into shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2019, the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note face value principal was approximately $1.7 million, as result of approximately $6.1 million face value principal repayments, as discussed below.

The December 2018 Senior Convertible Note proceeds were $7.0 million after payment of $750,000 of lender fees. We incurred total offering costs of $614,940, inclusive of the payment of a $455,000 placement agent fee and legal fees, with such offering costs recognized as a current period expense on December 27, 2018.

In the year ended December 31, 2019, with respect to the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note, aggregate principal repayments of $6,085,000, respectively, and $199,847 of corresponding non-installment payments, respectively, were settled by the issue of 7,773,110, shares of common stock of the Company, respectively, resulting in a debt extinguishment loss in the year ended December 31, 2019, of $1,831,317, respectively.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Overview - Financing- continued

Senior Secured Convertible Notes Issued November 2019

In a private placement, on November 3, 2019, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with two institutional investors (“Investors”, “Lender”, and /or “Holders”), and pursuant to the SPA, on November 4, 2019, we consummated the sale of Senior Secured Convertible Notes with a $14.0 million aggregate face value principal, referred to as the “November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes”. At the election of the holder, the November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes may be converted into shares of common stock of the Company.

The November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes were further sub-divided into a Series A and a Series B, each having a face value principal of $7.0 million, each referred to as the “Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note” and the “Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note”. The Series A and Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes each provide for the payment of a $700,000 lender fee, with such lender fee deducted from the cash proceeds when funded by the investors, and additionally, we are obligated to pay a financial advisory fee to the placement agent of 6.5% of the cash proceeds upon their receipt.

With respect to the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, on November 4, 2019, the investors delivered to us cash proceeds of $6.3 million, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees, and we incurred total offering costs of $550,254, including a $409,500 advisory fee paid to the placement agent.

Subsequent to December 31, 2019, with respect to the Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Note, on March 30, 2020, the investors, at their election under the prepayment provisions, delivered to us cash proceeds of $6.3 million, after deducting $0.7 million of lender fees and we paid an advisory fee of $409,500 to the placement agent.

In the year ended December 31, 2019, $85,750 of non-installment payments with respect to the Series A November 2019 Senior Convertible Note were paid in cash.

A bi-monthly principal repayment and corresponding interest payment is due on the Series A and Series B November 2019 Senior Convertible Notes commencing March 30, 2020, and then on each of the successive 15th day of the month and the last trading day of the month, and on the maturity date. On each bi-monthly date, we are required to settle an installment amount, consisting of a principal repayment totaling $378,380 together with interest thereon, which shall be satisfied in shares of our common stock, subject to customary equity conditions (including minimum price and volume thresholds), at 100% of the installment amount, or otherwise (or at our election, in whole or in part) in cash at 115% of the installment amount.

Under the November 2019 Senior Secured Convertible Notes, we are subject to certain customary affirmative and negative covenants regarding the incurrence of indebtedness, the existence of liens, the repayment of indebtedness, the payment of cash in respect of dividends, distributions or redemptions, and the transfer of assets, among other matters, We also are subject to a financial covenant requiring that we have an unrestricted cash balance of at least $2.0 million at each quarterly balance sheet date. The Company was in compliance with the financial covenant as of December 31, 2019.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Overview - Financing- continued

Summary of Financing in the year ended December 31, 2018

In January 2018, we raised $4.3 million of net cash proceeds in an underwritten public offering of 2,649,818 shares of our common stock pursuant to our previously filed effective shelf registration statement on SEC Form S-3 - File No. 333-220549.

In June 2018, we raised approximately $9.2 million of net cash proceeds from an Equity Subscription Rights Offering (“ESRO”) pursuant to our previously filed effective registration statement on SEC Form S-1 - File No. 333-222581, wherein, 9.0 million units were issued comprised of a corresponding number of shares of our common stock and Series Z Warrants exercisable to purchase 9.0 million shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.60 per share.

In December 2018, we raised approximately $7.0 million of net cash proceeds, after payment of $750,000 of lender fees, from the issue of the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note, with a face value principal of $7.75 million, to an institutional investor.

Promptly after the consummation of the issue of the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note, we repaid in full the outstanding principal balance and all accrued but unpaid interest expense as of December 27, 2018 on the Scopia Note, with such repayment consisting of a cash payment of $5.0 million the issue of 600,000 shares of our common stock.

In March 2018, in an exchange offer captioned the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer”, we issued a total of 975,568 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock for all of the issued and outstanding shares of each of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, and we issued a total of 2,739,190 Series Z Warrants for all of the issued and outstanding of each of the Series A Warrants and the Series A-1 Warrants.

In April 2018, in an exchange offer captioned the “Series W Warrant Exchange Offer”, we completed a Tender Offer whereby 96.4% of the then outstanding publicly traded Series W Warrants, or 10,151,682 Series W Warrants, were exchanged for 5,075, 849 Series Z Warrants.

The Series Z Warrants are publicly traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol PAVMZ, and each Series Z Warrant may be exercised to purchase a share of our common stock, initially at $3.00 per share through May 31, 2018, then $1.60 per share effective June 1, 2018, as a result of our board of directors approval on May 15, 2018 of such exercise price adjustment.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Overview - Financing- continued

Summary of Financing in the year ended December 31, 2018 - continued

Senior Secured Convertible Note Issued December 27, 2018

In a private placement transaction with an institutional investor on December 27, 2018, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement under which we issued the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note, having a contractual maturity date of December 31, 2020, a face value principal of $7.75 million, and a stated interest rate of 7.875% per annum. At the election of the holder, the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note may be converted into shares of common stock of the Company, as discussed below.

The December 2018 Senior Convertible Note proceeds were $7.0 million after deducting $0.750 million of lender fees (which were recognized as a current period expense on such date), and we incurred an additional total offering costs of $614,940, inclusive of $455,000 placement agent fee, with such offering costs recognized as an expense in other income (expense) in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

On December 27, 2018, concurrent with the issue of the December 2018 Senior Convertible Note, we repaid-in-full the previously issued Scopia Note inclusive of the total outstanding principal payable and the accrued but unpaid interest expense payable as of December 27, 2018, with such repayment comprised of a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue of 600,000 shares of common stock of the Company.

The December 2018 Senior Convertible Note requires bi-monthly payments, with such payments due and payable on each of the 15^th calendar day of each month and the Last Trading Day of each month, with the first bi-monthly payment date of January 15, 2019 and the last bi-monthly payment date of December 31, 2020. The bi-monthly payments have two components: a bi-monthly “Installment Repayment” which commences June 28, 2019 through December 31, 2020, and a bi-monthly “Non-Installment Payment” which commences January 15, 2019 through the December 31, 2020. The bi-monthly Installment Repayments are prescribed and the bi-monthly Non-Installment Repayments are a function of the remaining Senior Convertible Note face value principal outstanding.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Overview - Financing- continued

Equity Subscription Rights Offering - “ESRO” - June 12, 2018

Our ESRO, closed on June 12, 2018, resulted in approximately $10.4 million of gross cash proceeds, before approximately $1.0 million of commissions and fees to the dealer-managers, and approximately $0.2 million of offering costs incurred by the Company, upon the issue on June 12, 2018 of 9.0 million common stock units, comprised of one share of common stock of the Company and one Series Z Warrant, as noted above.

Issue of Common Stock - Underwritten Public Offering - January 2018

In January 2018, we conducted an underwritten public offering, under our previously filed and effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-220549) wherein we issued a total of 2,649,818 shares of our common stock resulting in cash proceeds, net of the underwriter’s discount, of approximately $4.4 million before offering costs of approximately $0.1 million.

Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer - March 15, 2018

On the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date of the “Series A and Series A-1 Exchange Offer”, a total of 975,568 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were issued, including 499,334 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued-upon-exchange of 249,667 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and 476,234 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock issued-upon-exchange of 357,259 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock; and, a total of 2,739,190 Series Z Warrants were issued, including 1,340,005 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 268,001 Series A Warrants and 1,399,185 Series Z Warrants issued-upon-exchange of 279,837 Series A-1 Warrants.

Consequently, as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date, there were no issued and outstanding shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A Warrants, nor any issued and outstanding shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-1 Warrants, as each were fully exchanged for shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and Series Z Warrants, respectively. Additionally, each of the Series A Warrants derivative liability and the Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock conversion option derivative liability were fully extinguished-upon-exchange as of the March 15, 2018 Exchange Date.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Overview - Financing- continued

Summary of Financing in the year ended December 31, 2018 - continued

Series W Warrants Offer-to-Exercise- February 8, 2018

On January 11, 2018, we filed with the SEC a Tender Offer Statement on Schedule TO offering Series W Warrants holders a temporary exercise price of $2.00 per share, with such offer having an expiry of February 8, 2018 - referred to as the “Series W Warrants Offer-to-Exercise”. As of the February 8, 2018 expiry date, a total of 34,345 Series W Warrants were exercised at the temporary exercise of $2.00 per share, resulting in $68,690 of cash proceeds, before offering costs of $50,520.

Note and Security Purchase Agreement with Scopia Holdings LLC

On December 27, 2018, concurrent with the issue of the Senior Convertible Note issued on December 27, 2018, as discussed above, we repaid-in-full the previously issued Senior Secured Note between us and Scopia Holdings LLC, inclusive of the total outstanding principal payable and the accrued but unpaid interest expense payable as of December 27, 2018, with such repayment comprised of a $5.0 million cash payment and the issue to Scopia Holdings LLC of 600,000 shares of our common stock.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Going Concern

The provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (ASC Topic 205-40) requires management to assess an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year of the date of the financial statements are issued. In each reporting period (including interim periods), an entity is required to assess conditions known and reasonably knowable as of the financial statement issuance date to determine whether it is probable an entity will not meet its financial obligations within one year from the financial statement issuance date. Substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern exists when conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, indicate it is probable the entity will be unable to meet its financial obligations as they become due within one year after the date the financial statements are issued.

We are an early stage and emerging growth company and are subject-to the corresponding risk of such companies. Since inception we have not generated any revenues and have incurred losses and negative cash flows from operating activities. We do not expect to generate positive cash flows from operating activities in the near future until we complete the development process and regulatory approvals of our products, and thereafter begin to commercialize and achieve substantial marketplace acceptance of our products.

We have incurred a net loss attributable to PAVmed Inc. common stockholders of approximately $16.7 million and net cash flows used in operating activities of approximately $13.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, we have negative working capital of approximately $5.3 million, with such working capital inclusive of approximately $8.1 million of the Senior Secured Convertible Notes classified as a current liability and approximately $6.2 million of cash.

We anticipate incurring operating losses and do not expect to generate positive cash flows from operating activities, if any, for the next several years as we complete the development of our products, file for and request regulatory approvals and clearances of such products, and begin to commercially market such products. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date our consolidated financial statements are issued.

Our ability to fund our operations is dependent upon management’s plans, which include raising additional capital, refinance our debt upon maturity, obtaining regulatory approvals for our products currently under development, commercializing and generating revenues from our products currently under development, and continuing to control expenses. However, there is no assurance we will be successful in these efforts.

A failure to raise sufficient capital, refinance our debt upon maturity, obtain regulatory approvals and clearances of our products, generate sufficient product revenues, or control expenditures, among other factors, will adversely impact our ability to meet our financial obligations as they become due and payable and to achieve our intended business objectives, and therefore raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date our consolidated financial statements are issued.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities should we be unable to continue as a going concern.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - continued

Liquidity and Capital Resources - continued

Cash flows and liquidity

The cash flow sources and uses for operating, investing, and financing activities, for each period presented is as follows:

Operating Activities

Net cash flows (used in) or provided by operating activities was $13,357,271 and $8,787,907 in the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, consisting of: a net loss - before noncontrolling interest of $17,268,131 and $18,172,822, respectively, with non-cash adjustments totaling, $3,901,860 and $9,384,915 to reconcile the net loss - before noncontrolling interest to net cash used in operating activities, inclusive of $3,974,794 and $8,038,595 of non-cash items, respectively, and, $(63,934) and $1,346,320 of a net change in operating assets and liabilities, respectively, as follows: