PCSB Financial Corp - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022

OR

☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Commission File No. 001-38065

PCSB FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(914) 248-7272

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding twelve months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the Registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of December 31, 2021, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $249.0 million. The registrant does not have any non-voting common equity.

As of September 9, 2022, there were 15,334,707 shares of the Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

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Forward Looking Statements

This annual report contains forward-looking statements, which can be identified by the use of words such as “estimate,” “project,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “seek,” “expect” and words of similar meaning. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to:

These forward-looking statements are based on current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control. In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.

The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements:

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Because of these and other uncertainties, our actual future results may be materially different from the results indicated by these forward-looking statements. See “Risk Factors” contained in Item 1A. We do not undertake to update any forward-looking statements, except as may be required by applicable law or regulation.

PART I

Item 1. Business

PCSB Financial Corporation

PCSB Financial Corporation (“PCSB Financial” or the “Company”), a Maryland corporation, is the bank holding company for PCSB Bank (the “Bank”). On April 20, 2017, the Company completed its initial public offering in connection with the Bank’s conversion from a mutual savings bank to a stock savings bank. As of June 30, 2022, we had consolidated assets of $1.99 billion, consolidated deposits of $1.63 billion and consolidated equity of $277.2 million. Other than holding the common stock of PCSB Bank, PCSB Financial has not engaged in any significant business to date. In the future, we may pursue other business activities, including mergers and acquisitions, investment alternatives and diversification of operations; however, there are no current agreements for these activities. The Company is subject to the financial reporting requirements of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended and regulation and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve Board”) and the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “NYSDFS”).

PCSB Bank

PCSB Bank is a New York-chartered commercial bank. We serve the banking needs of customers in the Lower Hudson Valley of New York State through our executive offices/headquarters and 14 banking offices located in Dutchess (2 offices), Putnam (3 offices), Rockland (1 office) and Westchester (8 offices) Counties, New York. Our primary business activity is attracting deposits from the general public and using those funds primarily to originate and purchase commercial real estate loans, business loans and one-to-four-family real estate loans and purchase investment securities. We are subject to comprehensive regulation and examination by the NYSDFS and by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (the “FDIC”).

Our website address is www.pcsb.com. Information on our website is not and should not be considered a part of this annual report.

Proposed Acquisition by Brookline Bancorp, Inc.

As previously disclosed, on May 23, 2022, the Company and Brookline Bancorp, Inc. (“Brookline”), the holding company of Brookline Bank and Bank Rhode Island, entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, the Company will merge with and into Brookline, with Brookline as the surviving corporation (the “Merger”). Following the Merger, PCSB Bank will operate as a separate bank subsidiary of Brookline. The consummation of the Merger is subject to customary closing conditions, including the receipt of regulatory approvals and approval by the Company’s stockholders. The Merger is currently expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Market Area

Our primary market area encompasses all of Putnam and Westchester Counties and parts of Dutchess and Rockland Counties in New York, which are the counties in which our offices are located, and the surrounding areas. We view Westchester County, which borders the Bronx (New York City’s northernmost borough) and is more populous than the other counties, as a primary area for growth, particularly for commercial lending and deposit opportunities. Westchester County includes a high concentration of office, medical, retail, industrial, mixed use and multi-family real estate buildings and businesses. Our primary focus in this marketplace is small to middle market businesses in these segments. Rising real estate values and lack of available commercial space in Brooklyn and Manhattan have caused businesses to migrate to central and lower Westchester County, which has increased the demand for flex-industrial and multi-family property loans in our market area. Dutchess, Putnam and Rockland Counties offer similar commercial opportunities to Westchester County, but on a significantly smaller scale, and provide greater opportunities in residential mortgage lending and consumer lending and in retail deposit gathering. The close proximity of Bronx County, New York City, Fairfield County, Connecticut, and Bergen County, New Jersey, to our market area also creates a secondary area of opportunity for office, industrial and multi-family property loans. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a significant migration of residents out of New York City and other

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urban areas into surrounding suburban areas, which includes a large portion of our primary market area, and has resulted in significant increases in residential real estate values.

Competition

We face significant competition for deposits and loans. Our most direct competition for deposits has historically come from the many financial institutions operating in our market area, many of which are significantly larger than we are and, therefore, have greater resources. We compete with these larger institutions particularly in our Westchester County market area. We also face competition for funds from other financial service companies such as brokerage firms, money market funds, mutual funds and other corporate and government securities issuers.

Competition for loans comes primarily from the many financial institutions operating in our market area. Our experience in recent years has been that many financial institutions in our market area, especially community banks and credit unions seeking to expand their commercial loan portfolios and institutions located in highly competitive Westchester County, have been willing to price commercial loans aggressively in order to gain market share. We also compete with Fintech companies, which can digitally deliver banking products and services without the expenses associated with physical branch offices and without the regulatory compliance obligations and expenses to which banks are subject.

Lending Activities

Commercial Real Estate Loans. At June 30, 2022, commercial real estate loans were $942.1 million, or 70.4%, of total gross loans receivable. Our commercial real estate loans are generally secured by properties used for business purposes such as office buildings, industrial facilities and retail facilities, and multi-family properties. At June 30, 2022, multi-family residential real estate loans, which are described below, totaled $213.2 million. Excluding multi-family loans, $117.2 million of our commercial real estate portfolio was owner occupied real estate and $611.7 million was secured by income producing, or non-owner occupied real estate.

At June 30, 2022, a substantial portion of our commercial real estate loans was secured by properties located in the lower Hudson Valley; however, we will originate commercial real estate loans on properties located outside this area based on an established relationship with a strong borrower. We intend to continue to grow our commercial real estate loan portfolio while maintaining prudent underwriting standards. In addition to originating these loans, we also purchase and participate in commercial real estate loans with other financial institutions. At June 30, 2022, we had $122.1 million in commercial real estate loan participations and whole loan purchases, which constituted 13.0% of our commercial real estate loan portfolio, as compared with $144.6 million, or 17.5%, at June 30, 2021. Such loans are independently underwritten according to our policies and require satisfactory documentation review by our legal counsel before we will purchase or participate in such loans.

We originate a variety of adjustable-rate commercial real estate loans with terms and amortization periods generally up to 25 years, which may include balloon payment loans. Interest rates and payments on our adjustable-rate loans adjust every five, seven or ten years and generally are indexed to the prime rate or the corresponding Treasury rate, plus a margin. We generally include pre-payment penalties on commercial real estate loans we originate. We may execute interest rate swaps with commercial lending customers in association with adjustable-rate loans to facilitate the customer’s risk management strategies.

In underwriting commercial real estate loans, we consider a number of factors, which include the current and projected ratio of net cash flow to the loan’s debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum of 1.20x), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. Commercial real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. Generally, guarantees are obtained from commercial real estate customers. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information on such loans is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. We encourage our commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us, which would enhance our interest rate spread and overall profitability.

If we foreclose on a commercial real estate loan, the marketing and liquidation period to convert the real estate asset to cash can be a lengthy process with substantial holding costs. In addition, vacancies, deferred maintenance, repairs and market stigma can result in prospective buyers expecting sale price concessions to offset their real or perceived economic losses for the time it takes them to return the property to profitability. Depending on the individual circumstances, initial charge-offs and subsequent losses on commercial real estate loans can be unpredictable and substantial.

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At June 30, 2022, our largest non-multi-family commercial real estate loan had an outstanding balance of $19.8 million and is secured by a multi-tenant office property, a portion of which serves as the Company's headquarters. At June 30, 2022, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

Multi-Family Residential Real Estate Loans. At June 30, 2022, multi-family real estate loans were $213.2 million, or 15.9%, of total gross loans receivable. Our multi-family real estate loans are generally secured by properties consisting of five to 100 rental units in our market area. In addition to originating these loans, we also purchase and participate in multi-family residential real estate loans with other financial institutions. At June 30, 2022, we had $65.8 million in multi-family residential real estate loan purchases and participations, which constituted 30.9% of our multi-family residential real estate loan portfolio, as compared with $84.4 million, or 40.0%, at June 30, 2021. Such loans are independently underwritten according to our policies and require satisfactory documentation review by our legal counsel before we will purchase or participate in such loans.

We originate a variety of adjustable-rate multi-family residential real estate loans with terms and amortization periods generally up to 30 years, which may include balloon payment loans. Interest rates and payments on our adjustable-rate loans adjust every five, seven or ten years and generally are indexed to the prime rate or the corresponding Treasury rate, plus a margin. We generally include pre-payment penalties on multi-family residential real estate loans we originate.

In underwriting multi-family residential real estate loans, we consider a number of factors, which include the current and projected ratio of net cash flow to the loan’s debt service requirement (generally requiring a minimum of 1.20x), the age and condition of the collateral, the financial resources and income level of the borrower and the borrower’s experience in owning or managing similar properties. Multi-family residential real estate loans are generally originated in amounts up to 75% of the appraised value or the purchase price of the property securing the loan, whichever is lower. Generally, guarantees are obtained from multi-family residential real estate customers. In addition, the borrower’s and guarantor’s financial information on such loans is monitored on an ongoing basis by requiring periodic financial statement updates. We encourage our commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us, which would enhance our interest rate spread and overall profitability.

At June 30, 2022, our largest multi-family residential real estate loan had an outstanding balance of $23.5 million and is secured by a 76-unit apartment complex. At June 30, 2022, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

Commercial Loans. We originate commercial term loans and adjustable rate lines of credit to a variety of small and medium sized businesses in our market area. These loans are generally secured by business assets, and we may support this collateral with junior liens on real property. At June 30, 2022, the outstanding balance of commercial loans was $136.3 million, or 10.2% of total gross loans receivable, as compared with $150.7 million, or 12.2%, at June 30, 2021. Customers for our commercial loans include professional businesses, multi-generational family-owned businesses, and not for profit businesses. We encourage our commercial business borrowers to maintain their primary deposit accounts with us, which would enhance our interest rate spread and overall profitability.

Commercial loans as of June 30, 2022 included $1.9 million of loans originated under the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) Payroll Protection Program (“PPP”) established by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), as compared to $37.0 million as of June 30, 2021. PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA and are subject to forgiveness by the SBA, upon application by the borrower, to the extent that loan proceeds were utilized by the borrower for qualifying expenses under the PPP. Any loan, or portion thereof, that is not forgiven by the SBA will bear an interest rate of 1% per annum for a term ranging from 24 months to 60 months.

As of June 30, 2022, commercial loans include a $7.2 million loan to a third-party originator secured by 169 individual loans primarily to medical professionals. The underlying loans are independently underwritten according to our policies and require satisfactory documentation review by our legal counsel. The Company services the underlying loans and maintains a 50% loss-sharing agreement with the third-party originating institution.

The commercial loans we offer include term loans and revolving lines of credit. Commercial loans and lines of credit are made with either fixed or adjustable rates of interest. Adjustable rates are based on the prime rate, plus a margin. Commercial loans typically have shorter terms to maturity and higher interest rates than commercial real estate loans, and may involve more credit risk because of the type and nature of the collateral.

When underwriting commercial loans, we consider the financial statements of the borrower, our lending history with the borrower, the debt service capabilities and global cash flows of the borrower and guarantors, the projected cash flows of the business and the value of the collateral, accounts receivable, inventory and equipment. Depending on the collateral used

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to secure the loans, commercial loans are generally made in amounts of up to 75% of the value of the collateral securing the loan.

At June 30, 2022, our largest commercial loan was a $25.0 million working capital line of credit to a construction manager and general contractor and no outstanding balance. As of June 30, 2022, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

Construction Loans. We originate loans to finance the construction of one-to-four-family residential properties, and commercial and multi-family properties. At June 30, 2022, the outstanding balance of construction and land development loans was $20.9 million, or 1.6% of total gross loans receivable, consisting of $3.7 million of one-to-four-family residential construction loans and $17.2 million of commercial and multi-family real estate construction loans. The majority of these loans are secured by properties located in our primary market area.

Most of our construction loans are interest-only loans that provide for the payment of interest during the construction phase, which is usually up to 24 months. Interest is generally an adjustable rate based on the prime rate, plus a margin. At the end of the construction phase, the loan may convert to a permanent mortgage loan or the loan may be payable in full. Loans generally can be made with a maximum loan-to-value ratio of 75% of the appraised market value upon completion of the project. Before making a commitment to fund a construction loan, we generally require an appraisal of the property by an independent licensed appraiser. We also generally require an inspection of the property before disbursement of funds during the term of the construction loan. Loan proceeds are disbursed periodically in increments as construction progresses and as inspection by our approved inspectors warrant.

At June 30, 2022, our largest construction and land development loan had a total exposure of $13.0 million and an outstanding balance of $5.7 million and is secured by a multi-family development. At June 30, 2022, this loan was performing according to its original terms.

Residential Mortgage Loans. Our one-to-four-family residential loan portfolio consists of mortgage loans that enable borrowers to purchase or refinance existing homes, most of which serve as the primary residence of the owner. At June 30, 2022, one-to-four-family residential real estate loans were $214.2 million, or 16.0% of total gross loans receivable, consisting of $184.6 million of fixed-rate loans and $29.6 million of adjustable-rate loans. In addition to originating these loans, we also purchase and participate in residential mortgage loans from other financial institutions. At June 30, 2022, purchased and participated loans totaled $17.7 million, or 8.3% of the residential mortgage loan portfolio, as compared to $25.4 million, or 11.3%, at June 30, 2021.

We offer fixed-rate and adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans with maturities up to 30 years. Some of the properties include two-to-four-unit properties, all of which are classified as residential mortgage loans. Our one-to-four-family residential mortgage loans that we originate or purchase are generally underwritten according to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac guidelines, and we refer to loans that conform to such guidelines as “conforming loans.” We generally originate both fixed- and adjustable-rate mortgage loans in amounts up to the maximum conforming loan limits as established by the Federal Housing Finance Agency. We also originate loans above the conforming limits, which are referred to as “jumbo loans.” We generally underwrite jumbo loans, whether originated or purchased, in a manner similar to conforming loans. Jumbo loans are common in our market area. We generally retain one-to-four-family residential mortgage loans in our portfolio, however, we have the ability to sell originated or refinanced loans in the secondary mortgage market.

We originate our adjustable-rate one-to-four-family residential mortgage loans with initial interest rate adjustment periods of one, three, five, seven or ten years, based on changes in a designated market index. These loans are limited to a 200 basis point initial increase in their interest rate, a 200 basis point increase in their interest rate annually after the initial adjustment, and a maximum upward adjustment of 400 to 600 basis points over the life of the loan. We determine whether a borrower qualifies for an adjustable-rate mortgage loan in conformance with the underwriting guidelines set forth by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the secondary mortgage market. In particular, we determine whether a borrower qualifies for an adjustable-rate mortgage loan with an initial fixed-rate period of five years or less based on the ability to repay both principal and interest using an interest rate which is 2.0% above the initial interest rate, including a reasonable estimate of real estate taxes and insurance, and taking into account the maximum debt-to-income ratio stipulated in the underwriting guidelines in the secondary mortgage market. The qualification for an adjustable-rate mortgage loan with an initial fixed-rate period exceeding five years is based on the borrower’s ability to repay at the initial fixed interest rate.

We will originate one-to-four-family residential mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios up to 80% without private mortgage insurance. We will originate loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 95% with private mortgage insurance and where the borrower’s debt service does not exceed 45% of the borrower’s monthly cash flow. To encourage lending to low-

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and moderate-income home buyers, we have several in-house developed programs which can include low down payments, lender-paid PMI, a lower than market interest rate, or a grant to be used towards closing costs.

We generally do not offer “interest only” mortgage loans on one-to-four-family residential properties. We do not offer loans that provide for negative amortization of principal, such as “Option ARM” loans, where the borrower can pay less than the interest owed on the loan, resulting in an increased principal balance during the life of the loan. Additionally, outside of the loan programs mentioned previously, we do not offer “subprime loans” (loans that are made with low down-payments to borrowers with weakened credit histories typically characterized by payment delinquencies, previous charge-offs, judgments, bankruptcies, or borrowers with questionable repayment capacity as evidenced by low credit scores or high debt-burden ratios) or Alt-A loans (defined as loans having less than full documentation).

Home Equity Lines of Credit. At June 30, 2022, the outstanding balance owed on home equity lines of credit was $23.7 million, or 1.8% of total gross loans receivable. Home equity lines of credit have adjustable rates of interest that are indexed to the prime rate, plus a margin.

The procedures for underwriting home equity lines of credit include an assessment of the applicant’s payment history on other debts and ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan. Although the applicant’s creditworthiness is a primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral to the proposed loan amount.

The home equity lines of credit that we originate are revolving lines of credit which generally have a term of 25 years, with draws available for the first ten years. Our 25-year lines of credit are interest only during the first ten years and amortize on a fifteen-year basis thereafter. We generally originate home equity lines of credit with loan-to-value ratios of up to 75% when combined with the principal balance of the existing first mortgage loan, although loan-to-value ratios may occasionally exceed 75% on a case-by-case basis. Maximum loan-to-value ratios are determined based on an applicant’s credit score, property value, loan amount and debt-to-income ratio. Rates are adjusted monthly based on changes in a designated market index.

Other Loans. We offer consumer and deposit overdraft loans. At June 30, 2022, other loans were $594,000 and included $351,000 of personal loans and $243,000 of overdrafts. The procedures for underwriting these loans include an assessment of the applicant’s and guarantor’s, if applicable, payment history on other debts and ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan.

Loan Underwriting Risks

Commercial and Multi-Family Real Estate Loans. Loans secured by commercial and multi-family real estate generally have larger balances and involve a greater degree of risk than one-to-four-family residential mortgage loans. Of primary concern in commercial and multi-family real estate lending is the borrower’s creditworthiness and the feasibility and cash flow potential of the property. Payments on loans secured by income properties often depend on successful operation and management of the properties. As a result, repayment of such loans may be subject, to a greater extent than residential real estate loans, to adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy. To monitor cash flows on income properties, we require borrowers and loan guarantors, if any, to provide annual financial statements on commercial and multi-family real estate loans. In reaching a decision on whether to make a commercial or multi-family real estate loan, we consider and review a global cash flow analysis of the borrower and consider the net operating income of the property, the borrower’s expertise, credit history and profitability, and the value of the underlying property. We generally require that the properties securing these real estate loans have debt service coverage ratios (the ratio of net operating income before debt service to debt service) of at least 1.20x. An environmental report is obtained for all commercial and multi-family real estate loans.

Construction Loans. Our construction loans are based upon estimates of costs and values and the absorption associated with the completed project. Underwriting is focused on borrowers’ financial strength, credit history and demonstrated ability to produce a quality product and effectively market and manage their operations. All construction loans require an unlimited guarantee of completion (including certificate of occupancy) for the project.

Construction lending involves additional risks when compared with permanent residential lending because funds are advanced upon the security of the project, which is of uncertain value before its completion. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of state and local governmental regulation of real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. This type of lending also typically involves higher loan principal amounts and is often concentrated with a small number of builders. In addition, generally during the term of a construction

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loan, interest may be funded by the borrower or disbursed from an interest reserve set aside from the construction loan budget. These loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take-out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. If the appraised value of a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and may incur a loss. Typically, for-rent commercially occupied properties require minimum pre-leasing; and for condominiums or cooperative for sale development loans, the project is underwritten as a multi-family rental property. Our ability to continue to originate a significant amount of construction loans is dependent on the strength of the housing and commercial real estate markets in our market areas.

Commercial Loans. Unlike residential mortgage loans, which generally are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from his or her employment or other income, and which are secured by real property whose value tends to be more easily ascertainable, commercial business loans are of higher risk and typically are made on the basis of the borrower’s ability to make repayment from the cash flow of the borrower’s business as the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Our commercial business loans are originated primarily based on the identified cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Most often, this collateral consists of real estate, accounts receivable, inventory or equipment. Credit support provided by the borrower for most of these loans and the probability of repayment is based on the liquidation of the pledged collateral and enforcement of a personal guarantee, if any. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial business loans may depend substantially on the success of the business itself. Further, any collateral securing such loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value.

Adjustable-Rate Loans. While we anticipate that adjustable-rate loans will better offset the adverse effects of an increase in interest rates as compared to fixed-rate loans, an increased monthly payment required of adjustable-rate loan borrowers in a rising interest rate environment could cause an increase in delinquencies and defaults. The marketability of the underlying property also may be adversely affected in a high interest rate environment. In addition, although adjustable-rate loans make our asset base more responsive to changes in interest rates, the extent of this interest sensitivity is somewhat limited by the annual and lifetime interest rate adjustment limits on residential loans.

Consumer Loans. Consumer loans may entail greater risk than residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans that are unsecured or secured by assets that depreciate rapidly, such as motor vehicles. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment for the outstanding loan and a small remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower. Consumer loan collections depend on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and therefore are likely to be adversely affected by various factors, including job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

Loan Approval Procedures and Authority

Our lending activities follow written, non-discriminatory underwriting standards and loan origination procedures established by our Board of Directors and management. The Board of Directors has granted loan approval authority to certain senior officers up to prescribed limits not exceeding $5.0 million depending on the officer’s experience. Loans approved under these officer authorities require dual signatures of the loan officer assigned to the loan and the officer with the appropriate approval authority. Loans in excess of $5.0 million and up to $20.0 million require approval of the Loan Committee of the Board of Directors, as do any extensions of credit to classified borrowers in excess of $2.0 million or loans up to $5.0 million that involve an exception to policy. Loans greater than $20.0 million, loans greater than $5.0 million that involve exceptions to policy and loans to borrowers with an aggregate exposure of $25.0 million or greater must be authorized by the Board of Directors.

Investment Activities

We have legal authority to invest in various types of investment securities and liquid assets, including U.S. Treasury obligations, securities of various government-sponsored enterprises, residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, municipal government securities, deposits at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”), certificates of deposit of federally insured institutions, and investment grade corporate bonds. We also are required to maintain an investment in FHLBNY stock, the amount of which is based on the level of our FHLBNY borrowings. At June 30, 2022, our investment portfolio had a fair value of $396.2 million and consisted primarily of U.S. Government securities, U.S. Government agency securities, including residential and commercial mortgage-backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and investment grade corporate and municipal bonds.

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We also have the authority under applicable law to invest in derivative securities. Derivatives may be used to manage the Company’s exposure to interest rate movements or to provide service to customers. The Company executes interest rate swaps with commercial lending customers to facilitate their respective risk management strategies. These interest rate swaps with customers are simultaneously offset by interest rate swaps that the Company executes with a third party in order to minimize the net risk exposure resulting from such transactions. The notional amount of all derivatives to which we are a party is $264.5 million as of June 30, 2022.

Our investment objectives are to provide and maintain liquidity, to establish an acceptable level of interest rate and credit risk, to provide a use of funds when demand for loans is weak and to generate a favorable return. Our Board of Directors has the overall responsibility for the investment portfolio, including approval of our investment policy. Our management is responsible for implementation of the investment policy and monitoring our investment performance. The Asset/Liability Committee reviews the status of our investment portfolio quarterly. See Note 3 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Sources of Funds

General. Deposits have traditionally been our primary source of funds for our lending and investment activities. To a lesser degree, we also use borrowings, primarily FHLBNY advances and brokered deposits, to supplement cash flow needs. In addition, funds are derived from scheduled loan payments, investment maturities, loan prepayments, retained earnings and income on earning assets. While scheduled loan payments and income on earning assets are relatively stable sources of funds, deposit inflows and outflows can vary widely and are influenced by prevailing interest rates, market conditions and levels of competition.

Deposit Accounts. The substantial majority of our deposits are from depositors who reside in our primary market area. Deposits are attracted through the offering of a broad selection of deposit instruments for both individuals and businesses. At June 30, 2022, our deposits totaled $1.63 billion, which included $20.0 million of brokered time deposits.

Deposit account terms vary according to the minimum balance required, the time period that funds must remain on deposit, and the interest rate, among other factors. In determining the terms of our deposit accounts, we consider the rates offered by our competition, our liquidity needs, profitability, and customer preferences and concerns. We generally review our deposit mix and pricing on a weekly basis. Our deposit pricing strategy has generally been to offer competitive rates and services and to periodically offer special rates in order to attract deposits of a specific type or term.

Borrowings. We primarily utilize advances from the FHLBNY to supplement our supply of investable funds. The FHLBNY functions as a central reserve bank providing credit for its member financial institutions. As a member, we are required to own capital stock in the FHLBNY and are authorized to apply for advances on the security of such stock and securities which are obligations of, or guaranteed by, the United States. Advances are made under several different programs, each having its own interest rate and range of maturities. Depending on the program, limitations on the amount of advances are based either on a fixed percentage of an institution’s net worth or on the FHLBNY’s assessment of the institution’s creditworthiness. At June 30, 2022, we had the ability to borrow up to $280.9 million with the FHLBNY and had $48.3 million in advances outstanding. All of our borrowings from the FHLBNY are secured by investment securities. At June 30, 2022, we also had an available line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s (“FRBNY”) discount window program of $96.3 million, none of which was outstanding at that date. This line of credit is secured by certain qualifying 1-4 family residential mortgage loans. At June 30, 2022, we also had available unsecured lines of credit through other financial institutions of $25.0 million, none of which was outstanding at that date.

Human Capital

At June 30, 2022, we had 154 full-time and 14 part-time employees. The Company’s focus on investing in our people includes key initiatives to attract, develop and retain our valued employees. We encourage the growth and development of our employees and, whenever possible, seek to fill positions by promotion and transfer from within the Company.

In June 2021, we appointed our first Chief Diversity Officer, with a mandate to focus on workforce diversity, vendor/supplier diversity and cultivating more diverse leadership and relationships within our communities, among other vital issues.

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Subsidiaries

PCSB Bank is the wholly-owned and sole subsidiary of PCSB Financial. PCSB Bank has two wholly-owned subsidiaries: PCSB Funding Corp. and UpCounty Realty Corp. PCSB Funding Corp., a Delaware corporation, is a real estate investment trust that holds certain mortgage assets. UpCounty Realty Corp., a New York corporation, holds title to real estate properties foreclosed upon by PCSB Bank.

Regulation and Supervision

General

PCSB Bank is a New York-chartered commercial bank and the wholly-owned subsidiary of PCSB Financial, a Maryland corporation, which is a registered bank holding company. PCSB Bank’s deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the FDIC. PCSB Bank is subject to extensive regulation by the NYSDFS, as its chartering agency, and by the FDIC, as its deposit insurer. PCSB Bank is required to file reports with, and is periodically examined by, the FDIC and the NYSDFS concerning its activities and financial condition and must obtain regulatory approvals before entering into certain transactions, including, but not limited to, mergers with or acquisitions of other financial institutions. PCSB Bank is a member of the FHLBNY.

As a registered bank holding company, PCSB Financial is regulated by the Federal Reserve Board and NYSDFS. PCSB Financial is required to file certain reports with the Federal Reserve Board and is subject to examination by and the enforcement authority of the Federal Reserve Board and the NYSDFS. PCSB Financial is also subject to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under the federal securities laws.

The regulatory and supervisory structure establishes a comprehensive framework of activities in which an institution can engage and is intended primarily for the protection of depositors and the deposit insurance funds, rather than for the protection of stockholders and creditors. The regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies concerning the establishment of deposit insurance assessment fees, classification of assets and establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes.

The Dodd-Frank Act made extensive changes in the regulation of depository institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act created a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau as an independent bureau of the Federal Reserve Board. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau is responsible for the implementation of the federal financial consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations, a function previously assigned to prudential regulators, and now has the authority to impose new requirements. However, institutions of less than $10 billion in assets, such as PCSB Bank, continue to be examined for compliance with consumer protection and fair lending laws and regulations by, and be subject to the enforcement authority of, their federal prudential regulator, although the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has back-up authority to examine and enforce consumer protection laws against all institutions, including institutions with less than $10 billion in assets.

In addition to creating the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Dodd-Frank Act, among other things, directed changes in the way that institutions are assessed for deposit insurance, mandated the imposition of tougher consolidated capital requirements on holding companies, required the issuance of regulations requiring originators of securitized loans to retain a percentage of the risk for the transferred loans, imposed regulatory rate-setting for certain debit card interchange fees, repealed restrictions on the payment of interest on commercial demand deposits and contained a number of reforms related to mortgage originations. The Dodd-Frank Act has increased our compliance costs and we expect that these costs will persist.

Any change in applicable laws or regulations, whether by the NYSDFS, the FDIC, the Federal Reserve Board, New York State or the U.S. Congress, could have a material adverse impact on the operations and financial performance of PCSB Financial and PCSB Bank. In addition, PCSB Financial and PCSB Bank are affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of various agencies of the United States Government, including the Federal Reserve Board. In view of changing conditions in the national economy and in the money markets, it is impossible for management to accurately predict future changes in monetary policy or the effect of such changes on the business or financial condition of PCSB Financial and PCSB Bank.

Set forth below is a brief description of material regulatory requirements that are or will be applicable to PCSB Bank and PCSB Financial. The description is limited to certain material aspects of the statutes and regulations that are addressed and is not intended to be a complete description of such statutes and regulations and their effects on PCSB Bank and PCSB Financial.

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New York Banking Laws and Supervision

PCSB Bank, as a New York chartered commercial bank, is regulated and supervised by the NYSDFS, which is required to regularly examine each state-chartered bank. The approval of the NYSDFS is required to establish or close branches, to merge with another bank and to undertake many other activities. Any New York commercial bank that does not operate according to the regulations, policies and directives of the NYSDFS may be sanctioned. The NYSDFS may suspend or remove directors or officers of a commercial bank who have violated the law, conducted a bank’s business in a manner that is unsafe, unsound or contrary to the depositors’ interests, or been negligent in the performance of their duties. In addition, the NYSDFS has the authority to appoint a receiver or conservator if it is determined that the commercial bank is conducting its business in an unsafe or unauthorized manner, and under certain other circumstances.

The powers that New York-chartered commercial banks can exercise under these laws include, but are not limited to, the following:

Lending Activities. A New York-chartered commercial bank may make a wide variety of mortgage loans including fixed-rate loans, adjustable-rate loans, variable-rate loans, participation loans, graduated payment loans, construction and development loans, condominium and co-operative loans, second mortgage loans and other types of loans that may be made according to applicable regulations. Commercial loans may be made to corporations and other commercial enterprises with or without security. Consumer and personal loans may also be made with or without security.

Deposit Powers. A New York chartered commercial bank may offer a variety of deposit products to individuals, businesses, and state and local governments and their agencies and departments, including checking, NOW, money market, savings, IRA and certificate of deposit accounts. Commercial banks may accept deposits at their branches and ATM’s and may also provide online and mobile deposit services as well as cash management services such as escrow, sweep and lockbox accounts.

Investment Activities. In general, PCSB Bank may invest in certain types of debt securities (including certain corporate debt securities and obligations of federal, state and local governments and agencies), certain types of corporate equity securities and certain other assets. However, these investment authorities are constrained by federal law. See “—Federal Bank Regulation—Investment Activities” for such federal restrictions.

Loans to One Borrower Limitations. Under the New York Banking Law, PCSB Bank’s total loans or extensions of credit to a single borrower or group of related borrowers cannot exceed, with specified exceptions, 15% of its capital stock, surplus fund and undivided profits. The Bank’s lending limit as of June 30, 2022 was $39.0 million. PCSB Bank may lend additional amounts up to 10% if the loans or extensions of credit are fully secured by readily-marketable collateral. At June 30, 2022, PCSB Bank complied with these loans-to-one-borrower limitations. At June 30, 2022, PCSB Bank’s largest aggregate amount of loans to one borrower was $38.2 million, all of which was outstanding as of that date.

Dividends. Under New York banking law, PCSB Bank is permitted to declare and pay dividends out of its net profits, unless there is an impairment of capital. Additionally, the approval of the NYSDFS is required if the total of all dividends declared in a calendar year would exceed the total of its net profits for that year combined with its retained net profits of the preceding two years, subject to certain adjustments provided for in the applicable law.

Loans to Directors and Executive Officers. Under applicable NYSDFS regulations (which are substantially similar to applicable federal banking regulations), PCSB Bank generally may not make a loan or other extension of credit to any of its executive officers or directors unless the loan or other extension of credit (i) is made on terms, including interest rate and collateral, that are not more favorable to the executive officer or director than those customarily offered by PCSB Bank to persons who are not executive officers or directors and who are not employed by PCSB Bank, and (ii) does not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. Depending on the size of the loan or other extension of credit, prior approval of PCSB Bank’s Board of Directors (with the interested party, if a director, abstaining from participating directly or indirectly in the voting) may be required. It is the policy of PCSB Bank not to extend credit to its directors and executive officers and their related interests.

Assessments. As a New York state-chartered commercial bank, PCSB Bank is required to pay to the NYSDFS a general assessment fee in connection with the NYSDFS’ regulation and supervision (including examination) of PCSB Bank. Each state institution is billed five times per each fiscal year, with four estimated quarterly assessments set as approximately 25% of the annual amount based on the NYSDFS’ estimated annual budget at the time of the billing, and a final assessment, or “true-up,” based on the NYSDFS’ actual expenses for the fiscal year. The FDIC does not charge a state bank for supervision,

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although as discussed below, it charges all insured depository institutions deposit insurance assessments in connection with its administration of the Deposit Insurance Fund.

Regulatory Enforcement Authority. Any New York bank that does not operate according to the regulations, policies and directives of the NYSDFS may be subject to sanctions for non-compliance, including seizure of the property and business of the commercial bank and suspension or revocation of its charter. The NYSDFS may, under certain circumstances, suspend or remove officers or directors who have violated the law, conducted the commercial bank’s business in a manner which is unsafe, unsound or contrary to the depositors’ interests or been negligent in the performance of their duties. In addition, upon finding that a bank has engaged in an unfair or deceptive act or practice, the NYSDFS may issue an order to cease and desist and impose a fine on the commercial bank concerned. New York consumer protection and civil rights statutes applicable to PCSB Bank permit private individual and class action lawsuits and provide for the rescission of consumer transactions, including loans, and the recovery of statutory and punitive damage and attorney’s fees in the case of certain violations of those statutes.

New York Legislation and Regulation. The New York State Legislature and the NYSDFS have adopted laws and regulations and issued guidance in a number of areas affecting PCSB Bank’s operations. These include:

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New York has other statutes and regulations that are similar to the federal provisions discussed below.

Federal Bank Regulation

Capital Requirements. Under FDIC regulations, federally insured state-chartered banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System (“state non-member banks”), such as PCSB Bank, are required to comply with minimum leverage capital requirements. The minimum leverage capital requirement is a ratio of Tier 1 capital to total assets that is not less than 4.0%. Tier 1 capital consists of “CET1” and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements. CET1 is defined as common stock, plus related surplus, and retained earnings plus limited amounts of minority interest in the form of common stock, less the majority of the regulatory deductions.

The FDIC regulations require state non-member banks to maintain certain levels of regulatory capital in relation to regulatory risk-weighted assets. The ratio of regulatory capital to regulatory risk-weighted assets is referred to as a bank’s “risk-based capital ratio.” Risk-based capital ratios are determined by allocating assets and specified off-balance sheet items (including recourse obligations, direct credit substitutes and residual interests) to risk-weighted categories ranging from 0% to 1,250%, with higher levels of capital being required for the categories perceived as representing greater risk.

State non-member banks must maintain a minimum ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, of which at least one-half must be Tier 1 capital. Total capital consists of Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital. Tier 1 capital consists of common stock, plus related surplus and retained earnings. Under these capital rules, for most banking organizations, the most common form of Additional Tier 1 capital is noncumulative perpetual preferred stock and the most common form of Tier 2 capital is subordinated notes and a portion of the allowance for loan and lease losses, in each case, subject to the new capital rules’ specific requirements. Banks that engage in specified levels of trading activities are subject to adjustments in their risk-based capital calculation to ensure the maintenance of sufficient capital to support market risk.

The FDIC and the other federal bank regulatory agencies have issued a final rule that establishes a common equity Tier 1 minimum capital requirement (4.5% of risk-weighted assets), a minimum Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets requirement (6% of risk-weighted assets), sets the leverage ratio at a uniform 4% of total assets and assigns a higher risk weight (150%) to exposures that are more than 90 days past due or are on non-accrual status and to certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property. The final rule also requires unrealized gains and losses on certain “available-for-sale” securities holdings to be included for purposes of calculating regulatory capital requirements unless a one-time opt-out is exercised. PCSB Bank has elected to exercise its one-time option to opt-out of the requirement under the final rule to include certain “available-for-sale” securities holdings for purposes of calculating its regulatory capital requirements. The rule limits a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to executive officers if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” which, as fully phased in, consists of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act requires each federal banking agency to revise its risk-based capital standards for insured institutions to ensure that those standards take adequate account of interest-rate risk, concentration of credit risk, and the risk of nontraditional activities, as well as to reflect the actual performance and expected risk of loss on multi-family residential loans. The FDIC, along with the other federal banking agencies, adopted a regulation providing that the agencies will take into account the exposure of a bank’s capital and economic value to changes in interest rate risk in assessing a bank’s capital adequacy. The FDIC also has authority to establish individual minimum capital

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requirements in appropriate cases upon determination that an institution’s capital level is, or is likely to become, inadequate in light of the particular circumstances.

Among other things, Section 201 of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the EGRRCPA), which became law on May 24, 2018, requires the federal banking agencies to develop regulations establishing a “community bank leverage ratio” for banks and holding companies with less than $10 billion in consolidated assets and a qualifying risk profile. In 2019, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a final rule to implement Section 201. The rule, which became effective on January 1, 2020, provides certain qualifying institutions with an optional, simpler method to measure capital adequacy. Under the rule, banks and bank holding companies that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet other qualifying criteria, including a leverage ratio (equal to tier 1 capital divided by average total consolidated assets) of greater than 9 percent, will be eligible to opt into the community bank leverage ratio ("CBLR") framework. Qualifying organizations that elect to use the CBLR framework, and that maintain a leverage ratio greater than 9 percent, will be considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk-based and leverage capital requirements in the banking agencies' capital rules. Qualifying organizations will also be deemed to have met the "well capitalized" ratio requirements for purposes of Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. The Bank has not opted into the CBLR framework as of June 30, 2022.

Standards for Safety and Soundness. The federal banking agencies have adopted final regulations and Interagency Guidelines Establishing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement safety and soundness standards. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. The guidelines address internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, credit underwriting, loan documentation, interest rate exposure, asset growth, asset quality, earnings and compensation, fees and benefits. The agencies have also established standards for safeguarding customer information. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard.

Investment Activities. All state-chartered FDIC-insured banks, including commercial banks, are generally limited in their investment activities to principal and equity investments of the type and in the amount authorized for national banks, notwithstanding state law, subject to certain exceptions. For example, state chartered banks may, with FDIC approval, continue to exercise state authority to invest in common or preferred stocks listed on a national securities exchange or the Nasdaq Global Market and in the shares of an investment company registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940. The maximum permissible investment is 100% of Tier 1 Capital, as specified by the FDIC’s regulations, or the maximum amount permitted by New York law, whichever is less.

In addition, the FDIC is authorized to permit such a state bank to engage in state-authorized activities or investments not permissible for national banks (other than non-subsidiary equity investments) if it meets all applicable capital requirements and it is determined that such activities or investments do not pose a significant risk to the Deposit Insurance Fund. The FDIC has adopted procedures for institutions seeking approval to engage in such activities or investments. In addition, a nonmember bank may control a subsidiary that engages in activities as principal that would only be permitted for a national bank to conduct in a “financial subsidiary” if a bank meets specified conditions and deducts its investment in the subsidiary for regulatory capital purposes.

Interstate Banking and Branching. Federal law permits well capitalized and well managed bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state, subject to Federal Reserve Board approval, certain concentration limits and other specified conditions. Interstate mergers of banks are also authorized, subject to regulatory approval and other specified conditions. In addition, among other things, the Dodd-Frank Act permits banks to establish de novo branches on an interstate basis provided that branching is authorized by the law of the host state for the banks chartered by that state.

Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action. Federal law requires, among other things, that federal bank regulatory authorities take “prompt corrective action” with respect to banks that do not meet minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized.

Under FDIC regulations, an institution is deemed to be “well capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 5.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 6.5% or greater. An institution is “adequately capitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of 8.0% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.0% or greater, a leverage ratio of 4.0% or greater and a common equity Tier 1 ratio of 4.5% or greater. An institution is “undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 8.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 4.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than

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4.5%. An institution is deemed to be “significantly undercapitalized” if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of less than 6.0%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of less than 4.0%, a leverage ratio of less than 3.0% or a common equity Tier 1 ratio of less than 3.0%. An institution is considered to be “critically undercapitalized” if it has a ratio of tangible equity (as defined in the regulations) to total assets that is equal to or less than 2.0%. At June 30, 2022, PCSB Bank was classified as a “well capitalized” institution.

At each successive lower capital category, an insured depository institution is subject to more restrictions and prohibitions, including restrictions on growth, interest rates paid on deposits, payment of dividends, and the acceptance of brokered deposits. Furthermore, if an insured depository institution is classified in one of the undercapitalized categories, it is required to submit a capital restoration plan to the appropriate federal banking agency, and the holding company must guarantee the performance of that plan. Based upon its capital levels, a bank that is classified as well-capitalized, adequately capitalized, or undercapitalized may be treated as though it were in the next lower capital category if the appropriate federal banking agency, after notice and opportunity for hearing, determines that an unsafe or unsound condition, or an unsafe or unsound practice, warrants such treatment. An undercapitalized bank’s compliance with a capital restoration plan is required to be guaranteed by any company that controls the undercapitalized institution in an amount equal to the lesser of 5.0% of the institution’s total assets when deemed undercapitalized or the amount necessary to achieve the status of adequately capitalized. If an “undercapitalized” bank fails to submit an acceptable plan, it is treated as if it is “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” banks must comply with one or more of a number of additional restrictions, including but not limited to an order by the FDIC to sell sufficient voting stock to become adequately capitalized, requirements to reduce total assets, cease receipt of deposits from correspondent banks or dismiss directors or officers, and restrictions on interest rates paid on deposits, compensation of executive officers and capital distributions by the parent holding company. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to additional measures including, subject to a narrow exception, the appointment of a receiver or conservator within 270 days after it obtains such status.

Transaction with Affiliates and Regulation W of the Federal Reserve Regulations. Transactions between banks and their affiliates are governed by federal law. An affiliate of a bank is any company or entity that controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the bank. In a holding company context, the parent bank holding company and any companies which are controlled by such parent holding company are affiliates of the bank (although subsidiaries of the bank itself, except financial subsidiaries, are generally not considered affiliates). Generally, Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation W limit the extent to which the bank or its subsidiaries may engage in “covered transactions” with any one affiliate to an amount equal to 10.0% of such institution’s capital stock and surplus, and with all such transactions with all affiliates to an amount equal to 20.0% of such institution’s capital stock and surplus. Section 23B applies to “covered transactions” as well as to certain other transactions and requires that all such transactions be on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable, to the institution or subsidiary as those provided to a non-affiliate. The term “covered transaction” includes the making of loans to, purchase of assets from, and issuance of a guarantee to an affiliate, and other similar transactions. Section 23B transactions also include the provision of services and the sale of assets by a bank to an affiliate. In addition, loans or other extensions of credit by the financial institution to the affiliate are required to be collateralized according to the requirements set forth in Section 23A of the Federal Reserve Act.

Sections 22(h) and (g) of the Federal Reserve Act place restrictions on loans to a bank’s insiders, i.e., executive officers, directors and principal shareholders. Under Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act, loans to a director, an executive officer and to a greater than 10.0% shareholder of a financial institution, and certain affiliated interests of these, together with all other outstanding loans to such person and affiliated interests, may not exceed specified limits. Section 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act also requires that loans to directors, executive officers and principal shareholders be made on substantially the same terms as offered in comparable transactions to other persons and also requires prior board approval for certain loans. In addition, the aggregate amount of extensions of credit by a financial institution to insiders cannot exceed the institution’s unimpaired capital and surplus. Section 22(g) of the Federal Reserve Act places additional restrictions on loans to executive officers.

Enforcement. The FDIC has extensive enforcement authority over insured state commercial banks, including PCSB Bank. The enforcement authority includes, among other things, the ability to assess civil money penalties, issue cease and desist orders and remove directors and officers. In general, these enforcement actions may be initiated in response to violations of laws and regulations, breaches of fiduciary duty and unsafe or unsound practices. The FDIC is required, with certain exceptions, to appoint a receiver or conservator for an insured state non-member bank if that bank was “critically undercapitalized” on average during the calendar quarter beginning 270 days after the date on which the institution became “critically undercapitalized.” It may also appoint itself as conservator or receiver for an insured state non-member bank under specified circumstances, including: (1) insolvency; (2) substantial dissipation of assets or earnings through violations of law or unsafe or unsound practices; (3) existence of an unsafe or unsound condition to transact business; (4) insufficient capital;

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or (5) the incurrence of losses that will deplete substantially all of the institution’s capital with no reasonable prospect of replenishment without federal assistance.

Federal Insurance of Deposit Accounts. PCSB Bank is a member of the Deposit Insurance Fund, which is administered by the FDIC. Deposit accounts in PCSB Bank are insured up to a maximum of $250,000 for each separately insured depositor. The Dodd-Frank Act established a minimum Designated Reserve Ratio (DRR) for the Deposit Insurance Fund equal to 1.35% of estimated insured deposits. There is no statutory maximum on the DRR and the law provides for dividends to be paid to insured institutions from the fund when the DRR exceeds 1.5%. However, the FDIC is granted broad discretion in determining whether to suspend or limit the declaration or payment of any dividends.

The FDIC imposes an assessment for deposit insurance on all depository institutions in order to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund. The FDIC’s current system represents a change, required by the Dodd-Frank Act, from its prior practice of basing the assessment on an institution’s volume of deposits. Under its risk-based assessment system, insured institutions are assigned to risk categories based on supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital levels and certain other factors. An institution’s assessment rate depends upon the category to which it is assigned and certain adjustments specified by regulation, with less risky institutions paying lower rates. Assessment rates (inclusive of possible adjustments) currently range from 1 1/2 to 30 basis points of each institution’s total assets less tangible capital. The FDIC may increase or decrease the scale uniformly, except that no adjustment can deviate by more than two basis points from the base scale without notice and comment rulemaking. In June 2022, in response to the DRR falling below 1.35% due to significant growth in insured deposits over the last two years, the FDIC approved the Amended Restoration Plan and proposed to increase assessment rates by 2 basis points beginning in January 2023 and until the FDIC determines it likely that the Deposit Insurance Fund will be restored to statutory minimums within the deadlines set by the statute.

A significant increase in insurance premiums would likely have an adverse effect on the operating expenses and results of operations of PCSB Bank. Future insurance assessment rates cannot be predicted.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or regulatory condition imposed in writing. We do not know of any practice, condition or violation that might lead to termination of PCSB Bank’s deposit insurance.

Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, depository institutions are liable to the FDIC for losses suffered or anticipated by the FDIC in connection with the default of a commonly controlled depository institution or any assistance provided by the FDIC to such an institution in danger of default.

Privacy Regulations. FDIC regulations generally require that PCSB Bank disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares a customer’s “non-public personal information,” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. In addition, PCSB Bank is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having their personal information shared with unaffiliated third parties and not to disclose account numbers or access codes to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. PCSB Bank currently has a privacy protection policy in place and believes that such policy is in compliance with the regulations.

Community Reinvestment Act. Under the Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA, as implemented by the FDIC, a state non-member bank has a continuing and affirmative obligation, consistent with its safe and sound operation, to help meet the credit needs of its entire community, including low and moderate income neighborhoods. The CRA does not establish specific lending requirements or programs for financial institutions nor does it limit an institution’s discretion to develop the types of products and services that it believes are best suited to its particular community, consistent with the CRA. The CRA requires the FDIC, in connection with its examination of a state non-member bank, to assess the institution’s record of meeting the credit needs of its community and to take such record into account in its evaluation of certain applications by such institution, including applications to acquire branches and other financial institutions. The CRA requires the FDIC to provide a written evaluation of an institution’s CRA performance utilizing a four-tiered descriptive rating system. PCSB Bank’s latest FDIC CRA rating was “Satisfactory.”

New York has its own statutory counterpart to the CRA, which is applicable to PCSB Bank. New York law requires the NYSDFS to consider a bank’s record of performance under New York law in considering any application by the bank to establish a branch or other deposit-taking facility, to relocate an office or to merge or consolidate with or acquire the assets and assume the liabilities of any other banking institution. PCSB Bank’s most recent rating under New York law was “Satisfactory.”

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Consumer Protection and Fair Lending Regulations. New York commercial banks are subject to a variety of federal and New York statutes and regulations that are intended to protect consumers and prohibit discrimination in the granting of credit. These statutes and regulations provide for a range of sanctions for non-compliance with their terms, including imposition of administrative fines and remedial orders, and referral to the Attorney General for prosecution of a civil action for actual and punitive damages and injunctive relief. Certain of these statutes, including Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive acts and practices against consumers, authorize private individual and class action lawsuits and the award of actual, statutory and punitive damages and attorneys’ fees for certain types of violations. New York’s Attorney General has vigorously enforced fair lending and other consumer protection laws. The Dodd Frank Act added a new statute that prohibits unfair, deceptive or abusive acts practices against consumers, which can be enforced by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the FDIC and state Attorneys General. The Superintendent of Financial Services of the State of New York has stated that NYSDFS will vigorously enforce consumer protection laws to the extent that federal bank regulators reduce such enforcement.

USA Patriot Act. PCSB Bank is subject to the USA PATRIOT Act, which gave federal agencies additional powers to address terrorist threats through enhanced domestic security measures, expanded surveillance powers, increased information sharing, and broadened anti-money laundering requirements. By way of amendments to the Bank Secrecy Act, Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act provided measures intended to encourage information sharing among bank regulatory agencies and law enforcement bodies. Further, certain provisions of Title III impose affirmative obligations on a broad range of financial institutions, including banks, thrifts, brokers, dealers, credit unions, money transfer agents, and parties registered under the Commodity Exchange Act.

CARES Act and Consolidated Appropriations Act. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the CARES Act and Consolidated Appropriations Act were signed into law on March 27, 2020 and December 27, 2020, respectively. Among other things, these Acts include the following provisions impacting financial institutions like PCSB Bank:

Temporary Troubled Debt Restructurings Relief. The CARES Act, as amended by the Consolidated Appropriations Act, allows banks to elect to suspend requirements under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for loan modifications related to the COVID-19 pandemic (for loans that were not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019) that would otherwise be categorized as a TDR, including impairment for accounting purposes, until the earlier of 60 days after the termination date of the national emergency or January 1, 2022. Federal banking agencies are required to defer to the determination of the banks making such suspension. Refer to Note 4 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional detail.

Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program. The CARES Act authorizes the SBA’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). The PPP authorizes for small business loans to pay payroll and group health costs, salaries and commissions, mortgage and rent payments, utilities, and interest on other debt. The loans are provided through participating financial institutions, such as PCSB Bank, that process loan applications and service the loans. Refer to the Lending Activities discussion earlier in this section for additional details.

Enhanced Merger Oversight. On July 9, 2021, President Biden signed an Executive Order to promote competition across various industries. The Order encourages the leading antitrust agencies to focus enforcement efforts on problems in key markets and coordinates other agencies' ongoing response to corporate consolidation. Among other things, the Order: (a) calls on leading antitrust agencies, the Department of Justice (the "DOJ") and the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC") to enforce antitrust laws vigorously and recognize that the law allows them to challenge prior bad mergers that past Administrations did not previously challenge; (b) announces a policy that enforcement should focus in particular on labor markets, agricultural markets, healthcare markets, and the tech sector; and (c) establishes a White House Competition Council, led by the Director of the National Economic Council, to monitor progress on finalizing the initiatives in the Order and to coordinate the federal government's response to the rising power of large corporations in the economy. The Executive Order also urges the DOJ and the FTC to revisit their guidance on mergers and toughen scrutiny of future transactions. The Order also called for the review and revitalization of merger oversight under the Bank Merger Act and the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956. The Company cannot predict what if any impact the Order will have on its pending merger with Brookline Bancorp, Inc.

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Other Regulations

Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by PCSB Bank are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. Loan operations are also subject to state and federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

The deposit operations of PCSB Bank also are subject to, among others, the:

Federal Reserve System

Federal Reserve Board regulations require depository institutions to maintain reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily NOW and regular checking accounts). For 2022, the regulations generally would have required that reserves be maintained against aggregate transaction accounts as follows: for that portion of transaction accounts aggregating $640.6 million or less (which may be adjusted by the Federal Reserve Board) the reserve requirement is 3.0% and the amounts greater than $640.6 million require a 10.0% reserve (which may be adjusted annually by the Federal Reserve Board between 8.0% and 14.0%). The first $32.4 million of otherwise reservable balances (which may be adjusted by the Federal Reserve Board) are exempted from the reserve requirements. However, in March 2020 the Federal Reserve Board reduced all reserve requirements to zero in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Federal Home Loan Bank System

PCSB Bank is a member of the FHLB System, which consists of 12 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The FHLB provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. Members of the FHLB are required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the FHLB. PCSB Bank complied with this requirement at June 30, 2022. Based on redemption provisions of the FHLBNY, the stock has no quoted market value and is carried at cost. PCSB Bank reviews for impairment based on the ultimate recoverability of the cost basis of the FHLBNY stock. At June 30, 2022, no impairment has been recognized.

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At its discretion, the FHLBNY may declare dividends on the stock. The Federal Home Loan Banks are required to provide funds for affordable housing programs, which could reduce the amount of dividends that the FHLBNY pays its members and result in the FHLBNY imposing a higher rate of interest on advances to their members. While the FHLBNY currently pays a dividend on its capital stock, there can be no assurance that such dividends will continue in the future. Further, there can be no assurance that the impact of recent or future legislation on the FHLB also will not cause a decrease in the value of the FHLBNY stock held by PCSB Bank.

Holding Company Regulation

PCSB Financial, as a bank holding company, is subject to examination, regulation, and periodic reporting under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, as administered by the Federal Reserve Board. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board has enforcement authority over PCSB Financial and its non-bank subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the Federal Reserve Board to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary bank.

A bank holding company is generally prohibited from engaging in non-banking activities or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting securities of any company engaged in non-banking activities. One of the principal exceptions to this prohibition is for activities found by the Federal Reserve Board to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be a proper incident thereto. Some of the principal activities that the Federal Reserve Board has determined by regulation to be so closely related to banking are: (i) making or servicing loans; (ii) performing certain data processing services; (iii) providing discount brokerage services; (iv) acting as fiduciary, investment or financial advisor; (v) leasing personal or real property; (vi) making investments in corporations or projects designed primarily to promote community welfare; and (vii) acquiring a savings and loan association whose direct and indirect activities are limited to those permitted for bank holding companies.

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 authorized a bank holding company that meets specified conditions, including being “well capitalized” and “well managed,” to opt to become a “financial holding company” and thereby engage in a broader array of financial activities than previously permitted. Such activities can include insurance underwriting and investment banking. PCSB Financial has not elected to become a financial holding company.

A bank holding company is generally required to give the Federal Reserve Board prior written notice of any purchase or redemption of then outstanding equity securities if the gross consideration for the purchase or redemption, when combined with the net consideration paid for all such purchases or redemptions during the preceding 12 months, is equal to 10% or more of the company’s consolidated net worth. The Federal Reserve Board may disapprove such a purchase or redemption if it determines that the proposal would constitute an unsafe and unsound practice, or would violate any law, regulation, Federal Reserve Board order or directive, or any condition imposed by, or written agreement with, the Federal Reserve Board. There is an exception to this approval requirement for well-capitalized bank holding companies that meet certain other conditions.

The Federal Reserve Board has issued policy statements regarding capital distributions, including dividends, by bank holding companies. In general, the policies provide that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the bank holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. The policies also require that a bank holding company serve as a source of financial strength to its subsidiary banks by standing ready to use available resources to provide adequate capital funds to those banks during periods of financial stress or adversity and by maintaining the financial flexibility and capital-raising capacity to obtain additional resources for assisting its subsidiary banks where necessary. The Dodd-Frank Act codified the source of strength doctrine. Under the prompt corrective action laws, the ability of a bank holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of PCSB Financial to pay dividends or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

The status of PCSB Financial as a registered bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 will not exempt it from certain federal and state laws and regulations applicable to corporations generally, including, without limitation, certain provisions of the federal securities laws.

New York Holding Company Regulation. PCSB Financial is subject to regulation under New York banking law. Among other requirements, PCSB Financial must receive the approval of the NYSDFS before acquiring 10% or more of the voting stock of another banking institution, or to otherwise acquire a banking institution by merger or purchase.

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Federal Securities Laws

PCSB Financial’s common stock is registered with the SEC. PCSB Financial is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

NASDAQ Rules Regarding Board Diversity

NASDAQ has adopted listing rules regarding board diversity. These rules require companies listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market, like PCSB Financial, to have, or explain why they do not have, one diverse director by August 7, 2023 and two diverse directors by August 6, 2026. NASDAQ-listed companies that qualify as a “smaller reporting company” under SEC rules, like PCSB Financial, may meet the diversity requirements with two female directors, or with one female director and one director who is an underrepresented minority or LGBTQ+. PCSB Financial complies with these listing requirements, as disclosed in the Board Diversity Matrix in the Investor Relations section of its website, available at https://investors.pcsb.com/overview/board-diversity-matrix/default.aspx

Emerging Growth Company Status

As of June 30, 2022, PCSB Financial no longer qualified as an emerging growth company under the The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”).

Smaller Reporting Company Status

PCSB Financial qualifies as a “smaller reporting company” under the federal securities laws. To qualify, a company must have a public float (i.e., aggregate market value of a company’s securities held by non-affiliates) of less than $250 million. A company with less than $100 million in annual revenues and either no public float or a public float that is less than $700 million also qualifies. Smaller reporting companies are eligible to provide scaled disclosures in their periodic reports filed with the SEC.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to improve corporate responsibility, to provide for enhanced penalties for accounting and auditing improprieties at publicly traded companies and to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures pursuant to the securities laws. PCSB Financial has policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations, and we review and document such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with these regulations.

Change in Control Regulations

Under the Change in Bank Control Act, no person may acquire control of a bank holding company such as PCSB Financial unless the Federal Reserve Board has been given 60 days’ prior written notice and not disapproved the proposed acquisition. The Federal Reserve Board considers several factors in evaluating a notice, including the financial and managerial resources of the acquirer and competitive effects. Control, as defined under the applicable regulations, means the power, directly or indirectly, to direct the management or policies of the company or to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of the company. Acquisition of more than 10% of any class of a bank holding company’s voting securities constitutes a rebuttable presumption of control under certain circumstances, including where, as is the case with PCSB Financial, the issuer has registered securities under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Federal regulations provide that no company may acquire control (as defined in the Bank Holding Company Act) of a bank holding company without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board. Any company that acquires such control becomes a “bank holding company” subject to registration, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve Board.

Taxation

Federal Taxation

General. PCSB Financial and PCSB Bank are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize material federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to PCSB Financial and PCSB Bank.

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Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, PCSB Bank currently reports its income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and uses a tax year ending December 31 for filing its federal income tax returns.

Net Operating Loss Carryovers. Generally, for federal income tax purposes, financial institutions may carry forward net operating losses indefinitely and are subject to a limitation of 80% of taxable income. State income tax rules may differ from federal rules. See Note 13 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Charitable Contributions Carryovers. Generally, charitable contributions are limited to 10% of taxable income, however, financial institutions may carry forward unused contributions for up to 5 years. Additionally, the CARES Act temporarily increased the charitable contribution deduction limit from 10% to 25% of taxable income for 2021 for current year contributions. At June 30, 2022, the Company has no charitable contributions carryforwards. See Note 13 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Capital Loss Carryovers. Generally, a financial institution may carry back capital losses to the preceding three taxable years and forward to the succeeding five taxable years. Any capital loss carryback or carryover is treated as a short-term capital loss for the year to which it is carried. As such, it is grouped with any other capital losses for the year to which carried and is used to offset any capital gains. Any not deducted loss remaining after the five-year carryover period is not deductible. At June 30, 2022, PCSB Bank had no capital loss carryovers.

Corporate Dividends. We may generally exclude from our income 100% of dividends received from PCSB Bank as a member of the same affiliated group of corporations. To date, no dividends have been paid by PCSB Bank.

Audit of Tax Returns. The Company’s federal income tax returns have not been audited in the last three years.

State Taxation

Taxable income is apportioned to New York State based on the location of the taxpayer’s customers, with special rules for income from certain financial transactions. The location of the taxpayer’s offices and branches are not relevant to the determination of income apportioned to New York State. The statutory tax rate is currently 7.25% (to be reduced to 6.5% beginning January 1, 2024) for taxpayers with a business income base greater than $5 million. An alternative tax of 0.1875% on apportioned capital is imposed to the extent that it exceeds the tax on apportioned income. The New York State alternative tax is capped at $5 million for a tax year and will be eliminated beginning January 1, 2024.

The Company is also taxed in Connecticut and New Jersey, primarily as a result of income earned on loans where the borrower or the real estate collateral underlying the loan is located in these states.

The Company’s various state income tax returns have not been audited in the last three years.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In the ordinary course of operating our business, we are exposed to a variety of risks inherent to the financial services industry. The following discusses what we believe to be the significant risk factors that could affect our business and operations. If any of the following conditions or events actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be negatively affected, the market price of your investment in the Company’s common stock could decline, and you could lose all or a part of your investment in the Company’s common stock.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business

Risks Related to Lending

Our emphasis on commercial real estate and commercial business lending involves risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We originate and purchase commercial real estate and commercial business loans. At June 30, 2022, our commercial real estate and commercial business loans totaled $1.1 billion, or 82.1% of our loan portfolio. While these types of loans are potentially more profitable than residential mortgage loans, they are generally more sensitive to regional and local economic conditions, making loss levels more difficult to predict. These loans also generally have relatively large balances to single

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borrowers or related groups of borrowers. Accordingly, any charge-offs may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our residential or consumer loan portfolios. See “—Loan Underwriting Risks.”

The level of our commercial real estate loan portfolio subjects us to additional regulatory scrutiny.

The FDIC and the other federal bank regulatory agencies have promulgated joint guidance on sound risk management practices for financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Under the guidance, a financial institution that, like us, is actively involved in commercial real estate lending should perform a risk assessment to identify concentrations. A financial institution may have a concentration in commercial real estate lending if, among other factors, (i) total reported loans for construction, land acquisition and development, and other land (“ADC loans”) represent 100% or more of total risk-based capital, or (ii) total reported loans secured by multi-family and non-owner occupied, non-farm, non-residential properties, loans for construction, land acquisition and development and other land, and loans otherwise sensitive to the general commercial real estate market, including loans to commercial real estate related entities, represent 300% or more of total risk-based capital. At June 30, 2022, the Bank’s ADC loans and total commercial real estate loans represented 9% and 341% of total risk-based capital, respectively.

The purpose of the guidance is to assist banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance states that management should employ heightened risk management practices including board and management oversight and strategic planning, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing. Our bank regulators could require us to implement additional policies and procedures consistent with their interpretation of the guidance that may result in additional costs to us or that may result in a curtailment of our multi-family and commercial real estate lending and/or the requirement that we maintain higher levels of regulatory capital, either of which would adversely affect our loan originations and profitability. We believe the Company has adequate risk management and monitoring policies and procedures in place to address the requirements of the guidance.

If our allowance for loan losses is not sufficient to cover actual loan losses, our earnings could decrease.

We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which is established through a provision for loan losses, that represents management’s best estimate of probable incurred losses within the existing portfolio of loans. We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of loans. In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, we rely on our experience and our evaluation of economic conditions. If our assumptions prove to be incorrect, our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio and adjustment may be necessary to allow for different economic conditions or adverse developments in our loan portfolio. Consequently, a problem with one or more loans could require us to significantly increase the level of our provision for loan losses. In addition, federal and state regulators periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require us to increase our provision for loan losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. Material additions to the allowance would materially decrease our net income.

Loan participations could expose the Company to losses.

We purchase and participate in residential, business and commercial real estate loans with other financial institutions. The agreements documenting these transactions typically provide for retention by the selling institution of the servicing of the participated loans and require that institution to service the loan with the same degree of care that it uses for loans in its portfolio. However, if the servicing institution fails to administer loans in accordance with its contractual obligations, for example, by neglecting to enforce lender’s rights and remedies against a defaulting borrower, or by waiving or modifying loan terms without our consent, we could incur significant losses, including loss of the outstanding principal balance.

We are subject to environmental liability risk associated with lending activities.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is secured by real estate, and we could become subject to environmental liabilities with respect to one or more of these properties. During the ordinary course of business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing defaulted loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous conditions or toxic substances are found on these properties, we may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage, civil fines and criminal penalties regardless of when the hazardous conditions or toxic substances first affected any particular property. Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses to address unknown liabilities and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit our ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability. Although we have policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on nonresidential real property, these reviews

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may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on us.

Risks Related to Changes in Interest Rates

Changes in interest rates could reduce our profits.

Our profitability, like that of most community banks, depends to a large extent upon our net interest income, which is the difference between our interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans and securities, and our interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowed funds. Accordingly, our results of operations depend largely on movements in market interest rates and our ability to manage our interest-rate-sensitive assets and liabilities in response to these movements. Factors such as inflation, recession and instability in financial markets, among other factors beyond our control, may affect interest rates.

If interest rates rise and our deposits reprice upwards faster than the rates on our long-term loans and investments, we would experience compression of our interest rate spread, which would have a negative effect on our profitability. Furthermore, increases in interest rates may adversely affect the ability of our borrowers to make loan repayments on adjustable-rate loans, as the interest owed on such loans would increase as interest rates increase. If interest rates rise, we expect that our net portfolio value of equity would decrease. Net portfolio value of equity represents the present value of the expected cash flows from our assets less the present value of the expected cash flows arising from our liabilities adjusted for the value of off-balance sheet contracts. At June 30, 2022, and assuming a 200 basis point increase in market interest rates, we estimate that our net portfolio value of equity would decrease by $50.6 million, or 19.9%. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Management of Market Risk—Net Portfolio Value Simulation.”

Any substantial, unexpected, prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations. While we pursue an asset/liability strategy designed to mitigate our risk from changes in interest rates, changes in interest rates can still have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Changes in the level of interest rates also may negatively affect our ability to originate loans, the value of our assets and our ability to realize gains from the sale of our assets, all of which ultimately affect our earnings. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our balance sheet or projected operating results. For further discussion of how changes in interest rates could impact us, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Management of Market Risk.”

Changes in the valuation of our securities portfolio could reduce our profits and reduce our capital levels.

Our securities portfolio may be impacted by fluctuations in market value, potentially reducing accumulated other comprehensive income and/or earnings. Fluctuations in market value may be caused by changes in market interest rates, lower market prices for securities and limited investor demand. Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis, with more frequent evaluation for selected issues. In analyzing a debt issuer’s financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, industry analysts’ reports and, to a lesser extent, spread differentials between the effective rates on instruments in the portfolio compared to risk-free rates. In analyzing an equity issuer’s financial condition, management considers industry analysts’ reports, financial performance and projected target prices of investment analysts within a one-year time frame. If this evaluation shows impairment to the actual or projected cash flows associated with one or more securities, a potential loss to earnings may occur. Except for a nominal investment in a community development fund, PCSB Bank has no equity securities in its portfolio. Changes in market interest rates can also have an adverse effect on our financial condition, as our available-for-sale securities are reported at their estimated fair value, and therefore are impacted by fluctuations in interest rates. Generally, increases in market interest rates result in a decrease in their estimated fair value. We increase or decrease our shareholders’ equity by the amount of change in the estimated fair value of the available-for-sale securities, net of taxes. Declines in market value could result in other-than-temporary impairments of these assets, which would lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our net income and capital levels. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Securities Portfolio.”

We will be required to transition away from the use of the London interbank offered rate (“LIBOR”) in the future.

We have a number of loans, derivative contracts, and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR.

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On July 27, 2017, the United Kingdom’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR rates after 2021. On March 5, 2021, the ICE Benchmark Association (“IBA”) stated that it will cease the publication of the overnight and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months USD LIBOR settings immediately following the LIBOR publication on Friday, June 30, 2023, with the publication of all other LIBOR settings ceasing on December 31, 2021. It is expected that a transition away from the widespread use of LIBOR to alternative rates will occur over the course of the next several years. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become acceptable alternatives to LIBOR and it is impossible to predict the effect of any such alternatives on the value of LIBOR-based securities and variable rate loans, subordinated debentures, or other securities or financial arrangements, given LIBOR's role in determining market interest rates globally.

The market transition away from LIBOR to an alternative reference could:

We have a number of loans, derivative contracts, and other financial instruments with attributes that are either directly or indirectly dependent on LIBOR. The manner and impact of this transition, as well as the effects of these developments on the Company’s funding costs, loan and investment and trading securities portfolios, asset-liability management, and business, are uncertain.

Risks Related to Liquidity

An increase in core deposit withdrawals may result in the utilization of higher cost funding and could reduce our profits.

The banking industry has experienced significant core deposit growth beginning in early 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic which through changes in U.S. monetary and fiscal policy have resulted in a significant increase in money supply and banking industry liquidity. As a result of recent and expected future shifts in monetary policy, including higher interest rates and planned reductions in the Federal Reserve balance sheet, we may experience significant deposit withdrawals and be required to utilize higher costing funding sources such as advances from the FHLBNY and wholesale deposits. In this case, our operating margins and profitability would be adversely affected.

Our funding sources may prove insufficient to replace deposits at maturity and support our future growth.

We must maintain sufficient funds to respond to the needs of depositors and borrowers. As a part of our liquidity management, we use a number of funding sources in addition to core deposit growth and repayments and maturities of loans and investments. These additional sources consist primarily of advances from the FHLBNY and wholesale deposits. As we continue to grow, we are likely to become more dependent on these sources. Adverse operating results or changes in industry conditions could lead to difficulty or an inability in accessing these additional funding sources. Our financial flexibility will be severely constrained if we are unable to maintain our access to funding or if adequate financing is not available to accommodate future growth at acceptable interest rates. If we are required to rely more heavily on more expensive funding sources to support future growth, our revenues may not increase proportionately to cover our costs. In this case, our operating margins and profitability would be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Operational Matters

Legal and regulatory proceedings and related matters could adversely affect us.

We, and other participants in the financial services industry upon whom we rely to operate, have been and may in the future become involved in litigation and regulatory proceedings. Most of these proceedings we consider to be in the

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normal course of our business or typical for the industry; however, it is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters and we may not prevail in any proceeding or litigation. Additionally, regulatory proceedings and litigation can be costly and could divert management resources from the Company’s business. Regardless of the merits of a particular claim, and whether or not we ultimately prevail, litigation and regulatory proceedings could have a materially adverse effect on our business, brand or image, or our financial condition and results of our operations.

Our success depends on retaining certain key personnel.

Our performance largely depends on the talents and efforts of highly skilled individuals who comprise our senior management team. We rely on key personnel to manage and operate our business, including major revenue generating functions such as loan and deposit generation. The loss of key staff may adversely affect our ability to maintain and manage these functions effectively, which could negatively affect our revenues. In addition, loss of key personnel could result in increased recruiting and hiring expenses, which could cause a decrease in our net income. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new employees and to retain and motivate our existing employees.

Our business may be adversely affected by fraud and other financial crimes.

Our loans to businesses and individuals and our deposit relationships and related transactions are subject to exposure to the risk of loss due to fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, losses may still occur which could cause both financial and reputational harm.

Changes in management’s estimates and assumptions may have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and our financial condition or operating results.

In preparing our consolidated financial statements, our management is and will be required under applicable rules and regulations to make estimates and assumptions at a specified date. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and experience at that date and are subject to substantial risk and uncertainty. Materially different results may occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known. Areas requiring significant estimates and assumptions by management include our valuation of investment securities, our determination of our income tax provision, our determination of goodwill impairment, and our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses.

Our operations may be adversely affected if our external vendors do not perform as expected.

The Company relies on certain external vendors to provide products and services necessary to maintain its day-to-day operations. These include, but are not limited to, data processing and storage, recording and monitoring transactions, internet connections and network access. The Company’s operations are exposed to the risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements. The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements because of changes in the vendor’s organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products and services or strategic focus or for any other reason, could disrupt the Company’s operations. If we are unable to find alternative sources for our vendors’ services and products quickly and cost-effectively, the failures of our vendors could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business and, in turn, the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Counterparties expose the Company to risks.

The Company uses derivative financial instruments, primarily interest rate swaps, which will expose it to financial and contractual risks with counterparty banks. Additionally, the Company maintains correspondent bank relationships, manages certain loan participations, and engages in securities transactions and other activities with financial counterparties which are customary in the banking business. Financial risks are inherent in these counterparty relationships.

Our inability to achieve profitability on new branches may negatively affect our earnings.

We may pursue further expansion through de novo branching or the purchase of branches from other financial institutions. The profitability of these branches will depend on whether the income that we generate from the new branches will offset the increased expenses resulting from operating these branches. We expect that it may take a period of time before these branches can become profitable, especially in areas in which we do not have an established presence. During this period, the expense of operating these branches may negatively affect our net income.

Our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and reducing the potential for significant losses.

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Our risk management framework is designed to minimize risk and loss to us. We seek to identify, measure, monitor, report and control our exposure to risk, including interest rate, credit, strategic, market, liquidity, compliance, legal and operational risks. While we use a broad and diversified set of risk monitoring and mitigation techniques, these techniques are inherently limited because they cannot anticipate the existence or future development of currently unanticipated or unknown risks. Recent economic conditions, increased cybersecurity threats, and heightened legislative and regulatory scrutiny of the financial services industry, among other developments, have increased our level of risk. Accordingly, we could suffer losses as a result of our failure to anticipate and manage these risks.

Managing reputational risk is important to attracting and maintaining customers, investors and employees.

Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality, compliance deficiencies, and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. We have policies and procedures in place to protect our reputation and promote ethical conduct, but these policies and procedures may not be fully effective. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers and employees, costly litigation and increased governmental regulation, all of which could adversely affect our operating results.

Risks Related to Economic Conditions

A worsening of economic conditions could reduce demand for our products and services and/or result in increases in our level of non-performing loans, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Unlike larger financial institutions that are more geographically diversified, our profitability depends primarily on the general economic conditions in our primary market area. Local economic conditions have a significant impact on our residential real estate, commercial real estate, construction and consumer loans, the ability of the borrowers to repay these loans and the value of the collateral securing these loans.

Deterioration in economic conditions could result in the following consequences, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations:

Moreover, a significant decline in general economic conditions, caused by inflation, recession, acts of terrorism, an outbreak of hostilities or other international or domestic calamities, unemployment or other factors beyond our control could further impact these local economic conditions and could further negatively affect the financial results of our banking operations. In addition, deflationary pressures, while possibly lowering our operating costs, could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of underlying collateral securing loans, which could negatively affect our financial performance.

Inflation can have an adverse impact on our business and on our customers.

Inflation risk is the risk that the value of assets or income from investments will be worth less in the future as inflation decreases the value of money. Recently, there have been market indicators of a pronounced rise in inflation and the Federal Reserve Board has indicated its intention to raise certain benchmark interest rates in an effort to combat inflation. As inflation increases, the value of our investment securities, particularly those with longer maturities, would decrease, although this effect can be less pronounced for floating rate instruments. In addition, inflation increases the cost of goods and services we use in our business operations, such as electricity and other utilities, which increases our noninterest expenses. Furthermore, our customers are also affected by inflation and the rising costs of goods and services used in their households and businesses, which could have a negative impact on their ability to repay their loans with us.

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Risk Related to Acquisition Activity

The risks presented by acquisitions could adversely affect the Company's financial condition and result of operations.

The Company’s business strategy includes growth through acquisitions, which present risks, including: regulatory approval delays, operations and personnel integration challenges, litigation, potential ongoing business disruption, difficulty maintaining uniform standards, controls, procedures and policies, issues with information systems integration and the impairment of relationships with employees and customers as a result of changes in ownership and management. Further, the asset quality or other financial characteristics of a company may deteriorate after the acquisition agreement is signed or after the acquisition closes.

Failure to consummate the proposed merger with Brookline Bancorp could adversely affect the Company's financial condition, result of operations and ultimately our share price.

The proposed merger with Brookline Bancorp is expected to close in the fourth calendar quarter of 2022, however is subject customary closing conditions and a number of risks, including the Company obtaining shareholder approval, Brookline obtaining the required regulatory approvals, the Company or Brookline experiencing material adverse conditions, including, but not limited to, those detailed in the definitive merger agreement as well as those other risks detailed in this document, including potential shareholder litigation, which may result in the Company or Brookline terminating the merger agreement. Should the merger be terminated, in accordance with the merger agreement, the Company may be obligated to pay a termination fee of $12.0 million to Brookline. Should the merger be delayed or terminated, the Company's share price may be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Accounting Matters

The FASB has issued an accounting standard update that will result in a significant change in how we recognize credit losses and may have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") has issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments ("ASU 2016-13"), which replaces the current "incurred loss" model for recognizing credit losses with an "expected loss" model referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss ("CECL") model. Under the CECL model, we will be required to present certain financial assets carried at amortized cost, such as loans held for investment and held to maturity debt securities, at the net amount expected to be collected. The measurement of expected credit losses is to be based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount. This measurement will take place at the time the financial asset is first added to the balance sheet and periodically thereafter. This differs significantly from the "incurred loss" model required under current U.S. GAAP, which delays recognition until it is probable a loss has been incurred. Accordingly, the Company expects that the adoption of the CECL model will materially affect how we determine the allowance for loan losses and could require the Company to increase our allowance significantly. Moreover, the CECL model may create more volatility in the level of our allowance for loan losses. If the Company is required to materially increase our level of allowance for loan losses for any reason, such increase could adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition and results of operations. In October 2019, the FASB unanimously voted to delay the implementation of the standard for three years for certain companies, including small reporting companies (as defined by the SEC), non-SEC public companies and private companies. The Company currently qualifies as a small reporting company and is subject to the delayed implementation. Therefore, the amendments in this Update will be effective for the Company for the fiscal year beginning on July 1, 2023, including interim periods within that fiscal year. As a result, the Company’s allowance for loan loss may not be comparable to the allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) established by other financial institutions that have adopted CECL. The Company is actively working through the provisions of the Update. Management has established a steering committee which is identifying the methodologies and the additional data requirements necessary to implement the Update and has engaged a third-party software service provider to assist in the Company's implementation.

Risks Related to Technology, Cybersecurity and Data Privacy

System failure or breaches of our network security could subject us to increased operating costs as well as litigation and other liabilities.

The computer systems and network infrastructure we and our third-party service providers use could be vulnerable to unforeseen problems. Our operations are dependent upon our ability to protect our computer equipment against damage from physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure or a similar catastrophic event, as well as from security

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breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, worms and other disruptive problems caused by hackers. Any breach, damage or failure that causes an interruption in our operations could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations due to the time and money needed to correct the issue. Computer break-ins, phishing and other disruptions could also jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through our computer systems and network infrastructure, which may result in significant liability to us and may cause existing and potential customers to refrain from doing business with us. The Company has emplaced controls to defeat threats to its operating systems. Despite these safeguards, the Company cannot be certain that all of its systems are entirely free from vulnerability to attack or other technological difficulties or failures, such as cyber-attacks. In addition, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms we and our third-party service providers use to encrypt and protect customer transaction data. A failure of such security measures could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. We have general liability and cyber-related insurance, however, there are limitations on coverage as well as dollar amount. Finally, depending on the type of incident, banking regulators can impose restrictions on our business and consumer laws may require reimbursement of customer losses.

We continually encounter technological change and the failure to understand and adapt to these changes could adversely affect our business.

The banking industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. Technology has lowered barriers to entry and made it possible for "non-banks" to offer traditional bank products and services using innovative technological platforms such as Fintech and Blockchain. These "digital banks" may be able to achieve economies of scale and offer better pricing for banking products and services than we can. Our future success will depend, in part, on the ability to address the needs of customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands for convenience as well as to create additional efficiencies in operations. Many competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. There can be no assurance that we will be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing such products and services to customers. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry could have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, its financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to laws regarding the privacy, information security and protection of personal information and any violation of these laws or an incident involving personal, confidential or proprietary information of individuals could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

Our business requires the collection and retention of large volumes of customer data, including personally identifiable information in various information systems that we maintain and in those maintained by third parties with whom we contract to provide data services. We are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations governing the privacy and protection of personal information of individuals (including customers, employees, suppliers and other third parties). For example, our business is subject to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share nonpublic personal information about our customers with nonaffiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to customers about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford customers the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with nonaffiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires that we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing appropriate safeguards based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of customer information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various state and federal banking regulators and states have also enacted data security breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory or law enforcement notification in certain circumstances in the event of a security breach. Ensuring that our collection, use, transfer and storage of personal information complies with all applicable laws and regulations can increase our costs. Furthermore, we may not be able to ensure that all of our customers, suppliers, counterparties and other third parties have appropriate controls in place to protect the confidentiality of the information that they exchange with us, particularly where such information is transmitted by electronic means. If personal, confidential or proprietary information of customers or others were to be mishandled or misused, we could be exposed to litigation or regulatory sanctions under personal information laws and regulations. Concerns regarding the effectiveness of our measures to safeguard personal information, or even the perception that such measures are inadequate, could cause us to lose customers or potential customers for our products and services and thereby reduce our revenues. Accordingly, any failure or perceived failure to comply with applicable privacy or data protection laws and regulations may subject us to inquiries, examinations and investigations that could result in requirements to modify or cease certain operations or practices or in significant liabilities, fines or penalties, and could damage our reputation and otherwise adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

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Risks Related to Competition

Strong competition within our market area could reduce our profits and slow growth.

We face intense competition in making loans and attracting deposits. Price competition for loans and deposits sometimes results in us charging lower interest rates on our loans and paying higher interest rates on our deposits and may reduce our net interest income. Competition also makes it more difficult, and costly to attract and retain qualified employees. As the labor market recovers from the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, competition for such employees has increased, with resultant cost increases. Many of the institutions with which we compete have substantially greater resources and lending limits than we have and may offer services that we do not provide. Our competitors often aggressively price loan and deposit products when they enter into new lines of business or new market areas. If we are not able to effectively compete in our market area, our profitability may be negatively affected. The greater resources and broader offering of deposit and loan products of some of our competitors may also limit our ability to increase our interest-earning assets.

Risks Related to Legal, Regulatory and Governmental Actions

Changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations

may adversely affect our operations and/or increase our costs of operations.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by our banking regulators. Such regulation and supervision govern the activities in which an institution and its holding company may engage and are intended primarily for the protection of insurance funds and the depositors and borrowers of PCSB Bank rather than for holders of our common stock. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on our operations, the classification of our assets and determination of the level of our allowance for loan losses. These regulations, along with the currently existing tax, accounting, securities, deposit insurance, monetary laws, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. Any change in such regulation and oversight, whether in the form of federal and state taxation, regulatory policy, regulations, legislation or supervisory action, may have a material impact on our operations. Further, changes in accounting standards can be both difficult to predict and involve judgment and discretion in their interpretation by us and our independent accounting firms. These changes could materially impact, potentially retroactively, how we report our financial condition and results of operations as could our interpretation of those changes.

Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions.

The USA PATRIOT and Bank Secrecy Act require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. If such activities are detected, financial institutions are obligated to file suspicious activity reports with the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. These rules require financial institutions to establish procedures for identifying and verifying the identity of customers seeking to open new financial accounts. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions, including restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches. Several banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. While we have implemented policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, these policies and procedures may not be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations.

The performance of our multifamily and mixed-use loans could be adversely impacted by regulation.

On June 14, 2019, the New York State legislature passed the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act of 2019, impacting about one million rent regulated apartment units. Among other things, the new legislation: (i) curtails rent increases from Material Capital Improvements and Individual Apartment Improvements; (ii) all but eliminates the ability for apartments to exit rent regulation; (iii) does away with vacancy decontrol and high-income deregulation; and (iv) repealed the 20% vacancy bonus. While it is too early to measure the full long-term impact of the legislation, in total, it generally limits a landlord’s ability to increase rents on rent regulated apartments and makes it more difficult to convert rent regulated apartments to market rate apartments. As a result, the value of the collateral located in New York State securing the Company’s multi-family loans or the future net operating income of such properties could be potentially impaired.

Any future action by the U.S. Congress to amend federal tax laws and regulations could impact our future profitability through higher tax expense and change the value of our net deferred tax asset causing a corresponding charge against earnings.

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The net deferred tax asset reported on our balance sheet represents the net amount of income taxes expected to be received upon the reversal of temporary differences between the bases of assets and liabilities as measured by enacted tax laws, and their bases as reported in the financial statements. As of June 30, 2022, our net deferred tax asset was computed using the federal statutory rate of 21%. Additionally, the Company’s effective tax rate was 21.00% for the year ended June 30, 2022.

The President of the United States and members of Congress have announced plans to pursue tax law changes including raising the federal corporate income tax rate from its current level of 21%, introducing excise taxes on share repurchases, among other changes. If these plans ultimately result in the enactment of new laws raising the corporate income tax rate, our net deferred tax asset would need to be re-measured. This could result in an increase to the deferred tax asset in the period of the law change and a corresponding credit to earnings but could be offset by an increase to the income tax provision in the year of enactment and future years. Beyond changes affecting the corporate income tax rate, other tax law changes could also increase our tax expense and negatively impact our results of operations.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our ability to pay dividends or to repurchase our common stock is subject to regulatory limitations and other limitations.

PCSB Financial is a separate legal entity from our subsidiary, PCSB Bank, and we do not have significant operations of our own. The availability of dividends from PCSB Bank is limited by various statutes and regulations. It is possible, depending upon the financial condition of PCSB Bank and other factors, that PCSB Bank’s regulators could assert that payment of dividends or other payments may result in an unsafe or unsound practice. If the Bank is unable to pay dividends to us or we are required to contribute capital to PCSB Bank, we may not be able to pay dividends on or repurchase our common stock.

Various factors may make takeover attempts more difficult to achieve.

Certain provisions of our articles of incorporation and bylaws and state and federal banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of PCSB Financial without our Board of Directors’ prior approval.

Under federal law, subject to certain exemptions, a person, entity or group must notify the Federal Reserve Board before acquiring control of a bank holding company. Acquisition of 10% or more of any class of voting stock of a bank holding company creates a rebuttable presumption that the acquirer “controls” the bank holding company. Also, a bank holding company must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve Board and the NYSDFS before, among other things, acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of any class of voting shares of any bank, including PCSB Bank.

There also are provisions in our articles of incorporation that may be used to delay or block a takeover attempt, including a provision that prohibits any person from voting more than 10% of the shares of common stock outstanding. Furthermore, shares of restricted stock and stock options that we have granted or may grant to employees and directors, stock ownership by our management and directors, employment agreements that we have entered into with our executive officers and other factors may make it more difficult for companies or persons to acquire control of the Company without the consent of our Board of Directors. Taken as a whole, these statutory provisions and provisions in our articles of incorporation could result in our being less attractive to a potential acquirer and thus could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

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Item 2. Properties

At June 30, 2022, we conducted business through our executive offices/headquarters in Yorktown Heights and our 14 banking offices located in Brewster (main banking office), Eastchester, Fishkill, Greenburgh, Jefferson Valley, Kent, Mahopac, Mount Kisco, Mount Vernon, New City, Pawling, East White Plains, Somers, and Yorktown Heights, all of which are located in New York. We own 4 and lease 10 of our banking offices. At June 30, 2022, the net book value of our land, buildings, lease assets, furniture, fixtures and equipment was $19.4 million. The Company’s and Bank’s executive offices/headquarters are located in a leased facility at 2651 Strang Blvd., Suite 100, Yorktown Heights, New York.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits against us, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which we hold security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to our business.

In addition, the Company has received demand letters from putative stockholders of the Company regarding the proposed merger between the Company and Brookline Bancorp, Inc. In addition, on August 25, 2022, a complaint captioned Stephen Bushansky v. PCSB Financial Corporation et al. was filed in the United States District Court, Southern District of New York, naming as defendants the Company and the members of the Company’s board of directors (the “Complaint”). The complaint and the demand letters allege, among other things, that the proxy statement/prospectus contains materially incomplete and misleading information regarding the process that culminated in the merger agreement and the proposed transaction, the valuation analyses performed by the Company’s financial advisor, and potential conflicts of interest in connection with the proposed merger. The relief sought includes enjoining the consummation of the merger unless and until certain additional and allegedly material information is disclosed to the Company’s stockholders, rescinding and setting aside the merger to the extent already implemented, or granting rescissory damages, and awarding the plaintiff the cost of the action, including reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees. The Company believes that all allegations in the demand letters and complaint are without merit and intends to defend against them as appropriate.

We do not believe that any pending legal proceedings would have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity and Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

The Company’s shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “PCSB”. The approximate number of shareholders of record of the Company’s common stock as of June 30, 2022 was 1,261.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

None.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following information is presented for the PCSB Financial Corporation 2018 Equity Incentive Plan as of June 30, 2022:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On February 3, 2021, the Company announced the authorization of a repurchase program to repurchase up to 801,856 shares, or 5%, of its then outstanding common stock. As of June 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 682,561 shares at an average cost of $18.23 per share.

There were no repurchases of PCSB Financial Corporation common stock during the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

This section is intended to help investors understand the consolidated financial performance of PCSB Financial through a discussion of the factors affecting our financial condition at June 30, 2022 and 2021 and our results of operations for the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. This section should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements contained in this annual report.

Overview

Income. Our primary source of income is net interest and dividend income. Net interest and dividend income is the difference between interest and dividend income, which is the income that we earn on our loans and investments, and interest expense, which is the interest that we pay on our deposits and borrowings. Other sources of income include earnings from customer service fees (mostly from service charges on deposit accounts), bank-owned life insurance and gains on the sale of securities.

Provision for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level representing management’s best estimate of probable incurred losses in the loan portfolio, based upon management’s evaluation of the portfolio’s collectability. The allowance is established through the provision for loan losses, which is charged against income. Charge-offs are charged to the allowance. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Allocation of the allowance may be made for specific loans or pools of loans, but the entire allowance is available for the entire loan portfolio.

Expenses. The noninterest expenses we incur in operating our business consist of salaries and employee benefits, occupancy and equipment, data processing, federal deposit insurance, merger-related expenses and other general and administrative expenses.

Salaries and employee benefits consist primarily of salaries and wages paid to our employees, payroll taxes, and expenses for health insurance, retirement plans, stock-based compensation and other employee benefits.

Occupancy and equipment expenses, which are the fixed and variable costs of buildings and equipment, consist primarily of depreciation charges, rental expenses, furniture and equipment expenses, maintenance, real estate taxes and costs of utilities. Depreciation of premises and equipment is computed using a straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the related assets or the expected lease terms, if shorter. Data processing expenses are the fees we pay to third parties for the use of their software and for processing customer information, deposits and loans.

Federal deposit insurance premiums are payments we make to the FDIC for insurance of our deposit accounts.

Other expenses include expenses for professional services, advertising, office supplies, postage, telephone, insurance and other miscellaneous operating expenses.

Merger-related expenses consist primarily of professional services as well as other miscellaneous expenses.

Critical Accounting Policies

A summary of our accounting policies is described in Note 1 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Critical accounting estimates are necessary in the application of certain accounting policies and procedures and are particularly susceptible to significant change. Critical accounting policies are defined as those involving significant judgments and assumptions by management that could have a material impact on the carrying value of certain assets or on income under different assumptions or conditions. Management believes that the most critical accounting policies, which involve the most complex or subjective decisions or assessments, are as follows:

Allowance for Loan Losses. The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance for probable incurred loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is increased by provisions for loan losses charged to income. Losses are charged to the allowance for loan losses when all or a portion of a loan is deemed to be uncollectible. Recoveries of loans previously charged off are credited to the allowance when realized. See Note 4 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a complete discussion of the allowance for loan losses.

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Selected Financial Data

The summary information presented below at or for each of the fiscal years presented is derived in part from and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company presented in Item 8.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Their Reconciliation with GAAP Financial Measures

Using non-GAAP financial measures can help investors in providing a more meaningful picture of the Company’s performance and value. It can also provide additional insight into Company’s business beyond that found in the Financial Statements.

We identify “efficiency ratio” and “tangible book value per common share” as non-GAAP financial measures. In accordance with the SEC’s rules, we classify a financial measure as being a non-GAAP financial measure if that financial measure excludes or includes amounts, or is subject to adjustments that have the effect of excluding or including amounts, in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Non-GAAP financial measures do not include operating and other statistical measures or ratios, or statistical measures calculated using exclusively either financial

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measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, operating measures or other measure that are not non-GAAP financial measures or both.

The non-GAAP financial measures that we discuss in this annual report should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable or other financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP.

Tangible book value per common share is a non-GAAP measure and equals total shareholders’ equity, less goodwill and other intangible assets, divided by shares outstanding. We believe this disclosure may be meaningful to those investors who seek to evaluate our equity without giving effect to goodwill and other intangible assets.

Tax equivalent net interest income is a non-GAAP measure and equals net interest income plus income tax benefits arising from income earned on loans and securities exempt from federal, state, and/or local taxes. We believe this disclosure may be meaningful to those investors who seek to evaluate our net interest income.

Loan Portfolio

General. Loans are our primary interest-earning asset. At June 30, 2022, net loans represented 66.8% of our total assets. The following tables set forth certain information about our loan portfolio.

Loan Portfolio Analysis. The following table sets forth the composition of our loan portfolio by type of loan at the dates indicated.

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Loan Maturity. The following table sets forth certain information at June 30, 2022 regarding the dollar amount of loan maturities for the periods indicated. The table does not include scheduled amortization or any estimate of prepayments that significantly shorten the average loan life and may cause actual repayment experience to differ from that shown below.

The following table sets forth the amount of loans at June 30, 2022 that are due after June 30, 2023 and have either fixed interest rates or floating or adjustable interest rates.