Rebus Holdings, Inc. - Annual Report: 2017 (Form 10-K)

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

or

For the transition period from                      to                     .

Commission File Number 000-55331

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS, INC. 

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (818) 597-7552

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $0.0001 par value

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐  Yes  ☒   No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐  Yes  ☒   No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒  Yes  ☐   No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒  Yes  ☐   No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  ☐ Yes.   ☐  No.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes   ☒  No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed using the price at which the common equity was last sold as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $811,209 based on a closing price of $0.48 per share on such date. As of April 1, 2019, there were 150,000,000 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE 

None

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS, INC. 

FORM 10-K  

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2017 

INDEX

PART I

We urge you to read this entire Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the “Risk Factors” section and the financial statements and related notes included herein. As used in this Annual Report, unless context otherwise requires, the words “we,” “us”, “our,” “the Company,” “Inspyr Therapeutics, Inc.” and “Registrant” refer to Inspyr Therapeutics, Inc., and our wholly owned subsidiary, Lewis & Clark Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Also, any reference to “common shares,” or “common stock,” refers to our $.0001 par value common stock. Also, any reference to “preferred stock” or “preferred shares” refers to our $0.0001 par value Series A preferred stock, our $0.0001 par value series B preferred stock, our $0.0001 par value Series C preferred stock, and our $.0.0001 par value Series D preferred stock. All references to common stock, share and per share amounts have been retroactively restated to reflect the 1:30 reverse stock split that became effective on November 17, 2016 as if it had taken place as of the beginning of the earliest period presented

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report includes “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements relate to our business development plans, clinical trials, regulatory reviews, timing, strategies, expectations, anticipated expense levels, business prospects and positioning with respect to the market for our proposed products, business outlook, technology spending and various other matters (including contingent liabilities and obligations and changes in accounting policies, standards and interpretations), express, our current intentions, beliefs, expectations, strategies or predictions, as well as historical information. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, to be materially different from anticipated results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. When used in this report, statements that are not statements of current or historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words “plan,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “could,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” or “continue” or similar expressions or other variations or comparable terminology are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the assumptions on which the forward-looking statements contained herein are based are reasonable, any of those assumptions could prove to be inaccurate given the inherent uncertainties as to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of future events. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Our future operating results are dependent upon many factors which are outside our control. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may not be realized due to a variety of factors, including, without limitation, our ability to:

All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified in their entirety by these and other factors. We undertake no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements, whether to reflect events or circumstances after the date initially filed or published, to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events or otherwise, except to the extent required by federal securities laws. The risks discussed in this report should be considered in evaluating our business and future prospects. 

Overview

We are a clinical-stage, pre-revenue, pharmaceutical company primarily focused on the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases. Through our acquisition of Lewis and Clark Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we currently are focusing on a pipeline of small molecule adenosine receptor modulators.

The adenosine receptor modulators include A_2B antagonists, dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists, and A_2A agonists that have broad development applicability including indications within immuno-oncology and inflammation. Adenosine is implicated in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Adenosine receptor antagonists may boost the host immune response against the tumor as a single-agent and in combination with other existing immuno-oncology agents leading to enhanced tumor killing and inhibition of metastasis. Adenosine also has anti-inflammatory properties in the acute and chronic setting. Adenosine receptor agonists may promote a decreased inflammatory response and can potentially treat a broad range of inflammatory and autoimmune based diseases and conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, joint injury, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis) as well as improve wound healing and decrease pain.    

During February 2018, due to a lack of capital, we curtailed our business operations. In the event that we are able to raise sufficient capital, our major focus would be: (i) further characterization, in conjunction with Ridgeway Therapeutics, of anti-cancer activity of the current pipeline of A_2B antagonists and dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists leading to selection of a clinical candidate for an Investigative New Drug or IND enabling studies, (ii) further characterization of the current pipeline of A_2A agonists leading to selection of a clinical candidate for an Investigative New Drug or IND enabling studies; (iii) licensing and/or partnering the A_2B antagonists, dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists, and/or A_2A agonists for further development, (iv) through our newly acquired adenosine receptor chemistry technology platform, continue to produce next generation adenosine receptor modulators, (v) pursue licensing and/or partnering of mipsagargin, (vi) conduct a clinical study of mipsagargin in patients with advanced HCC, (vii) explore collaborations utilizing mipsagargin in new, non-clinical solid tumor models with leading researchers in the oncology field and (viii) plan to obtain licenses or options to acquire licenses to patent filings from other individuals and organizations that we anticipate could be useful in advancing our research, development and commercialization initiatives and our strategic business interests.  

Our ability to execute our business plan is dependent on the amount and timing of capital, if any, that we are able to raise. During July 2018, we were able to raise approximately $500,000 through the sale of debt securities. We are currently using such funds to attempt to become current in our SEC reporting requirements, pay outstanding invoices to our independent registered accounting firm, and other outstanding obligations directly related to our SEC reporting requirements, the payment of which we believe to be vital to our future operations. Should we fail to further raise sufficient funds to execute our business plan, our priority would be to maintain our intellectual property portfolio and continue, to the best of our ability, our public company reporting requirements.  

While we believe that the data from our nonclinical studies appear promising, the outcome of our ongoing or future studies may ultimately be unsuccessful.

Pre-Revenue

We are a pre-revenue, early stage company that has not achieved profitability, and has no product revenues. Additionally, we have no approved products for sale.

Going Concern

Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2017 financial statements expressed an opinion that our capital resources as of the date of their Audit Report were not sufficient to sustain operations or complete our planned activities for the upcoming year unless we raised additional funds. During February of 2018, we curtailed our operations due to our lack of cash. Notwithstanding our recent financing in July 2018, whereby we raised $500,000, our current cash level raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern past the second quarter of 2019. If we do not obtain additional funds by such time, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and will cease operation which means that our shareholders will lose their entire investment.

Recent Developments

Product Development of Mipsagargin

Mipsagargin is a prodrug targeting the tumor vasculature that has therapeutic potential in a wide range of malignancies. We have currently curtailed our development of mipsagargin. We can not predict if or when we will recommence development of mipsagargin.

Product Development of Adenosine Receptor Modulators

Adenosine is an extracellular signaling molecule that regulates multiple aspects of tissue function and specifically plays a role in immunity and inflammation. High levels of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment inhibits immune response mediated through the A_2A and A_2B receptors. Adenosine also plays a role in non-malignant conditions where it is rapidly increased in response to inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia, or trauma. Adenosine released in this setting has been shown to have a protective effect and limits excessive inflammatory damage to tissues.

The adenosine receptor antagonists have broad applicability as a potential immuno-oncology (IO) therapeutic agent in multiple tumor types both as a single agent and in combination with other IO agents, in addition to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. We are actively seeking licensing opportunities and/or partners to further development our A_2B and dual A_2A/A_2B receptor antagonists. Our current product development plan for adenosine receptor antagonists contemplates the following major initiatives, subject to the Company receiving sufficient funds:

The adenosine receptor agonists have applicability in a broad range of non-oncology conditions including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and conditions. We are actively seeking licensing opportunities and/or partners to further development our A_2A receptor agonists. Our current product development plan for adenosine receptor agonists contemplates the following major initiatives subject to the Company receiving sufficient funds:

Our Technology

We have what we believe to be a robust intellectual property portfolio covering proprietary A_2A agonists (LNC-001, see below), A_2B antagonists (LNC-002, see below), and dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists (LNC-003, see below). We also have a substantial catalog of synthesized compounds, specifically A_2A agonists and A_2B antagonists that require further characterization and testing for potential clinical candidates. We believe that our proprietary dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists have great potential and should be further explored.

Patents and Proprietary Rights

Our success will likely depend upon our ability to preserve our proprietary technologies and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of other parties. However, we may rely on certain proprietary technologies and know-how that are not patentable or that we determine to keep as trade secrets. We protect our proprietary information, in part, using confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, significant scientific collaborators, and sponsored researchers that generally provide that all inventions conceived by the individual in the course of rendering services to us shall be our exclusive property.

The intellectual property underlying our technology is covered by certain patents and patent applications previously owned by Lewis and Clark Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (LNC) and now fully owned by the Company. All of the LNC intellectual property has been assigned to LNC, a fully owned subsidiary of the Company.

When appropriate, we will continue to seek patent protection for inventions in our core technologies and in ancillary technologies that support our core technologies or which we otherwise believe will provide us with a competitive advantage. We will accomplish this by filing and maintaining patent applications for discoveries we make, either alone or in collaboration with scientific collaborators and strategic partners. Typically, we plan to file patent applications in the United States and, for LNC-003, in the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT). In addition, we plan to obtain licenses or options to acquire licenses to patent filings from other individuals and organizations that we anticipate could be useful in advancing our research, development and commercialization initiatives and our strategic business interest.   

Development Strategy

While we curtailed our operations in February 2018 due to our cash position, in the event that we are able to raise sufficient capital to execute our clinical and pre-clinical development strategy, we anticipate that under the planning and direction of key personnel, we expect to outsource all our nonclinical development and manufacturing, and the majority of our clinical development activities to contract research organizations (CROs) and contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs). Our contract CROs and CMOs are required to comply with federal, state and United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA regulations including Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP), Good Clinical Practices (GCP), and Good Lab Practices (GLP).

In the event that we are able to raise sufficient capital, we intend to conduct further characterization and testing of our A_2B antagonists to select a candidate for pre-clinical and clinical trials in an oncology indication. This oncology work is expected to be run in conjunction with and oversight from Ridgeway Therapeutics, Inc. for the selection of an anti-cancer agent. Ridgeway Therapeutics, Inc. is currently delinquent in their quarterly payments. We expect them to fulfill their obligations once they have funding.

In-licensing or Acquisition Strategy.

In addition to the development of our current product candidates, we have initiated an in-licensing or acquisition strategy to further expand our product pipeline. Our in-licensing strategy consists of evaluating early clinical or late preclinical stage opportunities in therapeutic areas that can benefit from our current product candidates or core expertise in drug development. We believe that this element of our corporate strategy could diversify some of the risks inherent in focusing on limited therapeutic areas and could increase our probability of commercial success.

Commercialization Strategy

In the event that we are able to raise sufficient capital to continue our operations, we intend to (i) license or sell the underlying technology of our therapeutics to third parties during or after our clinical trials, (ii) seek a corporate partner for further development, or (iii) continue developing our drug candidates ourselves. It is expected that such third parties would then continue to develop, market, sell, and distribute any resulting products. As part of our overall strategic plan, we are exploring our options and actively seeking to engage in a collaborative, strategic and/or licensing arrangement with another pharmaceutical company. If we enter into any such transaction, we may be required to give up certain rights to our technology and control over its future development.

Intellectual Property

We regard the protection of patents and other intellectual property rights that we own or license as critical to our business and competitive position. To protect our intellectual property, we rely on patent, trade secret, and copyright law, as well as confidentiality, nondisclosure, assignment of invention and other contractual arrangements with our officers, directors, employees, consultants, investigators, clinical trial sites, contractors, collaborators and other third parties to whom we disclose confidential information. Our policy is to pursue patent applications on inventions and discoveries that we believe are commercially important to the development and growth of our business. We solely own or have exclusive licenses to our patents and patent applications.

Our pipeline currently includes a substantial catalog of synthesized compounds, specifically A_2A agonists and A_2B antagonists that require further characterization and testing for potential clinical candidates. Our proprietary dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists have great potential and need to be further explored.

Our intellectual property estate, shown above, has eight (8) issued patents in six (6) different jurisdictions and twenty-one (21) currently pending applications. With appropriate funding and upon further research into our dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists, we intend to file a regular US and a Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications to enable worldwide protection of these antagonists.

When appropriate and funding permitting, we plan to continue to seek patent protection for inventions in our core technologies and in ancillary technologies that support our core technologies or which we otherwise believe would provide us with a competitive advantage. We expect to be able to accomplish this by filing and maintaining patent applications for discoveries we make, either alone or in collaboration with scientific collaborators and strategic partners. Typically, we plan to file patent applications in the United States as well as foreign countries, where applicable. In addition, we may obtain licenses or options to acquire licenses to patent filings from other individuals and organizations that we anticipate could be useful in advancing our research, development and commercialization initiatives and our strategic business interest. 

Manufacturing and Supply

We do not plan to develop company-owned or company-operated manufacturing facilities. We outsource all drug manufacturing to contract manufacturers that are required to operate in compliance with cGMP. We may also seek to refine the current manufacturing process in order to achieve improvements in efficiency, costs, purity and the like as well as address different drug formulations to achieve improvements in stability and/or drug delivery.

Governmental Regulations

FDA Approval Process

Prior to commencement of clinical studies involving humans, preclinical testing of new pharmaceutical products is generally conducted on animals in the laboratory to evaluate the potential efficacy and safety of the product candidate. The results of these studies are submitted to the FDA as part of an Investigational New Drug (IND) application, which must become effective before clinical testing in humans can begin. Typically, human clinical evaluation involves a time-consuming and costly three-phase process. In Phase I, clinical trials are conducted with a small number of people to assess safety, tolerability and to evaluate the pattern of drug distribution within the body. In Phase II, clinical trials are conducted with groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to determine preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages and expanded evidence of safety. (In some cases, an initial trial is conducted in diseased patients to assess both preliminary efficacy and preliminary safety, in which case it is referred to as a Phase I/II trial.) In Phase III, large-scale, multi-center, comparative trials are conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease in order to provide enough data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety required by the FDA. The FDA closely monitors the progress of each of the three phases of clinical testing and may, at its discretion, re-evaluate, alter, suspend, or terminate the testing based upon the data which have been accumulated to that point and its assessment of the risk/benefit ratio to the patient. All adverse events must be reported to the FDA. Monitoring of all aspects of the study to minimize risks is a continuing process.

The results of the preclinical and clinical testing on non-biologic drugs and certain diagnostic drugs are submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug Application (NDA) for approval prior to commencement of commercial sales. In responding to an NDA submission, the FDA may grant marketing approval, may request additional information, may deny the application if it determines that the application does not provide an adequate basis for approval, and may also refuse to review an application that has been submitted if it determines that the application does not provide an adequate basis for filing and review. There can be no assurance that approvals would be granted on a timely basis, if at all, for any of our proposed products.  

Orphan Drugs

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to drugs intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally defined as a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the drug and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. The first NDA applicant to receive FDA approval for a particular active ingredient to treat a particular disease with FDA orphan drug designation is entitled to a seven-year exclusive marketing period in the United States for that product, for that indication. During the seven-year exclusivity period, the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same orphan indication, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity in that it is shown to be safer, more effective or makes a major contribution to patient care. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent the FDA from approving a different drug for the same disease or condition, or the same drug for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the NDA application user fee.

European and Other Regulatory Approval

Whether or not FDA approval has been obtained, approval of a product by comparable regulatory authorities in Europe and other countries is necessary prior to commencement of marketing the product in such countries. The regulatory authorities in each country may impose their own requirements and may refuse to grant an approval, or may require additional data before granting it, even though the relevant product has been approved by the FDA or another authority. As with the FDA, the regulatory authorities in the European Union (EU), and other developed countries have lengthy approval processes for pharmaceutical products. The process for gaining approval in particular countries varies, but generally follows a similar sequence to that described for FDA approval. In Europe, the European Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products provides a mechanism for EU-member states to exchange information on all aspects of product licensing. The EU has established a European agency for the evaluation of medical products, with both a centralized community procedure and a decentralized procedure, the latter being based on the principle of licensing within one member country followed by mutual recognition by the other member countries.   

Reimbursement and Health Care Cost Control

Reimbursement for the costs of treatments and products such as ours from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and others, both in the United States and abroad, is a key element in the success of new health care products. Significant uncertainty often exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved health care products. The revenue and profitability of some health care-related companies have been affected by the continuing efforts of governmental and third party payors to contain or reduce the cost of health care through various means. Payors are increasingly attempting to limit both coverage and the levels of reimbursement for new therapeutic products approved for marketing by the FDA, and are refusing, in some cases, to provide any coverage for uses of approved products for disease indications for which the FDA has not granted marketing approval. In certain foreign markets, pricing or profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to government control.

In the United States, there have been a number of federal and state proposals to implement government control over health care costs. The U.S. Patient Protection and Affordance Care Act and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act were signed into law in March 2010. A number of provisions of those laws require further rulemaking action by governmental agencies to implement. The laws change access to health care products and services and create new fees for the pharmaceutical and medical device industries. Future rulemaking could increase rebates, reduce prices or the rate of price increases for health care products and services, or require additional reporting and disclosure. The laws also include new authorization to the FDA to approve companies to market biosimilar products within the United States, although to date FDA rulemaking under this legislation has been limited. We cannot predict the timing or impact of any such future rulemaking on our business.

Other Regulations

We are also subject to various U.S. federal, state, local and international laws, regulations and recommendations relating to safe working conditions, laboratory and manufacturing practices and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used in connection with our business. Additionally, we are subject to regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and Securities and Exchange Commission regulations. We cannot accurately predict the extent of government regulation which might result from future legislation or administrative action.   

Employees

As of December 31, 2017 we employed 7 full-time individuals. As of April 1, 2019, Mr. Lowe, our chief executive officer, is our only remaining employee. In addition, we contract with a limited number of consultants to assist in activities related to our operations.

Corporate History

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware in November 2003 and our principal office is located in Westlake Village, California. On November 17, 2016, we completed a 1:30 reverse stock split of our common stock. Since our inception, we have invested a substantial portion of our efforts and financial resources in the development of mipsagargin (G-202). As of February 2018, we have curtailed our operations due to our cash position. In the event that we receive sufficient funding, we plan to focus our efforts on our Adenosine Receptor Modulators. We have generated no revenues from the sale of our product candidates and have experienced substantial net operating losses.

Where to Find More Information

We make our public filings with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all exhibits and amendments to these reports. These materials are available on the SEC’s web site, http://www.sec.gov.

You may also read and copy any materials you file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE., Washington, DC 20549, on official business days during the hours of 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1–800–SEC–0330. Additionally, the SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The Internet site is located at http://www.sec.gov. Alternatively, you may obtain copies of these filings, including exhibits, by writing or telephoning us at: 

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS 

31200 Via Colinas Suite 200 

Westlake Village, CA 91362 

Attn: Chief Executive Officer 

Tel: (818) 597-7552 

We have described below a number of uncertainties and risks which, in addition to uncertainties and risks presented elsewhere in this Annual Report, may adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.  The uncertainties and risks enumerated below as well as those presented elsewhere in this Annual Report should be considered carefully in evaluating us, our business and the value of our securities. The following important factors, among others, could cause our actual business, financial condition and future results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report or presented elsewhere by management from time to time.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Need to Raise Additional Capital

We were forced to curtail our operations due to a lack of operating capital and we will not be able to continue as a going concern if we do not obtain additional financing. 

Since our inception, we have funded our operations through the sale of our securities. Our cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2017 was $10,000. Although we raised approximately $290,000 in gross proceeds pursuant to our March through April 2017 private placement, we were forced to curtail our operations in February 2018. Additionally, despite raising $500,000 in gross proceeds through the sale of convertible debentures in July 2018, our ability to continue as a going concern is still wholly dependent upon obtaining sufficient capital to fund our operations. We have no committed sources of additional capital and our access to capital funding is always uncertain. Accordingly, despite our ability to secure capital in the past, we cannot assure you that we will be able to secure additional capital through financing transactions, including issuance of debt, or through other means such as the licensing of our technology or grants. In the event that we are not able to secure additional funding, we may be forced to curtail operations, delay or stop ongoing clinical trials, cease operations altogether or file for bankruptcy.

Our auditors have expressed substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2017 financial statements expressed an opinion that our capital resources as of the date of their audit report were not sufficient to sustain operations or complete our planned activities for the upcoming year unless we raised additional funds. Our current cash level raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern past the second quarter of 2019. If we do not obtain additional funds by such time, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and will cease operation which means that our shareholders will lose their entire investment.

Risks Relating to Our Stage of Development and Business

If we are unable to successfully build a new management team and secure additional members and employees, our business could be harmed.

On March 16, 2016, our former President, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and founder provided us his notice of termination thereby ceasing his employment. On August 2, 2016, we appointed Christopher Lowe as our new chief executive officer, president and principal accounting officer. In February 2018, Ronald Shazer, MD, resigned as our chief medical officer. We will need to continue to augment senior management as well as additional personnel to execute our business plan and grow our business. Our success depends largely on the development and execution of our business strategy by our senior management team. The recent transitions in our executive team may be disruptive to our business, and if we are unable to manage an orderly transition, our business may be adversely affected. Additionally, since our management team consists of only one individual, Mr. Lowe, the loss of Mr. Lowe would likely harm our ability to implement our business strategy and respond to the rapidly changing market conditions in which we operate. There may be a limited number of persons with the requisite skills to serve in these positions, and we cannot assure you that we would be able to identify or employ such qualified personnel on acceptable terms, if at all. Additionally, we cannot assure you that management will succeed in working together as a team. In the event that we are unsuccessful, our business and prospects could be harmed.  

We are an early-stage company, have no product revenues, are not profitable and may never be profitable.

From inception through December 31, 2017, we have raised approximately $36.35 million through the sale of our securities and exercise of outstanding warrants. During this same period, we have recorded an accumulated deficit of approximately $60 million. Our net losses for the two most recent fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $11.1 million and $3.2 million, respectively. None of our products in development have received approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration or FDA, or other regulatory authorities; we have no sales and have never generated revenues nor do we expect to for the foreseeable future. We have currently curtailed our pre-clinical and clinical trials related to mipsagargin and are currently focusing our efforts on the development of our adenosine receptor modulators. We expect to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue the research, pre-clinical and clinical development of our product candidates as well as the possible in-licensing of additional clinical and pre-clinical assets. Accordingly, we will need additional capital to fund our continuing operations and any expansion plans. Since we do not generate any revenue, the most likely sources of such additional capital include the sale of our securities, a strategic licensing collaboration transaction or joint venture involving the rights to one or more of our product candidates, or from grants. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders are likely to experience dilution with regard to their percentage ownership of the company, which may be significant. If we raise additional funds through collaborations or licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish some or all the rights to our technologies, product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. If we raise additional capital by incurring debt, we could incur significant interest expense and become subject to covenants that could affect the manner in which we conduct our business, including securing such debt obligations with our assets.

Our product candidates are at various stages of early development and significant financial resources are required to develop commercially viable products and obtain regulatory approval to market and sell such products. We will need to devote significantly more research and development efforts, financial resources and personnel to develop commercially viable products and obtain regulatory approvals. We may encounter hurdles and unexpected issues as we proceed in the development of our other product candidates. While initial data from our research appear promising, the outcome of the pre-clinical and development work is uncertain and future trials may ultimately be unsuccessful. If we fail to develop and successfully commercialize our product candidates, our business may be materially harmed and could fail.  

We have a limited operating history as a company, and may not be able to effectively operate our business.

Our limited staff and operating history means that there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding our ability to:

No assurances can be given as to exactly when, if at all, we will be able to fully develop, and take the necessary steps to derive any revenues from our proposed product candidates.

Raising capital may be difficult as a result of our history of losses and limited operating history in our current stage of development.

When making investment decisions, investors typically look at a company’s management, earnings and historical performance in evaluating the risks and operations of the business and the business’s future prospects. Our history of losses, new senior management team and relatively limited operating history in our current stage of development makes such evaluation, as well as any estimation of our future performance, substantially more difficult. As a result, investors may be unwilling to invest in us or on terms or conditions which are acceptable. If we are unable to secure additional financing, we may need to materially scale back our business plan and/or operations or cease operations altogether. 

Risks Related to Commercialization

The market for our proposed products is rapidly changing and competitive.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are subject to rapid and substantial technological change and innovation. Developments by others may render our proposed products noncompetitive or obsolete, or we may be unable to keep pace with technological developments and other market factors. Competition from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, universities, governmental entities and others diversifying into the field is intense and is expected to increase.

As a pre-revenue company, our resources are limited and we may experience challenges inherent in the early development of novel therapeutics. Competitors have developed or are in the process of developing technologies that are, or in the future may be, the basis for competition. Some of these technologies may have an entirely different approach or means of accomplishing similar therapeutic efforts compared to our proposed products. Our competitors may develop therapies that are safer, more effective and less costly than our proposed products and therefore, present a serious competitive threat to us.

The acceptance of therapies that are alternatives to ours may limit market acceptance of our proposed products, even if commercialized. Many of our targeted diseases and conditions can also be treated by other medications and treatments. These treatments may be widely accepted in medical communities and have a longer history of use. The established use of other competing therapies may limit the potential for our proposed products, even if commercialized.

Our proposed products may not be accepted by the healthcare community.

Our proposed products, if approved for marketing, may not achieve market acceptance by the healthcare community since hospitals, physicians, patients or the medical community in general may decide not to utilize them. We are attempting to develop products that are likely to be first approved for marketing as a treatment for late stage cancer where there is no truly effective standard of care. If approved for use in late stage cancer, our proposed products might then be evaluated in earlier stages where they could represent a substantial departure from established treatment methods and would most likely compete with a number of more conventional drugs and therapies which are manufactured and marketed by major pharmaceutical companies. It is too early in the development cycle of our proposed products for us to predict our major competitors. The degree of market acceptance of our products, if developed, will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:

If the healthcare community does not accept our products, our business could be materially harmed.

Our potential competitors in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries have significantly greater resources than we have.

We compete against numerous companies, many of which have substantially greater resources than we have. Several such competitors have research programs and/or efforts to treat the same diseases we target. Companies such as Roche, Novartis, Celgene, Merck & Co., Inc., Johnson & Johnson, and Sanofi S.A., as well as others, have substantially greater financial, research, manufacturing and marketing resources than we do. As a result, such competitors may find it easier to compete in our industry and bring competing products to market.

Risks Related to the Development and Manufacturing of Our Product Candidates

We intend to rely exclusively upon third-party FDA-regulated manufacturers and suppliers for our proposed products.  

We currently have no internal manufacturing capability, and intend to rely exclusively on FDA-approved licensees, strategic partners or third party contract manufacturers or suppliers for the foreseeable future. Because manufacturing facilities are subject to regulatory oversight and inspection, the failure of any of our third-party FDA regulated manufactures or suppliers to comply with regulatory requirements could result in material manufacturing delays and product shortages, which could delay or otherwise negatively impact our clinical trials and product development plans. Should we be forced to manufacture our proposed products, we cannot give any assurance that we would be able to develop internal manufacturing capabilities or secure third party suppliers for raw materials. In the event that we seek third party suppliers or alternative manufacturers, they may require us to purchase a minimum amount of materials or could require other unfavorable terms. Any such event could materially impact our business prospects and could delay the development of our proposed products. Moreover, we cannot give any assurance that the contract manufacturers or suppliers that we select will be able to supply our products in a timely or cost effective manner or in accordance with applicable regulatory requirements or our own specifications.

We may not be able to establish or maintain the third-party relationships that are necessary to develop or potentially commercialize our product candidates.

As needed, we plan to rely heavily on third party collaborators, partners, licensees, clinical research organizations, clinical investigators, vendors or other third parties to support our research and development efforts and to conduct clinical trials for our product candidates. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully negotiate agreements for, or maintain relationships with, these third parties on a commercially reasonable basis, if at all. Additionally, to commercialize our proposed products, we intend to rely on third party licensees or the outright sale of our proposed products to pharmaceutical partner(s). If we fail to establish or maintain such third-party relationships as anticipated, our business could be adversely effected.  

We are dependent upon third parties to develop our product candidates, and such parties are, to some extent, outside of our control.

We depend upon independent contract research organizations, investigators and collaborators, such as universities and medical institutions, to conduct our pre-clinical and clinical studies. These individuals and/or entities are not our employees and we cannot control the amount or timing of resources that they devote to our programs. These third parties may not assign as great a priority to our programs or pursue them as diligently as we would if we were undertaking such programs ourselves. If these third parties fail to devote sufficient time and resources to our programs, or if their performance is substandard, the development of our drug candidates and corresponding FDA approval could be delayed or fail entirely.

Our therapeutic compounds may not be able to be manufactured profitably on a large enough scale to support commercialization.

To date, our therapeutic compounds have only been manufactured at a scale which is adequate to supply our research activities and early-stage clinical trials. There can be no assurance that the procedures currently used to manufacture our therapeutic compounds will work at a scale which is adequate for commercial needs. In the event our therapeutic compounds cannot be manufactured in sufficient quantities for commercialization, our future prospects could be significantly impacted and our financial prospects would be materially harmed. 

Risks Relating to our Intellectual Property

Our competitive position is dependent on our intellectual property and we may not be able to withstand challenges to our intellectual property rights.

We rely on our intellectual property, including our issued and applied for U.S. and foreign patents as well as our licenses, as the foundation of our business. If our intellectual property rights are challenged, no assurances can be given that our patents or licenses would survive claims alleging invalidity or infringement on other patents and/or licenses. In addition, disputes may arise regarding inventorship of our intellectual property. It is possible that our intellectual property may be infringing upon existing patents that we are not currently unaware of. As the number of participants in the marketplace grows, the possibility of patent infringement claims against us increases. It is difficult, if not impossible, to determine how such disputes would be resolved. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with patent litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be required to be publicly disclosed. Any litigation claims against us may cause us to incur substantial costs and could place a significant strain upon our financial resources, divert the attention of management or restrict our core business or result in the public disclosure of confidential information. 

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property rights and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or use of, our technology.

Some or all of our patent applications may not issue as patents, or the claims of any issued patents may not afford meaningful protection for our technologies or products. In addition, patents issued to us or our licensors, if any, may be challenged and subsequently narrowed, invalidated or circumvented. Patent litigation is widespread in the biotechnology industry and could harm our business. Litigation might be necessary to protect our patent position or to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. If we choose to go to court to stop someone else from using the inventions claimed in our patents, that individual or company would have the right to ask the court to rule that such patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. These lawsuits are expensive and we may not have the required resources to pursue such litigation or to protect our patent rights. In addition, there is a risk that the court might decide that these patents are not valid and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the inventions. There is also the risk that, even if the validity of these patents is upheld, the court could refuse to stop the other party on the ground that such other party’s activities do not infringe on our rights contained in these patents.

Furthermore, a third party may claim that we are using inventions covered by their patent rights and may go to court to stop us from engaging in our normal operations and activities, including making or selling our product candidates. These lawsuits are costly and could materially increase our operating expenses and divert the attention of managerial and technical personnel. There is a risk that a court would decide that we are infringing the third party’s patents and would order us to stop the activities covered by the patents. In addition, there is a risk that a court would order us to pay the other party damages for having violated the other party’s patents. The biotechnology industry has produced a proliferation of patents, and it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform.  

Because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until eighteen months after filing, and publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our issued patents or our pending applications or that we were the first to invent the technology. Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications covering technology similar to ours. Any such patent application may have priority over our patent applications and could further require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies.

If another party has filed a United States patent application on inventions similar to ours, we may have to participate in an interference or other proceeding in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or the PTO, or a court to determine priority of invention in the United States. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful, resulting in a loss of our United States patent position with respect to such inventions.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the capital necessary to continue our operations.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends upon compliance with various procedural, documentary, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The PTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case. 

We may not be able to adequately protect our intellectual property.

We rely in part on trade secret protection in order to protect our proprietary trade secrets and unpatented know-how. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect, and we cannot be certain that others do not develop the same or similar technologies on their own. Additionally, research with regard to our technologies has been performed in countries outside of the United States, and we also anticipate conducting joint ventures, collaborations and future clinical trials outside the US. The laws in some of these countries may not provide protection for our trade secrets and intellectual property. We have taken steps, including entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, service providers, and potential strategic partners to protect our trade secrets and unpatented know-how. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties all confidential information developed by the party or made known to the party by us during the course of the party’s relationship with us. We also typically obtain agreements from these parties which provide that inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to us are our property. However, these agreements may not be honored, including in foreign countries in which we conduct research, and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets or know-how is difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets or know-how. The failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive position. 

We may be subject to claims that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

As is common in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, we employ and hire individuals and/or entities who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may be subject to claims that these individuals, entities or that we have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Risks Relating to Marketing Approval and Government Regulations  

Data obtained from clinical trials are susceptible to varying interpretations and may not be sufficient to support approval of our proposed products by the FDA.

The design of our potential clinical trials will be based on many assumptions about the expected effect of our product candidates and if those assumptions are incorrect, our potential clinical trials may not produce statistically significant results. Preliminary results may not be confirmed on full analysis of the detailed results of early clinical trials. Data already obtained, or in the future obtained, from pre-clinical studies and clinical trials do not necessarily predict the results that may be obtained from later trials. Moreover, pre-clinical and clinical data are susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials, even after promising results in earlier trials. The failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of a proposed formulation or product under development could delay or prevent regulatory clearance of the potential drug. Our products may not prove to be safe and effective in clinical trials and may not meet all regulatory requirements needed to receive regulatory approval. While data from our completed trials appear promising, the outcome of the current trials is uncertain and these trials or future trials may ultimately be unsuccessful. Our clinical trials may among other things, not demonstrate sufficient levels of safety and efficacy necessary to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals for our drugs, and thus our proposed drugs may not be approved for marketing.

Our proposed products may not receive FDA or other regulatory approvals.

The FDA and comparable government agencies in foreign countries impose substantial regulations on the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical products through expensive, lengthy and detailed laboratory, pre-clinical and clinical testing procedures, sampling activities and other costly and time-consuming procedures. Satisfaction of these regulations typically takes several years or more and varies substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the proposed product. Our proposed products are subject to extensive regulation and/or acceptance by numerous governmental authorities in the United States, including the FDA, and authorities in other countries. Most of our proposed products will require governmental approval before they can be commercialized. Our failure to receive the regulatory approvals in the United States or foreign countries will materially impact our business.  

Our proposed products may not have favorable results in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Encouraging results from our studies to date should not be relied upon as evidence that our planned pre-clinical and clinical trials will ultimately be successful or our products approved for marketing. Even though the results of our studies to date seem promising, we will be required to demonstrate through further pre-clinical and clinical trials that our product candidates are safe and effective for use in a diverse population before we can seek regulatory approvals for their commercial sale. There is typically an extremely high rate of attrition from the failure of product candidates as they proceed through clinical trials. If any product candidate fails to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy in any clinical trial, then we could experience potentially significant delays in, or be required to abandon, development of that product candidate. While initial data from our preliminary studies appear promising, the outcome of any clinical trials is uncertain and such trials or future trials may ultimately be unsuccessful.  

If users of our proposed products are unable to obtain adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, market acceptance of our proposed products may be limited and we may not achieve revenues or profits.

The continuing efforts of governments, insurance companies, health maintenance organizations and other payers of healthcare costs to contain or reduce costs of health care may affect our future revenues and profitability as well as the future revenues and profitability of our potential customers, suppliers and collaborative partners in addition to the availability of capital. In other words, our ability to commercialize our proposed products depends in large part on the extent to which appropriate reimbursement levels for the cost of our proposed formulations, products and related treatments are obtained by the health care providers of these products and treatments. At this time, we cannot predict the precise impact that recently adopted or future laws will have on these reimbursement levels.

We may be unable to comply with our reporting and other requirements under federal securities laws.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as related new rules and regulations implemented by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, require changes in the corporate governance practices and financial reporting standards for public companies. These laws, rules and regulations, including compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 relating to internal control over financial reporting, would be expected to materially increase the Company’s legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and more burdensome. Presently we qualify as a non-accelerated filer. Accordingly, we are exempt from the requirements of Section 404(b) and our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to audit the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls and management’s assessment of the design and the operating effectiveness of such internal controls. In the event that we become an accelerated filer, we will be required to expend substantial capital in connection with compliance.

We do not have effective internal controls over our financial reporting.

Because of our limited resources, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting may not be effective in providing reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Effective internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are necessary for us to provide reliable financial and other reports and effectively prevent fraud. If we cannot provide reliable financial or SEC reports or prevent fraud, investors may lose confidence in our SEC reports, our operating results and the trading price of our common stock could suffer materially and we may become subject to litigation.

Compliance with changing regulation of corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses and will divert time and attention away from revenue generating activities.

Changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related SEC regulations, have created uncertainty for public companies and significantly increased the costs and risks associated with accessing the public markets and public reporting. Our management team invests significant time and financial resources to comply with both existing and evolving standards for public companies, which will lead to increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from developing our business to compliance activities which could have an adverse effect on our business.

Risks Relating to our Securities

Our common stock price may be particularly volatile because of our stage of development and business.

The market prices for the securities of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in general, and early-stage drug development companies in particular, such as ours, have been highly volatile and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. The following may have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock:  

Broad market fluctuations may cause the market price of our common stock to decline substantially. Additionally, fluctuations in the trading price or liquidity of our common stock may materially and adversely affect, among other things, the interest of investors to purchase our common stock on the open market and, generally, our ability to raise capital.

Our board of directors has broad discretion to issue additional securities, in the event that we have adequate authorized capital to issue such securities.

We are authorized under our certificate of incorporation to issue up to 150,000,000 shares of common stock and 30,000,000 “blank check” shares of preferred stock. Shares of our blank check preferred stock provide the board of directors with broad authority to determine voting, dividend, conversion, and other rights. As of April 1, 2019, we have issued and outstanding 150,000,000 shares of common stock and, accordingly, no additional shares of common stock reserved for future grants under our equity compensation plans and for issuances upon the exercise or conversion of currently outstanding shares of preferred stock, options, warrants and other convertible securities will be available until such time as we complete a reverse stock split or authorize additional shares. As of April 1, 2019, we have issued 1,853 shares of Series A 0% Convertible Preferred Stock, of which 133.8125 are outstanding, 1,000 shares of Series B 0% Convertible Preferred Stock, of which 71 are outstanding, 290.4318 shares of Series C 0% Convertible Preferred Stock, that are all outstanding, and 5,000 shares of Series D 0% Convertible Preferred Stock, all of which are outstanding. Accordingly, we are entitled to issue no additional shares of common stock, and 29,991,856 additional shares of “blank check” preferred stock. Our board may generally issue those common and preferred shares, or convertible securities to purchase those shares, without further approval by our shareholders. Any additional preferred shares we may issue could have such rights, preferences, privileges, and restrictions as may be designated from time-to-time by our board, including preferential dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, redemption rights and liquidation provisions.    

It is likely that we will issue a large amount of additional securities to raise capital in order to further our business plans. It is also likely that we will issue a large amount of additional securities to directors, officers, employees and consultants as compensatory grants in connection with their services, both in the form of stand-alone grants or under our various stock plans. Any issuances could be made at a price that reflects a discount to, or a premium from, the then-current market price of our common stock. These issuances would dilute the percentage ownership interest of our current shareholders, which would have the effect of reducing your influence on matters on which our stockholders vote, and might dilute the net tangible book value per share of our common stock.

We currently do not have enough authorized shares of common stock for additional issuances. The shareholders have approved a reverse stock split in amount not less than 1-for-2 and not more than 1-for-500 at the discretion of the Board until December 31, 2019. The Board currently plans to effect a reverse stock split in order to authorize additional capital for its future sale of securities stock issuances to service providers, warrant exercises, and conversions of outstanding preferred stock and convertible debentures.

Future sales of our common stock could cause our stock price to fall.

Transactions that result in a large amount of newly issued shares become readily tradable, or other events that cause current stockholders to sell shares, could place downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. In addition, the lack of a robust trading market may require a stockholder who desires to sell a large number of shares of common stock to sell the shares in increments over time to mitigate any adverse impact of the sales on the market price of our stock. If our stockholders sell, or the market perceives that our stockholders intend to sell for various reasons, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, including shares issued upon the exercise of outstanding options or warrants, the market price of our common stock could fall. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock may make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem reasonable or appropriate. We may become involved in securities class action litigation that could divert management’s attention and harm our business.   

As of April 1, 2019, we had 150,000,000 shares of common stock, 1,853 shares of Series A 0% Convertible Preferred Stock issued and 133.8125 Series A 0% Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding, 1,000 shares of Series B 0% Convertible Preferred Stock issued and 71 Series B 0% Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding, 290.43148 shares of Series C 0% Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, and 5,000 shares of Series D 0% Convertible Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. We additionally have issued an aggregate of $3,364,813 of senior convertible debentures and convertible notes that are convertible into common stock at any time, of which $2,676,967 is outstanding. Substantially all of the common shares and common shares underlying the Series A 0% Convertible Preferred, Series B 0% Convertible Preferred, and Series C 0% Convertible shares are available for public sale, subject in some cases to volume and other limitations or delivery of a prospectus. As of April 1, 2019, we were obligated to reserve for issuance (i) 328,221 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of 133.8125 shares of Series A 0% Convertible Preferred Stock including an additional number of common shares we are contractually obligated to reserve pursuant to our December 2015 offering; (ii) 14,200,000 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of 71 shares of Series B 0% Convertible Preferred Stock including an additional number of common shares we are contractually obligated to reserve pursuant to our December 2016 offering; (iii) 38,086,296 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of 290.43148 shares of Series C 0% Convertible Preferred Stock including an additional number of common shares we are contractually obligated to reserve pursuant to our March 2017 offering, (iv) 1,000,000 shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of 5,000 shares of Series D 0% Convertible Preferred Stock, (v) 4,327,803 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants at a weighted average exercise price of $3.05 per share, including an additional number of common shares we are contractually obligated to reserve pursuant to our December 2015 offering, December 2016 offering and March 2017 offering, (vi) 301,015 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options under our equity compensation plans at a weighted average exercise price of $5.27 per share and (vii) 649,567,654 shares of our common stock issuable upon conversion of our outstanding convertible notes payable. Subject to applicable vesting requirements and holding periods, upon conversion or exercise of the outstanding convertible notes, warrants and options, the underlying shares may be resold into the public market. Notwithstanding the foregoing, none of the shares of common stock underlying these convertible securities may be converted or exercised given that we have no shares of common stock available under our certificate of incorporation. We cannot predict if future issuances or sales of our common stock, or the availability of our common stock for sale, would harm the market price of our common stock or our ability to raise capital. Notwithstanding the foregoing, we currently do not have adequate authorized shares available for issuance pursuant to our convertible securities as of April 1, 2019.

The market for our common stock has been illiquid and our investors may be unable to sell their shares.

Our common stock trades with limited volume on the pink sheets of the OTC Markets Group Inc. Accordingly, although a limited public market for our common stock exists, it is still relatively illiquid compared to that of a seasoned issuer. Prior to making an investment in our securities, you should consider the limited market for our common stock. No assurances can be given that the trading volume of our common stock will increase or that a liquid public market for our securities will ever materialize.

We have not paid cash dividends in the past and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will only occur if the market price of our common stock appreciates.

Provisions of Delaware law and executive employment agreements may prevent or delay a change of control, which could depress the trading price of our common stock.

We are subject to the Delaware anti-takeover laws regulating corporate takeovers. These anti-takeover laws prevent Delaware corporations from engaging in a merger or sale of more than 10% of its assets with any stockholder, including all affiliates and associates of the stockholder, who owns 15% or more of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock, for three years following the date that the stockholder acquired 15% or more of the corporation’s assets unless:

A Delaware corporation may opt out of the Delaware anti-takeover laws if its certificate of incorporation or bylaws so provides. We have not opted out of the provisions of the anti-takeover laws. As such, these laws could prohibit or delay mergers or other takeover or change of control transactions and may discourage attempts by other companies to acquire us.

In addition, employment agreements with certain executive officers provide for the payment of severance and accelerated vesting of options and restricted stock in the event of termination following a change of control. These provisions could have the effect of discouraging potential takeover attempts even if it would be beneficial to shareholders.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that could discourage a third-party from acquiring us.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as applicable, among other things (i) provide our board with the ability to alter the bylaws without stockholder approval and (ii) provide that vacancies on our board of directors may be filled by a majority of directors in office. These provisions, while designed to reduce vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal, and to discourage certain tactics used in proxy fights, may negatively impact a third-party’s decision to acquire us even if it would be beneficial to shareholders.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports or if they publish unfavorable research or reports, an active market for our common stock may not develop and the price of our common stock could decline.

We are a small company which is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume. Even if we come to the attention of such persons, they may be reluctant to follow or recommend an unproven company such as ours until such time as we became more seasoned and viable. Generally, the trading market for a company’s securities depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish. We currently have limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. As a consequence, there may be periods of time when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer with significant research coverage. We cannot give you any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for our common stock will develop or if developed, will be sustained, or that current trading levels could be sustained or not diminish. In addition, in the event any analysts downgrades our securities, the price of our shares would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases to cover us or fails to publish regular reports on us, interest in the purchase of our securities could decrease, which could cause the price of our common stock and its trading volume, if any, to decline.

Our common stock may be considered a “penny stock,” and may be subject to additional sale and trading regulations that may make it more difficult to sell.

Our common stock may be considered a “penny stock.” The principal result or effect of being designated a penny stock is that securities broker-dealers participating in sales of our common stock may be subject to the penny stock regulations set forth in Rules 15g-2 through 15g-9 promulgated under the Exchange Act. For example, Rule 15g-2 requires broker-dealers dealing in penny stocks to provide potential investors with a document disclosing the risks of penny stocks and to obtain a manually signed and dated written receipt of the document at least two business days before effecting any transaction in a penny stock for the investor’s account. Moreover, Rule 15g-9 requires broker-dealers in penny stocks to approve the account of any investor for transactions in such stocks before selling any penny stock to that investor. This procedure requires the broker-dealer to (i) obtain from the investor information concerning his or her financial situation, investment experience and investment objectives; (ii) reasonably determine, based on that information, that transactions in penny stocks are suitable for the investor and that the investor has sufficient knowledge and experience as to be reasonably capable of evaluating the risks of penny stock transactions; (iii) provide the investor with a written statement setting forth the basis on which the broker-dealer made the determination in (ii) above; and (iv) receive a signed and dated copy of such statement from the investor, confirming that it accurately reflects the investor’s financial situation, investment experience and investment objectives. Compliance with these requirements may make it more difficult and time consuming for holders of our common stock to resell their shares to third parties or to otherwise dispose of them in the market or otherwise.

We currently have no available common stock available for new securities issuances, or for the conversion / exercise of outstanding securities, which may restrict us from accessing additional capital through the sale of new securities or the exercise of outstanding convertible securities.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 150,000,000 shares of common stock, all of which are issued and outstanding as of April 1, 2019. Accordingly, we do not have sufficient authorized shares of common stock for additional issuances. While our shareholders have approved a reverse stock split in amount not less than 1-for-2 and not more than 1-for-500 at the discretion of the Board until December 31, 2019, no such additional reverse stock split has taken place. Notwithstanding, the Board currently plans to effect a reverse stock split in order to authorize additional capital for its future stock issuances, warrant exercises, and conversions of outstanding preferred stock and convertible debentures. Our failure to complete the reverse stock split may further subject us to penalties if we are unable to satisfy conversions of our outstanding convertible debentures, or exercises of our outstanding warrants and options, which may harm our financial position and business prospects.  

We may be required to make significant payments to members of our management in the event their employment with us is terminated or if we experience a change of control.

We are a party to an employment agreement with Christopher Lowe that calls for severance payments in the event certain conditions as further described in his employment agreement are met. In the event that (i) we terminate the employment, (ii) we experience a change in control or, (ii) if he terminates employment with us, Mr. Lowe may be entitled to receive certain severance and related payments, provided certain conditions are previously met. Additionally, in such instance, certain securities held by Mr. Lowe shall become immediately vested and exercisable. Upon the occurrence of any such event, our obligation to make such payments could significantly impact our working capital and, accordingly, our ability to execute our business plan which could have a materially adverse effect to our business. Also, these provisions may discourage potential takeover attempts that could be beneficial to our stockholders.  

If our management team is not effective or if we fail to attract, hire or retain qualified personnel, we may not be able to design, develop or commercialize our products successfully or manage our business.

While we have been able to secure a chief executive officer, our anticipated growth and expansion may require the addition of new personnel and the development of additional expertise by existing management. There is intense competition for qualified personnel in such areas. Accordingly, there can be no assurances that we would be able to attract and retain the qualified personnel necessary for the successful development of our business.

None.

Our executive offices are located at 31200 Via Colinas, Suite 200, Westlake Village, CA 91362. At present our employee and consultants work virtually from around the country. We currently pay no money for these facilities. We anticipate that in the event we raise capital sufficient to fund our operations, we will establish permanent offices and relocate to another facility. There is no affiliation between us or any of our principals or agents and our landlords or any of their principals or agents.

On March 16, 2016, Dr. Craig Dionne provided us his notice of termination as the company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Dr. Dionne’s notice of termination alleges that such termination was for “Good Reason” as a result of a purported material change in his authority, functions, duties and responsibilities as chief executive officer. In the event that termination was for “Good Reason”, Dr. Dionne would be entitled to certain severance payments as well as other benefits. His notice of termination, in additional to requesting such severance, also requests the payment of Dr. Dionne’s annual and long term bonus for 2014 and 2015. On April 11, 2016, we received a letter from Dr. Dionne demanding approximately $2.3 million as a result of the foregoing.

The Company vigorously disputes that the termination of his employment was for “Good Reason,” as that term is defined in his employment agreement and under applicable law. This matter is at the early stages. While no litigation is pending at this time, there can be no assurance that this matter will be resolved in such a manner as to avoid litigation. Accordingly, the Company is unable at this time to predict the outcome of this matter, and any views formed as to the viability of these claims or the costs to the Company which could result may change from time to time as the matter proceeds through its course.

Not Applicable

PART II

Market Information

Our common shares are quoted on the pink sheets of the OCT Markets under the symbol NSPX. Although a market for our common stock exists, it is relatively illiquid. Any over-the-counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

Holders

As of April 1, 2019, we had approximately 133 record holders of our common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and we do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the operation and expansion of our business. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and covenants, applicable law and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. If we do not pay dividends, a return on your investment will occur only if the market price of our common stock appreciates.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2017 with respect to our compensation plans under which equity securities may be issued.

(1) Our 2007 Stock Plan, as amended, provides for the issuance of up to 50,000 common shares during any calendar year. The plan provides for the issuance of up to 200,000 common shares in the aggregate.

GenSpera 2007 Equity Compensation Plan

Our 2007 Equity Compensation Plan (“2007 Plan”) is administered by our board or any of its committees. The purposes of the 2007 Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentive to Employees, Directors and Consultants, and to promote the success of our business. The issuance of awards under our 2007 Plan is at the discretion of the administrator, which has the authority to determine the persons to whom any awards shall be granted and the terms, conditions and restrictions applicable to any award. Under our 2007 Plan, we may grant stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance units, performance shares and other stock based awards. Our 2007 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 50,000 shares of common stock for the foregoing awards per fiscal year with an aggregate of 200,000 shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2007 Plan. As of December 31, 2017, we have granted awards under the 2007 Plan equal to approximately 180,699 shares of our common stock, and 79,196 shares have been cancelled or forfeited. Accordingly, there are 98,497 shares of common stock available for future awards under the 2007 Plan. In the event of a change in control, awards under the 2007 Plan will become fully vested unless such awards are assumed or substituted by the successor corporation.

GenSpera 2009 Executive Compensation Plan

Our 2009 Executive Compensation Plan, as amended (“2009 Plan”) is administered by our Board or any of its committees. The purpose of our 2009 Plan is to advance the interests of the Company and our stockholders by attracting, retaining and rewarding persons performing services for us and to motivate such persons to contribute to our growth and profitability. The issuance of awards under our 2009 Plan is at the discretion of the administrator, which has the authority to determine the persons to whom any awards shall be granted and the terms, conditions and restrictions applicable to any award. Under our 2009 Plan, we may grant stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance units, performance shares and other stock-based awards. As of December 31, 2017, our 2009 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 200,000 shares of our common stock for the foregoing awards, and we have granted awards under the plan equal to approximately 164,868 common shares, and 115,782 shares have been cancelled or forfeited. Accordingly, there are 150,914 shares of common stock available for future awards under the 2009 Plan.  

GenSpera Inducement Award Stock Option Plan

Our Inducement Award Stock Option Plan (“Inducement Plan”) is administered by our board or our compensation committee. The Plan is intended to be used in connection with the recruiting and inducement of senior management and employees. The issuance of wards under the Inducement Plan is at the discretion of the administrator which has the authority to determine the persons to whom any awards shall be granted and the terms, conditions and restrictions applicable to any award. The Company did not seek approval of the Plan by our stockholders. Pursuant to the Inducement Plan, the Company may grant stock options for up to a total of 300,000 shares of common stock to new employees of the Company. As of December 31, 2017, 211,360 grants have been made pursuant to the Plan. Accordingly, there are 88,640 shares of common stock available for future issuance under the Inducement Plan.

Inspyr Therapeutics 2017 Equity Compensation Plan

Our 2017 Equity Compensation Plan (“2017 Plan”) is administered by our board or any of its committees. The purposes of the 2017 Plan are to attract and retain the best available personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, to provide additional incentive to Employees, Directors and Consultants, and to promote the success of our business. The issuance of awards under our 2017 Plan is at the discretion of the administrator, which has the authority to determine the persons to whom any awards shall be granted and the terms, conditions and restrictions applicable to any award. Under our 2017 Plan, we may grant stock options, restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units, performance units, performance shares and other stock based awards. Our 2017 Plan authorizes the issuance of up to 2,000,000 shares of common stock for the foregoing awards. As of December 31, 2017, we have granted no awards under the 2017 Plan, and no shares have been cancelled or forfeited. Accordingly, there are 2,000,000 shares of common stock available for future awards under the 2017 Plan. In the event of a change in control, awards under the 2017 Plan will become fully vested unless such awards are assumed or substituted by the successor corporation.

Deferred Compensation Plan

In July of 2011, we adopted the Executive Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Plan”). The Deferred Plan is intended to comply with the requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). The Deferred Plan is intended to be an unfunded “top hat” plan which is maintained primarily to provide deferred compensation benefits for a select group of our “management or highly compensated employees” within the meaning of Sections 201, 301, and 401 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (“ERISA”), and to therefore be exempt from the provisions of Parts 2, 3, and 4 of Title I of ERISA. The Deferred Plan is intended to help build a supplemental source of savings and retirement income through pre-tax deferrals of eligible compensation, which may include cash, option and stock bonus awards, discretionary cash, option and stock awards and/or any other payments which may be designated by the Deferred Plan administrator, as eligible, for deferral under the Deferred Plan from time to time. As administered, the Deferred Plan is used to defer compensation of stock awards granted under our other equity compensation plans and does not by its terms approve any grants or awards.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

The following information is given with regard to unregistered securities sold since January 1, 2016.  The following securities were issued in private offerings pursuant to the exemption from registration contained in the Securities Act and the rules promulgated thereunder in reliance on Section 4(2) thereof, relating to offers of securities by an issuer not involving any public offering.

Use of Proceeds

On May 23, 2014, our registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-194687) was declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission for our initial public offering pursuant to which we sold an aggregate of 4,163,961 units at a public offering price of $0.80 per unit. The information contained in the registration statement was amended pursuant to a post-effective amendment that was declared effective the By the Securities Exchange Commission on January 27, 2015. After giving effect to the reverse stock split, the units are convertible into 138,807 shares of common stock at the public offering price of $24.00 per unit. There has been no material change in the planned use of proceeds from our public offering as described in our final prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 30, 2014 pursuant to Rule 424(b).

We are not required to provide the information as to selected financial data as we are considered a smaller reporting company.

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements regarding our business development plans, pre-clinical and clinical studies, regulatory reviews, timing, strategies, expectations, anticipated expenses levels, business prospects and positioning with respect to market, demographic and pricing trends, business outlook, technology spending and various other matters (including contingent liabilities and obligations and changes in accounting policies, standards and interpretations) and express our current intentions, beliefs, expectations, strategies or predictions. These forward-looking statements are based on a number of assumptions and currently available information and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this annual report. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this annual report.

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is provided in addition to the accompanying financial statements and notes to assist readers in understanding our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. MD&A is organized as follows:

Company Overview

Business

We are a clinical-stage, pre-revenue, pharmaceutical company primarily focused on the development of therapeutics for the treatment of diseases. Through our acquisition of Lewis and Clark Pharmaceuticals, Inc., we currently are focusing on a pipeline of small molecule adenosine receptor modulators.

The adenosine receptor modulators include A_2B antagonists, dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists, and A_2A agonists that have broad development applicability including indications within immuno-oncology and inflammation. Adenosine is implicated in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Adenosine receptor antagonists may boost the host immune response against the tumor as a single-agent and in combination with other existing immuno-oncology agents leading to enhanced tumor killing and inhibition of metastasis. Adenosine also has anti-inflammatory properties in the acute and chronic setting. Adenosine receptor agonists may promote a decreased inflammatory response and can potentially treat a broad range of inflammatory and autoimmune based diseases and conditions (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, joint injury, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis) as well as improve wound healing and decrease pain.    

During February 2018, due to a lack of capital, we curtailed substantially all our business operations. In the event that we are able to raise sufficient capital, our major focus would be to: (i) further characterization, in conjunction with Ridgeway Therapeutics, of anti-cancer activity of the current pipeline of A_2B antagonists and dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists leading to selection of a clinical candidate for an Investigative New Drug or IND enabling studies, (ii) further characterization of the current pipeline of A_2A agonists leading to selection of a clinical candidate for an Investigative New Drug or IND enabling studies; (iii) licensing and/or partnering the A_2B antagonists, dual A_2A/A_2B antagonists, and/or A_2A agonists for further development, (iv) through our newly acquired adenosine receptor chemistry technology platform, continue to produce next generation adenosine receptor modulators, (v) pursue licensing and/or partnering of mipsagargin, (vi) conduct a clinical study of mipsagargin in patients with advanced HCC, and (vii) explore collaborations utilizing mipsagargin in new, non-clinical solid tumor models with leading researchers in the oncology field.  

Our ability to execute our business plan is dependent on the amount and timing of cash, if any, that we are able to raise. During February of 2018, we curtailed our operations due to our lack of cash. During July 2018, we were able to raise approximately $500,000 through the sale of debt securities. We are currently using such funds to attempt to become current in our SEC reporting requirements, pay outstanding invoices to our independent registered accounting firm, and other outstanding obligations, the payment of which we believe to be vital to our future operations. Should we fail to further raise sufficient funds to execute our business plan, our priority would be to maintain our intellectual property portfolio and continue, to the best of our ability, our public company reporting requirements.  

While we believe that the data from our nonclinical studies appear promising, the outcome of our ongoing or future studies may ultimately be unsuccessful.

Our ability to execute our business plan is dependent on the amount and timing of cash, if any, that we are able to raise. Should we not raise sufficient funds to execute our business plan, our priority is the continued production of adenosine receptor modulator products for any existing material transfer agreements and continuing business development discussions with potential development partners.

Recent Developments

Product Development of Adenosine Receptor Modulators

Adenosine is an extracellular signaling molecule that regulates multiple aspects of tissue function and specifically plays a role in immunity and inflammation. High levels of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment inhibits immune response mediated through the A_2A and A_2B receptors. Adenosine also plays a role in non-malignant conditions where it is rapidly increased in response to inflammation, hypoxia, ischemia, or trauma. Adenosine released in this setting has been shown to have a protective effect and limits excessive inflammatory damage to tissues.

The adenosine receptor antagonists have broad applicability as a potential immuno-oncology (IO) therapeutic agent in multiple tumor types both as a single agent and in combination with other IO agents, in addition to traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. We are actively seeking licensing opportunities and/or partners to further development our A_2B and dual A_2A/A_2B receptor antagonists. Our current product development plan for adenosine receptor antagonists contemplates the following major initiatives, subject to the Company receiving sufficient funds:

The adenosine receptor agonists have applicability in a broad range of non-oncology conditions including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and conditions. We are actively seeking licensing opportunities and/or partners to further development our A_2A receptor agonists. Our current product development plan for adenosine receptor agonists contemplates the following major initiatives subject to the Company receiving sufficient funds:

Financial

To date, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to the development of our proposed drug candidates. mipsagargin is the only product candidate for which we have conducted clinical trials, and we have not received FDA approval to market, distribute or sell any products. We have currently curtailed our research on mipsagargin. We are also working on developing IND approved studies for our adenosine receptor technology platform. Since our inception in 2003, we have generated no revenue from product sales and have funded our operations principally through the private and public sales of our equity securities. We have never been profitable and as of December 31, 2017 we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $60 million. We expect to continue to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future as we continue the development of our product candidates and advance them through clinical trials.

Our cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2017 was approximately $10,000 representing 14.5% of total assets. In March and April of 2017 we completed additional private placements of an aggregate of $290,000 of our securities and in September 2017 we completed additional private placements of an aggregate of $250,000 of our securities. Based on our current expected level of operating expenditures and cash balance as of December 31, 2017, we expect to be able to fund our operations into the third quarter of 2018. This period could be shortened if there are any significant increases in spending that were not anticipated or other unforeseen events.

We anticipate raising additional cash through the private or public sales of equity or debt securities, collaborative arrangements, licensing agreements or a combination thereof, to continue to fund our operations and the development of our product candidates. There is no assurance that any such collaborative arrangement will be entered into or that financing will be available to us when needed in order to allow us to continue our operations, or if available, on terms acceptable to us. If we do not raise sufficient funds in a timely manner, we may be forced to curtail operations, delay or stop our ongoing pre-clinical studies and potential clinical trials, cease operations altogether, or file for bankruptcy. We currently do not have commitments for future funding from any source.

Going Concern

Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2017 financial statements expressed an opinion that our capital resources as of the date of their Audit Report were not sufficient to sustain operations or complete our planned activities for the upcoming year unless we raised additional funds. During February of 2018, we curtailed our operations due to our lack of cash. Notwithstanding our recent financing in July 2018, whereby we raised $500,000, our current cash level raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we do not obtain additional funds, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and will cease operation which means that our shareholders will lose their entire investment.  

Critical Accounting Policies

We have prepared our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which requires management to make significant judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. We base these significant judgments and estimates on historical experience and other applicable assumptions we believe to be reasonable based upon information presently available. These estimates may change as new events occur, as additional information is obtained and as our operating environment changes. These changes have historically been minor and have been included in the financial statements as soon as they became known. Actual results could materially differ from our estimates under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.

All of our significant accounting policies are discussed in Note 3, Summary of Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates, to our financial statements, included elsewhere in this annual report. We have identified the following as our critical accounting policies and estimates, which are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, are the most pervasive and important to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions, judgments or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies reflect our more significant estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying disclosures. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Cash and Equivalents - Cash equivalents are comprised of certain highly liquid investments with maturity of three months or less when purchased. We maintain our cash in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. We have not experienced any losses in such accounts.

Research and Development Costs - Research and development costs are charged to expense as incurred. Our research and development expenses consist primarily of expenditures for toxicology and other studies, manufacturing, clinical trials, compensation and consulting costs.

Stock-based Compensation - The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an equity award based on the grant-date fair value of the award. All grants under our stock-based compensation programs are accounted for at fair value and that cost is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award (the vesting period).

Compensation expense for options granted to non-employees is determined in accordance with the standard as the fair value of the consideration received or the fair value of the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measured. Compensation expense for awards granted to non-employees is re-measured each period. Determining the appropriate fair value of the stock-based compensation requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected life of the stock-based payment and stock price volatility. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing option model to value its stock option awards which incorporate the Company’s stock price, volatility, U.S. risk-free rate, dividend rate, and estimated life.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Our short-term financial instruments, including cash, accounts payable and other liabilities, consist primarily of instruments without extended maturities. We believe that the fair values of our current assets and current liabilities approximate their reported carrying amounts.

Derivative liabilities consist of certain of our preferred stock and warrants with anti-dilution provisions, and are valued using option pricing models which incorporate the Company’s stock price, volatility, U.S. risk-free rate, dividend rate, and estimated life.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

With the exception of those discussed below, there have not been any recent changes in accounting pronouncements and Accounting Standards Update (ASU) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) during the year ended December 31, 2017 that are of significance or potential significance to the Company.

In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard establishes a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record a ROU asset and a lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases with terms longer than 12 months. Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement.

The new standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. A modified retrospective transition approach is required for lessees for capital and operating leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements, with certain practical expedients available. The Company does not expect any impact from the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU No. 2017-04”). ASU No. 2017-04 simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. A public business entity that is a SEC filer should adopt the amendments of ASU No. 2017-04 for its annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. The Company does not expect any impact from the adoption of this standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting”, which clarifies when to account for a change to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award as a modification. Under the new guidance, modification accounting is required only if the fair value, the vesting conditions, or the classification of the award changes as a result of the change in terms or conditions. If an award is not probable of vesting at the time a change is made, the new guidance clarifies that no new measurement date will be required if there is no change to the fair value, vesting conditions, and classification. This ASU will be applied prospectively and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years, with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2017-11, Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Part 1 – Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features and Part 2 – Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with Scope Exception (“ASU No. 2017-11”). Part 1 of ASU No. 2017-11 addresses the complexity of accounting for certain financial instruments with down round features. Down round features are provisions in certain equity-linked instruments (or embedded features) that result in the strike price being reduced on the basis of the pricing of future equity offerings. Current accounting guidance creates cost and complexity for entities that issue financial instruments (such as warrants and convertible instruments) with down round features that require fair value measurement of the entire instrument or conversion option. Part II of ASU No. 2017-11 addresses the difficulty of navigating Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, because of the existence of extensive pending content in the FASB Accounting Standards Codification®. This pending content is the result of the indefinite deferral of accounting requirements about mandatorily redeemable financial instruments of certain nonpublic entities and certain mandatorily redeemable noncontrolling interests. For public business entities, the amendments in Part I of this update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018.

The Company has early adopted the guidance under ASU 2017-11 for the year end December 31, 2017. Adjustments to the Company’s previously issued financial statements were required for the full retrospective application of this standard. As such the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 have been adjusted to reflect the adoption of ASU 2017-11.  

Result of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2016

Our results of operations have varied significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter and may vary significantly in the future. We did not have revenue during the years ending December 31, 2017 and 2016. We do not anticipate generating any revenues during 2018. Net loss for 2017 and 2016 were $11.1 million and $3.2 million, respectively, resulting from the operational activities described below.

Operating Expenses

Operating expense totaled $5.9 million and $3.2 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively.  The increase in operating expenses is the result of the following factors.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses totaled $1.7 million and $1.1 million for the years ended 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase of $0.6 million, or 54%, in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily due to an increase in compensation cost related to the employment of new personnel, partially offset by a decrease in legal expense. 

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of expenditures related to toxicology and other studies, manufacturing, clinical trials, compensation and consulting costs.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses totaled $1.7 million and $2.1 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease of approximately $0.4 million, or 20%, in 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily the result of a decrease from prior year spending related to corporate communication and business development costs and professional and consulting fees, partially offset by an increase in compensation.  Our general and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenditures related to employee compensation, legal, accounting and tax, other professional services, and general operating expenses.

Impairment Expense

Due to the curtailment of business activity in February 2018, we determined that the goodwill assigned to the Lewis & Clark, Pharmaceuticals, Inc. acquisition had become fully impaired as of December 31, 2017. Accordingly, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $2.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company also determined that the office and lab equipment acquired pursuant to the Lewis & Clark, Pharmaceuticals, Inc. acquisition had become fully impaired as of December 31, 2017. Accordingly, we recorded an impairment charge of $0.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) totaled approximately $5.2 million of expense and $3,000 of income for 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Loss on change in fair value of derivative liability

There was a loss on change in fair value of our derivative liability of approximately $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, with no comparable expense during the year ended December 31, 2016. The change in the fair value of our derivative liability was the result of our sale of convertible debentures in September 2017, where we issued convertible notes with variable conversion rates. Refer to Note 7 in our Financial Statements for further discussion on our derivative liability.

Gain on conversion of debt

There was a gain on conversion of debentures of approximately $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2017, with no comparable expense during the year ended December 31, 2016. Gain on conversion of debt results from the difference between the fair value of common stock issued upon conversion and the carrying amount of the debt converted.

Interest income (expense)

We had 5.2 million net interest expense in 2017, compared to interest income of $3,000 in 2016. The increase of $5.2 million was attributable to new derivative instruments with a value in excess of proceeds received.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred losses since our inception in 2003 as a result of significant expenditures for operations and research and development and the lack of any approved products to generate revenue. We have an accumulated deficit of approximately $60 million as of December 31, 2017 and anticipate that we will continue to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future. Through December 31, 2017, we have funded our operations through the private sale of our equity securities, convertible debt and exercise of options and warrants, resulting in gross proceeds of $36.4 million. Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2017 were $0.01 million.

Our auditors’ report on our December 31, 2017 financial statements expressed an opinion that our capital resources as of the date of their Audit Report were not sufficient to sustain operations or complete our planned activities for the upcoming year unless we raised additional funds. In 2017, we completed financings resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $0.5 million. Based on our current level of expected operating expenditures, we expect to be able to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2018. This assumes that we spend minimally on general operations and only continue conducting our ongoing clinical trials, and that we do not encounter any unexpected events or other circumstances that could shorten this time period. If we do not obtain additional funds by such time, we may no longer be able to continue as a going concern and will cease operation which means that our shareholders will lose their entire investment.

We are actively seeking sources of financing to fund our continued operations and research and development programs. To raise additional capital, we may sell shares of equity or debt securities, or enter into collaborative, strategic and/or licensing transactions. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete any financing transaction in a timely manner or on acceptable terms or otherwise. If we are not able to raise additional cash, we may be forced to further delay, curtail, or cease development of our product candidates, or cease operations altogether.  

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $1.1 million and $2.7 million during 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease of $1.6 million in cash used during 2017 compared to 2016 was primarily attributable to an increase of $1.7 million in our prepaid expenses and accrued liabilities, partially offset by an increase in our net loss (after adjusting for noncash items) of approximately $0.1 million.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Cash provided by investing activities was $0.02 million and $0 for 2017 and 2016, respectively. The cash provided by investing activities was due to cash acquired in the acquisition of Lewis & Clark Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

During 2017, we received net proceeds of $0.5 million from the sales of our securities and convertible debentures, compared to $0.8 million during 2016 in net proceeds from the sales of our securities in a private placement. We are actively seeking sources of financing to fund our continued operations and research and development programs.

We are not required to provide the information as to selected financial data as we are considered a smaller reporting company.

The information required by this Item is included in our Financial Statements and Supplementary Data listed in Item 15(a)(1) of Part IV of this Annual Report.

None.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, which consists only of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Accounting Officer (who is also our Principal Executive Officer), has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2017. Based on that evaluation, management concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017 were ineffective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms.

Inherent Limitations Over Internal Controls

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the Company’s assets;

(ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that the Company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and

(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management, which consists only of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Accounting Officer (who is also our Principal Executive Officer), does not expect that the Company’s internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth in Internal Control – Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013). Based on the Company’s assessment, management has concluded, that due to limited resources and limited number of employees, its internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2017 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP. To mitigate the current limited resources and employees, we rely heavily on direct management oversight of transactions, along with the use of legal and accounting professionals. As we grow, we expect to increase the number of employees, which would enable us to implement adequate segregation of duties within the internal control framework.   

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2017, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act that has materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

This annual report does not include an attestation report of the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting.  Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to the rules of the SEC that permit smaller reporting companies to provide only the management’s report in this annual report.  

None.

PART III

Directors, Executive Officers and Significant Employees

The names of our directors and executive officers and their ages, positions, and biographies as of March 3, 2019, are set forth below. Our executive officers are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of the Board. There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. All directors hold office until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until their respective successors are elected, except in the case of death, resignation, or removal. On February 28, 2017, Russell Richerson, PhD, resigned as chief operating officer. On February 12, 2018, Dr. Shazer resigned as chief medical officer. On February 9, 2018, Drs. Grebow and Buller resigned as members of the Board.

Christopher Lowe, serves as our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, President and a member of the Board of Directors. Mr. Lowe has over 15 years of senior management experience as President, Chief Business Officer and Chief Financial Officer of various private and public life sciences, medical technology and technology companies. Mr. Lowe has served as a partner of FLG Partners, LLC, a CFO consulting, services and board advisory firm since January 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Lowe was an independent consultant to life science companies. From February 2014 to until May 2014, Mr. Lowe served as interim Chief Executive Officer of Hansen Medical, Inc. (Nasdaq - HNSN). Mr. Lowe also served as Chief Financial Officer of Hansen Medical from June 2014 until its sale to Auris Surgical Robotics, Inc. in July 2016. Prior to that, Mr. Lowe served as Vice President, Administration and Chief Financial Officer of Anthera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq – ANTH), a drug development company, from November 2007 through June 2013, and additionally served as its Chief Business Officer from January 2011 until June 2013. Mr. Lowe served as Vice President, Finance and Administration of Asthmatx, Inc., a medical device company, from September 2005 to December 2005 and as its Chief Financial Officer from January 2006 to November 2007. Mr. Lowe served as a member of the board of directors of Hansen Medical, Inc. (HNSN) from September 2006 until its sale in July 2016. Mr. Lowe also has served as a member of the board of directors of Pacific Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a private company from 2010 until 2014 and Career Closet, Inc., a non-profit private corporation from 2009 until 2014. Mr. Lowe holds a B.S. from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo and an M.B.A. from Saint Mary’s University, Texas. In evaluating Mr. Lowe’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills in connection with his appointment to our board, we took into account his prior work with both public and private organizations, including his experience in building biopharmaceutical organizations, his strong business development background and his past experience and relationships in life sciences companies. 

Scott V. Ogilvie has served as a director on our board since February 2008. Mr. Ogilvie is currently the President of AFIN International, Inc., a private equity/business advisory firm, which he founded in 2006. Prior to December 31, 2009, he was CEO of Gulf Enterprises International, Ltd, a company that brings strategic partners, expertise and investment capital to the Middle East and North Africa. He held this position since August 2006. Mr. Ogilvie previously served as Chief Operating Officer of CIC Group, Inc., an investment manager, a position he held from 2001 to 2007. He began his career as a corporate and securities lawyer with Hill, Farrer & Burrill, and has extensive public and private corporate management and board experience in finance, real estate, and technology companies. Mr. Ogilvie currently serves on the board of directors of Neuralstem, Inc. (NASDAQ: CUR) and Research Solutions, Inc. (OTCQB: RSSS). Mr. Ogilvie also served on the board of directors of Preferred Voice Inc. (OTCQB: PRFV), Innovative Card Technologies, Inc. (OTCBB: INVC) and National Healthcare Exchange, Inc. (OTCBB: NHXS). In evaluating Mr. Ogilvie’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills in connection with his appointment to our board, we took into account his prior work in both public and private organizations regarding corporate finance, securities and compliance and international business development.  

Claire Thom, Pharm.D. joined our board in October 2016.  Dr. Thom has two decades of experience in the pharmaceutical industry, with responsibilities including drug development, new product planning, and marketing.  Most recently, from July 2013 until June 2016, Dr. Thom was the Senior Vice President Global Therapeutic Head for Oncology at Astellas Pharma (TOKYO: ALPMY).  At Astellas, she developed and supervised the implementation of the company’s oncology strategy. In addition, she was appointed to serve on the Board of Directors for Agensys, a fully-owned subsidiary of Astellas. Prior to her roles at Astellas, Dr. Thom served as Senior Vice President of Portfolio Management, Drug Development Management and Strategic Business Operations at Millennium Pharmaceuticals, the Takeda Oncology Company, (TOKYO: TKPYY) from August 2008 until January 2013. Prior to her assignment at Millennium, she held several positions of increasing responsibility at Takeda to become the company’s Oncology Franchise Leader. Earlier, she worked at G.D. Searle and began her career as a clinical pharmacist. Ms. Thom was awarded a Doctor of Pharmacy and a Bachelor of Pharmacy, both with honors, from the University of Illinois.  In evaluating Dr. Thom’s specific experience, qualifications, attributes and skills in connection with her appointment to our board, we took into account her knowledge of scientific matters affecting our business and her understanding of our industry.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships between any director, executive officer, or person nominated or chosen by the registrant to become a director or executive officer.

Diversity of Board of Directors

We do not have a formal policy with regard to the consideration of diversity in identifying director nominees, but the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee strives to nominate Directors with a variety of complementary skills so that, as a group, the board of directors will possess the appropriate talent, skills, and expertise to oversee our businesses.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a “Code of Ethics” that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A copy of our code is attached to this Annual Report as Exhibit 14.01.

Independent Directors

For purposes of determining independence, the Company has adopted the definition of independence as contained in NASDAQ Market Place Rule 5605(a)(2). Pursuant to the definition, the Company has determined that Dr. and Thom and Mr. Ogilvie qualify as independent. 

Committees

The board of directors has established three standing committees: (1) an Audit Committee, (2) a Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, and (3) a Leadership Development and Compensation Committee. Each of the committees operates under a written charter adopted by the board of directors. A copy of each respective committee’s charter can be viewed as Exhibits 99.01, 99.02 and 99.03 to this Annual Report

The table below identifies the Board’s standing committees and committee membership as of March 1, 2019:  

Each member of the Audit Committee, the Compensation Committee, and the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is considered independent under the NASDAQ Market Place Rules.   

Audit Committee

The main function of our Audit Committee, which was established in accordance with Section 3(a)(58)(A) of the Exchange Act, is to oversee our accounting and financial reporting processes, internal systems of control, independent auditor relationships and the audits of our financial statements. This committee’s responsibilities include:

Our Audit Committee is currently comprised of Scott V. Ogilvie and Claire Thom, each of whom is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Our board of directors has determined that each of the directors serving on our Audit Committee is independent within the meaning of the rules of the SEC and rule 5605(a)(2) of the Marketplace Rules of NASDAQ. Additionally, our board has determined that Scott V. Ogilvie is an audit committee financial expert as defined under the rules of the SEC. A copy of the charter is contained in Exhibit 99.01 to this Annual Report

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee’s purpose is to assist our board of directors in identifying individuals qualified to become members of our board of directors consistent with criteria set by our board of directors and to develop our corporate governance principles. This committee’s responsibilities include:   

Our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is currently comprised of Scott V. Ogilvie, a non-employee member of our board of directors. Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Ogilvie is independent as defined in rule 5605(a)(2) of the Marketplace Rules of NASDAQ. The charter of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee is contained in Exhibit 99.03 of this Annual Report

Leadership Development and Compensation Committee

The purpose of our Leadership Development and Compensation Committee is to oversee our compensation programs. The committee may form and delegate authority to subcommittees or, with respect to compensation for employees and consultants who are not executive officers for purposes of Section 16 of the Exchange Act, to our officers, in either instance as the committee determines appropriate. The committee’s responsibilities include:  

Our Leadership Development and Compensation Committee is currently comprised of Claire Thom, who is a non-employee member of our board of directors. Dr. Thom is an “outside” director as defined in Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and a “non-employee” director within the meaning of Rule 16b-3 of the Exchange Act. Our board of directors has determined that Dr. Thom is independent as defined in rule 5605(a)(2) of the Marketplace Rules of NASDAQ. A copy of the charter is contained in Exhibit 99.02 to this Annual Report.

Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires the Company’s officers and directors, and persons who own more than ten percent of a registered class of the Company’s equity securities, to file reports of securities ownership and changes in such ownership with the SEC. Officers, directors and greater than ten percent shareholders also are required by SEC rules to furnish the Company with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file.

Based solely upon a review of the copies of such forms furnished to the Company, and on written representations from the reporting persons, the Company believes that all Section 16(a) filing requirements applicable to the Company’s directors and officers were timely met during 2017.

* No Longer a director of Inspyr Therapeutics.

Summary Compensation

The following table provides disclosure concerning all compensation paid for services to us in all capacities for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 provided by (i) each person serving as our principal executive officer, or PEO, or acting in a similar capacity during our fiscal year ended December 31, 2017; (ii) our most highly compensated executive officers other than our PEO who were serving as executive officers on December 31, 2017 and whose total compensation exceeded $100,000 (collectively with the PEO referred to as the “named executive officers” in this Executive Compensation section); and (iii) our Principal Financial Officer.

Outstanding Executive Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End 2017

The following table sets forth information concerning stock options held on December 31, 2017, the last day of our 2017 fiscal year, for each named executive officer.

Employment Agreements and Change in Control

Christopher Lowe

In connection with Mr. Lowe’s employment, we entered into: (i) an employment agreement; (ii) a confidential information and invention assignment agreement; and (iii) an indemnification agreement. 

Employment Agreement

We employ Christopher Lowe as our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to a written contract that until such time that either the Company or Mr. Lowe terminates the agreement. Mr. Lowe receives a base salary of $316,250, of which we deducted $41,250 during the first year and pay such amount to a third party as a placement fee for Mr. Lowe’s employment. As a result, Mr. Lowe received a net base salary of $275,000 for his first year of employment. Mr. Lowe’s base salary may be adjusted on a periodic basis at the sole discretion of the board of directors pursuant to the Company’s review of the compensation of other senior executives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that the Company receives $25,000,000 in proceeds from one or more series of transactions (“Funding Requirement”), Mr. Lowe’s base salary will be adjusted to no less than the 50^th percentile of base compensation for a similar executive at a comparable Company as determined by the compensation committee in consultation with a nationally recognized compensation consultant. Commencing the year after the Funding Requirement is achieved, Mr. Lowe will also be eligible to receive an annual cash bonus based on achievement of certain performance goals with a target cash bonus being no less than the 50^th percentile of compensation for a similar executive at a comparable Company as determined by the compensation committee. Also, commencing one year after the date of his employment, Mr. Lowe will be eligible to receive an annual market based stock option grant at the discretion of the board. In addition, as an inducement to Mr. Lowe’s employment, we issued him an inducement option to purchase 72,156 shares of common stock, of which, Mr. Lowe received 64,940 options and we issued the balance of 7,216 options, in the form of a warrant, to a third party as a placement fee for Mr. Lowes employment. The Inducement Option has an exercise price of $4.35 per share, a term of seven (7) years, and vests as follows: (i) 25% vests monthly over a one-year period commencing on the date employment began and (ii) 75% vests upon time and milestones to be mutually agreed upon by Mr. Lowe and the board (or a committee thereof). Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Company receives gross proceeds of $10,000,000 in the initial 12 month period from the date Mr. Lowe’s employment began (“Qualifying Financing”) and the securities are sold in such Qualifying Financing at a price per share less than the exercise price of Mr. Lowe’s inducement option, then the number of shares underlying such inducement option will be increased by such number of shares as required to make such inducement option equal to the same percentage of ownership of the Company that it represented immediately prior to such Qualifying Financing. In addition, pursuant Mr. Lowe’s employment agreement, upon the Funding Requirement being met, Mr. Lowe will be eligible to earn a funding bonus. Such Funding Bonus will be a one-time payment equal to two percent (2%) of the net funding received by the Company to be paid (i) 25% in cash and (ii) 75% in equity securities (to be mutually agreed upon by Mr. Lowe and the Company).

In the event that Mr. Lowe is terminated without Cause or Mr. Lowe resigns with Good Reason, as each term is defined in the employment agreement, Mr. Lowe will be eligible to receive: the payment of his accrued but unpaid base salary, any unpaid or unreimbursed expenses and any accrued but unused vacation through the date of termination. In the event that the Company terminates Mr. Lowe’s employment without Cause or Mr. Lowe resigns Good Reason, as each term is defined in the employment agreement, and the Funding Requirement has been met and Mr. Lowe has been employed for at least six (6) months, he will be eligible to receive the continued payment of his base salary for (i) 6 months following the termination date if termination occurs within 12 months of the date his employment began, (ii) 12 months following the termination date if termination occurs within between 12 and 24 months of the date his employment began, or (iii) 18 months following the termination date if termination occurs after 24 months after the date his employment began. Further, if within 12 months following a Sale Event (as defined in Inspyr Therapeutics Inducement Award Stock Plan) Mr. Lowe’s employment is (a) terminated by the Company for any reason (other than as a result of his death or disability or a with Cause termination) or (b) terminated by Mr. Lowe with Good Reason, then Mr. Lowe will be eligible to receive, in lieu of such severance benefits: (i) 18 months of base salary, (ii) acceleration of the vesting of 100% of Mr. Lowe’s then outstanding unvested equity awards and (iii) payment of a pro rata portion of Mr. Lowe’s target annual bonus for the year in which the termination of employment occurs.

Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement

The confidential information and invention assignment agreement requires Mr. Lowe to maintain the confidentiality of the Company’s intellectual property as well as the assignment of any inventions made by Mr. Lowe during his employment. The agreement also limits Mr. Lowe’s ability to solicit certain employees, consultants, and other personnel of the Company for a period of 24 months following the end of his employment.

Indemnification Agreement

The indemnification agreement provides for the indemnification and defense of Mr. Lowe, in the event of litigation, to the fullest extent permitted by law.

The foregoing summaries of Mr. Lowe’s: (i) employment agreement; (ii) confidential information and inventions assignment agreement; and (iii) indemnification agreement are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the agreements which have been filed with the SEC as exhibits to our public filings.

Ronald Shazer, M.D.

Employment Agreement

We employed Ronald Shazer, M.D. as our Chief Medical Officer and Executive Vice President pursuant to a written contract until his resignation in February 2018. Pursuant to the written contract, Dr. Shazer received a base salary of $350,000, which may be adjusted on a periodic basis at the sole discretion of the board of directors pursuant to the Company’s review of the compensation of other senior executives. Dr. Shazer was also eligible, upon the Company achieving the Funding Requirement, to receive an annual bonus of up to 30% of his base salary, in cash or securities at the discretion of the Company’s board of directors, based on the Company’s and Dr. Shazer’s performance. Also, commencing a year after the date his employment began, Dr. Shazer was eligible to receive an annual market based stock option grant at the discretion of the Board. In addition, as an inducement to Dr. Shazer’s employment, we issued him an inducement option to purchase 32,470 shares of Common Stock on August 9, 2016. The Inducement Option has an exercise price of $4.50 per share, a term of seven (7) years, and vests as follows: (i) 25% vests monthly over a one-year period commencing on the date employment began and (ii) 75% vests upon time and milestones to be mutually agreed upon by Dr. Shazer and the board (or a committee thereof).

Confidential Information and Invention Assignment Agreement

The confidential information and invention assignment agreement required Dr. Shazer to maintain the confidentiality of the Company’s intellectual property as well as the assignment of any inventions made by Dr. Shazer during his employment. The agreement also limits Dr. Shazer’s ability to solicit certain employees, consultants, and other personnel of the Company for a period of 24 months following the end of his employment.

Indemnification Agreement

The indemnification agreement provides for the indemnification and defense of Dr. Shazer, in the event of litigation, to the fullest extent permitted by law.

The foregoing summaries of Dr. Shazer’s: (i) employment agreement; (ii) confidential information and inventions assignment agreement; and (iii) indemnification agreement are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the agreements which have been filed with the SEC as exhibits to our public filings.

Russell Richerson

In connection with Dr. Richerson’s employment, we have entered into: (i) an employment agreement; (ii) a proprietary information, inventions and competition agreement; and (iii) an indemnification agreement.  

Employment Agreement

Dr. Richerson was employed by the Company until February 28, 2017 when he resigned as Chief Operating Officer. During his employment as our Chief Operating Officer, Dr. Richerson had a written contract that automatically extended for successive one year terms on September 2, of each year. Such base salary was reviewed yearly with regard to possible increase. In addition, Dr. Richerson was eligible to receive annual discretionary and long term incentive bonuses as determined by the board. Dr. Richerson was also entitled to receive certain payments and acceleration of outstanding equity awards in the event his employment is terminated. In the event that Dr. Richerson was terminated without cause or if he resigns for good reason, he will be entitled to eighteen (18) months of salary continuation (payable in monthly installments), eighteen (18) months of continued medical insurance coverage for Dr. Richerson and his family at a cost no less favorable than the premium co-pay charged to active employees, the acceleration of outstanding equity awards and any accrued obligations. In the event that Dr. Richerson is terminated as a result of his disability, he will be entitled to twelve (12) months of salary continuation plus any accrued obligations. Any termination payments that may become due to Dr. Richerson were contingent upon his execution of a timely separation agreement in a form acceptable to us, which shall include a release of claims against us and his resignation from the board, if applicable. On February 28, 2017, Dr. Richerson entered into a release of claims and separation agreement with the Company whereby Dr. Richerson (i) received a warrant to purchase 76,726 shares of Common Stock at an exercise price of $0.75, with a term of three and a half (3.5) years and (ii) received a modification to his outstanding options whereby all vested portions were made exercisable at any time during their remaining terms and all exercises prices were reduced to $0.75 per share.  

Proprietary Information, Inventions and Competition Agreement

The proprietary information, inventions and competition agreement requires Dr. Richerson to maintain the confidentiality of the Company’s intellectual property as well as the assignment of any inventions made by Dr. Richerson during his employment. The agreement also limits Dr. Richerson’s ability to compete within certain fields of interest, as defined in the agreement, for a period of 18 months following end of his employment.

Indemnification Agreement

The indemnification agreement provides for the indemnification and defense of Dr. Richerson, in the event of litigation, to the fullest extent permitted by law.

The foregoing summaries of Mr. Richerson’s: (i) employment agreement; (ii) proprietary information, inventions and competition agreement; and (iii) indemnification agreement are qualified in their entirety by reference to the full text of the agreements which have been filed with the SEC as exhibits to our public filings.  

Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change- in-Control

On February 28, 2017, Dr. Richerson provided us with his resignation as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer and Dr. Richerson and the Company entered into a separation agreement and release of claims.  

The following table sets forth the payments that would be made to Christopher Lowe or Ronald Shazer, M.D. if their respective employment in accordance with their employment agreements had been terminated by us without cause or by the employee with good reason, or upon a sale event on December 31, 2017, as applicable.  

Equity Compensation Plans

For information related to our equity compensation plans for which our officers and directors are issued securities from, please see Equity Compensation Plan Information contained in Item 5 of this Annual Report.

Director Compensation

Legacy Outside Director Compensation Plan

Prior to October 12, 2016, our non-employee directors are entitled to the following compensation for service on our Board:

Inducement/First Year Grant. Upon joining the board, board members receive options to purchase 1,667 shares of our common stock.  The options vest as follows: (i) 833 immediately upon appointment to the board; and (ii) 834 quarterly over the following 12 months.

Annual Grant. Subject to the shareholder’s rights to elect any individual director, starting on the first year anniversary of service, and each subsequent anniversary thereafter, each eligible director will be granted options to purchase 1,334 shares of common stock or restricted stock units of equivalent value. The annual grants vest quarterly during the grant year.

Committee and Committee Chairperson Grant. Each director will receive options to purchase an additional 133 shares of common stock, or restricted stock units of equivalent value, for each committee on which he or she serves. Chairpersons of each committee will receive options to purchase an additional 34 shares of common stock, or restricted stock units of equivalent value.  The committee grants vest quarterly during the grant year.

Special Committee Grants. From time to time, individual directors may be requested by the board of directors to provide extraordinary services.  These services may include such items as the negotiation of key contracts, assistance with scientific issues, or such other items as the board deems necessary and in the best interest of our company and our shareholders.  In such instances, the board shall have the flexibility to issue special committee grants.   The amount of such grants and terms will vary commensurate with the function and tasks of the special committee.

Exercise Price and Term. All options issued pursuant to the amended non-executive board compensation policy will have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock at close of market on the grant date.  The term of the options shall be for a period of 5 years from the grant date.

The determination with regard to whether awards will be made in options or restricted stock units will be at the sole discretion of the director.

Cash Compensation. Directors will also receive cash compensation equal to: (i) an annual cash retainer of $30,000, and (ii) a per committee cash award of $3,334.

Amended Outside Director Compensation Plan

On October 12, 2016, the Company’s board of directors, upon the recommendation of the Leadership Development and Compensation Committee, amended the Company’s non-executive Board compensation policy. The terms of the amended policy are as follows:

Inducement/First Year Grant. Upon joining the Board, a director receives an option to purchase 2,500 shares of the Company’s common stock. The option vests on the first year anniversary of the first day of the month after the director’s service on the Board begins, provided the director has continuously provided services to the Company during that time.

Annual Grant. Subject to the shareholder’s rights to elect any individual director, starting on the first year anniversary of service, and each subsequent anniversary thereafter, each eligible director will be granted options to purchase 1,667 shares of common stock or restricted stock units of equivalent value. The annual grants vest quarterly during the grant year provided the director has continuously provided services to the Company during that time.

Committee and Committee Chairperson Grant. Each director will receive options to purchase an additional 167 shares of common stock, or restricted stock units of equivalent value, for each committee on which he or she serves. Chairpersons of each committee will receive options to purchase an additional 167 shares of common stock, or restricted stock units of equivalent value.  The committee grants vest quarterly during the grant year provided the director has continuously provided services to the Company during that time.

Special Committee Grants. From time to time, individual directors may be requested by the Board to provide extraordinary services.  These services may include such items as the negotiation of key contracts, assistance with scientific issues, or such other items as the Board deems necessary and in the best interest of the company and its shareholders.  In such instances, the board shall have the flexibility to issue special committee grants.   The amount of such grants and terms will vary based on the tasks of the special committee.

Exercise Price and Term. All options issued pursuant to the non-executive director compensation policy will have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our common stock at close of market on the grant date and will have a term of five years.   All restricted stock unit and option grants and issuance of shares are subject to satisfaction of all applicable state and federal securities laws. The determination with regard to whether awards will be made in options or restricted stock units will be at the sole discretion of the director.

Cash Compensation. Each director will also receive cash compensation equal to: (i) an annual cash retainer of $40,000, and (ii) quarterly payments of $1,000 per committee for non-chairperson committee members. In addition, committee chairpersons receive an additional: (a) $10,000 for chairing the audit committee, (b) $5,000 for chairing the leadership development and compensation committee, and (c) $5,000 for chairing the nomination and corporate governance committee.  

Expenses. The Company will reimburse directors for all reasonable travel expenses incurred in connection with their attendance at meetings of the Board, in accordance with the Company’s expense reimbursement policy as is in effect from time to time. Moreover, certain directors will be reimbursed for expenses related to education or the attendance at industry conferences, including travel, lodging and meals, up to a maximum of $10,000 per calendar year.

Indemnification. The Company shall indemnify all directors to the fullest extent permitted by law if the director was or is or becomes a party to or witness or other participant in, or is threatened to be made a party to or witness or other participant in, any threatened, pending or completed action, suit, proceeding or alternative dispute resolution mechanism, or any hearing, inquiry or investigation that indemnitee in good faith believes might lead to the institution of any such action, suit, proceeding or alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whether civil, criminal, administrative, investigative or other as a result of their service on the Board as provided for in the Company’s bylaws and standard indemnification agreement.

Securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans

Information regarding shares authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans approved and not approved by stockholders required by this Item are incorporated by reference from Item 5 of this Annual Report from the section entitled “Equity Compensation Plan Information “

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

The following table sets forth, as of April 1, 2019, information regarding beneficial ownership of our capital stock by:

Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC. Beneficial ownership means that a person has or shares voting or investment power of a security and includes any securities that person or group has the right to acquire within 60 days after the measurement date. This table is based on information supplied by officers, directors and principal stockholders. Except as otherwise indicated, we believe that each of the beneficial owners of the common stock listed below, based on the information such beneficial owner has given to us, has sole investment and voting power with respect to such beneficial owner’s shares, except where community property laws may apply.  

Information regarding disclosure of an employment relationship or transaction involving an executive officer and any related compensation solely resulting from that employment relationship or transaction is incorporated by reference from the section of this annual report entitled “Executive Compensation.”

Information regarding disclosure of compensation to a director is incorporated by reference from the section of this annual report entitled “Director Compensation.”

Related Party Transactions

The following table summarizes the approximate aggregate fees billed to us or expected to be billed to us by our independent auditors for our 2017 and 2016 fiscal years:

Pre-Approval of Independent Auditor Services and Fees

Our board of directors reviewed and pre-approved all audit and non-audit fees for services provided by independent registered accounting firm and has determined that the provision of such services to us during fiscal 2017 is compatible with and did not impair independence. It is the practice of the audit committee to consider and approve in advance all auditing and non-auditing services provided to us by our independent auditors in accordance with the applicable requirements of the SEC. The firm we engaged during 2017 provided no other services, other than those listed above.

PART IV

Certain of the agreements filed as exhibits to this Form 10-K contain representations and warranties by the parties to the agreements that have been made solely for the benefit of the parties to the agreement. These representations and warranties:

Accordingly, these representations and warranties may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time, and investors should not rely on them as statements of fact.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has caused this report to be signed by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the following capacities and on the dates indicated.

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS, INC. 

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Inspyr Therapeutics, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Inspyr Therapeutics, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, the related statements of operations, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern.  As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company does not generate revenue and has negative cash flows from operations.  This raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.  Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2.  The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Adoption of ASU No. 2017-11

As discussed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements, the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 have been adjusted to reflect the impact of the full retrospective early adoption of ASU No. 2017-11 Earnings per share (Topic 260) - Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480)-Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815).

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.

New York, NY

April 26, 2019

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS, INC. 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSSES

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

INSPYR THERAPEUTICS, INC. 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ DEFICIT

(in thousands, except share and per share data)