RespireRx Pharmaceuticals Inc. - Annual Report: 2006 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

OR

Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

15241 Barranca Parkway, Irvine, California, 92618

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

(949) 727-3157

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered under Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered under Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Stock, $0.001 par value

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    YES  ¨    NO  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act.     YES  ¨    NO  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports); and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    YES  x    NO  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer          Accelerated filer  x Non-accelerated filer  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).    YES  ¨    NO  x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2006 was $103,016,100 (based on the closing sale price of the common stock as reported by The American Stock Exchange on such date). As of March 9, 2007, there were 40,012,448 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

PORTIONS OF THE REGISTRANT’S DEFINITIVE PROXY STATEMENT FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS TO BE HELD ON MAY 9, 2007 (TO BE FILED WITH THE COMMISSION ON OR BEFORE APRIL 30, 2007) ARE INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE INTO PART III.

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In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “Cortex,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a Delaware corporation.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and we intend that such forward-looking statements be subject to the safe harbors created thereby. These forward-looking statements, which may be identified by words including “anticipates,” “believes,” “intends,” “estimates,” “expects,” and similar expressions include, but are not limited to, statements regarding (i) future research plans, expenditures and results, (ii) potential collaborative arrangements, (iii) the potential utility of our proposed products and (iv) the need for, and availability of, additional financing.

The forward-looking statements included herein are based on current expectations that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements are based on assumptions regarding our business and technology, which involve judgments with respect to, among other things, future scientific, economic and competitive conditions, and future business decisions, all of which are difficult or impossible to predict accurately and many of which are beyond our control. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results may differ materially from those set forth in the forward-looking statements. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking information included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as representation by us or any other person that our objectives or plans will be achieved. We do not undertake and specifically decline any obligation to update any forward-looking statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any statements to reflect new information or future events or developments.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Our primary focus is to develop novel drug-like compounds that positively modulate AMPA-type glutamate receptors, a complex of proteins involved in the communication between nerve cells in the mammalian brain. These compounds, termed AMPAKINE^® compounds, enhance the activity of the AMPA receptor. We are designing and developing these molecules as proprietary pharmaceuticals because we believe they hold promise for correcting neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders that are known, or thought, to involve depressed functioning of pathways in the brain that use glutamate as a neurotransmitter.

The AMPAKINE platform addresses large potential markets. According to research data from IMS Health, in 2005 worldwide sales for central nervous system products to treat brain-related disorders and diseases exceeded $74 billion. Our business plan involves partnering with larger pharmaceutical companies for research, development, clinical testing, manufacturing and global marketing of specific AMPAKINE compounds for those indications that require sizable, expensive Phase III clinical trials — and very large sales forces to achieve significant market penetration. Diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment (“MCI”), Parkinson’s disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”), schizophrenia, depression and others may benefit from treatment with AMPAKINE drugs and require such larger distribution. At the same time, we plan to develop compounds internally for a selected set of indications, many of which will allow us to apply for “Orphan Drug” status. Such designation by the Food and Drug Administration (the “FDA”) is usually applied to products where the number of patients in the United States (“U.S.”) in the given disease category is usually less than 200,000. These

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Orphan Drug indications typically require more modest investment in the development stages, follow a quicker regulatory path to approval, and involve a more concentrated and smaller sales force targeted at selected medical centers in the U.S. The key indications that we plan to pursue internally include (a) restoration of memory and diminution of loss of memory due to electroconvulsive therapy, (b) excessive daytime sleepiness due to narcolepsy, sleep apnea and shift work, (c) Huntington’s disease, (d) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, (e) Fragile X syndrome and (f) Rett’s syndrome.

We may also pursue other Orphan Drug indications and upon any related approval, may expand our clinical potential into non-Orphan Drug indications. As an example, if we obtain approval for an indication related to Fragile X syndrome, expansion into treatment of autism may follow. While the market potential in the U.S. for most of the listed Orphan Drug indications varies between $200 million and $400 million per indication, Cortex estimates that the consolidated potential for all indications that we may pursue, including expansion into non-Orphan Drug indications, provides us with a market potential of over $3 billion. This amount does not include any revenues from any potential license of the Company’s intellectual property. We will continue to seek one or more significant license or collaboration arrangements with larger pharmaceutical companies, while we prepare ourselves for potential entrance into the pharmaceutical market with our own products. These arrangements may permit other applications of the AMPAKINE compounds to be advanced into later stages of clinical development and may provide access to the extensive clinical trials management, manufacturing and marketing expertise of such companies.

In January 1999, we entered into a research collaboration and exclusive worldwide license agreement with NV Organon (“Organon”), a subsidiary of Akzo Nobel. The agreement grants Organon worldwide rights to develop and commercialize our AMPAKINE technology for the treatment of schizophrenia and depression. In October 2000, we entered into a research collaboration agreement and a license agreement with Les Laboratoires Servier (“Servier”). The license agreement, as amended to date, will allow Servier to develop and commercialize select AMPAKINE compounds in defined territories of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and certain South American countries as a treatment for (i) declines in cognitive performance associated with aging, (ii) neurodegenerative diseases and (iii) anxiety disorders. The indications covered include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer’s disease, MCI, sexual dysfunction and anxiety disorders. The research collaborations with these partners have ended, but we remain eligible for milestone payments based upon the clinical development of the licensed compounds by these partners, as well as royalties based upon potential commercialization under our licenses.

In early March 2006, we announced positive statistical and clinical results with our AMPAKINE CX717 in a Phase IIa clinical study in adults with ADHD. The primary outcome measure for the study was the ADHD Rating Scale, which evaluates both inattentiveness and hyperactivity symptoms. Our clinical trial with CX717 showed statistical significance in both of these symptoms. In late March 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) placed a clinical hold on CX717 related to concerns over some preclinical animal data. In early September 2006, we submitted a response to the FDA, who removed the clinical hold on CX717 in early October 2006, but stipulated a limited dose range for further clinical testing of the compound. That dose limitation impacts our ability to conduct further clinical studies in ADHD. We have additional toxicological data which indicates that the cellular effects originally interpreted as toxicity occur postmortem and are directly related to the interaction of the cells as they die with the fixative used to prepare tissue samples for analysis. We plan to submit the data to the FDA in March 2007 to determine if the new information supports clinical investigations at dosage levels that would allow us to proceed with further clinical development of CX717 in ADHD.

For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, our research and development expenses were approximately $13,262,000, $11,361,000 and $8,386,000, respectively. For the six-month periods ended December 31, 2004 and 2003, our research and development expenses were approximately $5,010,000 and $2,929,000, respectively. For the year ended June 30, 2004, our research and development expenses were approximately $6,305,000. Expenses for the current year period include costs for toxicological testing required in response to the earlier clinical hold imposed on CX717 by the FDA at the end of March 2006. Most of these expenses have been incurred as of December 31, 2006.

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We face a number of risks in moving our technology through research, development and commercialization. We have never had revenues from commercial sales, have never been profitable on an annual basis and have incurred net losses approximating $79,758,000 through December 31, 2006. We do not anticipate profitability in the short term and will continue to require external funding, either from the private or public equity markets or from corporate partners and licenses of our technology. As of yet, neither we nor any of our corporate partners have obtained FDA approval to market any of our products. All of these risks, and others, are described in “Risk Factors” starting on page 18.

Our executive offices are located at 15241 Barranca Parkway, Irvine, California 92618, and our telephone number is (949) 727-3157.

Our website is www.cortexpharm.com. We make available free of charge through our website our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports as soon as practicable after such material is electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

As reported on our Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2004, we changed our fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31. As a result, we are reporting amounts for the six-month transition period ended December 31, 2004 in order to reflect the change to our fiscal year to match the calendar year.

AMPA Receptor Modulator Program

In June 1993, we licensed a new class of molecules and technology — the AMPAKINE technology — from the University of California. We have subsequently been working to develop and patent new AMPAKINE molecules and to demonstrate efficacy and safety in a number of potential indications.

AMPAKINE compounds facilitate the activity of the AMPA receptor, which is activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. The AMPAKINE compounds interact in a highly specific manner with the AMPA receptor, lowering the amount of neurotransmitter required to generate a response, and increasing the magnitude and/or duration of the response to any given amount of glutamate. We believe that this selective amplification of the normal glutamate signal may eventually find utility in the treatment of neurological and psychological diseases and disorders characterized by depressed functioning of brain pathways.

Our AMPAKINE technology is composed of two groups of compounds that we have designated as “low impact” and “high impact.” Compounds from these two groups bind at different sites on the AMPA receptor complex and affect the response in different ways. Both types of compounds positively modulate the AMPA receptor function; low impact compounds increase the amplitude of the neuronal action potential, while the high impact compounds increase both the amplitude and the half-width of the neuronal action potential. Additionally, there is evidence that the high impact compounds activate the expression of certain genes in the neuron, including neurotrophins such as Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (“BDNF”). BDNF mediates the differentiation and survival of neurons by providing the necessary trophic support, and modulates synaptic transmission and plasticity. We believe that this action of AMPAKINE molecules imparts these compounds with the potential for disease modifying activity, since deficits in BDNF have been observed in psychiatric diseases such as anxiety, depression, and ADHD, and neurodegenerative disease such as Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Fragile X.

The vast majority of excitatory synaptic connections in the brain utilize glutamate, and those synaptic connections decline with age. Thus, brain disorders associated with aging may be amenable to

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treatment with AMPAKINE compounds. Such disorders include MCI, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Schizophrenia, depression and other psychiatric disorders may involve imbalances of neurotransmitters in the brain, such as dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine. Given that glutamate modulates many of these other neurotransmitters, it may play a role in the rebalancing of neurotransmission. AMPAKINE compounds may provide a new approach to treat both neurological and psychiatric disorders by directly modulating the AMPA receptor to enhance the release of glutamate. A study with AMPAKINE compounds in patients with schizophrenia indicated improvement in a number of symptoms also common to patients with ADHD. We and our collaborators have obtained other encouraging preliminary results in animal models of sleep deprivation, Fragile X syndrome, depression, libido and stroke.

See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our business – We are at an early stage of development and we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our products and technologies” on page 20 for a discussion of certain risks related to the development and commercialization of our products, including, without limitation, risks related to its clinical trials.

Lead Development Candidate — AMPAKINE CX717

One of the most compelling animal studies conducted with the AMPAKINE CX717 involves a model that examines the effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance in non-human primates. As reported by Wake Forest University School of Medicine in the September 2005 publication of the “Public Library of Sciences — Biology,” the model utilizes a colony of rhesus macaque monkeys. The monkeys are trained to use a cursor to respond to computer images and carry out simple memory tasks. When the monkeys get a correct answer, they are rewarded with a squirt of juice.

The monkeys are trained to respond at a high overall level of performance. Under carefully controlled conditions and constant monitoring, the monkeys were then individually sleep deprived for between 30 and 36 hours, and then re-tested in the task. When the monkeys were sleep deprived, their performance accuracy on the task was reduced by 15% to 25%, and their reaction times slowed by at least 50%.

At single doses of 0.8 mg/kg to 1.5 mg/kg, CX717 completely reversed the performance deficits associated with sleep deprivation. Additionally, in those monkeys given CX717, specific brain positron emission tomography (PET) changes that occur after sleep deprivation were returned to the non sleep deprived state.

Based upon these results, and extensive required safety testing in rats, dogs and monkeys, we completed a series of Phase I clinical studies of CX717 in the United Kingdom. The studies were conducted with the assistance of Quintiles – Guy’s Drug Research Unit, a large and well-respected clinical research organization. All of the Phase I safety trials were completed by early 2005 and provided evidence of safety for doses of up to 1,600 mg of CX717 in single doses and up to 800 mg of the drug given twice daily for ten (10) days in 104 human subjects.

The pharmacokinetic results to date from the 104 volunteers who have taken CX717 in these Phase I studies show that the half life of the drug averages over 9 hours and the amount of drug absorbed over the range of 25 mg to 1600 mg was linear and predictable. Very high plasma drug levels were found in the volunteers, indicating an excellent absorption profile for the drug. In summary, we found the drug to have an excellent safety profile, seemingly well absorbed and linear kinetics over a large range of doses in normal volunteers. The doses administered to the normal volunteers were up to 16 times greater than those needed to produce efficacy results in the primates. If the clinical efficacy in humans can be demonstrated over the same dosage ranges as has been found in non-human primates, the potential for once a day dosing seems feasible.

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We also have completed a Phase IIa pilot efficacy trial in sleep deprivation that was conducted in the United Kingdom. The study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of CX717 in ameliorating the sleepiness and temporary cognitive impairment induced by overnight sleep deprivation. The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover trial of 16 male volunteers. Doses tested were 100 mg, 300 mg, and 1,000 mg of CX717 as well as placebo. The main outcome measures were the maintenance of wakefulness test (“MWT”), polysomnography during a recovery sleep phase, and cognitive performance testing during the sleep deprivation portion. The primary finding, derived from results on the MWT and polysomnography, was that CX717 enhanced alertness in a dose-dependent manner. The study also demonstrated preliminary evidence that CX717 may improve some cognitive performance measures. The improvements in cognitive function with CX717 were best illustrated in the subjects who suffered a decline in their cognition as a result of the sleep deprivation. There were no serious adverse events or clinically significant safety issues in the study. All doses of CX717 were well tolerated. Mild headache was the most common adverse event.

Additionally, we completed two separate three-month toxicology studies for CX717, one with a rodent species and one with a non-rodent species, as required by the guidelines of the FDA. Each study examined the effects of very high (toxicological) daily doses of CX717 for ninety consecutive days. Each study included extra animals to assess whether any observed toxicological effects were reversible once dosing was stopped. We also initiated reproductive toxicology studies of CX717 that are necessary to include women of childbearing potential in future Phase IIb studies.

We subsequently initiated three different Phase IIa studies to evaluate the efficacy of CX717 in (a) the treatment of ADHD in adult patients, (b) the effect on adult male subjects in a shift work paradigm funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (“DARPA”), and (c) a positron emission tomography (“PET”) scan analysis of the drug in Alzheimer’s disease patients. Results of the ADHD study were announced in early March 2006, as described more fully below. In late March 2006, the FDA notified us that it had placed a clinical hold on CX717. The hold resulted from concerns related to preclinical animal data and not from any human clinical trials. In early September 2006, we submitted our complete response to the FDA and the hold was lifted in early October 2006. In agreeing to removal of the hold, we committed to an FDA specified dose range for CX717. The dose limitations delayed further planned clinical studies with CX717 in ADHD. We have generated substantial data from additional toxicology studies over the past several months that demonstrate that the toxicological issues previously identified seem to occur postmortem and are directly related to the fixative interaction with the cells as they die.

We are currently compiling those results and we expect to submit them to the FDA in March 2007 in support of our request to allow us to increase our dosage levels of CX717 so that we can continue the development of the compound for ADHD.

Results from the Phase IIa shift work paradigm are discussed below. Enrollment in the Phase IIa study initiated in Alzheimer’s disease has not been completed.

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Potential Applications for AMPAKINE Compounds

ADHD

ADHD is a common psychiatric disorder in both children and adults. The National Institute of Mental Health (“NIMH”) estimates that ADHD affects three to five percent of school-age children, with about one child in every classroom in the U.S. in need of help for this disorder. ADHD is characterized by inattentiveness, poor impulse control and hyperactivity. The disorder was historically thought of as a childhood illness. Longitudinal studies however have documented the persistence of symptoms into adulthood in a large percentage of childhood sufferers. The prevalence of ADHD is estimated at 2% to 4% of adults. ADHD exacts a significant toll on social relationships, education, and vocational attainment. Relative to those without the disorder, adults with ADHD tend to have higher rates of divorce, lower grade point averages in school, lower graduation rates, lower socioeconomic status, and more frequent problems with unemployment.

Psychostimulants, including amphetamine and methylphenidate, represent the most widely researched and commonly prescribed treatments for the disorder. Because of the availability and frequent prescribing of psychostimulants, concerns over their potential overuse and abuse have intensified. Along with the abuse potential, treatments with psychostimulants may result in side effects. According to the National Institutes of Health, some children on these medications may lose weight, have less appetite and temporarily grow more slowly. Others may experience problems falling asleep. Given the lack of consistent improvement beyond the disorder’s core symptoms and the deficit of long-term studies, the need remains for additional testing with medications and behavioral treatments.

We believe that AMPAKINE compounds may represent a novel, non-stimulant approach for treating ADHD patients, but until the development of CX717, we have lacked an AMPAKINE compound with the appropriate potency and duration of activity to treat ADHD. Given the impressive behavioral improvement in attention and performance in primate studies with CX717 and of the longer acting AMPAKINE compounds, we undertook a pilot trial in adults with ADHD.

In early March 2006, we reported preliminary results from our lead AMPAKINE drug, CX717, which showed positive results in the treatment of adults with ADHD. Forty-nine patients with ADHD completed the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover design study performed at seven U.S. sites. We undertook this Phase IIa clinical trial to assess both the dose of drug required and the effectiveness of CX717 in an adult ADHD population. The primary outcome measure was the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) which evaluates both the inattentiveness and hyperactivity symptoms. The overall ADHD-RS score showed positive statistical changes in the ADHD-RS scores (p<0.002) in the 800 mg twice daily dose group of 22 patients and also statistically significant effects on the hyperactivity subscale (p<0.01) and the inattentiveness subscale (p<0.03) compared to placebo. The 200 mg twice daily dose, tested in a group of 27 patients, did not show a significant effect. CX717 was well tolerated, and there were no serious adverse events or other significant safety concerns with either dose.

Each subject received placebo during one treatment and either CX717 200 mg twice daily or CX717 800 mg twice daily in the other treatment period. Each treatment period was three weeks with a two-week washout in between. Sixty-eight subjects were randomized of whom 65 took either CX717 or placebo. Of those 65, 49 completed all assessments in both treatment periods. Most subjects who withdrew did so for non-treatment related reasons.

As indicated above, we were notified in late March 2006 that the FDA was placing CX717 on clinical hold due to concerns related to some preclinical animal data. After submitting a response to the agency in September 2006, the clinical hold was lifted in October 2006, but the FDA limited the approved dosage levels of the compound. Those dosing limitations impacted our plans to conduct further testing of CX717 as a treatment for ADHD. We plan to submit results from our additional toxicology studies to the

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FDA in March 2007. Our objective is that the data from these additional studies will support clinical trials at increased dose levels of CX717 and thereby convince the FDA to allow us to continue further testing of the compound in patients with ADHD.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Impairment of memory and cognition is a significant health care problem that is growing as the elderly population continues to increase. Dementia can be diagnosed in those individuals who develop persistent memory and cognitive deficits as well as in those who suffer from difficulties in their social, occupational and other activities of daily living. With advanced dementia, many elderly individuals become confined to nursing homes because of psychological disorientation and profound functional difficulties. Pharmaceuticals to alleviate deficits in memory and cognition could potentially enable elderly individuals with dementia to regain some functional abilities that may help them remain independent longer, resulting in improved quality of life and substantial savings in health care costs.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, currently afflicting some 4 million people in the U.S. and 12 million people worldwide. With the aging of our population, unless a treatment is found, the number of people in the U.S. with the disease is expected to reach 14 million by the middle of this century. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, the U.S. society spends at least $100 billion a year on Alzheimer’s disease at an average lifetime cost per patient of $174,000. Neither Medicare nor most private health insurance covers the long-term care more patients need. The impact of an effective treatment, even a symptomatic one, would be enormous.

It is in the early and middle stages of Alzheimer’s disease that we believe AMPAKINE molecules may play a valuable role, enhancing the effectiveness of the brain cells that have not yet succumbed to the disease. This enhancement may help to alleviate the memory and cognitive deficits that constitute the major symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

There is also a possibility that treatment with high impact AMPAKINE compounds may slow the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain cells, or neurons, require continued input from other brain cells to remain alive. As neurons die, other neurons begin to lose their inputs, hastening their own death. AMPAKINE compounds may slow the rate at which functional levels of input from other neurons are lost. In animal models, selected AMPAKINE compounds have been shown to increase the production of BDNF, which is a protein associated with the formation of synapses by neurons. This possible mode of action also may prove beneficial to patients with Alzheimer’s disease, although it has not been demonstrated whether the same mechanism may produce similar results in humans.

Day-Time Sleepiness Disorders

Sleep disorders represent a broad range of illnesses arising from many causes, including abnormalities in physiological functions during sleep, abnormalities of the biological clock and sleep disturbances that are induced by factors outside of the sleep process. According to the National Sleep Foundation, over the past century, society has reduced its average asleep time by 20 percent and, in the past 25 years, added a month to its average annual work/commute time. When the body is deprived of the sleep that it needs, the ability to concentrate or perform even simple tasks declines, and productivity suffers. Cortex believes that AMPAKINE compounds may be useful in treating day-time sleepiness resulting from narcolepsy, shift work and obstructive sleep apnea among other potential causes.

Narcolepsy is the classic example of a disorder causing excessive daytime sleepiness. It is a disabling neurological disorder that affects approximately 50,000 people in the U.S. The key features of narcolepsy are excessive daytime sleepiness, disrupted nighttime sleep and periodic irresistible sleep attacks of sudden onset and brief duration. The number and severity of symptoms vary widely among individuals with the disorder, with symptoms generally beginning between the ages of 15 and 30. There is currently no cure for narcolepsy although many of the symptoms can be controlled with behavioral and medical therapy.

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Narcolepsy represents an Orphan Drug indication that would reduce both our cost and time to market for a potential therapeutic agent. The potential of using AMPAKINE compounds for treatment of narcolepsy comes from work done in a monkey model of sleep deprivation. In these monkey studies, CX717 and other AMPAKINE compounds were able to reverse the deficits that sleep deprivation caused in the ability of the monkeys to accurately perform a challenging cognitive performance task. The results in the monkey model were supported by our results with CX717 in a human sleep deprivation model.

In June 2004, we announced that Dr. Sam Deadwyler, Professor and Vice Chairman, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology at Wake Forest University School of Medicine has received a grant of approximately $5,100,000 from DARPA to continue his research at Wake Forest University on the effects of sleep deprivation in primates, including the effects of CX717 and other AMPAKINE compounds.

In June 2006, results from a simulated night shift work study with CX717 were presented at the Sleep 2006 meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah. Dr. Thomas Balkin, Chief, Department of Behavioral Biology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (“WRAIR”), presented the top-line findings from the study conducted at WRAIR and funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (“DARPA”). The study assessed the effect of CX717 on cognitive performance and alertness across four nights of simulated night shift work and restricted daytime sleep. The study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study in healthy young adult male volunteers. Fifty (50) subjects were assigned to one of three CX717 dose groups or placebo. Study medication was taken once per evening for four days. Each night subjects were assessed on a variety of cognitive parameters and tests of alertness in a protocol designed to simulate night shift work. The subjects’ daytime sleep was restricted to four hours per day to mimic operational conditions involving chronic, restricted sleep.

The primary finding from the study was that CX717 did not enhance cognitive performance relative to treatment with placebo. However, similar to the observations in the Phase IIa UK sleep deprivation study, CX717 did alter the recovery sleep architecture as measured by EEG polysomnography in a dose-related manner. The 1000 mg dose of CX717 statistically (p < 0.05) reduced the amount of slow wave sleep during each of the four recovery sleep periods and increased (p < 0.05) the minutes of wake time after sleep onset during two of the four recovery sleep periods. CX717 was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events or other significant safety concerns were observed.

At the same meeting, additional presentations were made detailing the positive findings from the sleep deprivation study performed at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom, including the primary results from the study and new data using spectral EEG polysomnography to evaluate the effect of CX717 on the recovery sleep period during the study. In support of the key study findings, the spectral EEG analysis indicated that CX717 increased the level of arousal during recovery sleep.

Differences in study design and the implementation of certain study procedures may have contributed to some of the divergent results between the shift work simulation study and the UK study.

Our licensing discussions have focused on ADHD, Alzheimer’s disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. The top-line findings from the DARPA-sponsored study do not have a direct impact on the potential of CX717 in those disorders. Our strategy always has been to retain the sleep deprivation uses as well as Orphan Drug uses of the low impact AMPAKINE drugs for our internal development program. We do not anticipate that future partnering discussions would include sleep disorder indications and believe that such discussions are unlikely to be affected by the shift work study findings.

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Depression

It is estimated that depression affects over 18.8 million people in the U.S. and over 121 million people worldwide, with approximately 20% of the global population at risk of developing major depression at some point in their lives. Women are almost twice as likely to suffer from depression as men (9.5% versus 5.8%), but prevalence figures vary from country to country. Depression costs the U.S. an estimated $44 billion each year. The World Health Organization predicts depression will become the leading cause of disability by the year 2020.

In the U.S., the depression market is considered the largest segment of the central nervous system market with global sales of $19.8 billion in 2005. This is a mature market with a number of the leading brands facing patent expiration in the next six years.

In January 1999, we entered an exclusive worldwide license agreement with Organon that enables Organon to develop and commercialize the AMPAKINE compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia. The agreement with Organon included an option for a similar license in the field of depression.

In December 2003 Organon exercised its option to the depression field and currently has a Phase II study in bipolar depression underway at the NIMH. Organon is subject to annual spending requirements for research and development using AMPAKINE compounds in the depression field. The terms of the agreement also include milestone payments based upon clinical development and royalties on worldwide sales.

Fragile X and Autism

Fragile X is an inherited disorder that represents the most common cause of inherited mental retardation. The disorder affects approximately 60,000 to 80,000 patients in the U.S., thus qualifying the disorder as an Orphan Drug indication. Symptoms of Fragile X syndrome include mental impairment ranging from learning disabilities to mental retardation, attention deficit and hyperactivity, anxiety and unstable mood and autistic-like behaviors.

Males are typically more severely affected by Fragile X syndrome than females. Although most males with Fragile X syndrome have mental retardation, only one-third to one-half of females with the disorder has significant intellectual impairment; the rest have either normal intelligence or learning disabilities. Emotional and behavioral problems are common in both sexes. There are no current therapeutic treatments for the disorder, although medications are used to treat some symptoms.

Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of life. The result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain, autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as many as 2 to 6 in 1,000 individuals. The disability is four times more prevalent in males than in females.

Autism impacts the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and communication skills. Children and adults with autism typically have difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and leisure or play activities. Persons with autism may exhibit repeated body movements, unusual responses to people or attachments to objects, and resistance to changes in routines. Individuals also may experience heightened sensitivities of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. There are currently no approved therapeutic treatments for autism, although early behavioral intervention dramatically improves outcome.

Recent scientific research has led to an improved understanding of Fragile X syndrome and autism. A number of scientists have suggested that the use of a drug to enhance glutamate transmission, such as an AMPAKINE compound, may be beneficial.

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Further, the genetic defect in Fragile X results in the reduction or absence of an important protein, FMRP. FMRP is thought to play an important role in allowing normal levels of AMPA receptor proteins to be made. Increasing the activity of AMPA receptors with an AMPAKINE may overcome the reduced number of AMPA receptors produced by the reduced level of FMRP protein.

Some Fragile X clinicians believe that AMPAKINE compounds with the potential to raise neurotrophic levels may improve Fragile X patients, especially if administered at a young age. An earlier study with CX516 in Fragile X did not prove to be efficacious, but suffered from the same deficiencies of all the other CX516 studies that were related to the inadequacies of the compound. More potent and longer lasting AMPAKINE compounds, particularly ones which up regulate BDNF, will be required to moderate this disease.

Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s disease (“HD”) is an inherited, progressive brain disorder characterized by involuntary movements, psychiatric disturbances, and dementia. It typically strikes people whose ages are in the 30s or 40s. Patients ultimately lose physical and mental abilities to care for themselves. Walking becomes impossible, swallowing difficult, and dementia profound. At the end stage of the disorder, most patients require institutionalization. Current epidemiologic data show that there are 25,000 to 30,000 patients in the United States with HD, thus qualifying it as an Orphan Drug indication.

Both low and high impact AMPAKINE compounds may play a role in the treatment of HD either as a mono-therapy or in combination with existing pharmacology. AMPAKINE compounds, like CX717, could potentially play a symptomatic role in the reduction of memory and cognitive components of this disease. High impact AMPAKINE compounds that have a potent effect on the production of neurotrophic factors, such as BDNF, theoretically could have a disease modifying effect on this terminal disease.

Memory Loss Due to Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (“ECT”) is the most effective treatment of major depression, with approximately 100,000 patients receiving ECT in the U.S. ECT works by the intentional induction of a controlled generalized seizure by administration of electrical impulses to the anesthetized patient. Despite its effectiveness, patient and clinician acceptance is limited due to significant memory loss that has been associated with this therapy.

The effects of chronic ECT have been discussed in recent studies on the pathophysiology of depression. This work has led to the hypothesis that ECT and antidepressant drugs, via regulation of neurotrophic factors, reverse the atrophy of stress-vulnerable neurons or protect these neurons from further damage. It is possible that AMPAKINE compounds may enhance the recovery of memory post-ECT therapy.

The availability of monkey models of ECT could allow us to test intervention with CX717 and other AMPAKINE compounds. If AMPAKINE drugs, like CX717 or a high impact AMPAKINE compound are protective against the negative effects of ECT, this could provide a unique niche for AMPAKINE drugs in the hospitals where ECT is currently used.

Mild Cognitive Impairment

In the aging population, there is a continuum of cognitive decline. This continuum ranges from normal (for the general age group) to MCI to probable Alzheimer’s disease or other types of dementia. Patients with MCI currently represent the earliest clinically-defined group with memory impairment beyond that expected for normal individuals of the same age and education, but do not meet clinical criteria for Alzheimer’s disease.

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It is estimated that there are between three and four million people with MCI. The memory deficits in the MCI population are clinically discernible and can interfere with daily functioning. MCI patients also appear to have a greatly increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Whereas approximately 1-2% of the normal elderly population will be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease every year, 10-15% or more of MCI patients will progress to Alzheimer’s disease per year.

Given the lack of consensus by the FDA on the diagnostic and outcome for success in MCI, we believe that the low impact AMPAKINE CX717 or high impact compounds in our pipeline must first demonstrate efficacy in Alzheimer’s disease before undertaking studies with these compounds in MCI. Yet given the potential size of the MCI market, we remain interested in this indication.

Schizophrenia

The worldwide incidence of schizophrenia is approximately one percent of the population, regardless of ethnic, cultural or socioeconomic status. Schizophrenia typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and involves a collection of symptoms. These are generally characterized as positive symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), negative symptoms (social withdrawal and loss of emotional responsiveness) and cognitive symptoms (disordered thought and attention deficits).

The first conventional anti-psychotics for schizophrenia were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These drugs helped to reduce the positive symptoms of the disease and greatly reduced the need for chronic hospitalization but can be difficult to use because of safety and tolerability issues. Newer agents achieve good control of positive symptoms, partial control of negative symptoms and better patient compliance with medication due to lower frequency of side effects. However, clinicians agree that there are still substantial side effects and that the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are not greatly improved by any available agent. The persistence of cognitive symptoms prevents many patients from successfully reintegrating into society.

Schizophrenia has long been thought to have its biochemical basis in an over-activity of dopamine pathways projecting into an area of the brain known as the striatum. More recently, a developing body of evidence suggests that schizophrenia also involves reduced activity of glutamate pathways projecting into the same area. We began studying whether AMPAKINE compounds, which increase current flow through the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptor, might have relevance to the treatment of schizophrenia.

In January 1999, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement with Organon. The agreement will enable Organon to develop and commercialize our proprietary AMPAKINE technology for the treatment of schizophrenia. Under the agreement, Organon has rights to intellectual property that includes broad medical use patents covering the use of any AMPA receptor modulating compound to treat schizophrenia as a mono-therapy, or in combination with other anti-psychotic medications.

Organon is currently conducting clinical testing of the AMPAKINE compound, ORG24448, in patients with schizophrenia. In May 2000, we achieved our first milestone under the related agreement when Organon selected a licensed compound to pursue in Phase I clinical testing, triggering a $2,000,000 payment to us. In September 2001, Organon informed us of its intent to continue development of the selected compound by entering Phase II clinical testing, triggering a second $2,000,000 milestone payment. Additional payments from the Organon agreement for schizophrenia will depend upon the drug successfully completing Phase II studies and the initiation of Phase III trials.

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A second AMPAKINE drug candidate licensed to Organon is currently in two clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia, one a mono-therapy trial that was nearly completed in 2006 and the other trial in combination with other antipsychotic agents that is just being initiated.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (“TBI”) is an injury to the head that disrupts the normal function of the brain. The injury is not degenerative or congenital in nature, and is caused by an external physical force. There is a wide range of injuries with this disorder from mild, with only a brief loss of consciousness, to severe, resulting in life-long coma. The injury may be focal or diffuse, closed or penetrating. TBI is the leading cause of death and disability among children and young adults. People over the age of 75 have the highest rate of TBI, with falls being the main cause. Young adults have the next highest rate, with transportation being the most common cause. Finally, the third highest rate of TBI is that of children under the age of 5 years, with their most common causes being falls and motor vehicle accidents. In the U.S., there are 5.3 million people with TBI and there is an incidence of over 1.7 million cases per year.

Other Indications

We may conduct studies in various other indications that have not been discussed above. In addition to the AMPAKINE CX717, we plan to advance other AMPAKINE compounds that have shown promise in animal models. During 2006, we initiated toxicology testing for additional AMPAKINE compounds. If those tests are successful, we hope to have a second drug candidate in clinical trials during 2007.

Proof of Principal Compound — AMPAKINE CX516

Our development of the AMPAKINE technology began with our exclusive license of the technology from the University of California in 1993. CX516 was among a number of AMPAKINE compounds that were rapidly synthesized and evaluated by our scientists during the early discovery and preclinical development processes. Given concerns about potential brain-related side effects caused by excess glutamate, many believed that AMPAKINE compounds (through their potentiation of glutamate) would cause serious side effects in humans.

Three human clinical safety studies have been completed with the AMPAKINE CX516 in healthy volunteers. In all three studies, CX516 was safe and well-tolerated on acute oral administration, and importantly, indicated some effects on memory performance.

Phase II studies in MCI, ADHD, schizophrenia and Fragile X syndrome subsequently were initiated and/or completed with CX516. Because CX516 has an extremely short half-life in humans and had very low potency, it failed to show any material benefits in any of the Phase II trials. However, it did reduce the concern about toxicity of excess glutamate and point the way for future generations of AMPAKINE compounds that may overcome the shortcomings of CX516. No further clinical development of CX516 is planned and all projects related to this compound have been terminated.

Manufacturing

We have no experience or capability to either manufacture bulk quantities of the new compounds that we develop, or to produce finished dosage forms of the compounds, such as tablets or capsules. We rely, and presently intend to rely, on the manufacturing and quality control expertise of contract manufacturing organizations or current and prospective corporate partners. There is no assurance that we will be able to enter into manufacturing arrangements to produce bulk quantities of our compounds on favorable financial terms. There is however, substantial availability of dosage form manufacturing capability in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry that we believe that we can readily access. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our business – We are at an early stage of development and we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our products and technologies” on page 20 for a discussion of certain risks related to the development and commercialization of our products.

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Marketing

We have no experience in the marketing of pharmaceutical products and do not anticipate having the resources to distribute and broadly market any products that we may develop for indications such as Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. We will therefore continue to seek commercial development arrangements with other pharmaceutical companies for our proposed products for those indications that require significant sales forces to effectively market. In entering into such arrangements, we may seek to retain the right to promote or co-promote products for certain of the Orphan Drug indications in North America. We believe that there is a significant expertise base for such marketing and sales functions within the pharmaceutical industry and expect that we could recruit such expertise if we pursue to directly market a drug. Our worldwide licensing agreement with Organon (see Note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements) does not provide us with co-promotional rights. With respect to Orphan Drugs, we may distribute and market such products directly. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our business – We are at an early stage of development and we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our products and technologies” on page 20 for a discussion of certain risks related to the development and commercialization of our products.

Technology Rights

In 1993, we entered into an agreement with the Regents of the University of California (the “University”), under which we secured exclusive commercial rights to AMPA-receptor modulating technology and compounds (the AMPAKINE technology) for the treatment of deficits of memory and cognition. The relationship later was expanded to include additional agreements for other indications. We paid an initial license fee and are obligated to make additional payments, including license maintenance fees and patent expense reimbursements creditable against future royalties, over the course of initiating and conducting human clinical testing and obtaining regulatory approvals. When and if sales of licensed products commence, we will pay royalties on net sales. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2003, we amended the agreement with the University to exclude the treatment of disease areas outside of the central nervous system that we would not have the resources or the capability to develop in a timely manner. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our business – Our products rely on licenses from the Regents of the University of California, and if we lose access to these technologies, our business would be substantially impaired” on page 20 for a discussion of certain risks related to our licenses with the University.

Patents and Proprietary Rights

We are aggressively pursuing patent protection of our technologies. We own or have exclusive rights (within our areas of product development) to more than 50 issued or allowed U.S. and foreign patents and have a number of additional U.S. patent applications and their international counterparts pending. Over 40 of these are composition of matter patents that cover hundreds of our compounds. These patents form the foundation of the Company’s business and the pharmaceutical industry in general. Additionally, we are consistently filing new disclosures and patents for new structures and new uses.

Two method of use patents underlie much of our current development work. These patents have been issued to the University and rights to the patents are licensed exclusively to us for all uses, other than endocrine modulation.

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One of these patents covers the method of use for our AMPAKINE compounds — as well as compounds made by others — and describes the mechanism by which AMPAKINE compounds may affect the treatment of memory and cognition. This patent issued to the University in the U.S. in 1999. We believe that the coverage from this patent extends to both neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease as well as psychiatric conditions with cognitive disturbances including depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder, and phobic disorders. Similar method of use patents have been issued to us in Mexico, Australia and New Zealand.

In November 2003, a similar patent was issued to the University by the European Patent Office. Under the rules of the European Patent Office, this patent entered into a nine-month period during which oppositions to the issuance could be filed. Upon issuance of the patent, an opposition was filed by Eli Lilly and Company. In August 2004, GlaxoSmithKline also filed an opposition. In cooperation with the University, we responded to the oppositions. There is no timeframe available for a decision from the European Patent Office and such decision may be appealed by us or the party filing the opposition. As a result, the process to determine whether the oppositions filed for this patent will or will not prevail in Europe may take anywhere from six months to several years to resolve.

Another method of use patent contains a broad claim for any AMPA-modulating compound to treat schizophrenia. This patent was issued to the University in the U.S. in 1998, and subsequently has issued in Australia.

Our rights under the University patents are contingent upon us making certain minimum annual payments to the University, meeting certain milestones and diligently seeking to commercialize the underlying technology.

Since issuance of a patent does not guarantee the right to practice the claimed invention, others may obtain patents that we would then need to license or design around in order to practice our patented technologies. We may not be able to obtain licenses that might be required to practice these technologies due to patents of others on reasonable terms or at all. Additionally, any unpatented manufacture, use or sale of our technology, processes or products may infringe on patents or proprietary rights of others, and we may be unable to obtain licenses or other rights to these other technologies that may be required for commercialization of our proposed products or processes.

We rely to a certain extent upon unpatented proprietary technology and may determine in some cases that our interests would be better served by reliance on trade secrets or confidentiality agreements rather than patents. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our industry – If we fail to secure adequate intellectual property protection, it could significantly harm our financial results and ability to compete” on page 21 for a discussion of certain risks related to the protection of our intellectual property rights.

Government Regulation

In order to test, produce and market human therapeutic products in the U.S., mandatory procedures and safety standards established by the FDA must be satisfied. Obtaining FDA approval is a costly and time-consuming process. We have initiated Phase I and early Phase II testing in the U.S. and Europe, primarily with the assistance of clinical collaborators and our corporate partners, Organon and Servier. Some clinical trials were and are performed in the U.S. under Notices of Claimed Investigational Exemption for a New Drug (“IND”) filed with the FDA by our clinical collaborators. We filed an IND for the AMPAKINE CX516 in our name in the fall of 2000. Given the clinical shortcomings of CX516, in 2005 we formally requested the FDA to withdraw this IND. We filed an IND for the AMPAKINE CX717 in December 2004. It is our intent that Organon, Servier or another pharmaceutical company partner or partners that we are seeking, will pursue other required regulatory approvals to conduct further clinical testing with AMPAKINE compounds. However, we intend to file other IND’s for additional AMPAKINE compounds to facilitate the development of our Orphan Drug strategy.

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Clinical trials are normally conducted in three phases. Phase I trials are concerned primarily with safety of the drug, involve fewer than 100 subjects, and may take from six months to over a year. Phase II trials normally involve a few hundred patients. Phase II trials are designed to demonstrate effectiveness and to determine optimal dosing in treating or diagnosing the disease or condition for which the drug is intended. Short-term side effects and risks in people whose health is impaired also may be examined. Phase III trials may involve up to several thousand patients who have the disease or condition for which the drug is intended, to approximate more closely the conditions of ordinary medical practice. Phase III trials also are designed to clarify the drug’s benefit-risk relationship, to uncover less common side effects and adverse reactions, and to generate information for proper labeling of the drug. The FDA receives reports on the progress of each phase of clinical testing, and may require the modification, suspension, or termination of clinical trials if an unwarranted risk is presented to patients. The FDA estimates that the clinical trial period of drug development can take up to ten years, and averages five years. With certain exceptions, once clinical testing is completed, the sponsor can submit a New Drug Application (“NDA”) for approval to market a drug. The FDA’s review of an NDA can also be lengthy.

Therapeutic products that may be developed and sold by us outside the U.S. will be subject to regulation by the various countries in which they are to be distributed. In addition, products manufactured in the U.S. that have not yet been cleared for domestic distribution will require FDA approval in order to be exported to foreign countries for distribution there. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our industry – The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming, uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining required approvals for the commercialization of some of our products” on page 22 for a discussion of certain risks related to the regulatory approval of our products.

We plan to seek additional financing to support our development of selected AMPAKINE compounds for Orphan Drug indications. Without such financing, we may be severely restricted in our overall development. We would be dependent upon our sub-licensees and might be unable to maintain our current core technical and management capabilities. Under such circumstances, we would be dependent upon entering into partnerships or other collaborative arrangements with third parties with the required resources to obtain the needed approvals. Along with our licensing agreements with Organon and Servier, we intend to enter into license or other arrangements with other pharmaceutical companies under which those companies would conduct the required clinical trials and seek FDA approval for most or all of our proposed products. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our business – We may not be able to enter into the strategic alliances necessary to fully develop and commercialize our products and technologies, and we will be dependent on our corporate partners if we do” on page 21 for a discussion of certain risks related to the proposed strategic alliances that we are seeking.

Competition

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapidly evolving technology and intense competition. Many companies of all sizes, including both major pharmaceutical companies and specialized biotechnology companies, are engaged in activities similar to ours. A large number of drugs intended for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, MCI, schizophrenia, depression, ADHD and other neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders are on the market or in the later stages of clinical testing. For example, approximately 15 drugs are in development in the U.S. for schizophrenia and over 25 drugs are under clinical investigation in the U.S. for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Most of our competitors have substantially greater financial and other resources and larger research and development staffs. Larger pharmaceutical company competitors also have significant experience in preclinical testing, human clinical trials and regulatory approval procedures.

In addition, colleges, universities, governmental agencies and other public and private research organizations will continue to conduct research. These institutions are becoming more active in seeking patent protection and licensing arrangements to collect license fees, milestone payments and royalties in exchange for license rights to technology that they have developed, some of which may be directly competitive with us.

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We expect technological developments in the neuropharmacology field to continue to occur at a rapid rate and expect that competition will remain intense as those advances continue. Based on the technical qualifications, expertise and reputations of our Scientific Directors, consultants and other key scientists, we believe that our operating strategy to develop AMPAKINE compounds for the treatment of selected Orphan Drug indications and to out-license the technology to larger pharmaceutical companies for major chronic indications is appropriate.

Product Liability Insurance

The clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing of our products may expose us to product liability claims, against which we maintain liability insurance. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our industry – We may be subject to potential product liability claims. One or more successful claims brought against us could materially impact our business and financial condition” on page 22 for a discussion of certain risks related to product liability claims against us.

Employees

We currently have 25 full-time employees and one part-time employee. Of the 25 full-time employees, seven are engaged in management and administrative support and the remainder are engaged in research and development, including 12 Ph.D.-level or equivalent employees.

We do not anticipate significant increases in our employee levels during the next twelve months. We will continue to outsource a substantial amount of our research and development to qualified vendors. We sponsor a substantial amount of research in academic laboratories, primarily at the University of California, Irvine.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

In addition to the other matters set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our continuing operations and the price of our common stock are subject to the following risks:

Risks related to our business

We have a history of net losses; we expect to continue to incur net losses and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

Since our formation on February 10, 1987 through December 31, 2006, we have generated only modest operating revenues and we have incurred net losses approximating $79,758,000. For the years ended December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004, our net losses were approximately $16,055,000, $11,606,000 and $6,234,000, respectively. For the six months ended December 31, 2004 and 2003 and fiscal year ended June 30, 2004, our net losses amounted to approximately $4,046,000, $3,806,000 and $5,994,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2006, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $81,790,000. We have not generated any revenue from product sales to date, and it is possible that we will never generate revenues from product sales in the future. Even if we do achieve significant revenues from product sales, we expect to incur significant operating losses over the next several years. As with other companies in the biotechnology industry, it is possible that we will never achieve profitable operations.

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We will need additional capital in the future and, if it is not available on terms acceptable to us, or at all, we may need to scale back our research and development efforts and may be unable to continue our business operations.

We will require substantial additional funds to advance our research and development programs and to continue our operations, particularly if we decide to independently conduct later-stage clinical testing and apply for regulatory approval of any of our proposed products, and if we independently undertake marketing and promotion of our products. Additionally, we may require additional funds in the event that we decide to pursue strategic acquisitions of or licenses for other products or businesses. Based on our current operating plan, including planned clinical trials and other product research and development costs, we estimate that our existing cash resources, including and amounts received from our registered direct offering in January 2007, will be sufficient to meet our requirements into calendar year 2008. However, we believe that we will require additional capital to fund on-going operations beyond that time. Additional funds may result from milestone payments related to our agreements with Organon and Servier, although there is no assurance that we will receive milestone payments from Organon or Servier within the desired timeframe, or at all. Additional funds also may result from the exercise of warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2006, warrants to purchase up to approximately 8.3 million shares of our common stock were outstanding. If these remaining warrants are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, such exercise would provide approximately $25,000,000 of additional capital. Additionally, if the warrants to purchase up to approximately 3.3 million shares of our common stock issued in connection with our registered direct offering in January 2007 are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, such exercise would provide approximately $5,400,000 of additional capital.

Our cash requirements in the future may be significantly different from our current estimates and depend on many factors, including:

To finance our future activities, we may seek funds through additional rounds of financing, including private or public equity or debt offerings and collaborative arrangements with corporate partners. We cannot say with any certainty that we will be able to obtain the additional needed funds on reasonable terms, or at all. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities could result in additional dilution to our stockholders. If we issued preferred equity or debt securities, these securities could have rights superior to holders of our common stock, and could contain covenants that will restrict our operations. We might have to obtain funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to our technologies, product candidates or products that we otherwise would not relinquish. If adequate funds are not available, we could lose our key employees and might have to delay, scale back or eliminate one or more of our research and development programs, which would impair our future prospects. In addition, we may be unable to meet our research spending obligations under our existing licensing agreements and may be unable to continue our business operations.

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Our products rely on licenses from The Regents of the University of California, and if we lose access to these technologies, our business would be substantially impaired.

Under our agreements with The Regents of the University of California, we have exclusive rights to AMPAKINE compounds for all applications for which the University has patent rights, other than endocrine modulation.

Our rights to the AMPAKINE compounds are secured by patents or patent applications owned wholly by the University or by the University as a co-owner with us. Our existing agreements with the University require the University to prepare, file, prosecute and maintain patent applications related to our licensed rights at our expense. Such agreements also require us to make certain minimum annual payments, meet certain milestones or diligently seek to commercialize the underlying technology.

Under our agreements, we are required to make minimum annual royalty payments approximating $70,000. Separately, we are required to spend a minimum of $250,000 per year to advance the AMPAKINE compounds until we begin marketing an AMPAKINE compound. The commercialization efforts in the agreements require us to file for regulatory approval of an AMPAKINE compound before October 2007.

Although we currently are in compliance with our obligations under the agreements, including minimum annual payments and diligence milestones, our failure to meet any of these requirements could allow the University to terminate that particular agreement. Management believes that it maintains a strong relationship with the University.

We are at an early stage of development and we may not be able to successfully develop and commercialize our products and technologies.

The development of AMPAKINE products is subject to the risks of failure commonly experienced in the development of products based upon innovative technologies and the expense and difficulty of obtaining approvals from regulatory agencies. Drug discovery and development is time consuming, expensive and unpredictable. On average, only one out of many thousands of chemical compounds discovered by researchers proves to be both medically effective and safe enough to become an approved medicine. In the fields that we target, approximately one in five compounds placed in clinical trials generally reaches the market. All of our proposed products are in the preclinical or early clinical stage of development and will require significant additional funding for research, development and clinical testing before we are able to submit them to any of the regulatory agencies for clearances for commercial use. Our trials that are subject to our collaborative research arrangements are being funded by third parties and do not involve financial commitments from Cortex.

The process from discovery to development to regulatory approval can take several years and drug candidates can fail at any stage of the process. Late stage clinical trials often fail to replicate results achieved in earlier studies. Historically, in our industry more than half of all compounds in development failed during Phase II trials and 30% failed during Phase III trials. We cannot assure you that we will be able to complete successfully any of our research and development activities. Even if we do complete them, we may not be able to market successfully any of the products or be able to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals or assure that healthcare providers and payors will accept our products. We also face the risk that any or all of our products will not work as intended or that they will be unsafe, or that, even if they do work and are safe, that our products will be uneconomical to manufacture and market on a large scale. Due to the extended testing and regulatory review process required before we can obtain marketing clearance, we do not expect to be able to commercialize any therapeutic drug for several years, either directly or through our corporate partners or licensees.

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We may not be able to enter into the strategic alliances necessary to fully develop and commercialize our products and technologies, and we will be dependent on our corporate partners if we do.

In addition to our agreements with Organon and Servier, we are seeking other pharmaceutical company partners to develop other major indications for the AMPAKINE compounds. These agreements would potentially provide us with additional funds in exchange for exclusive or non-exclusive license or other rights to the technologies and products that we are currently developing. Competition between biopharmaceutical companies for these types of arrangements is intense. Although we have been engaged in discussions with candidate companies for some time, we cannot give any assurance that these discussions will result in an agreement or agreements in a timely manner, or at all. Additionally, we cannot assure you that any resulting agreement will generate sufficient revenues to offset our operating expenses and longer-term funding requirements.

If we are unable to maintain our relationships with academic consultants and the University of California, Irvine, our business could suffer.

We depend upon our relationships with academic consultants, particularly Dr. Gary S. Lynch of the University of California, Irvine. Dr. Lynch plays a key role in guiding our research. In addition, we sponsor preclinical research in Dr. Lynch’s laboratories at the University of California, Irvine that is part of our product development and corporate partnering profile. If our relationship with Dr. Lynch or the University of California, Irvine, is disrupted, our AMPA- receptor research program could be adversely affected. The term of our consulting agreement with Dr. Lynch commenced in November 1987 and will continue until terminated by either party to the agreement upon at least 60 days’ prior written notice to the other party. Our agreements with our other consultants are generally also terminable by the consultant on short notice. We maintain a positive relationship with Dr. Lynch and continue to fund research related to understanding the molecular actions of the AMPAKINE compounds and the AMPA receptor in his laboratory.

Risks related to our industry

If we fail to secure adequate intellectual property protection, it could significantly harm our financial results and ability to compete.

Our success will depend, in part, on our ability to get patent protection for our products and processes in the U.S. and elsewhere. We have filed and intend to continue to file patent applications as we need them. However, additional patents that may issue from any of these applications may not be sufficiently broad to protect our technology. Also, any patents issued to us or licensed by us may be designed around or challenged by others, and if such challenge is successful, it may diminish our rights.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient protection of our proprietary rights in our products or processes prior to or after obtaining regulatory clearances, our competitors may be able to obtain regulatory clearance and market competing products by demonstrating the equivalency of their products to our products. If they are successful at demonstrating the equivalency between the products, our competitors would not have to conduct the same lengthy clinical tests that we have conducted.

We also rely on trade secrets and confidential information that we try to protect by entering into confidentiality agreements with other parties. Those confidentiality agreements may be breached, and our remedies may be insufficient to protect the confidential information. Further, our competitors may independently learn our trade secrets or develop similar or superior technologies. To the extent that our consultants, key employees or others apply technological information independently developed by them or by others to our projects, disputes may arise regarding the proprietary rights to such information. We cannot assure you that such disputes will be resolved in our favor.

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We may be subject to potential product liability claims. One or more successful claims brought against us could materially impact our business and financial condition.

The clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing of our products may expose us to product liability claims. We maintain liability insurance with coverage limits of $10 million per occurrence and $10 million in the annual aggregate. We have never been subject to a product liability claim, and we require each patient in our clinical trials to sign an informed consent agreement that describes the risks related to the trials, but we cannot assure you that the coverage limits of our insurance policies will be adequate or that one or more successful claims brought against us would not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and result of operations. Further, if one of our AMPAKINE compounds is approved by the FDA for marketing, we cannot assure you that adequate product liability insurance will be available, or if available, that it will be available at a reasonable cost. Any adverse outcome resulting from a product liability claim could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face intense competition that could result in products that are superior to the products that we are developing.

Our business is characterized by intensive research efforts. Our competitors include many companies, research institutes and universities that are working in a number of pharmaceutical or biotechnology disciplines to develop therapeutic products similar to those we are currently investigating. For example, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America recently estimated that more than 100 pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are conducting research in the field of neurological disorders, with over 25 drugs under clinical investigation in the U.S. for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Virtually all of the major multinational pharmaceutical companies have active projects in these areas. Most of these competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and/or other resources than we do. In addition, many of our competitors have experience in performing human clinical trials of new or improved therapeutic products and obtaining approvals from the FDA and other regulatory agencies. We have no experience in conducting and managing later-stage clinical testing or in preparing applications necessary to obtain regulatory approvals. Accordingly, it is possible that our competitors may succeed in developing products that are safer or more effective than those that we are developing and may obtain FDA approvals for their products faster than we can. We expect that competition in this field will continue to intensify.

We may be unable to recruit and retain our senior management and other key technical personnel on whom we are dependent.

We are highly dependent upon key management and technical personnel and currently do not carry any insurance policies on such persons. In particular, we are highly dependent on our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Roger G. Stoll, Ph.D.; our and our Chief Scientific Officer and Chief Operating Officer, Mark A. Varney, Ph.D.; and our Vice President, Preclinical Development, Steven A. Johnson, Ph.D., all of whom have entered into employment agreements with us. Competition for qualified employees among pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies is intense. The loss of any of our key management or technical personnel, or our inability to attract, retain and motivate the additional highly-skilled employees and consultants that our business requires, could substantially hurt our business and prospects. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain our existing personnel or attract additional qualified employees when we need them.

The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming, uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining required approvals for the commercialization of some of our products.

The FDA and other similar agencies in foreign countries have substantial requirements for therapeutic products. Such requirements often involve lengthy and detailed laboratory, clinical and post-clinical testing procedures and are expensive to complete. It often takes companies many years to satisfy these requirements, depending on the complexity and novelty of the product. The review process is also

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extensive, which may delay the approval process even more. According to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, historically the cost of developing a new pharmaceutical from discovery to approval was approximately $800 million, and this amount is expected to increase annually.

As of yet, we have not obtained any approvals to market our products. Further, we cannot assure you that the FDA or other regulatory agency will grant us approval for any of our products on a timely basis, if at all. Even if regulatory clearances are obtained, a marketed product is subject to continual review, and later discovery of previously unknown problems may result in restrictions on marketing or withdrawal of the product from the market.

Other risks

Our stock price may be volatile and our common stock could decline in value.

The market price of securities of life sciences companies in general has been very unpredictable. The range of sales prices of our common stock for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005, the six-month period ended December 31, 2004 and fiscal year ended June 30, 2004, as quoted on The American Stock Exchange, was $1.19 to $5.94, $1.96 to $3.03, $1.40 to $3.10 and $1.62 to $4.99, respectively. The following factors, in addition to factors that affect that market generally, could significantly impact our business, and the market price of our common stock could decline:

There is a large number of shares of common stock that may be sold, which may depress the market price of our stock.

As of March 9, 2007, we had approximately 40.0 million shares of common stock outstanding. Additionally, if all warrants and options outstanding as of such date are exercised prior to their expiration, approximately 21.7 million additional shares of common stock could become freely tradable without restriction. Sales of substantial amounts of common stock in the public market could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock and could also make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of common stock.

Our charter document and shareholder rights plan may prevent or delay an attempt by our stockholders to replace or remove management.

Certain provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of our business, even if such change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders. Our restated certificate of incorporation, as amended, allows our Board of Directors to issue up to 549,500 shares of preferred stock without stockholder approval. Pursuant to this authority, in February 2002 our Board of Directors adopted a shareholder rights plan and declared a dividend of a right to purchase one one-thousandth of a share of preferred stock for each outstanding share of our common stock. The ability of our Board of Directors to issue additional preferred stock and our shareholder rights plan may have the effect of delaying or preventing an attempt by our stockholders to replace or remove existing directors and management.

We may be unable to maintain the standards for listing on The American Stock Exchange, which could adversely affect the liquidity of our common stock.

Our common stock is currently listed on The American Stock Exchange. There are several requirements that we must satisfy in order for our common stock to continue to be listed on The American

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Stock Exchange. In the future, we may not comply with all of these listing requirements, which might result in the delisting of our common stock. Delisting from The American Stock Exchange could adversely affect the liquidity and the price of our common stock and could have a long-term adverse impact on our ability to raise future capital through a sale of shares of our common stock. If our common stock were delisted it would be traded on an electronic bulletin board established for securities that are not traded on a national securities exchange, Nasdaq or traded in quotations published by the National Quotations Bureau, Inc., commonly referred to as the “pink sheets.” If this occurs, it could be difficult to sell our securities or obtain the same level of market information as to the price of shares of our common stock as is currently available.

If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock in the secondary market.

In addition, if our common stock were delisted, it may be subject to the so-called “penny stock” rules. The SEC has adopted regulations that define a “penny stock” to be any equity security that has a market price per share of less than $5.00, subject to certain exceptions, such as any securities listed on a national securities exchange or quoted on Nasdaq. For any transaction involving a “penny stock,” unless exempt, the rules impose additional sales practice requirements on broker-dealers, subject to certain exceptions. If our common stock were delisted and determined to be a “penny stock,” a broker-dealer may find it more difficult to trade our common stock and an investor may find it more difficult to acquire or dispose of our common stock on the secondary market.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

We lease approximately 32,000 square feet of office, research laboratory and expansion space in Irvine, California, under an operating lease that expires May 31, 2009. Current monthly rent on these facilities is approximately $40,000. We believe that our current facilities will be adequate and suitable for our research and development activities for at least the remainder of the lease term.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

We are not a party to any material legal proceedings, nor has any material proceeding been terminated during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006.

Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders

None.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock trades on The American Stock Exchange under the symbol, “COR.” The following table presents quarterly information on the high and low sales prices of the common stock for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005, as furnished by The American Stock Exchange.

As of March 9, 2007, there were 466 stockholders of record of our common stock, and approximately 9,500 beneficial owners. The high and low sales prices for our common stock on March 9, 2007, as reported by The American Stock Exchange, were $2.00 and $1.81, respectively.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying such dividends in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends, if any, will be determined by the Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including our financial condition and requirements, future prospects, restrictions in financing agreements, business conditions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board of Directors.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006, we did not repurchase any of our securities.

Stock Performance Graph

Set forth below is a line graph comparing the cumulative stockholder return on the Company’s Common Stock with the cumulative total return of The American Stock Exchange Composite Index and an industry peer group identified by the Company (the “Peer Group Index”). The Peer Group Index consists of TorreyPines Therapeutics, Indevus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Neurobiological Technologies, Inc., StemCells, Inc. and Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The Peer Group Index return consists of the weighted returns of each component issuer according to such issuer’s respective stock market capitalization at the beginning of each period for which a return is indicated.

The graph assumes an investment of $100 in the Company’s Common Stock on January 1, 2002, and an investment in each of The American Stock Exchange Composite Index and the Peer Group Index of $100 on January 1, 2002. The graph covers the period from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2006.

The calculation of cumulative stockholder return for The American Stock Exchange Composite Index and the Peer Group Index includes the reinvestment of dividends. The calculation of cumulative stockholder return on the Company’s Common Stock does not include reinvestment of dividends because

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the Company did not pay dividends on the Common Stock during the measurement period. The performance shown is not necessarily an indicator of future price performance.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

We have derived the selected financial data presented below from our audited financial statements and notes related thereto. The information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations. You should read the selected financial data together with the audited financial statements and related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. As reported on our Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2004, we changed our fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31, implementing such change for the six months ended December 31, 2004.

(In thousands, except per share data)

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes related thereto appearing elsewhere herein.

Critical Accounting Policies and Management Estimates

The Securities and Exchange Commission defines critical accounting policies as those that are, in management’s view, most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and most demanding of their judgment. Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities.

We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. This process forms the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104 (“SAB 104”), amounts received for upfront technology license fees under multiple-element arrangements are deferred and recognized over the period of committed services or performance, if such arrangements require our on-going services or performance. We record grant revenues as we incur expenses related to the grant projects. All amounts received under collaborative research agreements or research grants are nonrefundable, regardless of the success of the underlying research.

Revenues from milestone payments are recognized when earned, as evidenced by written acknowledgment from our collaborator, provided that (i) the milestone event is substantive and its achievement was not reasonably assured at the inception of the agreement, and (ii) our performance obligations after the milestone achievement will continue to be funded by our collaborator at a comparable level to that before the milestone achievement. If both of these criteria are not met, the milestone payment is recognized over the remaining minimum period of our performance obligations under the agreement.

In November 2002, the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) reached consensus on Issue 00-21. EITF Issue 00-21 addresses the accounting for arrangements that may involve the delivery or performance of multiple products, services and/or rights to use assets. Specifically, Issue 00-21 requires the recognition of revenue from milestone payments over the remaining minimum period of performance obligations. As required, we apply the principles of Issue 00-21 to multiple element agreements that we enter into or modify after July 1, 2003.

Employee Stock Options and Stock-Based Compensation

As required, as of January 1, 2006 we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123(R) (“SFAS 123(R)”), which requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the financial statements based on their fair values. Prior periods were not restated.

Prior to January 1, 2006, we accounted for stock-based employee compensation in accordance with Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees” (“APB 25”). According to APB 25, no compensation expense is recognized since the exercise price of our stock

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options generally equals the market price of the underlying stock on the date of grant. We transitioned to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123, “Accounting For Stock-Based Compensation” (“SFAS 123”), by utilizing Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 148, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation — Transition and Disclosure” (“SFAS 148”). In accordance with SFAS 148, we disclosed the effects of stock-based employee compensation on reported net income or loss and earnings or loss per share in the footnotes to our annual and interim financial statements.

Given that we previously followed APB 25 and SFAS 148 in accounting for our employee stock options, the impact of adopting the expense recognition requirements of SFAS 123(R) was significant to our results of operations, but not our financial position. Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2006 includes approximately $3,050,000 of non-cash stock-based employee compensation costs. For the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004, our net loss includes approximately $13,000 and $41,000 of non-cash stock-based employee compensation costs, respectively. For the six months ended December 31, 2004 and 2003, our net loss includes approximately $35,000 and $31,000 of non-cash stock-based employee compensation costs, respectively. For the year ended June 30, 2004, our net loss includes approximately $37,000 of non-cash stock-based employee compensation costs.

In accordance with SFAS 123 and EITF Issue 96-18, “Accounting for Equity Instruments that are Issued to Other than Employees for Acquiring, or in Conjunction with Selling Goods and Services,” stock options and warrants issued to consultants and other non-employees as compensation for services to be provided to us are accounted for based upon the fair value of the services provided or the estimated fair market value of the option or warrant, whichever can be more clearly determined. We recognize this expense over the period the services are provided.

Registration Payment Arrangements

In connection with prior private placements of our common stock and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, we entered into agreements that committed us to timely register the shares underlying the issued warrants. Those registration agreements specified potential cash penalties if we did not timely register the related shares with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

In accordance with EITF 00-19, “Accounting for Derivative Financial Instruments Indexed To, and Potentially Settled In a Company’s Own Stock,” when the potential cash penalties were included in registration payment arrangements, we recorded the estimated fair value of the warrants as a liability, with an offsetting reduction to additional paid-in capital received from the private placement. The fair value of the warrants was estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

The estimated fair value of the warrants was re-measured at each reporting date and on the date of effectiveness of the related registration statement, with the increase in fair value recorded as other expense in our Statement of Operations. As of the effectiveness of the registration statement, the warrant liability was reclassified to additional paid-in capital, evidencing the non-impact of these adjustments on our financial position and business operations.

In December 2006, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position (“FSP”) EITF No. 00-19-2, “Accounting for Registration Payment Arrangements.” This FSP specifies that companies that enter into agreements to register securities will be required to recognize a liability if a payment to investors for failing to fulfill the agreement is probable and can be reasonably estimated. This accounting differs from the guidance in EITF 00-19, which required a liability to be recognized and measured at fair value, regardless of probability.

EITF 00-19-2 is effective immediately for registration payment arrangements and the financial instruments subject to those arrangements that we enter into or modify after the date of issuance of this FSP. For our registration payment arrangements and financial instruments subject to those arrangements that were entered prior to the issuance of this FSP, the guidance will be effective beginning January 1, 2007.

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Transition to EITF 00-19-2 is to be achieved by reporting a change in accounting principle through a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. For purposes of measuring the cumulative-effect adjustment related to the recognition of a contingent liability, we will evaluate whether the transfer of consideration under our registration payment arrangements is probable and can be reasonably estimated as of the January 1, 2007 adoption date. Given that we do not deem the transfer of consideration under our existing registration payment arrangements as probable as of December 31, 2006, we do not anticipate recording a cumulative-effect adjustment in connection with the adoption of this FSP.

The above listing is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of our accounting policies. In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, with no need for management’s judgment in their application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting any available alternative would not produce a materially different result. See our audited financial statements and notes thereto which begin on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which contain accounting policies and other disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.

As reported on our Current Report on Form 8-K dated November 10, 2004, we changed our fiscal year from June 30 to December 31, implementing such change for the six months ended December 31, 2004.

Results of Operations

General

In January 1999, we entered into a research collaboration and exclusive worldwide license agreement with NV Organon (“Organon”), a pharmaceutical business unit of Akzo Nobel. The agreement will allow Organon to develop and commercialize our proprietary AMPAKINE technology for the treatment of schizophrenia and depression. In connection with the agreement, we received a $2,000,000 up-front licensing payment and research support payments of approximately $3,000,000 per year for two years.

The agreement with Organon also includes milestone payments based upon clinical development, plus royalty payments on worldwide sales. Through December 31, 2006, we have received milestone payments totaling $6,000,000 under the agreement with Organon.

In October 2000, we entered into a research collaboration agreement and an exclusive license agreement with Les Laboratoires Servier (“Servier”). The license agreement will allow Servier to develop and commercialize select AMPAKINE^® compounds for the treatment of (i) declines in cognitive performance associated with aging, (ii) neurodegenerative diseases and (iii) anxiety disorders. The indications covered include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, sexual dysfunction, and the dementia associated with multiple sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. In early December 2006, we terminated the research collaboration with Servier and as a result the worldwide rights for the AMPAKINE technology for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases were returned to us, other than for compounds which may be selected by Servier for commercialization. We currently are having discussions with various large pharmaceutical research and development organizations regarding possible broad collaborations for the development of our high impact AMPAKINE technology.

The agreements with Servier, as amended to date, include a nonrefundable up-front fee of $5,000,000 and research support payments of $2,025,000 per year through early December 2006 (subject to us providing agreed-upon levels of research personnel). The amount of research support was subject to annual adjustment based upon the increase in the U.S. Department of Labor’s Consumer Price Index. During the year ended December 31, 2006, our research revenues from the Servier agreements were approximately $1,025,000. The agreements also include potential milestone payments, plus royalty payments on sales in licensed territories.

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In October 2002, Servier agreed to provide us with $4,000,000 of additional research support, in exchange for rights to our AMPAKINE compounds for the potential treatment of anxiety disorders in Servier’s licensed territories. The $4,000,000 was paid in quarterly installments of $500,000 over a two-year period, ending in September 2004.

From inception (February 10, 1987) through December 31, 2006, we sustained losses approximating $79,758,000. Due to projected fluctuations in funding, continuing losses are likely over the next several years, as our ongoing operating expenses will only be offset, if at all, by possible milestone payments from our agreements with Servier and Organon, or under planned strategic alliances that we are seeking with other pharmaceutical companies for the clinical development, manufacturing and marketing of our products. The nature and timing of payments to us under the Servier and Organon agreements or other planned strategic alliances, if and when entered into, are likely to significantly affect our operations and financing activities and to produce substantial period-to-period fluctuations in reported financial results. Over the longer term, we will require successful commercial development of our products by Servier, Organon, or our other prospective partners to attain sustained profitable operations from royalties or other product-based revenues.

We believe that inflation and changing prices have not had a material impact on our ongoing operations to date.

Years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006, our net loss of approximately $16,055,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $11,606,000 for the prior year.

Revenues for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006 decreased by 54% to approximately $1,177,000 from approximately $2,577,000 reported in the prior year due to decreased research revenues from our research collaboration agreement with Servier. At our request, the collaboration with Servier ended in early December 2006.

Research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006 increased to approximately $13,262,000 from approximately $11,361,000, or by 17%, compared to the corresponding prior year period as a result of increased non-cash stock compensation charges related to our required adoption of SFAS 123(R) as of January 1, 2006, and the recording of expense for all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, based on their fair values. Non-cash stock compensation charges accounted for approximately $1,815,000, or 95%, of the increase in expense for the year ended December 31, 2006.

Preclinical development expenses for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2006 include between $3,000,000 and $3,500,000 for studies initiated to address the clinical hold on our AMPAKINE CX717 by the FDA. The FDA placed the clinical hold on CX717 in late March 2006 due to concerns over preclinical animal data. We submitted a response to the FDA in early September 2006 and the FDA removed the clinical hold in early October 2006. In agreeing to the removal of the hold, we committed to an FDA specified dose range for CX717. These dose limitations delayed our planned clinical trials with CX717 in ADHD. We have generated substantial data from additional toxicology studies over the past several months that demonstrate that the toxicological issues previously identified seem to occur postmortem and are directly related to the fixative interaction with the cells as they die. We plan to submit such data to the FDA in March 2007 to mutually determine if we may perform clinical investigations at higher doses of the compound.

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Excluding the non-cash stock compensation charges discussed above, our total research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2006 were consistent with those for the prior year with amounts related to addressing the clinical hold on CX717 offset by decreased clinical development expenses.

Our general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2006 increased from approximately $3,376,000 to approximately $4,616,000, or by 37%, compared to the prior year, with non-cash stock compensation charges producing the increase. Total non-cash stock compensation charges for the current year increased by approximately $1,249,000 from the prior year.

Net interest income of approximately $646,000 in fiscal year 2006 was consistent with net interest income of approximately $637,000 for the prior year.

Years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 (unaudited)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005, our net loss of approximately $11,606,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $6,234,000 for the prior year.

Revenues for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 decreased to approximately $2,577,000 from approximately $4,275,000, or by 40%, from the prior year mostly due to the end of scheduled research support under the October 2002 amendment to the agreement with Servier. Under that amendment, we received $1,500,000 during the prior year. We continue to receive approximately $2,298,000 of annual research revenues under our October 2000 collaborative research agreement with Servier, as amended to date.

Research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 increased to approximately $11,361,000 from approximately $8,386,000, or by 35%, compared to the corresponding prior year period. Most of the increase reflects expenses incurred for preclinical and clinical development of the AMPAKINE compounds, including AMPAKINE CX717, which entered three Phase IIa clinical trials during 2005: in adult patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease and in patients subjected to shift work schedules with minimal recovery sleep times. Expenses for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 also include costs for additions to our research staff and an increase in sponsored research at academic laboratories.

General and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2005 increased to approximately $3,376,000 from approximately $2,821,000, or by 20%, from the prior year period. Most of the increased expenses reflect fees related to preparing for our assessment of our internal control system as of December 31, 2005, as required by The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

Net interest income increased in fiscal year 2005 due to an increase in cash available for investing following our net proceeds of approximately $10,400,000 from the private placement of our common stock and warrants to purchase shares of common stock in December 2004.

Other expenses for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004 represent non-cash charges for the change in estimated value of warrants issued in connection with our private equity financings in December and January 2004, respectively, as explained more fully in Note 3 to the Financial Statements.

Six Months ended December 31, 2004 and 2003 (unaudited)

For the six months ended December 31, 2004, our net loss of approximately $4,046,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $3,806,000 for the corresponding prior year period.

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Revenues for the six months ended December 31, 2004 decreased to approximately $1,896,000 from approximately $4,593,000, or by 59% compared to the corresponding prior year period, mostly due to the $2,000,000 milestone received from Organon in the prior year period in order for Organon to retain its rights to our AMPAKINE technology in the field of depression. Research revenue from Servier decreased during the six months ended December 31, 2004 relative to the six months ended December 31, 2003 due to the end of scheduled research support payments under the October 2002 amendment to the agreement. The final quarterly payment of $500,000 was received during the quarter ended September 30, 2004.

Research and development expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2004 increased to approximately $5,010,000 from approximately $2,929,000, or by 71% compared to the corresponding prior year period, mostly reflecting expenses incurred for the Phase I clinical testing of the AMPAKINE CX717 that commenced in May 2004. Expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2004 also included amounts related to the addition of our Chief Medical Officer in late August 2004.

General and administrative expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2004 decreased to approximately $1,598,000 from approximately $1,984,000, or by 19% compared to the corresponding prior year period. Non-cash stock compensation charges for the six months ended December 31, 2003 of approximately $829,000 mostly represented the estimated fair value for the vesting of warrants issued earlier with a professional services agreement. Excluding these non-cash stock compensation charges, general and administrative expenses for the six months ended December 31, 2004 increased to approximately $1,530,000 from approximately $1,155,000, or by 32% compared to the corresponding prior year period. Expenses for the prior year period reflected cost reductions in an effort to conserve cash prior to the private placement of common stock in August 2003.

Specifically, these cost reductions included the acceptance of stock options in lieu of a portion of base salary by three executive officers during the months of July and August 2003, as initially implemented in February 2003. Additionally, in September 2003, the Chief Executive Officer accepted stock options in lieu of his entire base salary, as previously reduced, for the months of May through August 2003. Resultant salary expenses during the six months ended December 31, 2003 reflected the non-payment of his salary for the months of July and August and the reversal of his earlier accrued salary expenses for the months of May and June 2003. Options to purchase an aggregate of 22,729 shares of common stock were issued to the executive officers in connection with the waived amounts during July and August, and the waived salary for the Chief Executive Officer from May through August 2003.

The Board of Directors also waived all cash payments of director compensation for Board meetings held during calendar year 2003, which contributed to the decreased administrative expenses for the prior year period. In lieu of those payments, options to purchase an aggregate of 120,000 shares of our common stock were issued to non-employee directors as of the date of the 2002 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Net interest income for the six months ended December 31, 2004 increased to approximately $167,000 from approximately $13,000 for the corresponding prior year period due to an increase in cash available for investing from our private placement in January 2004.

Other income for the six months ended December 31, 2004 represents the change in estimated value of warrants issued in connection with the private equity financing in December 2004, as explained more fully in Note 3 to the Financial Statements.

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Year ended December 31, 2004 (unaudited) and Fiscal Year ended June 30, 2004

For the year ended December 31, 2004, our net loss of approximately $6,234,000 compared to a net loss of approximately $5,994,000 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004, with the increase primarily attributable to decreased research revenues, as discussed more fully below.

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2004 decreased to approximately $4,275,000 from approximately $6,973,000 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004, or by 39%, primarily due to a $2,000,000 milestone payment received from Organon during the year ended June 30, 2004. As detailed above, the related agreement required this payment in order for Organon to retain its rights to our AMPAKINE technology in the field of depression. Research revenues also decreased during the year ended December 31, 2004 relative to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004 due to the end of research support under the October 2002 amendment to the agreement with Servier.

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2004 of approximately $8,386,000 compared to research and development expenses for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004 of approximately $6,305,000, representing an increase of 33%. The increase mostly resulted from charges incurred to develop the second generation AMPAKINE compound, CX717, which entered Phase I human clinical trials in May 2004. The increase for the year ended December 31, 2004 also reflected increased personnel-related expenses, including amounts to expand our clinical staff.

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2004 of approximately $2,821,000 compared to general and administrative expenses for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004 of approximately $3,208,000, representing a decrease of 12%. The decrease resulted from non-cash stock compensation charges during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004 related to the estimated fair value for the vesting of warrants issued with a professional services agreement.

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2004 increased to approximately $303,000 from approximately $149,000 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2004, or by 103%, due to the cash available for investing from our private placement completed in January 2004.

Other income for the year ended December 31, 2004 represents a non-cash credit for the change in the estimated value of warrants issued in connection with the private equity financing in December 2004, as explained more fully in Note 3 to the financial statements.

Other expenses for the year ended June 30, 2004 represent non-cash charges for the change in the estimated value of warrants issued in connection with the private equity financing in August 2003, as explained more fully in Note 3 to the Financial Statements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Under the agreements signed with Servier in October 2000, as amended to date, the collaborative research phase of the agreement ended in early December 2006, but, if Servier selects compounds for further development and commercialization, we may receive milestone payments based upon successful clinical development of the licensed compounds and royalties on sales in licensed territories. Under the terms of the agreement with Organon, we may receive additional milestone payments based on clinical development of the licensed technology and ultimately, royalties on worldwide sales.

In August 2003, we completed a private placement of an aggregate of 3,333,334 shares of our common stock at $1.50 per share and five-year warrants to purchase up to an additional aggregate of 3,333,334 shares at an exercise price of $2.55 per share. We received approximately $4,496,000 in net proceeds from the private placement. The warrants are subject to a call right in our favor to the extent that the closing price of our common stock exceeds $6.00 per share for any thirteen consecutive trading day

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period. During the year ended December 31, 2006, we received approximately $2,830,000 of proceeds from the exercise of related warrants. If the remaining warrants are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, these warrants would provide approximately $4,803,000 of additional capital.

In January 2004, we completed a private placement of an aggregate of 6,909,091 shares of our common stock at $2.75 per share and five-year warrants to purchase up to an additional aggregate of 4,490,910 shares at an exercise price of $3.25 per share. We received approximately $17,500,000 in net proceeds from the private placement. The warrants are subject to a call right in our favor to the extent that the closing price of our common stock exceeds $7.50 per share for any 13 consecutive trading day period. During the year ended December 31, 2006, we received approximately $1,696,000 from the exercise of related warrants. If the warrants are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, these warrants would provide approximately $12,900,000 of additional capital.

In December 2004, we completed a private placement of an aggregate of 4,233,333 shares of our common stock at $2.66 per share and five-year warrants to purchase up to an additional aggregate of 2,116,666 shares at an exercise price of $3.00 per share. We received approximately $10,385,000 in net proceeds from the private placement. The warrants are subject to a call right in our favor to the extent that the closing price of our common stock exceeds $7.50 per share for any 13 consecutive trading day period. During the year ended December 31, 2006, we received approximately $1,023,000 from the exercise of related warrants. If the remaining warrants are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, these warrants would provide approximately $5,327,000 of additional capital.

In January 2007, we completed an offering of an aggregate of 5,021,427 shares of our common stock at $1.12 per share and five-year warrants to purchase up to an additional aggregate of 3,263,927 shares at an exercise price of $1.66 per share. We received approximately $5,050,000 in net proceeds from the offering. The warrants are exercisable after July 22, 2007 and are subject to a call right in our favor to the extent that the closing price of our common stock exceeds $3.35 for any 13 consecutive trading day period. If the warrants are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, these warrants would provide approximately $5,418,000 of additional capital.

Cash Proceeds

As of December 31, 2006, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities totaling approximately $9,449,000 and working capital of approximately $7,917,000. As of December 31, 2005, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of approximately $17,261,000 and working capital of approximately $14,710,000. The decreases in cash and working capital reflect amounts required to fund operations, partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of warrants to purchase shares of our common stock.

Net cash used in operating activities was approximately $13,724,000 during the year ended December 31, 2006, and included our net loss for the period of approximately $16,055,000, adjusted for non-cash stock compensation charges (including amounts for adopting SFAS 123(R)) of $3,231,000, depreciation and amortization charges aggregating approximately $111,000, and changes in operating assets and liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2005, net cash used in operating activities approximated $10,435,000, reflecting our net loss of approximately $11,606,000 for the period, adjusted for non-cash stock compensation charges (including the change in fair value of common stock warrants) of approximately $231,000, depreciation and amortization charges aggregating approximately $126,000, and changes in operating assets and liabilities.

Net cash provided by investing activities approximated $7,341,000 during the year ended December 31, 2006, and primarily resulted from the maturity and sale of short-term investments of approximately $16,922,000, partially offset by the purchase of marketable securities and fixed assets of $9,481,000 and $100,000, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2005, net cash provided by

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investing activities approximated $3,324,000 during the year ended December 31, 2005, and primarily resulted from the maturity and sale of short-term investments of approximately $22,928,000, partially offset by the purchase of marketable securities and fixed assets of $19,422,000 and $182,000, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2006, net cash provided by financing activities totaled approximately $5,969,000, reflecting proceeds from the exercise of options and warrants to purchase common stock. Net cash provided by financing activities was minimal for the year ended December 31, 2005 and resulted from the exercise of options to purchase shares of our common stock.

Commitments

We lease approximately 32,000 square feet of research laboratory, office and expansion space under an operating lease that expires May 31, 2009. The commitments under the lease agreement for the years ending December 31, 2007, 2008 and 2009 are approximately $532,000, $556,000 and $298,000, respectively. From inception (February 10, 1987) through December 31, 2006, expenditures for furniture, equipment and leasehold improvements aggregated approximately $3,159,000.

We are committed to approximately $518,000 for sponsored research to academic and other external institutions, of which approximately $484,000 is payable within the next twelve months. Commitments for preclinical and clinical development expenses approximate $2,600,000, all of which is payable within the next twelve months.

In June 2000, we received $247,300 from the Institute for the Study of Aging (the “Institute”), a non-profit foundation supported by the Estee Lauder Trust. The advance partially offset our limited costs for our testing in patients with mild cognitive impairment that we conducted with our partner, Servier. Provided that we comply with the conditions of the funding agreement, including the restricted use of the amounts received, repayment of the advance will not be required unless we enter an AMPAKINE compound into Phase III clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease. Upon such potential clinical trials, repayment would include interest computed at a rate equal to one-half of the prime lending rate. In lieu of cash, in the event of repayment the Institute may elect to receive the balance of outstanding principal and accrued interest as shares of our common stock. The conversion price for such form of repayment shall initially equal $4.50 per share, subject to adjustment under certain circumstances.

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The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2006:

Staffing

As of December 31, 2006, we had 25 full-time employees and one part-time employee. We do not anticipate significant increases in the number of our full-time employees within the coming year.

Plant and Equipment

We expect that we will require modest investments in plant and equipment within the coming year.

Outlook

We anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities and the net proceeds from our completed offering of common stock and warrants in January 2007 will be sufficient to satisfy our capital requirements into 2008. Additional funds will be required to continue operations beyond that time. We may receive additional milestone payments from the Organon and Servier agreements, but there is no assurance that we will receive such milestone payments within the desired timeframe, or at all. We may also receive funds from the exercise of warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. As of December 31, 2006, warrants to purchase up to approximately 8.3 million shares of our common stock were outstanding. In connection with our completed offering in January 2007, we issued additional warrants to purchase up to approximately 3.3 million shares of our common stock. If all currently outstanding warrants are fully exercised, of which there can be no assurance, such exercise would provide approximately $30,000,000 of additional capital. See “Risk Factors – Risks related to our business – We will need additional capital in the future and, if it is not available on terms acceptable to us, or at all, we may need to scale back our research and development efforts and may be unable to continue our business operations.”

In order to provide for our longer-term spending requirements, we are presently seeking collaborative or other arrangements with larger pharmaceutical companies. Under these agreements, we intend that such companies would provide additional capital to us in exchange for exclusive or non-exclusive license or other rights to certain of the technologies and products we are developing. Competition for such arrangements is intense, with a large number of biopharmaceutical companies

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attempting to secure alliances with more established pharmaceutical companies. Although we have been engaged in discussions with candidate companies, there is no assurance that an agreement or agreements will arise from these discussions in a timely manner, or at all, or that revenues that may be generated thereby will offset operating expenses sufficiently to reduce our short and longer-term funding requirements.

Because there is no assurance that we will secure additional corporate partnerships, we may raise additional capital through the sale of debt or equity securities. There is no assurance that funds will be available on favorable terms, or at all. If equity securities are issued to raise additional funds, dilution to existing stockholders may result.

Our proposed products are in the preclinical or early clinical stage of development and will require significant further research, development, clinical testing and regulatory clearances. They are subject to the risks of failure inherent in the development of products based on innovative technologies. These risks include the possibilities that any or all of the proposed products will be found to be ineffective or unsafe, or otherwise fail to receive necessary regulatory clearances; that the proposed products, although effective, will be uneconomical to market; that third parties may now or in the future hold proprietary rights that preclude us from marketing them; or that third parties will market superior or equivalent products. Accordingly, we are unable to predict whether our research and development activities will result in any commercially viable products or applications. Further, due to the extended testing and regulatory review process required before marketing clearance can be obtained, we do not expect to be able to commercialize any therapeutic drug for at least five years, either directly or through our prospective corporate partners or licensees. There can be no assurance that our proposed products will prove to be safe or effective or receive regulatory approvals that are required for commercial sale.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently have any off-balance sheet arrangements within the meaning of Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to certain market risks associated with interest rate fluctuations on our marketable securities and borrowing arrangement. All investments in marketable securities are entered into for purposes other than trading. We are not subject to risks from currency rate fluctuations as we do not typically conduct transactions in foreign currencies. In addition, we do not utilize hedging contracts or similar instruments.

Our exposure to interest rate risk arises from financial instruments entered into in the normal course of business. Certain of our financial instruments are fixed rate, short-term investments in government and corporate notes and bonds, which are available for sale (and have been marked to market in the accompanying financial statements). Changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the investments, however, because these financial instruments are considered “available for sale,” all such changes are reflected in the financial statements in the period affected. We manage interest rate risk on our investment portfolio by matching scheduled investment maturities with our cash requirements. As of December 31, 2006, our investment portfolio had a carrying amount of approximately $7,799,000. If market interest rates were to increase immediately and uniformly by 10% from levels as of December 31, 2006, the resulting decline in the fair value of fixed rate bonds held within our portfolio would not be material to our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Our borrowing consists solely of our advance from the Institute, which is subject to potential repayment in the event that we enter an AMPAKINE compound into Phase III clinical testing as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. Potential repayment would include interest accruing at a discount to

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the prime lending rate. Changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of such debt, but, based upon historical activity, such changes are not expected to have a material impact on earnings or cash flows. As of December 31, 2006, the principal and accrued interest of the advance amounted to approximately $295,000.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our financial statements and other information required by this item are set forth herein in a separate section beginning with the Index to Financial Statements on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15(d)-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures” as of the end of the period covered by report, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report, were effective in timely alerting them to material information relating to the Company required to be included in our periodic SEC filings.

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13(a)-15(f) and 15(d)-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the period covered by this report that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management of Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness, as of December 31, 2006, of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, based on the framework established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on our assessment under that framework, management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2006.

Management’s assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 has been audited by Haskell & White LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, which also audited the financial statements of the Company included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Haskell & White LLP’s attestation report on management’s assessment and on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 appears on page F-2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

February 27, 2007

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Item 9B. Other Information

The Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors amended the annual salaries of our executive officers. For the year ending December 31, 2007, Roger G. Stoll, Ph.D., Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer will receive $350,000, Mark A. Varney, Ph.D., Chief Operating Officer and Chief Scientific Officer will receive $318,000, James H. Coleman, Senior Vice President, Business Development will receive $240,000, and Maria S. Messinger, Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Secretary will receive $225,000.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The sections entitled “Nominees for Director,” “Executive Officers,” “Other Key Employees,” “Scientific Consultants,” “Board Committees — Audit Committee” and “Compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934” included in our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 30, 2007, are incorporated herein by reference.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, which covers all of our directors and employees, including our principal executive and financial officers. Any amendment or waiver to our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our directors or executive officers will be posted on our website at www.cortexpharm.com or in a report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 8-K. A copy of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is available free of charge upon written request to our Corporate Secretary at 15241 Barranca Parkway, Irvine, California 92618.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The sections entitled “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Option Matters,” “Employment and Consulting Agreements,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation,” “Compensation Committee Report” and “Director Compensation” included in our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 30, 2007, are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The section entitled “PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERS” included in our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by reference.

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EQUITY COMPENSATION PLAN INFORMATION

The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding options, warrants and rights and shares reserved for future issuance under our existing equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2006. Our only stockholder approved equity compensation plans consist of the 1996 Stock Incentive Plan (that expired in October 2006) and the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Following the expiration of the 1996 Stock Incentive Plan, all subsequently granted stock options were and will be issued from the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The sections entitled “Corporate Governance” and “Certain Transactions” included in our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 30, 2007, are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The section entitled “RATIFICATION OF APPOINTMENT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS” included in our Proxy Statement for our 2007 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or before April 30, 2007, is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Reference is made to the Index to Financial Statements on page F-1, where these documents are listed.

The financial statement schedules have been omitted because the required information is not applicable, or not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedules, or because the information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

See (b) below.

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Signatures

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

We, the undersigned directors and officers of Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., do hereby constitute and appoint each of Roger G. Stoll, Ph.D. and Maria S. Messinger as our true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents with power of substitution, to do any and all acts and things in our name and behalf in our capacities as directors and officers and to execute any and all instruments for us and in our names in the capacities indicated below, which said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or either of them, may deem necessary or advisable to enable said corporation to comply with the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and any rules, regulations and requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, in connection with this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including specifically but without limitation, power and authority to sign for us or any of us in our names in the capacities indicated below, any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) hereto; and we do hereby ratify and confirm all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, shall do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

In accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

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Index to Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2006 and 2005 and the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 and six months ended December 31, 2004. We have also audited management’s assessment, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, that Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. maintained effective control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements, an opinion on management’s assessment, and an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitation, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2006 and 2005, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the twelve months ended December 31, 2006 and 2005 and six months ended December 31, 2004 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, management’s assessment that Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006 is fairly stated, in all material respects, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Furthermore, in our opinion, Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2006, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

As discussed in Note 1, as of January 1, 2006, the Company changed its method of accounting for stock-based compensation, in accordance with the requirements of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123R, using a modified prospective application.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Stockholders and Board of Directors

Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows of Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the year ended June 30, 2004. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. We were not engaged to perform an audit of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows of Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the year ended June 30, 2004, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

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Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

BALANCE SHEETS

See accompanying notes.

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Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

See accompanying notes.

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Cortex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)