Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2020 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2020

OR

For the transition period from                    to                   .

Commission File Number: 001-39094

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (877) 742-8466

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes   ☑   No      ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes      ☑     No      ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐  No ☑

As of August 3, 2020, the registrant had 28,964,506 shares of common stock ($0.0001 par value) outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.Financial Statements (unaudited)

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Balance Sheets

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and par value amounts)

See accompanying notes.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

See accompanying notes

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

(Unaudited)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

See accompanying notes.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(in thousands)

See accompanying notes.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements

1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company” or “Phathom”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in January 2018 under the name North Bridge IV, Inc. On March 13, 2019, the Company changed its name to Phathom Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and merged with YamadaCo IIA, Inc. (“YamadaCo”), a Delaware corporation formed in September 2017, with Phathom being the surviving entity (the “Merger”). All activities of YamadaCo prior to 2018 related to formation and were insignificant. The Company is a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel treatments for gastrointestinal diseases.

On October 29, 2019, the Company completed its initial public offering (the “IPO”) and issued 10,997,630 shares of common stock for net proceeds of approximately $191.5 million.

Stock Split

On October 11, 2019, the Company effected a 2.168-for-1 forward stock split of its common stock (the “Forward Stock Split”). The par value of the common stock was not adjusted as a result of the Forward Stock Split and the authorized shares were increased to 50,000,000 shares of common stock in connection with the Forward Stock Split. In conjunction with the Company’s IPO, the authorized shares of common stock were increased to 400,000,000. The accompanying financial statements and notes to the financial statements give retroactive effect to the Forward Stock Split for all periods presented, unless otherwise indicated.

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The accompanying financial statements include the accounts of the Company (the receiving entity) and YamadaCo, prior to the Merger. The Company and YamadaCo were entities under the common control of Frazier Life Sciences IX, L.P. (“Frazier”) as a result of, among other things, Frazier’s; (i) ownership of a majority of the outstanding capital stock of both companies, (ii) financing of both companies, (iii) control of the board of directors of both companies, and (iv) management of both companies. Both the Company and YamadaCo were formed for the purpose of identifying potential assets around which to form an operating company. As the merged entities were under common control, the financial statements report the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the Company and YamadaCo as though the transfer of net assets and equity interests had occurred at the beginning of 2018. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

Interim results may not be indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year. In the opinion of management, these unaudited financial statements include all normal and recurring adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation of these interim unaudited financial statements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

From inception to June 30, 2020, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to organizing and staffing the Company, business planning, raising capital, in-licensing its initial product candidate, vonoprazan, meeting with regulatory authorities, preparing for and managing the Phase 3 clinical trials of vonoprazan, and providing other general and administrative support for these operations. The Company has a limited operating history, has never generated any revenue, and the sales and income potential of its business is unproven. The Company has incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operating activities since its inception and expects to continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future as it continues the development and commercialization of vonoprazan. From inception to June 30, 2020, the Company has funded its operations through the issuance of convertible promissory notes, commercial bank debt and the sale of 10,997,630 shares of common stock for net proceeds of approximately $191.5 million in its 2019 IPO.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business, and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty. Management is required to perform a two-step analysis over the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management must first evaluate whether there are conditions and events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern (Step 1). If management concludes that substantial doubt is raised, management is also required to consider whether its plans alleviate that doubt (Step 2).

Management believes that it has sufficient working capital on hand to fund operations through at least the next twelve months from the date these financial statements were available to be issued. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in acquiring additional funding (if needed), that the Company’s projections of its future working capital needs will prove accurate, or that any additional funding would be sufficient to continue operations in future years.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires it to make estimates and assumptions that impact the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in the Company’s financial statements and accompanying notes. The most significant estimates in the Company’s financial statements relate to accruals for research and development expenses, and the valuation of convertible promissory notes, warrant liabilities and various other equity instruments. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may undertake in the future, actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.

Fair Value Option

As permitted under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825, Financial Instruments, (“ASC 825”), the Company has elected the fair value option to account for its convertible promissory notes issued since inception. In accordance with ASC 825, the Company records these convertible promissory notes at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in the statements of operations. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the convertible promissory notes were recognized in earnings as incurred and not deferred.

Fair Value Measurements

The accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or non-recurring basis. Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the accounting guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets.

Level 2: Inputs, other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs in which there is little or no market data, which require the reporting entity to develop its own assumptions.

The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, are classified within the Level 1 designation discussed above, while prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short maturities. Warrant liabilities and convertible promissory notes are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company has no financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis. None of the Company’s non-financial assets or liabilities are recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis. No transfers between levels have occurred during the periods presented.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

Liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are as follows (in thousands):

The warrant liabilities consist of warrants (the “Lender Warrants”) issued in connection with the loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) for commercial bank debt (see Note 7). The Lender Warrants were accounted for as liabilities as they contained a holder put right under which the lenders could have required the Company to pay cash in exchange for the Lender Warrants. The fair value of the Lender Warrants was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with an expected term equal to the remaining contractual term of the warrants. The Company estimates its expected stock volatility based on the historical volatility of a set of peer companies, which are publicly traded, and expects to continue to do so until it has adequate historical data regarding the volatility of its own publicly-traded stock price. The risk-free interest rate is determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. The Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. When the Company drew down the Term Loan B under the Loan Agreement in March 2020 (see Note 7), the Lenders’ put right expired, and the Company recorded a final fair value adjustment and reclassified the Lender Warrants balance of $0.3 million to additional paid-in-capital.

The following table provides a reconciliation of all liabilities measured at fair value using Level 3 significant unobservable inputs (in thousands):

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include cash in readily available checking accounts and money market funds.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and management believes that the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

Property, Plant, and Equipment, Net

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the useful life of the asset. Computer equipment and related software are depreciated over two to three years. Furniture and fixtures are depreciated over three years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the lease term or the estimated useful lives of the related assets. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance of assets are charged to expense as incurred. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation of assets disposed of are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in loss from operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than the carrying amount. The impairment loss, if recognized, would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its respective fair value. No impairment losses have been recorded through June 30, 2020.

Leases

At the inception of a contractual arrangement, the Company determines whether the contract contains a lease by assessing whether there is an identified asset and whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset in exchange for consideration over a period of time. If both criteria are met, the Company records the associated lease liability and corresponding right-of-use asset upon commencement of the lease using the implicit rate or a discount rate based on a credit-adjusted secured borrowing rate commensurate with the term of the lease. The Company additionally evaluates leases at their inception to determine if they are to be accounted for as an operating lease or a finance lease.  A lease is accounted for as a finance lease if it meets one of the following five criteria: the lease has a purchase option that is reasonably certain of being exercised, the present value of the future cash flows is substantially all of the fair market value of the underlying asset, the lease term is for a significant portion of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset, the title to the underlying asset transfers at the end of the lease term, or if the underlying asset is of such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative uses to the lessor at the end of the term.  Leases that do not meet the finance lease criteria are accounted for as an operating lease. Operating lease assets represent a right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease liabilities with a term greater than one year and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recognized on the balance sheet at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the expected lease term. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as initial direct costs paid or incentives received. As the Company’s leases do not typically provide an implicit rate, the Company utilizes the appropriate incremental borrowing rate, determined as the rate of interest that the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and in a similar economic environment. Lease cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term and variable lease payments are recognized as operating expenses in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. Variable lease payments primarily include common area maintenance, utilities, real estate taxes, insurance, and other operating costs that are passed on from the lessor in proportion to the space leased by the Company. The Company has elected the practical expedient to not separate between lease and non-lease components.

Research and Development Expenses and Accruals

All research and development costs are expensed in the period incurred and consist primarily of salaries, payroll taxes, employee benefits, stock-based compensation charges for those individuals involved in research and development efforts, external research and development costs incurred under agreements with contract research organizations and consultants to conduct and support the Company’s ongoing clinical trials of vonoprazan, and costs related to manufacturing vonoprazan for clinical trials.

The Company has entered into various research and development contracts with clinical research organizations, clinical manufacturing organizations and other companies. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and payments made in advance of or after performance are reflected in the accompanying balance sheets as prepaid expenses or accrued liabilities, respectively. The Company records accruals for estimated costs incurred for ongoing research and development activities. When evaluating the adequacy of the accrued liabilities, the Company analyzes progress of the services, including the phase or completion of events, invoices received and contracted costs. Significant judgments and estimates may be made in determining the prepaid or accrued balances at the end of any reporting period. Actual results could differ from the Company’s estimates.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

In-Process Research and Development

The Company evaluates whether acquired intangible assets are a business under applicable accounting standards. Additionally, the Company evaluates whether the acquired assets have a future alternative use. Intangible assets that do not have future alternative use are considered acquired in-process research and development. When the acquired in-process research and development assets are not part of a business combination, the value of the consideration paid is expensed on the acquisition date. Future costs to develop these assets are recorded to research and development expense as they are incurred.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries, stock-based compensation, facilities and third-party expenses. General and administrative expenses are associated with the activities of the executive, finance, accounting, information technology, legal, medical affairs and human resource functions.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense represents the cost of the grant date fair value of equity awards recognized over the requisite service period of the awards (generally the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined on the basis of the differences between the financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the statement of operations in the period that includes the enactment date.

The Company recognizes net deferred tax assets to the extent that the Company believes these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In making such a determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations. If management determines that the Company would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, management would make an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company records uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process whereby (i) management determines whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained on the basis of the technical merits of the position and (ii) for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, management recognizes the largest amount of tax benefit that is more than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the related tax authority. The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within income tax expense. Any accrued interest and penalties are included within the related tax liability.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss is defined as a change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The Company’s comprehensive loss was the same as its reported net loss for all periods presented.

Segment Reporting

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

Net Loss Per Share

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the net loss per share was recast to include in the numerator the net losses of both the Company and YamadaCo and include in the denominator the weighted-average outstanding shares of both the Company and YamadaCo. Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for potentially dilutive securities. The Company included 7,588,000 shares of common stock under its warrant (the “Takeda Warrant”) issued to Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited (“Takeda”) in connection with a May 2019 license agreement (see Note 4) in the calculation of basic weighted-average common shares outstanding from the time it became exercisable at the Company’s IPO because the Takeda Warrant is exercisable for little consideration. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company has excluded weighted-average unvested shares of 3,555,407 and 3,818,756, respectively, from the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding, compared to 4,579,030 and 2,728,593, respectively, for the same periods in 2019. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock and if-converted methods. Dilutive common stock equivalents are comprised of unvested common stock, options, warrants and convertible promissory notes. For all periods presented, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted shares outstanding as inclusion of the potentially dilutive securities (warrants, stock options, and common shares subject to repurchase) would be antidilutive.

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 implements an impairment model, known as the current expected credit loss model, based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity will recognize, as an allowance, its estimate of expected credit losses. ASU 2016-13 is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which eliminates, modifies and adds disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The standard is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted this guidance effective January 1, 2020, and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 is effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2020 on a prospective basis, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2019-12 will have a significant impact on its financial statements.

2. Balance Sheet Details

Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consist of the following (in thousands):

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

Depreciation expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was approximately $77,000 and $129,000, respectively. There was no depreciation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019.  No property, plant or equipment was disposed of during the six months ended June 30, 2020 or the year ended December 31, 2019.

Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following (in thousands):

3. Related Party Transactions

Frazier is a principal stockholder of the Company and is represented on the Company’s board of directors. The Company has conducted operations within office space controlled by Frazier and Frazier allocated a portion of the costs associated with this office space to the Company. In addition, Frazier paid for various goods and services, such as employee wages, insurance and expense reimbursements and various administrative services associated with the operations of the Company and charged the Company for those expenses. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses due to Frazier in the amount of $34,000 and $0.1 million, respectively, related to these shared operating expenses. For the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company incurred $34,000 and $52,000, respectively, of shared operating expenses. For the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company incurred $77,000 and $0.1 million, respectively, of shared operating expenses. In addition to the shared operating expenses, the Company issued convertible promissory notes to Frazier during 2018 and 2019 (see Note 5).

Frazier is a principal stockholder in PCI Pharma Services (“PCI”). In the third quarter of 2019, the Company engaged PCI for clinical manufacturing services. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $0.3 million outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses related to these manufacturing services.  For the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company incurred $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of expenses related to services performed by PCI. The Company did not incur expenses related to services performed by PCI for the same periods in 2019.

Mountain Field LLC (“Mountain Field”) is an entity owned by the chairman of the Company’s board of directors. During 2019, the Company charged Mountain Field for certain rent and payroll related expenses. These shared expenses were allocated based on usage of the related facilities and time incurred by personnel. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company charged Mountain Field $5,000 and $0.1 million, respectively, for shared expenses. There were no such expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Takeda became a common stockholder of the Company in connection with the May 2019 license agreement (see Note 4). In conjunction with this license, Takeda provides proprietary supplies for the Company’s ongoing clinical development of vonoprazan in addition to the exclusive license for the commercialization of vonoprazan in the United States, Canada and Europe. As of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had $22,000 and $0.1 million, respectively, in outstanding accounts payable and accrued expenses related to these supply services. The Company did not have any such expenses incurred for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 related to services performed by Takeda.

On May 5, 2020, the Company entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement (the “Commercial Supply Agreement”) with Takeda, pursuant to which Takeda will supply commercial quantities of vonoprazan bulk drug product. Pursuant to the Commercial Supply Agreement, Takeda has agreed to supply the Company with and the Company has agreed to purchase from Takeda certain quantities of vonoprazan bulk drug product according to approved specifications at a fixed price per batch of bulk drug product in order to commercialize vonoprazan in accordance with the Takeda License. Unless terminated earlier, the term of the Commercial Supply Agreement extends for a period of two years from the date the Company places an order for bulk drug product for the first commercial launch of vonoprazan in any jurisdiction in the licensed territory, provided that this two-year period will expire no later than December 31, 2023. The Commercial Supply Agreement will terminate immediately upon the termination of the Takeda License in accordance with its terms. As of June 30, 2020, no costs have been incurred related to the Commercial Supply Agreement. The Company has a minimum purchase obligation of approximately $2.5 million related to this agreement.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

4. Commitments and Contingencies

License Agreement

On May 7, 2019, the Company entered into a license agreement with Takeda pursuant to which it was granted an exclusive license to commercialize vonoprazan fumarate in the United States, Canada and Europe (the “Takeda License”). The Company also has the right to sublicense its rights under the agreement, subject to certain conditions. The agreement will remain in effect, on a country-by-country and product-by-product basis, until the later of (i) the expiration of the last to expire valid patent claim covering vonoprazan fumarate alone or in combination with at least one other therapeutically active ingredient, (ii) the expiration of the applicable regulatory exclusivity and (iii) 15 years from the date of first commercial sale, unless earlier terminated. The Company may terminate the Takeda License upon six months’ written notice. The Company and Takeda may terminate the Takeda License in the case of the other party’s insolvency or material uncured breach. Takeda may terminate the Takeda License if the Company challenges, or assists in challenging, licensed patents.

In consideration of the Takeda License, the Company (i) paid Takeda $25.0 million in cash, (ii) issued Takeda 1,084,000 shares of its common stock at a fair value of $5.9 million, (iii) issued the Takeda Warrant to purchase 7,588,000 shares of its common stock at an exercise price of $0.00004613 per share at an initial fair value of $47.9 million, and (iv) issued a right to receive an additional common stock warrant (the “Takeda Warrant Right”) should Takeda’s fully-diluted ownership of the Company represent less than a certain specified percentage of the fully-diluted capitalization, including shares issuable upon conversion of then outstanding convertible promissory notes, calculated immediately before the closing of the Company’s IPO, with a nominal initial fair value due to the low probability of issuance. The Takeda Warrant Right expired without effect since no fair value had been allocated to it upon completion of the IPO, and no additional warrant was issued. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay Takeda up to an aggregate of $250.0 million in sales milestones upon the achievement of specified levels of product sales, and a low double-digit royalty rate on aggregate net sales of licensed products, subject to certain adjustments. The Company incurred $0.1 million of transaction costs in connection with the Takeda License. The Takeda Warrant has an exercise price of $0.00004613 per share, expires on May 7, 2029 and became exercisable upon the consummation of the IPO. Following the October 11, 2019 increase in the Company’s authorized shares of common stock to 50,000,000, the Company recorded a non-cash charge related to the final fair value adjustment of the Takeda Warrants and reclassified the full balance of $144.2 million from warrant liabilities to additional paid-in capital.

Contingencies

In the event the Company becomes subject to claims or suits arising in the ordinary course of business, the Company would accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.

5. Convertible Promissory Notes

Frazier Convertible Note Financing

From January 2018 to April 2019, the Company issued convertible promissory notes to Frazier (the “Frazier Notes”) for an aggregate of $2.4 million and bearing interest at per annum rates ranging from 1.68% to 2.55%. Of the Frazier Notes, $1.9 million were issued in 2018 and $0.5 million were issued in April 2019. Due to certain embedded features within the Frazier Notes, the Company elected to account for these notes and all their embedded features under the fair value option. The Company recorded changes in the fair value of the Frazier Notes in the statements of operations until May 2019, when the Frazier Notes and related accrued interest were exchanged, at their then fair value of $2.4 million, for the convertible promissory notes issued by the Company in May 2019 (the “May 2019 Notes”). For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized $64,000 and $50,000, respectively, of other income in the statements of operations related to decreases in the fair value of the Frazier Notes. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized $4,000 and $15,000, respectively, of interest expense in connection with the Frazier Notes. The Company did not have any such expenses incurred for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 in connection with the Frazier Notes.

May 2019 Convertible Note Financing

In May 2019, the Company entered into a note purchase agreement under which it issued the unsecured May 2019 Notes for an aggregate of $90.3 million, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $87.8 million in cash and $2.4 million related to the exchange of the Frazier Notes and related accrued interest for the May 2019 Notes. Including the conversion of the Frazier Notes, Frazier purchased $20.0 million of the May 2019 Notes. The May 2019 Notes bore interest at a rate of 6% per annum and were subordinated to borrowings under the Company’s loan and security agreement (see Note 7).

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

Due to certain embedded features within the May 2019 Notes, the Company elected to account for these notes and all their embedded features under the fair value option. The outstanding principal and accrued interest of the May 2019 Notes automatically converted into 6,107,918 shares of common stock immediately prior to the completion of the IPO on October 29, 2019.

6. Lease Commitments

As of June 30, 2020, the Company had operating leases for office space in both Buffalo Grove, Illinois and Florham Park, New Jersey, with remaining lease terms of 4.8 years and 5.2 years, respectively. Both operating leases contain an option to extend the term for one additional five year period, which was not considered in the determination of the right-of-use asset or lease liability as the Company did not consider it reasonably certain that it would exercise such options.

The total rent expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020 was approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. There was no rent expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019.

The following table summarizes supplemental balance sheet information related to the operating leases as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

As of June 30, 2020, the future minimum annual lease payments under the operating leases were as follows (in thousands):

Operating cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2020 included $0.7 million in cash payments for operating leases, $0.5 million of which were prepaid lease payments. There were no lease costs for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

7. Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

On May 14, 2019, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “Loan Agreement”, and all amounts borrowed thereunder the “Term Loans”) with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”), as administrative and collateral agent, and lenders including SVB and WestRiver Innovation Lending Fund VIII, L.P. (“WestRiver”). The Company borrowed $25.0 million (“Term Loan A”) at the inception of the Loan Agreement and an additional $25.0 million (“Term Loan B”) on March 16, 2020.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate of the higher of the Wall Street Journal Prime rate plus 1.75% (5% at June 30, 2020) or 7.25%. Under the original Loan Agreement, the monthly payments consisted of interest-only through May 31, 2021. On March 11, 2020, the Company entered into the first amendment (the “Amendment”) to the Loan Agreement. Pursuant to the Amendment, the interest-only payment period was extended either (i) until December 31, 2021, if the Company receives positive data from its Phase 3 clinical trial in H. pylori infection sufficient to file a New Drug Application (“NDA”) with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”); or (ii) until November 30, 2022, if the Company receives positive data from its Phase 3 clinical trials in both indications for vonoprazan sufficient to file an NDA with the FDA; provided, in each case, that the Company had drawn down an additional $25.0 million, Term Loan B, pursuant to the Loan Agreement. Subsequent to the interest-only period, the Term Loans will be payable in equal monthly installments of principal, plus accrued and unpaid interest through the maturity date of May 1, 2024. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay a final payment fee of 8.25% of the original principal amount of the Term Loans. As of June 30, 2020, the aggregate final payment fee for the Term Loans of $4.1 million has been recorded as an other long-term liability.

The Company may elect to prepay all or a portion of the Term Loans prior to maturity, subject to a prepayment fee of up to 2.0% of the then outstanding principal balance and payment of a pro rata portion of the final payment fee. After repayment, no Term Loan amounts may be borrowed again.

The borrowings under the Loan Agreement are collateralized by substantially all of the Company’s assets, excluding intellectual property and certain other assets. The Loan Agreement includes affirmative and negative covenants. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring the Company to maintain its legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports, maintain insurance coverage and satisfy certain requirements regarding its operating accounts. The negative covenants include, among others, limitations on the Company’s ability to incur additional indebtedness and liens, merge with other companies or consummate certain changes of control, acquire other companies, engage in new lines of business, make certain investments, pay dividends, transfer or dispose of assets, amend certain material agreements or enter into various specified transactions. The Loan Agreement also contains customary events of default, including bankruptcy, the failure to make payments when due, and a material adverse change. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, subject to any specified cure periods, all amounts owed by the Company would begin to bear interest at a rate that is 4.00% above the rate effective immediately before the event of default and may be declared immediately due and payable by SVB, as collateral agent. As of June 30, 2020, the Company was in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Loan Agreement.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, the Company issued the Lender Warrants to purchase stock of the Company, which expire ten years from the date of issuance. Upon completion of the IPO in 2019, the Lender Warrants became exercisable for 16,446 shares of common stock. The Lender Warrants included a put option pursuant to which, in the event that the Company did not draw down Term Loan B on or before March 31, 2020, the warrant holders could have required that the Company repurchase the warrants for a total aggregate repurchase price of $0.5 million. Upon the Term Loan B draw in March 2020, the Lender Warrants became exercisable and the put option related to the Lender Warrants expired.  Accordingly, the Company recorded a final fair value adjustment and reclassified the Lender Warrants balance of $0.3 million to additional paid-in-capital.

The initial $0.4 million fair value of the Lender Warrants, the $4.1 million final payment fee and $0.2 million of debt issuance costs have been recorded as debt discount and are being amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the Term Loans. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company recognized $1.3 million and $2.0 million, respectively, of interest expense, including amortization of the debt discount, in connection with the Loan Agreement, compared to $0.3 million for the same periods in 2019. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had outstanding Term Loans of $50.0 million and accrued interest of $0.3 million.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

Future minimum principal and interest payments under the Term Loans, including the final payment fee, as of June 30, 2020 are as follows (in thousands):

8. Stockholders’ Equity

Common Stock

In March 2019, subsequent to the Merger, the Company sold 1,491,072 shares of the Company’s common stock to Frazier.

In March 2019, the founders granted the Company a repurchase right for the 3,373,408 shares of common stock originally purchased in 2018. The Company has the right, but not the obligation, to repurchase unvested shares in the event the founder’s relationship with the Company is terminated, subject to certain limitations, at the original purchase price of the stock. The repurchase right lapsed for 843,352 shares in March 2019 and the repurchase right for the remaining 2,530,056 shares lapses in equal monthly amounts over the following 48-month period ending in March 2023. The fair value of the founder shares at the date the repurchase right was granted is being recognized as stock-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. As of June 30, 2020, 1,739,436 shares of common stock were subject to repurchase by the Company and the associated repurchase liability was not significant. The amount of recognized and unrecognized stock-based compensation related to the founder stock was immaterial for all periods presented.

In May 2019, the Company issued Takeda 1,084,000 shares of common stock in connection with the Takeda License.

For the period from January 1, 2019 to May 6, 2019, the Company issued 2,524,852 shares of common stock to various employees and consultants of the Company for aggregate proceeds of approximately $1,000. Upon issuance, these shares were subject to a repurchase option by the Company at the original purchase price of the shares. The repurchase rights generally lapse as to 25% of the shares on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date, and the repurchase right lapses as to 1/48th of the shares each one-month period thereafter, subject to the purchaser remaining continuously an employee, consultant or director of the Company. In November 2019, the Company repurchased 17,560 shares at the original purchase price for an aggregate purchase price of $5.20. As of June 30, 2020, 1,610,664 shares remain available for repurchase by the Company and the associated repurchase liability was not significant.

On October 29, 2019, upon completion of the IPO, the Company sold 10,997,630 shares of common stock, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase 1,434,473 additional shares at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. The net proceeds were approximately $191.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs.

Preferred Stock

The Company is authorized to issue up to 40 million shares of preferred stock. As of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019, there were no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding.

Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Existing Incentive Plan”) provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, and other stock awards to eligible recipients, including employees, directors or consultants of the Company. The Company had 2,231,739 shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the Existing Incentive Plan, of which, 1,400,528 stock options and 16,260 restricted stock awards were granted in 2019. As a result of the adoption of the 2019 Incentive Award Plan (the “2019 Plan”) in October 2019, no further shares are available for issuance under the Existing Incentive Plan.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

2019 Incentive Award Plan

In October 2019, the board of directors adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2019 Plan, which became effective in connection with the IPO. Under the 2019 Plan, the Company may grant stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units and other awards to individuals who are then employees, officers, non-employee directors or consultants of the Company or its subsidiaries. The number of shares initially available for issuance will be increased by (i) the number of shares subject to stock options or similar awards granted under the Existing Incentive Plan that expire or otherwise terminate without having been exercised in full after the effective date of the 2019 Plan and unvested shares issued pursuant to awards granted under the Existing Incentive Plan that are forfeited to or repurchased by the Company after the effective date of the 2019 Plan, with the maximum number of shares to be added to the 2019 Plan pursuant to clause (i) above equal to 1,416,788 shares, and (ii) an annual increase on January 1 of each calendar year beginning in 2020 and ending in 2029, equal to the lesser of (a) 5% of the shares of common stock outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (b) such smaller number of shares as determined by the board of directors. The Company initially had 2,700,000 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan, of which, 134,227 stock options were granted. As of June 30, 2020, 3,581,853 shares remain available for issuance, which includes the annual increase of 1,158,580 shares that were authorized on January 1, 2020.  

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In October 2019, the board of directors adopted, and the Company’s stockholders approved, the Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”), which became effective in connection with the IPO. The ESPP permits participants to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 20% of their eligible compensation, which includes a participant’s gross base compensation for services to the Company, including overtime payments and excluding sales commissions, incentive compensation, bonuses, expense reimbursements, fringe benefits and other special payments. A total of 270,000 shares of common stock was initially reserved for issuance under the ESPP. In addition, the number of shares available for issuance under the ESPP will be annually increased on January 1 of each calendar year beginning in 2020 and ending in 2029, by an amount equal to the lesser of: (i) 1% of the shares outstanding on the final day of the immediately preceding calendar year and (ii) such smaller number of shares as is determined by the board of directors. As of June 30, 2020, 559,645 shares of common stock remain available for issuance, which includes the annual increase of 289,645 shares that were authorized on January 1, 2020.

A summary of the Company’s unvested shares is as follows:

For accounting purposes, unvested shares of common stock are considered issued, but not outstanding until they vest.

Common stock reserved for future issuance consists of the following:

Stock Options

The fair value of each employee and non-employee stock option grant is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company, prior to the IPO on October 29, 2019, was a private company and lacked company-specific historical and implied volatility information. Therefore, it estimated its expected volatility based on the historical volatility of a publicly traded set of peer companies. Due to the lack of historical exercise history, the expected term of the Company’s stock options for employees was determined utilizing the “simplified” method for awards. The expected term of stock options granted to non-employees was equal to the contractual term of the option award. The risk-free interest rate was determined by reference to the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant of the award for time periods approximately equal to the expected term of the award. Expected dividend yield was zero based on the fact that the Company has never paid cash dividends and does not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

PHATHOM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Unaudited Financial Statements − (Continued)

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information is as follows:

The estimated weighted-average fair value of employee and nonemployee director stock options granted during 2020 was $18.65. As of June 30, 2020, the Company had $10.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.28 years. As of June 30, 2019, the unrecognized stock-based compensation expense was $59,000, which was recognized as expense over a weighted-average period of approximately 0.7 years.

Valuation Assumptions

The weighted-average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option valuation model were as follows:

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

Stock-based compensation expense recognized for all equity awards, including founder stock, has been reported in the statements of operations as follows (in thousands):

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction  with the unaudited interim financial statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and with our audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2019 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, both of which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (“2019 Form 10-K”).

Forward Looking Statements

The following discussion and other parts of this quarterly report contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this quarterly report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, research and development plans and costs, the impact of COVID-19, the timing and likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, commercialization plans, pricing and reimbursement, the potential to develop future product candidates, the timing and likelihood of success of the plans and objectives of management for future operations, and future results of anticipated product development efforts, are forward-looking statements. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. The forward-looking statements in this quarterly report are only predictions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, operating results, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this quarterly report and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in the Part II, Item 1A under the heading “Risk Factors.” The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, changed circumstances or otherwise.

Overview

We are a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing novel treatments for gastrointestinal, or GI, diseases. Our initial product candidate, vonoprazan, is an oral small molecule potassium competitive acid blocker, or P-CAB. P-CABs are a novel class of medicines that block acid secretion in the stomach. Vonoprazan has shown rapid, potent, and durable anti-secretory effects and has demonstrated clinical benefits over the current standard of care as a single agent in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, and in combination with antibiotics for the treatment of H. pylori infection. Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, or Takeda, developed vonoprazan and has received marketing approval in thirteen countries in Asia and Latin America. Vonoprazan generated over $670 million in net sales in its fifth full year on the market since its approval in Japan in late 2014. In May 2019, we in-licensed the U.S., European, and Canadian rights to vonoprazan from Takeda. We initiated two pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials in the fourth quarter of 2019 for vonoprazan: one for the treatment of erosive GERD (PHALCON-EE), also known as erosive esophagitis, and a second for the treatment of H. pylori infection (PHALCON-HP). We have received qualified infectious disease product, or QIDP, and Fast Track designations from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for vonoprazan in combination with certain antibiotics for the treatment of H. pylori infection. QIDP designation also provides potential eligibility for priority review and extension of any regulatory exclusivity awarded, if approved. Vonoprazan has the potential to be the first gastric anti-secretory agent from a novel class approved in the United States, Europe, or Canada in over 30 years. In addition, we continue to plan to pursue vonoprazan lifecycle extension strategies in areas with clear unmet need, clinical rationale, and commercial justification.  For example, one indication for which we are evaluating is whether to study vonoprazan for potential use in non-erosive reflux disease or NERD with daily and/or on-demand, or as-needed, dosing regimens.

In March 2020, we announced a pause in randomization of new patients in our Phase 3 trials. The decision was not based on any study-related COVID-19 infections or other safety events, but supported global efforts to combat COVID-19, and aligned with guidance from the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, or ASGE, on limiting endoscopies, which are required in both Phase 3 clinical trials. During the pause, we worked with our clinical trial sites to ensure uninterrupted clinical trial supply, and supported the continuation of patients who were enrolled in our Phase 3 trials prior to the randomization pause while providing for their safety and the safety of physicians and other staff at the clinical trial sites.  On June 15, 2020, we announced that we had restarted randomization of new patients on a site-by-site basis in both of our Phase 3 trials. To date, we have not experienced any interruption in our clinical trial supply, however, there is no guarantee that, as COVID-19 continues, it will not disrupt our supply chain in the future.

Despite the pause in randomization, we continue to expect that topline data will be available from both trials in 2021, and that the successful completion of our Phase 3 clinical trials, together with the existing clinical data, will support regulatory submissions in 2021 and 2022 for marketing approval for the treatment of H. pylori infection and erosive esophagitis, respectively. However, our assumptions used to determine expected timelines for clinical trials and regulatory filings may not be correct due to a number of factors, including the uncertainties regarding COVID-19 and its potential further impact on our operations and clinical trials,  and we may experience delays in the completion of such trials beyond our expected timelines and resulting delays in the filing of our regulatory submissions. Any delays in the completion of our clinical trials and regulatory filings or disruption in our supply chain could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition to our focus on the well-being of physicians and other staff at the clinical trial sites and the patients currently participating in our trials, we are actively working with each study site to implement measures to avoid study protocol violations, to minimize any disruption of treatment visits, to accommodate for other patient visit delays caused by limited access to healthcare facilities, to continue monitoring and supporting patients leveraging alternative methods (e.g., phone or virtual visits), and to properly record protocol violations and other information that may be related to COVID-19.  In this respect, we are also incorporating recent direction and flexibility provided by regulatory authorities, including the FDA in its March 2020 Guidance (updated July 2, 2020) entitled “FDA Guidance on Conduct of Clinical Trials of Medicinal Products during COVID-19.” This guidance is continually being updated by the FDA and updates can be found on the FDA’s website at www.fda.gov. In addition, we may refer to guidance documents provided by other regulatory agencies, such as, for example, the European Medicines Agency’s “Implications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on methodological aspect of ongoing clinical trials” found on www.ema.europe.eu, which are also continually being updated. We will continue to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on our business and as additional information and guidance about its impact on our industry is available.

We commenced our operations in 2018 and have devoted substantially all of our resources to date to organizing and staffing our company, business planning, raising capital, in-licensing our initial product candidate, vonoprazan, meeting with regulatory authorities, preparing for and managing our Phase 3 clinical trials of vonoprazan, and providing other general and administrative support for these operations. Our operations to date have been funded primarily through the issuance of convertible promissory notes, commercial bank debt, and the proceeds from our initial public offering, or IPO. From our inception through June 30, 2020, we have raised aggregate gross proceeds of $90.3 million from the issuance of convertible promissory notes in 2019, $50.0 million of commercial bank debt, and net proceeds from our IPO of $191.5 million from the sale of 10,997,630 shares of common stock, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase 1,434,473 additional shares at a public offering price of $19.00 per share, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering costs. As of June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $247.3 million. Based on our current operating plan, and subject to the potential delays and cost increases resulting from the evolving COVID-19 pandemic, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for approximately the next 24 months.

We do not have any products approved for sale and have incurred net losses since our inception. Our net losses for the six month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 were $41.2 million and $89 million, respectively.  As of June 30, 2020, we had an accumulated deficit of $297.7 million. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, depending on the timing of our clinical development activities, other research and development activities, and pre-commercialization activities. We expect our expenses and operating losses will increase substantially as we advance vonoprazan through clinical trials, seek regulatory approval for vonoprazan, expand our clinical, regulatory, quality, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities, incur significant commercialization expenses for marketing, sales, manufacturing and distribution if we obtain marketing approval for vonoprazan, protect our intellectual property, expand our general and administrative support functions, including hiring additional personnel, and incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

We have never generated any revenue and do not expect to generate any revenues from product sales unless and until we successfully complete development and obtain regulatory approval for vonoprazan, which will not be for several years, if ever. Accordingly, until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of vonoprazan, if ever, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, our existing loan and security agreement, or the Loan Agreement, debt financings, or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses and other similar arrangements. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all, and this risk could be exacerbated by the impact of COVID-19 on global economic conditions. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts, or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Financial Operations Overview

Our financial statements include our accounts (the receiving entity) and the accounts of YamadaCo IIA, Inc., or YamadaCo, prior to being merged into a single entity effective March 13, 2019. We and YamadaCo were entities under common control of Frazier Life Sciences IX, L.P., or Frazier, as a result of, among other things, Frazier’s: (i) ownership of a majority of the outstanding capital stock of both companies; (ii) financing of both companies; (iii) control of the board of directors of both companies; and (iv) management of both companies. Both Phathom and YamadaCo were formed for the purpose of identifying potential assets around which to form an operating company. As the merged entities were under common control, the financial statements report the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of Phathom and YamadaCo as though the transfer of net assets and equity interests had occurred at the beginning of 2018. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated.

License Agreement with Takeda

On May 7, 2019, we and Takeda entered into an exclusive license, or the Takeda License, pursuant to which we in-licensed the U.S., European, and Canadian rights to vonoprazan fumarate. During the term of the Takeda License, we and our affiliates are not permitted to commercialize any pharmaceutical product, other than vonoprazan, that treats acid-related disorders, except for certain generic and OTC competing products in specified circumstances. We will be responsible at our cost for the development, manufacture and commercialization of vonoprazan products. We are required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize the vonoprazan products in our licensed territory.

Under the Takeda License, Takeda has the sole right and authority, with our input, to prepare, file, prosecute, and maintain all Takeda and joint patents on a worldwide basis at its own cost. We are responsible, at our cost, for preparing, filing, prosecuting, and maintaining patents on inventions made solely by us in connection with vonoprazan, subject to input from Takeda.

We paid Takeda upfront consideration consisting of a cash fee of $25.0 million, 1,084,000 shares of our common stock, a warrant to purchase 7,588,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $0.00004613 per share, or the Takeda Warrant, and issued Takeda a right to receive an additional common stock warrant, or the Takeda Warrant Right, if Takeda’s fully-diluted ownership of the Company represented less than a certain specified percentage of the fully-diluted capitalization, including shares issuable upon conversion of then outstanding convertible promissory notes, calculated immediately prior to the closing of our IPO.  The Takeda Warrant Right expired without effect since no fair value had been allocated to it upon completion of our IPO, and no additional warrant was issued. We agreed to make milestone payments to Takeda upon achieving certain tiered aggregate annual net sales of licensed products in the United States, Europe, and Canada up to a total maximum milestone amount of $250.0 million. We also agreed to make tiered royalty payments at percentages in the low double digits on net sales of licensed products, subject to specified offsets and reductions. Royalties will be payable, on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of such product in such country, until the latest of expiration of the licensed patents covering the applicable product, expiration of regulatory exclusivity in such country, or 15 years following first commercial sale in such country.

Components of Results of Operations

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

To date, our research and development expenses have related to the development of vonoprazan. Research and development expenses are recognized as incurred and payments made prior to the receipt of goods or services to be used in research and development are capitalized until the goods or services are received.

Research and development expenses include:

We plan to substantially increase our research and development expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of vonoprazan. We cannot determine with certainty the timing of initiation, the duration or the completion costs of current or future clinical trials and nonclinical studies of vonoprazan or any future product candidates due to the inherently unpredictable nature of clinical and preclinical development. Clinical and preclinical development timelines, the probability of success and development costs can differ materially from expectations. In addition, we cannot forecast which product candidates may be subject to future collaborations, when such arrangements will be secured, if at all, and to what degree such arrangements would affect our development plans and capital requirements.

Our future clinical development costs may vary significantly based on factors such as:

In-Process Research and Development

In-process research and development expenses relate to the Takeda License, and include the $78.9 million purchase price of the acquired research and development assets. The purchase price of the Takeda License consisted of the following: (i) $25.0 million in cash; (ii) issuance to Takeda of 1,084,000 shares of our common stock at a fair value of $5.9 million; (iii) issuance of the Takeda Warrant at an initial fair value of $47.9 million; (iv) issuance of the Takeda Warrant Right, with a nominal initial fair value due to the low probability of issuance; and (v) $0.1 million of transaction costs incurred by us. The fair value of the Takeda Warrant and Takeda Warrant Right were derived from the model used to estimate the fair value of our common stock and the fair value of the common stock was determined using methodologies, approaches and assumptions consistent with the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Accounting and Valuation Guide: Valuation of Privately Held Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation, or the Practice Aid. The Practice Aid prescribes several valuation approaches for setting the value of an enterprise, such as the cost, income and market approaches, and various methodologies for allocating the value of an enterprise to its common stock. We utilized a scenario-based analysis that estimated the fair value per share based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns, considering each of the possible outcomes available to us, including various initial public offering, stay private and dissolution scenarios, and applying a discount for lack of marketability. We considered various stay private scenarios using the income approach and allocated the indicated equity value to each class of equity based on the current-value method. We also considered various initial public offering scenarios based on expected equity values in an initial public offering and allocated the indicated equity value to each class of equity on a fully-diluted basis considering the dilutive impacts of the unsecured convertible promissory notes we issued in May 2019, or the May 2019 Notes, and the Lender Warrants.

There were significant judgments and estimates inherent in the determination of the fair value of our common stock prior to our 2019 IPO. These judgments and estimates included assumptions regarding our future operating performance, the time to complete an initial public offering or other liquidity event and the determination of the appropriate valuation methods. If we had made different assumptions, our fair value per share of common stock could have been significantly different.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of salaries and employee-related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, accounting, legal, human resources and other administrative functions, legal fees relating to intellectual property and corporate matters, and professional fees for accounting and consulting services. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase in the future to support our continued research and development activities, pre-commercial preparation activities for vonoprazan and, if any future product candidate receives marketing approval, commercialization activities. We also anticipate increased expenses related to audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, requirements, director and officer insurance premiums, and investor relations costs associated with operating as a public company.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest on our money market fund.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists of interest on our outstanding commercial bank debt at a floating per annum interest rate which was 7.25% as of June 30, 2020, and amortization of the commercial bank debt discount recorded in connection with the fair value of warrants issued to the lenders, the debt issuance costs incurred, and the obligation to make a final payment fee.

Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities

In connection with the entry into the Loan Agreement, we issued the lenders warrants to purchase our capital stock, or the Lender Warrants. The Lender Warrants were accounted for as liabilities as they contained a holder put right under which the lenders could have required us to pay cash in exchange for the warrants. We adjusted the carrying value of the Lender Warrants to their estimated fair value at each reporting date, with any change in fair value of the warrant liabilities recorded as an increase or decrease to change in fair value of warrant liabilities in the  statements of operations. The Lender Warrants were accounted for at fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with an expected term equal to the remaining contractual term of the warrants. When we drew down an additional $25.0 million, or the Term Loan B, in March 2020, the Lender put right expired, and we recorded a final fair value adjustment and reclassified the Lender Warrants balance of $0.3 million to additional paid-in-capital.

Change in Fair Value of Convertible Promissory Notes

We issued convertible promissory notes in 2018 and 2019 for which we elected the fair value option. We adjusted the carrying value of our convertible promissory notes to their estimated fair value at each reporting date, with any change in fair value of the convertible promissory notes recorded as an increase or decrease to change in fair value of convertible promissory notes in our  statements of operations.

Prior to their exchange into convertible promissory notes issued in May 2019, the fair value of convertible promissory notes issued from inception through April 2019 was estimated using a scenario-based analysis that estimated the fair value of the convertible promissory notes based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns, considering possible outcomes available to the noteholders, including conversions in subsequent equity financings, change of control transactions, settlement and dissolution. The fair value of the convertible promissory notes issued in May 2019 was estimated using a scenario-based analysis that estimated the fair value of the convertible promissory notes based on the probability-weighted present value of expected future investment returns, considering each of the possible outcomes available to the noteholders, including various IPO, settlement, equity financing, corporate transaction and dissolution scenarios.

The notes issued in May 2019 and related accrued interest thereon were converted into 6,107,918 shares immediately prior to the completion of our IPO.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses were $30.7 million and $3.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $27.5 million consisted of $22.4 million of clinical trial costs and $1.1 million of chemistry manufacturing and controls (“CMC”) costs related to vonoprazan, $2.7 million of personnel-related expenses, $0.6 million of consulting expenses, $0.4 million of expenses related to regulatory requirements, and $0.3 million of other operating expenses.

In-Process Research and Development Expenses. We had no in-process research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2020. The $78.9 million of in-process research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 consisted of the purchase price for the research and development assets we acquired as part of the Takeda License.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses were $9.7 million and $2.2 million for six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $7.5 million was due to increases of $3.0 million in personnel-related expenses, $2.9 million in professional services expenses for accounting, audit, tax, valuation and other services, $1.4 million of insurance premiums related to general operating matters, $0.1 million of consulting expenses, and $0.4 million of other operating expenses, partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in legal fees related to corporate and intellectual property matters.

Other Income (Expense). Other expense of $0.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 consisted of $2.0 million of interest expense on outstanding commercial bank debt partially offset by $1.1 million of interest income and $0.1 million of other income related to the decrease in the fair value of warrant liabilities. Other expense of $4.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 consisted of $2.4 million of other expense related to the increase in the fair value of our convertible promissory notes, $1.3 million of other expense related to the increase in the fair value of warrant liabilities, $0.9 million of interest expense on our outstanding convertible promissory notes, $0.3 million of interest expense on outstanding commercial bank debt, partially offset by $0.1 million of interest income.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses were $14.9 million and $2.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $12.1 million consisted of $9.6 million of clinical trial costs and $0.6 million of CMC costs related to vonoprazan, $1.4 million of personnel-related expenses, $0.2 million of consulting expenses, $0.1 million of expenses related to regulatory requirements, and $0.2 million of other operating expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses were $5.2 million and $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase of $3.8 million was due to increases of $1.6 million in professional services expenses for accounting, audit, tax, valuation and other services, $1.5 million in personnel-related expenses, $0.7 million of insurance premiums related to general operating matters, and $0.1 million of other operating expenses, partially offset by a $0.1 million decrease in legal fees.

Other Income (Expense). Other expense of $1.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2020 consisted of $1.3 million of interest expense on outstanding commercial bank debt and interest income of $0.2 million. Other expense of $4.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 consisted of $2.4 million of other expense related to the increase in the fair value of our convertible promissory notes, $1.3 million of other expense related to the increase in the fair value of warrant liabilities, $0.9 million of interest expense on our outstanding convertible promissory notes, $0.3 million of interest expense on outstanding commercial bank debt, partially offset by $0.1 million of interest income.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from operations since our inception and anticipate we will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. As of June 30, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of $247.3 million.

Commercial Bank Debt

On May 14, 2019, we entered into the Loan Agreement with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, as administrative and collateral agent, and lenders SVB and WestRiver Innovation Lending Fund VIII, L.P. We borrowed $25.0 million, Term Loan A, at the inception of the Loan Agreement and the additional $25.0 million, Term Loan B, in March 2020, which we collectively refer to as the Term Loans. As of June 30, 2020, we had outstanding Term Loans of $50.0 million and accrued interest of $0.3 million.

The Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate of the higher of the Wall Street Journal Prime rate plus 1.75% (5% at June 30, 2020) or 7.25%. Under the original Loan Agreement, the monthly payments consisted of interest-only through May 31, 2021.  Pursuant to the first amendment to the Loan Agreement entered into on March 11, 2020, the interest-only payment period was extended either (i) until December 31, 2021, if we receive positive data from our Phase 3 clinical trial in H. pylori infection sufficient to file a new drug application, or NDA, with the FDA; or (ii) until November 30, 2022, if we receive positive data from our Phase 3 clinical trials in both indications for vonoprazan sufficient to file an NDA with the FDA; provided, in each case, that we had drawn down an additional $25.0 million, Term Loan B, pursuant to the Loan Agreement.  Subsequent to the interest-only period, the Term Loans will be payable in equal monthly installments of principal, plus accrued and unpaid interest through the maturity date of May 1, 2024.

In addition, we are obligated to pay a final payment fee of 8.25% of the original principal amount of the Term Loans. We may elect to prepay all or a portion of the Term Loans prior to maturity, subject to a prepayment fee of up to 2.0% of the then outstanding principal balance and payment of a pro rata portion of the final payment fee. After repayment, no Term Loan amounts may be borrowed again. The borrowings under the Loan Agreement are collateralized by substantially all of our assets, excluding intellectual property and certain other assets. We have agreed not to encumber our intellectual property assets without SVB’s prior written consent unless a security interest in the underlying intellectual property is necessary to have a security interest in the accounts and proceeds that are part of the assets securing the Term Loans, in which case our intellectual property will automatically be included within the assets securing the Term Loans.

The Loan Agreement contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. The affirmative covenants include, among others, covenants requiring us to maintain our legal existence and governmental approvals, deliver certain financial reports, maintain insurance coverage and satisfy certain requirements regarding our operating accounts. The negative covenants include, among others, limitations on our ability to incur additional indebtedness and liens, merge with other companies or consummate certain changes of control, acquire other companies, engage in new lines of business, make certain investments, pay dividends, transfer or dispose of assets, amend certain material agreements or enter into various specified transactions. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, subject to any specified cure periods, all amounts owed by us would begin to bear interest at a rate that is 4.00% above the rate effective immediately before the event of default and may be declared immediately due and payable by SVB, as collateral agent. As of June 30, 2020, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants under the Loan Agreement.

In connection with the Loan Agreement, we issued the Lender Warrants, which became exercisable when we borrowed Term Loan B in March 2020. The Lender Warrants are exercisable for 16,446 shares of common stock. The Lender Warrants expire ten years from the date of issuance. The Lender Warrants included a put option pursuant to which, in the event that we did not draw down Term Loan B on or before March 31, 2020, the warrant holders could have required us to repurchase the warrants for a total aggregate repurchase price of $0.5 million. Upon the Term Loan B draw in March 2020, the put option related to the Lender Warrants expired, at which time we recorded a final fair value adjustment and reclassified the Lender Warrants balance of $0.3 million to additional paid-in-capital.

Convertible Note Financings

From January 2018 to April 2019, we issued an aggregate of $2.4 million of convertible promissory notes to Frazier, or the Frazier Notes, bearing interest at per annum rates ranging from 1.68% to 2.55%. In May 2019, these notes and related accrued interest were exchanged, at their then fair value of $2.4 million, for the May 2019 convertible promissory notes described below.

On May 7, 2019, we entered into a note purchase agreement under which we issued an aggregate of $90.3 million of May 2019 Notes resulting in gross proceeds to us of $87.8 million in cash and $2.4 million related to the exchange of the Frazier Notes. Including the conversion of the Frazier Notes, Frazier purchased $20.0 million of the May 2019 Notes. The May 2019 Notes bore an interest at a rate of 6% per annum and were subordinated to borrowings under our Loan Agreement. Immediately prior to the completion of our IPO on October 29, 2019, the May 2019 Notes automatically converted into 6,107,918 shares of common stock, representing the outstanding principal and interest of the May 2019 notes at the date of automatic conversion.

Funding Requirements

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for approximately the next 24 months. We expect our current cash and cash equivalents will allow us to complete our ongoing Phase 3 clinical trials of vonoprazan for the treatment of erosive esophagitis and H. pylori infection. However, our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement that involves risks and uncertainties and actual results could vary materially. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could deplete our capital resources sooner than we expect. Additionally, the process of testing product candidates in clinical trials is costly, and the timing of progress and expenses in these trials is uncertain.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues to support our cost structure, we expect to finance our cash needs through equity offerings, debt financings, or other capital sources, including potential collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be or could be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise funds through collaborations, or other similar arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us and/or may reduce the value of our common stock. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market our product candidates even if we would otherwise prefer to develop and market such product candidates ourselves.

Including our existing cash and cash equivalents we believe that we have sufficient working capital on hand to fund operations such that there is no substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern at the date the financial statements were issued. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in acquiring additional funding, that our projections of its future working capital needs will prove accurate, or that any additional funding would be sufficient to continue operations in future years.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth a summary of the net cash flow activity for each of the periods indicated (in thousands):

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $20.8 million and $6.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was due to approximately $39.3 million spent on ongoing research and development and general and administrative activities, partially offset by a $18.5 million net change in operating assets and liabilities. The net change in operating assets and liabilities primarily related to a $10.4 million decrease in prepaid clinical activities, and a $8.3 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses in support of the growth in our operating activities, partially offset by a $0.2 million increase in other long-term assets. The net cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was due to approximately $6.3 million spent on ongoing research and development and general and administrative activities, partially offset by a $0.3 million net change in operating assets and liabilities . The net change in operating assets and liabilities related to a $1.0 million increase in accrued interest on our outstanding convertible promissory notes and commercial bank debt and a $0.9 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses in support of the growth in our operating activities, partially offset by a $1.6 million increase in prepaid clinical activities.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was primarily due to the cash we paid for acquiring property, plant and equipment. Net cash used in investing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was primarily due to the cash we paid, including transaction costs, to acquire the Takeda License.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was due to our commercial bank debt proceeds of $25.0 million related to the Term Loan B drawdown. Net cash provided by financing activities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $113.2 million, due to $88.3 million of net proceeds from our issuance of convertible promissory notes and $24.9 million of net proceeds from our commercial bank debt.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Other than disclosed below, there were no material changes outside the ordinary course of our business during the six months ended June 30, 2020 to the information regarding our contractual obligations that was disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in our 2019 Form 10-K.

On March 16, 2020, we drew down the additional $25.0 million Term Loan B. As of June 30, 2020, we had outstanding Term Loans of $50.0 million and accrued interest of $0.3 million.

On May 5, 2020, the Company entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with Takeda, pursuant to which Takeda will supply commercial quantities of vonoprazan bulk drug product. The Company has a minimum purchase obligation of approximately $2.5 million related to this agreement.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of our financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

For a description of our critical accounting policies, please see the section entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates” contained in our 2019 Form 10-K. There have not been any material changes to the critical accounting policies discussed therein during the six months ended June 30, 2020.

Other Company Information

JOBS Act

As an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act, we can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We intend to rely on other exemptions provided by the JOBS Act, including without limitation, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of Sarbanes-Oxley.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the consummation of our IPO, (ii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (iii) the last day of the fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act, which would occur if the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the last business day of the second fiscal quarter of such year, or (iv) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The information required by this item is included in Note 1, Organization, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part 1, Item 1 of this quarterly report.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

During the periods presented we did not have, nor do we currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements as defined under SEC rules.

Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As of June 30, 2020, there have been no material changes surrounding our market risk, including interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, and inflation risk, from the discussion provided in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” of our 2019 Form 10-K.

Item 4.Controls and Procedures

Conclusion Regarding the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our periodic and current reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management necessarily was required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of the end of the period covered by this quarterly report. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the six months ended June 30, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.Legal Proceedings

We are not currently subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings or subject to claims incident to the ordinary course of business. Regardless of the outcome, such proceedings or claims can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of resources and other factors, and there can be no assurances that favorable outcomes will be obtained.

Item 1A.Risk Factors

Other than as set forth below, there have been no material changes to the risk factors disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our 2019 Form 10-K.

Our business has been impacted by, and is subject to further risks arising from, epidemic diseases such as the recent global outbreak of  COVID-19.

The recent outbreak of COVID-19, which has been declared by the World Health Organization to be a pandemic, has spread across the globe and is impacting worldwide economic activity. A pandemic, including COVID-19 or other public health epidemic, poses the risk that we or our employees, contractors, including our CROs, suppliers, and other partners may be prevented from conducting business activities for an indefinite period of time, including due to spread of the disease within these groups or due to shutdowns that may be requested or mandated by governmental authorities. In March 2020, in view of efforts to combat COVID-19, as well as then-current guidance from the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy limiting endoscopies, which are required in both of our Phase 3 trials, we announced a pause in randomization of new patients in our Phase 3 trials.  In June 2020, we announced that we restarted randomization of new patients in each our trials, however, it is not possible at this time to estimate the full impact that COVID-19 will have on our business. The continued spread of COVID-19 and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected could, in addition to the disruption of our clinical trial randomization, disrupt the supply chain and the manufacture or shipment of drug substance and finished drug product for vonoprazan for use in our clinical trials, cause patients to discontinue the trial, adversely affecting our trial results, ultimately lead to a discontinuation of the trials prior to their completion, and impede our future clinical trial recruitment, testing, monitoring, data collection and analysis and other related activities, which could delay our ongoing clinical trials, increase development costs and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, to the extent any of these risks and uncertainties adversely impact us in the ways described above or otherwise, they may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks set forth in our 2019 Form 10-K. COVID-19 and mitigation measures have also had an adverse impact on global economic conditions which could have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition, including impairing our ability to raise capital when needed. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our expected clinical and regulatory timelines and other results will depend on future developments that are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the virus and the actions to contain its impact or treat it.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Use of Proceeds from Initial Public Offering of Common Stock

On October 24, 2019, our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-234020) was declared effective by the SEC for our initial public offering. At the closing of the offering on October 29, 2019, we sold 10,997,630 shares of common stock, which included the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase 1,434,473 additional shares, at an initial public offering price of $19.00 per share and received gross proceeds of $209.0 million, which resulted in net proceeds to us of approximately $191.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $14.6 million and offering-related transaction costs of approximately $2.9 million. None of the expenses associated with the initial public offering were paid to directors, officers, persons owning ten percent or more of any class of equity securities, or to their associates, or to our affiliates. Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Jefferies LLC and Evercore Group L.L.C. acted as joint book-running managers for the offering.

As of June 30, 2020, the net proceeds from our initial public offering have been applied as follows: $21.7 million towards the clinical development of vonoprazan and $12.9 million towards working capital and general corporate purposes.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities

Not Applicable.

Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable.

Item 5.Other Information

None.

Item 6.Exhibits