PRESSURE BIOSCIENCES INC - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

Commission file number 001-38185

PRESSURE BIOSCIENCES, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

(508) 230-1828

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.

Yes [  ] No [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that registrant was required to submit and post such files.

Yes [X] No [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company or an “emerging growth company”. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [  ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [  ] No [X].

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 28, 2019 was $5,366,316 based on the closing price of $3.00 per share of Pressure BioSciences, Inc. common stock as quoted on the OTCQB Marketplace on that date.

As of April 9, 2020, there were 2,770,071 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

N/A.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introductory Comments

Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “our Company,” and “PBI,” refer to Pressure BioSciences, Inc., a Massachusetts corporation, and unless the context indicates otherwise, also includes our wholly-owned subsidiary.

PART I

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). In some cases, forward-looking statements are identified by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “projects,” “predicts,” “potential” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. Such statements include, without limitation, statements regarding:

These forward-looking statements are only predictions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements, expressed or implied, by such forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except as otherwise required by law, we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to reflect any change in our expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any of our forward-looking statements are based. Factors that could cause or contribute to differences in our future financial and other results include those discussed in the risk factors set forth in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

ITEM 1. BUSINESS.

Throughout this document we use the following terms: Barocycler®, and PULSE®, which are registered trademarks of the Company. We also use the terms ProteoSolve^TM, ProteoSolveLRS^TM, the Power of PCT^TM, the PCT Shredder^TM, HUB440^TM, HUB880^TM, micro-Pestle^TM, PCT-HD^TM, BaroFold^TM, Ultra Shear Technology, and UST™ all of which are unregistered trademarks of the Company.

Overview

We are a leader in the development and sale of innovative, broadly enabling, pressure-based platform solutions for the worldwide life sciences industry. Our solutions are based on the unique properties of both constant (i.e., static) and alternating (i.e., pressure cycling technology, or “PCT”) hydrostatic pressure. PCT is a patented enabling technology platform that uses alternating cycles of hydrostatic pressure between ambient and ultra-high levels to safely and reproducibly control bio-molecular interactions (e.g., cell lysis, biomolecule extraction). Our primary focus has been in the development of PCT-based products for biomarker and target discovery, drug design and development, biotherapeutics characterization and quality control, soil & plant biology, forensics, and counter-bioterror applications. Additionally, major new market opportunities have emerged in the use of our pressure-based technologies in the following areas: (1) the use of our recently acquired, patented technology from BaroFold, Inc. (the “BaroFold” technology platform) to allow entry into the bio-pharma contract services sector, and (2) the use of our recently-patented, scalable, high-efficiency, pressure-based Ultra Shear Technology (“UST”) platform to (i) create stable nanoemulsions of otherwise immiscible fluids (e.g., oils and water) and to (ii) prepare higher quality, homogenized, extended shelf-life or room temperature stable low-acid liquid foods that cannot be acceptably preserved using existing non-thermal technologies.

The PCT Platform

a. Description

The PCT Platform uses alternating cycles of hydrostatic pressure between ambient and ultra-high levels to safely and reproducibly control bio-molecular interactions (e.g., critical steps performed by hundreds of thousands of scientists worldwide, such as cell lysis and biomolecule extraction). Our primary focus is in making our recently released, GMP-compliant, next generation PCT-based Barocycler EXTREME instrument available globally to biopharmaceutical drug manufacturers to accelerate biologics development by streamlining workflows for the design, development, characterization and quality control of biotherapeutic drugs. The PCT Platform is also used in such areas as biomarker and target discovery, soil & plant biology, anti-bioterror, and forensics. We currently have hundreds of PCT instrument systems placed in approximately 200 academic, government, pharmaceutical, and biotech research laboratories worldwide. There are over 120 independent publications highlighting the advantages of using the PCT Platform in scientific research studies, many from key opinion leaders worldwide. The PCT Platform is offered through the Company’s Research Products & Services Group.

We are focused on solving the challenging problems inherent in biological sample preparation, a crucial laboratory step performed by scientists worldwide working in biological life sciences research. Sample preparation is a term that refers to a wide range of activities that precede most forms of scientific analysis. Sample preparation is often complex, time-consuming and, in our belief, one of the most error-prone steps of scientific research. It is a widely-used laboratory undertaking – the requirements of which drive what we believe is a large and growing worldwide market. We have developed and patented a novel, enabling technology platform that can control the sample preparation process. It is based on harnessing the unique properties of high hydrostatic pressure. This process, which we refer to as Pressure Cycling Technology, or PCT, uses alternating cycles of hydrostatic pressure between ambient and ultra-high levels i.e., 20,000 psi or greater to safely, conveniently and reproducibly control the actions of molecules in biological samples, such as cells and tissues from human, animal, plant and microbial sources.

PCT is an enabling platform technology based on a physical process that had not previously been used to control bio-molecular interactions. PCT uses unique instrumentation that is capable of cycling pressure between ambient and ultra-high levels at controlled temperatures and specific time intervals, to rapidly and repeatedly control the interactions of bio-molecules, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, lipids and small molecules. Our laboratory instrument family, the Barocycler®, and our proprietary consumables product line, which include our unique MicroTubes, MicroCaps, MicroPestles, and PULSE® (Pressure Used to Lyse Samples for Extraction) Tubes, and application specific kits (containing consumable products and reagents), together make up our PCT Sample Preparation System (the “PCT SPS”).

In 2015, together with an investment bank, we formed a subsidiary called Pressure BioSciences Europe (“PBI Europe”) in Poland. We have 49% non-controlling ownership interest with the investment bank retaining 51%. Throughout 2019, PBI Europe did not have any operating activities and we cannot reasonably predict when operations will commence.

Sample preparation is widely regarded as a significant impediment to research and discovery and sample extraction is generally regarded as one of the key parts of sample preparation. The process of preparing samples for genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule studies includes a crucial step called sample extraction or sample disruption. This is the process of extracting biomolecules such as nucleic acid i.e., DNA and/or RNA, as well as proteins, lipids, or small molecules from the plant or animal cells and tissues that are being studied. Our current sales and marketing efforts are based upon our belief that pressure cycling technology provides a superior solution for sample extraction when compared to other available technologies or procedures and thus might significantly improve the quality of sample preparation, and thus the quality of the test result.

Within the broad field of biological sample preparation, we focus the majority of our PCT and constant pressure (“CP”) product development efforts in three specific areas: biomarker discovery (primarily through mass spectrometric analysis), precision medicine and forensics. We believe that our existing PCT and CP-based instrumentation and related consumable products fill an important and growing need in the sample preparation market for the safe, rapid, versatile, reproducible and quality extraction of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and small molecules from a wide variety of plant, animal, and microbiological cells and tissues.

Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine

The most commonly used technique worldwide for the preservation of cancer and other tissues for long-term storage and subsequent pathology evaluation is to process them into formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (“FFPE”) samples. We believe that the quality and analysis of FFPE tissues is highly problematic, and that PCT offers significant advantages over current processing methods, including standardization, speed, biomolecule recovery, and safety.

Our customers include researchers at academic laboratories, government agencies, biotechnology companies, pharmaceutical companies and other life science institutions in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Our goal is to continue aggressive market penetration in these target areas. We also believe that there is a significant opportunity to sell and/or lease additional Barocycler® instrumentation to additional laboratories at current customer institutions.

If we are successful in commercializing PCT in applications beyond our current focus area of genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule sample preparation, and if we are successful in our attempts to attract additional capital, our potential customer base could expand to include hospitals, reference laboratories, pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and other sites involved in each specific application. If we are successful in forensics, our potential customers could be forensic laboratories, military and other government agencies. If we are successful in biomarker discovery and precision medicine - specifically the extraction of biomolecules from FFPE tissues, our potential customers could be pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, and laboratories focused on drug discovery or correlation of disease states.

Forensics

The detection of DNA has become a part of the analysis of forensic samples by laboratories and criminal justice agencies worldwide in their efforts to identify the perpetrators of violent crimes and missing persons. Scientists from the University of North Texas and Florida International University have reported improvements in DNA yield from forensic samples (e.g., bone and hair) when using the PCT platform in the sample preparation process. We believe that PCT may be capable of differentially extracting DNA from sperm cells and female epithelial cells captured in swabs collected from rape victims and subsequently stored in rape kits. We also believe that there are many completed rape kits that remain untested for reasons such as cost, time and quality of results. We further believe that the ability to differentially extract DNA from sperm and not epithelial cells could reduce the cost of such testing, while increasing the quality, safety and speed of the testing process.

b. Market

Until last year, we have focused most of our research and development and commercialization efforts on sample preparation for genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule studies. This market is comprised of academic and government research institutions, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and other public and private laboratories that are engaged in studying genomic, proteomic and small molecule material within plant and animal cells and tissues. We elected to initially focus our resources in the market of genomic, proteomic and small molecule sample preparation because we believe it is an area that:

We believe that our existing PCT and CP-based instrumentation and related consumable products fill an important and growing need in the sample preparation market for the safe, rapid, versatile, reproducible and quality extraction of nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules from a wide variety of plant and animal cells and tissues.

Biomarker Discovery - Mass Spectrometry

A biomarker is any substance (e.g., protein, DNA) that can be used as an indicator of the presence or absence of a particular disease-state or condition, and/or to predict or measure the progression and effects of therapy. Biomarkers can help in the diagnosis, prognosis, therapy selection and monitoring, prevention, surveillance, control, and cure of diseases and medical conditions.

A mass spectrometer is a laboratory instrument used in the analysis of biological samples, often focused on proteins, in life sciences research. It is frequently used to help discover biomarkers. According to the November 2017 published market report by Markets and Markets “Mass Spectrometry Market by Application (Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology, Environmental testing), Platform (Single mass spectrometry (Quadrupole, TOF & Ion Trap), Hybrid mass spectrometry (Triple Quadrupole, QTOF & FTMS)) – Global Forecast to 2022, the global mass spectrometry market is expected to grow from USD 3.44 billion in 2016 to USD 5.27 billion by 2022, at a CAGR of 7.4% from 2015 to 2020. We believe PCT and CP-based products offer significant advantages in speed and quality compared with current techniques used in the preparation of samples for mass spectrometry analysis.

Biomarker Discovery – Precision Medicine

Precision medicine is an approach to patient care that allows doctors to select treatments that are most likely to help patients based on a specific biomolecular understanding of their disease. The hope of precision medicine is that treatments will one day be tailored to the unique biomolecular variations specific to each person’s cancer.

A significant roadblock in obtaining necessary information to advance precision medicine – specifically in proteogenomics, is sample preparation and the time required using conventional methods. We believe our PCT workflows address this roadblock by providing rapid, reproducible means of extracting biomarkers from patient samples in a clinically relevant timeframe of 2 hours.

Biomarker Discovery – Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment

The most commonly used technique worldwide for the preservation of cancer and other tissues for subsequent pathology evaluation is formalin-fixation followed by paraffin-embedding, or FFPE. We believe that the quality and analysis of FFPE tissues is highly problematic, and that PCT offers significant advantages over current processing methods, including standardization, speed, biomolecule recovery, and safety.

Biopharmaceutical Quality Control

A critical step in biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes is quality control, involving characterization of the resulting biotherapeutics via peptide mapping and analysis of post-translational modifications. Peptide mapping can be used in drug discovery and throughout the manufacturing process for quality control between batches to produce a unique ‘fingerprint’ of an individual protein and to compare this with the theoretical gene-derived amino acid sequence. Using conventional methods this process can take overnight or more. We believe our PCT workflows offer a significant advantage to this process by offering a significant reduction in time and improvement in reproducibility with a GMP compliant platform. Many protein-based pharmaceuticals undergo specific enzymatic and chemical modifications (such as glycosylation, when specific carbohydrate moieties, glycans, are attached to the protein core, thus helping them remain active longer in the patient’s bloodstream). Similar to peptide mapping, analysis of glycans, also critical quality attributes of biologic drugs, requires tedious sample preparation steps that can be significantly accelerated and rendered more reproducible by PCT instruments.

Our customers include researchers at academic laboratories, government agencies, biotechnology companies, pharmaceutical companies and other life science institutions in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Our goal is to continue aggressive market penetration in these target areas. We also believe that there is a significant opportunity to sell and/or lease additional Barocycler® instrumentation to additional laboratories at current customer institutions.

If we are successful in commercializing PCT in applications beyond our current focus area of genomic, proteomic, lipidomic sample preparation, and if we are successful in our attempts to attract additional capital, our potential customer base could expand to include hospitals, reference laboratories, pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and other sites involved in each specific application.

If we are successful in forensics, our potential customers could be forensic laboratories, military and other government agencies.

If we are successful in precision medicine applications supporting diagnostic and prognostic decisions, including the extraction of biomolecules from FFPE tissues, our potential customers could be clinical laboratories, pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies, and laboratories focused on drug discovery or prediction of cancer treatment outcomes.

Sample Extraction Process

The process of preparing samples for genomic, proteomic and small molecule studies includes a crucial step called sample extraction or sample disruption. This is the process of extracting nucleic acid i.e., DNA and/or RNA, proteins or small molecules from the plant or animal cells and tissues that are being studied. Sample preparation is widely regarded as a significant impediment to research and discovery and sample extraction is generally regarded as one of the key parts of sample preparation. Our current commercialization efforts are based upon our belief that pressure cycling technology provides a superior solution to sample extraction compared with other available technologies or procedures and can thus significantly improve the quality of sample preparation, and thus the quality of the test result.

c. Products

We believe our PCT and CP products allow researchers to improve scientific research studies in the life sciences field. Our products are developed with the expectation of meeting or exceeding the needs of research scientists while enhancing the safety, speed and quality that is available to them with existing sample preparation methods.

Barocycler® Instrumentation

Our Barocycler® product line consists of laboratory instrumentation that subjects a sample to cycles of pressure from ambient (approximately 14.5 psi) to ultra-high levels (20,000 psi or greater) and then back to ambient, in a precisely controlled manner.

Our instruments (the 2320EXT, the HUB440 and the HUB880) use cycles of high, hydrostatic pressure to quickly and efficiently break up the cellular structures of a specimen to release proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and small molecules from the specimen into our consumable processing tubes, referred to as our PULSE® Tubes and MicroTubes. Our instruments have temperature control options (on-board heating via internal heating jacket or heating and chilling via an external circulating water-bath), automatic fill and dispensing valves, and an integrated touchscreen for interfacing with an onboard micro-processor or computer. The microprocessor, computer or laptop computer are capable of saving specific PCT protocols, so the researcher can achieve maximum reproducibility for the preparation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, or small molecules from various biological samples. Our Barocycler® instruments and our consumable products make up our PCT Sample Preparation System.

Barocycler® 2320EXTREME - The Barocycler® 2320EXT is the flagship of the Company’s Barocycler line of PCT-based instruments. It weighs approximately 80lbs, delivers a maximum pressure of 45,000 psi, and can process either up to 16 MicroTubes simultaneously or one PULSE® Tube. The working temperature range is 4 – 95ºC and is controlled via an on-board electric heating jacket or external circulating water bath. All tests are entered and recorded on a touch screen interface. Information from each test run (pressure profile, cycle number, and temperature) is recorded and can be stored on the instrument, on a USB drive, or networked into the user’s lab computer system. Pressure profiles can be manipulated in a number of ways, including static high pressure holds and pressure ramp programs. The Barocycler® 2320EXT is pneumatic and requires an input air source of only 100psi to achieve and cycle at high pressure.

The Barocycler® 2320EXT was developed to support the PCT-HD/PCT-SWATH application. PCT-HD enables faster, less cumbersome and higher quality processing of biopsy tissues. With homogenization, extraction, and digestion of proteins occurring in a single PCT MicroTube under high pressure, this protocol can yield analytical results in under four hours from the start of tissue processing. PCT-HD was developed by our scientists and engineers in collaboration with Professor Ruedi Aebersold and Dr. Tiannan Guo of the Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, and the University of Zurich, both in Zurich, Switzerland. Drs. Aebersold and Guo combined PCT-HD with SCIEX’s SWATH-Mass Spectrometry – calling the resulting method “PCT-SWATH”.

Barocycler® HUB440 –We believe the Barocycler® HUB440 is the first portable, ready to use, “plug-and-play” high pressure generator for the laboratory bench. The Barocycler® HUB440 is capable of creating and controlling hydrostatic pressure from 500 psi to 58,000 psi and is designed for easy and flexible interfacing with a wide variety of user-specified pressure vessels. It is computer controlled and runs on software that was developed by us to allow data logging and sophisticated algorithms for controlling pressure and temperature. We own the rights and have a license to use the specialty LabVIEW software. We believe that over the coming years, the Barocycler® HUB440 may become one of the main products in our pressure-based instrument line.

Barocycler® HUB880 - The Barocycler® HUB880 is a compact, portable, bench-top, ultra-high pressure generator with vessel interface flexibility similar to the HUB440, that uses an air pressure-to-liquid pressure intensifier allowing the user to generate fluid pressure as high as 90,000 psi with input air pressure of just 126 psi. The HUB880 can be operated through a simple front panel or controlled using an optional external Data Acquisition and Control Module for dynamic pressure control. We believe that the HUB880 will be well accepted by scientists that need to achieve super high pressure, such as those working in the life science research, food safety and vaccine industries.

The Shredder SG3 –The Shredder SG3 is a low shear mechanical homogenization system for use with tough, fibrous and other difficult-to-disrupt tissues and organisms. The Shredder SG3 System uses a variety of Shredder PULSE® Tubes to directly and rapidly grind a biological sample which, when combined with selected buffers, can provide effective extraction of proteins, DNA, RNA, lipids and small molecules from tissues and organisms. The Shredder SG3 is also used to isolate intact and functional mitochondria from tissues. The Shredder SG3 features a three position force setting lever, which enables the operator to select and apply reproducible force to the sample during the shredding process and eliminates the need for the operator to exert force for long periods when processing one or more samples.

Barocycler® Consumable Products

PCT MicroTubes – PCT MicroTubes are made from a unique fluoropolymer, fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). FEP is highly inert and retains its integrity within an extremely wide temperature range (-200°C to 100°C), while providing important limited flexibility behavior for PCT applications. MicroTubes hold a maximum total volume of 150 microliters. PCT MicroTubes must be used with either PCT-MicroCaps or PCT-MicroPestles.

PCT-MicroCaps – PCT MicroCaps are made from polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE). The PCT MicroCaps are available in three sizes to accommodate total sample volume: 50, 100 and 150uL. 50uL MicroCaps are used with samples ≤50uL, 100uL MicroCaps are used with samples between 50-100uL, and 150uL MicroCaps are used with samples between 100-150uL.

PCT-Micro Pestle - PCT μPestles are made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, also known as Teflon (by DuPont Co). PTFE is practically inert; the only chemicals known to affect it are certain alkali metals and most highly-reactive fluorinating agents. PCT μPestles, in conjunction with PCT MicroTubes, are designed to enhance the extraction of proteins, lipids, DNA, RNA and small molecules from minute amounts (0.5 – 3.0 mg) of solid tissue in extraction reagent volumes as low as 20-30 μL. PCT MicroTubes and PCT μPestles use PCT to effectively disrupt soft tissues and lyse their cells. As a result, the tissue sample trapped between the MicroTube walls and the μPestles shaft is crushed on every pressure cycle. This mechanical action, combined with the extraction ability of the buffer under high pressure, results in highly effective tissue homogenization and extraction.

PCT μPestles and PCT MicroTubes, together with a PBI Barocycler®, comprise the PCT Micro-Pestle System, which provides a fast, safe, and efficient means of extraction from extremely small amounts of solid samples such as soft tissue biopsies. The PCT μPestle System can be used in any PBI Barocycler®.

We believe our development of these various consumable products has helped, and will continue to help, drive the adoption of PCT within the life sciences market.

d. Customers

Our customers include researchers at academic laboratories, government agencies, biotechnology companies, pharmaceutical firms, and other life science institutions throughout the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. Our goal is to continue aggressive market penetration to target groups in these geographical areas. We also believe that there is a significant opportunity to sell and/or lease additional Barocycler® instrumentation to additional laboratories at current customer institutions.

If we are successful in commercializing PCT in applications beyond our current focus area of genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule sample preparation, and if we are successful in our attempts to attract additional capital, our potential customer base could expand to include:

e. Competition

We compete with companies that have existing technologies for the extraction of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and small molecules from cells and tissues, including methods such as mortar and pestle grinding, sonication, rotor-stator homogenization, French Press, bead beating, freezer milling, enzymatic digestion, and chemical dissolution. We believe that there are a number of significant issues related to the use of these methods, including: complexity, sample containment, cross-contamination, shearing of biomolecules of interest, limited applicability to different sample types, ease-of-use, reproducibility, and cost. We believe that our PCT Sample Preparation System offers a number of significant advantages over these methods, including:

To be competitive in the industry, we believe we must be able to clearly and conclusively demonstrate to potential customers that our products provide these improved performance capabilities. We strongly believe that our PCT Sample Preparation System is a novel and enabling system for genomic, proteomic, and small molecule sample preparation. As such, many users of current manual techniques will need to be willing to challenge their existing methods of sample preparation and invest time to evaluate a method that could change their overall workflow in the sample preparation process, prior to adopting our technology.

Further, we are aware that the cost of the PCT Sample Preparation System may be greater than the cost of many of the other methods currently employed. Consequently, we are focusing our sales efforts on those product attributes that we believe will be most important and appealing to potential customers; namely versatility, reproducibility, quality, and safety.

f. Manufacturing and Supply

CBM Industries (Taunton, MA) is the manufacturer of the Barocycler® 2320EXT. CBM is ISO 13485:2003 and 9001:2008 Certified. CBM provides us with precision manufacturing services that include management support services to meet our specific application and operational requirements. Among the services provided by CBM to us are:

At this time, we believe that outsourcing the manufacturing of our Barocycler® 2320EXT to CBM is the most cost-effective method for us to obtain ISO Certified, CE and CSA Marked instruments. CBM’s close proximity to our South Easton, MA facility is a significant asset enabling interactions between our Engineering, R&D, and Manufacturing groups and their counterparts at CBM. CBM was instrumental in helping PBI achieve CE Marking on our Barocycler 2320EXT, as announced on February 2, 2017.

Although we currently manufacture and assemble the Barocycler® HUB440, HUB880, the SHREDDER SG3, and most of our consumables at our South Easton, MA facility, we plan to take advantage of outsourced manufacturing relationships such as that with CBM and outsource manufacturing of the entire Barocycler® product line, future instrument, and other products to CBM.

The Barocycler® NEP3229, launched in 2008, and manufactured by the BIT Group, will be phased out over the next several years and replaced by the new state-of-the-art Barocycler® HUB and Barozyme HT product lines.

g. Research and Development

Our research and development activities are split into two functional areas: Applications Development and Engineering.

Collaboration Program

Our Collaboration Program is an important element of our business strategy. Initiating a collaboration with a researcher involves the installation of a Barocycler® instrument for an agreed upon period of time of approximately three to twelve months, a financial commitment that is beneficial to both the collaborator and PBI, and the execution of an agreed upon work plan. Our primary objectives for entering into a collaboration agreement include:

Since we initiated our collaboration program, third party researchers have cited the use of our PCT platform in multiple publications and presentations. We believe that this program has provided and continues to provide us with independent and objective data about PCT from well-respected laboratories in the United States and throughout the rest of the world. We believe this program has been responsible for the sale of multiple Barocycler instruments over the past few years and will continue to help to increase the sales of instrument systems in the future.

Active Collaborations:

a. RedShiftBio Inc.

b. Thomas Conrads Inova Schar Cancer Center

c. Christine Vogel, NYU

Collaborations expected to be signed by April 30, 2020:

a. University of Delaware

b. Cedars Sinai

c. Mayo Clinic

d. Northeastern University

Other Fields of Use and Applications for PCT

Our research and development efforts have shown that, in addition to genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule sample preparation, PCT is potentially beneficial in a number of other areas of the life sciences, including pathogen inactivation, protein purification, control of chemical (particularly enzymatic) reactions, and immunodiagnostics. Other applications in the sample preparation market include forensics and histology, as discussed above. Our pursuit of these markets, however, depends on a number of factors, including our success in commercializing PCT in the area of sample preparation, our judgment regarding the investment required to be successful in these areas, the value of these markets to PBI, and the availability of sufficient financial resources. Below is a brief explanation of each of these additional potential applications and a short description of why we believe PCT can be used to improve scientific studies in these areas.

Protein Purification

Many vaccines and drugs are comprised of proteins. These proteins need to be purified from complex mixtures as part of the manufacturing process. Current purification techniques often result in the loss of a significant amount of the protein. Therefore, any method that could increase the amount of protein being recovered in the purification step, could subsequently lead to a reduction in cost to the manufacturer. We believe we have successfully generated proof-of-concept that PCT can satisfy this need. We believe that compared with current purification procedures, a process that uses PCT has the potential to increase protein recovery, increase the quality of the product, and lower production costs. We have been issued U.S. patents in this area.

Pathogen Inactivation

Biological products intended for human use, such as blood, vaccines and drugs, are put through rigorous processing protocols in an effort to minimize the potential of that product to transmit disease. These protocols may include methods to remove infectious materials such as pre-processing testing, filtration or chromatography, or methods to inactivate infectious agents that are not captured in the removal steps such as pasteurization, irradiation and solvent detergent inactivation. Notwithstanding current diligence in both the removal and inactivation steps, significant concern remains that some pathogens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, spores) capable of transmitting infection to recipients may not be removed or inactivated with current procedures. In addition, some removal and inactivation methods may not be useful because of cost, safety, ease-of-use or other practical concerns. To that end, we believe that a superior inactivation method is needed that can safely, rapidly and inexpensively inactivate pathogens in blood, vaccines and drugs without the need for chemical or other potentially toxic additives. We have successfully generated proof-of-concept that PCT can satisfy this need. We believe that compared with current procedures, a process that uses PCT has the potential to increase safety and yield, lower cost and decrease the potential side effects of current methods. We have been issued U.S. patents for this PCT-dependent inactivation technology.

Control of Chemical (Particularly Enzymatic) Reactions

Chemical reactions encompass many important interactions in nature. Methods used to control chemical reactions could have a positive effect on the quality, speed, and overall result of the reaction. The control and detection of chemical reactions is particularly useful in the biotechnology field for synthesizing and characterizing such molecules as nucleic acids and polypeptides. We believe that PCT offers distinct advantages in controlling chemical reactions over current methods, since PCT can provide precise, automated control over the timing and synchronization of chemical reactions, particularly enzymatic reactions. We have been issued U.S patents in this area.

Immunodiagnostics

Many tests used in the clinical laboratory today are based on the formation of a complex between two proteins, such as an antigen and an antibody. Such “immunodiagnostic” methods are used for the detection of infectious agents such as the human immunodeficiency virus (“HIV”), hepatitis viruses, West Nile virus, and others, as well as for endocrine, drug testing and cancer diagnostics. We have generated proof-of-concept that PCT may be used to control biomolecular interactions between proteins, such as antigens and antibodies. We believe this capability may provide a greater degree of sensitivity and quantitative accuracy in immunodiagnostic testing than that offered by methods that are available today. We have been issued U.S. patents in this area.

The BaroFold Platform

a. Description

The need for the efficient production of recombinant protein biopharmaceuticals has grown rapidly and demand for them will continue to grow as a result of their high specificity and efficacy. Protein drugs are being manufactured in a variety of host organisms. With the rapid growth in biosimilars (less expensive versions of popular biopharmaceuticals that are manufactured as a result of expiration of the original patents), expression in bacteria is beginning to play a major role in this industry, particularly when the biological activity of the protein product is not dependent on post-translational modifications. Overexpression of proteins in bacteria often results in the accumulation of the protein product in inactive insoluble deposits inside the cells, called inclusion bodies. Inclusion bodies protect the protein of interest from degradation and present a simple and convenient ways to extract and purify it. Moreover, if the protein of interest is toxic or lethal to the host cell, then inclusion body expression may be the only available production method. However, the challenge of protein production in bacterial most often lies in conversion of inactive and misfolded inclusion body proteins into soluble, properly folded bioactive products. This conversion process is called protein refolding. Traditional methods of protein refolding rely on using high concentrations of chemical denaturants and detergents to unfold and disentangle inactive and misshapen protein aggregates to dissolve them, followed by up to 100-fold dilution or dialysis to remove interfering chemicals and then letting the proteins refold into their desired active forms. Since chemically-driven unfolding is harsh, it tends to destroy most protein structure, some of which could be beneficial for subsequent refolding. Moreover, dilution- or dialysis-based methods take a long time and produce very low yields of refolded protein, while most of the unfolded protein material tends to get lost into irreversible aggregation. Overall, traditional refolding methods are usually inefficient, include multiple costly steps and have very low recovery yields.

Acquisition of BaroFold’s PreEMT™ high-pressure protein refolding technology in December 2017

BaroFold’s assets have significantly increased PBI’s intellectual property portfolio in high-pressure technologies with the addition of eight issued and several pending patents. These patents give PBI the ability to operate in several important areas for biologics research and manufacturing: protein folding, re-folding and disaggregation. The patents also provide PBI the right to grant licenses to third parties to practice the BaroFold and other technologies in both research laboratories and in biopharmaceutical manufacturing.

Biopharmaceutical products are typically large-molecule protein therapeutics produced via complex biological manufacturing processes that can result in undesirable protein misfolding and aggregation outcomes. Misfolded or aggregated proteins typically lack therapeutic activity and can present health risks to patients, requiring robust remediation within pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. The Barofold technology improves the quality of manufacturing, decreases manufacturing costs (as much as $2-10M/year per commercial biologic drug), and facilitates achievement of proper activity from difficult-to-manufacture proteins.

Barofold technology utilizes high pressure instead of, or in synergy with, chemical denaturants, offering significantly milder conditions for unfolding of inclusion bodies. As a result, subsequent refolding can be carried out faster, more efficiently, and in much smaller volumes. Pressure-based unfolding of inclusion bodies tends to only partially unfold the protein and preserve some beneficial structures that could help to guide the refolding process into the right direction. Consequently, higher yields of active protein and faster manufacturing turn-around further lower the cost of biopharmaceutical production. Moreover, lower requirements for harsh chemical reagents in high pressure refolding process result in decrease or elimination of associated hazardous waste, leading to further cost reduction and protection of the environment.

The BaroFold Platform can be used to significantly lower the cost, boost production yield, and improve the quality of protein therapeutics. It employs high pressure for the disaggregation and controlled refolding of proteins to their native structures at yields and efficiencies not achievable using existing technologies. The BaroFold Platform has been shown to remove protein aggregates in biotherapeutic drug manufacturing, thereby improving product efficacy and safety for both new-drug entities and biosimilar products. The BaroFold Platform can help companies create novel protein therapeutics, accelerate therapeutic protein development, manufacture follow-on biologics, and enable life-cycle management of protein therapeutics. It is scalable and practical for standard manufacturing processes. This unique technology platform can help protein-based biopharmaceutical companies create and manufacture high quality, novel protein therapeutics and lower the cost of existing formulations. Research and manufacturing licenses are available.

b. Market

The global biopharmaceuticals market was valued at $237 billion in 2018, and is estimated to be valued at $389 billion in 2024, witnessing a CAGR of 8.59%. The market growth is attributed to the growing acceptance for biopharmaceuticals due to their ability to treat previously untreatable diseases, resulting in huge market demand for biopharmaceuticals.

Biopharmaceuticals offer several benefits, such as highly effective and potent action, fewer side effects, and the potential to actually cure diseases rather than merely treat the symptoms, which have significantly increased the demand for biopharmaceutical products.”

The predominant majority of biopharmaceutical products are recombinant proteins. Typical examples of such proteins are vaccines, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) growth factors (such as Erythropoietin), hormones (such as insulin or HGH), receptor ligands, recombinant enzymes (Caspase, Cathepsin, etc.), blood factors and other therapeutic and research reagent proteins. Recombinant protein production can be done in bacteria or in cell cultures derived from higher organisms. Due to significant time and cost savings, attention to protein production in bacterial hosts has recently spiked, predominantly driven by rapid growth of Biosimilars, Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and Fusion Proteins that are lethal to the non-bacterial host cells. A major area of challenge in the biopharmaceuticals industry results from suboptimal folding configurations and/or agglomeration of proteins during production and storage, requiring subsequent remediation via unfolding and controlled refolding of these therapeutic proteins into their optimal configurations. Growth of the protein refolding business is expected to follow the growth trajectory of the entire biopharmaceutical market.

Our Barofold platform technology has been also shown not only to save manufacturing costs and time, but to boost protein yield and minimize protein immunogenicity, resulting in greater efficacy and safety for the patient.

Moreover, PBI’s Barocycler line of products can also be utilized in accelerated protein stability testing to guide biopharmaceutical formulation development. PBI has initiated several collaborations, including a co-marketing agreement with RedShift BioAnalytics, Inc., and a research collaboration with the University of Delaware (see the Research and Development section below).

c. Products

Instruments: Barocycler 2320 EXT - a convenient screening tool for protein refolding optimization

Originally developed within the framework of our PCT platform business as a tool for biological sample preparation (as described above), our Barocycler 2320EXT instrument features a “ramp mode” in its control software that makes it ultimately suitable for performing research-scale experiments for protein refolding and disaggregation on a laboratory bench scale. Each protein molecule is biochemically unique and, while pressure is highly efficient in solubilization of practically any misfolded protein contained within inclusion bodies, a unique chemical environment may be required to persuade each unfolded protein molecule to refold into a stable biologically active state. Therefore, development of protein refolding methods requires screening experiments necessary to determine the most optimal composition of the chemical additives for each protein of interest. The Barocycler 2320EXT is ideally suited for such experiments, providing researchers with abilities to process up to 12 specimens per batch in varying chemical environments. We believe that availability of an affordable screening tool would promote high-pressure refolding approach among biopharmaceutical process development teams and academic researchers involved in development of protein biopharmaceuticals. The same instrument is also uniquely suited for studies of thermodynamics of protein aggregation and accelerated protein stability tests.

BaroFold Contract Services

Our BaroFold contract services can be used to significantly impact and improve the quality of large-molecule protein biotherapeutics. These services employ high pressure manipulations for the disaggregation and unfolding of proteins to their native structural states and then controlled refolding of the proteins to the desired therapeutically active state, at yields and efficiencies not achievable using existing technologies. The Barofold Platform has been shown to eliminate protein aggregation during biotherapeutic drug manufacturing and storage, thereby improving product yield, efficacy and safety for both new-drug entities and biosimilar products. The Barofold platform can help companies create novel protein therapeutics, accelerate therapeutic protein development, manufacture follow-on biologics, and enable life-cycle management of protein therapeutics. It is scalable and practical for standard manufacturing processes. This unique technology platform can help protein-based biopharmaceutical companies create and manufacture high quality, novel protein therapeutics and lower the cost of existing formulations. Research and manufacturing licenses are available.

d. Customers (examples only, not current customers for confidentiality reason

Biopharmaceutical companies (Roche, Novartis A.G., Sanofi, Biogen-Idec, Abbvie, Inc., Amgen, Takeda, Pfizer, Merck & Co., etc.)

Biosimilars companies (Teva, Sandoz, Hospira, Mylan, Allergan, Biocon, Momenta., etc.)

Biopharmaceutical Contract Development and Manufacturing Organizations (Boehringer-Ingelheim, Lonza, Samsung Biologics, Catalent Pharma Solutions, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fujifilm, etc.)

Life science research reagent manufacturers (Thermo Scientific, GE Healthcare, Danaher Corporation, Millipore-Sigma, Bio-Techne R&D Systems, etc.)

Academic research laboratories involved in development of protein pharmaceuticals, expression of recombinant proteins, protein structure analysis and biophysical characterization.

e. Competition

Over two decades Barofold, Inc. has been building an intellectual property portfolio centered around the use of hydrostatic pressure for protein refolding and disaggregation. Following Barofold’s acquisition by PBI in 2017, this portfolio, combined with the PBI patents in adjacent areas, puts PBI in a unique position worldwide to commercialize, practice and license out the right to practice high pressure protein refolding, disaggregation and accelerated stability testing. There is no direct competition to PBI that is using high pressure for these applications. Competing traditional approaches use chemicals for refolding and appear inferior in many aspects, as described above.

f. Manufacturing and Supply

Manufacturing of the Barocycler 2320EXT has been covered above, since this instrument shares its utility with applications of PCT technology platform. The PCT MicroTube consumable line is also shared between these two application areas.

PBI currently develops GMP-compliant pilot scale high pressure systems for processing of protein batches up to 10L in volume at pressure up to 60,000 psi.

In order to provide access for our customers to manufacturing scale high pressure equipment, PBI is currently in negotiations with several HPP (High Pressure Processing) equipment vendors supplying large pressure systems to food manufacturers. Upon successful feasibility studies conducted by customers themselves, or within the framework of Barofold Contract Services, PBI will act as a contractor to assist protein refolding customers in scaling up the process and identifying, procuring and validating appropriate large scale equipment for high pressure protein refolding.

g. Research and Development

The PBI team has gained access to a significant body of research data through acquisition of the assets of Barofold, Inc. Barofold has spent over two decades perfecting high-pressure protein refolding applications and produced many publications and patents (see below). Our team’s experience in high pressure refolding is being used in Contract Service work currently offered by PBI to our biopharmaceutical customers, as described above. As an equipment vendor, PBI has a goal of taking advantage of these R&D instrument assets and turning a benchtop high pressure protein refolding solution into a convenient, popular and easily accessible workflow for thousands of laboratories worldwide. As the knowledge about this method spreads and feasibility of great economic impact of utilizing this approach at a production scale is demonstrated, PBI plans to license high pressure refolding methods to its biopharmaceutical customers.

Additionally, several new applications of high pressure in biopharmaceutical development are stemming from a combined Barofold and PBI intellectual property portfolio. One of these highly promising applications, namely, pressure-assisted accelerated protein stability testing, is currently being developed by PBI R&D team in collaboration with the Center for Biomanufacturing Science and Technology of the University of Delaware, headed by Professor Christopher J. Roberts. Many protein biopharmaceuticals must be kept in solution. Any physical factors such as exposure to temperature fluctuations in storage and shipment, mechanical vibration, exposure to light, etc., could promote protein aggregation, if the biotherapeutic protein is stored in a suboptimal chemical environment. Protein aggregates tend to be highly immunogenic, i.e., causing a patient’s immune system to recognize protein drug as a foreign object and destroy it, leading to undesired inflammatory response and counteracting the desired therapeutic effect. Each protein drug may require optimization of its chemical environment (formulations development) to guarantee maximal stability and shelf life. Meanwhile, high pressure is a convenient tool for controlled protein unfolding. Partially unfolded proteins tend to aggregate more rapidly. Brief exposure of the protein drug in a specific formulation to a “pressure shock” promotes aggregation, allowing to screen for best formulations that prevent drug aggregation in a matter of only a few days. Conventional approaches for accelerated stability testing utilize exposure to high temperature. Since thermal effects on proteins are stochastic (i.e., random), there is little chance that every protein molecule will follow the same fate after thermal shock. Pressure exerts its effect on all protein molecules of the same type/conformation in exactly the same manner, making the pressure shock more effective in such studies. Our collaborative research program with Professor Roberts’s team is directed towards development of validated workflows for high pressure accelerated stability testing.

Extended Service Contracts

We offer extended service contracts on our laboratory instrumentation to all of our customers. These service contracts allow a customer who purchases a Barocycler® instrument to receive on-site scheduled preventative maintenance, on-site repair and replacement of all worn or defective component parts, and telephone support, all at no incremental cost for the life of the service contract. We offer one-year and four-year extended service contracts to customers who purchase Barocycler® instruments.

The UST Platform

a. Description

The UST Platform is based on the use of intense shear forces generated from ultra-high pressure (greater than 20,000 psi) valve discharge. UST has been shown to turn hydrophobic extracts into stable, water-soluble formulations on a small, laboratory scale. The UST Platform offers the potential to produce stable nanoemulsions of oil-like products in water. Such formulations could potentially have enormous success in many markets, including inks, paints, and cosmetics, as well as in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, such as medically important plant oil extracts, i.e., making CBD-enriched plant oil soluble in water. We believe that UST has the potential to play a significant role in a number of commercially important areas, including (i) the creation of stable nanoemulsions of otherwise immiscible fluids (e.g., oils and water), and (ii) the preparation of higher quality, homogenized, extended shelf-life or room temperature stable low-acid liquid foods that cannot be effectively preserved using existing non-thermal technologies, e.g., dairy products. The UST Platform is currently being developed for commercialization.

UST is an emerging technology that combines intense fluid shear with an instant, short-lived burst of heat achieved by specialized high-pressure equipment that can produce commercially sterile, pumpable, homogeneous fluid products. The UST process can provide energetic cellular disruption that results in the inactivation of bacteria, bacterial spores, viruses, and enzymes. Depending on operating conditions, low nano-scale emulsions (nanoemulsions) of oil and water mixtures can be produced that have been shown to have improved shelf stability, flavor, absorption and bioavailability.

The Company received two UST patents in China, focused on a low cost, scalable approach for product manufacturing. The Company believes this method can find use in various nanoemulsion applications for pharmaceutical (e.g., drug delivery), biotechnology (e.g., protein recovery, biomolecule extraction), and food (e.g., shelf-stable “clean label” products). We plan to design, develop, manufacture, and market a lab-scale UST-based production instrument that we will sell direct to the life sciences and other industries. We also plan to develop a pilot plant scale UST-based production instrument for larger-scale production demonstrations, in our expectation to license the technology with larger manufacturing scale equipment to food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and other companies worldwide.

b. Market

In 20I9, we have focused efforts on developing and demonstrating the UST protocol and seeding early adopters, which would provide insights into market, formulation, product development, and ultimately end product requirements. Our initial market focus is on Cannabis as its unmet needs for nanoemulsions solutions offer high visibility and ready access to funding, versus many other important target markets, such as Cosmetics, Food and Beverage, Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial fluids and lubricants. In 2020, we plan to launch the Ultra Shear Technology K45 instrument via a first production run, then begin portfolio expansion with the additional development and commercial launch preparation of the BaroShear Mini: bench-top, laboratory-based instrument for research, formulation, and small volume processing; and the BaroShear Max: high-volume, industrial-scale, clean-in-place (CIP), production instrument.

c. Products

The BaroShear Ultra Shear Technology platform development portfolio is currently comprised of three models for use in research, formulation, and processing of oil and water nanoemulsions.

d. Customers

Cannabis, Cosmetic, Food & Beverage, Nutraceutical, Biopharmaceutical, researchers and processors interested in developing stable, water-soluble nanoemulsions.

e. Competition - High Pressure

f. Manufacturing and Supply

PBI’s current strategy is to have the development and transfer t manufacturing handled by PBI’s development and engineering team. Manufacturing will be outsourced to a Contract Manufacturing Organization (CMO). Aftermarket service and support will initially be handled by PBI’s service and repair staff. As unit placements grow, we will investigate expansion of PBI’s service and support organization or augment it with external partners.

g. Research and Development

PBI’s UST engineering team is developing a product portfolio consisting of three model instruments with the following research, formulation, pre-production, production launch schedule as follows:

BaroShear K45 mini – bench-top instrument, Q4 2020

BaroShear K45 – floor standing model, Q4 2020

BaroShear Max – floor standing, fully automated, CIP equipment, prototype delivery to Ohio State University – Q2 2020. Commercial release planned for 2021/2022 timeframe.

Other

a. Patents

To date, we have been granted 15 United States and foreign patents related to our PCT technology platform, and two additional patents in China related to our Ultra Shear Technology, or UST. We have also received eight patents with our purchase of the assets of BaroFold in December 2017. PCT employs a unique approach that we believe has the potential for broad use in a number of established and emerging life sciences areas, which include, but are not limited to:

b. Sales and Marketing

Our marketing and sales functions are led by Richard T. Schumacher, our Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Schumacher oversees and directs all marketing and sales activities, including trade show attendance and sponsorship, on-line advertising, website maintenance and improvement, search engine optimization, creation and dissemination of newsletters, market research initiatives, the arrangement of on-location seminars, lectures, and demonstrations of instrumentation and consumables capabilities, and the supervision of our sales and marketing personnel. Mr. Schumacher is also responsible for the overall coordination of our collaboration programs, from initial set-up, research plan design, and training, service, and data analysis. Some of these responsibilities are shared with other departments such as Research and Development, but marketing and sales drives the collaborative process. Mr. Schumacher is also responsible for the continued coordination and support of our foreign distribution partners.

Our sales and marketing efforts are centered on using the independent data developed and disseminated by our collaboration partners to help drive the installed base of our PCT Sample Preparation System, BaroFold services, and BaroShear UST platform. The development of scientific data by our partners and our internal researchers provides our sales and marketing staff with additional tools that are essential in selling existing and newly developed paradigm-shifting, high value technologies and services.

Our domestic PCT sales force currently consists of one sales director and one field salesperson. Our sales director is currently responsible for servicing the eastern half of the U.S. and our field salesperson handles the western half of the U.S. For our UST business, we added a US-based program director in Q4 2019 and have two additional sales and marketing personnel.

Our domestic BaroShear UST sales force currently consists of one full-time sales director, one part-time salesperson and one part-time customer support representative and one laboratory / applications support technician. We believe that partnering with seasoned, capable equipment distribution partners in the cannabis and other laboratory / process markets will drive lead generation and purchase orders faster than if we were to build our own sales force.

c. Marketing Strategy

We recognize that our enabling pressure cycling technology (PCT) is a powerful, novel platform technology. We also recognize that the power of PCT is not yet generally known by researchers. Our first goal is to greatly broaden the awareness of PCT and its applications among research scientists and to ensure they know that this technology exists through our Barocycler® family of high-pressure instruments and requisite consumables. To accomplish this expansion of knowledge about PCT and the subsequent adoption of our PCT-based products, we have developed and are implementing a multi-faceted approach to marketing the PCT platform.

Key Opinion Leaders and Publications

To initially reach scientists, we have established collaborations with key opinion leaders (KOL) who recognized early the potential for PCT and went on to report their discoveries in peer reviewed journals. Among the KOLs working with us is Dr. Ruedi Aebersold (Head of the Department of Biology, ETH, Zurich). Dr. Aebersold, a pioneer in proteomics, worked with our scientists and engineers to develop PCT-SWATH (aka PCT-HD), a superior method for the extraction and preparation of proteins for the downstream analysis by mass spectrometry. Other KOLs include Dr. Jennifer van Eyk (Director of Advanced Clinical Biosystems Institute in the Department of Biomedical Sciences Cedar Sinai, Los Angeles, CA) and Dr. Wayne Hubble (Jules Stein Professor at the University of California, LA). Dr. van Eyk is a recognized expert in the causes of heart disease and is using PCT in her attempt to discover cardiac disease biomarkers. Dr. Hubble, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, is a leader in the field of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). He uses PCT in his studies of protein-protein interactions, so very important in the discovery of drug targets and drug design. The publications and presentations of these and other world class scientists have been invaluable in gaining initial entry of PCT in several areas of research. In addition to publications by our KOLs, there are also many peer reviewed publications from dozens of other scientists discussing the advantages of the PCT platform in bio-molecule sample preparation. To this end, we do all we can to disseminate the work of these scientists in an effort to increase the exposure of PCT to the worldwide research community.

Broadcasting PCT and Our Products

In 2020, we plan to expand our Marketing team to support these and additional initiatives.

d. Foreign Distribution Network

Currently, we have distribution arrangements covering China, Poland, South Korea and 24 countries in Europe, and Japan.

In May of 2014, we entered into a three-year distribution agreement with Powertech Technology Co, Ltd., of China, pursuant to which we were granted Powertech Technology exclusive distribution rights to all of our PCT products in China. This agreement expired in 2019 and we are in renewal discussions.

In February 2016, we entered into a three-year distribution agreement with Bioanalytic of Poland, pursuant to which PBI granted Bioanalytic exclusive distribution rights to all of our PCT products in Poland. This agreement expired in 2019 and we are in renewal discussions.

In September of 2016, we entered into a three-year distribution agreement with Vita Co. of Japan, pursuant to which we granted Vita Co. exclusive distribution rights to all of our PCT products in Japan. This agreement expired in 2019 and we are in renewal discussions.

In September of 2016, we entered into a distribution agreement with I&L GmbH, of Germany pursuant, to which we granted I&L, exclusive distribution rights to all of our products until March 30, 2018 in the countries designated as Western Europe (Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). This agreement expired March 31, 2020 and we are in renewal discussions.

Non-Exclusive and Other Distribution Agreements

In November 2011, we entered into a distributor agreement with OROBOROS Instruments Corp. (“OROBOROS”) of Austria pursuant to which we were granted OROBOROS non-exclusive world-wide distribution rights to our Shredder SG3 System and related products.

We are also the exclusive distributor, throughout the Americas, for Constant Systems, Ltd,’s (“CS”) cell disruption equipment, parts, and consumables. CS, a British company located several hours northwest of London, England, has been providing niche biomedical equipment, related consumable products, and services to a global client base since 1989. CS designs, develops, and manufactures high pressure cell disruption equipment used by life sciences laboratories worldwide, particularly disruption systems for the extraction of proteins. The CS equipment provides a constant and controlled cell disruptive environment, giving the user superior, constant, and reproducible results whatever the application. CS has over 900 units installed in over 40 countries worldwide. The CS cell disruption equipment has proven performance in the extraction of cellular components, such as protein from yeast, bacteria, mammalian cells, and other sample types.

The CS pressure-based cell disruption equipment and our PCT-based instrumentation complement each other in several important ways. While both the CS and our technologies are based on high pressure, each product line has fundamental scientific capabilities that the other does not offer. Our PCT Platform uses certain patented pressure mechanisms to achieve small-scale, molecular level effects. CS’s technology uses different, proprietary pressure mechanisms for larger-scale, non-molecular level processing. In a number of routine laboratory applications, such as protein extraction, both effects can be critical to success. Therefore, for protein extraction and a number of other important scientific applications, we believe laboratories will benefit by using the CS and PBI products, either separately or together.

In June 2013, CS and PBI signed an expanded the Distribution Agreement that made us the exclusive distributor of CS products throughout all of the Americas until the end of 2019. We are in renewal discussions for this agreement.

e. Intellectual Property

We believe that protection of our patents and other intellectual property is essential to our business. Subject to the availability of sufficient financial resources, our practice is to file patent applications to protect technology, inventions, and improvements to inventions that are important to our business development. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, and technological innovations to develop and maintain our potential competitive position.

To date, we have been granted 15 United States and foreign patents related to our PCT technology platform, and two additional patents in China related to our Ultra Shear Technology. We also received eight patents with our purchase of the assets of BaroFold in December 2017.

The Company received two UST patents in China, focused on a low cost scalable approach for product manufacturing. The Company believes this method can find use in various nanoemulsion applications for pharmaceutical (e.g., drug delivery), biotechnology (e.g., protein recovery, biomolecule extraction), and food (e.g., shelf-stable “clean label” products). We plan to design, develop, manufacture, and market three different modules of BaroShear UST platform:

1. a bench-top, research / formulation, low throughput instrument that we will sell;

2. a lab-or pilot scale production instrument that we will sell and distribute to life sciences and other industries;

3. a production scale UST-based instrument for manufacturing applications. It is our plan to license the large-scale production technology to food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and other processors worldwide.

Our issued patents expire between 2020 and 2030. Any failure to obtain and maintain adequate patent protection may adversely affect our ability to enter into, or affect the terms of, any arrangement for the marketing or sale of any of our PCT products. It may also allow our competitors to duplicate our products without our permission and without compensation.

License Agreements Relating to Pressure Cycling Technology

BioMolecular Assays, Inc.

In 1996, we acquired our initial equity interest in BioSeq, Inc., which at the time was developing our original pressure cycling technology. BioSeq, Inc. acquired its pressure cycling technology from BioMolecular Assays, Inc. under a technology transfer and patent assignment agreement. In 1998, we purchased all of the remaining outstanding capital stock of BioSeq, Inc., and at such time, the technology transfer and patent assignment agreement was amended to require us to pay BioMolecular Assays, Inc., a 5% royalty on our sales of products or services that incorporate or utilize the original pressure cycling technology that BioSeq, Inc. acquired from BioMolecular Assays, Inc. We are also required to pay BioMolecular Assays, Inc. 5% of the proceeds from any sale, transfer or license of all or any portion of the original pressure cycling technology. These payment obligations terminated March 7, 2016.

In connection with our acquisition of BioSeq, Inc., we licensed certain limited rights to the original pressure cycling technology back to BioMolecular Assays, Inc. This license is non-exclusive and limits the use of the original pressure cycling technology by BioMolecular Assays, Inc. solely for molecular applications in scientific research and development and in scientific plant research and development. BioMolecular Assays, Inc. is required to pay us a royalty equal to 20% of any license or other fees and royalties, but not including research support and similar payments, it receives in connection with any sale, assignment, license or other transfer of any rights granted to BioMolecular Assays, Inc. under the license. BioMolecular Assays, Inc. was required to pay us these royalties until the expiration in March 2016 of the patents held by BioSeq, Inc. since 1998. We have not received any royalty payments from BioMolecular Assays, Inc. under this license.

Battelle Memorial Institute

In December 2008, we entered into an exclusive patent license agreement with the Battelle Memorial Institute (“Battelle”). The licensed technology is the subject of a patent application filed by Battelle in 2008 and relates to a method and a system for improving the analysis of protein samples, including through an automated system utilizing pressure and a pre-selected agent to obtain a digested sample in a significantly shorter period of time than current methods, while maintaining the integrity of the sample throughout the preparatory process. In addition to royalty payments on net sales of “licensed products,” we are obligated to make minimum royalty payments for each year that we retain the rights outlined in the patent license agreement and we are required to have our first commercial sale of the licensed products within one year following the issuance of the patent covered by the licensed technology. After re-negotiating the terms of the contract in 2013, the minimum annual royalty was $1,200 in 2014 and $2,000 in 2015; the minimum royalties were $3,000 in 2016, $4,000 in 2017 and $5,000 in 2018 and each calendar year thereafter during the term of the agreement.

f. Developments and Accomplishments

We reported a number of accomplishments in 2019 and 2020:

On March 12, 2020, PBI received a new order for its proprietary K45 system from Can B Corp., a rapidly growing health and wellness company dedicated to the highest quality CBD products nationwide.

On February 27, 2020, PBI launched a new era in the preparation of water-soluble nanoemulsions for CBD and other valuable oils with the opening of its UST Demonstration Laboratory

On January 30, 2020, PBI announced the acceleration of its UST Platform rollout for water-soluble CBD with the planned release of an additional Baro Shear product - a benchtop, R&D scale, Baro Shear “Mini” instrument.

On January 24, 2020, PBl announced a significant new order and near sellout on revolutionary nanoemulsification system water-soluble CBD oil. The Company also reported that additional orders are expected shortly.

On January 17, 2020, PBI reported the Company’s UST Platform was featured in a leading North American Cannabis Magazine and that the article highlighted the potential of the UST Platform to play a significant role in multiple billion-dollar markets, such as CBD, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, biopharmaceuticals, and food/beverage.

On January 9, 2020, PBI reported that the number of published scientific papers in 2019 citing the advantages of the Company’s PCT Platform remained strong, with over 20 journal articles for the second straight year.

On December 19, 2019, PBI reported third quarter 2019 financial results, including record PCT consumables sales and strong revenue growth for scientific services (comprised of the BaroFold and UST business units). The Company reiterated earlier guidance that 2020 total revenue would be more than double 2019 total revenue.

On November 15, 2019, the Company reached a verbal agreement with its Merchant Agreement lenders to temporarily reduce the Daily Payment Rate from $10,744 to $2,500.

On October 4, 2019, Zacks Small Cap Research Initiated Coverage on PBI.

On October 1, 2019, PBI’s proprietary PCT Platform was acknowledged to fill a pivotal role for tumor analyses in a novel workflow presented at leading global gynecological cancer meeting. Two nationally acclaimed scientists said that data from the analysis of cancer tissue proteins excised by their novel workflow could lead to improved clinical management of gynecologic cancers.

On September 26, 2019, PBI’s PCT Platform was featured in 10 separate presentations at a major international science conference in Australia, by scientists from 17 research institutions worldwide. The presentations highlighted novel applications for the PCT Platform in cancer research and diagnostics.

On September 17, 2019, Daniel J. Shea was named Chief Financial Officer of PBI. Mr. Shea has 30-years diverse experience in acquisitions, capital markets, SEC reporting, and leading financial organizations.

On September 10, 2019, PBI’s PCT platform was identified by two prestigious research centers as pivotal for cancer biomarker discovery and for potential clinical diagnostics in studies using preserved (i.e., formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded, or FFPE) cancer biopsy tissue samples.

On August 22, 2019, PBI received two more purchase orders for its revolutionary BaroShear K45 processing system for manufacturing water-soluble CBD nanoemulsions.

On August 15, 2019, PBI reported second quarter 2019 financial results, including record consumables sales for the PCT business unit and strong revenue growth for both the BaroFold and UST business units. The Company also gave guidance that total revenue in 2020 would be more than double total revenue in 2019.

On July 25, 2019, PBI announced the first close and customer for its revolutionary water-soluble CBD manufacturing system, the BaroShear K45.

On July 24, 2019, PBI announced a second major contract utilizing its BaroFold Protein Refolding and Disaggregation Biopharma Services Business and gave guidance for a significant increase from these services.

On June 27, 2019, the Company announced the launch of a novel instrument system (the BaroShear™ K45 processing system) to revolutionize the manufacturing of high quality, water-soluble CBD. The system is based on the Company’s patented UST platform.

On June 26, 2019, the Company achieved the first major milestone in the development of a potential breakthrough processing method for higher quality and safer food and beverages - with a focus on dairy products.

On June 12, 2019, the Company announced that its patented PCT platform was prominently featured in a record 15 presentations at a major international science conference, with a common focus on the platform’s significant use in cancer research, protein function, molecular biology, and biomarker discovery.

On May 16, 2019, the Company reported first quarter 2019 financial results. Among the areas highlighted were the results for the newly created Biopharma and UST Contract Services Businesses, where Q1 2019 revenue significantly exceeded Contract Services revenue for all four quarters of 2018 combined.

On April 2, 2019, the Company released a new, short video demonstrating the ability of the Company’s proprietary UST platform to create water-soluble CBD oil that disperses instantly when infused into soft drinks, sports drinks, and beer for enhanced quality and absorption.

On March 27, 2019, the Company announced the establishment of a Center of Excellence at Dr. Christine Vogel’s laboratory at New York University’s Center for Genomics and Systems Biology.

On March 4, 2019, the Company announced a collaboration with The Steinbeis Centre for Biopolymer Analysis & Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, a world-renown German research organization, to develop a revolutionary method based on optimizing disease-fighting antibodies.

On February 21, 2019, the Company released scientific analyses confirming important benefits from processing CBD Oil with PBI’s UST Platform: analyses showed UST-prepared CBD Oil solutions met challenging nanoemulsion specifications and exhibited minimal loss during processing.

On February 13, 2019, the Company announced the release of a short video demonstrating the use of its prototype UST Platform to make water-soluble CBD Oil, offering a solution to resolve CBD absorption issues from food and beverages.

On January 29, 2019, the Company announced a collaboration with nutraceutical manufacturer NutraLife Biosciences for the development of high quality, water-soluble nanoemulsion-based nutraceuticals.

On January 24, 2019, the Company announced that a record number of scientific papers citing the significant benefits of PBI’s PCT technology platform were published in 2018, some by global Key Opinion Leaders (KOLs).

On January 7, 2019, the Company announced the commercial launch of its unique biopharmaceuticals contract services business, offering improved manufacturing for protein therapeutic candidates, a $250 billion global market.

g. Liquidity

Management has developed a plan to continue operations. This plan includes controlling expenses, streamlining operations, and obtaining capital through equity and/or debt financing. We have been successful in raising cash through debt and equity offerings in the past. We have efforts in place to continue to raise cash through debt and equity offerings.

Although we have successfully completed equity financings and reduced expenses in the past, we cannot assure our investors that our plans to address these matters in the future will be successful. Additional financing may not be available to us on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. In the event we are unable to raise sufficient funds on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to:

h. Regulation

Many of our activities are subject to regulation by governmental authorities within the United States and similar bodies outside of the United States. The regulatory authorities may govern the collection, testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, record keeping, transportation, approval, advertising, and promotion of our products, as well as the training of our employees.

Currently, all of our commercialization efforts are focused in the area of genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule sample preparation. We do not believe that our current Barocycler® products used in sample preparation are considered “medical devices” under the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (the “FDA Act”) and we do not believe that we are subject to the law’s general control provisions that include requirements for registration, listing of devices, quality regulations, labeling and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. We also do not believe that we are subject to regulatory inspection and scrutiny. If, however, we are successful in commercializing PCT in applications beyond our current focus area of genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule sample preparation, such as protein purification, pathogen inactivation and immunodiagnostics, our products may be considered “medical devices” under the FDA Act, at which point we would be subject to the law’s general control provisions and regulation by the FDA that include requirements for registration listing of devices, quality regulations, labeling, and prohibitions against misbranding and adulteration. The process of obtaining approval to market these devices in the other potential applications of PCT would be costly and time consuming and could possibly prohibit us from pursuing such markets.

Some of our devices may also become subject to the European Pressure Equipment Directive, which requires certain pressure equipment meet certain quality and safety standards. We do not believe that we are currently subject to this directive because our Barocycler® instruments are below the threshold documented in the text of the directive. If our interpretation were to be challenged, we could incur significant costs defending the challenge, and we could face production and selling delays, all of which could harm our business.

We self-certified that our Barocycler® instrumentation was electromagnetically compatible, or “CE” compliant, which means that our Barocycler® instruments meet the essential requirements of the relevant European health, safety and environmental protection legislation. In order to maintain our CE Marking, a requirement to sell equipment in many countries of the European Union, we are obligated to uphold certain safety and quality standards. Due to outsourcing manufacturing to CBM, an ISO certified contract manufacturer, we believe compliance with CE and other required marks and certifications is well controlled.

i. Employees

At December 31, 2019, we had fourteen (14) full-time employees. All employees enter into confidentiality agreements intended to protect our proprietary information. We believe that our relations with our employees are good. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. Our performance depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified professional, scientific and technical staff. The level of competition among employers for skilled personnel is high. Subject to our limited financial resources, we attempt to maintain employee benefit plans to enhance employee morale, professional commitment and work productivity and provide an incentive for employees to remain with us.

j. Corporate Information

We were incorporated in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in August 1978 as Boston Biomedica, Inc. In September 2004, we completed the sale of Boston Biomedica’s core business units and began to focus exclusively on the development and commercialization of the PCT platform. Following this change in business strategy, we changed our legal name from Boston Biomedica, Inc. to Pressure BioSciences, Inc. We began operations as PBI in February 2005, research and development activities in April 2006, early marketing and selling activities of our Barocycler® instruments in late 2007, and active marketing and selling of our PCT-based instrument platform in 2012.

k. Available Information

Our Internet website address is http://www.pressurebiosciences.com. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which include, but are not limited to, our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any and all amendments to such reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. These SEC reports can be also accessed through the investor relations section of our website. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the SEC.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, such as statements of our objectives, expectations and intentions. The cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K should be read as applicable to all forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this report. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed herein. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed below, as well as those discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Risks Related To Our COMPANY

We have received an opinion from our independent registered public accounting firm expressing substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern.

The audit report issued by our independent registered public accounting firm on our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 contains an explanatory paragraph regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. The audit report states that our auditing firm determined that there was substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern due to the risk that we may not have sufficient cash and liquid assets at December 31, 2019 to cover our operating and capital requirements for the next twelve-month period; and if sufficient cash cannot be obtained, we would have to substantially alter, or possibly even discontinue, operations. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Management has developed a plan to continue operations. This plan includes continued control of expenses and obtaining equity or debt financing. Although we have successfully completed equity financings and reduced expenses in the past, we cannot assure you that our plans to address these matters in the future will be successful.

The factors described above could adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on favorable terms, if at all, and may cause investors to have reservations about our long-term prospects and may adversely affect our relationships with customers. There can be no assurance that our auditing firm will not issue the same opinion in the future. If we cannot successfully continue as a going concern, our stockholders may lose their entire investment.

Our revenue is dependent upon acceptance of our products by the market. The failure of such acceptance will cause us to curtail or cease operations.

Our revenue comes from the sale of our products. As a result, we will continue to incur operating losses until such time as sales of our products reach a mature level and we are able to generate sufficient revenue from the sale of our products to meet our operating expenses. There can be no assurance that customers will adopt our technology and products, or that businesses and prospective customers will agree to pay for our products. In the event that we are not able to significantly increase the number of customers that purchase our products, or if we are unable to charge the necessary prices, our financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Our business could be adversely affected if we fail to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting.

We concluded that as of December 31, 2019, our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting were not effective. We have determined that we have limited resources for adequate personnel to prepare and file reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within the required time periods and that material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting exist relating to our accounting for complex equity transactions. If we are unable to implement and maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and remediate the material weaknesses in a timely manner, or if we identify other material weaknesses in the future, our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements and public reports could be impaired, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition. We identified a lack of sufficient segregation of duties. Specifically, this material weakness is such that the design over these areas relies primarily on detective controls and could be strengthened by adding preventive controls to properly safeguard assets. In addition, investors may lose confidence in our reported information and the market price of our common stock may decline.

We have a history of operating losses, anticipate future losses and may never be profitable.

We have experienced significant operating losses in each period since we began investing resources in PCT and CP. These losses have resulted principally from research and development, sales and marketing, and general and administrative expenses associated with the development of our PCT business. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a net loss available to common shareholders of $15,868,083 or ($7.98) per share, as compared with $23,473,150 or ($15.33) per share, for the corresponding period in 2018. We expect to continue to incur operating losses until sales increase substantially. We cannot be certain when, if ever, we will become profitable. Even if we were to become profitable, we might not be able to sustain such profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

If we are unable to obtain additional financing, business operations will be harmed and if we do obtain additional financing then existing shareholders may suffer substantial dilution.

We need substantial capital to implement our sales distribution strategy for our current products and to develop and commercialize future products using our pressure cycling technology products and services in the sample preparation area, as well as for applications in other areas of life sciences. Our capital requirements will depend on many factors, including but not limited to:

We expect the net proceeds from an expected equity offering, along with our current cash position, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 36 months. Thereafter, unless we achieve profitability, we anticipate that we will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and to otherwise implement our overall business strategy. We currently do not have any contracts or commitments for additional financing. There can be no assurance that financing will be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Any additional equity financing may involve substantial dilution to then existing shareholders.

If adequate funds are not available or if we fail to obtain acceptable additional financing, we may be required to:

Our financial results depend on revenues from our pressure cycling technology products and services, and from government grants.

We currently rely on revenues from PCT, CP, and CS technology products and services in the sample preparation area and from revenues derived from grants awarded to us by governmental agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health. We have been unable to achieve market acceptance of our product offerings to the extent necessary to achieve significant revenue. Competition for government grants is very intense, and we can provide no assurance that we will continue to be awarded grants in the future. If we are unable to increase revenues from sales of our pressure cycling technology products and services and government grants, our business will fail.

We may be unable to obtain market acceptance of our pressure cycling technology products and services.

Many of the initial sales of our pressure cycling technology products and services have been to our collaborators, following their use of our products in studies undertaken in sample preparation for genomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and small molecules studies. Later sales have been to key opinion leaders. Our technology requires scientists and researchers to adopt a method of sample extraction that is different from existing techniques. Our PCT sample preparation system is also more costly than most existing techniques. Our ability to obtain market acceptance will depend, in part, on our ability to demonstrate to our potential customers that the benefits and advantages of our technology outweigh the increased cost of our technology compared with existing methods of sample extraction. If we are unable to demonstrate the benefits and advantages of our products and technology as compared with existing technologies, we will not gain market acceptance and our business will fail.

Our business may be harmed if we encounter problems, delays, expenses, and complications that often affect companies that have not achieved significant market acceptance.

Our pressure cycling technology business continues to face challenges in achieving market acceptance. If we encounter problems, delays, expenses and complications, many of which may be beyond our control or may harm our business or prospects. These include:

The sales cycle of our pressure cycling technology products is lengthy. We have incurred and may continue to incur significant expenses and we may not generate any significant revenue related to those products.

Many of our current and potential customers have required between three and six months or more to test and evaluate our pressure cycling technology products. This increases the possibility that a customer may decide to cancel its order or otherwise change its plans, which could reduce or eliminate our sales to that potential customer. As a result of this lengthy sales cycle, we have incurred and may continue to incur significant research and development, selling and marketing, and general and administrative expense related to customers from whom we have not yet generated any revenue from our products, and from whom we may never generate the anticipated revenue if a customer is not satisfied with the results of the evaluation of our products or if a customer cancels or changes its plans.

Our business could be harmed if our products contain undetected errors or defects.

We are continuously developing new and improving our existing, pressure cycling technology products in sample preparation and we expect to do so in other areas of life sciences depending upon the availability of our resources. Newly introduced products can contain undetected errors or defects. In addition, these products may not meet their performance specifications under all conditions or for all applications. If, despite internal testing and testing by our collaborators, any of our products contain errors or defects or fail to meet customer specifications, then we may be required to enhance or improve those products or technologies. We may not be able to do so on a timely basis, if at all, and may only be able to do so at considerable expense. In addition, any significant reliability problems could result in adverse customer reaction, negative publicity or legal claims and could harm our business and prospects.

Our success may depend on our ability to manage growth effectively.

Our failure to manage growth effectively could harm our business and prospects. Given our limited resources and personnel, growth of our business could place significant strain on our management, information technology systems, sources of manufacturing capacity and other resources. To properly manage our growth, we may need to hire additional employees and identify new sources of manufacturing capabilities. Failure to effectively manage our growth could make it difficult to manufacture our products and fill orders, as well as lead to declines in product quality or increased costs, any of which would adversely impact our business and results of operations.

Our success is substantially dependent on the continued service of our senior management.

Our success is substantially dependent on the continued service of our senior management, specifically our Chief Executive Officer, Richard T. Schumacher. The loss of the services of any of our senior management could make it more difficult to successfully operate our business and achieve our business goals. In addition, our failure to retain existing engineering, research and development, operations, and marketing/sales personnel could harm our product development capabilities and customer and employee relationships, delay the growth of sales of our products, and result in the loss of key information, expertise, or know-how.

We may not be able to hire or retain the number of qualified personnel, particularly engineering and sales personnel, required for our business, which would harm the development and sales of our products and limit our ability to grow.

Competition in our industry for senior management, technical, sales, marketing, finance and other key personnel is intense. If we are unable to retain our existing personnel, or attract and train additional qualified personnel, either because of competition in our industry for such personnel or because of insufficient financial resources, our growth may be limited. Our success also depends in particular on our ability to identify, hire, train and retain qualified engineering and sales personnel with experience in design, development and sales of laboratory equipment.

Our reliance on a single third party for all of our manufacturing, and certain of our engineering, and other related services could harm our business.

We currently solely rely on CBM Industries, a third-party contract manufacturer, to manufacture our Barocycler 2320EXT instrumentation, provide manufacturing expertise, and manage the majority of our sub-contractor supplier relationships for this instrument. Because of our dependence on one manufacturer, our success will depend, in part, on the ability of CBM to manufacture our products cost effectively, in sufficient quantities to meet our customer demand, if and when such demand occurs, and meeting our quality requirements. If CBM experiences manufacturing problems or delays, or if CBM decides not to continue to provide us with these services, our business may be harmed. While we believe other contract manufacturers are available to address our manufacturing and engineering needs, if we find it necessary to replace CBM, there will be a disruption in our business and we would incur additional costs and delays that would harm our business.

Our failure to manage current or future alliances or joint ventures effectively may harm our business.

We have entered into business relationships with four distribution partners and one co-marketing partner, and we may enter into additional alliances, joint ventures or other business relationships to further develop, market and sell our pressure cycling technology product line. We may not be able to:

Furthermore, any alliance, joint venture or other business relationship may divert management time and resources. Entering into a disadvantageous alliance, joint venture or business relationship, failing to manage an alliance, joint venture or business relationship effectively, or failing to comply with any obligations in connection therewith, could harm our business and prospects.

We may not be successful in growing our international sales.

We cannot guarantee that we will successfully develop our international sales channels to enable us to generate significant revenue from international sales. We currently have four international distribution agreements that cover 24 countries in Europe, Asia and Australia. We have generated limited sales to date from international sales and cannot guarantee that we will be able to increase our sales. As we expand, our international operations may be subject to numerous risks and challenges, including:

Our operating results are subject to quarterly variation. Our operating results may fluctuate significantly from period to period depending on a variety of factors, including but not limited to the following:

Our instrumentation operates at high pressures and may therefore become subject to certain regulations in the European Community. Regulation of high-pressure equipment may limit or hinder our development and sale of future instrumentation.

Our Barocycler® instruments operate at high pressures. If our Barocycler® instruments exceed certain pressure levels, our products may become subject to the European Pressure Equipment Directive, which requires certain pressure equipment meet certain quality and safety standards. We do not believe that we are subject to this directive because our Barocycler® instruments are currently below the threshold documented in the text of the directive. If our interpretation were to be challenged, we could incur significant costs defending the challenge, and we could face production and selling delays, all of which could harm our business.

We expect that we will be subject to regulation in the United States, such as by the Food and Drug Administration, and overseas, if and when we begin to invest more resources in the development and commercialization of PCT in applications outside of sample preparation for the research field.

Our current pressure cycling technology products in the area of sample preparation for the research field are not regulated by the FDA. Certain applications in which we intend to develop and commercialize pressure cycling technology, such as protein purification, pathogen inactivation and immunodiagnostics, are expected to require regulatory approvals or clearances from regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, prior to commercialization, when we expand our commercialization activities outside of the research field. We expect that obtaining these approvals or clearances will require a significant investment of time and capital resources and there can be no assurance that such investments will receive approvals or clearances that would allow us to commercialize the technology for these applications.

If we are unable to protect our patents and other proprietary technology relating to our pressure cycling technology products, our business will be harmed.

Our ability to further develop and successfully commercialize our products will depend, in part, on our ability to enforce our patents, preserve our trade secrets, and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. To date, we have been granted 15 United States and foreign patents related to our PCT technology platform, and two additional patents in China related to our Ultra Shear Technology. We also received eight patents with our purchase of the assets of BaroFold in December 2017.

There can be no assurance that (a) any patent applications filed by us will result in issued patents; (b) patent protection will be secured for any particular technology; (c) any patents that have been or may be issued to us will be valid or enforceable; (d) any patents will provide meaningful protection to us; (e) others will not be able to design around our patents; and (f) our patents will provide a competitive advantage or have commercial value. The failure to obtain adequate patent protection would have a material adverse effect on us and may adversely affect our ability to enter into, or affect the terms of, any arrangement for the marketing or sale of any product.

Our patents may be challenged by others.

We could incur substantial costs in patent proceedings, including interference proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and comparable proceedings before similar agencies in other countries, in connection with any claims that may arise in the future. These proceedings could result in adverse decisions about the patentability of our inventions and products, as well as about the enforceability, validity, or scope of protection afforded by the patents.

If we are unable to maintain the confidentiality of our trade secrets and proprietary knowledge, others may develop technology and products that could prevent the successful commercialization of our products.

We rely on trade secrets and other unpatented proprietary information in our product development activities. To the extent we rely on trade secrets and unpatented know-how to maintain our competitive technological position, there can be no assurance that others may not independently develop the same or similar technologies. We seek to protect our trade secrets and proprietary knowledge, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, advisors and contractors. These agreements may not be sufficient to effectively prevent disclosure of our confidential information and may not provide us with an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of such information. If our employees, consultants, advisors, or contractors develop inventions or processes independently that may be applicable to our products, disputes may arise about ownership of proprietary rights to those inventions and processes. Such inventions and processes will not necessarily become our property but may remain the property of those persons or their employers. Protracted and costly litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection, for any reason, could harm our business.

If we infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, our business may be harmed.

It is possible that the manufacture, use or sale of our pressure cycling technology products or services may infringe patent or other intellectual property rights of others. We may be unable to avoid infringement of the patent or other intellectual property rights of others and may be required to seek a license, defend an infringement action, or challenge the validity of the patents or other intellectual property rights in court. We may be unable to secure a license on terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all. Also, we may not prevail in any patent or other intellectual property rights litigation. Patent or other intellectual property rights litigation is costly and time-consuming, and there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient resources to bring any possible litigation related to such infringement to a successful conclusion. If we do not obtain a license under such patents or other intellectual property rights, or if we are found liable for infringement, or if we are unsuccessful in having such patents declared invalid, we may be liable for significant monetary damages, may encounter significant delays in successfully commercializing and developing our pressure cycling technology products, or may be precluded from participating in the manufacture, use, or sale of our pressure cycling technology products or services requiring such licenses.

We may be unable to adequately respond to rapid changes in technology and the development of new industry standards.

The introduction of products and services embodying new technology and the emergence of new industry standards may render our existing pressure cycling technology products and related services obsolete and unmarketable if we are unable to adapt to change. We may be unable to allocate the funds necessary to improve our current products or introduce new products to address our customers’ needs and respond to technological change. In the event that other companies develop more technologically advanced products, our competitive position relative to such companies would be harmed.

We may not be able to compete successfully with others that are developing or have developed competitive technologies and products.

A number of companies have developed, or are expected to develop, products that compete or will compete with our products. We compete with companies that have existing technologies for the extraction of nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules from cells and tissues, including but not limited to methods such as mortar and pestle, sonication, rotor-stator homogenization, French press, bead beating, freezer milling, enzymatic digestion, and chemical dissolution.

We are aware that there are additional companies pursuing new technologies with similar goals to the products developed or being developed by us. Some of the companies with which we now compete, or may compete in the future, have or may have more extensive research, marketing, and manufacturing capabilities, more experience in genomics and proteomics sample preparation, protein purification, pathogen inactivation, immunodiagnostics, and DNA sequencing and significantly greater technical, personnel and financial resources than we do, and may be better positioned to continue to improve their technology to compete in an evolving industry. To compete, we must be able to demonstrate to potential customers that our products provide improved performance and capabilities. Our failure to compete successfully could harm our business and prospects.

We will need to increase the size of our organization and may experience difficulties in managing growth.

We are a small company with a minimal number of employees. We expect to experience a period of expansion in headcount, facilities, infrastructure and overhead and anticipate that further expansion will be required to address potential growth and market opportunities. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain and integrate new managers. Our future financial performance and its ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on its ability to manage any future growth effectively.

Provisions in our articles of organization and bylaws may discourage or frustrate stockholders’ attempts to remove or replace our current management.

Our articles of organization and bylaws contain provisions that may make it more difficult or discourage changes in our management that our stockholders may consider to be favorable. These provisions include:

These provisions could prevent or frustrate attempts to make changes in our management that our stockholders consider to be beneficial and could limit the price that our stockholders might receive in the future for shares of our common stock.

The costs of compliance with the reporting obligations of the Exchange Act, and with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, may place a strain on our limited resources and our management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns.

As a result of the regulatory requirements applicable to public companies, we incur legal, accounting, and other expenses that are significant in relation to the size of our Company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and OTC Markets Group, Inc., have increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and may make some activities more time-consuming. These requirements have placed and will continue to place a strain on our systems and on our management and financial resources.

Certain of our net deferred tax assets could be substantially limited if we experience an ownership change as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.

Certain of our net operating losses (“NOLs”) give rise to net deferred tax assets. Our ability to utilize NOLs and to offset our future taxable income and/or to recover previously paid taxes would be limited if we were to undergo an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”). In general, an “ownership change” occurs whenever the percentage of the stock of a corporation owned by “5 percent shareholders,” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code, increases by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock of such corporation owned by such “5 percent shareholders” at any time over the preceding three years.

An ownership change under Section 382 of the Code would establish an annual limitation on the amount of NOLs we could utilize to offset our taxable income in any single taxable year to an amount equal to (i) the product of a specified rate, which is published by the U.S. Treasury, and the aggregate value of our outstanding stock plus; and (ii) the amount of unutilized limitation from prior years. The application of these limitations might prevent full utilization of the deferred tax assets attributable to our NOLs. We may have or will have experienced an ownership change as defined by Section 382 through the sale of equity and, therefore, we will consider whether the sale of equity units will result in limitations of our net operating losses under Section 382 when we start to generate taxable income. However, whether a change in ownership occurs in the future is largely outside of our control, and there can be no assurance that such a change will not occur.

Significant policy shifts from the Trump Administration could have a material adverse effect on us.

The Trump Administration has called for substantial change to fiscal and tax policies, regulatory oversight of businesses, and greater restrictions on free trade including significant increases on tariffs on goods imported into the United States, including from China. Proposals espoused by President Trump may result in changes to social, political, regulatory and economic conditions in the United States or in laws and policies affecting the development and investment in countries where we currently conduct business. In addition, these changes could result in negative sentiments towards the United States among non-U.S. customers and among non-U.S. employees or prospective employees. We cannot predict the impact, if any, of these changes to our business. However, it is possible that these changes could adversely affect our business. It is likely that some policies adopted by the new administration will benefit us and others will negatively affect us.

We face risks related to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) which could significantly disrupt our research and development, operations, sales, and financial results.

Our business will be adversely impacted by the effects of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). In addition to global macroeconomic effects, the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak and any other related adverse public health developments will cause disruption to our operations, research and development, and sales activities. Our third-party manufacturers, third-party distributors, and our customers have been and will be disrupted by worker absenteeism, quarantines and restrictions on employees’ ability to work, office and factory closures, disruptions to ports and other shipping infrastructure, border closures, or other travel or health-related restrictions. Depending on the magnitude of such effects on our activities or the operations of our third-party manufacturers and third-party distributors, the supply of our products will be delayed, which could adversely affect our business, operations and customer relationships. In addition, the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) or other disease outbreak will in the short-run and may over the longer term adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that will affect demand for our products and impact our operating results. There can be no assurance that any decrease in sales resulting from the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) will be offset by increased sales in subsequent periods. Although the magnitude of the impact of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak on our business and operations remains uncertain, the continued spread of the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) or the occurrence of other epidemics and the imposition of related public health measures and travel and business restrictions will adversely impact our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. In addition, we have experienced and will experience disruptions to our business operations resulting from quarantines, self-isolations, or other movement and restrictions on the ability of our employees to perform their jobs that may impact our ability to develop and design our products in a timely manner or meet required milestones or customer commitments.

RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF OUR SECURITIES

The holders of our Common Stock could suffer substantial dilution due to our corporate financing practices.

The holders of our common stock could suffer substantial dilution due to our corporate financing practices, which, in the past few years, have included private placements and a registered direct offering. As of December 31, 2019, we have issued shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, Series H Convertible Preferred Stock, Series H2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, Series K Convertible Preferred Stock and Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock.

As of December 31, 2019, all of the issued shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, and Series E Convertible Preferred Stock had been converted into shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2019, only shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, Series H Convertible Preferred Stock, Series H2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, Series K Convertible Preferred Stock and Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock were outstanding. Further, in connection with those private placements and the Series D registered direct offering, we issued warrants to purchase common stock. In addition, as of December 31, 2019, we had issued notes and debentures convertible into common stock at $2.50 to $7.50 per common share. If all of the outstanding shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, Series H Convertible Preferred Stock, Series H2 Convertible Preferred Stock, Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, Series K Convertible Preferred Stock and Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock were converted into shares of common stock and all outstanding options and warrants to purchase shares of common stock were exercised and all fixed rate convertible notes and debentures were converted, each as of December 31, 2019, an additional 22,079,621 shares of common stock would be issued and outstanding. This additional issuance of shares of common stock would cause immediate and substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause a significant reduction in the market price of our common stock.

Sales of a significant number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception of such possible sales, could depress the market price of our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public markets, which include an offering of our preferred stock or common stock could depress the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity or equity-related securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our common stock or other equity-related securities would have on the market price of our common stock.

Our share price could be volatile and our trading volume may fluctuate substantially.

The price of common stock has been and may in the future continue to be extremely volatile. Many factors could have a significant impact on the future price of our shares of common stock, including:

A decline in the price of our shares of common stock could affect our ability to raise further working capital and adversely impact our ability to continue operations.

The relatively low price of our shares of common stock, and a decline in the price of our shares of common stock, could result in a reduction in the liquidity of our common stock and a reduction in our ability to raise capital. Because a significant portion of our operations has been and will continue to be financed through the sale of equity securities, a decline in the price of our shares of common stock could be especially detrimental to our liquidity and our operations. Such reductions and declines may force us to reallocate funds from other planned uses and may have a significant negative effect on our business plans and operations, including our ability to continue our current operations. If the price for our shares of common stock declines, it may be more difficult to raise additional capital. If we are unable to raise sufficient capital, and we are unable to generate funds from operations sufficient to meet our obligations, we will not have the resources to continue our operations.

The market price for our shares of common stock may also be affected by our ability to meet or exceed expectations of analysts or investors. Any failure to meet these expectations, even if minor, may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our shares of common stock.

If we issue additional securities in the future, it will likely result in the dilution of our shares of existing stockholders.

As of December 31, 2019, there were 2,549,620 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. Similarly, at such time, there were no shares of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock; Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; Series C Convertible Preferred Stock; and Series E Convertible Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2019 there were 300 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding and convertible into 25,000 shares of common stock, 80,570 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 26,857 shares of common stock, 10,000 shares of Series H Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 33,334 shares of common stock, 21 shares of Series H2 Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 70,000 shares of common stock, 3,458 shares of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 115,267 shares of common stock, 6,880 shares of Series K Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 229,334 shares of common stock and 7,939 shares of Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 7,939,000 shares of common stock, .

As of December 31, 2019, there were outstanding options and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 11,289,336 shares of common stock; and fixed rate convertible debt convertible into 2,351,493 shares of common stock. From time to time, we also may increase the number of shares available for issuance in connection with our equity compensation plan, we may adopt new equity compensation plans, and we may issue awards to our employees and others who provide services to us outside the terms of our equity compensation plans. Our board of directors may fix and determine the designations, rights, preferences or other variations of each class or series of preferred stock and may choose to issue some or all of such shares to provide additional financing in the future.

The issuance of any securities for acquisition, licensing or financing efforts, upon conversion of any preferred stock or exercise of warrants, pursuant to our equity compensation plans, or otherwise may result in a reduction of the book value and market price of the outstanding shares of our common stock. If we issue any such additional securities, such issuance will cause a reduction in the proportionate ownership and voting power of all current stockholders. Further, such issuance may result in a change in control of our Company.

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock.

FINRA has adopted rules that require that in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our common stock and have an adverse effect on the market for our shares.

Our Common Stock is subject to the “Penny Stock” rules of the SEC and the trading market in our securities is limited, which makes transactions in our stock cumbersome and may reduce the value of an investment in our stock.

The Securities and Exchange Commission has adopted Rule 15g-9 which establishes the definition of a “penny stock,” for the purposes relevant to us, as any equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share or with an exercise price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions. For any transaction involving a penny stock, unless exempt, the rules require:

In order to approve a person’s account for transactions in penny stocks, the broker or dealer must:

The broker or dealer must also deliver, prior to any transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule prescribed by the Commission relating to the penny stock market, which, in highlight form:

Generally, brokers may be less willing to execute transactions in securities subject to the “penny stock” rules. This may make it more difficult for investors to dispose of our common stock and cause a decline in the market value of our stock.

Disclosure also has to be made about the risks of investing in penny stocks in both public offerings and in secondary trading and about the commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative, current quotations for the securities and the rights and remedies available to an investor in cases of fraud in penny stock transactions. Finally, monthly statements have to be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stocks.

We have never declared or paid a cash dividend on our common stock and we do not expect to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

Our shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to certain rights, privileges and preferences over our common stock, including a preference upon a liquidation of our Company, which will reduce amounts available for distribution to the holders of our common stock.

The holders of our shares of Series D are entitled to payment, prior to payment to the holders of common stock in the event of liquidation of the Company. If we are dissolved, liquidated or wound up at a time when the Series D Preferred Stock remain outstanding, the holders of the Series D Preferred Stock will be entitled to receive only an amount equal to the liquidation preference (as it may be adjusted from time to time), plus any accumulated and unpaid dividends, to the extent that we have funds legally available. Any remaining assets will be distributable to holders of our other equity securities.

Shares eligible for future sale may adversely affect the market.

From time to time, certain of our stockholders may be eligible to sell all or some of their shares of common stock by means of ordinary brokerage transactions in the open market pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, subject to certain limitations. In general, pursuant to amended Rule 144, non-affiliate stockholders may sell freely after six months subject only to the current public information requirement. Affiliates may sell after six months subject to the Rule 144 volume, manner of sale (for equity securities), current public information and notice requirements. Any substantial sales of our common stock pursuant to Rule 144 may have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

We currently do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock. As result, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment is if the price of our common stock appreciates.

We currently do not expect to declare or pay dividends on our common stock. In addition, in the future we may enter into agreements that prohibit or restrict our ability to declare or pay dividends on our common stock. As a result, your only opportunity to achieve a return on your investment will be if the market price of our common stock appreciates and you sell your shares at a profit.

We could issue additional common stock, which might dilute the book value of our Common Stock.

Our Board of Directors has authority, without action or vote of our shareholders, to issue all or a part of our authorized but unissued shares. Such stock issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount or a premium from the then-current trading price of our common stock. In addition, in order to raise capital, we may need to issue securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for our common stock. These issuances would dilute the percentage ownership interest, which would have the effect of reducing your influence on matters on which our shareholders vote and might dilute the book value of our common stock. You may incur additional dilution if holders of stock warrants or options, whether currently outstanding or subsequently granted, exercise their options, or if warrant holders exercise their warrants to purchase shares of our common stock.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.

Our corporate office is currently located at 14 Norfolk Avenue, South Easton, Massachusetts 02375. We are currently paying $6,950 per month, on a lease extension, signed on December 31, 2019, that expires December 31, 2020, for our corporate office. We expanded our space to include offices, warehouse and a loading dock on the first floor starting May 1, 2017 with a monthly rent increase already reflected in the current payments.

On October 18, 2017 we signed a lease extension for our lab space in Medford, MA. The lease will now expire December 30, 2020 and requires monthly payments of $7,130 starting January 1, 2019 subject to annual cost of living increases. The lease shall be automatically extended for additional three years unless either party terminates at least six months prior to the expiration of the current lease term.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

We are not currently involved in any litigation that we believe could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. There is no action, suit, or proceeding by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the executive officers of our Company or our subsidiary, threatened against or affecting our Company, our common stock, our subsidiary or of our companies or our subsidiary’s officers or directors in their capacities as such, in which an adverse decision could have a material adverse effect.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our common stock is currently traded on the OTCQB tier of the OTC Markets under the trading symbol “PBIO.”

Authorized Capital

As of December 31, 2019, we were authorized to issue 100,000,000 shares of common stock, $.01 par value, and 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $.01 par value. Of the 1,000,000 shares of preferred stock, 20,000 shares were designated as Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock, 313,960 shares as Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, 279,256 shares as Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, 88,098 shares as Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, 850 shares as Series D Convertible Preferred Stock, 500 shares as Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, 240,000 shares as Series G Convertible Preferred Stock, 10,000 shares as Series H Convertible Preferred Stock, 21 shares as Series H2 Convertible Preferred Stock, 6,250 shares as Series J Convertible Preferred Stock, 15,000 shares as Series K Convertible Preferred Stock and 10,000 shares of Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock.

As of December 31, 2019, there were 2,549,620 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. Similarly, at such time, there were no shares of outstanding Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock; Series A Convertible Preferred Stock; Series B Convertible Preferred Stock; Series C Convertible Preferred Stock; and Series E Convertible Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2019 there were 300 shares of Series D Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding and convertible into 25,000 shares of common stock, 80,570 shares of Series G Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 26,857 shares of common stock, 10,000 shares of Series H Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 33,334 shares of common stock, 21 shares of Series H2 Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 70,000 shares of common stock, 3,458 shares of Series J Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 115,267 shares of common stock, 6,880 shares of Series K Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 229,334 shares of common stock and 7,939 shares of Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding convertible into 7,939,000 shares of common stock.

Approximate Number of Equity Security Holders

As of December 31, 2019, there were approximately 205 stockholders of record. Because shares of our common stock are held by depositaries, brokers and other nominees, the number of beneficial holders of our shares is substantially larger than the number of stockholders of record.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on common stock and do not plan to pay any cash dividends on common stock in the foreseeable future.

As of December 31, 2019, dividends issued or to be issued on convertible preferred stock for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are outlined in the table below.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we issued securities that were not registered under the Securities Act, and were not previously disclosed in a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K as listed below. Except where noted, all of the securities discussed in this Item 5 were issued in reliance on the exemption under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.

Except where noted, all the securities discussed in this Part II, Item 5 were issued in reliance on the exemption under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. This Part II, Item 5 does not discuss issuances previously disclosed in Form 8-Ks, Form 10-Qs, or the Form 10-K filed by the Company.

On various dates in the quarter ended December 31, 2019 the Company issued a total of 530,369 shares of restricted common stock at a fair value of $895,588 to accredited investors. 6,105 shares with a fair value of $13,742 were issued in conjunction with the signing of new convertible loans; 64,000 shares with a fair value of $153,600 were issued to an investor relations firm for services rendered; 6,200 shares with a fair value of $14,260 were issued upon the conversion of convertible loans; and 19,857 shares with a fair value of $14,977 were issued in lieu of cash for the 8% dividend on Series AA Convertible Preferred Stock.

Additionally, during the quarter ended December 31, 2019, the Company issued 281,297 shares of restricted common stock with a fair value of $263,886 to existing holders of convertible loans. These share issuances were in conjunction with December 2019 forbearance extension agreement (229,359) and for the settlement of on-going interest obligations (51,938).

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

Not Applicable.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATION.

OVERVIEW

We are a leader in the development & sale of innovative, broadly enabling, pressure-based platform solutions for the worldwide life sciences industry. Our solutions are based on the unique properties of both constant (i.e., static) and alternating (i.e., pressure cycling technology, or “PCT”) hydrostatic pressure. PCT is a patented enabling technology platform that uses alternating cycles of hydrostatic pressure between ambient and ultra-high levels to safely and reproducibly control bio-molecular interactions (e.g., cell lysis, biomolecule extraction). Our primary focus is in the development of PCT-based products for biomarker and target discovery, drug design and development, biotherapeutics characterization and quality control, soil & plant biology, forensics, and counter-bioterror applications. Additionally, major new market opportunities have emerged in the use of our pressure-based technologies in the following areas: (1) the use of our recently acquired, patented technology from BaroFold, Inc. (the “BaroFold” technology platform) to allow entry into the bio-pharma contract services sector, and (2) the use of our recently-patented, scalable, high-efficiency, pressure-based Ultra Shear Technology (“UST”) platform to (i) create stable nanoemulsions of otherwise immiscible fluids (e.g., oils and water) and to (ii) prepare higher quality, homogenized, extended shelf-life or room temperature stable low-acid liquid foods that cannot be effectively preserved using existing non-thermal technologies.

Patents

PBI has 14 United States granted patents and one foreign granted patent (Japan: 5587770, EXTRACTION AND PARTITIONING OF MOLECULES) covering multiple applications of PCT in the life sciences field. PBI also has 19 pending patents in the USA, Canada, Europe, Australia, China, and Taiwan PCT employs a unique approach that we believe has the potential for broad use in a number of established and emerging life sciences areas, which include, but are not limited to:

Primary Fields of Use and Application for PCT

Sample preparation is widely regarded as a significant impediment to research and discovery and sample extraction is generally regarded as one of the key parts of sample preparation. The process of preparing samples for genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule studies includes a crucial step called sample extraction or sample disruption. This is the process of extracting biomolecules such as nucleic acid i.e., DNA and/or RNA, proteins, lipids, or small molecules from the plant or animal cells and tissues that are being studied. Our current commercialization efforts are based upon our belief that pressure cycling technology provides a superior solution for sample extraction when compared to other available technologies or procedures and thus might significantly improve the quality of sample preparation, and thus the quality of the test result.

Within the broad field of biological sample preparation, in particular sample extraction, we focus the majority of our PCT and constant pressure (“CP”) product development efforts in three specific areas: biomarker discovery (primarily through mass spectrometric analysis), forensics, and histology. We believe that our existing PCT and CP-based instrumentation and related consumable products fill an important and growing need in the sample preparation market for the safe, rapid, versatile, reproducible and quality extraction of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and small molecules from a wide variety of plant, animal, and microbiological cells and tissues.

Biomarker Discovery and Precision Medicine

The most commonly used technique worldwide for the preservation of cancer and other tissues for long-term storage and subsequent pathology evaluation is to process them into formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (“FFPE”) samples. We believe that the quality and analysis of FFPE tissues is highly problematic, and that PCT offers significant advantages over current processing methods, including standardization, speed, biomolecule recovery, and safety.

Our customers include researchers at academic laboratories, government agencies, biotechnology companies, pharmaceutical companies and other life science institutions in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Our goal is to continue aggressive market penetration in these target areas. We also believe that there is a significant opportunity to sell and/or lease additional Barocycler® instrumentation to additional laboratories at current customer institutions.

If we are successful in commercializing PCT in applications beyond our current focus area of genomic, proteomic, lipidomic, and small molecule sample preparation, and if we are successful in our attempts to attract additional capital, our potential customer base could expand to include hospitals, reference laboratories, pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and other sites involved in each specific application. If we are successful in forensics, our potential customers could be forensic laboratories, military and other government agencies. If we are successful in biomarker discovery and precision medicine - specifically the extraction of biomolecules from FFPE tissues, our potential customers could be pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, and laboratories focused on drug discovery or correlation of disease states.

Forensics

The detection of DNA has become a part of the analysis of forensic samples by laboratories and criminal justice agencies worldwide in their efforts to identify the perpetrators of violent crimes and missing persons. Scientists from the University of North Texas and Florida International University have reported improvements in DNA yield from forensic samples (e.g., bone and hair) when using the PCT platform in the sample preparation process. We believe that PCT may be capable of differentially extracting DNA from sperm cells and female epithelial cells captured in swabs collected from rape victims and subsequently stored in rape kits. We also believe that there are many completed rape kits that remain untested for reasons such as cost, time and quality of results. We further believe that the ability to differentially extract DNA from sperm and not epithelial cells could reduce the cost of such testing, while increasing the quality, safety and speed of the testing process.

Going Concern

We have experienced negative cash flows from operations since our inception. As of December 31, 2019, we did not have adequate working capital resources to satisfy our current liabilities and as a result we have substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Based on our current projections, including equity financing subsequent to December 31, 2019, we believe we will have the cash resources that will enable us to continue to fund normal operations into the foreseeable future.

The audit report issued by our independent registered public accounting firm on our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, contains an explanatory paragraph regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. The audit report issued by our independent registered public accounting firm for our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 states that our auditing firm has substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern due to the risk that we may not have sufficient cash and liquid assets to cover our operating and capital requirements for the next twelve-month period; and, if sufficient cash cannot be obtained, we would have to substantially alter, or possibly even discontinue, operations. The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

The conditions described above could adversely affect our ability to obtain additional financing on favorable terms, if at all, and may cause investors to have reservations about our long-term prospects, and may adversely affect our relationships with customers. There can be no assurance that our auditing firm will not issue the same opinion in the future. If we cannot successfully continue as a going concern, our stockholders may lose their entire investment in us.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Year Ended December 31, 2019 as compared with December 31, 2018

Revenue

We had total revenue of $1,809,993, in the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared with $2,457,871 in the prior year, a 26% decrease. The decrease was due to a decrease in product sales and grant revenue.

Products, Services, and Other. Revenue from the sale of products and services was $1,809,993 in the year ended December 31, 2019 compared with $2,200,539 in the year ended December 31, 2018, an 18% decrease. Revenue included sales of both PBI and CS’s pressure-based products and sales of our new Barofold Contract Services. Sales of instrumentation decreased in 2019 by $765,101 or 54%, from $1,418,731 in 2018 to $653,630 in 2019. Sales of consumables were $298,385 for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to $235,132 for the same period in 2018, an increase of $63,253 or 27%. Sales of Barofold Contract Services increased from $118,383 in 2018 to $380,800 in 2019. Products, Services, and Other Revenue included $59,456 from non-cash transactions in the current year while the prior year included non-cash transactions of $91,265. Revenue from non-cash transactions was recognized based on the carrying value of the assets involved per ASC 845.

Grant Revenue. During 2019, we recorded $0 of grant revenue as compared with $257,332 in 2018. In December 2014, the Company was awarded a $1,020,969 SBIR Phase II grant (2R44HG007136) from the National Human Genome Research Institute of the NIH, which expired in 2018.

Cost of Products and Services

The cost of products and services was $1,197,061 for the year ended December 31, 2019, compared with $1,280,270 in 2018. Our overall gross profit margin decreased to 34% for FY 2019 from 48% for FY 2018.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were $1,157,222 for 2019 compared to $1,208,160 in 2018, a decrease of $50,938 or 4%.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses were $680,629 in 2019 compared to $1,009,568 in 2018, a decrease of $328,939, or 33%. This decrease is primarily attributed to a decrease in consulting and outside services.

General and Administrative

General and administrative costs were $4,580,615 in the year ended December 31, 2019, as compared with $3,436,956 in 2018, an increase of $1,143,659 or 33%. The increase in General and Administrative expense is primarily attributable to a $525,000 increase in stock-based compensation and a $376,000 increase in investor relations expense.

Operating Loss

Our operating loss was $5,805,534 for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to $4,477,083 for the prior year, an increase of $1,328,451 or 30%. This increase in operating loss was due primarily to increased expenses for stock-based compensation and investor relations.

Other income (expense), net

Interest Expense. Net interest expense totaled $5,281,480 for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to interest expense of $4,168,214 for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in interest expense in the year ended December 31, 2019, compared to the corresponding prior period is attributable to the increase in convertible and other debt as offset by lower interest expense from the conversion of $12.6 million of debt to equity in June 2018.

Gain (Loss) on extinguishment of liabilities

In connection with payments of interest in common stock and debt extensions, we calculated net losses of $795,089 in the year ended December 31, 2019 and net gains of $260,454 in the year ended December 31, 2018. The change, $1,055,543, is attributable to the substantial debt restructuring with convertible lenders during 2019.

Income Taxes

In the year ended December 31, 2019 we recorded a tax benefit of $217,168, compared to $0 in the year ended December 31, 2018. The change in the income tax provision in 2019 was attributable to the recognition of a tax benefit for corporate alternative minimum tax paid in past years, which will be recovered in cash annually through the 2022 tax year.

Net Loss

During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a net loss attributable to common shareholders of $15,868,083 or ($7.98) per share, as compared with a net loss available to common shareholders of $23,473,150 or ($15.33) per share during the year ended December 31, 2018. This decrease in net loss is primarily attributable to $12,881,899 in 2018 deemed dividends from beneficial conversion feature resulting from the conversion of convertible debt to Series AA Convertible preferred Stock.

LIQUIDITY AND FINANCIAL CONDITION

As of December 31, 2019, we did not have adequate working capital resources to satisfy our current liabilities. We have been successful in raising cash through debt and equity offerings in the past. We have efforts in place to continue to raise cash through debt and equity offerings.

We believe our current and projected capital raising plans, and our projected continued increases in revenue, will enable us to extend our cash resources for the foreseeable future. Although we have successfully completed equity and debt financings and reduced expenses in the past, we cannot assure you that our plans to address these matters in the future will be successful.

We believe we will need approximately $15 million in additional capital to fund our three-pronged operational plan, which was designed to help increase revenues and reach profitability, by:

However, if we are unable to obtain such funds through sales, the capital markets or other source of financing on acceptable terms, or at all, we will likely be required to cease our operations, pursue a plan to sell our operating assets, or otherwise modify our business strategy, which could materially harm our future business prospects. These conditions raise substantive doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Net cash used in operating activities was $6,327,578 for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared with $5,695,904 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 totaled $23,375 compared to $0 in the prior period. Cash capital expenditures included laboratory and IT equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $6,277,460 as compared with $5,717,989 in the prior year.

In 2019,

Our common stock is currently traded on the OTCQB tier of the OTC Markets under the trading symbol “PBIO.”

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Royalty Commitments

In 1996, we acquired our initial equity interest in BioSeq, Incorporated (“BioSeq”). At the time, BioSeq was developing our original pressure cycling technology. They acquired its pressure cycling technology from BioMolecular Assays, Inc. (“BMA”) under a technology transfer and patent assignment agreement. In 1998, we purchased all of the remaining, outstanding capital stock of BioSeq; and, consequently, the technology transfer and patent assignment agreement was amended to require us to pay BMA a 5% royalty on our sales of products or services that incorporate or utilize the original pressure cycling technology that BioSeq acquired from BMA. Similarly, the Company is required to pay BMA 5% of the proceeds from any sale, transfer or license of all or any portion of the original pressure cycling technology. These payment obligations terminated March 7, 2016. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we incurred approximately $6,963 in royalty expense associated with our obligation to BMA.

In connection with our acquisition of BioSeq, we licensed certain limited rights to the original pressure cycling technology back to BMA. This license is non-exclusive and limits the use of the original pressure cycling technology by BMA solely for molecular applications in scientific research and development, and in scientific plant research and development. BMA is required to pay us a royalty equal to 20% of any license or other fees and royalties, but not including research support and similar payments, it receives in connection with any sale, assignment, license or other transfer of any rights granted to BMA under the license. BMA was required to pay us these royalties until the expiration of the patents held by BioSeq in March 2016. We have not received any royalty payments from BMA under this license.

Battelle Memorial Institute

In December 2008, we entered into an exclusive patent license agreement with the Battelle Memorial Institute (“Battelle”). The licensed technology is described in the patent application filed by Battelle on July 31, 2008 (US serial number 12/183,219). This application includes subject matter related to a method and a system for improving the analysis of protein samples including, through an automated system, utilizing pressure and a pre-selected agent to obtain a digested sample in a significantly shorter period of time than current methods, while maintaining the integrity of the sample throughout the preparatory process. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, we paid Battelle a non-refundable initial fee of $35,000. In addition to royalty payments on net sales on “licensed products,” we are obligated to make minimum royalty payments for each year we retain the rights outlined in the patent license agreement; and, we are required to have our first commercial sale of the licensed products within one year following the issuance of the patent covered by the licensed technology. After re-negotiating the terms of the contract in 2013, the minimum annual royalty was $1,200 in 2014 and $2,000 in 2015; the minimum royalties were $3,000 in 2016, $4,000 in 2017 and $5,000 in 2018 and each calendar year thereafter during the term of the agreement.

Target Discovery Inc.

In March 2010, we signed a strategic product licensing, manufacturing, co-marketing, and collaborative research and development agreement with Target Discovery Inc. (“TDI”), a related party. Under the terms of the agreement, we have been licensed by TDI to manufacture and sell a highly innovative line of chemicals used in the preparation of tissues for scientific analysis (“TDI reagents”). The TDI reagents were designed for use in combination with our pressure cycling technology. The respective companies believe that the combination of PCT and the TDI reagents can fill an existing need in life science research for an automated method for rapid extraction and recovery of intact, functional proteins associated with cell membranes in tissue samples. We did not incur any royalty obligation under this agreement in 2017 or 2016. We executed an amendment to this agreement on October 1, 2016 wherein we agreed to pay a monthly fee of $1,400 for the use of a lab bench, shared space and other utilities, and $2,000 per day for technical support services as needed. Mr. Jeffrey N. Peterson, the chief executive officer of TDI, has served as a director of the Company since July 2011 and as Chairman of the Board starting in 2012.

Severance and Change of Control Agreements

Each of Mr. Schumacher, Dr. Ting, and Dr. Lazarev, executive officers of the Company, are entitled to receive a severance payment if terminated by us without cause. The severance benefits would include a payment in an amount equal to one year of such executive officer’s annualized base salary compensation plus accrued paid time off. Additionally, the officer will be entitled to receive medical and dental insurance coverage for one year following the date of termination.

Pursuant to severance agreements with each of Mr. Schumacher, Dr. Ting, and Dr. Lazarev, each such executive officers, is entitled to receive a change of control payment in an amount equal to one year (other than Mr. Schumacher) of such executive officer’s annualized base salary compensation, accrued paid time off, and medical and dental coverage, in the event of a change of control of our Company. In the case of Mr. Schumacher, his payment is equal to two years of annualized base salary compensation, accrued paid time off, and two years of medical and dental coverage.

Pursuant to our equity incentive plans, any unvested stock options held by a named executive officer will become fully vested upon a change in control (as defined in the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan) of our Company.

Lease Commitments

We lease building space under non-cancelable leases in South Easton, MA and lab space in Medford, MA. Rental costs are expensed as incurred. During 2019 and 2018 we incurred $181,106 and $167,047, respectively, in rent expense for the use of our corporate office and research and development facilities.

Following is a schedule by years of future minimum rental payments required under operating leases with initial or remaining non-cancelable lease terms in excess of one year as of December 31, 2019:

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Pressure BioSciences, Inc., and its wholly-owned subsidiary PBI BioSeq, Inc. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

To prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, we are required to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. In addition, significant estimates were made in projecting future cash flows to quantify deferred tax assets, the costs associated with fulfilling our warranty obligations for the instruments that we sell, and the estimates employed in our calculation of fair value of stock options awarded and warrant derivative liability. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from the estimates and assumptions used.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with FASB ASC 606, ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, and ASC 340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers. Revenue is measured based on a consideration specified in a contract with a customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. We enter into sales contracts that may consist of multiple distinct performance obligations where certain performance obligations of the sales contract are not delivered in one reporting period. We measure and allocate revenue according to ASC 606-10.

We identify a performance obligation as distinct if both the following criteria are true: the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and the entity’s promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. Determining the standalone selling price (“SSP”) and allocation of consideration from a contract to the individual performance obligations, and the appropriate timing of revenue recognition, is the result of significant qualitative and quantitative judgments. Management considers a variety of factors such as historical sales, usage rates, costs, and expected margin, which may vary over time depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each performance obligation in making these estimates. While changes in the allocation of the SSP between performance obligations will not affect the amount of total revenue recognized for a particular contract, any material changes could impact the timing of revenue recognition, which would have a material effect on our financial position and result of operations. This is because the contract consideration is allocated to each performance obligation, delivered or undelivered, at the inception of the contract based on the SSP of each distinct performance obligation.

Taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction, that are collected by the Company from a customer, are excluded from revenue.

Shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight after control over a product has transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are in included in cost of revenues as consistent with treatment in prior periods.

Our current Barocycler® instruments require a basic level of instrumentation expertise to set-up for initial operation. To support a favorable first experience for our customers, upon customer request, and for an additional fee, will send a highly trained technical representative to the customer site to install Barocyclers® that we sell, lease, or rent through our domestic sales force. The installation process includes uncrating and setting up the instrument, followed by introductory user training. Our sales arrangements do not provide our customers with a right of return. Any shipping costs billed to customers are recognized as revenue.

The majority of our instrument and consumable contracts contain pricing that is based on the market price for the product at the time of delivery. Our obligations to deliver product volumes are typically satisfied and revenue is recognized when control of the product transfers to our customers. Concurrent with the transfer of control, we typically receive the right to payment for the shipped product and the customer has significant risks and rewards of ownership of the product. Payment terms require customers to pay shortly after delivery and do not contain significant financing components.

Revenue from scientific services customers is recognized upon completion of each stage of service as defined in service agreements.

We apply ASC 845, “Accounting for Non-Monetary Transactions”, to account for products and services sold through non-cash transactions based on the fair values of the products and services involved, where such values can be determined. Non-cash exchanges would require revenue to be recognized at recorded cost or carrying value of the assets or services sold if any of the following conditions apply:

We currently record revenue for non-cash transactions at recorded cost or carrying value of the assets or services sold.

We account for lease agreements of our instruments in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. We record revenue over the life of the lease term and we record depreciation expense on a straight-line basis over the thirty-six-month estimated useful life of the Barocycler® instrument. The depreciation expense associated with assets under lease agreement is included in the “Cost of PCT products and services” line item in our accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Many of our lease and rental agreements allow the lessee to purchase the instrument at any point during the term of the agreement with partial or full credit for payments previously made. We pay all maintenance costs associated with the instrument during the term of the leases.

Revenue from government grants is recorded when expenses are incurred under the grant in accordance with the terms of the grant award.

Deferred revenue represents amounts received from grants and service contracts for which the related revenues have not been recognized because one or more of the revenue recognition criteria have not been met. Revenue from service contracts is recorded ratably over the length of the contract.

Transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period.

All consideration from contracts with customers is included in the amounts presented above.

Contract Costs

The Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses. The costs to obtain a contract are recorded immediately in the period when the revenue is recognized either upon shipment or installation. The costs to obtain a service contract are considered immaterial when spread over the life of the contract so the Company records the costs immediately upon billing.

Intangible Assets

We have classified as intangible assets, costs associated with the fair value of acquired intellectual property. Intangible assets, including patents, are being amortized on a straight-line basis over sixteen years. We perform an annual review of our intangible assets for impairment. When impairment is indicated, any excess of carrying value over fair value is recorded as a loss. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the outstanding balance for intangible assets was $576,923 and $663,462, respectively.

Long-Lived Assets

The Company’s long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment in accordance with the guidance of the FASB ASC 360-10-05, Property, Plant, and Equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of an asset to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such asset is considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its fair value. Through December 31, 2019, the Company had not experienced impairment losses on its long-lived assets. While our current and historical operating losses and cash flow are indicators of impairment, we performed an impairment test at December 31, 2019 and determined that such long-lived assets were not impaired.

Beneficial Conversion Features

In accordance with FASB ASC 470-20, “Debt with Conversion and Other Options” the Company records a beneficial conversion feature (“BCF”) related to the issuance of convertible debt or preferred stock instruments that have conversion features at fixed rates that are in-the-money when issued. The BCF for the convertible instruments is recognized and measured by allocating a portion of the proceeds equal to the intrinsic value of that feature to additional paid-in capital. The intrinsic value is generally calculated at the commitment date as the difference between the conversion price and the fair value of the common stock or other securities into which the security is convertible, multiplied by the number of shares into which the security is convertible. If certain other securities are issued with the convertible security, the proceeds are allocated among the different components. The portion of the proceeds allocated to the convertible security is divided by the contractual number of the conversion shares to determine the effective conversion price, which is used to measure the BCF. The effective conversion price is used to compute the intrinsic value. The value of the BCF is limited to the basis that is initially allocated to the convertible security.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We maintain allowances for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. Judgments are used in determining the allowance for doubtful accounts and are based on a combination of factors. Such factors include historical collection experience, credit policy and specific customer collection issues. In circumstances where we are aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to us (e.g., due to a bankruptcy filing), we record a specific reserve for bad debts against amounts due to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount we reasonably believe will be collected. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and continuously monitor collections and payments from our customers. While actual bad debts have historically been within our expectations and the provisions established, we cannot guarantee that we will continue to experience the same bad debt rates that we have in the past. A significant change in the liquidity or financial position of any of our customers could result in the uncollectability of the related accounts receivable and could adversely impact our operating cash flows in that period.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost (average cost) or market (sales price). The cost of Barocyclers consists of the cost charged by the contract manufacturer. The cost of manufactured goods includes material, freight-in, direct labor, and applicable overhead. In assessing the ultimate realization of inventories, management judgment is required to determine the reserve for obsolete or excess inventory. Inventory on hand may exceed future demand either because the product is obsolete, or because the amount on hand is more than can be used to meet future needs. We provide for the total value of inventories that we determine to be obsolete or excess based on criteria such as customer demand and changing technologies. We historically have not experienced significant inaccuracies in computing our reserves for obsolete or excess inventory.

Equity Transactions

We evaluate the proper classification of our equity instruments that embody an unconditional obligation requiring the issuer to redeem it by transferring assets at a determinable date or that contain certain conditional obligations, typically classified as equity, be classified as a liability. We record amortized financing costs associated with our capital raising efforts in our consolidated statements of operations. These include amortization of debt issue costs such as cash, common stock and warrants and other securities issued to finders and placement agents, and amortization of debt discount created by in-the-money conversion features on convertible debt and allocates the proceeds amongst the securities based on relative fair values. We based our estimates and assumptions on the best information available at the time of valuation; however, changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on the valuation of the underlying instruments.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for employee and non-employee director stock-based compensation using the fair value method of accounting. Compensation cost arising from stock options to employees and non-employee directors is recognized using the straight-line method over the vesting period, which represents the requisite service or performance period. The calculation of stock-based compensation requires us to estimate several factors, most notably the term, volatility and forfeitures. We estimate the option term using historical terms and estimate volatility based on historical volatility of our common stock over the option’s expected term. Expected forfeitures based on historical forfeitures are used in calculating the expense related to stock-based compensation associated with stock awards. Our estimates and assumptions are based on the best information available at the time of valuation; however, changes in these estimates and assumptions could have a material effect on the valuation of the underlying instruments.

Recent Accounting Standards

From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by the Company as of the specified effective date. The Company believes that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations upon adoption.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Not Applicable

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Pressure BioSciences, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Pressure Biosciences, Inc. and its subsidiary (collectively, the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern Matter

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has a working capital deficit, has incurred recurring net losses and negative cash flows from operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

PRESSURE BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

PRESSURE BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

PRESSURE BIOSCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2019 AND 2018