REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA INC - Quarter Report: 2021 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number 1-11848

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)


Missouri						43-1627032
(State or other jurisdiction						(IRS employer
of incorporation or organization)						identification number)

16600 Swingley Ridge Road

Chesterfield, Missouri 63017

(Address of principal executive offices)

(636) 736-7000

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes ☒ No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer x Accelerated filer o Non-accelerated filer o

Smaller reporting company ☐ Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.01

RGA

New York Stock Exchange

6.20% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2042

RZA

New York Stock Exchange

5.75% Fixed-To-Floating Rate Subordinated Debentures due 2056

RZB

New York Stock Exchange

As of October 31, 2021, 67,600,151 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

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Item		Page

	PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

1	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited) September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (Unaudited) three and nine months September 30, 2021 and 2020	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited) three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020	7
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited):	8
	1. Business and Basis of Presentation	8
	2. Earnings Per Share	8
	3. Equity	9
	4. Investments	11
	5. Derivative Instruments	20
	6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities	26
	7. Segment Information	32
	8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees	34
	9. Income Tax	35
	10. Employee Benefit Plans	36
	11. Reinsurance Ceded Receivables and Other	36
	12. Policy Claims and Benefits	37
	13. Financing Activities	37
	14. New Accounting Standards	37
2	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	39
3	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	68
4	Controls and Procedures	69

	PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

1	Legal Proceedings	70
1A	Risk Factors	70
2	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	70
6	Exhibits	70
	Index to Exhibits	71
	Signatures	72

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PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Financial Statements

REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
	(Dollars in millions, except share data)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost of $54,347 and $49,548; allowance for credit losses of $17 and $20)	$	59,289	$	56,735
Equity securities, at fair value	160		132
Mortgage loans on real estate (net of allowance for credit losses of $39 and $64)	6,366		5,787
Policy loans	1,234		1,258
Funds withheld at interest	7,034		5,432
Short-term investments	82		227
Other invested assets	3,404		2,829
Total investments	77,569		72,400
Cash and cash equivalents	3,027		3,408
Accrued investment income	574		511
Premiums receivable and other reinsurance balances	3,013		2,842
Reinsurance ceded receivables and other	2,585		983
Deferred policy acquisition costs	3,687		3,616
Other assets	994		896
Total assets	$	91,449	$	84,656
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Future policy benefits	$	35,666	$	31,453
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	26,017		23,276
Other policy claims and benefits	7,117		6,413
Other reinsurance balances	543		598
Deferred income taxes	2,407		3,263
Other liabilities	3,327		1,340

Long-term debt	3,173		3,573
Collateral finance and securitization notes	314		388
Total liabilities	78,564		70,304
Commitments and contingent liabilities (See Note 8)
Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock – par value $0.01 per share, 10,000,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding	—		—
Common stock – par value $0.01 per share, 140,000,000 shares authorized, 85,310,598 shares issued at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020	1		1
Additional paid-in capital	2,447		2,406
Retained earnings	8,458		8,148
Treasury stock, at cost – 17,710,775 and 17,353,697 shares	(1,604)		(1,562)
Accumulated other comprehensive income	3,583		5,359
Total stockholders’ equity	12,885		14,352
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	91,449	$	84,656

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenues:	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	3,094	$	2,825	$	9,106	$	8,434
Investment income, net of related expenses	796		654		2,367		1,893




Investment related gains (losses), net	58		66		472		(138)
Other revenues	95		98		354		264
Total revenues	4,043		3,643		12,299		10,453
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	3,289		2,530		9,294		7,894
Interest credited	177		196		541		529
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	338		374		1,010		912
Other operating expenses	229		211		683		594
Interest expense	41		43		129		126
Collateral finance and securitization expense	3		4		8		14
Total benefits and expenses	4,077		3,358		11,665		10,069
Income (loss) before income taxes	(34)		285		634		384
Provision for income taxes	(12)		72		173		101
Net income (loss)	$	(22)	$	213	$	461	$	283
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	(0.32)	$	3.13	$	6.78	$	4.39
Diluted earnings per share	$	(0.32)	$	3.12	$	6.74	$	4.36

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Comprehensive income (loss)	(Dollars in millions)
Net income (loss)	$	(22)	$	213	$	461	$	283
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(30)		39		19		(79)
Net unrealized investment gains (losses)	(429)		453		(1,796)		1,243

Defined benefit pension and postretirement plan adjustments	1		(4)		1		(12)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	(458)		488		(1,776)		1,152
Total comprehensive income (loss)	$	(480)	$	701	$	(1,315)	$	1,435

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in millions except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020
	Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
Balance, June 30, 2021	$	1	$	2,430	$	8,531	$	(1,559)	$	4,041	$	13,444

Net income (loss)					(22)						(22)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									(458)		(458)
Dividends to stockholders, $0.73 per share					(50)						(50)

Purchase of treasury stock							(46)				(46)
Reissuance of treasury stock			17		(1)		1				17
Balance, September 30, 2021	$	1	$	2,447	$	8,458	$	(1,604)	$	3,583	$	12,885


Balance, June 30, 2020	$	1	$	2,413	$	7,901	$	(1,563)	$	3,801	$	12,553

Net income					213						213
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									488		488
Dividends to stockholders, $0.70 per share					(47)						(47)

Purchase of treasury stock							—				—
Reissuance of treasury stock			8		(1)						7
Balance, September 30, 2020	$	1	$	2,421	$	8,066	$	(1,563)	$	4,289	$	13,214


	Nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020
	Common Stock		Additional Paid In Capital		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income		Total
Balance, December 31, 2020	$	1	$	2,406	$	8,148	$	(1,562)	$	5,359	$	14,352
Adoption of new accounting standards					—						—
Net income					461						461
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									(1,776)		(1,776)
Dividends to stockholders, $2.13 per share					(145)						(145)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses											—
Purchase of treasury stock							(48)				(48)
Reissuance of treasury stock			41		(6)		6				41
Balance, September 30, 2021	$	1	$	2,447	$	8,458	$	(1,604)	$	3,583	$	12,885


Balance, December 31, 2019	$	1	$	1,937	$	7,952	$	(1,426)	$	3,137	$	11,601
Adoption of new accounting standards					(12)						(12)
Net income					283						283
Total other comprehensive income (loss)									1,152		1,152
Dividends to stockholders, $2.10 per share					(134)						(134)
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses			481								481
Purchase of treasury stock							(162)				(162)
Reissuance of treasury stock			3		(23)		25				5
Balance, September 30, 2020	$	1	$	2,421	$	8,066	$	(1,563)	$	4,289	$	13,214

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020
	(Dollars in millions)
















Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	3,821	$	2,779
Cash flows from investing activities:
Sales of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	9,673		5,088
Maturities of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	682		670
Sales of equity securities	26		181
Principal payments and sales of mortgage loans on real estate	728		378
Principal payments on policy loans	32		66
Purchases of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	(13,698)		(7,532)
Purchases of equity securities	(21)		(22)
Cash invested in mortgage loans on real estate	(980)		(631)
Cash invested in policy loans	(8)		(6)
Cash invested in funds withheld at interest	(60)		(71)
Purchase of business, net of cash acquired of $53	(156)		—
Proceeds from sale of businesses, net of cash transferred of $43	19		—
Purchases of property and equipment	(15)		(17)
Change in short-term investments	379		(85)
Change in other invested assets	(93)		(233)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(3,492)		(2,214)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends to stockholders	(145)		(134)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—		481
Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	(74)		(188)
Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	—		598
Debt issuance costs	—		(5)
Principal payments of long-term debt	(402)		(2)
Purchases of treasury stock	(48)		(162)
Exercise of stock options, net	—		1
Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	29		28
Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	14		—
Deposits on investment-type policies and contracts	857		1,259
Withdrawals on investment-type policies and contracts	(908)		(642)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(677)		1,234
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	(33)		8
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(381)		1,807
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	3,408		1,449
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	3,027	$	3,256
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Interest paid	$	121	$	117
Income taxes paid (received), net of refunds	$	313	$	58
Non-cash investing activities:
Transfer of invested assets	$	1,798	$	—

Non-cash financing activities:
Non-cash deposits on reinsurance	$	1,581	$	—
Purchase of a business:
Assets acquired, excluding cash acquired	$	847	$	—
Liabilities assumed	$	(691)	$	—
Sale of businesses:
Assets disposed, net of cash transferred	$	(512)	$	—
Liabilities disposed	$	504	$	—

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).

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REINSURANCE GROUP OF AMERICA, INCORPORATED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Unaudited)

1. Business and Basis of Presentation

Business

Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated (“RGA”) is an insurance holding company that was formed on December 31, 1992. RGA and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) is engaged in providing traditional reinsurance, which includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. The Company also provides financial solutions, which includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive products, primarily annuities, financial reinsurance, capital solutions and stable value products.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Accordingly, these condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements and should be read in conjunction with the Company’s 2020 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 26, 2021 (the “2020 Annual Report”).

In the opinion of management, all adjustments, including normal recurring adjustments necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2021.

Consolidation

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of RGA and its subsidiaries and all intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated. Entities in which the Company has significant influence over the operating and financing decisions but are not required to be consolidated are reported under the equity method of accounting.

2. Earnings Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share on net income (in millions, except per share information):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Earnings:
Net income (loss)	$	(22)	$	213	$	461	$	283
Shares:
Weighted average outstanding shares	68		68		68		65
Equivalent shares from outstanding stock awards	—		—		—		—
Denominator for diluted calculation	68		68		68		65
Earnings per share:
Basic	$	(0.32)	$	3.13	$	6.78	$	4.39
Diluted	$	(0.32)	$	3.12	$	6.74	$	4.36

As a result of the net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2021, the Company is required to use basic weighted average common shares outstanding of 68 million in the calculation of diluted loss per share, since the inclusion of shares for outstanding stock awards would have been anti-dilutive to the loss per share calculations.

The calculation of common equivalent shares does not include the impact of stock awards with a conversion price that exceeds the average stock price for the earnings period, as the result would be antidilutive. The calculation of common equivalent shares also excludes the impact of outstanding performance contingent shares, as the conditions necessary for their issuance have not been satisfied as of the end of the reporting period. Approximately 1.2 million and 1.1 million stock awards and approximately 0.5 million performance contingent shares were excluded from the calculation of common equivalent shares during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021, respectively.

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3. Equity

Common Stock

The changes in the number of common stock issued, held in treasury and outstanding are as follows for the periods indicated:


	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2020	85,310,598	17,353,697	67,956,901

Issuance of common stock	—	—	—
Common stock acquired	—	405,644	(405,644)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(48,566)	48,566
Balance, September 30, 2021	85,310,598	17,710,775	67,599,823


	Issued	Held In Treasury	Outstanding
Balance, December 31, 2019	79,137,758	16,481,656	62,656,102

Issuance of common stock	6,172,840	—	6,172,840
Common stock acquired	—	1,074,413	(1,074,413)
Stock-based compensation (1)	—	(182,497)	182,497
Balance, September 30, 2020	85,310,598	17,373,572	67,937,026

(1)Represents net shares issued from treasury pursuant to the Company’s equity-based compensation programs.

Common Stock Held in Treasury

Common stock held in treasury is accounted for at average cost. Gains resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are credited to additional paid-in capital. Losses resulting from the reissuance of common stock held in treasury are charged first to additional paid-in capital to the extent the Company has previously recorded gains on treasury share transactions, then to retained earnings.

In January 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, RGA repurchased 405,644 shares of common stock under this program for $46 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, RGA repurchased 1,074,413 shares of common stock under this program for $153 million.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The balance of and changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (“AOCI”) for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 are as follows (dollars in millions):


	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments		Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments(1)		Pension and Postretirement Benefits		Total
Balance, December 31, 2020	$	(69)	$	5,500	$	(72)	$	5,359
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	33		(2,136)		(5)		(2,108)
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	—		(181)		6		(175)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	(14)		521		—		507

Balance, September 30, 2021	$	(50)	$	3,704	$	(71)	$	3,583


	Accumulated Currency Translation Adjustments		Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) of Investments(1)		Pension and Postretirement Benefits		Total
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	(92)	$	3,299	$	(70)	$	3,137
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	(82)		1,610		(18)		1,510
Amounts reclassified to (from) AOCI	—		(12)		3		(9)
Deferred income tax benefit (expense)	3		(355)		3		(349)

Balance, September 30, 2020	$	(171)	$	4,542	$	(82)	$	4,289

(1)Includes cash flow hedges of $(55) and $(49) as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and $(57) and $(26) as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

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The following table presents the amounts of AOCI reclassifications for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Amount Reclassified from AOCI
	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
Details about AOCI Components	2021		2020		2021		2020		Affected Line Item in Statements of Income
Net unrealized investment gains (losses):
Net unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities	$	35	$	8	$	218	$	(20)	Investment related gains (losses), net
Cash flow hedges – Interest rate	(2)		(1)		(6)		(3)		(1)
Cash flow hedges – Currency/Interest rate	—		—		—		—		(1)

Deferred policy acquisition costs attributed to unrealized gains and losses	(8)		6		(31)		35		(2)
Total	25		13		181		12
Provision for income taxes	(5)		(3)		(38)		(5)
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of tax	$	20	$	10	$	143	$	7
Amortization of defined benefit plan items:
Prior service cost (credit)	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	1	(3)
Actuarial gains (losses)	(3)		(1)		(7)		(4)		(3)
Total	(3)		(1)		(6)		(3)
Provision for income taxes	—		1		1		1
Amortization of defined benefit plans, net of tax	$	(3)	$	—	$	(5)	$	(2)

Total reclassifications for the period	$	17	$	10	$	138	$	5

(1)See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” for additional information on cash flow hedges.

(2)This AOCI component is included in the computation of the deferred policy acquisition cost. See Note 8 – “Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs” of the 2020 Annual Report for additional details.

(3)This AOCI component is included in the computation of the net periodic pension cost. See Note 10 – “Employee Benefit Plans” for additional details.

Equity Based Compensation

Equity compensation expense was $40 million and $3 million in the first nine months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. In the first quarter of 2021, the Company granted 200,239 stock appreciation rights at $129.01 weighted average exercise price per share, 167,883 performance contingent awards and 327,813 restricted stock units to employees. Performance contingent awards include both performance contingent shares and performance share units. Additionally, non-employee directors were granted a total of 8,154 shares of common stock. As of September 30, 2021, 1,609,025 share awards at a weighted average strike price per share of $97.48 were vested and exercisable, with a remaining weighted average exercise period of 4.2 years. As of September 30, 2021, the total compensation cost of non-vested awards not yet recognized in the condensed consolidated financial statements was $39 million. It is estimated that these costs will vest over a weighted average period of 0.8 year.

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4. Investments

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). RMBS, ABS and CMBS are collectively “structured securities.”

The following tables provide information relating to investments in fixed maturity securities by type as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


September 30, 2021:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	34,331	$	12	$	3,196	$	186	$	37,329	62.9	%
Canadian government	3,280		—		1,447		3		4,724		8.0
RMBS	1,165		—		50		6		1,209		2.0
ABS	3,763		—		39		23		3,779		6.4
CMBS	1,795		1		89		6		1,877		3.2
U.S. government	1,450		—		31		21		1,460		2.5
State and political subdivisions	1,197		—		139		5		1,331		2.2
Other foreign government	7,366		4		294		76		7,580		12.8
Total fixed maturity securities	$	54,347	$	17	$	5,285	$	326	$	59,289	100.0	%


December 31, 2020:	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Credit Losses		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
Available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	31,963	$	17	$	4,356	$	94	$	36,208	63.9	%
Canadian government	3,145		—		1,995		—		5,140		9.1
RMBS	1,735		—		84		2		1,817		3.2
ABS	3,099		—		35		42		3,092		5.4
CMBS	1,790		3		102		21		1,868		3.3
U.S. government	1,242		—		196		1		1,437		2.5
State and political subdivisions	1,237		—		157		4		1,390		2.4
Other foreign government	5,337		—		479		33		5,783		10.2
Total fixed maturity securities	$	49,548	$	20	$	7,404	$	197	$	56,735	100.0	%

The Company enters into various collateral arrangements with counterparties that require both the pledging and acceptance of fixed maturity securities as collateral. Pledged fixed maturity securities are included in fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Fixed maturity securities received as collateral are held in separate custodial accounts and are not recorded on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Subject to certain constraints, the Company is permitted by contract to sell or repledge collateral it receives; however, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, none of the collateral received had been sold or repledged. The Company also holds assets in trust to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties. The following table includes fixed maturity securities pledged and received as collateral and assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements under derivative transactions and certain third-party reinsurance treaties as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities pledged as collateral	$	121	$	130	$	148	$	162
Fixed maturity securities received as collateral	n/a		1,849		n/a		1,784
Assets in trust held to satisfy collateral requirements	28,198		30,761		27,675		31,179

The Company monitors its concentrations of financial instruments on an ongoing basis and mitigates credit risk by maintaining a diversified investment portfolio that limits exposure to any one issuer. The Company’s exposure to concentrations of credit

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risk from single issuers greater than 10% of the Company’s stockholders’ equity included securities of the U.S. government and its agencies as well as the securities disclosed below as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions).


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities guaranteed or issued by:
Government of Japan	$	3,261	$	3,252	$	1,493	$	1,491
Canadian province of Quebec	1,361		2,213		1,303		2,474
Canadian province of Ontario	1,099		1,445		1,054		1,528

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturity securities classified as available-for-sale as of September 30, 2021, are shown by contractual maturity in the table below (dollars in millions). Actual maturities can differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Structured securities are shown separately in the table below, as they are not due at a single maturity date.


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Available-for-sale:
Due in one year or less	$	1,345	$	1,355
Due after one year through five years	8,952		9,457
Due after five years through ten years	10,882		11,751
Due after ten years	26,445		29,861
Structured securities	6,723		6,865
Total	$	54,347	$	59,289

Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities

The tables below show the major sectors of the Company’s corporate fixed maturity holdings as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


September 30, 2021:			Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	12,657	$	13,693	36.7	%
Industrial	17,523		19,080		51.1
Utility	4,151		4,556		12.2

Total	$	34,331	$	37,329	100.0	%

December 31, 2020:			Estimated
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total
Finance	$	11,785	$	13,236	36.6	%
Industrial	16,274		18,435		50.9
Utility	3,904		4,537		12.5
Total	$	31,963	$	36,208	100.0	%

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Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments – Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

As discussed in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report, allowances for credit losses on fixed maturity securities are recognized in investment related gains (losses), net on the condensed consolidated statements of income. For these securities, the net amount recognized represents the difference between the amortized cost of the security and the net present value of its projected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the fixed maturity security prior to the allowance for credit losses. Any remaining difference between the fair value and amortized cost is recognized in AOCI.

The following table presents the rollforward of the allowance for credit losses in fixed maturity securities by type for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Nine months ended September 30, 2021
	Corporate		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	17	$	3	$	—	$	20
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	5		1		4		10

Reductions for securities sold during the period	(8)		(2)		—		(10)
Additional increases or decreases for credit losses on securities that had an allowance recorded in a previous period	(2)		(1)		—		(3)

Balance, end of period	$	12	$	1	$	4	$	17


	Nine months ended September 30, 2020
	Corporate		CMBS		Other Foreign Government		Total
Balance, beginning of period	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Credit losses recognized on securities for which credit losses were not previously recorded	38		—		2		40
Reductions for securities sold during the period	(19)		—		(2)		(21)
Balance, end of period	$	19	$	—	$	—	$	19

Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

The following table presents the total gross unrealized losses for the 1,601 and 877 fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, where the estimated fair value had declined and remained below amortized cost by the indicated amount (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total		Gross Unrealized Losses		% of Total
Less than 20%	$	266	81.6	%	$	133	67.5	%
20% or more for less than six months	11		3.4		42		21.3
20% or more for six months or greater	49		15.0		22		11.2
Total	$	326	100.0	%	$	197	100.0	%

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The following tables present the estimated fair values and gross unrealized losses for fixed maturity securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions). These investments are presented by class and grade of security, as well as the length of time the related fair value has remained below amortized cost.


	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
September 30, 2021:	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	3,789	$	107	$	348	$	18	$	4,137	$	125
Canadian government	45		3		—		—		45		3
RMBS	143		3		86		3		229		6
ABS	935		6		668		5		1,603		11
CMBS	75		1		20		1		95		2
U.S. government	724		21		—		—		724		21
State and political subdivisions	110		2		36		3		146		5
Other foreign government	2,046		41		561		24		2,607		65
Total investment grade securities	7,867		184		1,719		54		9,586		238
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	506		30		106		31		612		61


ABS	—		—		14		12		14		12
CMBS	—		—		33		4		33		4

Other foreign government	135		7		35		4		170		11
Total below investment grade securities	641		37		188		51		829		88
Total fixed maturity securities	$	8,508	$	221	$	1,907	$	105	$	10,415	$	326


	Less than 12 months				12 months or greater				Total
			Gross				Gross				Gross
December 31, 2020:	Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized		Estimated		Unrealized
	Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses		Fair Value		Losses
Investment grade securities:
Corporate	$	930	$	29	$	70	$	5	$	1,000	$	34
Canadian government	—		—		—		—		—		—
RMBS	294		2		—		—		294		2
ABS	1,096		17		570		11		1,666		28
CMBS	160		6		—		—		160		6
U.S. government	27		1		—		—		27		1
State and political subdivisions	66		1		16		3		82		4
Other foreign government	973		27		—		—		973		27
Total investment grade securities	3,546		83		656		19		4,202		102
Below investment grade securities:
Corporate	375		49		81		11		456		60


ABS	20		13		4		1		24		14
CMBS	91		15		—		—		91		15

Other foreign government	36		3		28		3		64		6
Total below investment grade securities	522		80		113		15		635		95
Total fixed maturity securities	$	4,068	$	163	$	769	$	34	$	4,837	$	197

The Company has no intention to sell, nor does it expect to be required to sell, the securities outlined in the tables above, as of the dates indicated. However, unforeseen facts and circumstances may cause the Company to sell fixed maturity securities in the ordinary course of managing its portfolio to meet certain diversification, credit quality and liquidity guidelines. Changes in unrealized losses are primarily driven by changes in interest rates.

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Investment Income and Investment Related Gains (Loss), Net – Accounting Correction

During the first quarter of 2021, the Company reclassified approximately $92 million of pre-tax unrealized gains from AOCI to investment income, net of related expenses associated with investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds for which it utilizes the equity method of accounting. The unrealized gains should have been recognized directly in investment income in the same prior periods they were reported by the investees. In addition, the Company recorded approximately $70 million of pre-tax gains in investment related gains (losses), net, associated with investments in limited partnerships considered to be investment companies in order to adjust the carrying value from cost less impairments to a fair value approach, using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share or its equivalent. Had the adjustments been recorded in the years they were reported by the investees, the Company estimates it would have recognized approximately $102 million, $(2) million, $1 million and $10 million of pre-tax income (loss) in the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Investment Income, Net of Related Expenses

Major categories of investment income, net of related expenses, consist of the following (dollars in millions):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale	$	519	$	483	$	1,530	$	1,437
Equity securities	1		2		4		5
Mortgage loans on real estate	81		66		220		199
Policy loans	14		13		41		42
Funds withheld at interest	100		95		279		217
Short-term investments and cash and cash equivalents	1		1		2		7
Other invested assets	110		17		371		53
Investment income	826		677		2,447		1,960
Investment expense	(30)		(23)		(80)		(67)
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	796	$	654	$	2,367	$	1,893

Investment Related Gains (Losses), Net

Investment related gains (losses), net, consist of the following (dollars in millions):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities available-for-sale:
Impairments and change in allowance for credit losses	$	(1)	$	13	$	2	$	(21)
Gains on investment activity	45		16		265		89
Losses on investment activity	(9)		(22)		(52)		(76)
Net gains (losses) on equity securities	8		4		31		(11)
Other impairment losses and change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	4		(19)		25		(54)
Change in fair value of certain limited partnership investments and other, net	27		4		170		21
Net gains (losses) on derivatives	(16)		70		31		(86)
Total investment related gains (losses), net	$	58	$	66	$	472	$	(138)

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Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase Agreements

The following table includes the amount of borrowed securities, loaned securities and securities received as collateral as part of the securities lending program and repurchased/reverse repurchased securities pledged and received as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions).


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Borrowed securities	$	310	$	337	$	118	$	161
Securities lending:
Securities loaned	94		103		94		105
Securities received	n/a		102		n/a		102
Repurchase program/reverse repurchase program:
Securities pledged	637		676		653		711
Securities received	n/a		650		n/a		669

No cash or securities have been pledged by the Company for its securities borrowing and lending programs as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The following tables present information on the Company’s securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively (dollars in millions). Collateral associated with certain borrowed securities is not included within the tables, as the collateral pledged to each counterparty is the right to reinsurance treaty cash flows.


	September 30, 2021
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	100	$	100
State and political subdivisions	—		—		—		3		3
Total	—		—		—		103		103
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		117		270		387





Other foreign government	—		—		195		94		289


Total	—		—		312		364		676
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	312	$	467	$	779

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions in preceding table									$	752
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure									$	27


	December 31, 2020
	Remaining Contractual Maturity of the Agreements
	Overnight and Continuous		Up to 30 Days		30 – 90 Days		Greater than 90 Days		Total
Securities lending transactions:
Corporate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	105	$	105
Total	—		—		—		105		105
Repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions:
Corporate	—		—		—		417		417


Other foreign government	—		—		—		294		294

Total	—		—		—		711		711
Total transactions	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	816	$	816

Gross amount of recognized liabilities for securities lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase transactions in preceding table									$	771
Amounts related to agreements not included in offsetting disclosure									$	45

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The Company has elected to offset amounts recognized as receivables and payables resulting from the repurchase/reverse repurchase programs excluding any cash received or paid. After the effect of offsetting, there was no liability presented on the consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company did not have payables resulting from cash received as collateral associated with repurchase/reverse repurchase agreements. Amounts owed to and due from the counterparties may be settled in cash or offset, in accordance with the agreements.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

As of September 30, 2021, mortgage loans were geographically dispersed throughout the U.S. with the largest concentrations in California (13.4%), Texas (12.6%) and Washington (8.1%), in addition to loans secured by properties in Canada (3.0%) and United Kingdom (1.9%). The recorded investment in mortgage loans on real estate presented below is gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses.

The following table presents the distribution of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans by property type as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
Property type:	Carrying Value		% of Total		Carrying Value		% of Total
Office	$	1,696	26.4	%	$	1,702	29.0	%
Retail	2,066		32.2		1,711		29.3
Industrial	1,306		20.4		1,210		20.6
Apartment	849		13.2		808		13.8
Other commercial	499		7.8		430		7.3
Recorded investment	6,416		100.0	%	5,861		100.0	%
Unamortized balance of loan origination fees and expenses	(11)				(10)
Allowance for credit losses	(39)				(64)
Total mortgage loans on real estate	$	6,366			$	5,787

The following table presents the maturities of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
Due within five years	$	2,672	41.6	%	$	2,276	38.8	%
Due after five years through ten years	2,671		41.6		2,768		47.3
Due after ten years	1,073		16.8		817		13.9
Total	$	6,416	100.0	%	$	5,861	100.0	%

The following tables set forth certain key credit quality indicators of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction Loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
September 30, 2021:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	2,953	$	252	$	57	$	29	$	3,291	51.3	%
60% – 69.99%	2,122		201		59		—		2,382		37.1
70% – 79.99%	445		32		—		—		477		7.4
80% or greater	210		—		56		—		266		4.2
Total	$	5,730	$	485	$	172	$	29	$	6,416	100.0	%

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	Recorded Investment
	Debt Service Ratios						Construction Loans
	>1.20x		1.00x – 1.20x		<1.00x				Total		% of Total
December 31, 2020:
Loan-to-Value Ratio
0% – 59.99%	$	2,774	$	106	$	17	$	12	$	2,909	49.6	%
60% – 69.99%	2,013		62		33		—		2,108		36.0
70% – 79.99%	555		49		13		—		617		10.5
80% or greater	189		21		17		—		227		3.9
Total	$	5,531	$	238	$	80	$	12	$	5,861	100.0	%

The following table sets forth credit quality grades by year of origination of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
	2021		2020		2019		2018		2017		Prior		Total
September 30, 2021:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	616	$	404	$	584	$	436	$	299	$	1,585	$	3,924
Investment grade	320		298		399		351		374		580		2,322
Average	6		—		27		39		5		53		130
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		4		4
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		36		36
Total	$	942	$	702	$	1,010	$	826	$	678	$	2,258	$	6,416


	Recorded Investment
	Year of Origination
	2020		2019		2018		2017		2016		Prior		Total
December 31, 2020:
Internal credit quality grade:
High investment grade	$	411	$	616	$	493	$	336	$	574	$	1,008	$	3,438
Investment grade	352		496		399		407		249		368		2,271
Average	—		—		—		19		37		55		111
Watch list	—		—		—		—		—		4		4
In or near default	—		—		—		—		—		37		37
Total	$	763	$	1,112	$	892	$	762	$	860	$	1,472	$	5,861

The following table presents the current and past due composition of the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Current	$	6,402	$	5,846
31 – 60 days past due	14		15



Total	$	6,416	$	5,861

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The following table presents the recorded investment in mortgage loans, by method of measuring impairment, and the related allowance for credit losses as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Mortgage loans:
Individually measured for impairment	$	36	$	37
Collectively measured for impairment	6,380		5,824
Recorded investment	$	6,416	$	5,861
Allowance for credit losses:
Individually measured for impairment	$	—	$	—
Collectively measured for impairment	39		64
Total allowance for credit losses	$	39	$	64

The following table presents information regarding the Company’s allowance for credit losses for mortgage loans (dollars in millions):


	Nine months ended September 30,
		2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period		$	64	$	12
Adoption of new accounting standard, see Note 14		—		14
Change in allowance for credit losses		(25)		38
Balance, end of period		$	39	$	64

The following table presents information regarding the portion of the Company’s mortgage loans that were impaired as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Carrying Value
September 30, 2021:
Impaired mortgage loans with no allowance for credit losses recorded	$	19	$	19	$	—	$	19
Impaired mortgage loans with allowance for credit losses recorded	17		17		—		17
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	36	$	36	$	—	$	36
December 31, 2020:
Impaired mortgage loans with no allowance for credit losses recorded	$	37	$	37	$	—	$	37
Impaired mortgage loans with allowance for credit losses recorded	—		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	37	$	37	$	—	$	37

The Company’s average investment balance of impaired mortgage loans and the related interest income are reflected in the table below for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):
	Three months ended September 30,
	2021				2020
	Average Recorded Investment(1)		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment(1)		Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no allowance for credit losses recorded	$	27	$	—	$	27	$	—
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	9		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	36	$	—	$	27	$	—

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2021				2020
	Average Recorded Investment(1)		Interest Income		Average Recorded Investment(1)		Interest Income
Impaired mortgage loans with no allowance for credit losses recorded	$	32	$	1	$	22	$	—
Impaired mortgage loans with valuation allowance recorded	4		—		—		—
Total impaired mortgage loans	$	36	$	1	$	22	$	—

(1)Average recorded investment represents the average loan balances as of the beginning of period and all subsequent quarterly end of period balances.

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The Company did not acquire any impaired mortgage loans during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020. The Company had no mortgage loans that were on a nonaccrual status as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company modified the payment terms of one commercial mortgage loan, with a carrying value of approximately $10 million in response to COVID-19. During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company modified the payment terms of 52 commercial mortgage loans, with a carrying value of approximately $660 million in response to COVID-19. These loans met the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and were not considered a troubled debt restructuring. In accordance with the CARES Act criteria, these loans were not more than 30 days past due at December 31, 2019, and the modifications included deferral or delayed payments of principal or interest on the loan.

Policy Loans

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk as the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

As of September 30, 2021, $4.7 billion of the funds withheld at interest balance is associated with two clients. For reinsurance agreements written on modco basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance funds withheld basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company and are reflected as funds withheld at interest. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed to the Company from the ceding company.

Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts and fair value option (“FVO”) contractholder-directed unit-linked investments. Other invested assets also include FHLB common stock, which is included in Other in the table below. The allowance for credit losses for lifetime mortgages as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, was $1 million and $2 million, respectively. Carrying values of these assets as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are as follows (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Limited partnership interests and real estate joint ventures	$	1,929	$	1,367
Lifetime mortgages	1,155		935
Derivatives	168		140
FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	50		289
Other	102		98
Total other invested assets	$	3,404	$	2,829

5. Derivative Instruments

Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for a detailed discussion of the accounting treatment for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives. See Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” for additional disclosures related to the fair value hierarchy for derivative instruments, including embedded derivatives.

Types of Derivatives Used by the Company

Commonly used derivative instruments include, but are not necessarily limited to: credit default swaps, financial futures, equity options, foreign currency swaps, foreign currency forwards, interest rate swaps, synthetic guaranteed investment contracts (“GICs”), consumer price index (“CPI”) swaps, forward bond purchase commitments, and embedded derivatives.

For detailed information on these derivative instruments and the related strategies, see Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

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Summary of Derivative Positions

Derivatives, except for embedded derivatives, are included in other invested assets or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative assets and liabilities on modco or funds withheld arrangements are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in funds withheld at interest or other liabilities, at fair value. Embedded derivative liabilities on indexed annuity and variable annuity products are included on the condensed consolidated balance sheets with the host contract in interest-sensitive contract liabilities, at fair value. The following table presents the notional amounts and gross fair value of derivative instruments prior to taking into account the netting effects of master netting agreements as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


		September 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Primary Underlying Risk	Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value				Notional		Carrying Value/Fair Value
		Amount		Assets		Liabilities		Amount		Assets		Liabilities
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Interest rate	$	1,199	$	70	$	1	$	1,084	$	93	$	1
Financial futures	Equity	234		—		—		258		—		—
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	150		—		4		150		—		18
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	317		—		3		347		4		2
CPI swaps	CPI	588		31		14		612		11		19
Credit default swaps	Credit	1,892		22		2		1,517		13		—
Equity options	Equity	535		45		—		395		29		—
Synthetic GICs	Interest rate	16,233		—		—		16,644		—		—


Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements		—		184		39		—		58		—
Indexed annuity products		—		—		727		—		—		752
Variable annuity products		—		—		191		—		—		155
Total non-hedging derivatives		21,148		352		981		21,007		208		947
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Interest rate swaps	Foreign currency/Interest rate	983		—		28		802		3		24
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign currency	173		1		2		234		8		1
Foreign currency forwards	Foreign currency	1,250		16		8		1,255		10		15
Forward bond purchase commitments	Interest rate	637		5		3		—		—		—
Total hedging derivatives		3,043		22		41		2,291		21		40
Total derivatives		$	24,191	$	374	$	1,022	$	23,298	$	229	$	987

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Fair Value Hedges

The Company designates and reports certain foreign currency swaps to hedge the foreign currency fair value exposure of foreign currency denominated assets as fair value hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The gain or loss on the hedged item attributable to a change in foreign currency and the offsetting gain or loss on the related foreign currency swaps as of September 30, 2021 and 2020 were (dollars in millions):


Type of Fair Value Hedge	Hedged Item	Gains (Losses) Recognized for Derivatives		Gains (Losses) Recognized for Hedged Items
		Investment Related Gains (Losses)
For the three months ended September 30, 2021:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(4)	$	4
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	6	$	(5)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(6)	$	7
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
Foreign currency swaps	Foreign-denominated fixed maturity securities	$	(2)	$	(3)

Cash Flow Hedges

Certain derivative instruments are designated as cash flow hedges when they meet the requirements of the general accounting principles for Derivatives and Hedging. The Company designates and accounts for the following as cash flow hedges: (i) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets and liabilities are variable based on a benchmark rate; (ii) certain interest rate swaps, in which the cash flows of assets are denominated in different currencies, commonly referred to as cross-currency swaps; and (iii) forward bond purchase commitments.

The following tables present the components of AOCI, before income tax, and the condensed consolidated income statement classification where the gain or loss is recognized related to cash flow hedges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Three months ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	(40)	$	(74)
Gains deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(17)		16

Amounts reclassified to investment income	—		—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	2		1
Balance, end of period	$	(55)	$	(57)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	(49)	$	(26)
Gains (losses) deferred in other comprehensive income (loss)	(12)		(34)

Amounts reclassified to investment income	—		—
Amounts reclassified to interest expense	6		3
Balance, end of period	$	(55)	$	(57)

As of September 30, 2021, approximately $6 million of before-tax deferred net losses on derivative instruments recorded in AOCI are expected to be reclassified to interest expense during the next twelve months. For the same time period, there was an immaterial amount of before-tax deferred net gains expected to be reclassified to investment income during the next twelve months.

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The following table presents the effect of derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships on the condensed consolidated statements of income and the condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):


Derivative Type	Gain (Loss) Deferred in AOCI		Gain (Loss) Reclassified into Income from AOCI
			Investment Income		Interest Expense
For the three months ended September 30, 2021:
Interest rate	$	(12)	$	—	$	(2)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(5)		—		—
Total	$	(17)	$	—	$	(2)
For the three months ended September 30, 2020:
Interest rate	$	8	$	—	$	(1)
Foreign currency/interest rate	8		—		—

Total	$	16	$	—	$	(1)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2021:
Interest rate	$	(6)	$	—	$	(6)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(6)		—		—

Total	$	(12)	$	—	$	(6)
For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
Interest rate	$	(29)	$	—	$	(3)
Foreign currency/interest rate	(5)		—		—

Total	$	(34)	$	—	$	(3)

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, there were no material amounts reclassified into earnings relating to instances in which the Company discontinued cash flow hedge accounting because the forecasted transaction did not occur by the anticipated date or within the additional time period permitted by the authoritative guidance for the accounting for derivatives and hedging.

Hedges of Net Investments in Foreign Operations

The Company uses foreign currency swaps and foreign currency forwards to hedge a portion of its net investment in certain foreign operations against adverse movements in exchange rates. The following table illustrates the Company’s net investments in foreign operations (“NIFO”) hedges and the gains (losses) deferred in AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Derivative Gains (Losses) Deferred in AOCI
	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
Type of NIFO Hedge	2021		2020		2021		2020
Foreign currency swaps	$	2	$	(3)	$	(1)	$	6
Foreign currency forwards	28		(22)		4		24
Total	$	30	$	(25)	$	3	$	30

The cumulative foreign currency translation gain recorded in AOCI related to these hedges was $142 million and $139 million at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. If a hedged foreign operation was sold or substantially liquidated, the amounts in AOCI would be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statements of income. A pro rata portion would be reclassified upon partial sale of a hedged foreign operation. There were no sales or substantial liquidations of net investments in foreign operations that would have required the reclassification of gains or losses from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into investment income during the periods presented.

Non-qualifying Derivatives and Derivatives for Purposes Other Than Hedging

The Company uses various other derivative instruments for risk management purposes that either do not qualify or have not been qualified for hedge accounting treatment. The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these derivative instruments is recognized in investment related gains (losses), net in the condensed consolidated statements of income, except where otherwise noted.

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A summary of the effect of non-hedging derivatives, including embedded derivatives, on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 is as follows (dollars in millions):


		Three months ended September 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2021		2020
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(4)	$	(11)
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	—		(15)
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	3		4
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(2)		4
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	12		11
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	(12)		1
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	3		(12)


Subtotal		—		(18)
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	21		116

Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(15)		(29)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	(37)		(29)
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	(31)	$	40

		Nine months ended September 30,
Type of Non-hedging Derivative	Income Statement Location of Gain (Loss)	2021		2020
Interest rate swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	$	(41)	$	98
Financial futures	Investment related gains (losses), net	(19)		(19)
Foreign currency swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	15		(6)
Foreign currency forwards	Investment related gains (losses), net	(11)		2
CPI swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	33		(3)
Credit default swaps	Investment related gains (losses), net	20		(6)
Equity options	Investment related gains (losses), net	(18)		16


Subtotal		(21)		82
Embedded derivatives in:
Modco or funds withheld arrangements	Investment related gains (losses), net	87		(113)

Indexed annuity products	Interest credited	(14)		(30)
Variable annuity products	Investment related gains (losses), net	(36)		(50)
Total non-hedging derivatives		$	16	$	(111)

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Credit Derivatives

The following table presents the estimated fair value, maximum amount of future payments and weighted average years to maturity of credit default swaps sold by the Company at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021					December 31, 2020
Rating Agency Designation of Referenced Credit Obligations(1)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)	Estimated Fair Value of Credit Default Swaps		Maximum Amount of Future Payments under Credit Default Swaps(2)		Weighted Average Years to Maturity(3)
AAA/AA+/AA/AA-/A+/A/A-
Single name credit default swaps	$	20	$	712	12.2	$	11	$	287	15.0

Subtotal	20		712		12.2	11		287		15.0
BBB+/BBB/BBB-
Single name credit default swaps	—		183		2.1	2		232		1.6
Credit default swaps referencing indices	—		988		3.2	—		988		3.9
Subtotal	—		1,171		3.0	2		1,220		3.5
BB+/BB/BB-
Single name credit default swaps	—		9		0.2	—		10		0.7

Subtotal	—		9		0.2	—		10		0.7
Total	$	20	$	1,892	6.5	$	13	$	1,517	5.6

(1)The rating agency designations are based on ratings from Standard and Poor’s (“S&P”).

(2)Assumes the value of the referenced credit obligations is zero.

(3)The weighted average years to maturity of the credit default swaps is calculated based on weighted average notional amounts.

Netting Arrangements and Credit Risk

Certain of the Company’s derivatives are subject to enforceable master netting arrangements and reported as a net asset or liability in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company nets all derivatives that are subject to such arrangements.

The Company has elected to include all derivatives, except embedded derivatives, in the table below, irrespective of whether they are subject to an enforceable master netting arrangement or a similar agreement. See Note 4 – “Investments” for information regarding the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs.

The following table provides information relating to the netting of the Company’s derivative instruments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


							Gross Amounts Not Offset in the Balance Sheet
	Gross Amounts Recognized		Gross Amounts Offset in the Balance Sheet		Net Amounts Presented in the Balance Sheet		Financial Instruments (1)		Cash Collateral Pledged/ Received		Net Amount
September 30, 2021:
Derivative assets	$	190	$	(22)	$	168	$	(24)	$	(147)	$	(3)
Derivative liabilities	65		(22)		43		(116)		(36)		(109)
December 31, 2020:
Derivative assets	$	171	$	(31)	$	140	$	(30)	$	(98)	$	12
Derivative liabilities	80		(31)		49		(146)		(47)		(144)

(1)Includes initial margin posted to a central clearing partner.

The Company may be exposed to credit-related losses in the event of non-performance by counterparties to derivative financial instruments. Generally, the credit exposure of the Company’s derivative contracts is limited to the fair value and accrued interest of non-collateralized derivative contracts in an asset position at the reporting date. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had credit exposure of $18 million.

Derivatives may be exchange-traded or they may be privately negotiated contracts, which are referred to as over-the-counter (“OTC”) derivatives. Certain of the Company’s OTC derivatives are cleared and settled through central clearing counterparties (“OTC cleared”) and others are bilateral contracts between two counterparties. The Company manages its credit risk related to OTC derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master netting agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. The Company is only exposed to the default of the central clearing counterparties for OTC

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cleared derivatives, and these transactions require initial and daily variation margin collateral postings. Exchange-traded derivatives are settled on a daily basis, thereby reducing the credit risk exposure in the event of non-performance by counterparties to such financial instruments.

6. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities

Fair Value Measurement

General accounting principles for Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. These principles also establish a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value and describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. The Company’s Level 1 assets and liabilities are traded in active exchange markets.

Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or market standard valuation techniques and assumptions that use significant inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the related assets or liabilities. Prices are determined using valuation methodologies such as discounted cash flow models and other similar techniques that require management’s judgment or estimation in developing inputs that are consistent with those other market participants would use when pricing similar assets and liabilities. Additionally, the Company’s embedded derivatives, all of which are associated with reinsurance treaties, are classified in Level 3 since their values include significant unobservable inputs.

For a discussion of the Company’s valuation methodologies for assets and liabilities measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy, see Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

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Assets and Liabilities by Hierarchy Level

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are summarized below (dollars in millions):


September 30, 2021:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	37,329	$	—	$	33,772	$	3,557
Canadian government	4,724		—		4,724		—
RMBS	1,209		—		1,208		1
ABS	3,779		—		2,986		793
CMBS	1,877		—		1,805		72
U.S. government	1,460		1,347		100		13
State and political subdivisions	1,331		—		1,323		8
Other foreign government	7,580		—		7,541		39
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	59,289		1,347		53,459		4,483
Equity securities	160		103		—		57
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives and other	267		—		39		228
Cash equivalents	1,306		1,306		—		—
Short-term investments	64		1		37		26
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	168		—		168		—








FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	50		—		50		—

Other	7		—		5		2
Total other invested assets (1)	225		—		223		2

Total	$	61,311	$	2,757	$	53,758	$	4,796
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	918	$	—	$	—	$	918
Other liabilities:
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives and other	39		—		39		—
Derivatives	43		—		43		—








Total	$	1,000	$	—	$	82	$	918

(1)Other invested assets included in the fair value hierarchy exclude limited partnership interests that are measured at estimated fair value using the NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient. As of September 30, 2021, the fair value of such investments was $526 million.


December 31, 2020:			Fair Value Measurements Using:
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale:
Corporate	$	36,208	$	—	$	33,179	$	3,029
Canadian government	5,140		—		5,140		—
RMBS	1,817		—		1,814		3
ABS	3,092		—		2,896		196
CMBS	1,868		—		1,813		55
U.S. government	1,437		1,312		111		14
State and political subdivisions	1,390		—		1,381		9
Other foreign government	5,783		—		5,766		17
Total fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale	56,735		1,312		52,100		3,323
Equity securities	132		79		—		53
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives and other	114		—		—		114
Cash equivalents	1,478		1,478		—		—
Short-term investments	197		32		150		15
Other invested assets:
Derivatives	140		—		140		—








FVO contractholder-directed unit-linked investments	289		224		65		—


Total other invested assets	429		224		205		—

Total	$	59,085	$	3,125	$	52,455	$	3,505
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives	$	907	$	—	$	—	$	907
Other liabilities:
Derivatives	49		—		49		—










Total	$	956	$	—	$	49	$	907

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Quantitative Information Regarding Internally – Priced Assets and Liabilities

The following table presents quantitative information about significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 fair value measurements that are developed internally by the Company as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	Estimated Fair Value				Valuation Technique	Unobservable Inputs	Range (Weighted Average)
	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020				September 30, 2021	December 31, 2020
Assets:
Corporate	$	41	$	37	Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	1%	0-1% (1%)
						EBITDA Multiple	5.2x-7.0x (5.8x)	5.2x-11.2x (7.1x)
ABS	198		87		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-18% (3%)	1-18% (1%)
U.S. government	13		14		Market comparable securities	Liquidity premium	0-1% (1%)	0-1% (1%)


Equity securities	9		10		Market comparable securities	EBITDA Multiple	5.6x-10.6x (7.1x)	6.9x-10.6x (7.9x)
Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives	145		58		Total return swap	Mortality	0-100% (3%)	0-100% (3%)
						Lapse	0-35% (18%)	0-35% (13%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)	0-5% (3%)
						CVA	0-5% (0%)	0-5% (1%)
						Crediting rate	1-4% (2%)	2-4% (2%)


Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – indexed annuities	727		752		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)	0-100% (3%)
						Lapse	0-35% (16%)	0-35% (13%)
						Withdrawal	0-5% (3%)	0-5% (3%)
						Option budget projection	1-4% (2%)	2-4% (2%)
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives – variable annuities	191		155		Discounted cash flow	Mortality	0-100% (2%)	0-100% (2%)
						Lapse	0-25% (4%)	0-25% (4%)
						Withdrawal	0-7% (5%)	0-7% (5%)
						CVA	0-5% (1%)	0-5% (1%)
						Long-term volatility	0-27% (14%)	0-27% (13%)

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Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities

Assets and liabilities transferred into Level 3 are due to a lack of observable market transactions and price information. Transfers out of Level 3 are primarily the result of the Company obtaining observable pricing information or a third party pricing quotation that appropriately reflects the fair value of those assets and liabilities.

For further information on the Company’s valuation processes, see Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

The reconciliations for all assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows (dollars in millions):


For the three months ended September 30, 2021:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale										Short-term inv		Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives and other		Other invested assets – Other		Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,208	$	41	$	653	$	21	$	63	$	—	$	206	$	—	$	(880)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	1		—		—		—		—		—		2		—		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	1		—		—		—		8		—		20		—		(37)

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(14)

Included in other comprehensive income	(1)		(2)		1		—		—		—		(2)		—		—
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	436		—		245		—		8		26		3		2		(8)
Sales(1)	(5)		—		(3)		—		(22)		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(75)		—		(51)		—		—		—		(1)		—		21
Transfers into Level 3	—		—		21		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(8)		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,557	$	39	$	866	$	21	$	57	$	26	$	228	$	2	$	(918)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	2	$	—	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	1		—		—		—		4		—		21		—		(39)
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(35)
Included in other comprehensive income	(1)		(2)		1		—		—		—		(2)		—		—

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2021:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives and other		Other invested assets – Other		Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term inv
Fair value, beginning of period	$	3,029	$	17	$	254	$	23	$	53	$	15	$	114	$	—	$	(907)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	4		—		—		—		—		—		(4)		—		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	2		—		—		—		19		—		87		—		(36)

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(13)

Included in other comprehensive income	(34)		(3)		5		—		—		—		(1)		—		—
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	976		25		673		—		8		26		35		2		(25)
Sales(1)	(25)		—		(5)		—		(23)		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(416)		—		(136)		(2)		—		(10)		(3)		—		63
Transfers into Level 3	29		—		75		—		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(8)		—		—		—		—		(5)		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	3,557	$	39	$	866	$	21	$	57	$	26	$	228	$	2	$	(918)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	3	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(4)	$	—	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		—		—		—		14		—		87		—		(42)
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(76)
Included in other comprehensive income	(32)		(3)		5		—		—		—		(1)		—		—


For the three months ended September 30, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives		Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,308	$	17	$	153	$	24	$	62	$	5	$	(109)	$	(930)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	3		—		—		—		(2)		—		116		(28)

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(29)

Included in other comprehensive income	(9)		—		(2)		—		—		—		—		—
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	341		—		63		—		—		1		—		(9)
Sales(1)	(70)		—		(1)		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(53)		—		(8)		—		—		—		—		16
Transfers into Level 3	7		—		7		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	—		—		(6)		—		—		—		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	2,527	$	17	$	206	$	24	$	60	$	6	$	7	$	(980)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	3		—		—		—		(2)		—		116		(31)
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(46)
Included in other comprehensive income	(8)		—		(2)		—		—		—		—		—

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2020:	Fixed maturity securities – available-for-sale												Funds withheld at interest – embedded derivatives		Interest-sensitive contract liabilities – embedded derivatives
	Corporate		Foreign govt		Structured securities		U.S. and local govt		Equity securities		Short-term investments
Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,186	$	720	$	208	$	25	$	77	$	2	$	121	$	(930)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized)
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	1		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(22)		—		—		—		(6)		—		(114)		(50)

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(30)

Included in other comprehensive income	(12)		1		(12)		1		—		—		—		—
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Purchases(1)	651		—		87		—		3		6		—		(28)
Sales(1)	(132)		—		(5)		—		—		—		—		—
Settlements(1)	(149)		—		(39)		(2)		—		(1)		—		58
Transfers into Level 3	8		—		28		—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(4)		(704)		(61)		—		(14)		(1)		—		—
Fair value, end of period	$	2,527	$	17	$	206	$	24	$	60	$	6	$	7	$	(980)
Total gains/losses (realized/unrealized) recorded for the period relating to those Level 3 assets and liabilities that were still held at the end of the period
Included in earnings, net:
Investment income, net of related expenses	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Investment related gains (losses), net	(23)		—		—		—		(6)		—		(114)		58
Other revenues	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		(89)
Included in other comprehensive income	(37)		1		(13)		1		—		—		—		—

(1)The amount reported within purchases, sales and settlements is the purchase price (for purchases) and the sales/settlement proceeds (for sales and settlements) based upon the actual date purchased or sold/settled. Items purchased and sold/settled in the same period are excluded from the rollforward. The Company had no issuances during the period.

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company has certain assets subject to measurement at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, in periods subsequent to their initial recognition if they are determined to be impaired. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have any material assets that were measured at fair value due to impairment.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, which were not measured at fair value on a recurring basis, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions). For additional information regarding the methods and significant assumptions used by the Company to estimate these fair values, see Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report. This table excludes any payables or receivables for collateral under repurchase or reverse repurchase agreements and other transactions. The estimated fair value of the excluded amount approximates carrying value as they equal the amount of cash collateral received/paid.

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September 30, 2021:	Carrying Value (1)		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
					Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
Assets:
Mortgage loans on real estate	$	6,366	$	6,656	$	—	$	—	$	6,656	$	—
Policy loans	1,234		1,234		—		1,234		—		—
Funds withheld at interest	6,744		7,210		—		1,690		5,520		—
Cash and cash equivalents	1,721		1,721		1,721		—		—		—
Short-term investments	18		18		18		—		—		—
Other invested assets	1,315		1,307		6		77		1,224		—
Accrued investment income	574		574		—		574		—		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	19,580	$	20,940	$	—	$	—	$	20,940	$	—
Other liabilities	1,588		1,683		—		1,683		—		—
Long-term debt	3,173		3,412		—		—		3,412		—
Collateral finance and securitization notes	314		284		—		—		284		—

December 31, 2020:	Carrying Value (1)		Estimated Fair Value		Fair Value Measurement Using:
					Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		NAV
Assets:
Mortgage loans on real estate	$	5,787	$	6,167	$	—	$	—	$	6,167	$	—
Policy loans	1,258		1,258		—		1,258		—		—
Funds withheld at interest	5,292		5,676		—		—		5,676		—
Cash and cash equivalents	1,930		1,930		1,930		—		—		—
Short-term investments	30		30		30		—		—		—
Other invested assets	1,482		1,601		5		89		1,018		489
Accrued investment income	511		511		—		511		—		—
Liabilities:
Interest-sensitive contract liabilities	$	18,106	$	19,683	$	—	$	—	$	19,683	$	—
Long-term debt	3,573		3,901		—		—		3,901		—
Collateral finance and securitization notes	388		351		—		—		351		—

(1)Carrying values presented herein may differ from those in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets because certain items within the respective financial statement captions may be measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

7. Segment Information

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report. The Company measures segment performance primarily based on profit or loss from operations before income taxes. There are no intersegment reinsurance transactions and the Company does not have any material long-lived assets.

The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in the Company’s businesses. As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is attributed to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses.

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The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. Information related to revenues, income (loss) before income taxes and total assets of the Company for each reportable segment are summarized below (dollars in millions).


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
Revenues:	2021		2020		2021		2020
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	1,795	$	1,599	$	5,248	$	4,774
Financial Solutions	374		399		1,125		861
Total	2,169		1,998		6,373		5,635
Canada:
Traditional	354		309		1,063		916
Financial Solutions	25		23		77		69
Total	379		332		1,140		985
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	454		390		1,370		1,168
Financial Solutions	174		110		459		324
Total	628		500		1,829		1,492
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	663		680		1,963		1,983
Financial Solutions	95		66		303		209
Total	758		746		2,266		2,192
Corporate and Other	109		67		691		149
Total	$	4,043	$	3,643	$	12,299	$	10,453


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
Income (loss) before income taxes:	2021		2020		2021		2020
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	(126)	$	14	$	(329)	$	(206)
Financial Solutions	128		74		397		176
Total	2		88		68		(30)
Canada:
Traditional	44		30		100		97
Financial Solutions	—		6		10		13
Total	44		36		110		110
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	(91)		7		(171)		40
Financial Solutions	85		92		228		220
Total	(6)		99		57		260
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	(96)		78		(67)		149
Financial Solutions	6		10		65		11
Total	(90)		88		(2)		160
Corporate and Other	16		(26)		401		(116)
Total	$	(34)	$	285	$	634	$	384

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Assets:	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
U.S. and Latin America:
Traditional	$	20,196	$	20,071
Financial Solutions	29,516		25,433
Total	49,712		45,504
Canada:
Traditional	4,999		4,682
Financial Solutions	11		13
Total	5,010		4,695
Europe, Middle East and Africa:
Traditional	4,808		4,763
Financial Solutions	7,025		7,292
Total	11,833		12,055
Asia Pacific:
Traditional	10,259		8,197
Financial Solutions	7,423		4,299
Total	17,682		12,496
Corporate and Other	7,212		9,906
Total	$	91,449	$	84,656

8. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

Commitments

Funding of Investments

The Company’s commitments to fund investments as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are presented in the following table (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Limited partnership interests and joint ventures	$	997	$	678
Mortgage loans on real estate	142		199
Bank loans and private placements	708		194
Lifetime mortgages	21		43

The Company anticipates that the majority of its current commitments will be invested over the next five years; however, these commitments could become due any time at the request of the counterparties. Bank loans and private placements are included in fixed maturity securities available-for-sale.

The Company has a liability for expected credit losses associated with unfunded commitments of approximately $1 million and $2 million as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Contingencies

Litigation

The Company is subject to litigation in the normal course of its business. The Company currently has no material litigation. A legal reserve is established when the Company is notified of an arbitration demand or litigation or is notified that an arbitration demand or litigation is imminent, it is probable that the Company will incur a loss as a result and the amount of the probable loss is reasonably capable of being estimated.

Other Contingencies

The Company indemnifies its directors and officers as provided in its charters and by-laws. Since this indemnity generally is not subject to limitation with respect to duration or amount, the Company does not believe that it is possible to determine the maximum potential amount due under this indemnity in the future.

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Guarantees

Statutory Reserve Support

Certain RGA subsidiaries have committed to provide statutory reserve support to third parties, in exchange for a fee, by funding loans if certain defined events occur. Such statutory reserves are required under the U.S. Valuation of Life Policies Model Regulation (commonly referred to as Regulation XXX for term life insurance policies and Regulation A-XXX for universal life secondary guarantees). In addition, certain subsidiaries have also committed to provide capital support to a third-party, in exchange for a fee, by agreeing to assume real estate leases in the event of a severe and prolonged decline in the commercial lease market. Upon assumption of a lease, the Company would recognize a right to use asset and lease obligation. As of September 30, 2021, the Company does not believe that it will be required to provide any funding under these commitments as the occurrence of the defined events is considered remote. The following table presents the maximum potential obligation for these commitments as of September 30, 2021 (dollars in millions):


Commitment Period:	Maximum Potential Obligation
2034	$	1,243
2035	2,371
2036	3,599
2037	2,850
2038	2,300
2039	11,350
2046	3,000

Other Guarantees

RGA has issued guarantees to third parties on behalf of its subsidiaries for the payment of amounts due under certain securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements, financing arrangements and office lease obligations, whereby, if a subsidiary fails to meet an obligation, RGA or one of its other subsidiaries will make a payment to fulfill the obligation. Additionally, in limited circumstances, treaty guarantees are granted to ceding companies in order to provide them additional security, particularly in cases where RGA’s subsidiary is relatively new, unrated, or not of a significant size, relative to the ceding company. Liabilities supported by the treaty guarantees, before consideration of any legally offsetting amounts due from the guaranteed party are reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets in future policy benefits. Potential guaranteed amounts of future payments will vary depending on production levels and underwriting results. Guarantees related to securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements provide additional security to third parties should a subsidiary fail to provide securities when due. RGA’s guarantees issued as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 are reflected in the following table (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Treaty guarantees	$	2,161	$	1,934
Treaty guarantees, net of assets in trust	1,244		961
Securities borrowing and repurchase arrangements	133		133

9. Income Tax

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the effective tax rate on pre-tax income was 34.3% and 27.3%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 differed from the U.S. statutory rate of 21% primarily due to corporate rate changes, income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S., losses in jurisdictions for which the company received no benefit, and adjustments from tax returns filed.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the effective tax rate on pre-tax income was 25.5% and 26.3%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate for both tax periods differed from the U.S. statutory income tax rate of 21% primarily as a result of corporate rate changes, primarily in the United Kingdom, income earned in jurisdictions with tax rates higher than the U.S. Statutory rate and amounts related to uncertain tax positions, partially offset by differences in tax bases of foreign jurisdictions and adjustments from tax returns filed.

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10. Employee Benefit Plans

The components of net periodic benefit cost, included in other operating expenses on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 were as follows (dollars in millions):


	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	Three months ended September 30,				Three months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Service cost	$	4	$	4	$	—	$	1
Interest cost	1		1		—		—
Expected return on plan assets	(3)		(2)		—		—
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		—		—
Amortization of prior actuarial losses	2		1		1		—
Net periodic benefit cost	$	4	$	4	$	1	$	1


	Pension Benefits				Other Benefits
	Nine months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Service cost	$	13	$	11	$	2	$	2
Interest cost	3		4		1		2
Expected return on plan assets	(8)		(7)		—		—
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)	—		—		(1)		(1)
Amortization of prior actuarial losses	5		3		2		1
Net periodic benefit cost	$	13	$	11	$	4	$	4

11. Reinsurance Ceded Receivables and Other

Retrocession reinsurance treaties do not relieve the Company from its obligations to direct writing companies. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. Consequently, allowances would be established for amounts deemed uncollectible. At September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, no allowances were deemed necessary. The Company regularly evaluates the financial condition of the insurance companies from which it assumes and to which it cedes reinsurance.

Retrocessions are arranged through the Company’s retrocession pools for amounts in excess of the Company’s retention limit. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, all rated retrocession pool participants followed by the A.M. Best Company were rated “A- (excellent)” or better. The Company verifies retrocession pool participants’ ratings on a quarterly basis. For a majority of the retrocessionaires that were not rated, security in the form of letters of credit or trust assets has been posted. In addition, the Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance.

The following table presents information for the Company’s reinsurance ceded receivables and other, including the respective amount and A.M. Best rating for each reinsurer representing in excess of five percent of the total as of September 30, 2021 or December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


		September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
Reinsurer	A.M. Best Rating	Amount		% of Total		Amount		% of Total
Reinsurer A	A+	$	1,634	63.2	%	$	—	—	%
Reinsurer B	A+	412		15.9		420		42.7
Reinsurer C	A+	223		8.6		216		22.0
Reinsurer D	A	64		2.5		64		6.5
Reinsurer E	A+	45		1.7		46		4.7
Reinsurer F	A++	44		1.7		55		5.6
Other reinsurers		164		6.4		182		18.5
Total		$	2,586	100.0	%	$	983	100.0	%

Included in the total reinsurance ceded receivables and other balance were $229 million and $278 million of claims recoverable, of which $13 million and $10 million were in excess of 90 days past due, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Also included in the total reinsurance ceded receivable and other is a deposit asset on reinsurance of $1,634 million as of September 30, 2021.

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12. Policy Claims and Benefits

Rollforward of Claims and Claim Adjustment Expenses

The liability for unpaid claims is reported in future policy benefits and other policy claims and benefits on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. Activity associated with unpaid claims is summarized below (dollars in millions):


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Balance, beginning of period	$	7,556	$	6,786
Less: reinsurance recoverable	(641)		(564)
Net balance, beginning of period	6,915		6,222
Incurred:
Current year	9,948		8,382
Prior years	(159)		162
Total incurred	9,789		8,544
Payments:
Current year	(3,712)		(3,394)
Prior years	(5,229)		(4,683)
Total payments	(8,941)		(8,077)
Other changes:
Interest accretion	30		27
Foreign exchange adjustments	(135)		(28)
Total other changes	(105)		(1)

Net balance, end of period	7,658		6,688
Plus: reinsurance recoverable	538		627
Balance, end of period	$	8,196	$	7,315

Incurred claims associated with prior periods are primarily due to events, related to long-duration business, which were incurred in prior periods but were reported in the current period, and to a lesser extent, the development of short-duration business claims for prior years being different than were anticipated when the liabilities for unpaid claims were originally estimated. These trends have been considered in establishing the current year liability for unpaid claims.

13. Financing Activities

On June 9, 2020, RGA issued 3.15% Senior Notes due June 15, 2030, with a face amount of $600 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $593 million and were used in part to repay the Company’s $400 million 5.000% Senior Notes that matured in June 2021, and the remainder was used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $5 million.

14. New Accounting Standards

Changes to the general accounting principles are established by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) in the form of accounting standards updates to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification™. Accounting standards updates not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Description	Date of Adoption	Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements
Standards adopted:
Financial Instruments – Credit Losses This guidance adds to U.S. GAAP an impairment model, known as current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model, that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. For traditional and other receivables, held-to-maturity debt securities, loans and other instruments entities will be required to use the new forward-looking “expected loss” model that generally will result in earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses similar to what they do today, except the losses will be recognized through an allowance for credit losses and adjusted each period for changes in credit risks. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2020	For asset classes within the scope of the CECL model, this guidance was adopted through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). For available-for-sale debt securities, this guidance was applied prospectively. The allowance for credit losses increased when this guidance was adopted to include expected losses over the lifetime of commercial mortgages and other loans, including reasonable and supportable forecasts and expected changes in future economic conditions. The overall impact was an approximate $15 million pre-tax increase in the allowance for credit losses. This increase was reflected as a decrease to opening retained earnings, net of income taxes, as of January 1, 2020.
Fair Value Measurement This guidance is part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project and eliminates certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurement, requires entities to disclose new information and modifies existing disclosure requirements. Early adoption is permitted.	January 1, 2020	Certain disclosure changes in the new guidance were applied prospectively in the year of adoption. The remaining changes in the new guidance were applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the year of adoption. As of December 31, 2019, the Company early adopted the guidance that removed the requirements relating to transfers between fair value hierarchy levels and certain disclosures about valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. The Company adopted the remainder of the guidance on January 1, 2020. The adoption of the new guidance was not material to the Company’s financial position.
Reference Rate Reform This guidance eases the potential burden in accounting for, or recognizing the effects of, reference rate reform on financial reporting. which includes the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). The ASU provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP modification to contracts and hedge accounting relationships affected by reference rate reform on financial reporting. Under the new guidance, a change in the reference rate for a contract that meets certain criteria will be accounted for as a continuation of that contract rather than the creation of a new contract. The new guidance applies to debt, insurance contracts, leases, derivative contracts and other arrangements.	January 1, 2020	The reference rate reform is not expected to have material accounting consequences. The Company has established a team that is currently assessing the effects of the discontinuation of LIBOR on existing contracts that extend beyond 2021 (that is, the date when the Financial Conduct Authority intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit LIBOR), by analyzing contractual fallback provisions, evaluating alternative rate ramifications and assessing the effects on current hedging strategies, systems and operations.


Description	Anticipated Date of Adoption	Effect on the Consolidated Financial Statements
Standards not yet adopted:
Financial Services – Insurance This guidance significantly changes how insurers account for long-duration insurance contracts. The new guidance also significantly expands the disclosure requirements of long-duration insurance contracts. Below are the most significant areas of change:	January 1, 2023	See each significant area of change below for the method of adoption and expected impact to the Company’s results of operations and financial position.
Cash flow assumptions for measuring liability for future policy benefits The new guidance requires insurers to review, and if necessary, update the cash flow assumptions used to measure liabilities for future policy benefits periodically. The change in the liability estimate as a result of updating cash flow assumptions will be recognized in net income.		Cash flow assumptions for measuring liability for future policy benefits The Company will likely adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
Discount rate assumption for measuring liability for future policy benefits The new guidance requires insurers to update the discount rate assumption used to measure liabilities for future policy benefits at each reporting period, and the discount rate utilized must be based on an upper-medium grade fixed income instrument yield. The change in the liability estimate as a result of updating the discount rate assumption will be recognized in other comprehensive income.		Discount rate assumption for measuring liability for future policy benefits The Company will likely adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
Market risk benefits The new guidance created a new category of benefit features called market risk benefits that will be measured at fair value with changes in fair value attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income.		Market risk benefits The Company will adopt this guidance on a retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.
Amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other balances The new guidance requires DAC and other balances to be amortized on a constant level basis over the expected term of the related contracts.		Amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”) and other balances The Company will likely adopt this guidance on a modified retrospective basis as of the earliest period presented in the year of adoption. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this amendment on its results of operations and financial position but anticipates the updated guidance will likely have a material impact.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 including, among others, statements relating to projections of the future operations, strategies, earnings, revenues, income or loss, ratios, financial performance and growth potential of the Company. Forward-looking statements often contain words and phrases such as “intend,” “expect,” “project,” “estimate,” “predict,” “anticipate,” “should,” “believe” and other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments and their potential effects on the Company. Forward-looking statements are not a guarantee of future performance and are subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Future events and actual results, performance, and achievements could differ materially from those set forth in, contemplated by or underlying the forward-looking statements.

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the response thereto on economic conditions, the financial markets and insurance risks, and the resulting effects on the Company’s financial results, liquidity, capital resources, financial metrics, investment portfolio and stock price, could cause actual results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements. Additionally, numerous other important factors (whether related to, resulting from or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise) could also cause results and events to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, including, without limitation: (1) adverse changes in mortality, morbidity, lapsation or claims experience, (2) inadequate risk analysis and underwriting, (3) adverse capital and credit market conditions and their impact on the Company’s liquidity, access to capital and cost of capital, (4) changes in the Company’s financial strength and credit ratings and the effect of such changes on the Company’s future results of operations and financial condition, (5) the availability and cost of collateral necessary for regulatory reserves and capital, (6) requirements to post collateral or make payments due to declines in market value of assets subject to the Company’s collateral arrangements, (7) action by regulators who have authority over the Company’s reinsurance operations in the jurisdictions in which it operates, (8) the effect of the Company parent’s status as an insurance holding company and regulatory restrictions on its ability to pay principal of and interest on its debt obligations, (9) general economic conditions or a prolonged economic downturn affecting the demand for insurance and reinsurance in the Company’s current and planned markets, (10) the impairment of other financial institutions and its effect on the Company’s business, (11) fluctuations in U.S. or foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, or securities and real estate markets, (12) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the value of the Company’s investment securities or result in the impairment of all or a portion of the value of certain of the Company’s investment securities, that in turn could affect regulatory capital, (13) market or economic conditions that adversely affect the Company’s ability to make timely sales of investment securities, (14) risks inherent in the Company’s risk management and investment strategy, including changes in investment portfolio yields due to interest rate or credit quality changes, (15) the fact that the determination of allowances and impairments taken on the Company’s investments is highly subjective, (16) the stability of and actions by governments and economies in the markets in which the Company operates, including ongoing uncertainties regarding the amount of U.S. sovereign debt and the credit ratings thereof, (17) the Company’s dependence on third parties, including those insurance companies and reinsurers to which the Company cedes some reinsurance, third-party investment managers and others, (18) financial performance of the Company’s clients, (19) the threat of natural disasters, catastrophes, terrorist attacks, epidemics or pandemics anywhere in the world where the Company or its clients do business, (20) competitive factors and competitors’ responses to the Company’s initiatives, (21) development and introduction of new products and distribution opportunities, (22) execution of the Company’s entry into new markets, (23) integration of acquired blocks of business and entities, (24) interruption or failure of the Company’s telecommunication, information technology or other operational systems, or the Company’s failure to maintain adequate security to protect the confidentiality or privacy of personal or sensitive data and intellectual property stored on such systems, (25) adverse litigation or arbitration results, (26) the adequacy of reserves, resources and accurate information relating to settlements, awards and terminated and discontinued lines of business, (27) changes in laws, regulations, and accounting standards applicable to the Company or its business, (28) the effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 may be different than expected and (29) other risks and uncertainties described in this document and in the Company’s other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Forward-looking statements should be evaluated together with the many risks and uncertainties that affect the Company’s business, including those mentioned in this document and described in the periodic reports the Company files with the SEC. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. The Company does not undertake any obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though the Company’s situation may change in the future. For a discussion of these risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in the forward-looking statements, you are advised to see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the 2020 Annual Report, as may be supplemented by Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in the Company’s subsequent Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q.

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Overview

The Company is among the leading global providers of life reinsurance and financial solutions, with $3.4 trillion of life reinsurance in force and assets of $91.4 billion as of September 30, 2021. Traditional reinsurance includes individual and group life and health, disability, and critical illness reinsurance. Financial solutions includes longevity reinsurance, asset-intensive reinsurance, capital solutions, including financial reinsurance, and stable value products. The Company derives revenues primarily from renewal premiums from existing reinsurance treaties, new business premiums from existing or new reinsurance treaties, fee income from financial solutions business and income earned on invested assets.

Historically, the Company’s primary business has been traditional life reinsurance, which involves reinsuring life insurance policies that are often in force for the remaining lifetime of the underlying individuals insured, with premiums earned typically over a period of 10 to 30 years. To a lesser extent, the Company also reinsures health business typically reinsured for one to three years. Each year, however, a portion of the business under existing treaties terminates due to, among other things, lapses or voluntary surrenders of underlying policies, deaths of insureds, and the exercise of recapture options by ceding companies. The Company has expanded its financial solutions business, including significant asset-intensive and longevity risk transactions, which allow its clients to take advantage of growth opportunities and manage their capital, longevity and investment risk.

The Company’s long-term profitability largely depends on the volume and amount of death- and health-related claims incurred and the ability to adequately price the risks it assumes. While death claims are reasonably predictable over a period of many years, claims become less predictable over shorter periods and are subject to significant fluctuation from quarter to quarter and year to year. For longevity business, the Company’s profitability depends on the lifespan of the underlying contract holders and the investment performance for certain contracts. Additionally, the Company generates profits on investment spreads associated with the reinsurance of investment type contracts and generates fees from financial reinsurance transactions, which are typically shorter duration than its traditional life reinsurance business. The Company believes its sources of liquidity are sufficient to cover potential claims payments on both a short-term and long-term basis.

As is customary in the reinsurance business, clients continually update, refine, and revise reinsurance information provided to the Company. Such revised information is used by the Company in preparation of its condensed consolidated financial statements and the financial effects resulting from the incorporation of revised data are reflected in the current period.

Segment Presentation

The Company has geographic-based and business-based operational segments. Geographic-based operations are further segmented into traditional and financial solutions businesses. The Company allocates capital to its segments based on an internally developed economic capital model, the purpose of which is to measure the risk in the business and to provide a consistent basis upon which capital is deployed. The economic capital model considers the unique and specific nature of the risks inherent in RGA’s businesses.

As a result of the economic capital allocation process, a portion of investment income is credited to the segments based on the level of allocated capital. In addition, the segments are charged for excess capital utilized above the allocated economic capital basis. This charge is included in policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses. Segment investment performance varies with the composition of investments and the relative allocation of capital to the operating segments.

Segment revenue levels can be significantly influenced by currency fluctuations, large transactions, mix of business and reporting practices of ceding companies, and therefore may fluctuate from period to period. Although reasonably predictable over a period of years, segment claims experience can be volatile over shorter periods. See “Results of Operations by Segment” below for further information about the Company’s segments.

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Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the application of accounting policies that often involve a significant degree of judgment. Management, on an ongoing basis, reviews estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements. If management determines that modifications in assumptions and estimates are appropriate given current facts and circumstances, results of operations and financial position as reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements could change significantly.

Management believes the critical accounting policies relating to the following areas are most dependent on the application of estimates and assumptions:

Premiums receivable;

Deferred acquisition costs;

Liabilities for future policy benefits and incurred but not reported claims;

Valuation of investments, allowance for credit losses and impairments to specific investments;

Valuation of embedded derivatives; and

Income taxes.

A discussion of each of the critical accounting policies may be found in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies.”

Consolidated Results of Operations

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 global pandemic continues to cause increases in the Company’s claims costs, primarily relating to its mortality business. However, the Company cannot reliably predict the future impact of the pandemic on its business, results of operations and financial condition as the impact will largely depend on, among other factors, the impact of new variants of the virus, vaccination levels globally, country-specific circumstances, measures by public and private institutions, and COVID-19’s impact on all other causes of death.

The ultimate amount and timing of claims the Company will experience as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic will be dependent on many variables and uncertainties. These variables and uncertainties include those discussed above, in addition to age, gender, comorbidities, other insured versus general population characteristics, geography-specific institutional and individual mitigating actions, medical capacity, and other factors. To date, general population COVID-19 deaths have been heavily concentrated in individuals aged 70 and older and with pre-existing comorbidities; however, more recently, many populations have seen an increase in younger age deaths, particularly in areas where healthcare facilities were unable to provide adequate care. The Company’s insured population has lower exposure to older ages than the general population and covers a generally healthier population due to underwriting and socioeconomic factors of those purchasing insurance. In addition, the Company’s longevity business may act as a modest offset to excess life insurance claims at older ages.

The Company’s COVID-19 projection and financial impact models continue to be updated and refined based on updated external data and the Company’s claim experience to date and are subject to the many variables and uncertainties noted above. The U.S. is the key driver of mortality claim costs followed by India, South Africa, the UK and Canada. For the nine month period ended September 30, 2021, the Company estimates it has incurred approximately $1.1 billion of COVID-19 related life and health claim costs, including amounts incurred but not reported, with approximately $593 million of that amount being associated with the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment. The Company has maintained the range of COVID-19 mortality claim cost estimates relative to the level of general population deaths for the U.S., the UK and Canada. The Company estimates that every additional 10,000 population deaths in the U.S., UK, or Canada as a result of COVID-19 would result in the following corresponding excess mortality claims of approximately

•$10 million to $20 million in the U.S.;

•$4 million to $8 million in the UK; and

•$10 million to $20 million in Canada.

The global financial markets have stabilized since the beginning of the pandemic; however, they continue to be in a state of uncertainty due to COVID-19, including supply chain issues and the impact of historically large and rapid central bank actions and fiscal policies meant to offset the economic impact of the pandemic. The economic uncertainty caused by these events may also adversely affect the Company’s financial performance. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits

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as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. The current market environment may result in certain investments being downgraded which can affect conformance with these limits. The level of potential impairments will depend on broad economic conditions and the pace at which global economies recover from the effects of COVID-19 and the response thereto. See “Investments” for more information.

The safety and well-being of the Company’s employees and clients continues to be a priority. The Company’s business continuity plans remain activated and the actions taken during 2020 to protect both employees and clients, such as working from home, restricting travel, conducting meetings remotely, and reinforcing the importance of face coverings, good hygiene and social distancing, also largely continue. The Company’s offices worldwide are at a minimum adhering to local government mandates and guidelines regarding occupancy levels; however, in certain situations the Company’s guidelines are more restrictive than those of local governments.

The Company has not experienced any significant disruptions to its daily operations, despite most of its workforce working remotely. However, COVID-19 heightened operational risks and related impacts, which may include impacts to the Company’s workforce productivity due to travel restrictions, temporary office closures and increased remote working situations, and potential client delays in paying premiums and reporting claims. Similar to other reinsurers, the Company is heavily reliant on timely reporting from its clients and other third parties. The Company continues to emphasize awareness and training regarding operational risks, including privacy and cybersecurity risks, as such risks are heightened during remote working situations. In addition, the Company continues to monitor its programs, processes and procedures designed to manage these risks.

RGA’s operating subsidiaries continue to be well capitalized, and the Company continues to monitor its solvency position under multiple capital regimes on a regular basis while considering both its developing experience and economic conditions. In addition, the Company utilizes its internal capital model to assess its ability to meet its long-term obligations under a range of stress scenarios on a consolidated basis. This internal capital model is also used as the capital basis for RGA’s consolidated Own Risk and Solvency Assessment.

Results from Operations – 2021 compared to 2020

The following table summarizes net income for the periods presented.


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Net premiums	$	3,094	$	2,825	$	269	$	9,106	$	8,434	$	672
Investment income, net of related expenses	796		654		142		2,367		1,893		474




Investment related gains (losses), net	58		66		(8)		472		(138)		610
Other revenues	95		98		(3)		354		264		90
Total revenues	4,043		3,643		400		12,299		10,453		1,846
Benefits and Expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	3,289		2,530		759		9,294		7,894		1,400
Interest credited	177		196		(19)		541		529		12
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	338		374		(36)		1,010		912		98
Other operating expenses	229		211		18		683		594		89
Interest expense	41		43		(2)		129		126		3
Collateral finance and securitization expense	3		4		(1)		8		14		(6)
Total benefits and expenses	4,077		3,358		719		11,665		10,069		1,596
Income before income taxes	(34)		285		(319)		634		384		250
Provision for income taxes	(12)		72		(84)		173		101		72
Net income	$	(22)	$	213	$	(235)	$	461	$	283	$	178
Earnings per share:
Basic earnings per share	$	(0.32)	$	3.13	$	(3.45)	$	6.78	$	4.39	$	2.39
Diluted earnings per share	$	(0.32)	$	3.12	$	(3.44)	$	6.74	$	4.36	$	2.38

Three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to three months ended September 30, 2020

The decrease in income for the three months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily the result of:

•Increased mortality claims in the U.S. and Latin America, EMEA, and Asia Pacific traditional segments, primarily attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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•The unfavorable mortality claims were partially offset by an increase in income before taxes generated by the Company’s Financial Solutions business in the U.S. and UK and an increase in investment income and investment related gains (losses), net primarily due to an increase in variable investment income.

Nine months ended September 30, 2021 compared to nine months ended September 30, 2020

The increase in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily the result of:

•A one-time adjustment of $162 million, pretax, associated with prior periods that includes $92 million, pretax, to correct the accounting for equity method limited partnerships to reflect unrealized gains in investment income, net of related expenses that were previously included in accumulated other comprehensive income, and a $70 million, pretax, correction reflected in other investment related gains (losses), net to adjust the carrying value of certain limited partnerships from cost less impairments to a fair value approach, using the net asset value (“NAV”) per share or its equivalent.

•$213 million, pretax, of capital gains included in other investment related gains (losses), net associated with portfolio repositioning.

•Changes in fair value of embedded derivatives, associated with modco/funds withheld treaties, increased investment related gains of $87 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2021, compared to a decrease of $113 million for the nine month period ended September 30, 2020.

•As discussed in the “Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic” above, the Company estimates it has incurred approximately $1.1 billion, pretax, of COVID-19 related life and health claim costs, including amounts incurred but not reported, with approximately $593 million, pretax, in the U.S. and Latin America segment.

Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in financial statement line items. Foreign currency (decreased) and increased income before taxes for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021, by $(5) million and $13 million, respectively, primarily due to the strengthening of the Great British Pound, Canadian Dollar and South African Rand compared to the U.S. Dollar.

Premiums and business growth

The increase in premiums during the three and nine month period ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to growth in life reinsurance in force. Consolidated assumed life insurance in force increased to $3,468.6 billion as of September 30, 2021, from $3,369.6 billion as of September 30, 2020, due to new business production and in force transactions offset by an increase in lapses and mortality claims in the current period, primarily attributable to the increased claims as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The Company added new business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $305.4 billion, and $279.2 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Investment income, net of related expenses and investment related gains (losses), net

The increase in investment income, net of related expenses is primarily attributable to the aforementioned accounting correction associated with equity method limited partnerships recorded in the first quarter of 2021, in addition to an increase in the average invested asset base and yield:

•The average invested assets at amortized cost, excluding spread business, totaled $33.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, compared to $30.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

•The average yield earned on investments, excluding spread related business, was 4.95% and 3.66% for the three month period ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and 5.08% and 3.93% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

•Excluding the aforementioned correction, variable investment income was $150 million and $27 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

A continued low interest rate environment, in addition to higher cash and cash equivalents balances held by the Company during the COVID-19 pandemic, is expected to put downward pressure on this yield in future reporting periods. The average yield will vary from year to year depending on several variables, including the prevailing risk-fee interest rate and credit spread environment, prepayment fees and make-whole premiums, changes in the mix of the underlying investments and cash and cash equivalents balances. Variable investment income from joint ventures and limited partnerships, including unrealized gains and losses on certain limited partnerships, will also vary from year to year and can be highly variable based on equity-market performance and the timing of dividends and distributions on certain investments. Investment income is allocated to the operating segments based upon average assets and related capital levels deemed appropriate to support segment operations.

The increase in investment related gains (losses), net is primarily attributable to the following:

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•During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company repositioned its portfolio generating capital gains of $36 million and $213 million, respectively.

•There were no material impairments or changes in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturities during the three months ended September 30, 2021 or September 30, 2020. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company recognized an decrease $3 million of impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturities compared to an increase of $40 million during the first nine months of 2020.

•Changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives, associated with modco/funds withheld treaties, increased investment related gains (losses), net by $21 million and $87 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021, respectively, compared to an increase (decrease) of $116 million and $(113) million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2020.

•Unrealized gains of $33 million and $197 million, including the previously mentioned correction recorded in the first quarter of 2021 of $70 million due to the change in fair value of certain cost method limited partnerships were recognized during the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021.

The effective tax rate on a consolidated basis was 34.3% and 25.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and 27.3% and 26.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 9 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the Company’s consolidated effective tax rates.

Impact of certain derivatives

The Company recognizes in consolidated income, any changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives on modco or funds withheld treaties, equity index annuities (“EIAs”) and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The Company utilizes freestanding derivatives to minimize the income statement volatility due to changes in the fair value of embedded derivatives associated with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. The following table presents the effect of embedded derivatives and related freestanding derivatives on income before income taxes for the periods indicated (dollars in millions):


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Modco/Funds withheld:
Unrealized gains (losses)	$	21	$	116	$	(95)	$	87	$	(113)	$	200
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(8)		(65)		57		(31)		50		(81)
Net effect	13		51		(38)		56		(63)		119
EIAs:
Unrealized gains (losses)	4		(5)		9		36		(25)		61
Deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	(2)		—		(2)		(18)		10		(28)
Net effect	2		(5)		7		18		(15)		33
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders:
Unrealized gains (losses)	(37)		(29)		(8)		(36)		(50)		14
Related freestanding derivatives, net of deferred acquisition costs/retrocession	5		(30)		35		(28)		63		(91)
Net effect	(32)		(59)		27		(64)		13		(77)
Total net effect after freestanding derivatives	$	(17)	$	(13)	$	(4)	$	10	$	(65)	$	75

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Results of Operations by Segment

U.S. and Latin America Operations

The U.S. and Latin America operations include business generated by the Company’s offices in the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. The offices in Mexico and Brazil provide services to clients in other Latin American countries. The U.S. and Latin America operations consist of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily specializes in the reinsurance of individual mortality risk, health and long-term care and to a lesser extent, group reinsurance. The Financial Solutions segment consists of Asset-Intensive and Capital Solutions. Asset-Intensive within the Financial Solutions segment includes coinsurance of annuities and corporate-owned life insurance policies and to a lesser extent, fee-based synthetic guaranteed investment contracts, which include investment-only, stable value contracts. Capital Solutions within the Financial Solutions segment primarily involves assisting ceding companies in meeting applicable regulatory requirements by enhancing the ceding companies’ financial strength and regulatory surplus position through relatively low risk reinsurance and other transactions. Typically, these transactions do not qualify as reinsurance under GAAP, due to the low-risk nature of the transactions, therefore only the related net fees are reflected in other revenues on the condensed consolidated statements of income.

The following table summarizes income before income taxes for the Company’s U.S. and Latin America operations for the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,564	$	1,433	$	131	$	4,589	$	4,287	$	302
Investment income, net of related expenses	536		453		83		1,510		1,268		242
Investment related gains (losses), net	7		51		(44)		38		(94)		132
Other revenues	62		61		1		236		174		62
Total revenues	2,169		1,998		171		6,373		5,635		738
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,718		1,393		325		4,957		4,420		537
Interest credited	166		182		(16)		497		487		10
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	231		290		(59)		700		631		69
Other operating expenses	52		45		7		151		127		24
Total benefits and expenses	2,167		1,910		257		6,305		5,665		640
Income before income taxes	$	2	$	88	$	(86)	$	68	$	(30)	$	98

The decrease in income before income taxes in the third quarter of 2021 was the result of an increase in claims and other policy benefits in the U.S. Traditional segment, partially offset by higher variable investment income and strong performance from the segment’s Financial Solutions business related to both lower capital losses and income from new transactions. The increase in income before income taxes for the first nine months of 2021 is attributable primarily to higher variable investment income from investments in limited partnerships and real estate joint venture sales, the impact of embedded derivatives in the segment’s Financial Solutions business, and new Financial Solutions transactions. Partially offsetting the nine month increase were significantly higher claims in U.S. Mortality Markets. The significant increase in claims in the U.S. Mortality Markets during the third quarter and the first nine months compared to the same periods in 2020 was primarily related to an increase in large and non-large claim frequency within the individual mortality business. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company believes the excess claim costs are primarily attributable to COVID-19.

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Traditional Reinsurance


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021			2020			2021 vs 2020		2021			2020			2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	1,550		$	1,420		$	130	$	4,547		$	4,247		$	300
Investment income, net of related expenses	245			180			65		685			518			167
Investment related gains (losses), net	(5)			(8)			3		2			(8)			10
Other revenues	5			7			(2)		14			17			(3)
Total revenues	1,795			1,599			196		5,248			4,774			474
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	1,670			1,343			327		4,828			4,268			560
Interest credited	17			19			(2)		52			56			(4)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	195			189			6		583			559			24
Other operating expenses	39			34			5		114			97			17
Total benefits and expenses	1,921			1,585			336		5,577			4,980			597
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(126)		$	14		$	(140)	$	(329)		$	(206)		$	(123)
Key metrics:
Life insurance in force									$1,619.9 billion			$1,602.1 billion
Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”)	107.7		%	94.6		%			106.2		%	100.5		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	12.6		%	13.3		%			12.8		%	13.2		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	2.5		%	2.4		%			2.5		%	2.3		%

The decrease in income before income taxes in the third quarter and the first nine months for the U.S. and Latin America Traditional segment was primarily the result of an increase in claims in the U.S. Mortality Market primarily due to higher claims which are likely attributable to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors, partially offset by an increase in variable investment income.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to organic growth as well as new sales. The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $33.9 billion and $24.6 billion during the third quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $98.1 billion and $83.9 billion during the first nine months of 2021 and 2020, respectively. Also contributing to the premium growth was the restructure and extension of an existing transaction and the partial recapture of a retroceded block of individual life business.

•The increase in net investment income for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to higher variable investment income associated with investments in limited partnerships and private equity funds primarily generated from both realized and unrealized gains in the underlying investments and higher variable investment income from real estate joint ventures.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in the loss ratio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, was primarily due to unfavorable large and non-large claims experience in the individual mortality line of business, likely attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic. As explained above, while the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $593 million of excess claims for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, were attributable to COVID-19.

•The increase in other operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expense.

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Financial Solutions


For the three months ended September 30,	2021						2020						2021 vs 2020
	Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total		Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total		Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	14	$	—	$	14	$	13	$	—	$	13	$	1	$	—	$	1
Investment income, net of related expenses	290		1		291		272		1		273		18		—		18
Investment related gains (losses), net	12		—		12		59		—		59		(47)		—		(47)
Other revenues	31		26		57		26		28		54		5		(2)		3
Total revenues	347		27		374		370		29		399		(23)		(2)		(25)
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	48		—		48		50		—		50		(2)		—		(2)
Interest credited	149		—		149		163		—		163		(14)		—		(14)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	34		2		36		99		2		101		(65)		—		(65)
Other operating expenses	10		3		13		8		3		11		2		—		2
Total benefits and expenses	241		5		246		320		5		325		(79)		—		(79)
Income before income taxes	$	106	$	22	$	128	$	50	$	24	$	74	$	56	$	(2)	$	54


For the nine months ended September 30,	2021						2020						2021 vs 2020
	Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total		Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total		Asset-Intensive		Capital Solutions		Total
(dollars in millions)
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	42	$	—	$	42	$	40	$	—	$	40	$	2	$	—	$	2
Investment income, net of related expenses	823		2		825		746		4		750		77		(2)		75
Investment related gains (losses), net	36		—		36		(86)		—		(86)		122		—		122
Other revenues	142		80		222		78		79		157		64		1		65
Total revenues	1,043		82		1,125		778		83		861		265		(1)		264
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	129		—		129		152		—		152		(23)		—		(23)
Interest credited	445		—		445		431		—		431		14		—		14
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	113		4		117		68		4		72		45		—		45
Other operating expenses	27		10		37		22		8		30		5		2		7
Total benefits and expenses	714		14		728		673		12		685		41		2		43
Income before income taxes	$	329	$	68	$	397	$	105	$	71	$	176	$	224	$	(3)	$	221

Asset-Intensive Reinsurance

The increase in income before income taxes for U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions’ Asset-intensive segment for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to contributions from new transactions, favorable policyholder experience, the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives and higher investment related gains (losses), net in coinsurance and funds withheld portfolios.

The invested asset base supporting this segment increased to $24.6 billion as of September 30, 2021, from $23.6 billion as of September 30, 2020.

•The increase in the asset base was primarily due to growth from new transactions.

•As of September 30, 2021 and 2020, $4.7 billion and $3.2 billion, respectively, of the invested assets were funds withheld at interest, of which greater than 90% was associated with two clients.

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Impact of certain derivatives

Income from the asset-intensive business tends to be volatile due to changes in the fair value of certain derivatives, including embedded derivatives associated with reinsurance treaties structured on a modco or funds withheld basis, as well as embedded derivatives associated with the Company’s reinsurance of equity-indexed annuities and variable annuities with guaranteed minimum benefit riders. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including risk-free rates and credit spreads), implied volatility, the Company’s own credit risk and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives, net of related hedging activity, and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues), and interest credited. These fluctuations are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties.

The following table summarizes the asset-intensive results and quantifies the impact of these embedded derivatives for the periods presented. Revenues before certain derivatives, benefits and expenses before certain derivatives, and income before income taxes and certain derivatives, should not be viewed as substitutes for GAAP revenues, GAAP benefits and expenses, and GAAP income before income taxes.


(dollars in millions)	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenues:
Total revenues	$	347	$	370	$	1,043	$	778
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	26		124		85		(105)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(34)		(63)		(99)		50
Revenues before certain derivatives	355		309		1,057		833
Benefits and expenses:
Total benefits and expenses	241		320		714		673
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	8		66		31		(50)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(2)		(4)		(35)		37
Equity-indexed annuities	(2)		5		(18)		15
Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives	237		253		736		671
Income before income taxes:
Income before income taxes	106		50		329		105
Less:
Embedded derivatives – modco/funds withheld treaties	18		58		54		(55)
Guaranteed minimum benefit riders and related free standing derivatives	(32)		(59)		(64)		13
Equity-indexed annuities	2		(5)		18		(15)
Income before income taxes and certain derivatives	$	118	$	56	$	321	$	162

Embedded Derivatives – Modco/Funds Withheld Treaties – Represents the change in the fair value of embedded derivatives on funds withheld at interest associated with treaties written on a modco or funds withheld basis. The fair value changes of embedded derivatives are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. The Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment did not have a material effect on the change in fair value of these embedded derivatives for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.

The change in fair value of the embedded derivatives related to modco/funds withheld treaties, net of deferred acquisition costs increased (decreased) income before income taxes by $18 million and $58 million for the third quarter and $54 million and $(55) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in income for the third quarter was primarily due to the flattening interest rate curve. The increase in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to tightening credit spreads.

Table of Contents

Guaranteed Minimum Benefit Riders – Represents the impact related to guaranteed minimum benefits associated with the Company’s reinsurance of variable annuities. The fair value changes of the guaranteed minimum benefits along with the changes in fair value of the free standing derivatives (interest rate swaps, financial futures and equity options), purchased by the Company to substantially hedge the liability are reflected in revenues, while the related impact on deferred acquisition expenses is reflected in benefits and expenses. Changes in fair values of the embedded derivatives on guaranteed minimum benefits are net of an increase (decrease) in investment related gains (losses), net of $7 million and $(49) million for the third quarter and $(56) million and $79 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, associated with the Company’s utilization of a credit valuation adjustment.

The change in fair value of the guaranteed minimum benefits, after allowing for changes in the associated free standing derivatives, increased (decreased) income before income taxes by $(32) million and $(59) million for the third quarter and $(64) million and $13 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The decrease in income for the three months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to the annual update of best estimate actuarial assumptions for future mortality improvement. The decrease in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to a decrease in the credit valuation adjustment which has the impact of increasing the fair value of the guaranteed minimum benefit liability, net of related impact on deferred acquisition expenses and the annual update of best estimate actuarial assumptions for future mortality improvement.

Equity-Indexed Annuities – Represents changes in the liability for equity-indexed annuities in excess of changes in account value, after adjustments for related deferred acquisition expenses. The change in fair value of embedded derivative liabilities associated with equity-indexed annuities increased (decreased) income before income taxes by $2 million and $(5) million for the third quarter and $18 million and $(15) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The increase in income for the first nine months of 2021 was primarily due to an increase in risk free interest rates which has the impact of lowering the fair value of the liability.

The changes in derivatives discussed above are considered unrealized by management and do not affect current cash flows, crediting rates or spread performance on the underlying treaties. Fluctuations occur period to period primarily due to changing investment conditions including, but not limited to, interest rate movements (including benchmark rates and credit spreads), credit valuation adjustments, implied volatility and equity market performance, all of which are factors in the calculations of fair value. Therefore, management believes it is helpful to distinguish between the effects of changes in these derivatives and the primary factors that drive profitability of the underlying treaties, namely investment income, fee income (included in other revenues) and interest credited.

Discussion and analysis before certain derivatives:

•Income before income taxes and certain derivatives increased by $62 million and $159 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020. The increases were primarily due to contributions from new transactions, favorable policyholder experience and higher investment related gains (losses), net in coinsurance and funds withheld portfolios.

•Revenue before certain derivatives increased by $46 million and by $224 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2020. The increases were primarily due to the revenue associated with recently executed transactions, increases in fair value of equity options associated with the reinsurance of EIAs and higher investment related gains (losses), net in coinsurance portfolios. The effect on investment income related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding change in interest credited.

•Benefits and expenses before certain derivatives increased (decreased) by $(16) million and $65 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020. The decrease in the third quarter was primarily due to the expected run-off from closed block transactions. The increase in the first nine months was primarily due to higher interest credited associated with the reinsurance of EIAs due to improved equity market performance and benefits associated with recently executed transactions, partially offset by the expected run-off from closed block transactions. The effect on interest credited related to equity options is substantially offset by a corresponding increase in investment income.

Capital Solutions

Income before income taxes for the U.S. and Latin America Capital Solutions’ business decreased $2 million, or 8.3%, and $3 million, or 4.2%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020. The decreases were primarily due to the termination of certain transactions, partially offset by growth from new transactions and organic growth on existing transactions. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size of the transactions and the timing of their completion and therefore can fluctuate from period to period.

•At September 30, 2021 and 2020, the amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial structures was $22.0 billion and $20.4 billion, respectively.

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Canada Operations

The Company conducts reinsurance business in Canada primarily through RGA Canada, which assists clients with capital management activity and mortality and morbidity risk management. The Canada operations are primarily engaged in Traditional reinsurance, which consists mainly of traditional individual life reinsurance, and to a lesser extent creditor, group life and health, critical illness and disability reinsurance. Creditor insurance covers the outstanding balance on personal, mortgage or commercial loans in the event of death, disability or critical illness and is generally shorter in duration than traditional individual life insurance. The Canada Financial Solutions segment consists of longevity and capital solutions.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	311	$	275	$	36	$	938	$	830	$	108
Investment income, net of related expenses	65		52		13		188		152		36
Investment related gains (losses), net	1		2		(1)		3		(4)		7
Other revenues	2		3		(1)		11		7		4
Total revenues	379		332		47		1,140		985		155
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	278		242		36		860		715		145
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	47		44		3		139		132		7
Other operating expenses	10		10		—		31		28		3
Total benefits and expenses	335		296		39		1,030		875		155
Income before income taxes	$	44	$	36	$	8	$	110	$	110	$	—

•The increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, is primarily due to an increase in investment income. Income before income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, is relatively stable primarily due to an increase in investment income, offset by increased claims and other policy benefits associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations resulted in a $3 million and $6 million increase in income before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Traditional Reinsurance


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021			2020			2021 vs 2020		2021			2020			2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	289		$	254		$	35	$	870		$	768		$	102
Investment income, net of related expenses	65			52			13		188			151			37
Investment related gains (losses), net	1			2			(1)		3			(4)			7
Other revenues	(1)			1			(2)		2			1			1
Total revenues	354			309			45		1,063			916			147
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	255			225			30		798			661			137
Interest credited	—			—			—		—			—			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	46			44			2		137			131			6
Other operating expenses	9			10			(1)		28			27			1
Total benefits and expenses	310			279			31		963			819			144
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	44		$	30		$	14	$	100		$	97		$	3
Key metrics:
Life insurance in force									$463.1 billion			$419.5 billion
Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”)	88.2		%	88.6		%			91.7		%	86.1		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	15.9		%	17.3		%			15.7		%	17.1		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	3.1		%	3.9		%			3.2		%	3.5		%

Table of Contents

The increase in income before income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to an increase in investment income. The income before income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, is relatively stable primarily due to an increase in investment income, partially offset by increased claims and other policy benefits associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Revenues

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $11.5 billion and $8.6 billion for the third quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $34.2 billion, and $29.9 billion during the first nine months of 2021 and 2020, respectively.

•The increase in net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to increased variable investment income and an increase in the invested asset base due to growth in the underlying business volume partially offset by a decline in interest rates.

•The increase in investment related gains (losses) for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, is due to an increase in the fair value of credit default derivatives during the first nine months of 2021, compared to a decrease in the fair value of credit default derivatives for the same period in 2020.

Benefits and expenses

•The loss ratio for the three months ended September 30, 2021, is consistent with the three months ended September 30, 2020. The increase in the loss ratio for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, was primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in the individual mortality line of business, attributed primarily to the COVID-19 pandemic. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $50 million of excess claims for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, were attributable to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors.

Financial Solutions Reinsurance


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	22	$	21	$	1	$	68	$	62	$	6
Investment income, net of related expenses	—		—		—		—		1		(1)
Investment related gains (losses), net	—		—		—		—		—		—
Other revenues	3		2		1		9		6		3
Total revenues	25		23		2		77		69		8
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	23		17		6		62		54		8
Interest credited	—		—		—		—		—		—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	1		—		1		2		1		1
Other operating expenses	1		—		1		3		1		2
Total benefits and expenses	25		17		8		67		56		11
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	—	$	6	$	(6)	$	10	$	13	$	(3)

The decrease in income before income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, is primarily the result of slightly unfavorable mortality experience on longevity business in 2021 as compared to favorable experience in 2020. The decrease in income before income taxes for the nine months ended September 20, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, is also primarily the result of less favorable mortality on longevity business.

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Europe, Middle East and Africa Operations

The Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) operations include business primarily generated by offices in France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Middle East, the Netherlands, Poland, South Africa, Spain and the United Kingdom (“UK”). EMEA consists of two major segments: Traditional and Financial Solutions. The Traditional segment primarily provides reinsurance through yearly renewable term and coinsurance agreements on a variety of life, health and critical illness products. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks and, in some markets, group risks. The Financial Solutions segment consists of reinsurance and other transactions associated with longevity closed blocks, payout annuities, capital management solutions and financial reinsurance.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	528	$	429	$	99	$	1,562	$	1,281	$	281
Investment income, net of related expenses	73		64		9		215		190		25
Investment related gains (losses), net	23		4		19		41		14		27
Other revenues	4		3		1		11		7		4
Total revenues	628		500		128		1,829		1,492		337
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	559		336		223		1,559		1,037		522
Interest credited	(2)		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)		1
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	37		29		8		96		93		3
Other operating expenses	40		37		3		118		104		14
Total benefits and expenses	634		401		233		1,772		1,232		540
Income before income taxes	$	(6)	$	99	$	(105)	$	57	$	260	$	(203)

•The decreases in income before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, were primarily due to unfavorable mortality experience mainly from the impact of COVID-19. The unfavorable mortality experience was partially offset by increases in net premiums, investment income and investment related gains.

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency exchange fluctuations resulted in a decrease in income before income taxes of $9 million and $3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, respectively, as compared to the same periods in 2020. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

Traditional Reinsurance


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021			2020			2021 vs 2020		2021			2020			2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	432		$	371		$	61	$	1,303		$	1,113		$	190
Investment income, net of related expenses	22			18			4		66			55			11
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			—			—		—			—			—
Other revenues	—			1			(1)		1			—			1
Total revenues	454			390			64		1,370			1,168			202
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	482			331			151		1,365			966			399
Interest credited	—			—			—		—			—			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	35			28			7		91			90			1
Other operating expenses	28			24			4		85			72			13
Total benefits and expenses	545			383			162		1,541			1,128			413
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(91)		$	7		$	(98)	$	(171)		$	40		$	(211)
Key metrics:
Life insurance in force									$852.8 billion			$808.0 billion
Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”)	111.6		%	89.2		%			104.8		%	86.8		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	8.1		%	7.5		%			7.0		%	8.1		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	6.5		%	6.5		%			6.5		%	6.5		%

Table of Contents

Income before income taxes decreased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020. The decreases were the result of poor mortality experience, primarily due to the impact of COVID-19. The decreases in both periods were partially offset by increases in net premiums.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, was due to an in increase in business volume on new and existing treaties.

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $32.0 billion and $28.5 billion during the third quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $147.4 billion and $126.5 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in the loss ratio for the third quarter and first nine months of 2021 was due to unfavorable mortality experience primarily attributable to COVID-19. While the cause of death is not available for all claims, the Company estimates for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, that approximately $205 million of excess claims, of which approximately $113 million were incurred in South Africa and $84 million were incurred in the UK. While the cause of death is not available for all claims, the Company believes the excess claims were primarily attributable to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors.

•The increase in the ratio of policy acquisition costs and other insurance expense to net premium in the third quarter was due to an increase in premiums and transactions with higher acquisition costs, and the decrease in the first nine months of 2021 was due to an overall increase in premiums and transactions with lower or no acquisition costs.

•The increase in other operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expense.

Financial Solutions


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	96	$	58	$	38	$	259	$	168	$	91
Investment income, net of related expenses	51		46		5		149		135		14
Investment related gains (losses), net	23		4		19		41		14		27
Other revenues	4		2		2		10		7		3
Total revenues	174		110		64		459		324		135
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	77		5		72		194		71		123
Interest credited	(2)		(1)		(1)		(1)		(2)		1
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	2		1		1		5		3		2
Other operating expenses	12		13		(1)		33		32		1
Total benefits and expenses	89		18		71		231		104		127
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	85	$	92	$	(7)	$	228	$	220	$	8

The decrease in income before income taxes for the third quarter of 2021, compared to the same period in 2020, is primarily due to increases in claims and other policy benefits, partially offset by increases in investment income, net of related expenses and investment related gains (losses), net. The increase in income before income taxes for the first nine months of 2021 was primarily due to new business activity and investment related gains on the investments supporting the segment’s payout annuity business, partially offset by a normalization of performance.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, was primarily due to increased volumes of closed longevity block business.

•The increase in net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, was primarily due to higher investment income on fixed-income securities and life-time mortgages.

•The increase in investment related gains (losses), net for the three and nine month periods was primarily due to fluctuations in the fair market value of CPI swap derivatives due to changes in future inflation expectations and higher investment related gains on fixed-income securities, respectively.

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Benefits and expenses

•The increase in claims and other policy benefits for the three months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same period in 2020, was the result of increased volumes of closed longevity block business.

Asia Pacific Operations

The Asia Pacific operations include business generated by its offices principally in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. The Traditional segment’s principal types of reinsurance include individual and group life and health, critical illness, disability and superannuation. Reinsurance agreements may be facultative or automatic agreements covering primarily individual risks, and in some markets, group risks. Superannuation is the Australian government mandated compulsory retirement savings program. Superannuation funds accumulate retirement funds for employees, and, in addition, typically offer life and disability insurance coverage. The Financial Solutions segment includes financial reinsurance, asset-intensive and certain disability and life blocks.


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	691	$	688	$	3	$	2,017	$	2,036	$	(19)
Investment income, net of related expenses	70		44		26		196		136		60
Investment related gains (losses), net	(15)		—		(15)		11		(18)		29
Other revenues	12		14		(2)		42		38		4
Total revenues	758		746		12		2,266		2,192		74
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	734		558		176		1,918		1,721		197
Interest credited	12		13		(1)		42		37		5
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	50		38		12		156		140		16
Other operating expenses	52		49		3		152		134		18
Total benefits and expenses	848		658		190		2,268		2,032		236
Income before income taxes	$	(90)	$	88	$	(178)	$	(2)	$	160	$	(162)

•The decrease in income before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in Asia compared to the prior period, partially offset by continued growth of Financial Solutions Reinsurance in Asia and increases in investment income, net and investment related gains (losses).

•Foreign currency fluctuations can result in variances in the financial statement line items. Foreign currency fluctuations were immaterial for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020. Unless otherwise stated, all amounts discussed below are net of foreign currency fluctuations.

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Traditional Reinsurance


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021			2020			2021 vs 2020		2021			2020			2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	626		$	653		$	(27)	$	1,851		$	1,896		$	(45)
Investment income, net of related expenses	33			22			11		100			76			24
Investment related gains (losses), net	—			—			—		(1)			—			(1)
Other revenues	4			5			(1)		13			11			2
Total revenues	663			680			(17)		1,963			1,983			(20)
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	682			525			157		1,778			1,594			184
Interest credited	—			—			—		—			—			—
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	31			33			(2)		115			116			(1)
Other operating expenses	46			44			2		137			124			13
Total benefits and expenses	759			602			157		2,030			1,834			196
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(96)		$	78		$	(174)	$	(67)		$	149		$	(216)
Key metrics:
Life insurance in force									$526.0 billion			$534.4 billion
Claims and other policy benefits as a percentage of net premiums (“loss ratios”)	108.9		%	80.4		%			96.1		%	84.1		%
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses as a percentage of net premiums	5.0		%	5.1		%			6.2		%	6.1		%
Other operating expenses as a percentage of net premiums	7.3		%	6.7		%			7.4		%	6.5		%

The decrease in income before income taxes is primarily the result of net unfavorable claims experience in Asia, primarily in India. The decrease for the first nine months is also the result of year-to-date decreases in net premiums in Australia.

Revenues

•The decrease in net premiums for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, was primarily due to premium reductions in Australia group business as a result of the non-renewal of two large group treaties effective June 30, 2020.

•The segment added new life business production, measured by face amount of insurance in force, of $7.1 billion and $6.7 billion during the third quarter of 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $25.6 billion and $39.0 billion during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, due to new business production and in force transactions offset by lapses, recaptures and non-renewal of two large group treaties in Australia.

Benefits and expenses

•The increases in the loss ratio for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, as compared to the same periods in 2020, were primarily due to unfavorable claims experience in Asia, primarily in India. While the cause of death is not yet available for all claims, the Company estimates that approximately $235 million of excess claims, of which approximately $218 million were incurred in India, for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, were attributable to COVID-19 or COVID-19 related factors.

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Financial Solutions


	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(dollars in millions)	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	65	$	35	$	30	$	166	$	140	$	26
Investment income, net of related expenses	37		22		15		96		60		36
Investment related gains (losses), net	(15)		—		(15)		12		(18)		30
Other revenues	8		9		(1)		29		27		2
Total revenues	95		66		29		303		209		94
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	52		33		19		140		127		13
Interest credited	12		13		(1)		42		37		5
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses	19		5		14		41		24		17
Other operating expenses	6		5		1		15		10		5
Total benefits and expenses	89		56		33		238		198		40
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	6	$	10	$	(4)	$	65	$	11	$	54

The decrease in income before income taxes for the third quarter was primarily due to the decline in the fair value of derivatives, partially offset by the contributions from recently executed asset-intensive transactions in Asia. The increase in income before income taxes for the first nine months of 2021 was due to the increase in the fair value of derivatives and contributions from recently executed asset-intensive transactions in Asia.

The amount of reinsurance assumed from client companies, as measured by pre-tax statutory surplus, risk based capital and other financial reinsurance structures was $1.4 billion and $2.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Fees earned from this business can vary significantly depending on the size, complexity and timing of the transactions and, therefore, can fluctuate from period to period.

Revenues

•The increase in net premiums for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to contributions from single premium asset-intensive transactions.

•The increase in investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to the contributions from recently executed asset-intensive transactions in Asia.

•The decrease in investment related gains (losses), net for the third quarter is primarily due to the decrease in fair value of derivatives as a result of higher expected interest rates. The increase in investment related gains (losses), net for the nine month period ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to an increase in the fair value of derivatives as a result of lower expected interest rates and tightening credit spreads.

Benefits and expenses

•The increase in claims and other policy benefits, and policy acquisition costs and other insurance expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, is the result of increased production from single premium asset-intensive transactions.

Corporate and Other

Corporate and Other revenues primarily include investment income from unallocated invested assets, investment related gains and losses and service fees. Corporate and Other expenses consist of the offset to capital charges allocated to the operating segments within the policy acquisition costs and other insurance income line item, unallocated overhead and executive costs, interest expense related to debt, and the investment income and expense associated with the Company’s collateral finance and securitization transactions and service business expenses. Additionally, Corporate and Other includes results from certain wholly-owned subsidiaries, such as RGAX, and joint ventures that, among other activities, develop and market technology, and provide consulting and outsourcing solutions for the insurance and reinsurance industries. The Company has increased its investment and expenditures in this area in an effort to both support its clients and accelerate the development of new solutions and services to increase consumer engagement within the life insurance industry and hence generate new future revenue streams.

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(dollars in millions)	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021 vs 2020		2021		2020		2021 vs 2020
Revenues:
Net premiums	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Investment income, net of related expenses	52		41		11		258		147		111
Investment related gains (losses), net	42		9		33		379		(36)		415
Other revenues	15		17		(2)		54		38		16
Total revenues	109		67		42		691		149		542
Benefits and expenses:
Claims and other policy benefits	—		1		(1)		—		1		(1)
Interest credited	1		2		(1)		3		7		(4)
Policy acquisition costs and other insurance income	(27)		(27)		—		(81)		(84)		3
Other operating expenses	75		70		5		231		201		30
Interest expense	41		43		(2)		129		126		3
Collateral finance and securitization expense	3		4		(1)		8		14		(6)
Total benefits and expenses	93		93		—		290		265		25
Income (loss) before income taxes	$	16	$	(26)	$	42	$	401	$	(116)	$	517

The increase in income before income taxes for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to an increase in total revenues. Year-to-date increases in revenues were partially offset by an increase in other operating expenses.

•The increase in net investment income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, is primarily due to higher variable investment income associated with investments in limited partnerships generated from unrealized gains in the underlying investments. The increase in the nine months ended September 30, 2021, includes a reclassification recorded in the first quarter of approximately $92 million of pre-tax unrealized gains on certain limited partnerships, for which the Company uses the equity method of accounting, from AOCI to net investment income that should have been recognized directly in net investment income in the same prior periods they were reported as earnings by the investees.

•The increase in investment related gains (losses), net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, includes $24 million and $155 million, respectively, of changes in the carrying value of investments in limited partnerships considered to be investment companies. Recognized in the first quarter of 2021 were changes of $70 million relate to an adjustment to the carrying value from cost less impairments to a fair value approach, using the NAV per share or its equivalent, which should have been recognized in prior periods. The remaining increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, is attributable to gains on sales of fixed maturity securities, a decrease in the allowance for credit losses on mortgage loans as a result of assumption updates due to the improving view of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in the fair value of derivatives and equity securities.

•The increase in other operating expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to an increase in incentive compensation expense.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

The Company believes that cash flows from the source of funds available to it will provide sufficient cash flows for the next twelve months to satisfy the current liquidity requirements of the Company under various scenarios that include the potential risk of early recapture of reinsurance treaties, market events and higher than expected claims associated with the pandemic. Given the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the related volatility in the financial markets, the Company continues to maintain a higher cash and cash equivalent balance than its historical balances. The Company performs periodic liquidity stress testing to ensure its asset portfolio includes sufficient high quality liquid assets that could be utilized to bolster its liquidity position under stress scenarios. These assets could be utilized as collateral for secured borrowing transactions with various third parties or by selling the securities in the open market if needed. The Company’s liquidity requirements have been and will continue to be funded through net cash flows from operations. However, in the event of significant unanticipated cash requirements, the Company has multiple liquidity alternatives available based on market conditions and the amount and timing of the liquidity need. These alternatives include borrowings under committed credit facilities, secured borrowings, the ability to issue long-term debt, preferred securities or common equity and, the sale of invested assets subject to market conditions.

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Current Market Environment

The Company’s average investment yield, excluding spread business, for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was 5.08%, 115 basis points higher compared to the same period in 2020. The increase in average yield is primarily attributable to the aforementioned accounting correction associated with equity method limited partnerships and an increase in the average invested asset base and overall yield, primarily attributable to an increase in variable investment income in the current year. However, the current interest rate environment continues to put downward pressure on the Company’s investment yield. The Company’s insurance liabilities, in particular its annuity products, are sensitive to changing market factors. Gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities available-for-sale decreased from $7.4 billion at December 31, 2020, to $5.3 billion at September 30, 2021. Similarly, gross unrealized losses increased from $197 million at December 31, 2020, to $326 million at September 30, 2021.

The Company continues to be in a position to hold any investment security showing an unrealized loss until recovery, provided it remains comfortable with the credit of the issuer. As indicated above, gross unrealized gains on fixed maturity securities of $5.3 billion remain well in excess of gross unrealized losses of $326 million as of September 30, 2021. The Company does not rely on short-term funding or commercial paper and to date has experienced no liquidity pressure, nor does it anticipate such pressure in the foreseeable future.

The Company projects its reserves to be sufficient, and it would not expect to write down deferred acquisition costs or be required to take any actions to augment capital, even if interest rates remain at current levels for the next five years, assuming all other factors remain constant. While the Company has felt the pressures of sustained low interest rates and volatile equity markets and may continue to do so, its business and results of operations are not overly sensitive to these risks. Mortality and morbidity risks continue to be the most significant risk for the Company. Although management believes the Company’s current capital base is adequate to support its business at current operating levels, it continues to monitor new business opportunities and any associated new capital needs that could arise from the changing financial landscape.

The Holding Company

RGA is an insurance holding company whose primary uses of liquidity include, but are not limited to, the immediate capital needs of its operating companies, dividends paid to its shareholders, repurchase of common stock and interest payments on its indebtedness. The primary sources of RGA’s liquidity include proceeds from its capital-raising efforts, interest income on undeployed corporate investments, interest income received on surplus notes with RGA Reinsurance, RCM and Rockwood Re and dividends from operating subsidiaries. The following tables provide comparative information for RGA (dollars in millions):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Interest and dividend income	$	303	$	21	$	367	$	429
Interest expense	47		35		150		135
Capital contributions to subsidiaries	5		13		12		46
Issuance of unaffiliated debt	—		—		—		598
Dividends to shareholders	50		47		145		134
Issuance of common stock, net of expenses	—		—		—		481
Purchase of treasury stock	46		—		48		153


	September 30, 2021		December 31, 2020
Cash and invested assets	$	615	$	1,308

See Item 15, Schedule II – “Condensed Financial Information of the Registrant” in the 2020 Annual Report for additional financial information related to RGA.

The undistributed earnings of substantially all of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries have been reinvested indefinitely in those non-U.S. operations, as described in Note 9 – “Income Tax” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2020 Annual Report. As U.S. Tax Reform generally eliminates U.S. federal income taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries, the Company does not expect to incur material income taxes if these funds are repatriated.

RGA endeavors to maintain a capital structure that provides financial and operational flexibility to its subsidiaries, credit ratings that support its competitive position in the financial services marketplace, and shareholder returns. As part of the Company’s capital deployment strategy, it has in recent years repurchased shares of RGA common stock and paid dividends to RGA shareholders, as authorized by the board of directors. RGA’s current share repurchase program, which was approved by the board of directors in January 2019, authorizes the repurchase of up to $400 million of common stock. On August 3, 2021, the Company announced the lifting of the existing suspension on share repurchases. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, RGA repurchased 405,644 shares of common stock under this program for $46 million. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, RGA repurchased 1,074,413 shares of common stock under this program for $153 million. The pace of

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repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

Details underlying dividend and share repurchase program activity were as follows (in millions, except share data):


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020
Dividends to shareholders	$	145	$	134
Purchase of treasury stock (1)	46		153
Total amount paid to shareholders	$	191	$	287

Number of treasury shares purchased (1)	406		1,074
Average price per share	$	113.40	$	142.05

(1)Excludes shares utilized to execute and settle certain stock incentive awards.

On June 5, 2020, the Company completed a public offering of 6,172,840 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, at a public offering price of $81.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of approximately $481 million. The Company granted the underwriters an option to purchase from the Company, within 30 days after the underwriting Agreement dated June 2, 2020, up to an additional 925,926 shares of common stock at the offering price of $81.00 per share. The underwriters’ option was not exercised and expired on July 2, 2020. The Company utilized the net proceeds of the offering for general corporate purposes.

In October 2021, RGA’s board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.73 per share. All future payments of dividends are at the discretion of RGA’s board of directors and will depend on the Company’s earnings, capital requirements, insurance regulatory conditions, operating conditions, and other such factors as the board of directors may deem relevant. The amount of dividends that RGA can pay will depend in part on the operations of its reinsurance subsidiaries. See Note 3 – “Equity” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company’s share repurchase program.

Debt

Certain of the Company’s debt agreements contain financial covenant restrictions related to, among others, liens, the issuance and disposition of stock of restricted subsidiaries, minimum requirements of consolidated net worth, maximum ratios of debt to capitalization and change of control provisions. The Company is required to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, as defined in the debt agreements, of $5.3 billion, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter. Also, consolidated indebtedness, calculated as of the last day of each fiscal quarter, cannot exceed 35% of the sum of the Company’s consolidated indebtedness plus adjusted consolidated stockholders’ equity. A material ongoing covenant default could require immediate payment of the amount due, including principal, under the various agreements. Additionally, the Company’s debt agreements contain cross-acceleration covenants, which would make outstanding borrowings immediately payable in the event of a material uncured covenant default under any of the agreements, including, but not limited to, non-payment of indebtedness when due for an amount in excess of the amounts set forth in those agreements, bankruptcy proceedings, or any other event that results in the acceleration of the maturity of indebtedness.

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had $3.2 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively, in outstanding borrowings under its debt agreements and was in compliance with all covenants under those agreements. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the average net interest rate on long-term debt outstanding was 4.48% and 4.54%, respectively. The ability of the Company to make debt principal and interest payments depends on the earnings and surplus of subsidiaries, investment earnings on undeployed capital proceeds, available liquidity at the holding company, and the Company’s ability to raise additional funds.

On June 9, 2020, RGA issued 3.15% Senior Notes due June 15, 2030, with a face amount of $600 million. This security has been registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The net proceeds were approximately $593 million and were used in part to repay the Company’s $400 million 5.00% senior notes due in the second quarter of 2021, and the remainder was used for general corporate purposes. Capitalized issue costs were approximately $5 million.

The Company enters into derivative agreements with counterparties that reference either the Company’s debt rating or its financial strength rating. If either rating is downgraded in the future, it could trigger certain terms in the Company’s derivative agreements, which could negatively affect overall liquidity. For the majority of the Company’s derivative agreements, there is a termination event should the long-term senior debt ratings drop below either BBB+ (S&P) or Baa1 (Moody’s) or the financial strength ratings drop below either A- (S&P) or A3 (Moody’s).

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The Company may borrow up to $850 million in cash and obtain letters of credit in multiple currencies on its revolving credit facility that matures in August 2023. As of September 30, 2021, the Company had no cash borrowings outstanding and $21 million in issued, but undrawn, letters of credit under this facility.

Based on the historic cash flows and the current financial results of the Company, management believes RGA’s cash flows will be sufficient to enable RGA to meet its obligations for at least the next twelve months.

Credit and Committed Facilities

At September 30, 2021, the Company maintained an $850 million syndicated revolving credit facility and certain committed letter of credit facilities aggregating to $1.1 billion. See Note 13 – “Debt” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2020 Annual Report for further information about these facilities.

The Company has obtained bank letters of credit in favor of various affiliated and unaffiliated insurance companies from which the Company assumes business. These letters of credit represent guarantees of performance under the reinsurance agreements and allow ceding companies to take statutory reserve credits. Certain of these letters of credit contain financial covenant restrictions similar to those described in the “Debt” discussion above. At September 30, 2021, there were approximately $22 million of outstanding bank letters of credit in favor of third parties. Additionally, in accordance with applicable regulations, the Company utilizes letters of credit to secure statutory reserve credits when it retrocedes business to its affiliated subsidiaries. The Company cedes business to its affiliates to help reduce the amount of regulatory capital required in certain jurisdictions, such as the U.S. and the UK. The Company believes the capital required to support the business in the affiliates reflects more realistic expectations than the original jurisdiction of the business, where capital requirements are often considered to be quite conservative. As of September 30, 2021, $1.5 billion in letters of credit from various banks were outstanding, but undrawn, backing reinsurance between the various subsidiaries of the Company.

Cash Flows

The Company’s principal cash inflows from its reinsurance operations include premiums and deposit funds received from ceding companies. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are early recapture of the reinsurance contract by the ceding company and lapses of annuity products reinsured by the Company. The Company’s principal cash inflows from its invested assets result from investment income and the maturity and sales of invested assets. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash inflows relates to the risk of default by debtors and interest rate volatility. The Company manages these risks very closely. See “Investments” and “Interest Rate Risk” below.

Additional sources of liquidity to meet unexpected cash outflows in excess of operating cash inflows and current cash and equivalents on hand also includes drawing funds under a revolving credit facility, under which the Company had availability of $829 million as of September 30, 2021. The Company also has $574 million of funds available through collateralized borrowings from the FHLB as of September 30, 2021. As of September 30, 2021, the Company could have borrowed these additional amounts without violating any of its existing debt covenants.

The Company’s principal cash outflows relate to the payment of claims liabilities, interest credited, operating expenses, income taxes, dividends to shareholders, purchases of treasury stock and principal and interest under debt and other financing obligations. The Company seeks to limit its exposure to loss on any single insured and to recover a portion of benefits paid by ceding reinsurance to other insurance enterprises or reinsurers under excess coverage and coinsurance contracts (See Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2020 Annual Report). The Company performs annual financial reviews of its retrocessionaires to evaluate financial stability and performance. The Company has never experienced a material default in connection with retrocession arrangements, nor has it experienced any difficulty in collecting claims recoverable from retrocessionaires; however, no assurance can be given as to the future performance of such retrocessionaires nor to the recoverability of future claims. The Company’s management believes its cash and cash equivalents along with its current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet its cash requirements for the next twelve months, despite the uncertainty associated with the pandemic.

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Summary of Primary Sources and Uses of Liquidity and Capital

The Company’s primary sources and uses of liquidity and capital are summarized as follows:


		For the nine months ended September 30,
		2021		2020
		(Dollars in millions)
Sources:
	Net cash provided by operating activities	$	3,821	$	2,779

	Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	—		481
	Proceeds from long-term debt issuance	—		598
	Exercise of stock options, net	—		1
	Change in cash collateral for derivative positions and other arrangements	29		28
	Change in deposit asset on reinsurance	14		—
	Net deposits from investment-type policies and contracts	—		617
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—		8
	Total sources	3,864		4,512

Uses:
	Net cash used in investing activities	3,492		2,214
	Dividends to stockholders	145		134
	Repayment of collateral finance and securitization notes	74		188
	Debt issuance costs	—		5
	Principal payments of long-term debt	402		2

	Purchases of treasury stock	48		162



	Net withdrawals from investment-type policies and contracts	51		—
	Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	33		—
	Total uses	4,245		2,705
Net change in cash and cash equivalents		$	(381)	$	1,807

Cash Flows from Operations – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s reinsurance activities come from premiums, investment and fee income, annuity considerations and deposit funds. The principal cash outflows relate to the liabilities associated with various life and health insurance, annuity and disability products, operating expenses, income tax payments and interest on outstanding debt obligations. The primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of shortfalls in premiums and investment income, particularly in periods with abnormally high claims levels.

Cash Flows from Investments – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s investment activities come from repayments of principal on invested assets, proceeds from maturities of invested assets, sales of invested assets and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The principal cash outflows relate to purchases of investments, issuances of policy loans and settlements of freestanding derivatives. The Company typically has a net cash outflow from investing activities because cash inflows from insurance operations are reinvested in accordance with its asset/liability management discipline to fund insurance liabilities. The Company closely monitors and manages these risks through its credit risk management process. The primary liquidity concerns with respect to these cash flows are the risk of default by debtors and market disruption, which could make it difficult for the Company to sell investments.

Financing Cash Flows – The principal cash inflows from the Company’s financing activities come from issuances of RGA debt and equity securities, and deposit funds associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. The principal cash outflows come from repayments of debt, payments of dividends to stockholders, purchases of treasury stock, and withdrawals associated with universal life and other investment type policies and contracts. A primary liquidity concern with respect to these cash flows is the risk of early contractholder and policyholder withdrawal.

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Contractual Obligations

There were no other material changes in the Company’s contractual obligations from those reported in the 2020 Annual Report, except for the following:

•The Company’s contractual obligations associated with interest sensitive liabilities increased from $37.1 billion at December 31, 2020, to $41.5 billion as of September 30, 2021, primarily due to a large asset-intensive transaction completed in the second quarter. The majority of the payments due under these commitments are expected to occur beyond five years.

•The Company’s contractual obligations associated with limited partnerships and other investment related commitments increased from $1.1 billion at December 31, 2020, to $1.9 billion as of September 30, 2021, primarily due to an increase in new investment opportunities in the current period. The majority of the payments due under these commitments are expected to occur within the next twelve months.

Asset / Liability Management

The Company actively manages its cash and invested assets using an approach that is intended to balance quality, diversification, asset/liability matching, liquidity and investment return. The goals of the investment process are to optimize after-tax, risk-adjusted investment income and after-tax, risk-adjusted total return while managing the assets and liabilities on a cash flow and duration basis.

The Company has established target asset portfolios for its operating segments, which represent the investment strategies intended to profitably fund its liabilities within acceptable risk parameters. These strategies include objectives and limits for effective duration, yield curve sensitivity and convexity, liquidity, asset sector concentration and credit quality.

The Company’s asset-intensive products are primarily supported by investments in fixed maturity securities reflected on the Company’s balance sheet and under funds withheld arrangements with the ceding company. Investment guidelines are established to structure the investment portfolio based upon the type, duration and behavior of products in the liability portfolio so as to achieve targeted levels of profitability. The Company manages the asset-intensive business to provide a targeted spread between the interest rate earned on investments and the interest rate credited to the underlying interest-sensitive contract liabilities. The Company periodically reviews models projecting different interest rate scenarios and their effect on profitability. Certain of these asset-intensive agreements, primarily in the U.S. and Latin America Financial Solutions operating segment, are generally funded by fixed maturity securities that are withheld by the ceding company.

The Company’s liquidity position (cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments) was $3.1 billion and $3.6 billion at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Given the uncertainty associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the related volatility in the financial markets, the Company has increased its liquidity position. Liquidity needs are determined from valuation analyses conducted by operational units and are driven by product portfolios. Periodic evaluations of demand liabilities and short-term liquid assets are designed to adjust specific portfolios, as well as their durations and maturities, in response to anticipated liquidity needs.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Other” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs. In addition to its security agreements with third parties, certain RGA’s subsidiaries have entered into intercompany securities lending agreements to more efficiently source securities for lending to third parties and to provide for more efficient regulatory capital management.

The Company is a member of the FHLB and holds $77 million of FHLB common stock, which is included in other invested assets on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The Company has entered into funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts whereby the Company has issued the funding agreements in exchange for cash and for which the FHLB has been granted a blanket lien on the Company’s commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage loans used to collateralize the Company’s obligations under the funding agreements. The Company maintains control over these pledged assets, and may use, commingle, encumber or dispose of any portion of the collateral as long as there is no event of default and the remaining qualified collateral is sufficient to satisfy the collateral maintenance level. The funding agreements and the related security agreements represented by this blanket lien provide that upon any event of default by the Company, the FHLB’s recovery is limited to the amount of the Company’s liability under the outstanding funding agreements. The amount of the Company’s liability for the funding agreements with the FHLB under guaranteed investment contracts was $1.6 billion and $1.9 billion at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, which is included in interest-sensitive contract liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. The advances on these agreements are collateralized primarily by commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage loans, and U.S. Treasury and government agency securities. The

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amount of collateral exceeds the liability and is dependent on the type of assets collateralizing the guaranteed investment contracts.

Investments

Management of Investments

The Company’s investment and derivative strategies involve matching the characteristics of its reinsurance products and other obligations and to seek to closely approximate the interest rate sensitivity of the assets with estimated interest rate sensitivity of the reinsurance liabilities. The Company achieves its income objectives through strategic and tactical asset allocations, security and derivative strategies within an asset/liability management and disciplined risk management framework. Derivative strategies are employed within the Company’s risk management framework to help manage duration, currency, and other risks in assets and/or liabilities and to replicate the credit characteristics of certain assets.

The Company’s portfolio management groups work with the Enterprise Risk Management function to develop the investment policies for the assets of the Company’s domestic and international investment portfolios. All investments held by the Company, directly or in a funds withheld at interest reinsurance arrangement, are monitored for conformance with the Company’s stated investment policy limits as well as any limits prescribed by the applicable jurisdiction’s insurance laws and regulations. See Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the Company’s investments.

Effects of COVID-19

Credit markets continued to recover during the first nine months of 2021 following the disruption in the global financial markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company has exposure to some of the asset classes and industries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic such as commercial mortgage loans, emerging market debt, energy, and airlines; however, the Company’s primary exposure in these asset classes is of high quality assets. The Company continues to monitor and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its investment portfolio and is working closely with its borrowers to evaluate any short-term cash flow issues.

Portfolio Composition

The Company had total cash and invested assets of $80.6 billion and $75.8 billion as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, as illustrated below (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021		% of Total		December 31, 2020		% of Total
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	59,289	73.6	%	$	56,735	74.8	%
Equity securities	160		0.2		132		0.2
Mortgage loans on real estate	6,366		7.9		5,787		7.6
Policy loans	1,234		1.5		1,258		1.7
Funds withheld at interest	7,034		8.7		5,432		7.2
Short-term investments	82		0.1		227		0.3
Other invested assets	3,404		4.2		2,829		3.7
Cash and cash equivalents	3,027		3.8		3,408		4.5
Total cash and invested assets	$	80,596	100.0	%	$	75,808	100.0	%

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Investment Yield

The following table presents consolidated average invested assets, at amortized cost, net investment income, investment yield, variable investment income (“VII”), and investment yield excluding VII, which can vary significantly from period to period (dollars in millions). The table excludes spread related business. Spread related business is primarily associated with contracts on which the Company earns an interest rate spread between assets and liabilities. To varying degrees, fluctuations in the yield on other spread related business is generally subject to corresponding adjustments to the interest credited on the liabilities.


	Three months ended September 30,								Nine months ended September 30,
	2021			2020			Increase/ (Decrease)		2021			2020			Increase/ (Decrease)
Average invested assets at amortized cost	$	33,361		$	32,148		$	1,213	$	33,021		$	30,468		$	2,553
Net investment income	$	405		$	290		$	115	$	1,251		$	894		$	357
Annualized investment yield (ratio of net investment income to average invested assets at amortized cost)	4.95		%	3.66		%	129 bps		5.08		%	3.93		%	115 bps
VII (included in net investment income)	$	102		$	8		$	94	$	342		$	27		$	315
Annualized investment yield excluding VII (ratio of net investment income, excluding VII, to average invested assets, excluding assets with only VII, at amortized cost)	3.85		%	3.69		%	16 bps		3.83		%	3.95		%	(12) bps

Investment yield increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, in comparison to the same periods in the prior year, primarily due to increased variable income from limited partnerships and real estate joint ventures, which are included in other invested assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets. Investment yield excluding variable investment income increased for the three months ended September 30, 2021, in comparison to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to lower than normal income from derivatives in the prior period. Investment yield excluding variable investment income decreased for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, in comparison to the same period in the prior year, primarily due to the continued low interest rate environment.

Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale

See “Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that provide the amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, unrealized gains and losses and estimated fair value of these securities by type as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The Company holds various types of fixed maturity securities available-for-sale and classifies them as corporate securities (“Corporate”), Canadian and Canadian provincial government securities (“Canadian government”), residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”), asset-backed securities (“ABS”), commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”), U.S. government and agencies (“U.S. government”), state and political subdivisions, and other foreign government, supranational and foreign government-sponsored enterprises (“Other foreign government”). RMBS, ABS, and CMBS are collectively “structured securities.” As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, approximately 93.4% and 94.0%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated investment portfolio of fixed maturity securities were investment grade.

Important factors in the selection of investments include diversification, quality, yield, call protection and total rate of return potential. The relative importance of these factors is determined by market conditions and the underlying reinsurance liability and existing portfolio characteristics. The Company owns floating rate securities that represent approximately 5.4% and 5.6% of the total fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. These investments have a higher degree of income variability than the other fixed income holdings in the portfolio due to fluctuations in interest payments. The Company holds floating rate investments to match specific floating rate liabilities primarily reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as collateral finance notes, as well as to enhance asset management strategies.

The largest asset class in which fixed maturity securities were invested was corporate securities, which represented approximately 62.9% and 63.9% of total fixed maturity securities as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. See “Corporate Fixed Maturity Securities” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables showing the major sector types, which comprise the corporate fixed maturity holdings as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

As of September 30, 2021, the Company’s investments in Canadian government securities represented 8.0% of the fair value of total fixed maturity securities compared to 9.1% of the fair value of total fixed maturities as of December 31, 2020. These assets are primarily high quality, long duration provincial strip bonds, the valuation of which is closely linked to the interest rate curve. These assets are longer in duration and held primarily for asset/liability management to meet Canadian regulatory requirements.

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The Company references rating agency designations in some of its investments disclosures. These designations are based on the ratings from nationally recognized statistical rating organizations, primarily Moody’s, S&P and Fitch. Structured securities held by the Company’s insurance subsidiaries that maintain the NAIC statutory basis of accounting utilize the NAIC rating methodology. The NAIC assigns designations to publicly traded as well as privately placed securities. The designations assigned by the NAIC range from class 1 to class 6, with designations in classes 1 and 2 generally considered investment grade (BBB or higher rating agency designation). NAIC designations in classes 3 through 6 are generally considered below investment grade (BB or lower rating agency designation).

The quality of the Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as measured at fair value and by the percentage of fixed maturity securities invested in various ratings categories, relative to the entire available-for-sale fixed maturity securities portfolio, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was as follows (dollars in millions):


		September 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
NAIC Designation	Rating Agency Designation	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
1	AAA/AA/A	$	32,444	$	35,554	60.0	%	$	29,770	$	34,589	60.9	%
2	BBB	18,025		19,814		33.4		16,440		18,751		33.1
3	BB	2,868		2,952		5.0		2,480		2,588		4.6
4	B	832		822		1.4		713		697		1.2
5	CCC and lower	161		137		0.2		131		102		0.2
6	In or near default	17		10		—		14		8		—
	Total	$	54,347	$	59,289	100.0	%	$	49,548	$	56,735	100.0	%

The Company’s fixed maturity portfolio includes structured securities. The following table shows the types of structured securities the Company held as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total		Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value		% of Total
RMBS:
Agency	$	594	$	631	9.2	%	$	686	$	744	11.0	%
Non-agency	571		578		8.4		1,049		1,073		15.8
Total RMBS	1,165		1,209		17.6		1,735		1,817		26.8
ABS:
Collateralized loan obligations (“CLOs”)	1,841		1,838		26.8		1,707		1,689		24.9
ABS, excluding CLOs	1,922		1,941		28.3		1,392		1,403		20.7
Total ABS	3,763		3,779		55.1		3,099		3,092		45.6
CMBS	1,795		1,877		27.3		1,790		1,868		27.6
Total	$	6,723	$	6,865	100.0	%	$	6,624	$	6,777	100.0	%

The Company’s RMBS portfolio includes agency-issued pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. Agency-issued pass-through securities are guaranteed or otherwise supported by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, Federal National Mortgage Association, or the Government National Mortgage Association. The principal risks inherent in holding RMBS are prepayment and extension risks, which will affect the timing of when cash will be received and are dependent on the level of mortgage interest rates. Prepayment risk is the unexpected increase in principal payments from the expected, primarily as a result of owner refinancing. Extension risk relates to the unexpected slowdown in principal payments from the expected. In addition, non-agency RMBS face credit risk should the borrower be unable to pay the contractual interest or principal on their obligation. The Company monitors its mortgage-backed securities to mitigate exposure to the cash flow uncertainties associated with these risks.

The Company’s ABS portfolio primarily consists of CLOs, aircraft, single-family rentals, container leasing and whole business. The principal risks in holding ABS are structural, credit, capital market and interest rate risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. Credit risks are mitigated by credit enhancements that include excess spread, over-collateralization and subordination. Capital market risks include general level of interest rates and the liquidity for these securities in the marketplace.

The Company’s CMBS portfolio primarily consists of large pool securitizations that are diverse by property type, borrower and geographic dispersion. The principal risks in holding CMBS are structural and credit risks. Structural risks include the securities’ cash flow priority in the capital structure and the inherent prepayment sensitivity of the underlying collateral. Credit risks include the adequacy and ability to realize proceeds from the collateral. The Company focuses on investment grade rated

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tranches that provide additional credit support beyond the equity protection in the underlying loans. These assets are viewed as an attractive alternative to other fixed income asset classes.

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had $326 million and $197 million, respectively, of gross unrealized losses related to its fixed maturity securities. The Company monitors its fixed maturity securities to determine impairments in value and evaluates factors such as financial condition of the issuer, payment performance, compliance with covenants, general market and industry sector conditions, current intent and ability to hold securities, and various other subjective factors. Based on management’s judgment, securities determined to have expected credit losses will record an allowance for credit losses in the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost.

Mortgage Loans on Real Estate

The Company’s mortgage loan portfolio consists of U.S., Canada and UK based investments primarily in commercial offices, light industrial properties and retail locations. The mortgage loan portfolio is diversified by geographic region and property type as discussed further under “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Most of the mortgage loans in the Company’s portfolio range in size up to $30 million, with the average mortgage loan investment as of September 30, 2021, totaling approximately $9 million. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company decreased its allowance for credit losses on its commercial mortgage loan portfolio by approximately $25 million to reflect the updated outlook from the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Company continues to monitor and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its investment portfolio and is working closely with its borrowers to evaluate any short-term cash flow issues. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, the Company modified the payment terms of one commercial mortgage loan, with a carrying value of approximately $10 million in response to COVID-19. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company modified the payments terms of approximately 52 commercial mortgage loans, with a carrying value of approximately $660 million in response to COVID-19. These loans met the criteria established in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and were not considered a troubled debt restructuring. In accordance with the CARES Act criteria, these loans were not more than 30 days past due at December 31, 2019, and the modifications included deferral or delayed payments of principal or interest on the loan. As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company’s recorded investment in mortgage loans, gross of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and expenses and allowance for credit losses, were distributed geographically as follows (dollars in millions):


	September 30, 2021				December 31, 2020
	Recorded Investment		% of Total		Recorded Investment		% of Total
U.S. Region:
West	$	2,359	36.8	%	$	2,253	38.5	%
South	2,167		33.8		2,040		34.8
Midwest	1,161		18.1		1,027		17.5
Northeast	411		6.4		277		4.7
Subtotal - U.S.	6,098		95.1		5,597		95.5
Canada	193		3.0		188		3.2
United Kingdom	123		1.9		76		1.3
Other	2		—		—		—
Total	$	6,416	100.0	%	$	5,861	100.0	%

See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for information regarding the Company’s policy for allowance for credit losses and impairments on mortgage loans.

See “Mortgage Loans on Real Estate” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding allowance for credit losses and impairments.

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Impairments and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Company’s determination of whether a decline in value necessitates the recording of an allowance for credit losses includes an analysis of whether the issuer is current on its contractual payments, evaluating whether it is probable that the Company will be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the security and analyzing the overall ability of the Company to recover the amortized cost of the investment. See “Allowance for Credit Losses and Impairments” in Note 2 – “Significant Accounting Policies and Pronouncements” of the Company’s 2020 Annual Report for additional information. The table below summarizes investment related (gains) losses, net, for impairments and changes in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities, other impairment losses and changes in provision and changes in the mortgage loan allowance for credit losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in millions).


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020

Impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities	$	1	$	(13)	$	(2)	$	21
Other impairment losses and changes in provision	2		11		—		16
Change in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses	(6)		8		(25)		38
Total	$	(3)	$	6	$	(27)	$	75

The decrease in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, was primarily due to the updated outlook from the COVID-19 pandemic. The impairments and change in allowance for credit losses on fixed maturity securities for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, were primarily related to high-yield securities as a result of the uncertainty in the global markets due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, the increase in mortgage loan allowance for credit losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was primarily due to the estimated impact from the COVID-19 pandemic.

See “Unrealized Losses for Fixed Maturity Securities Available-for-Sale” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for tables that present the estimated fair value and gross unrealized losses for securities that have estimated fair values below amortized cost, by class and grade, as well as the length of time the related estimated fair value has remained below amortized cost as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company classified approximately 7.6% and 5.9%, respectively, of its fixed maturity securities in the Level 3 category (refer to Note 6 – “Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). These securities primarily consist of private placement corporate securities, bank loans, and Canadian provincial strip bonds with inactive trading markets.

See “Securities Borrowing, Lending and Repurchase Agreements” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to the Company’s securities borrowing, lending, and repurchase/reverse repurchase programs.

Policy Loans

The majority of policy loans are associated with one client. These policy loans present no credit risk because the amount of the loan cannot exceed the obligation due to the ceding company upon the death of the insured or surrender of the underlying policy. The provisions of the treaties in force and the underlying policies determine the policy loan interest rates. The Company earns a spread between the interest rate earned on policy loans and the interest rate credited to corresponding liabilities.

Funds Withheld at Interest

For reinsurance agreements written on a modified coinsurance basis and certain agreements written on a coinsurance basis, assets equal to the net statutory reserves are withheld and legally owned and managed by the ceding company, and are reflected as funds withheld at interest on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets. In the event of a ceding company’s insolvency, the Company would need to assert a claim on the assets supporting its reserve liabilities. However, the risk of loss to the Company is mitigated by its ability to offset amounts it owes the ceding company for claims or allowances against amounts owed by the ceding company. Interest accrues to the total funds withheld at interest assets at rates defined by the treaty terms. The Company is subject to the investment performance on the withheld assets, although it does not directly control them. These assets are primarily fixed maturity investment securities and pose risks similar to the fixed maturity securities the Company owns. To mitigate this risk, the Company helps set the investment guidelines followed by the ceding company and monitors compliance. Ceding companies with funds withheld at interest had an average financial strength rating of “A” as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. Certain ceding companies maintain segregated portfolios for the benefit of the Company.

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Other Invested Assets

Other invested assets include limited partnership interests, joint ventures (other than operating joint ventures), lifetime mortgages, derivative contracts, fair value option (“FVO”) contractholder-directed unit-linked investments and FHLB common stock. See “Other Invested Assets” in Note 4 – “Investments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the carrying value of the Company’s other invested assets by type as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to protect the Company against possible changes in the fair value of its investment portfolio as a result of interest rate changes, to hedge against risk of changes in the purchase price of securities, to hedge liabilities associated with the reinsurance of variable annuities with guaranteed living benefits and to manage the portfolio’s effective yield, maturity and duration. In addition, the Company utilizes derivative financial instruments to reduce the risk associated with fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. The Company uses exchange-traded, centrally cleared, and customized over-the-counter derivative financial instruments.

See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a table that presents the notional amounts and fair value of investment related derivative instruments held as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

The Company manages its credit risk related to over-the-counter derivatives by entering into transactions with creditworthy counterparties, maintaining collateral arrangements and through the use of master agreements that provide for a single net payment to be made by one counterparty to another at each due date and upon termination. As exchange-traded futures are affected through regulated exchanges, and positions are marked to market on a daily basis, the Company has minimal exposure to credit-related losses in the event of nonperformance by counterparties. See Note 5 – “Derivative Instruments” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information regarding the Company’s derivative instruments.

The Company holds $1,155 million and $935 million, of lifetime mortgages, net of allowance for credit losses, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, in beneficial interests in lifetime mortgages in the UK. Investment income includes $15 million and $12 million in interest income earned on lifetime mortgages for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $41 million and $32 million in interest income earned on lifetime mortgages for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Lifetime mortgages represent loans provided to individuals 55 years of age and older secured by the borrower’s residence. Lifetime mortgages are comparable to a home equity loan by allowing the borrower to utilize the equity in their home as collateral. The amount of the loan is dependent on the appraised value of the home at the time of origination, the borrower's age and interest rate. Unlike a home equity loan, no payment of principal or interest is required until the death of the borrower or sale of the home. Lifetime mortgages may also be either fully funded at origination, or the borrower can request periodic funding similar to a line of credit. Lifetime mortgages are subject to risks, including market, credit, interest rate, liquidity, operational, reputational and legal risks.

New Accounting Standards

See Note 14 – “New Accounting Standards” in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of fluctuations in the value of financial instruments as a result of absolute or relative changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, equity prices or commodity prices. To varying degrees, the Company products and services, and the investment activities supporting them, generate exposure to market risk. The market risk incurred, and the Company’s strategies for managing this risk, vary by product. As of September 30, 2021, there have been no material changes in the Company’s economic exposure to market risk or the Company’s Enterprise Risk Management function from December 31, 2020, a description of which may be found in its Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2020, Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

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ITEM 4. Controls and Procedures

The Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

There was no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) during the quarter ended September 30, 2021, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of our workforce began working remotely in March 2020. These changes to the working environment did not have a material effect on our internal controls over financial reporting during the most recent quarter. The Company continues to monitor and assess the COVID-19 situation on its internal controls to minimize the impact on their design and operating effectiveness.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. Legal Proceedings

ITEM 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company’s 2020 Annual Report.

ITEM 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes RGA’s repurchase activity of its common stock during the quarter ended September 30, 2021:


	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (1)	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Program
July 1, 2021 – July 31, 2021	—	$	—	—	$	167,573,148
August 1, 2021 – August 31, 2021	3,774	$	119.95	—	$	167,573,148
September 1, 2021 – September 30, 2021	406,195	$	113.40	405,644	$	121,573,425

(1)RGA had 405,644 repurchases of common stock under its share repurchase program in September. The Company net settled – issuing 11,007 and 1,848 shares from treasury and repurchased from recipients 3,774 and 551 shares in August and September 2021, respectively, in settlement of income tax withholding requirements incurred by the recipients of equity incentive awards.

On January 24, 2019, RGA’s board of directors authorized a share repurchase program for up to $400 million of RGA’s outstanding common stock. The authorization was effective immediately and does not have an expiration date. In connection with this authorization, the board of directors terminated the stock repurchase authority granted in 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, RGA repurchased 405,644 shares of common stock under this program for $46 million. The pace of repurchase activity depends on various factors such as the level of available cash, an evaluation of the costs and benefits associated with alternative uses of excess capital, such as acquisitions and in force reinsurance transactions, and RGA’s stock price.

ITEM 6. Exhibits

See index to exhibits.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number						Description

3.1						Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, effective as of May 21, 2020, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1(i) to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 22, 2020.

3.2						Amended and Restated Bylaws, effective as of May 23, 2018, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 24, 2018.

31.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1						Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2						Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS						XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibits 101).

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	Reinsurance Group of America, Incorporated
Date: November 5, 2021	By:	/s/ Anna Manning
		Anna Manning
		President & Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: November 5, 2021	By:	/s/ Todd C. Larson
		Todd C. Larson
		Senior Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)