RenovaCare, Inc. - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

For the transition period from ___________ to _________

Commission file number 000-30156

RENOVACARE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(888) 398-0202

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Date file required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulations S-T (Section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based upon the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 2021, as reported on the Pink Open Market was $41,964,279.

As of March 28, 2022, the most recent practicable date, the number of Common Shares outstanding was 87,352,364.

Documents incorporated by reference: None.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (including the section regarding Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations) contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as well as information relating to RenovaCare, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary that is based on management’s exercise of business judgment and assumptions made by and information currently available to management. Although forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect the good faith judgment of our management, such statements can only be based on facts and factors currently known by us. Consequently, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties and actual results and outcomes may differ materially from the results and outcomes discussed in or anticipated by the forward-looking statements. When used in this document and other documents, releases and reports released by us, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “the facts suggest” and words of similar import, are intended to identify any forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. These statements reflect our current view of future events and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties as noted below. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. Actual events, transactions and results may materially differ from the anticipated events, transactions or results described in such statements. Although we believe that our expectations are based on reasonable assumptions, we can give no assurance that our expectations will materialize. Many factors could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements and unknown, unidentified or unpredictable factors could materially and adversely impact our future results. We undertake no obligation and do not intend to update, revise or otherwise publicly release any revisions to our forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of any unanticipated events. Several of these factors include, without limitation:

The safe harbor provisions of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, apply to forward-looking statements made by the Company. The reader is cautioned that no statements contained in this Form 10-K should be construed as a guarantee or assurance of future performance or results. Actual events or results may differ materially from those discussed in forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, without limitation, the risks described in this report and matters described in this report generally. In light of these risks and uncertainties, there can be no assurance that the forward-looking statements contained in this filing will in fact occur.

We file reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We make available on our website free of charge our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with or furnish them to the SEC. Information appearing at our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You can also read and copy any materials we file with the SEC on its website at www.sec.gov).

Part i

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

RenovaCare, Inc. (together with its wholly owned subsidiary RenovaCare Sciences Corp., “RenovaCare,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our,”) was incorporated on July 14, 1983 in the State of Utah under the name Far West Gold, Inc., and changed its domicile to Nevada in 1997. On January 7, 2014, the Company changed its name at the time from “Janus Resources, Inc.” to “RenovaCare, Inc.” so as to more fully reflect its current operations and business and changed its trading symbol from “JANI” to “RCAR” effective as of January 9, 2014.”

RenovaCare has an authorized capital of 500,000,000 shares of $0.00001 par value common stock, of which 87,352,364 shares are outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 10,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value preferred stock, of which none are outstanding.

Description of Business

We are a development-stage biotech and medical device company focusing on the research, development and commercialization of autologous (using a patient's own cells) cellular therapies that can be used for medical and aesthetic applications. We do not have any commercialized products. Our activities have consisted principally of performing research and development activities, business development efforts, and raising capital to support such activities.

Treatment of large deep thermal burn wounds has evolved significantly in recent years. While traditional skin grafting was used for decades since the 19th century, over the past 20 years sheets of skin cells grown in vitro and cytokine-treated skin cells applied with mesh matrices have been developed. The newest therapies involve the use of autologous skin cells. We believe RenovaCare’s technology represents a new generation of autologous skin cell therapy that, while still in development may become, if approved, the standard of care.

Through RenovaCare Sciences Corp. we own the CellMist™ System, which is comprised of (a) a treatment methodology for cell isolation for the regeneration of human skin cells and other tissues (the “CellMist™ Solution”) and (b) a solution sprayer device (the “SkinGun™”) for delivering cells to the treatment area.

In May 2021, we announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fully approved the Company’s Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) application to conduct a clinical trial, designated CELLMIST 1, designed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of autologous skin and pluripotent stem cells rendered by its manual CellMist™ System from donor skin and applied topically with the electronic SkinGun™ spray device for treatment of acute burn wounds. The clinical trial protocol is an open-label single-arm clinical study designed enroll 14 adult human burn subjects with partial-thickness, second-degree thermal burn wounds covering between 10% and 30% total body surface area. The Company may engage up to four (4) U.S. burn centers to conduct the clinical study.

Subsequent to year end, the Board decided to suspend enrollment of adult burn patients into the CELLMIST 1 clinical trial and take other measures to reduce the Company’s overhead in an effort to conserve financial resources as it continues to defend against a civil action filed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and several class actions the and derivative actions (collectively, the “Lawsuits”), premised in part on the allegations made by the SEC in its filing, that were subsequently filed. See “Item 1A.Risk Factors” and “Item 3.Legal Proceedings.”

The clinical study suspension was not due to any safety concerns or adverse events. The Company hopes to resume the clinical trial at a future date, as, if, and when, in the opinion of the Company’s management, circumstances, including the consummation of additional financing transactions, permit.

The development of our new closed, automated cell isolation device prototype for the CellMist^TM System which is in early-stage development continues, and we anticipate that we will be required to expend significant time and resources to further develop and validate this technology and determine whether a commercially viable product can be developed.

The Company has enlisted the assistance of several Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMO) to manufacture clinical supplies including components of the CellMist System™ and the electronic SkinGun™ spray devices in compliance with FDA’s guidance for current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and Contract Research Organizations (CRO) to test clinical samples and conduct clinical trials to evaluate the safety and feasibility of an autologous skin cell therapy using the Company’s products to facilitate burn wound healing. The activities of the CMOs and CRO are being scaled back to accommodate the Company’s financial constraints and the clinical trial suspension. These development activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including possible failure of preclinical and clinical testing.

Research, development and commercialization of new technologies generally requires significant financial resources, involves a high degree of risk, and there is no assurance that development activities will result in a commercially viable product. The Company has not generated any revenue and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. The Company expects to incur losses as it continues development of its products and technologies and defend itself against the Lawsuits. See “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.” The Company will need to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities, debt, or strategic alliances in order to accomplish its business plan. Failing to secure such additional funding poses a significant risk. The Company's ability to meet its financial obligations, including to fund the development of its cellular therapies depends on the amount and timing of cash receipts from future financing activities. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might be available.

Our Mission and Strategy

Our ultimate goal is to leverage the potential of our CellMist^TM System with the SkinGun^TM spray device, as next generation cell therapies for burns and other acute and chronic wounds and skin disorders. Before we can do so, however, there are multiple steps we must first take, including:

To achieve our goal, we have established the following four strategic priorities:

Additionally, we will need to pursue financing opportunities, traditional and non-dilutive, in order to raise sufficient capital to fund our ongoing and planned research and development operations. Such financing may or may not be available at acceptable terms or at all.

We believe that we have an experienced leadership and scientific team which has come together to achieve our mission of improving the lives of burn patients by creating potentially more effective, safer, efficient, and cost-saving treatments.

Our Strategic Collaboration with StemCell Systems

In July 2020, we announced the official launch of our new RenovaCare R&D Innovation Center located in Berlin, Germany, where our patented technologies for isolating and spraying self-donated stem cells to regenerate tissues and organs have been under development alongside new product initiatives. Important programs at the Center include preclinical support to our regulatory submissions for our flagship SkinGun™, which delivers a proprietary gentle CellMist™ spray of a patient’s own skin cells on to burns and wounds. The Innovation Center is the result of a multi-year collaboration agreement with StemCell Systems, with whom we have maintained an R&D relationship since 2014.

The Innovation Center houses dedicated RenovaCare cell biology laboratories, additional engineering, fabrication, prototyping and performance testing facilities, product design studios, and pilot-scale manufacturing for medical devices and biomedical products. Experienced contract bioengineers, cell biologists, and support staff work under the direction of a team of MD-PhDs who are experts in regenerative medicine, new product development, and clinical translation. Thomas Bold, an inventor of several of our technologies and a long-serving advisor to the Company, leads the Innovation Center and interfaces regularly with our management team. This collaboration has been significant to the development of the CellMist™ System and the SkinGun™ spray device, and will be an important contributor to our future new product development initiatives.

Our Market Opportunity

Burns

Burns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Most burn injuries involve layers of the upper skin, the epidermis. Severe major trauma involves a complete loss of the entire thickness of the skin and often requires major surgery involving split-skin mesh-grafting. Skin grafting is a procedure where healthy skin is removed from one area of the body and transplanted to a wound site.

Patients with serious thermal injury require immediate specialized definitive care to minimize morbidity and mortality. Data from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control in the U.S. show that approximately 2 million fires are reported each year which result in 1.5 million people suffering burn injuries (see American Burn Association Burn Incidence and Treatment in the US: 2014 Fact Sheet, available at: http://www.ameriburn.org). Moderate to severe burn injuries requiring hospitalization account for approximately 50,000 of these cases, and about 5,000 patients die each year in the U.S. from burn-related complications (see Burns injuries on CDC website https://www.cdc.gov/masstrauma/factsheets/public/burns.pdf(2020).

The prevalence of patients with severe burns is even higher in emerging economies. For example, according to the World Health Organization over 1,000,000 people in India are moderately to severely burnt every year and approximately 180,000 people worldwide die from burn related injuries (see World Health Organization “Burns: Fact Sheet No. 365,” reviewed March 6, 2018, available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs365/en/). According to Critical Care, an international clinical medical journal, burns are also among the most expensive traumatic injuries due to long and costly hospitalization, rehabilitation and wound and scar treatment (see Brusselaers, N., Monstrey, et al, “Severe Burn Injury in Europe: A systematic Review of the Incidence, Etiology, Morbidity, and Mortality” available at: http://ccforum.com/content/14/5/R188).

Burn injuries account for a significant cost to the health care system in North America and worldwide. In the U.S. there are currently 132 centers specializing in burn care. Recent estimates in the U.S. show that 150,000 patients are admitted annually for definitive care treatment of burn injuries, and over 60% of the estimated U.S. acute hospitalizations related to burn injury were admitted to burn centers. Such centers now average over 200 annual admissions each for burn injury and skin disorders requiring similar treatment. The other 4,500 U.S. acute care hospitals average less than 3 burn admissions each per year (see American Burn Association Burn Incidence and Treatment in the US: 2013 Fact Sheet, available at: http://www.ameriburn.org).

According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the annual costs for the treatment of burns is $1.5 billion, with another $5 billion in costs associated with lost work (see https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb217-Burn-Hospital-Stays-ED-Visits-2013.pdf). Initial hospitalization costs and physicians' fees for specialized care of a patient with a major burn injury are currently estimated to be $200,000. Overall, costs escalate for major burn cases because of repeated admissions for reconstruction and rehabilitation therapy. In the U.S., current annual estimates show that more than $18 billion is spent on specialized care of patients with major burn injuries (see Church D, Elsayed S, Reid O, Winston B, Lindsay R “Burn wound infections” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2006;19(2):403–34, available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1471990).

Wounds

According to The Wall Street Journal, 6.5 million people are affected by chronic wounds, and $25 billion is spent annually on treating chronic wounds on patients in the U.S. alone (see Järbrink, Krister et al. “Prevalence and incidence of chronic wounds and related complications: a protocol for a systematic review.” Systematic reviews vol. 5,1 152. 8 Sep. 2016 doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0329-y).

The Wound Care Market Global Forecast to 2024 report issued by Markets & Markets states that in 2019, advanced wound care products accounted for the largest share of the total market and is expected to have the highest growth, with a projected compound annual growth rate of 4.6% to 2024. Major factors driving the growth of this market of hard-to-heal wounds are an increase in an aging population and greater prevalence of chronic disease, including diabetes and obesity. The development of regenerative medicine and healing capabilities allow for more effective treatment, quicker healing and improved health economic outcomes.

The healthcare facilities (hospitals and clinics) segment accounted for the largest market share in 2019 as these systems are used for critical cases, improve quality of care for patients, and have the infrastructure and resources to support treatment.

Our Technology

Our CellMist System is comprised of the CellMist^TM cell suspension derived by enzymatic digestion of a patient’s own skin tissue applied topically with our proprietary electronic SkinGun^TM spray device to deliver a fine single-cell mist onto the patient’s burn wound.

The duration of the entire cell isolation and cell spraying procedure is approximately 1.5–2 hours. Published studies show that within days following the wound treatment procedure, complete wound closure occurs, and the skin cells generate a protective skin layer (re-epithelialization), and within weeks the skin regains its function, color and texture.

Our cell isolation and cell spraying procedure occur on the same day, in an on-site hospital setting. Because the skin cells sprayed using the SkinGun^TM spray device are actually the patient's own cells, the skin that is regenerated looks more natural than other skin replacement technologies. During recovery, the skin cells grow into fully functional skin layers, and the regenerated skin leaves minimal scarring in observational case studies. Additionally, our methods require substantially smaller donor areas than skin grafting, reducing donor area burden such as pain and the risk of complications.

In August 2019, the Company was awarded a continuation of a patent allowing the SkinGun^TM to be used to spray all varieties of tissues and cells, thus allowing for its potential application in the regeneration of tissues and organs, beyond skin; and, in November 2020 and October 2021, the Company was issued a total of three new patents encompassing improvements to the SkinGun™, expanding its potential application beyond the surgical setting into the field, and allowing the use of liquid suspension solutions to include drugs, hormones, and other useful agents.

The CellMist^TM System for which patient applications were submitted on the closed, automated cell isolation device to the USPTO in December 2020, remains an experimental, unproven methodology and we continue to evaluate its safety and efficacy. There is no guarantee that we will be able to develop a commercially viable product based upon the CellMist^TM System and its underlying technology.

Competition

The biotechnology, medical device, and wound care industries are characterized by intense competition, rapid product development and technological change. Our CellMist^TM System competes with a variety of companies in the wound care markets, many of which offer substantially different treatments for similar problems.

Most of our competitors are larger, established companies with considerably greater financial, marketing, sales and technical resources than those available to us. Additionally, many of our present and potential competitors have research and development capabilities that may allow them to develop new or improved products that may compete with our product lines. Our potential products could be rendered obsolete or made uneconomical by the development of new products to treat the conditions addressed by our products, technological advances affecting the cost of production, or marketing or pricing actions by one or more of our competitors. Our closest direct competitor with its own skin cell therapy for burn wounds, received FDA approval in September 2018 and launched its product in 2019; however, we believe, our next generation skin cell therapy for burn wounds has multiple notable advantages including more cell types from both epidermal and dermal layers of the skin; greater cell yield and viability; smaller ratio of donor tissue to burn wound area; greater burn wound coverage; and single cells applied with the SkinGun™ spray device that rapidly adhere to the burn wound.

The Company and its direct competitor have autologous skin cell therapies that facilitate the healing of deep partial-thickness second-degree thermal burn wounds. However, there are notable differences between these our competitor’s therapy products compared to our CellMist^TM System, including product configuration, processes for cell isolation from donor skin, topical administration of isolated skin cells, burn wound coverage, and duration of patented intellectual property (IP), as enumerated below:

Intellectual Property

In the course of conducting our business, we from time to time create inventions. Obtaining, maintaining, and protecting our inventions, including seeking patent protection, might be important depending on the nature of the invention. To that end, we seek to implement patent and other intellectual property strategies to appropriately protect our intellectual property. While we file and prosecute patent applications to protect our inventions, our pending patent applications might not result in the issuance of patents or issued patents might not provide competitive advantages. Also, our patent protection might not prevent others from developing competitive products using related or other technology.

The scope, enforceability and effective term of issued patents can be highly uncertain and often involve complex legal and factual questions. Moreover, the issuance of a patent in one country does not assure the issuance of a patent with similar claim scope in another country, and claim interpretation and infringement laws vary among countries, so we are unable to predict the extent of patent protection in any country. The patents we obtain and the unpatented proprietary technology we hold might not afford us significant commercial protection or advantage.

Our proprietary CellMist™ System and its component technologies are the subject of fourteen (14) trademarks and applications and forty-four (44) U.S. and foreign granted or pending patents in eight patent families. Our patent filings include five (5) granted patents in the United States, and seventeen (17) issued or allowed foreign patents, while all pending patent filings include the U.S. and multiple foreign jurisdictions, and an international patent application. Our issued patents are scheduled to expire between 2026 and 2038 and may or may not be the basis for filing continuations. We continually assess opportunities to seek patent protection for those aspects of our technology, designs, and methodologies and processes that we believe may provide us with significant competitive advantages or additional commercial opportunities.

In addition to issued patents describe above, we may file additional patent applications that, if issued, would provide further protection for The CellMist^TM System. Although we believe the bases for these patents and patent applications are sound, they are untested; and there is no assurance that they will not be successfully challenged. There can be no assurance that any patent previously issued will be of commercial value, that any patent applications will result in issued patents of commercial value, or that our technology will not be held to infringe patents held by others.

Domestic Regulation

Governmental authorities in the U.S., at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, labeling, packaging, promotion, storage, advertising, distribution, marketing and export and import of products or devices such as those we are attempting to develop. Our device candidates, to the extent they are developed, will likely be subject to pre-market approval by the FDA prior to their marketing for commercial use in the U.S., and to any approvals required by foreign governmental entities prior to their marketing outside the U.S. In addition, any changes or modifications to a device that has received regulatory clearance or approval that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or would constitute a major change in its intended use, and may require the submission of a new application or amendment to an existing premarket approval (“PMA”) or 510(k) waiver application in the U.S. for pre-market approval, or for foreign regulatory approvals outside the U.S. The process of obtaining foreign approvals, can be expensive, time consuming and uncertain.

Premarket Approval

We may be required to file a premarket authorization (“PMA”) application for any other device that we commercialize if it is deemed a Class III medical device. PMA is the FDA process of scientific and regulatory review to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of Class III medical devices, which are novel devices that support or sustain human life, are of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury. Due to the level of risk associated with Class III devices, the FDA has determined that general and special controls alone are insufficient to assure their safety and effectiveness. Therefore, these devices require a PMA application under section 515 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act in order to obtain marketing clearance.

PMA is the most stringent type of device marketing application required by the FDA. The applicant must receive FDA approval of its PMA application prior to marketing the device. PMA approval is based on a determination by FDA that the PMA contains sufficient valid scientific evidence to assure that the device is safe and effective for its intended use(s). An approved PMA is, in effect, a license granting the applicant (or owner) permission to market the device.

To obtain a 510(k) clearance for a device, a pre-market notification to the FDA must be submitted demonstrating that the device is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed Class I or Class II predicate device. For a new device to be found “substantially equivalent” to one or other legally marketed predicate devices, the new device must have: 1) the same intended use as a predicate, and 2) either a) the same technological characteristics as the predicate device or b) different technological characteristics, but the information submitted must not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness and must demonstrate substantial equivalence. We believe that we may be eligible to obtain 510(k) clearance for each of our Electronic SkinGun, Disposable SkinGun and Cell Isolation Devices for certain uses.

Investigational Device Exemption (“IDE”)

On May 6, 2021, the FDA gave full-approval of the Company’s Investigational Device Exemption application to proceed with initial clinical testing of the manual CellMist™ System and electronic SkinGun™ spray device in adult burn patients. Designated CELLMIST 1, the clinical trial is designed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of autologous skin and pluripotent stem cells rendered by its manual CellMist™ System from donor skin and applied topically with the electronic SkinGun™ spray device for treatment of acute burn wounds. The clinical trial protocol is an open-label single-arm clinical study designed enroll 14 adult human burn subjects with partial-thickness, second-degree thermal burn wounds covering between 10% and 30% total body surface area. The Company may engage up to four (4) U.S. burn centers to conduct the clinical study. Despite the suspension of patient enrollment in the CELLMIST1 clinical trial, the Company is keeping the IDE open to continue follow-up visits of treated patients and expedite resumption of the study at a later time.

Subsequent to year end, the Board decided to suspend enrollment of new patients into the clinical trial and take other measures to reduce the Company’s overhead in an effort to conserve financial resources as it continues to defend against the Lawsuits. See “Item 1A.Risk Factors” and “Item 3.Legal Proceedings.” The Company will continue medical and safety monitoring of the treated patients at clinical sites in the clinical study during scheduled follow-up visits until the trial ends later in 2022. The Company hopes to restart enrollment in the clinical trial at a future date upon the occurrence of a favorable outcome against the Lawsuits and receipt of additional financing, as to which there is no assurance. 

HIPAA Requirements

Other federal legislation may affect our ability to obtain certain health information in conjunction with any research activities we conduct. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), mandates, among other things, the adoption of standards designed to safeguard the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information. In relevant part, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), has released two rules to date mandating the use of new standards with respect to such health information. The first rule imposes new standards relating to the privacy of individually identifiable health information. These standards restrict the manner and circumstances under which covered entities may use and disclose protected health information to protect the privacy of that information. The second rule released by HHS establishes minimum standards for the security of electronic health information. While we do not believe we are directly regulated as a covered entity under HIPAA, the HIPAA standards impose requirements on covered entities conducting research activities regarding the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information collected in the course of conducting the research.

Other U.S. Regulatory Requirements

In the U.S., the research, manufacturing, distribution, sale, and promotion of drug and biological products are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (formerly the Health Care Financing Administration), other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the U.S. Department of Justice and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments. For example, sales, marketing, and scientific/educational grant programs must comply with the anti-fraud and abuse provisions of the Social Security Act, the False Claims Act, and similar state laws, each as amended. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, each as amended. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. These activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection, unfair competition, and other laws.

International Regulation

The regulation of any potential product candidates outside of the U.S. will be subject to the applicable laws and requirements of the specific country or countries in which we are introducing our product candidates.

Some countries regulate human tissue products as a biological product, which would require us to make extensive filings and obtain regulatory approvals before selling our product candidates. Other countries may classify our product candidates as human tissue for transplantation but may restrict its import or sale; other countries may have no application regulations regarding the import or sale of products similar to potential product candidates, creating uncertainty as to what standards we may be required to meet. The validation testing and manufacturing of our medical devices are subject to ISO9000 and other industry regulations.

Employees

Historically, the Company primarily has favored, when possible, to utilize the services of consultants on a contract basis rather than hiring full or part-time employees, generally having found it to be more economical and efficient (collectively, “RCAR Personnel”). As of the date of this report, the Company had one (1) full-time employee, and two (2) part-time consultants located in the United States. We also have one consultant, based in Spain, who provides services in the area of product development on a full-time basis. Our full-time employee is Dr. Robin Robinson. Mr. Harmel S. Rayat, who is the Company’s majority stockholder and Chairman, effective as of March 24, 2022, also serves as our Interim President and Chief Executive Officer, as our Interim Chief Financial Officer and Secretary. Mr. Rayat, receives token compensation of $1 per annum.

From time-to-time, the Company grants stock options to directors, employees and consultants on a discretionary basis. The awards relate to the recipient’s efforts and contribution to the Company’s effectuation of its business plan. None of the RCAR Personnel are covered by a collective bargaining agreement.  We believe our relations with RCAR Personnel are good.

Other Information

Our website address is www.renovacareinc.com. We make available, through our website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The information accessible through our website is not a part of this annual report.

The public may also read and copy any materials we file with the SEC on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov which site contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC. All statements made in any of our filings, including all forward-looking statements, are made as of the date of the document(s) in which the statement is included, and we do not assume or undertake any obligation to update any of those statements or documents unless we are required to do so by law.

Our executive office is located at 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-A, Scottsdale AZ 85260. Our telephone number is (888) 398-0202. Information contained on our web site (or any other website) does not constitute part of this prospectus.

Stockholder Communications

Stockholders who wish to communicate with the Board may do so by addressing their correspondence to the Board at RenovaCare, Inc., Attention: President and Chief Executive Officer, 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-A, Scottsdale, AZ 85260. The Board will review and respond to all correspondence received, as appropriate.

 ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

An investment in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below before investing in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, or results of operations could be materially adversely affected, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely affect our business.

Risks Associated with Litigation Matters

A number of lawsuits have been commenced against the Company and its current and former directors. Collectively these lawsuits, and the SEC Complaint as defined below, which are more fully described in Item 1A. in this Report, are at times referred to in this Report as the “Lawsuits.” See “Item 3.Legal Proceedings.”

The Lawsuits have and will continue to require substantial financial resources and management attention; in addition, the Lawsuits may result in, awards, injunctions, fines, and penalties assessed against us which could materially adversely affect our operations and our ability to continue as a going concern. The risks discussed below are those that the Company believes to be the most significant and potentially material to the operations of the Company. The following risk factors do not purport to encompass all possible risk factors related to the Lawsuits.

Risks Associated with the SEC Action.

On May 28, 2021, following four plus years of investigation, the SEC filed a civil complaint (the “SEC Complaint”) naming the Company and Harmel S. Rayat, our current Interim President and Chief Executive Officer, Interim Chief Financial Officer and Chairman as defendants (the “Defendants”). The SEC Complaint alleges that Mr. Rayat and the Company of violating the antifraud provisions of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, and also alleges that Mr. Rayat aided and abetted the Company's violation of those provisions. The SEC Complaint also alleges that the Company with violated the reporting provisions of Exchange Act Section 15(d) and Rules 15d-11 and 12b-20 thereunder. The SEC is seeking, among other things, permanent injunctions and civil penalties against the Defendants, and officer-and-director and penny stock bars against Mr. Rayat. On August 31, 2021 the Defendants filed a response to the Complaint. On September 21, 2021, the SEC filed a motion to strike Defendants equitable affirmative defenses which motion was granted by the court on October 18, 2021. The Company (and Mr. Rayat) have denied the operative allegations made by the SEC in the SEC Complaint and continue to pursue the defense of the SEC Action.

The SEC Action has adversely affected the Company, and, as a consequence all of its stockholders. As a consequence of the SEC investigation and the filing of the SEC Complaint:

The Company expects that the SEC Complaint, until resolved in court, will continue to materially and adversely affect the Company in all aspects of its operations and finances, including the continued operation of the RenovaCare R&D Innovation Center in Berlin and its ability to pursue other potential research and development initiatives.

Risks Associated with the Class Actions and the Derivative Actions

On July 16 and July 21, 2021, two purported stockholders of the Company filed separate class actions claiming, among other things, that in connection with the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint, the Company engaged in fraudulent conduct and made false and misleading statements of material fact or omitted to state material facts necessary to make the statements made not misleading. Plaintiffs seek to declare the action to be a class action and monetary damages, including costs and expenses, and award of reasonable attorneys’ fees, expert fees, and other costs, and such other relief as the Court may deem just and proper. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

On December 20, 2021, January 6, 2022 and January 28, 2022, three purported stockholders of the Company filed separate derivative actions. The derivative actions which were brought both individually and on behalf of the Company, are claiming that in connection with the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint, the Company’ executives should have known that certain representations contained in its quarterly filings were false and misleading and that the defendants were in breach of their fiduciary duties to the Company and its stockholders. The derivative actions generally seek, an award of the plaintiffs the costs and disbursements of the action, including reasonable attorneys’ and other related fees, specific findings (including findings that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties, wasted corporate assets, and were unjustly enriched, and violated the federal securities laws), an order requiring the Company to take a variety of Board level actions related to among other things, corporate governance matters, monetary damages, including restitution and return of all compensation, as well as the disgorgement of any profits that the individual defendants may have made. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

The commencement of the Lawsuits (see Item 3. Legal Proceedings) have added to the Company’s financial burdens, reduced the amount of time its management has to devote to day-to-day operations, and further exacerbated the decline in the market price and liquidity of the Company’s stock and the harm caused to the Company’s reputation by the SEC Complaint. The Lawsuits have further impeded the Company’s ability to obtain financing and to retain or recruit qualified management personnel.

The Company disputes the claims asserted in the Lawsuits and believes the claims set forth in the Lawsuits are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously. To that end, the Company has retained counsel to defend it, and the named individual defendants, against the allegations and claims set forth in the Lawsuits. Based on the early stages of the Lawsuits (including the SEC Complaint), and the inherent uncertainty as to their outcome, at this time, the Company is not able to reasonably estimate a possible range of loss, if any, should the plaintiffs in these actions be successful. However, an adverse decision in the SEC Complaint or any of the other Lawsuits, or the Company’s inability to fund its defense against the Lawsuits, will in all likelihood adversely affect the Company’s operations, finances and ability to effectuate its business plan; and, will further adversely affect the price and trading liquidity of the Company’s common stock.

The Company has not generated any revenue and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. Furthermore, the Company expects to incur losses as it continues development of its products and technologies and defend itself against the Lawsuits. See “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.” The Company will need to raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities, debt, or strategic alliances in order to accomplish its business plan and continue its legal defense of the Lawsuits. Failing to secure such additional funding poses a significant risk. The Company's ability to meet its financial obligations, including to fund the development of its cellular therapies and defense of the Lawsuits depends on the amount and timing of cash receipts from future financing activities. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such funds will be available as, if and when needed.

Risks Associated with Our Business Activities

The development of our CellMist^TM System is subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of any novel technology.

Ultimately, the development and commercialization of our CellMist^TM System is subject to a number of risks that are particular to the development and commercialization of any novel technology. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

The success of our research and development activities is uncertain. If such efforts are not successful, or if we are unable to raise additional capital, or if we will be unable to generate revenues from our operations and we may have to cease doing business.

Commercialization of our CellMist^TM System will require significant further research, development and testing as we must ascertain whether the CellMist^TM System can form the basis for a commercially viable technology or product. If our research and development activities fail to prove commercial viability of the CellMist^TM System, we may need to abandon our business model and/or cease doing business, in which case our shares may have no value and you may lose your investment. While we anticipate we will remain engaged in research and development, through at least December 31, 2022, it is uncertain at this time whether the Company will be able to bear the anticipated costs of its defense against the SEC Action, the Class Actions and the Derivative Actions. Accordingly, the Company expects that the SEC Action, the Class Actions and the Derivative Actions, until resolved in court, will continue to materially and adversely affect the Company in all aspects of its operations and finances. If the Company is unable to raise additional capital, for which there is no assurance, or generate revenues from operations, the Company may cease doing business.

The Company does not have any commercialized products and the failure to commercialize, or delays in commercializing our CellMist^TM System, would adversely impact our ability to attain profitability.

The Company does not have any commercialized products.  To date, the Company's activities have consisted principally of performing research and development activities and raising capital to support such activities.

The Company has enlisted the assistance of several Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMO) to manufacture clinical supplies including components of the CellMist System™ and the electronic SkinGun™ spray devices in compliance with FDA’s guidance for current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and Contract Research Organizations (CRO) to conduct clinical trials to evaluate the safety and feasibility of an autologous skin cell therapy using the Company’s products to facilitate burn wound healing.

These development activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including possible failure of preclinical and clinical testing. The Company has not generated any revenue and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception.

Should the Company fail to commercialize its CellMist^TM System, or if it were to incur significant delays in doing so, the Company’s business would be adversely affected, and it may not be able to achieve profitability.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our business could be disrupted.

Our future financial performance and ability to successfully commercialize our products, of which there is no guarantee, and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively. We expect to make significant investments to enable our future growth through, among other things, new product development, clinical trials for new indications and expansion of our marketing and sales infrastructure. Any failure to manage future growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our commercial success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in product development and commercialization areas.

Our commercial success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in product development and commercialization areas such as, but not limited to device manufacturing, product safety and efficacy, ease of use, customer acceptance, cost of goods, wholesale and retail pricing, marketing and distribution. Our competitors may succeed in developing products that are more effective than any products derived from our research and development efforts or that would render such products obsolete and non-competitive. The skin care and wound care industry is characterized by intense competition, rapid product development and technological change. Most of the competition that we encounter is expected to come from companies, research institutions and universities who are researching and developing technologies and products similar to or competitive with any we may develop.

These companies enjoy numerous competitive advantages, including:

As a result, we may not be able to compete effectively against these companies or their products.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to develop and commercialize products based upon or derived from our CellMist^TM System and underlying technology. If we are unable to successfully market and sell products incorporating our CellMist^TM System and underlying technology, our business prospects will be significantly harmed, and we may be unable to achieve profitability.

Our future financial success will depend substantially on our ability to effectively and profitably market and sell our products that incorporate, are based upon, or derived from our CellMist^TM System and underlying technology. The commercial success of our products and any of our planned or future products will depend on a number of factors, many of which of which are beyond our control, including:

Failure to achieve market acceptance for any of our products, if and when they are approved for commercial sale, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be unsuccessful in commercializing our products due to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party coverage and reimbursement policies or healthcare reform initiatives.

We cannot predict the pricing and reimbursement of any products we may develop and commercialize. The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new products vary widely from country to country. In some foreign jurisdictions, including the European Union, the pricing of medical devices and treatments is subject to governmental control. In these jurisdictions, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take considerable time after the receipt of marketing approval for a product candidate.

As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in any products we may develop and commercialize, even after obtaining regulatory approval.

Additionally, we cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any products we may develop and commercialize, or if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Reimbursement may affect the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. Obtaining reimbursement for any products we may develop and commercialize may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with products administered under the supervision of a physician. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any products that we successfully develop. Eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs. Interim payments for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower cost products that are already reimbursed and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services.

The commercial success of our products will depend upon attaining market acceptance of these products among physicians, healthcare payors and the medical community.

Our success will depend on the acceptance of our products as safe, useful and, with respect to providers, cost effective. We cannot predict how quickly, if at all, physicians will accept our products or, if accepted, how frequently they will be used. Our products and planned or future products we may develop or market may never gain broad market acceptance among physicians and the medical community for some or all of our targeted indications. Healthcare providers must believe that our products offer benefits over alternative treatment methods. The degree of market acceptance of any of our products will depend on a number of factors, including:

Additionally, even if our products achieve market acceptance, they may not maintain that market acceptance over time if competing products or technologies, which are more cost effective or received more favorably, are introduced. Failure to achieve or maintain market acceptance and/or market share would limit our ability to generate revenue and would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Development and commercialization of any products requires successful completion of the regulatory approval process, and may suffer delays or fail.

In the U.S., as well as other jurisdictions, we will be required to apply for and receive marketing authorization before we can market our products. This process can be time consuming and complicated and may result in unanticipated delays. To secure marketing authorization, an applicant generally is required to submit an application that includes the data supporting preclinical and clinical safety and efficacy as well as detailed information on the manufacturing and quality control of the product, proposed labeling and other additional information. Before marketing authorization is granted, regulatory authorities generally require the inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities and quality systems (including those of third parties) at which the product candidate is manufactured and tested, as well as potential audits of the non-clinical and clinical trial sites that generated the data cited in the marketing authorization application.

We cannot predict how long the applicable regulatory authority or agency will take to grant marketing authorization or whether any such authorizations will ultimately be granted. Regulatory agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), have substantial discretion in the approval process, and the approval process and the requirements governing clinical trials vary from country to country. The policies of the FDA or other regulatory authorities may change or may not be explicit, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of any products we may develop and commercialize. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the U.S., Europe or elsewhere. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Additionally, any regulatory approval that we receive may also contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. Once a product is approved, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submission of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and continued compliance with good manufacturing practices for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval.   

We utilize our technical staff with third party Contract Research Organization and Contract Manufacturing Organizations to conduct research and development for our CellMist^TM System.

In July 2020, we announced the official launch of our new RenovaCare R&D Innovation Center located in Berlin, Germany, where our patented technologies for isolating and spraying self-donated stem cells to regenerate tissues and organs have been under development alongside new product initiatives. Important programs at the Center include design, validation, and pilot-scale manufacturing of our cell isolation and SkinGun^TM spray devices; preclinical study support to our clinical studies and regulatory submissions for our flagship SkinGun™ spray device, which delivers a proprietary gentle CellMist™ spray of a patient’s own skin cells on to burns and wounds. The Innovation Center is the result of a multi-year collaboration agreement with StemCell Systems GmbH (“StemCell Systems” or “SCS”), with whom we have maintained an R&D relationship since 2014.

We currently rely on the services of StemCell Systems to conduct our pre-clinical research and development activities for our CellMist^TM System and manufacture the SkinGun^TM spray device at pilot scale. In the event they are unable to provide us with these services, we may need to expend considerable resources, time, and money to locate, if possible, another research lab which could have a material and adverse effect on our research and development activities, as well as our operating results and financial condition even, if we were to eventually design and engage such alternative research laboratories. Additionally, because of the reputational the Company has suffered as a result of the Lawsuits, there can be no assurance that other entities will be willing to discuss or enter into business relationships with us.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product or indication and fail to capitalize on products or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on specific products, indications, and discovery programs. As a result, we may forgo or delay pursuit of other opportunities with others that could have had greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular potential product, we may relinquish valuable rights to that potential product through future collaborations, licenses, and other similar arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such potential product.

If any of our products cause or contribute to a death or serious adverse events or malfunction in certain ways, we will be required to report under applicable medical device reporting regulations, which can result in voluntary corrective actions or agency enforcement actions.

Under FDA medical device reporting regulations (“MDR regulations”), medical device manufacturers are required to report to the FDA information that a device has or may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or has malfunctioned in a way that would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury if the malfunction of the device or one of our similar devices were to recur. If we fail to report events required to be reported to the FDA within the required timeframes, or at all, the FDA could take enforcement action and impose sanctions against us. Any such adverse event involving our products also could result in future voluntary corrective actions, such as recalls or customer notifications, or agency action, such as inspection or enforcement action. Any corrective action, whether voluntary or involuntary, as well as defending ourselves in a lawsuit, would require our time and capital, distract management from operating our business and may harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, distributors, and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk that our employees, independent contractors, consultants, commercial partners, distributors and vendors may engage in fraudulent or illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) the laws of the FDA and other similar foreign regulatory bodies, including those laws requiring the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such regulators; (ii) manufacturing standards; (iii) healthcare fraud and abuse laws in the United States and similar foreign fraudulent misconduct laws; or (iv) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. These laws may impact, among other things, future sales, marketing and education programs. In particular, the promotion, sales and marketing of healthcare items and services, as well as certain business arrangements in the healthcare industry, are subject to extensive laws designed to prevent fraud, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, structuring and commissions, certain customer incentive programs and other business arrangements generally. Activities subject to these laws also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of patient recruitment for clinical trials.

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent these activities may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant fines or other sanctions, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, additional integrity reporting and oversight obligations, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Whether or not we are successful in defending against any such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees, and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Legislative or regulatory reforms may make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain regulatory clearance or approval of our planned or future products and to manufacture, market and distribute our products after clearance or approval is obtained.

From time to time, legislation is enacted that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the regulatory approval, manufacture and marketing of regulated products or the reimbursement thereof. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the FDA in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. Any new regulations or revisions or reinterpretations of existing regulations may impose additional costs or lengthen review times of planned or future products. It is impossible to predict whether legislative changes will be enacted or FDA regulations, guidance or interpretations changed, and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be.

Moreover, the policies that may be adopted by the Biden Administration and their impact on the regulation of our products in the United States remain uncertain. The outcome of the 2020 election resulting in one party control of the House of Representatives and the Senate could result in significant legislative and regulatory reforms impacting the FDA’s regulation of our products. Any change in the laws or regulations that govern the clearance and approval processes relating to our current, planned, and future products could make it more difficult and costly to obtain clearance or approval for new products or to produce, market and distribute existing products. Significant delays in receiving clearance or approval or the failure to receive clearance or approval for our new products would have an adverse effect on our ability to expand our business.

Our products or processes may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may cause us to pay unexpected litigation costs or damages or prevent us from selling our products.

We cannot be certain that our products do not and will not infringe issued patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties. We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of our business, including claims of alleged infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties. Any such claims, whether or not meritorious, could result in litigation and divert the efforts of our personnel. If we are found liable for infringement, we may be required to enter into licensing agreements (which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all) or to pay damages and to cease making or selling certain products. We may need to redesign some of our products or processes to avoid future infringement liability. Any of the foregoing could be detrimental to our business and ultimate profitability.

We may become exposed to costly and damaging liability claims and any product liability insurance we have may not cover all damages from such claims.

We are exposed to potential product liability risks that are inherent in the research, development, manufacturing, marketing and use of medical device products. The future use of product candidates by us in clinical trials, and the sale of any approved products in the future, may expose us to liability claims. For example, we may be sued if our product candidates cause or are perceived to cause injury or are found to be otherwise unsuitable during clinical trials, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability or a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts.

The outcome of litigation, particularly any class-action lawsuits, is difficult to quantify. Plaintiffs often seek recovery of very large or indeterminate amounts, including punitive damages. The magnitude of the potential losses relating to these lawsuits may remain unknown for substantial periods of time and the cost to defend against any such litigation may be significant.

Although the clinical trial process is designed to identify and assess potential side effects, it is always possible that a drug, even after regulatory approval, may exhibit unforeseen side effects. If any of our product candidates were to cause adverse side effects during clinical trials or after approval thereof, we may be exposed to substantial liabilities. Physicians and patients may not comply with any warnings that identify known potential adverse effects and patients who should not use our product candidates. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit or cease the commercialization of our products. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Although we have procured product liability insurance coverage, such insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. We may need to increase our insurance coverage each time we commence a clinical trial and if we successfully commercialize any product candidate. As the expense of insurance coverage is increasing, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise. If a successful product liability claim or series of claims is brought against us for uninsured liabilities or in excess of insured liabilities, our assets may not be sufficient to cover such claims and our business operations could be materially harmed.

Our internal computer systems, or those used by our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of our CROs and other third-party vendors on which we rely or will rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses and unauthorized access, malware, natural disasters, fire, terrorism, war and telecommunication, electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the Internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber-attacks or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments, and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased.

While we have not experienced any such material system failure or security breach to our knowledge to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our development programs and our business operations. For example, the loss of preclinical data or data from future clinical trials could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. Likewise, we plan to rely on third parties for the manufacture of our product candidates and to conduct clinical trials, and similar events relating to their computer systems could also have a material adverse effect on our business. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development and commercialization of our future product candidates could be delayed.

We face competition from the existing standard of care and potential changes in medical practice and technology and the possibility that our competitors may develop products, treatments or procedures that are similar, more advanced, safer or more effective than ours.

The medical, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive and subject to significant technological and practice changes. We may face competition from many difference sources with respect to any products we may develop and commercialize. Possible competitors may be medical practitioners, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, and wound care companies, academic and medical institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions, among others. Should any competitor’s product candidates receive regulatory or marketing approval prior to ours, they may establish a strong market position and be difficult to displace, or will diminish the need for our products.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products, treatments or procedures that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe adverse effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any product that we may develop. Many of our current or future competitors may have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we may have. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotechnology industries or wound care markets may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Other early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These companies compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

We may compete for the time and efforts of our officers and directors.

Certain of our officers and directors are also officers, directors, and employees of other companies and we may have to compete with the other companies for their time, attention and efforts. One of our officers provide us their services on a part-time basis.

We maintain at-will employment or executive services consulting agreements with our officers that may be terminated by us or the respective officer at any time and for any reason.

We maintain at-will employment agreements or executive services consulting agreements with our officers that may be terminated by us or the respective officer at any time and for any reason. If any of our officers terminate their consulting agreement it may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or ability to operate.

Our growth and success depend on our ability to attract and retain additional highly qualified and skilled sales and marketing, research and development, operational, managerial and finance personnel.

Our growth and success depend on our ability to attract and retain additional highly qualified and skilled sales and marketing, research and development, operational, managerial and finance personnel. Competition for skilled personnel is intense and the unexpected loss of an employee with a particular skill could materially adversely affect our operations until a replacement can be found and trained. If we cannot attract and retain skilled scientific and operational personnel, as required, for our research and development and manufacturing operations on acceptable terms, we may not be able to develop and commercialize any products. Further, any failure to effectively integrate new personnel could prevent us from successfully growing our Company. See “Item 1 A. Risk Factors- Risks Associated with Litigation Matters.”

Risks Associated with a Failure to Comply with Regulatory Requirements

Development and commercialization of any products requires successful completion of the regulatory approval process, and may suffer delays or fail.

Our medical devices and business activities are subject to rigorous regulation by the FDA and other federal, state and international governmental authorities. These authorities and members of Congress have been increasing their scrutiny over the medical device industry. In recent years, the U.S. Congress, Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of the Department of Health and Human Services, and the Department of Defense have issued subpoenas and other requests for information to medical device manufacturers, primarily related to financial arrangements with health care providers, regulatory compliance and marketing and product promotional practices.

Furthermore, certain state governments have enacted legislation to increase transparency of interactions with health care providers, pursuant to which we are required by law to disclose payments and other transfers for value to health care providers licensed by certain states. We anticipate that the government will continue to scrutinize our industry closely, and any new regulations or statutory provisions could result in delays or increased costs during the periods of product development, clinical trials and regulatory review and approval, as well as increased costs to assure compliance.

In the U.S., as well as other jurisdictions, we will be required to apply for and receive marketing authorization before we can market our products. This process can be time consuming and complicated and may result in unanticipated delays. To secure marketing authorization, an applicant generally is required to submit an application that includes the data supporting preclinical and clinical safety and efficacy as well as detailed information on the manufacturing and control of the product, proposed labeling and other additional information. Before marketing authorization is granted, regulatory authorities generally require the inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities and quality systems (including those of third parties) at which the product candidate is manufactured and tested, as well as potential audits of the non-clinical and clinical trial sites that generated the data cited in the marketing authorization application.

We cannot predict how long the applicable regulatory authority or agency will take to grant marketing authorization or whether any such authorizations will ultimately be granted. Regulatory agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”), have substantial discretion in the approval process, and the approval process and the requirements governing clinical trials vary from country to country. The policies of the FDA or other regulatory authorities may change or may not be explicit, and additional government regulations may be enacted that could prevent, limit or delay regulatory approval of any products we may develop and commercialize. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the U.S., Europe or elsewhere. If we are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may lose any marketing approval that we may have obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Additionally, any regulatory approval that we receive may also contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product candidate. Once a product is approved, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for the product will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submission of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and continued compliance with good manufacturing practices for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval.

We may encounter substantial delays in the commencement, completion, termination or suspension of our clinical trials, which could result in increased costs to us, delay or limit our ability to generate revenue and adversely affect our commercial prospects.

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidate for its intended indications. Clinical medical device development is a lengthy and expensive process, with an uncertain outcome; accordingly, we cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during or as a result of clinical trials that could delay or prevent our ability to receive marketing approval or commercialize our product candidates, including but not limited to:

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates beyond the clinical trials and testing that we contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical trials or other testing of our product candidates, if the results of these clinical trials or tests are unfavorable or are only modestly favorable or if there are safety concerns associated with any of product candidates, we may, among other things:

Similar or other events could delay or prevent our ability to complete necessary clinical trials for our pipeline products, including:

Moreover, we do not know whether preclinical tests or clinical trials will begin or be completed as planned or will need to be restructured. Significant delays could also shorten the patent protection period during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our products or could allow our competitors to bring products to the market before we do, impairing our ability to commercialize our products.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval for a product candidate in one jurisdiction does not mean that we will be successful in obtaining regulatory approval for that product candidate in other jurisdictions.

Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval for a product candidate in one jurisdiction does not guarantee that we will be able to obtain or maintain regulatory approval in any other jurisdiction, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory approval process in others. For example, even if the FDA grants marketing approval for a product candidate, comparable regulatory authorities in foreign jurisdictions must also approve the manufacturing, marketing and promotion of the product candidate in those countries. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve requirements and administrative review periods different from, and greater than, those in the U.S., including additional preclinical studies or clinical trials as clinical trials conducted in one jurisdiction may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. In many jurisdictions outside the U.S., a drug candidate must be approved for reimbursement before it can be approved for sale in that jurisdiction. In some cases, the price that we intend to charge for our products is also subject to approval.

We may fail to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates.

Our potential product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons, including one or more of the following:

We are subject to extensive environmental, health and safety, and other laws and regulations.

Although our business involves the controlled use of biological materials, the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials cannot be eliminated. If an accident, spill or release of any such chemicals or substances occurs, we could be held liable for resulting damages, including for investigation, remediation and monitoring of the contamination, including natural resource damages, the costs of which could be substantial. We are also subject to numerous environmental, health and workplace safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures. Additional or more stringent laws and regulations affecting our operations may be adopted in the future. We may incur substantial capital costs and operating expenses and may be required to obtain consents to comply with any of these or certain other laws or regulations and the terms and conditions of any permits required pursuant to such laws and regulations, including costs to install new or updated pollution control equipment, modify our operations or perform other corrective actions at our respective facilities. In addition, fines and penalties may be imposed for noncompliance with environmental, health and safety and other laws and regulations or for the failure to have, or comply with the terms and conditions of, required environmental or other permits or consents.

Risks Associated with our Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect effectively our intellectual property, we may not be able to operate our business and third parties may use our technology, both of which would impair our ability to compete in our markets.

Our success will depend in significant part on our ability to obtain and maintain meaningful patent protection for certain of our technologies and products throughout the world. Patent law relating to the scope of claims in the technology fields in which we will operate is still evolving. The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain. We will rely on patents to protect a significant part of our intellectual property and to enhance our competitive position. However, our presently pending or future patent applications may not issue as patents, and any patent previously issued to us or our subsidiaries may be challenged, invalidated, held unenforceable or circumvented. Furthermore, the claims in patents that have been issued to us or our subsidiaries or that may be issued to us in the future may not be sufficiently broad to prevent third parties from producing competing products similar to our products. In addition, the laws of various foreign countries in which we plan to compete may not protect our intellectual property to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. If we fail to obtain adequate patent protection for our proprietary technology, our ability to be commercially competitive will be materially impaired.

If third parties make or file claims of intellectual property infringement against us, or otherwise seek to establish their intellectual property rights, we may have to spend time and money in response and cease some of our operations.

Third parties may claim that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization or that we are infringing on their patents. We could incur substantial costs and diversion of management and technical personnel in defending against any of these claims. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief which could effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell products. In the event of a successful claim of infringement, courts may order us to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. We may not be able to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, if at all. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses could prevent us from commercializing available products.

In addition to patented technology, we rely on our unpatented proprietary technology, trade secrets, processes and know-how.

We rely on proprietary information (such as trade secrets, know-how and confidential information) to protect intellectual property that may not be patentable, or that we believe is best protected by means that do not require public disclosure. We generally seek to protect this proprietary information by entering into confidentiality agreements, or consulting, services or employment agreements that contain non-disclosure and non-use provisions with our employees, consultants, contractors, scientific advisors and third parties. However, we may fail to enter into the necessary agreements, and even if entered into, these agreements may be breached or otherwise fail to prevent disclosure, third-party infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary information, may be limited as to their term and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure or use of proprietary information.

We have limited control over the protection of trade secrets used by our suppliers and service providers and could lose future trade secret protection if any unauthorized disclosure of such information occurs. In addition, our proprietary information may otherwise become known or be independently developed by our competitors or other third parties. To the extent that our employees, consultants, contractors, scientific advisors and other third parties use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to enforce and determine the scope of our and relevant third parties’ proprietary rights, failure to obtain or maintain protection for our proprietary information could adversely affect our competitive business position and if third parties are able to establish that we are using their proprietary information without their permission, we may be required to obtain a license to that information, or if such a license is not available, re-design our products to avoid any such unauthorized use or temporarily delay or permanently stop manufacturing or sales of the affected products. Furthermore, laws regarding trade secret rights in certain markets where we may operate may afford little or no protection to our trade secrets.

Our proprietary rights may not adequately protect our technologies and products.

Our commercial success will depend on our ability to obtain patents and/or regulatory exclusivity and maintain adequate protection for our technologies and products in the United States and other countries. We will be able to protect our proprietary rights from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent that our proprietary technologies and products are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets.

We intend to apply for additional patents covering both our technologies and products, as we deem appropriate. We may, however, fail to apply for patents on important technologies or products in a timely fashion, if at all. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from practicing our technologies or from developing competing products and technologies. In addition, the patent positions of life science industry companies are highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. As a result, the validity and enforceability of our patents cannot be predicted with certainty. In addition, we cannot guarantee that:

The actual protection afforded by a patent varies on a product-by-product basis, from country to country and depends on many factors, including the type of patent, the scope of its coverage, the availability of regulatory related extensions, the availability of legal remedies in a particular country and the validity and enforceability of the patents. Our ability to maintain and solidify our proprietary position for our products will depend on our success in obtaining effective claims and enforcing those claims once granted. Our issued patents and those that may be issued in the future, or those licensed to us, may be challenged, invalidated, unenforceable or circumvented, and the rights granted under any issued patents may not provide us with proprietary protection or competitive advantages against competitors with similar products. We also rely on trade secrets to protect some of our technology, especially where it is believed that patent protection is inappropriate or unobtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to maintain. While we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors or scientific and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our proprietary information to competitors. Enforcement of claims that a third party has illegally obtained and is using trade secrets is expensive, time consuming and uncertain. In addition, non-U.S. courts are sometimes less willing than U.S. courts to protect trade secrets. If our competitors independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, we would not be able to assert our trade secrets against them and our business could be harmed.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our products in every jurisdiction would be prohibitively expensive. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products. These products may compete with our products, and may not be covered by any patent claims or other intellectual property rights.

The laws of some non-U.S. countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States, and many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.

If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights, our competitors may take advantage of our ideas and compete directly against us.

Our success will depend to a significant degree on our ability to secure and protect intellectual property rights and enforce patent and trademark protections relating to our technology. While we believe that the protection of patents and trademarks is important to our business, we also rely on a combination of copyright, trade secret, nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, know-how and continuing technological innovation to maintain our competitive position. From time to time, litigation may be advisable to protect our intellectual property position. However, these legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep any competitive advantage. Any litigation in this regard could be costly, and it is possible that we will not have sufficient resources to fully pursue litigation or to protect our intellectual property rights. This could result in the rejection or invalidation of our existing and future patents. Any adverse outcome in litigation relating to the validity of our patents, or any failure to pursue litigation or otherwise to protect our patent position, could materially harm our business and financial condition. In addition, confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, customers, and key vendors may not prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our technology. It is possible that these agreements will be breached or that they will not be enforceable in every instance, and that we will not have adequate remedies for any such breach. Enforcement of these agreements may be costly and time consuming. Furthermore, the laws of foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property rights and we may be unable to protect our rights to, or use of, our technology.

If we choose to go to court to stop someone else from using the inventions claimed in our patents or our licensed patents, that individual or company has the right to ask the court to rule that these patents are invalid and/or should not be enforced against that third party. These lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and other resources even if we were successful in stopping the infringement of these patents. In addition, there is a risk that the court will decide that these patents are invalid or unenforceable and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the inventions.

For example, on or about April 11, 2017, we received from Avita Medical Limited a Petition for Inter Partes Review purporting to challenge the validity of the claims in U.S. Patent No. 9,610,430 before the PTAB of the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office. Upon consideration of the arguments and evidence set forth by us and Avita, on December 18, 2017, the PTAB rendered a Final Written Decision dismissing the Petition in its entirety and, accordingly, confirming all such claims. Avita’s right to file an appeal expired on February 21, 2018. Although we were thoroughly successful in our defense of the matter, we encountered substantial legal fees as well as the diversion of management time and focus.

There is also the risk that, even if the validity or enforceability of these patents is upheld, the court will refuse to stop the other party on the grounds that such other party’s activities do not infringe our rights.

If we wish to use the technology claimed in issued and unexpired patents owned by others, we will need to obtain a license from the owner, enter into litigation to challenge the validity or enforceability of the patents or incur the risk of litigation in the event that the owner asserts that we infringed its patents. The failure to obtain a license to technology or the failure to challenge an issued patent that we may require to discover, develop or commercialize our products may have a material adverse effect on us.

If a third party asserts that we infringed its patents or other proprietary rights, we could face a number of risks that could seriously harm our results of operations, financial condition and competitive position, including:

The biotechnology industry has produced a proliferation of patents, and it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform. If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our products or methods of use either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent, and/or that the patent claims are invalid, and/or that the patent is unenforceable and we may not be able to do this. Proving invalidity, in particular, is difficult since it requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents.

U.S. patent laws as well as the laws of some foreign jurisdictions provide for provisional rights in published patent applications beginning on the date of publication, including the right to obtain reasonable royalties, if a patent subsequently issues and certain other conditions are met.

Because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, and because publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our issued patents or our pending applications, or that we were the first to invent the technology.

Patent applications filed by third parties that cover technology similar to ours may have priority over our patent applications and could further require us to obtain rights to issued patents covering such technologies. If another party files a U.S. patent application on an invention similar to ours, we may elect to participate in or be drawn into an interference proceeding declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to determine priority of invention in the United States. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that such efforts would be unsuccessful, resulting in a loss of our U.S. patent position with respect to such inventions. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations. We cannot predict whether third parties will assert these claims against us, or whether those claims will harm our business. If we are forced to defend against these claims, whether they are with or without any merit and whether they are resolved in favor of or against us, we may face costly litigation and diversion of management’s attention and resources. As a result of these disputes, we may have to develop costly non-infringing technology, or enter into licensing agreements. These agreements, if necessary, may be unavailable on terms acceptable to us, if at all, which could seriously harm our business or financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition

We have experienced significant losses, have not generated any revenues, expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are a development-stage company. We do not have any commercialized products and have not generated any revenue since inception and do not expect to generate any revenue for the foreseeable future. We had a loss from operations of $5,409,000 and $9,677,000 for our fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. We have incurred a cumulative deficit of $34,239,904 through December 31, 2021. We anticipate incurring losses for the next several years. We may not be able to successfully achieve or sustain profitability. Successful transition to profitable operations is dependent upon achieving a level of revenues adequate to support our cost structure.

We will require additional financing to expand, accelerate or sustain our current level of operations beyond our current fiscal year, and failure to obtain such financing would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $2,849,192 and approximately $1,070,000 remaining under our directors’ and officers’ insurance policy. We anticipate that we will remain engaged in research and product development activities through at least December 31, 2022. Due to the ongoing costs of the Company’s defense against the Lawsuits, we have modified our operations to conserve cash, including suspending enrollment into our clinical trial. Based upon our recently modified level of operations and expenditures, we believe that absent any further modifications or expansion of our existing research, development and administrative activities, cash on hand should be sufficient to enable us to continue operations through at least one year from the filing of this Form 10-K. The Company expects to incur losses as it continues development of its products and technologies and expects that it will need to raise additional capital through the sale of its securities to accomplish its business plan and failing to secure such additional funding before achieving sustainable revenue and profit from operations poses a significant risk. The Company’s ability to fund the development of its cellular therapies will depend on the amount and timing of cash receipts from future financing activities. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might be available.

If adequate funds, including proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Warrants are not available on reasonable terms or at all, it would result in a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects. In particular, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or terminate one or more of our research programs, sell rights to our CellMist^TM System or other technologies or products based upon such technologies, or license the rights to such technologies or products on terms that are less favorable to us than might otherwise be available. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or debt securities, further dilution to stockholders may result and new investors could have rights superior to existing stockholders.

Additionally, there is significant uncertainty relating to the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s operations and capital requirements. Should financing when needed be unavailable or prohibitively expensive or the COVID-19 pandemic continue, it may adversely affect the Company’s ability to (i) retain employees and consultants; (ii) obtain additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, if at all; (iii) delay regulatory submissions and approvals; (iv) delay, limit or preclude the Company from the operation of clinical study sites and testing laboratories; (v) delay, limit or preclude the Company from achieving technology or product development goals, milestones, or objectives; and (vi) preclude or delay entry into joint venture or partnership arrangements. The occurrence of any one or more of such events may affect the Company’s ability to continue on its pathway to commercialization of its technology or products.

We will need additional capital and if we raise such additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership will be diluted, and equity securities issued may have rights, preferences and privileges superior to the shares of common stock.

We do not expect to achieve profitability sufficient to permit us to fund our operations and other planned actions for the foreseeable future. As a result, we will be required to raise additional capital. There can be no assurance that such capital would be available on favorable terms, or at all. If we raise additional capital through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership held by existing stockholders may be reduced, and the market price of our common stock could fall due to an increased number of shares available for sale in the market. Further, our board has the authority to establish the designation of additional shares of preferred stock that may be convertible into common stock without any action by our stockholders, and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions, including voting rights, of such shares. Any such additional shares of preferred stock may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of outstanding common stock, and the issuance and conversion of any such preferred stock would further dilute the percentage ownership of our stockholders. Debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants, which may limit our operating flexibility with respect to certain business matters. If we are unable to secure additional capital as circumstances require, we may not be able to fund our planned activities or continue our operations.

Even if financing is available to us, because we cannot currently estimate the amount of funds or time required to commercialize our CellMist^TM System or to continue our defense against the Lawsuits, we may secure less funding than is actually required to effectuate our business plan.

We cannot accurately predict the amount of funding or the time required to successfully commercialize our CellMist^TM System, or any products based on our technology platform, or to fund our defense of the Lawsuits. The actual cost and time required to commercialize this technology may vary significantly depending on, among other things, the results of our research and development efforts, the cost of developing, acquiring, or licensing various enabling technologies, changes in the focus and direction of our research and development programs, competitive and technological advances, the cost of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing claims with respect to patents, the regulatory approval process and manufacturing, marketing and other costs associated with commercialization of these technologies. Because of this uncertainty, even if financing is available to us, we may secure insufficient funding to effectuate our business plan.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We are not a fully reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to as the Exchange Act; therefore, we are subject only to the reporting requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

We are not a fully reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”); therefore, we are subject only to the reporting requirements of Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Until our Common Stock is registered under the Exchange Act, we will be subject only to the reporting obligations imposed by Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act, which we refer to as Section 15(d). Section15(d) requires that issuers file periodic and current reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission” or the “SEC”) when they have issued any class of securities for which a registration statement was filed and became effective pursuant to the Securities Act. The purpose of Section 15(d) is to ensure that investors who buy securities in registered offering are provided with the same information on an ongoing basis that they would receive if the securities they purchased were listed on a securities exchange or the issuer were otherwise subject to periodic reporting obligations. However, companies that are required to report only under Section 15(d) are not subject to some of the Exchange Act reporting requirements. For example, companies that are required to report only under Section 15(d) are not subject to the short-swing profit reporting requirements contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, the beneficial ownership reporting requirements contained in Section 13 of the Exchange Act, the institutional investor reporting rules or the third-party tender offer rules, or the Exchange Act’s proxy rules contained in Section 14 of the Exchange Act.

The reporting obligations under Section15(d) of the Exchange Act are automatically suspended when: (i) any class of securities of the issuer reporting under Section 15(d) is registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act; or (ii) at the beginning of the issuer’s fiscal year, other than the year in which the applicable registration statement became effective, if the class of securities covered by the registration statement is held of record by fewer than 300 persons. In the latter case, the Company would no longer be subject to periodic reporting obligations so long as the number of holders remained below 300 unless we filed a registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission under Section 12 of the Exchange Act. If our obligation to file reports under Section 15(d) is suspended (other than due to our having registered our common stock under Section 12 of the Exchange Act), then investors will have reduced visibility with respect to the Company, its financial condition and results of operations.

Since February 26, 2018, our Common Stock has traded on the OTC Markets Group, Inc.’s Pink Current Information platform, (“OTC Pink-Current”). Until our Common Stock is listed on an exchange, we expect to remain eligible for quotation on the OTC Pink-Current. In addition, if we fail to meet the criteria set forth in SEC regulations, various requirements would be imposed by law on broker-dealers who sell our securities to persons other than established customers and accredited investors. Consequently, such regulations may deter broker-dealers from recommending or selling our common stock, which may further affect the liquidity of your shares. This would also make it more difficult for us to raise additional capital or attract qualified employees or partners.

Our common stock is currently quoted on the OTC Pink-Current which may make it more difficult for you to purchase or sell shares of the Company’s Common Stock.

The OTC Pink-Current is viewed by most investors as a less desirable, and less liquid, marketplace. As a result, an investor may find it more difficult to purchase, dispose of or obtain accurate quotations as to the value of, our common stock. We may reapply for listing on the OTCQB, which application may or may not be approved. If not approved, we expect that our stock will continue to trade on the OTC Pink-Current

To be eligible for OTCQB, companies will be required to:

In the event we do not submit an application for listing on the OTCQB or other stock exchange or if we do and the application is not approved, we expect that our stock will continue to trade on the OTC Pink-Current, which could adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock.

Our common stock is not registered for trading on any national stock exchange and thus, should the price of our stock on the OTC Pink-Current fall below five dollars per share and our net tangible assets fall below two million dollars our stock may be deemed a “penny stock” and is not traded on a national securities exchange you may find it difficult to, deposit, transfer, sell or purchase the shares of our common stock in open market transactions.

“Penny stocks” are, generally speaking, those securities that are not listed on a national securities exchange and are priced under $5. There are exclusions for securities of issuers that have net tangible assets greater than $2 million if they have been in operation at least three years or greater than $5 million if in operation less than three years. Securities of issuers with average revenue of at least $6 million for the last three years are also not considered penny stocks.

Currently our common stock is considered “penny stock exempt” by the OTC Pink-Current. This means that our stock is exempt from the definition of a Penny Stock under SEC under Rule 240.3a51-1 because it meets one of the following tests: 1) A price of over $5 per share, 2) the issuer has Average Revenue of at least $6 million for the last 3 years, or 3) the issuer has Net Tangible Assets in excess of $2 million if the issuer has been in continuous operations for at least 3 years or $5 million if less than 3 years. The value of our net tangible assets for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was, approximately $2.2 million and $6.9 million, respectively.

As long as we continue to satisfy at least one of the foregoing exemptions, our common stock should continue to be deemed “penny stock exempt.” However, because our stock is not registered for trading on a national stock exchange should we no longer satisfy at least one of the exemption criteria described above, our common stock would be considered a “penny stock.” We expect that absent a financing, our net tangible assets, will fall below $2,000,000 during the third or fourth quarter of fiscal 2022.

The penny stock rules are designed to prevent deceptive or manipulative practices. It provides that a broker cannot sell a penny stock to any person unless it has approved that person's account for penny stock transactions and the broker/dealer has received in writing from customer agreement to the transaction; approving an account includes, among other things, reviewing the customer's financial data and determining the customer's suitability, including the capability to evaluate the risks of trading in penny stocks. Some types of transactions in penny stocks are exempt from these rules. Exempt transactions include those with an established customer (a customer of more than one year or one who has made at least three separate penny stock purchases) and transactions in which the customer is an institutional investor. 

In addition, the penny stock regulations require that prior to any non-exempt buy/sell transaction in a penny stock, a disclosure schedule proscribed by the SEC relating to the penny stock market must be delivered by a broker-dealer to the purchaser of such penny stock. This disclosure must include the commissions payable to both the broker-dealer and the registered representative and current price quotations for our common stock. The regulations also require that monthly statements be sent to holders of penny stock that disclose recent price information for the penny stock and information of the limited market for penny stocks. These requirements adversely affect the market liquidity of our common stock.

Accordingly, should our common stock be deemed a “penny stock,” you may find it difficult to, deposit, transfer, sell or purchase the shares of our common stock in open market transactions.

The trading price of our common stock historically has been volatile and may continue to be so in the future; such volatility may not only negatively impact stock price but may also adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital.

The trading price of our common stock has, from time to time, fluctuated widely and in the future may be subject to similar fluctuations. The trading price may be affected by a number of factors including the risk factors set forth herein, as well as our operating results, financial condition, general economic beyond our control. In recent years, broad stock market indices in general, and smaller capitalization companies, in particular have experienced substantial price fluctuations.

Since our common stock is thinly traded its trading price is likely to be highly volatile and could be subject to extreme fluctuations in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

In a volatile market, we may experience wide fluctuations in the market price of our common stock. These fluctuations may have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock. In addition, the sale of our common stock into the public market upon the effectiveness of this registration statement could put downward pressure on the trading price of our common stock. Such fluctuations and their potential negative impact on our stock price may also adversely affect our ability to raise capital on favorable terms.

Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) sales practice requirements may also limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our common stock, which could depress the price of our common stock.

In addition to the “penny stock” rules described above, FINRA has adopted rules that require a broker-dealer to have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer before recommending an investment to a customer. Prior to recommending speculative low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives, and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA believes that there is a high probability that speculative low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Thus, the FINRA requirements make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that their customers buy our common stock, which may limit your ability to buy and sell our shares of common stock, have an adverse effect on the market for our shares of common stock, and thereby depress our price per share of common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock into the public market by the Selling Stockholders may result in significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock and may affect the ability of our stockholders to realize any trading price of our common stock.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock into the public market by the Selling Stockholders may result in significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock and may affect the ability of our stockholders to realize any trading price of our common stock when and if a trading market develops for our common stock.

Any significant downward pressure on the price of our common stock as the Selling Stockholders sell their shares of our common stock could encourage other stockholders to sell as well as short sales by the Selling Stockholders or others. Any such short sales could place further downward pressure on the price of our common stock.

The sale by our stockholders of restricted shares, either pursuant to a resale prospectus or Rule 144, may adversely affect our ability to raise the funds we will require to effectuate our business plan.

As of March 28, 2022 we had 87,352,364 shares issued and outstanding, of which 61,248,711 are deemed “control” or “restricted” securities within the meaning of Rule 144. The possibility that substantial amounts of our common stock may be sold into the public market, either under Rule 144, or pursuant to a resale registration statement, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital in the future through the sale of equity securities because of the perception that future re-sales could decrease our stock price and because of the availability of resale shares to those interested in investing in our common stock.

Mr. Harmel S. Rayat, directly and through wholly owned entities owns a majority of our issued and outstanding stock. This ownership interest will permit Mr. Rayat to influence or control significant corporate decisions.

As of March 28, 2022, Mr. Harmel S. Rayat, a director and Interim President, Interim Chief Executive Officer, Interim Chief Financial Officer and Chairman, beneficially owned approximately 71.88% of our common shares (including shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants). See the beneficial ownership table in the section of this Form 10-K titled “SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT.”

As a result, Mr. Rayat may be able to exercise significant influence or control over matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, and will have significant control over our management and policies. Mr. Rayat’s interests may be different from yours. For example, he may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree or which are not in your interest. This concentration of ownership could delay or prevent a change in control of our company or otherwise discourage a potential acquirer from attempting to obtain control of our company, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock. In addition, Mr. Rayat could use his voting influence to maintain our existing management and directors in office, or support or reject other management and board proposals that are subject to stockholder approval, such as the adoption of employee stock plans and significant unregistered financing transactions.

There are options to purchase shares of our common stock currently outstanding.

As of the date of this Form 10-K we have granted options to purchase shares of our common stock to various persons and entities, under which we could be obligated to issue up to 3,139,999 shares of our common stock. The exercise prices of these options range from $1.05 to $4.20 per share. If issued, the shares underlying these options would increase the number of shares of our common stock currently outstanding and dilute the holdings and voting rights of our then-existing stockholders. The sale of the shares issued upon the exercise of such options may also place downward pressure on our stock price.

There are warrants to purchase shares of our common stock currently outstanding.

As of the date of this Form 10-K we have issued warrants to purchase shares of our common stock to various persons and entities, under which we could be obligated to issue up to 11,712,496 shares of common stock. Each of the warrants may be exercised on a “cashless basis” using the formula set forth therein at prices ranging from $2.00 to $3.45 per share. If exercised the shares issuable may be resold immediately pursuant to Rule 144, to the extent available. Such sales could exert downward pressure on the market price of our common stock and may cause other stockholders and others to sell their stock or to enter into short sales transactions which will further exacerbate the downward pressure on the stock price.

We may sell additional equity securities in the future and your ownership interest in the Company may be diluted as a result of such sales.

We intend to sell additional equity securities in order to fully implement our business plan. Such sales will be made at prices determined by our board of directors based on factors deemed appropriate at the time; accordingly, such sales by us could be made at prevailing market prices at the time, in which case, investors could experience dilution of their investment.

We may issue preferred stock which may have greater rights than our common stock.

Our Articles of Incorporation allow our Board of Directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Currently, no shares of preferred stock are issued and outstanding. However, we can issue shares of our preferred stock in one or more series and can set the terms of the preferred stock without seeking any further approval from the holders of our common stock. Any preferred stock that we issue may rank ahead of our common stock in terms of dividend priority or liquidation premiums and may have greater voting rights than our common stock. In addition, such preferred stock may contain provisions allowing it to be converted into shares of common stock, which could dilute the value of our common stock to then current stockholders and could adversely affect the market price, if any, of our common stock.

Our compliance with changing laws and rules regarding corporate governance and public disclosure may result in additional expenses to us which, in turn, may adversely affect our ability to continue our operations.

Keeping abreast of, and in compliance with, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure, including the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, new SEC regulations and, in the event that we are ever approved for listing on a registered national exchange, such exchange’s rules, will require an increased amount of management attention and external resources. We intend to continue to invest all reasonably necessary resources to comply with evolving standards, which may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Our failure to adequately comply with any of these laws, regulations, standards or rules may result in substantial fines or other penalties and could have an adverse impact on our ongoing operations.

Because we do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future you should not purchase our shares if you are seeking dividend income.

We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to support the development and expansion of our business and do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Our payment of any future dividends will be at the discretion of our Board after considering various factors, including but not limited to our financial condition, operating results, cash needs, growth plans and the terms of any credit agreements that we may be a party to at the time. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize their investment.

Our articles of incorporation provide for indemnification of officers and directors at our expense and limit their liability, which may result in a major cost to us and hurt the interests of our stockholders because corporate resources may be expended for the benefit of officers and/or directors.

Our articles of incorporation and applicable Nevada law provide for the indemnification of our directors, officers, employees, and agents, under certain circumstances, against attorney’s fees and other expenses incurred by them in any litigation to which they become a party arising from their association with or activities on our behalf. We will also bear the expenses of such litigation for any of our directors, officers, employees, or agents, upon such person’s promise to repay us if it is ultimately determined that any such person shall not have been entitled to indemnification. This indemnification policy could result in substantial expenditures by us, which we will be unable to recoup.

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted for directors, executive officers, or persons controlling us, we have been informed that, in the opinion of the SEC, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

 ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our corporate office is located at 9375 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 107-B, Scottsdale, AZ 85260. The office is provided free from rent by our Chairman.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

SEC Civil Complaint

On May 28, 2021 the SEC filed the SEC Complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, naming the Company and Harmel S. Rayat, the Company’s current President, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Sole Director as defendants as defendants (the “SEC Defendants”). The SEC Complaint alleges among other things that Mr. Rayat and the Company with violated the antifraud provisions of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, and also alleges that Mr. Rayat with aided and abetted the Company's violations of those provisions. The SEC Complaint also alleges that the Company with violated the reporting provisions of Exchange Act Section 15(d) and Rules 15d-11 and 12b-20 thereunder. The SEC seeks, among other relief, permanent injunctions and civil penalties against the Defendants, and officer-and-director and penny stock bars against Mr. Rayat. On August 31, 2021 the Defendants filed an answer to the Complaint. On September 21, 2021, the SEC filed a motion to strike Defendants equitable affirmative defenses which motion was granted by the court on October 18, 2021. The Company disputes the claims asserted in the SEC Complaints and believes the claims set forth in the SEC Complaint are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously. To that end, the Company has retained counsel to defend the SEC Defendants.

Class Action Complaints

On July 16, 2021, Gabrielle A. Boller filed a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Boller Lawsuit”), against the Company and certain past and current officers and members of the Company’s board of directors (collectively, the “Boller Defendants”). The Boller Lawsuit alleges, among other things, that in connection with the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint, the Boller Defendants engaged in fraudulent conduct and made false and misleading statements of material fact or omitted to state material facts necessary to make the statements made not misleading. The plaintiff seeks a determination that the Boller Lawsuit is a proper class action, compensatory damages in favor of the plaintiff and other class members, reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the Boller Lawsuit, including counsel fees and expert fees, and such other relief as the Court may deem proper.

The Company disputes the plaintiffs’ claims in the Boller Lawsuit and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Boller Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

On July 21, 2021, Michael Solakian, filed a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Solakian Lawsuit”), against the Company and certain past and current officers and members of the Company’s board of directors (collectively, the “Solakian Defendants”). The Solakian Lawsuit alleges, among other things, that in connection with the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint, the Solakian Defendants engaged in fraudulent conduct and made false and misleading statements of material fact or omitted to state material facts necessary to make the statements made not misleading. The plaintiff seeks a determination that the Solakian Lawsuit is a proper class action, compensatory damages in favor of the plaintiff and other class members, reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the Solakian Lawsuit, including counsel fees and expert fees, and such other relief as the Court may deem proper.

The Company disputes the plaintiffs’ claims in the Solakian Lawsuit and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Solakian Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

Shareholder Derivative Complaints

On December 20, 2021Melvin Emberland (“Emberland”), derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Renovacare, Inc. filed a lawsuit (the “Emberland Lawsuit”) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers (the “Emberland Defendants”). In the complaint, Emberland’s allegations, relating to the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint include, but are not limited to (i) breach of fiduciary duties by the individual Emberland Defendants, (ii) unjust enrichment and (iii) violation of Section 10(b) and 21D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Emberland did not quantify any alleged damages in his complaint but, in addition to attorneys’ fees and costs, Emberland seeks (i) a declaration that the Emberland Defendants have breached and/or aided and abetted the breach of their fiduciary duties to the Company, (ii) a determination awarding to the Company restitution from the Meyer Defendants, and each of them, and ordering disgorgement of all profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by the Emberland Defendants, (iii) a directive to the Company and the Emberland Defendants to take all necessary actions to reform and improve the Company’s corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable laws, and (iv) Plaintiff is seeking, among other things, restitution from the individual Emberland Defendants and disgorgement of profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by such Emberland Defendants, costs and disbursements of the action including reasonable attorney’s fees, accountants’ and expert fees and expenses, an order directing the taking of certain corporate actions relating to its board of directors and corporate governance.

The Company disputes Emberland’s claims and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Emberland Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

On January 6, 2022, Zoser Vargas (“Vargas”), derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Renovacare, Inc. filed a lawsuit (the “Vargas Lawsuit”) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers (the “Vargas Defendants”). In the complaint Vargas’ allegations relating to the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint include but are not limited to, (i) breach of fiduciary duties, (ii) waste of corporate assets, (iii) violation of law, and (iii) unjust enrichment. Vargas did not quantify any alleged damages in his complaint but, in addition to attorneys’ fees and costs, Meyer seeks, in addition to other things, (i) against the Vargas Defendants and in favor of the Company the amount of damages sustained by the Company as a result of the Vargas Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets and unjust enrichment, (ii) directive for the Company to take all necessary actions to improve its corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable law and (iii) awarding to the Company restitution from the Vargas Defendants, and each of them, and ordering disgorgement of all profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by the Vargas Defendants.

The Company disputes Vargas’ claims and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Vargas Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

On January 28, 2022, Aviva Meyer (“Meyer”), derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant RenovaCare, Inc. filed a lawsuit (the “Meyer Lawsuit”) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers (the “Meyer Defendants”). In the complaint Meyer’s allegations relating to the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint include but are not limited to, (i) breach of fiduciary duties, (ii) waste of corporate assets, (iii) violation of law, and (iii) unjust enrichment. Vargas did not quantify any alleged damages in his complaint but, in addition to attorneys’ fees and costs, Meyer seeks, in addition to other things, (i) against the Vargas Defendants and in favor of the Company the amount of damages sustained by the Company as a result of the Vargas Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets and unjust enrichment, (ii) directive for the Company to take all necessary actions to improve its corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable law and (iii) awarding to the Company restitution from the Meyer Defendants, and each of them, and ordering disgorgement of all profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by the Meyer Defendants.

The Company disputes Meyer’s claims and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Meyer Defendants Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions. See Note 8 “Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Proceedings.” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report. See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors- Risks Associated with Litigation Matters.”

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information and Holders

Our common stock is listed on the OTC Pink-Current under the symbol “RCAR”. As of March 22, 2022, there were approximately 362 stockholders of record (this number does not include stockholders who hold their stock through brokers, banks and other nominees).

Transfer Agent

The transfer agent of our common stock is Worldwide Stock Transfer, LLC, having an office at One University Plaza, Suite 505, Hackensack, NJ, USA 07601; their phone number is (201) 820-2008.

Penny Stock

Our stock is currently exempt from the “penny stock” rules. However, should our stock price remain under $5.00 per share and our net tangible assets drop below $2,000,000, our stock will then be deemed a “penny stock.” The Securities and Exchange Commission has adopted rules that regulate broker-dealer practices in connection with transactions in penny stocks. Penny stocks are generally equity securities with a price of less than $5.00, other than securities registered on certain national securities exchanges or quoted on the NASDAQ system, provided that current price and volume information with respect to transactions in such securities is provided by the exchange or system. The penny stock rules require a broker-dealer, prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, deliver a standardized risk disclosure document prepared by the Commission, which: (a) contains a description of the nature and level of risk in the market for penny stocks in both public offerings and secondary trading; (b) contains a description of the broker’s or dealer’s duties to the customer and of the rights and remedies available to the customer with respect to a violation to such duties or other requirements of Securities’ laws; (c) contains a brief, clear, narrative description of a dealer market, including bid and ask prices for penny stocks and significance of the spread between the bid and ask price; (d) contains a toll-free telephone number for inquiries on disciplinary actions; (e) defines significant terms in the disclosure document or in the conduct of trading in penny stocks; and (f) contains such other information and is in such form as the Commission shall require by rule or regulation. The broker-dealer also must provide to the customer, prior to effecting any transaction in a penny stock: (a) bid and offer quotations for the penny stock; (b) the compensation of the broker-dealer and its salesperson in the transaction; (c) the number of shares to which such bid and ask prices apply, or other comparable information relating to the depth and liquidity of the market for such stock; and (d) monthly account statements showing the market value of each penny stock held in the customer’s account. In addition, the penny stock rules require that prior to a transaction in a penny stock not otherwise exempt from those rules, the broker-dealer must make a special written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and receive the purchaser’s written acknowledgment of the receipt of a risk disclosure statement, a written agreement to transactions involving penny stocks, and a signed and dated copy of a written suitably statement. These disclosure requirements may have the effect of reducing the trading activity in the secondary market for our stock if it becomes subject to these penny stock rules.

Rule 144

There were 87,352,364 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding at March 28, 2022, of which 61,208,711 shares are deemed either “restricted securities” or “control securities” within the meaning of Rule 144. Absent registration under the Securities Act, the sale of restricted or control shares is subject to Rule 144, as promulgated under the Securities Act.

In general, under Rule 144, subject to the satisfaction of certain other conditions, a person deemed to be one of our affiliates, who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our common stock for at least one year is permitted to sell in a brokerage transaction, within any three-month period, a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of the total number of outstanding shares of the same class, or, if our common stock is quoted on a stock exchange, the average weekly trading volume during the four calendar weeks preceding the sale, if greater.

Rule 144 also permits a person who presently is not and who has not been an affiliate of ours for at least three months immediately preceding the sale and who has beneficially owned the shares of common stock for at least six months to sell such shares without restriction other than the requirement that there be current public information as set forth in Rule 144. To the extent that Rule 144 is otherwise available, this provision is currently applicable to all of the restricted shares. If a non-affiliate has held the shares for more than one year, such person may make unlimited sales pursuant to Rule 144 without restriction. The possibility that substantial amounts of our common stock may be sold under Rule 144 into the public market may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital in the future through the sale of equity securities.

Dividend Policy

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock and our Board of Directors (the “Board”) presently intends to continue a policy of retaining earnings, if any, for use in our operations. The declaration and payment of dividends in the future, of which there can be no assurance, will be determined by the Board in light of conditions then existing, including earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors. The Nevada Revised Statutes prohibit us from declaring dividends if after giving effect to the distribution of the dividend:

Except as set forth above, there are no restrictions that currently materially limit our ability to pay dividends or which we reasonably believe are likely to limit materially the future payment of dividends on common stock.

ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Discussion and Analysis

The following discussion and analysis is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, and should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. In addition, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those discussed in “Forward Looking Statements,” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a development-stage biotechnology and medical device company focusing on the research, development and commercialization of autologous (using a patient's own cells) cellular therapies that can be used for medical and aesthetic applications. The Company does not have any commercialized products. The Company's activities have consisted principally of performing research and development activities, business development efforts, and raising capital to support such activities.

The Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary, RenovaCare Sciences Corp., owns the CellMist™ System which is a cell isolation procedure that enzymatically renders stem cells from the patient’s own skin or other tissues. The resulting stem cell suspension is administered topically with our SkinGun™ spray device as a cell therapy onto wounds including burns to facilitate healing. The CellMist™ System also includes our unique, closed, automated cell isolation device (the “CID”) to harvest stem cells from tissues which is in prototype development.

Currently, our proprietary technologies are the subject of forty-four (44) U.S. and foreign granted or pending patents or patent applications and seventeen (17) U.S. and foreign trademarks. Of the issued patents, five (5) are U.S. patents and seventeen (17) have issued or are allowed in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland/Lichtenstein, and the United Kingdom. The Company has six (6) allowed trademarks in the United States, two (2) European registered trademarks, two (2) United Kingdom trademarks, two (2) Japan trademarks, and two (2) pending in Canada.

In May 2021, the Company announced that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) fully approved the Company’s Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) application to conduct a clinical trial, designated CELLMIST 1, designed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of autologous skin and pluripotent stem cells rendered by its manual CellMist™ System from donor skin and applied topically with the electronic SkinGun™ spray device for treatment of acute burn wounds. The clinical trial protocol is an open-label, single-arm clinical study designated to enroll 14 adult human burn subjects with partial-thickness, second-degree deep thermal burn wounds covering between 10% and 30% total body surface area. The Company may engage up to four (4) U.S. burn centers to conduct the clinical study.

Subsequent to year end, the Board decided to stop enrollment of patients into the clinical trial and take other measures to reduce the Company’s overhead in an effort to conserve financial resources as it continues to defend against the Lawsuits. The Company hopes to restart the clinical trial at a future date upon the occurrence of a favorable outcome against the Lawsuits and additional financing. 

Research, development and commercialization of new technologies generally requires significant financial resources, involves a high degree of risk, and there is no assurance that development activities will result in a commercially viable product. The Company has not generated any revenue and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. The Company expects to incur losses as it continues development of its products and technologies and defends itself against the Lawsuits. The Company will need to raise additional capital through partnerships or the sale of securities to accomplish its business plan. Failing to secure such additional funding poses a significant risk. The Company's ability to meet its financial obligations, including to fund the development of its cellular therapies depends on the amount and timing of cash receipts from future financing activities. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might be available.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Revenue

To date we have not generated any product revenues and do not expect to generate any revenue for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends upon our ability to obtain marketing approval and successfully commercialization of our CellMist^TM System.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development (“R&D”) expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of our CellMist^TM System and include:

We do not believe that it is possible at this time to accurately project total expenses required for us to reach commercialization of our CellMist^TM System. In the future, we expect that research and development expenses will increase due to our ongoing product development and approval efforts. We expense research and development costs as incurred.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, including non-cash stock-based compensation related to directors and employees, professional service costs including legal, accounting, and other consulting fees and other general and administrative expenses including investor relations, insurance, and facilities costs. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in the future as we hire personnel and incur additional costs to support the expansion of our research and development activities, our operation as a public company and to defend against the Lawsuits.

Stock-Based Compensation

Expense associated with equity-based transactions is calculated and expensed in our financial statements as required pursuant to various accounting rules and is non-cash in nature. Stock compensation represents the expense associated with the amortization of our stock options.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income consists of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and the reimbursement of legal fees from our Directors & Officers insurance policy.

Income Taxes

We have yet to generate taxable income. We have historically incurred operating losses resulting in carry forward tax losses totaling approximately $21,945,000 as of December 31, 2021. We anticipate that we will continue to generate tax losses for the foreseeable future and that we will be able to carry forward these tax losses indefinitely to future taxable years. Accordingly, we do not expect to pay taxes until we have taxable income after the full utilization of our carry forward tax losses. We have provided a full valuation allowance with respect to the deferred tax assets related to these carry forward losses.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020

Research and Development Expenses

General and Administrative

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company does not have any commercialized products, has not generated any meaningful revenue since inception and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows since inception. The Company has incurred operating losses of $5,409,000 and $9,677,000 during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company has used cash in operating activities of $4,564,000 and $4,723,000 during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company expects to incur losses as it continues to fund its legal defense and scaled-back development of its products and technologies.

At December 31, 2021, the Company had current and total liabilities of $1,305,000, including $855,000 of liabilities related to reimbursable legal fees, $2,800,000 of cash on hand, and $1,070,000 available under its D&O Policy with AIG to offset legal fees. Subsequent to 2021 and through February 28, 2022, the Company has incurred legal fees related to the Lawsuits of approximately $350,000 and has effectively depleted the amounts available under its D&O policy. In order to preserve its cash resources, the Company has taken measures to streamline operations, including ending enrollment of patients into its clinical trial, renegotiate certain agreements and service arrangements and entered into a loan agreement with our Chairman for $800,000. As a result of the actions taken, the Company estimates cash on hand will be sufficient for the twelve months following the date these financial statements are issued. Historically, the Company has been funded through the sale of equity securities and debt financings. The future of the Company will depend on its ability to successfully raise capital from external sources to fund operations. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate funds, or if such funds are not available to it on acceptable terms, the Company's ability to continue its business to develop its cellular therapies will be significantly impaired and it may cause the Company to curtail operations. Although the Company has instituted cost savings measures, it will continue to assess its ongoing expenses, including, but not limited to its research and development efforts through its agreement with StemCell Systems.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

As part of our ongoing business, we do not participate in transactions that generate relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities (SPEs), which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually limited purposes. As of December 31, 2021, we were not involved in any SPE transactions. 

Critical Accounting Policies

A critical accounting policy is one that is both important to the portrayal of a company’s financial condition and results of operations and requires management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

Our consolidated financial statements are presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All applicable U.S. GAAP accounting standards effective as of December 31, 2021 have been taken into consideration in preparing the consolidated financial statements. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures. Some of those estimates are subjective and complex, and, consequently, actual results could differ from those estimates. The following accounting policies and estimates have been highlighted as significant because changes to certain judgments and assumptions inherent in these policies could affect our consolidated financial statements:

We base our estimates, to the extent possible, on historical experience. Historical information is modified as appropriate based on current business factors and various assumptions that we believe are necessary to form a basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis and make changes when necessary. Actual results could differ from our estimates. For a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies and estimates, see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements—Note (2), Significant Accounting Policies.”

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Smaller reporting companies are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following audited consolidated financial statements are filed as part of this annual report:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of RenovaCare, Inc. and Subsidiary

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of RenovaCare, Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Substantial Doubt About the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1, to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s recurring losses from operations, negative cash flows from operating activities and pending litigation raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the board of directors and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters do not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Uncertainties Regarding the Future Outcome of Litigation

Critical Audit Matter Description

As discussed in Note 8, the Company is currently the subject to various legal proceedings including the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as Class Action and derivative complaints. In preparing its consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to assess the probability of loss associated with each legal proceedings and amount of such loss, if any. The outcome of legal proceedings to which the Company is a party is not within the complete control of the Company or may not be known for prolonged periods of time. The proceedings involve claims that are subject to substantial uncertainties and unascertainable damages and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and/or stock price.

The principal consideration for our determination that the uncertainties regarding the future outcome of litigation was a critical audit matter is the significant judgment and subjectivity inherent in predicting future outcomes of litigation.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

We assessed the disclosures made by reading letters received directly from the Company’s external and in-house legal counsel that discussed the Company’s legal matters. We evaluated management's conclusion that no amounts should be accrued for as of December 31, 2021 based on the opinion of external and in house legal counsel and our assessment of contingencies in accordance with ASC Topic 450 Contingencies. In addition, we examined legal invoices related to the complaints in order to evaluate the appropriateness of the disclosures in the financial statements. We considered relevant publicly available information, such as published press releases about the Company and its legal matters and performed a search for unrecorded liabilities.

Going Concern Assessment

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described further in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred net losses each year from inception through December 31, 2021, has not generated revenue since inception and has had a decrease in cash in excess of $4.5 million for each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The Company determined these, and other factors which include the pending litigations, raised substantial doubt as to the Company's ability to continue as a going concern one year from the issuance date of the consolidated financial statements. In making this determination, management prepared a short-term cash flow projection through December 2023. Management used significant assumptions in preparing the short-term cash flow projection, which included expected operating costs and other obligations.

The principal considerations for our determination that the evaluation of management's going concern assessment was a critical audit matter are the significant judgment and subjectivity inherent in the Company's future cash flow and a high degree of auditor judgment in evaluating management's forecasts for at least the next 12 months.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of management's forecasted future cash flow projections and going concern assessment included the following, among others:

/s/ PKF O’Connor Davies, LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

New York, New York

March 30, 2022

PCAOB ID No. 127

* * * * *

RENOVACARE, INC AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)

RENOVACARE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements) 

RENOVACARE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021 AND 2020

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements) 

RENOVACARE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements)

RENOVACARE, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Organization and Liquidity

Organization

RenovaCare, Inc., formerly Janus Resources, is a Nevada corporation. RenovaCare, Inc. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Utah on July 14, 1983 as Far West Gold, Inc.

The Company has an authorized capital of 500,000,000 shares of $0.00001 par value common stock, of which 87,352,364 shares are outstanding as of December 31, 2021, and 10,000,000 shares of $0.0001 par value preferred stock, of which none are outstanding.

RenovaCare, Inc., through its wholly owned subsidiary, RenovaCare Sciences Corp. is a development-stage company focusing on the research, development and commercialization of autologous (using a patient’s own cells) cellular therapies that can be used for medical and aesthetic applications.

On July 12, 2013, the Company completed the acquisition of its flagship technologies (collectively, the “CellMist^TM System”). The CellMist™ System is a cell isolation procedure that enzymatically renders stem cells from the patient’s own skin or other tissues. The resulting stem cell suspension is administered topically from the Company’s novel solution sprayer device (the “SkinGun^TM”) as a cell therapy onto wounds including burns to facilitate healing.

Currently, our proprietary technologies are the subject of forty-four (44) U.S. and foreign granted or pending patents or patent applications and seventeen (17) U.S. and foreign trademarks. Of the issued patents, five (5) are U.S. patents and seventeen (17) have issued or are allowed in Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland/Liechtenstein, and the United Kingdom. The Company has six (6) allowed trademarks in the United States, two (2) European registered trademarks, two (2) United Kingdom trademarks, two (2) Japan trademarks, and two (2) pending in Canada.

On May 6, 2021 the Food and Drug Administration gave full-approval of the Company’s Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) application to proceed with initial clinical testing of the CellMist™ System and SkinGun™ spray device in adult burn patients.

Improvements in the design and efficiency of the CellMist™ System including a closed, automated cell isolation device and the SkinGun™ spray device are in development with StemCell Systems (Berlin, Germany), the Company’s R&D innovation partner. The Company is adapting its core technologies for possible use in other clinical indications. The Company is also developing the cell isolation and spray gun devices as stand-alone 510(k)-cleared products for isolation of cells from other tissues and spraying other solutions of medical importance.

The Company does not have any commercialized products. The Company's activities have consisted principally of performing research and development activities and raising capital to support such activities. The Company has enlisted the assistance of several Contract Manufacturing Organizations (CMO) to manufacture clinical supplies including components of the CellMist System™ and the electronic SkinGun™ spray devices in compliance with FDA’s guidance for current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) and Contract Research Organizations (CRO) to test and validate the Company’s products and processes and to conduct clinical trials that evaluate initially the safety and feasibility of an autologous skin cell therapy using the Company’s products to facilitate burn wound healing. These development activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including possible failure of preclinical and clinical testing. The Company has not generated any revenue and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. The Company expects to incur losses as it continues development of its products and technologies and will need to raise additional capital through partnerships or the sale of its securities to accomplish its business plan. Failing to secure such additional funding before achieving sustainable revenue and profit from operations poses a significant risk. The Company's ability to fund the development of its cellular therapies depends on the amount and timing of cash receipts from future financing activities. There can be no assurance as to the availability or terms upon which such financing and capital might be available.

Liquidity

The Company has not generated any revenue since inception and has sustained recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception. We expect to incur losses as we continue our research and development activities. The Company's activities are subject to significant risks and uncertainties due to the stage of the development of the Company's cellular therapies. At December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $2,800,000 in cash on hand and an accumulated deficit of $34,239,904. The Company has historically funded its operations through the issuance of convertible notes, the sale of common stock and issuance of warrants.

The Company evaluated whether there are any conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern within one year beyond the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation and the Company’s current plans, which are subject to change, management believes that the Company’s existing cash as of December 31, 2021 is sufficient to satisfy its operating cash needs for the year after the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Company is responsible to bear the costs to defend itself and its directors and officers, pursuant to the indemnification clause in the Company’s bylaws, against the Lawsuits. Subsequent to December 31, 2021, the Company depleted the funds available under its D&O Policy. The legal costs to defend the Company against the Lawsuits are expected to be material. The Company’s legal counsel provided a non-binding estimate of the legal costs to defend the Company of approximately $3,000,000 over the next 16 – 20 months. To assist the Company in paying the costs to defend against the Lawsuits, the Company’s Chairman loaned the Company $800,000 on March 18, 2022 pursuant to a convertible note, see Note 11 – Subsequent Events, for additional information. Due to the nature of the Lawsuits, and the early stage of the proceedings, the estimated amounts disclosed above is only an estimate. The estimate above does not include the potential costs to the Company in the event that it is not successful in its defense.

The Company has experienced and continues to experience negative cash flows from operations, as well as an ongoing requirement for substantial additional capital investment. The future of the Company will depend on its ability to successfully raise capital from external sources. As noted above, management believes that the Company’s existing cash as of December 31, 2021 are sufficient to satisfy its operating cash needs for the year after the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, if the Company is unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, its business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. This could affect future development and business activities and potential future product development and/or other future ventures. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or convertible debt financings will likely have a dilutive effect on the holdings of the Company’s existing stockholders. Debt financing may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting the Company’s ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, and may be secured by all or a portion of the Company’s assets.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, RenovaCare Sciences Corp. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated. RenovaCare Sciences Corp. was incorporated under the laws of the State of Nevada on June 12, 2013.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results, as determined by future events, may differ from these estimates. Management utilizes various other estimates, including but not limited to, determining the estimated lives of long-lived assets, determining the potential impairment of intangibles, the fair value of warrants issued, the fair value of stock options and other legal claims and contingencies.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents may at times exceed federally insured limits. The Company did not have any cash equivalents as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company accounts for fair value measurements for financial assets and financial liabilities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements”. The authoritative guidance, which, among other things, defines fair value, establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosure for each major asset and liability category measured at fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis. Fair value is defined as the exit price, representing the amount that would either be received to sell an asset or be paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the guidance establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1: Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.

Level 2: Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.

Level 3: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have any assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

The Company’s financial statements include cash, other current assets and accounts payable and accrued expenses which are short term in nature and, accordingly, approximate fair value. It is the Company’s policy to measure non-financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The instruments are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (such as evidence of impairment), which if material, are disclosed in the accompanying notes.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 718, Stock Based Compensation.  ASC 718 requires all stock-based payments to directors, employees and consultants, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations based on their fair values. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model (the “Black-Scholes Model”) to determine the weighted-average fair value of options granted and recognizes the compensation expense of stock-based awards on a straight-line basis over the vesting period of the award. If a stock-based award contains performance-based conditions, at the point that it becomes probable that the performance conditions will be met, the Company records a cumulative catch-up of the expense from the grant date to the current date, and then amortizes the remainder of the expense over the remaining service period. Management evaluates when the achievement of a performance-based condition is probable based on the expected satisfaction of the performance conditions as of the reporting date.

The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards utilizing the Black-Scholes option pricing model requires the use of the following assumptions: expected volatility of our common stock, which is based on our own calculated historical rate; expected life of the option award, which we elected to calculate using the simplified method; expected dividend yield, which is 0%, as we have not paid and do not have any plans to pay dividends on our common stock; and the risk-free interest rate, which is based on the U.S. Treasury rate in effect at the time of grant with maturities equal to the stock option award’s expected life. The Company evaluates the assumptions used to value the awards at each grant date and if factors change and different assumptions are utilized, stock-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what has been recorded in the past. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested securities, the Company may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unearned stock-based compensation expense. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. See “NOTE 6. Equity” for additional information on the Company’s stock-based compensation plan.

Leases

The Company recognizes their leases with a term of greater than a year on the balance sheet by recording right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Leases can be classified as either operating leases or finance leases. Operating leases will result in straight-line lease expense, while finance leases will result in front-loaded expense. The Company’s lease consists of an operating lease for office space. The Company does not recognize a lease liability or right-of-use asset on the balance sheet for short-term leases. Instead, the Company recognizes short-term lease payments as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. A short-term lease is defined as a lease that, at the commencement date, has a lease term of 12 months or less and does not include an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise.

Equipment

Equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Major improvements are capitalized, while repair and maintenance are expensed when incurred. Renewals and betterments that materially extend the life of the assets are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts, and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in income for the period.

Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over estimated useful lives of the related assets. The estimated useful lives of depreciable assets are:

Patent and Trademark Costs

Costs related to filing and pursuing patent applications are recorded as general and administrative expense and expensed as incurred since recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.

Research and Development Expenses

The Company expenses research and development expenses to operations as incurred. Research and development expenses consist of (i) regulatory compliance, (ii) pilot-scale manufacturing of the Company’s cell isolations and SkinGun™ spray, (iii) employee-related expenses including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation, (iv) clinical trials and (v) other research and development costs including consulting fees and stock-based compensation to contract research organizations (CROs) other third parties.

The Company accounts for nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development as expenses when the services have been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Intangible Assets

The Company’s intangible asset consists primarily of the CellMist^TM System technology that the Company acquired in 2013 and is recorded at cost. At the time of acquisition, the technology had not reached technological feasibility. The amount capitalized is accounted for as an indefinite-lived intangible asset, subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment. Upon successful completion, a determination will be made as to the then useful life of the intangible asset, generally determined by the period in which substantially all of the cash flows are expected to be generated and begin amortization. The Company tests the intangible asset for impairment at least annually or more frequently if impairment indicators exist after performing a qualitative analysis. Management has multiple criteria that it considers when performing the qualitative analysis. The results of this review are then weighed and prioritized. If the totality of the relevant events and circumstances indicate that the intangible asset is not impaired, additional impairment tests are not necessary.

The Company assessed the following qualitative factors that could affect any change in the fair value of the intangible asset: analysis of the technology's current phase, additional testing necessary to bring the technology to market, development of competing products, changes in projections caused by delays, changes in regulations, changes in the market for the technology and changes in cost projections to bring the technology to market. Based on a qualitative assessment, management concluded that a positive assertion can be made from the qualitative assessment that it is more likely than not that the intangible asset related to the CellMist^TM System is not impaired.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributed to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and tax credits and loss carry-forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences and carry-forwards are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to amounts expected to be realized. The Company reports a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain income tax positions, if any, taken or expected to be taken in an income tax return. Estimated interest and penalties are recorded as a component of interest expense or other expense, respectively.

Segment Reporting

The Company’s business is considered to be operating in one segment based upon the Company’s organizational structure, the way in which the operations are managed and evaluated, the availability of separate financial results and materiality considerations.

Net Loss Per Share

The computation of basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is based on the weighted average number of shares that were outstanding during the period, including shares of common stock that are issuable at the end of the reporting period. The computation of diluted EPS is based on the number of basic weighted-average shares outstanding plus the number of common shares that would be issued assuming the exercise of all potentially dilutive common shares outstanding using the treasury stock method. The computation of diluted net income per share does not assume conversion, exercise or contingent issuance of securities that would have an antidilutive effect on earnings per share. Therefore, when calculating EPS if the Company experienced a loss, there is no inclusion of dilutive securities as their inclusion in the EPS calculation is antidilutive. Furthermore, options and warrants will have a dilutive effect under the treasury stock method only when the average market price of the common stock during the period exceeds the exercise price of the options or warrants (they are in the money).

Following is the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

The shares listed below were not included in the computation of diluted losses per share because to do so would have been antidilutive for the periods presented:

Related Party Transactions

A related party is generally defined as (i) any person who holds 10% or more of the Company's securities and their immediate families; (ii) the Company's management; (iii) someone who directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the Company; or (iv) anyone who can significantly influence the financial and operating decisions of the Company. A transaction is a related party transaction when there is a transfer of resources or obligations between related parties. See “Note 9. Related Party Transactions” for further discussion.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash. The Company maintains deposits in an accredited financial institution in excess of federally insured limits. The Company deposits its cash in a financial institution that it believes has high credit quality and has not experienced any losses on such account and does not believe it is exposed to any unusual credit risk beyond the normal credit risk associated with commercial banking relationships.

Accounting Pronouncements

We evaluate all Accounting Standards Updates (ASUs) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) for consideration of their applicability. ASUs not included in our disclosures were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are not expected to have a material impact on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

None.

Accounting Pronouncements Recently Adopted

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes – Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. The guidance removes certain exceptions for recognizing deferred taxes for equity method investments, performing intra period allocation, and calculating income taxes in interim periods. The ASU also adds guidance to reduce complexity in certain areas, including recognizing deferred taxes for goodwill and allocating taxes to members of a consolidated group, among others. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, including adoption in interim or annual periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued. The transition requirements are dependent upon each amendment within this update and will be applied either prospectively or retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective January 1, 2021 with no impact on its Financial Statements.

Note 3. Assets – Intellectual Property

On July 12, 2013, the Company, together with its wholly owned subsidiary, RenovaCare Sciences, entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Dr. Jörg Gerlach, MD, PhD, pursuant to which RenovaCare Sciences purchased all of Dr. Gerlach’s rights, title and interest in the CellMist^TM System. Acquisition related costs amounted to $52,852 and were capitalized together with the cash payment upon the closing of the transaction in July 2013 of $100,002. Intangible assets amounted to $152,854 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Note 4. Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

Note 5. Accounts Payable and Accrued Liabilities

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consists of the following:

Of the legal fees of $869,950 as of December 31, 2021, approximately $855,000 are expected to be reimbursed by our directors and officers insurance policy.

Note 6. Equity

2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan

On June 20, 2013, the Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”) and on November 15, 2013, a stockholder owning a majority of the Company’s issued and outstanding stock approved adoption to the 2013 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the 2013 Plan, an aggregate of 20,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock have been reserved for issuance to the Company’s officers, directors, employees and consultants in order to attract and hire key technical personnel and management. Options granted to employees under the 2013 Plan, including directors and officers who are employees, may be incentive stock options or non-qualified stock options; options granted to others under the 2013 Plan are limited to non-qualified stock options. As of December 31, 2021, there were 16,618,266 shares available for future grants.

The 2013 Plan is administered by the Board or a committee designated by the Board. Subject to the provisions of the 2013 Plan, the Board has the authority to determine the officers, employees and consultants to whom options will be granted, the number of shares covered by each option, vesting rights and the terms and conditions of each option that is granted to them; however, no person may be granted options to purchase more than 2,000,000 shares in any one fiscal year under the 2013 Plan, and the aggregate fair market value (determined at the time the option is granted) of the shares with respect to which incentive stock options are exercisable for the first time by an optionee during any calendar year cannot exceed $100,000. Options granted pursuant to the 2013 Plan are exercisable no later than ten years after the date of grant.

The exercise price per share of common stock for options granted under the 2013 Plan is the fair market value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant, using the closing price of the Company's common stock on the last trading day prior to the date of grant, except for incentive stock options granted to a holder of ten percent or more of the Company's common stock, for whom the exercise price per share will not be less than 110% of the fair market value. No option can be granted under the 2013 Plan after June 20, 2023.

Common Stock

At December 31, 2021, the Company had 500,000,000 authorized shares of common stock with a par value of $0.00001 per share and 87,352,364 shares of common stock outstanding.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not issue any new shares of common stock.

Warrants

The Company has issued warrants to purchase common stock at various exercise prices in connection with loan agreements and private placements. The following table summarizes information about warrants outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020:

During the year ended December 31, 2021, all the Series E Warrants expired unexercised.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

The valuation methodology used to determine the fair value of stock options is the Black-Scholes Model. The Black-Scholes Model requires the use of a number of assumptions including volatility of the stock price, the risk-free interest rate, and the expected term of the stock options. The ranges of assumptions used in the Black-Scholes Model during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 is set forth in the table below:

The risk-free interest rate assumption is based upon observed interest rates on zero coupon U.S. Treasury bonds whose maturity period is appropriate for the expected term. Estimated volatility is a measure of the amount by which the stock price is expected to fluctuate each year during the term of an award. Our calculation of estimated volatility is based on historical stock prices over a period equal to the term of the awards. The average expected life is based on the contractual terms of the stock option using the simplified method. We utilize a dividend yield of zero based on the fact that we have never paid cash dividends and have no current intention to pay cash dividends. Future stock-based compensation may significantly differ based on changes in the fair value of our Common Stock and our estimates of expected volatility and the other relevant assumptions.

The following table sets forth the share-based compensation cost resulting from stock option grants, including those previously granted and vesting over time, that were recorded in the Company’s Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020:

As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $1,382,997 unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options to be amortized through 2023.

Year Ended December 31, 2021

On July 26, 2021, in connection with an Executive Services Consulting Agreement of the same date, the Company granted Justin Frere, the Company’s former Chief Financial Officer, an option to purchase up to 50,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $1.72 and with a term of 10 years.

During the first half of 2021, certain individuals resigned from the Company resulting in the forfeiture and cancellation of 2,805,571 options. Compensation expense was recorded on some of these options prior to their full vesting. As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized $1,314,705 of reversals of the prior recognized compensation expense related to the cancelled options. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the expense recognized on options still in their vesting period totaled $1,141,542.

Note 7. Leases

In February 2020, the Company entered into a two-year lease for office premises located at 4 Becker Farm Road, Suite 105, Roseland, New Jersey. Monthly base rent in year one of the lease is $4,356; and $4,459 in year 2 of the lease. The term (and payment of the monthly rent) commenced upon completion of the landlord’s work on August 1, 2020.

The Company’s existing Lease is not subject to any restrictions or covenants which preclude its ability to pay dividends, obtain financing, or enter into additional Lease’s.

As of December 31, 2021, the Company has not entered into any leases which have not yet commenced which would entitle the Company to significant rights or create additional obligations.

The Company does not have any finance leases.

Supplemental lease information:

The Company leases office space under a non-cancellable operating lease expiring in 2022. Future lease payments included in the measurement of lease liabilities on the balance sheet at December 31, 2021 for future periods are as follows:

Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies

R&D Agreement

In connection with the Company’s anticipated regulatory filings, the Company has engaged StemCell Systems GmbH (“StemCell Systems”) to provide it with prototypes and related documents under various agreements. On July 1, 2020, the Company and StemCell Systems entered into a Strategic R&D Agreement (the “Strategic Agreement”) having an initial term of three years with successive one-year extensions unless earlier terminated. The Strategic Agreement includes a $27,000 monthly fee to be paid to StemCell Systems along with any additional expenses incurred. The Company, StemCell Systems and certain affiliates of StemCell Systems entered into a Rights of First Refusal and Corporate Opportunities Agreement (the “ROFR Agreement”). Pursuant to the ROFR Agreement, (i) in the event a StemCell Systems stockholder receives an offer from a third party to acquire the StemCell Systems stockholders ownership interest, the Company shall have ten business days to purchase such ownership, and (ii) if during the terms of the Strategic Agreement, any StemCell Systems inventions, with respect to skin, burns and wounds, designs, inventions and among other things, whether or not patentable, copyrightable or otherwise legally protectable are discovered by StemCell Systems, the Company shall have the first option to negotiate mutually agreeable terms for the Company’s acquisition or licensing of the StemCell Systems inventions. Pursuant to these engagements the Company incurred expenses of approximately $523,840 and $480,000 during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Pursuant to the Strategic Agreement, as of December, 31, 2021, should the Company terminate the Strategic Agreement, the Company would be obligated to pay approximately $468,000.

Legal Proceedings

SEC Civil Complaint

On May 28, 2021 the SEC filed a civil complaint (the “SEC Complaint”), in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, naming the Company and Harmel S. Rayat, the Company’s current President, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Sole Director as defendants as defendants (the “Defendants”). The SEC Complaint alleges among other things that Mr. Rayat and the Company with violated the antifraud provisions of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, and also alleges that Mr. Rayat with aided and abetted the Company's violations of those provisions. The SEC Complaint also alleges that the Company with violated the reporting provisions of Exchange Act Section 15(d) and Rules 15d-11 and 12b-20 thereunder. The SEC seeks, among other relief, permanent injunctions and civil penalties against the Defendants, and officer-and-director and penny stock bars against Mr. Rayat. On August 31, 2021 the Defendants filed an answer to the Complaint. On September 21, 2021, the SEC filed a motion to strike Defendants equitable affirmative defenses which motion was granted by the court on October 18, 2021. The Company continues to defend itself and the named individuals against the allegations set forth in the SEC Complaint.

Class Action Complaints

On July 16, 2021, Gabrielle A. Boller filed a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Boller Lawsuit”), against the Company and certain past and current officers and members of the Company’s board of directors (collectively, the “Boller Defendants”). The Boller Lawsuit alleges, among other things, that in connection with the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint, the Boller Defendants engaged in fraudulent conduct and made false and misleading statements of material fact or omitted to state material facts necessary to make the statements made not misleading. The plaintiff seeks a determination that the Boller Lawsuit is a proper class action, compensatory damages in favor of the plaintiff and other class members, reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the Boller Lawsuit, including counsel fees and expert fees, and such other relief as the Court may deem proper.

The Company disputes the plaintiffs’ claims in the Boller Lawsuit and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Boller Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

On July 21, 2021, Michael Solakian, filed a class action lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey (the “Solakian Lawsuit”), against the Company and certain past and current officers and members of the Company’s board of directors (collectively, the “Solakian Defendants”). The Solakian Lawsuit alleges, among other things, that in connection with the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint, the Solakian Defendants engaged in fraudulent conduct and made false and misleading statements of material fact or omitted to state material facts necessary to make the statements made not misleading. The plaintiff seeks a determination that the Solakian Lawsuit is a proper class action, compensatory damages in favor of the plaintiff and other class members, reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the Solakian Lawsuit, including counsel fees and expert fees, and such other relief as the Court may deem proper.

The Company disputes the plaintiffs’ claims in the Solakian Lawsuit and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Solakian Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

Shareholder Derivative Complaints

On December 20, 2021, Melvin Emberland (“Emberland”), derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Renovacare, Inc. filed a lawsuit (the “Emberland Lawsuit”) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers (the “Emberland Defendants”). In the complaint, Emberland’s allegations, relating to the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint include, but are not limited to (i) breach of fiduciary duties by the individual Emberland Defendants, (ii) unjust enrichment and (iii) violation of Section 10(b) and 21D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Emberland did not quantify any alleged damages in his complaint but, in addition to attorneys’ fees and costs, Emberland seeks (i) a declaration that the Emberland Defendants have breached and/or aided and abetted the breach of their fiduciary duties to the Company, (ii) a determination awarding to the Company restitution from the Meyer Defendants, and each of them, and ordering disgorgement of all profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by the Emberland Defendants, (iii) a directive to the Company and the Emberland Defendants to take all necessary actions to reform and improve the Company’s corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable laws, and (iv) Plaintiff is seeking, among other things, restitution from the individual Emberland Defendants and disgorgement of profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by such Emberland Defendants, costs and disbursements of the action including reasonable attorney’s fees, accountants’ and expert fees and expenses, an order directing the taking of certain corporate actions relating to its board of directors and corporate governance.

The Company disputes Emberland’s claims and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Emberland Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

On January 6, 2022, Zoser Vargas (“Vargas”), derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Renovacare, Inc. filed a lawsuit (the “Vargas Lawsuit”) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers (the “Vargas Defendants”). In the complaint Vargas’ allegations relating to the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint include but are not limited to, (i) breach of fiduciary duties, (ii) waste of corporate assets, (iii) violation of law, and (iii) unjust enrichment. Vargas did not quantify any alleged damages in his complaint but, in addition to attorneys’ fees and costs, Meyer seeks, in addition to other things, (i) against the Vargas Defendants and in favor of the Company the amount of damages sustained by the Company as a result of the Vargas Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets and unjust enrichment, (ii) directive for the Company to take all necessary actions to improve its corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable law and (iii) awarding to the Company restitution from the Vargas Defendants, and each of them, and ordering disgorgement of all profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by the Vargas Defendants.

The Company disputes Vargas’ claims and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Vargas Defendants. Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

On January 28, 2022, Aviva Meyer (“Meyer”), derivatively and on behalf of nominal defendant Renovacare, Inc. filed a lawsuit (the “Meyer Lawsuit”) in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey against the Company and certain of its current and former executive officers (the “Meyer Defendants”). In the complaint Meyer’s allegations relating to the facts and circumstances underlying the allegations in the SEC Complaint include but are not limited to, (i) breach of fiduciary duties, (ii) waste of corporate assets, (iii) violation of law, and (iii) unjust enrichment. Vargas did not quantify any alleged damages in his complaint but, in addition to attorneys’ fees and costs, Meyer seeks, in addition to other things, (i) against the Vargas Defendants and in favor of the Company the amount of damages sustained by the Company as a result of the Vargas Defendants’ breaches of fiduciary duties, waste of corporate assets and unjust enrichment, (ii) directive for the Company to take all necessary actions to improve its corporate governance and internal procedures to comply with applicable law and (iii) awarding to the Company restitution from the Meyer Defendants, and each of them, and ordering disgorgement of all profits, benefits and other compensation obtained by the Meyer Defendants.

The Company disputes Meyer’s claims and intends to defend these matters vigorously. To that end, the Company has engaged counsel to defend the Meyer Defendants Given the uncertainty of litigation, the preliminary stage of these cases, the legal standards that must be met for, among other things, class certification and success on the merits, the Company cannot estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss that may result from these actions.

The Company believes that the claims asserted in the SEC Complaint, the Boller Lawsuit, the Solakian Lawsuit, the Emberland Lawsuit, the Vargas Lawsuit, and the Meyer Lawsuit (collectively, the “Lawsuits”) are without merit and intends to defend itself vigorously. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has effectively depleted the funds available under its D&O Policy and is responsible for costs related to its defense. See “Note 1. Organization and Liquidity” above for specific estimates.

Note 9. Related Party Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2020, Talia Jevan Properties, Inc. made payments totaling $10,811 to Stephen Yan-Klassen, former CFO who resigned in 2020, for his salary on behalf of the Company. Talia Jevan Properties, Inc. is a related party of Harmel S. Rayat, Chairman of the Board.

Kalen Capital Corporation (“KCC”), a corporation wholly owned by Mr. Rayat, on April 1, 2020, provided a short-term advance of $50,000 to the Company. The advance was repaid by the Company in July 2020. The Company paid KCC $65,156 for reimbursable expenses in October 2020.

On August 1, 2013, the Company entered into a consulting agreement, as amended on May 1, 2016, with Jatinder Bhogal, an individual owning in excess of 5% of the Company’s issued and outstanding shares of common stock, to provide consulting services to the Company through his wholly owned company, Vector Asset Management, Inc. (“VAMI”). Pursuant to the consulting agreement, VAMI assisted the Company with identifying subject matter experts in the medical device and biotechnology industries and assisted the Company with its ongoing research and development. Pursuant to an amendment dated May 1, 2016, the VAMI monthly consulting fee was increased from $5,000 to $6,800. On June 22, 2018, the Company and VAM entered into an Executive Consulting Agreement (the “ECA”) pursuant to which Mr. Bhogal served as the Company’s Chief Operating Officer. The ECA superseded the prior consulting agreement. Pursuant to the ECA, VAMI received compensation of $120,000 per year. On July 1, 2020 the Company amended the ECA and paid VAMI $4,000 per month through November 30, 2020 and $200 per month thereafter until May 31, 2021 at which time the ECA as amended expired. For consulting services provided by VAMI, during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized expenses of $1,000 and $84,000, respectively.

Note 10. Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company's financial statements or tax returns. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets if all, or some portion, of such assets will more than likely not be realized. 

There is no current or deferred tax expense for 2021 and 2020, due to the Company’s loss position. Realization of the future tax benefits related to the deferred tax assets is dependent on many factors, including the Company’s ability to generate taxable income within the net operating loss carryforward period. Management has considered these factors in reaching its conclusion as to the valuation allowance for financial reporting purposes and has recorded a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax asset.

The income tax effect of temporary differences comprising the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities is a result of the following at December 31: 

The 2021 increase in the valuation allowance was $1,035,000 compared to an increase of $1,339,000 in 2020.

The Company has available net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $21,945,000 for tax purposes to offset future taxable income which $9,613,000 was incurred prior to 2018 and expires through the year 2037 while $12,331,000 incurred subsequent do not expire. Pursuant to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, annual utilization of the Company’s net operating loss and contribution carryforwards may be limited if a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% is deemed to occur within any three-year period. The tax years 2018 through 2021 remain open to examination by federal agencies and other jurisdictions in which it operates.

A reconciliation between the statutory federal income tax rate and the effective rate of income tax expense for the years ended December 31 follows:

Note 11. Subsequent Events

Management has reviewed material events subsequent of the period ended December 31, 2021 and prior to the filing of financial statements in accordance with FASB ASC 855 “Subsequent Events.”

On February 15, 2022, the Company paid its legal counsel, Spears & Imes, a $1,000,000 retainer.

The Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer and Director, Dr. Kaiyo Nedd and its Chief Financial Officer, Mr. Justin Frere resigned all their respective positions in the Company effective March 24, 2022.

On March 18, 2022, the Company issued an Unsecured Convertible Promissory Note (the “Note”) to KCC. Pursuant to the terms of the Note, KCC agreed to loan the Company $800,000 at an annual interest rate of 1% per year, compounded daily. The Note, including any interest due thereon, may be prepaid at any time without penalty. The Note, and any balance thereunder, automatically converts into securities of the Company upon receipt of an equity financing from third-party(s) of not less than ten million dollars ($10,000,000) at a conversion price equal to 80% of the price paid in such a financing. Also, after June 23, 2023, KCC may convert all or any portion of the balance into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $0.45 per share, representing a fifty 50% percent premium to the closing price of the Company’s common stock on March 17, 2022.

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the direction of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as amended, as of December 31, 2021. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Based on our evaluation, our Interim Chief Executive Officer and Interim Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2021.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

It is the responsibility of the management of RenovaCare to establish and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to RenovaCare’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation of reliable financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

RenovaCare’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of RenovaCare; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of RenovaCare are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of RenovaCare; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding the prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of RenovaCare’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements of RenovaCare.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Management has performed an assessment of the effectiveness of RenovaCare’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2021, based upon criteria set forth in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 COSO Framework).

Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2021.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

As of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and based on the COSO criteria, management identified control deficiencies that constituted material weaknesses. A “material weakness”, as defined by COSO, is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is more than a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the Company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management identified the following material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020:

The Company began implementing new and more robust internal controls during 2021 to remediate the material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting identified above. The Company’s internal control implementation and remediation efforts included the following:

We continue to monitor our control environment and will implement additional controls and processes utilizing internal resources, and outside resources (when deemed necessary) to strengthen our controls over the financial reporting and disclosure process as applicable in order to meet the needs of our organization.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report by PKF O’Connor Davies LLP ("PKF"), our independent registered public accounting firm, regarding internal control over financial reporting. As a smaller reporting company, our internal control over financial reporting was not subject to audit by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission that permit us to provide only management’s report.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Directors and Executive Officers

The following table and text set forth the names and ages of all of the persons serving as our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, directors and executive officers, as of the date of this report. All of the directors will serve until the next annual meeting of stockholders and until their successors are elected and qualified, or until their earlier death, retirement, resignation or removal. Executive officers, subject in each case to the terms and conditions of their respective employment or consulting agreements, serve at the discretion of the Board, and are appointed to serve by the Board.  

Harmel S. Rayat. Mr. Rayat was appointed to the Board of Directors on March 16, 2021 and was appointed Chairman of the Board on March 26, 2021. Mr Rayat previously served the Company in a number of capacities, including, at various times, as its President and Chief Executive Officer, Chairman and as a member of the Company’s Board of Directors. Mr. Rayat has been a long-time majority stockholder and financial supporter of RenovaCare. Through his family office, Kalen Capital Corporation, he has invested over $20 million RenovaCare since 2013. Mr Rayat’s support was key to advancing the SkinGun^TM spray device and CellMist System^TM from an unpatented technology with little published data to a technology platform with eight patent families, numerous peer reviewed articles and FDA approval of its Investigational Device Exemption application to conduct a clinical trial to evaluate safety and feasibility. Beginning his career in the financial industry as a messenger and mail-room clerk in a stock brokerage in 1981, Mr. Rayat has since invested in a wide range of businesses and sectors, ranging from auto wreckers and alternative energy to raw land and artificial livers. In recent years, and in addition to commercial real estate in Canada and the United States, Mr. Rayat has narrowed his focus to impact investing, despite the high risks associated with early stage, pre-revenue, and pre-clinical companies. His goal is to help inventors, entrepreneurs, and scientists to create and commercialize products and technologies that will have a beneficial impact on society at large.

Dr. Robin A. Robinson. From 2008 to 2016, Dr. Robinson was the founding Director of the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). From May 2016 to the present, Dr. Robinson has provided consultation services to multiple multi-national and U.S.-based vaccine, pharmaceutical, venture capital, and scientific consulting companies. Dr Robinson is on the board of multiple vaccine and antiviral drug companies. He has served as head of HHS pandemic influenza program from 2004-2008 and as Director of Vaccines at Novavax, Inc from 1995 – 2004.

Certain Relationships

There are no family relationships between or among the directors, executive officers (or persons nominated or charged by our company to become directors or executive officers) non-executive officers, significant employees and consultants. 

Consideration of Director Nominees

Director Qualifications

We believe that our Board, to the extent that our limited resources permit, should encompass a diverse range of talent, skill and expertise sufficient to provide sound and prudent guidance with respect to our operations and interests. Each director also is expected to: exhibit high standards of integrity, commitment and independence of thought and judgment; use his or her skills and experiences to provide independent oversight to our business; participate in a constructive and collegial manner; be willing to devote sufficient time to carrying out their duties and responsibilities effectively; devote the time and effort necessary to learn our business; and, represent the long-term interests of all stockholders.

The Board has determined that the Board as a whole must have the right diversity, mix of characteristics and skills for the optimal functioning of the Board in its oversight of our affairs. The Board believes it should be generally comprised of persons with skills in areas such as: medicine (including dermatology; wound treatment); medical device technologies; finance; banking; strategic planning; human resources and diversity; leadership of business organizations; and legal matters. The Board may also consider in its assessment of the Board’s diversity, in its broadest sense, reflecting, but not limited to, age, geography, gender and ethnicity.

In addition to the targeted skill areas, the Board looks for a strong record of achievement in key knowledge areas that it believes are critical for directors to add value to the Board, including:

Board of Directors Meetings, Committees of the Board of Directors, and Annual Meeting Attendance

We do not currently have any standing committees of the Board. The full Board is responsible for performing the functions of: (i) the Audit Committee, (ii) the Compensation Committee and (iii) the Nominating Committee.

Our Bylaws provide that the number of Directors shall be fixed from time to time by the Board, but in no event shall be less than the minimum required by law. The Board should be sufficiently large to maintain our required expertise but not too large so as not to function efficiently. Director nominees are recommended, reviewed and approved by the entire Board. The Board believes that this process is appropriate due to the relatively small number of directors on the Board and the opportunity to benefit from a variety of opinions and perspectives in determining director nominees by involving the full Board.

While the Board is solely responsible for the selection and nomination of directors, the Board may consider nominees recommended by stockholders as it deems appropriate. The Board evaluates each potential nominee in the same manner regardless of the source of the potential nominee's recommendation. Although we do not have a policy regarding diversity, the Board does take into consideration the value of diversity among Board members in background, experience, education and perspective in considering potential nominees for recommendation to the Board for selection. Stockholders who wish to recommend a nominee should send nominations to our President and Chief Executive Officer, 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-A, Scottsdale, AZ 85260, and include all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for the election of directors. The recommendation must be accompanied by a written consent of the individual to stand for election if nominated by the Board and to serve if elected.

Directors’ and Officers’ Liability Insurance

We do not currently maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance coverage.

Legal Proceedings

None of or directors or officers is involved in any legal proceedings as described in Regulation S-K (§229.401(f)). 

Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act

Because we do not have a class of equity securities registered pursuant to section 12 of the Exchange Act we are not required to make the disclosures required by Item 405 of Regulation S-K.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all our officers, directors and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, which complies with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and applicable FINRA listing standards. Accordingly, the Code of Ethics is designed to deter wrongdoing, and to promote, among other things, honest and ethical conduct, full, timely, accurate and clear public disclosures, compliance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations, the prompt internal reporting of violations of the Code of Ethics, and accountability. Our Code of Ethics is available on our website at http://www.renovacareinc.com. To access our Code of Ethics, click on “Investors”, and then click on ““Corporate Governance”.

A copy of our Code of Ethics may be obtained at no charge by sending a written request to our President and Chief Executive Officer, 9375 E Shea Blvd., Suite 107-A, Scottsdale, AZ 85260.

Corporate Governance

We have adopted Corporate Governance Principles applicable to our Board. Our Corporate Governance Principles are available on our website at http://www.renovacareinc.com. To access our Corporate Governance Principles, click on “Investors,” and then click on “Corporate Governance”. 

Board Leadership Structure

We currently have three executive officers and two directors. Our Board has reviewed our current Board leadership structure in light of the composition of the Board, our size, the nature of our business, the regulatory framework under which we operate, our stockholder base, our peer group and other relevant factors, and has determined that this structure is currently the most appropriate Board leadership structure for our company. Nevertheless, the Board intends to carefully evaluate from time to time to determine what the Board believes is best for us and our stockholders.

 Board Role in Risk Oversight

Risk is inherent in every business, and how well a business manages risk can ultimately determine its success. We face a number of risks, including strategic risks, enterprise risks, financial risks, and regulatory risks. While our management is responsible for day-to-day management of various risks we face, the Board, as a whole, is responsible for evaluating our exposure to risk and to satisfy itself that the risk management processes designed and implemented by management are adequate and functioning as designed. The Board reviews and discusses policies with respect to risk assessment and risk management. The Board also has oversight responsibility with respect to the integrity of our financial reporting process and systems of internal control regarding finance and accounting, as well as its financial statements.

Director Independence

Our securities are not listed on a U.S. securities exchange and, therefore, are not subject to the corporate governance requirements of any such exchange, including those related to the independence of directors. Upon our listing on any national securities exchange or any inter-dealer quotation system, we will elect such independent directors as is necessary under the rules of any such securities exchange.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

We are eligible, and have chosen, to comply with the executive and director compensation disclosure rules applicable to a “smaller reporting company”, as defined in applicable Securities and Exchange Commission rules.

The following table provides information concerning the compensation paid for 2021 and 2020 to our named executive officers as of December 31, 2021, who consisted of our Chief Executive Officer and our next two highly compensated executive officers during 2021.

(1) Reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of common stock option awards determined in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Codification Topic 718, Compensation- Stock Compensation. The amounts shown in this column are not necessarily indicative of the actual value that will be realized by the named officers with respect to such awards.

(2) In 2020, Mr. Rubino received other compensation in the form of Health and Welfare related insurance premiums of $18,968 and an auto allowance in the amount of $12,000. In 2019, Mr. Rubino received other compensation in the amount of $1,500 in the form of an auto allowance.

(3) Effective March 24, 2022, Dr. Nedd and Mr. Frere resigned all their respective positions with the Company.

Outstanding Equity Awards at December 31, 2021

The following table sets forth information regarding equity awards that have been awarded to each of the Named Executives and which remained outstanding as of December 31, 2021. All of the outstanding options were granted pursuant to our 2013 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2013 Plan”) described below and which was approved by our stockholders on November 15, 2013. No options were issued outside of the 2013 Plan.

Mr. Frere’s option awards vest and are exercisable as follows:

Long-Term Incentive Plans

On June 20, 2013, our Board adopted our 2013 Plan and on November 15, 2013, a stockholder owning a majority of our issued and outstanding stock approved adoption to the 2013 Plan. Pursuant to the terms of the 2013 Plan, an aggregate of 20,000,000 shares of our common stock are reserved for issuance to our officers, directors, employees and consultants in order to attract and hire key technical personnel and management. Options granted to employees under the 2013 Plan, including directors and officers who are employees, may be incentive stock options or non-qualified stock options; options granted to others under the Incentive Plan are limited to non-qualified stock options. As of December 31, 2021, there were 16,618,266 shares available for grant.

The 2013 Plan is administered by the Board or a committee designated by the Board. Subject to the provisions of the 2013 Plan, the Board has the authority to determine the officers, employees and consultants to whom options will be granted, the number of shares covered by each option, vesting rights and the terms and conditions of each option that is granted to them; however, no person may be granted in any of the Company’s fiscal year, options to purchase more than 2,000,000 shares under the 2013 Plan, and the aggregate fair market value (determined at the time the option is granted) of the shares with respect to which incentive stock options are exercisable for the first time by an optionee during any calendar year cannot exceed $100,000. Options granted pursuant to the 2013 Plan are exercisable no later than ten years after the date of grant.

The exercise price per share of common stock for options granted under the 2013 Plan will be the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant, using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the last trading day prior to the date of grant, except for incentive stock options granted to a holder of ten percent or more of the Company’s common stock, for whom the exercise price per share will not be less than 110% of the fair market value. No option can be granted under the 2013 Plan after June 20, 2023.

There are no arrangements or plans in which we provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors or executive officers, except that our directors and executive officers may receive stock options at the discretion of our Board. We do not have any material bonus or profit-sharing plans pursuant to which cash or non-cash compensation is or may be paid to our directors or executive officers, except that stock options may be granted at the discretion of our Board.

Employment and Consulting Contracts

The Company has entered into the following employment and consulting agreements all of which reflect at will engagement of the named individuals.

Dr. Robin Robinson

On May 26, 2020, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Dr. Robinson (the “Robinson Employment Agreement”) pursuant to which Dr. Robinson was appointed the Company’s Vice President – Chief Scientific Officer. Dr. Robinson receives a base salary of $220,000 and is eligible to receive an annual target bonus equal up to 30% of his base salary, based on the achievement of Company performance goals established by the Board or its Compensation Committee, if any. The Company also agreed to grant Dr. Robinson a total of 200,000 options with an exercise price of $1.65 per share and which became fully vested on June 1, 2021.

The Robinson Employment Agreement has a two (2) year term. However, the Robinson Employment Agreement, subject to its terms, may be terminated by the Company at any time for or without “cause”, and by Mr. Robinson for good reason or no reason.

Upon termination of the Robinson Employment Agreement by the Company for cause or Dr. Robinson for no reason, Dr. Robinson shall be entitled to receive: (i) his Base Salary payable through the date of such termination; (ii) reimbursement for reasonable business expenses necessarily incurred by him in the ordinary course of his duties and in accordance with the Company’s policies; (iii) a prorated portion of the annual bonus the Executive would have received but for his termination prior to the bonus payment date, which prorated portion shall be paid on the bonus payment date; (iv) a prorated portion of benefits under any Company compensative or incentive plan that he would have received but for his termination; and (v) provided his spouse timely elects to continue family health insurance benefits under the federal law known as COBRA, the Company shall pay the cost of such health insurance coverage at the same rate the Company contributed for family health insurance coverage prior to his termination of employment with the Company until the earlier of twelve (12) months or the loss of COBRA entitlement (collectively (the “Accrued Benefits”).

Upon termination of the Robinson Employment Agreement by the Company without cause or Dr. Robinson for good reason, Dr. Robinson shall be entitled to receive, in addition to the Accrued Benefits, and subject to delivery of a general release acceptable to the Company, his base salary in effect at termination, for six (6) months, payable in accordance with the normal payroll practices of the Company.

In the event that, following a Change of Control (as defined below), Dr. Robinson’s employment is terminated without cause later of (x) the first anniversary of the Effective Date or (y) within six months of the Change of Control, then Dr. Robinson shall be entitled to receive (i) the Accrued Rights; (ii) prorated bonus payment; (iii) prorated plan benefit; and (iv) subject to delivering to the Company the general release, his Base Salary in effect at termination, for six (6) months, payable in accordance with the normal payroll practices of the Company.

As defined in the Robinson Employment Agreement, “Change of Control” means (i) the acquisition by any individual, entity or group (within the meaning of Section 13(d)(3) or 14(d)(2) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), other than any individual, entity or group which, as of the date of this Agreement, beneficially owns more than ten percent (10%) of the then outstanding shares of common stock of the Company (the “Common Stock”), of beneficial ownership (within the meaning of Rule 13d-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act) of fifty percent (50%) or more of the then outstanding Common Stock; provided, however, that any acquisition by the Company or its subsidiaries, or any employee benefit plan (or related trust) of the Company or its subsidiaries of fifty percent (50%) or more of outstanding Common Stock shall not constitute a Change of Control, and provided, further, that any acquisition by an entity with respect to which, following such acquisition, more than fifty percent (50%) of the then outstanding equity interests of such entity, is then beneficially owned, directly or indirectly, by all or substantially all of the individuals and entities who were the beneficial owners of the outstanding Common Stock immediately prior to such acquisition of the outstanding Common Stock, shall not constitute a Change in Control; or (ii) the consummation of (A) a reorganization, merger or consolidation (any of the foregoing, a “Merger”), in each case, with respect to which all or substantially all of the individuals and entities who were the beneficial owners of the outstanding Common Stock immediately prior to such Merger do not, following such Merger, beneficially own, directly or indirectly, more than fifty percent (50%) of the then outstanding shares of common stock of the corporation resulting from Merger, or (iii) the sale or other disposition of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company, excluding (a) a sale or other disposition of assets to a subsidiary of the Company; and (b) a sale or other disposition of assets to any individual, entity or group which, as of the date of this Agreement, beneficially owns more than ten percent (10%) of the then outstanding Common Stock.

Justin Frere

On July 26, 2021, the Company entered into an executive services consulting agreement with Mr. Frere (the “Frere ECA”) pursuant to which Mr. Frere is to provide services generally associated with the office of the Chief Financial Officer, will receive a monthly fee of $10,000, a grant of 50,000 options with an exercise price of $1.72 per share which vest as to 25,000 on the date of grant and 25,000 on January 26, 2022, and have an indefinite term cancelable five (5) days after written notice by either party. Mr. Frere resigned all positions with the Company effective March 24, 2022.

Change of Control Agreements

There are no understandings or agreements known by management at this time which would result in a change in control. In the event of the termination of employment of the Named Executive Officers all unvested options expire as of the date of such termination; and, any and all vested and unexercised stock options shall expire and no longer be exercisable after a specified time following the date of the termination.

Compensation of Directors

Our Board determines the non-employee directors’ compensation for serving on the Board and its committees. In establishing director compensation, the Board is guided by the following goals:

We reimburse our directors for reasonable travel and other out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with attendance at meetings of our Board. We do not pay director compensation to directors who are also employees. All non-employee directors are paid a director’s fee. Our Board may award special remuneration to any director undertaking any special services on our behalf other than services ordinarily required of a director. Directors are entitled to participate in, and have been issued options under, our 2013 Long-Term Stock Incentive Plan.

The following table reports all compensation we paid to non-employee directors during the last two fiscal years.

⁽¹⁾ The amounts in this column represent payments of director’s fees. 

⁽²⁾ The amounts in this column represent the total fair value assigned to options granted in 2020 to Dr. Evans. 

⁽³⁾Mr. Rayat receives $1.00 per year as compensation for his service to the Company. Mr. Rayat resigned as a director and Chairman of the Board effective October 1, 2020. Mr. Rayat was reappointed to the Board as a director on March 16, 2021.

⁽⁴⁾ Dr. Nedd served on the Board of Directors from March 16, 2021 to March 24, 2022. 

⁽⁵⁾ Dr. Evans served on the Board of Directors from August 1, 2020 until March 16, 2021. 

 ⁽⁶⁾ Kenneth Kirkland served on the Board of Directors from August 2013 until March 16, 2021.

 ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS 

The following table sets forth certain information as of the date of this report with respect to the beneficial ownership of the Company’s common stock by its executive officers, directors, all persons known by the Company to be the beneficial owners of more than 5% of its outstanding shares and by all officers and directors as a group.