REV Group, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2017 January (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended January 28, 2017

OR

Commission File Number: 001-37999

REV Group, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (414) 290-0190

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

As of March 6, 2017, the registrant had 63,722,795 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

REV Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

See Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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REV Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

See Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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REV Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Dollars in thousands)

See Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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REV Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in thousands)

See Notes to Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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REV Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Equity and Contingently Redeemable Common Stock

(Dollars in thousands)

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REV Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to the Condensed Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(Dollars in thousands, unless noted otherwise)

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

The condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of REV Group, Inc. (“REV” or “the Company”) and all of its subsidiaries and are prepared in conformity within generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The accompanying condensed unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals, necessary to present fairly REV’s consolidated financial position as of January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, and the consolidated results of operations and comprehensive income for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016 and the consolidated cash flows for the three months then ended. The condensed unaudited consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The condensed unaudited consolidated balance sheet data as of October 29, 2016 was derived from audited financial statements, but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

During fiscal year 2016, the Company changed its fiscal year end from October 31 of each year to the last Saturday in October of each year going forward.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Initial Public Offering: On January 26, 2017, the Company announced the pricing of an initial public offering (“IPO”) of shares of its common stock, which began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on January 27, 2017. On February 1, 2017, the Company completed the IPO of 12.5 million shares of common stock at a price of $22.00 per share. The Company received $275.0 million in gross proceeds from the IPO, or approximately $254.4 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discount and expenses related to the IPO. The net proceeds of the IPO were used to pay down the Company’s existing debt. Immediately prior to closing of the IPO, the Company completed an 80-for-one stock split of its Class A common stock and Class B common stock and reclassified the Class A common stock and Class B common stock into a single class of common stock, which was the same class as the shares sold in the IPO. All share and per share data have been retroactively restated to give effect to this stock split.

Note 2. Acquisitions

Renegade RV Acquisition

On December 30, 2016, the Company acquired 100% of the common shares of Kibbi, LLC, which operated as Renegade RV (“Renegade” and the “Renegade Acquisition”). Renegade is a leading manufacturer of recreational vehicles and heavy-duty special application trailers. The purchase price for Renegade was $22,178 ($20,581 net of cash acquired), subject to an adjustment based on the level of net working capital and debt at closing, as defined in the purchase agreement. The net cash consideration paid at closing was funded through the Company’s ABL Facility. Renegade is reported as part of the Recreation segment. The preliminary purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $3,132, which is not deductible for income tax purposes.

The acquisition of Renegade has been accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the purchase price was allocated to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values on the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated purchase price recorded as goodwill. Fair value measurements have been applied based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing of the asset or liability. The accounting for this transaction is preliminary and subject to potential adjustments, no later than one year from the date of acquisition.

As of January 28, 2017, the Company had not completed its assessment of the value of acquired assets and liabilities, as well as the completion of the determination of the final purchase price calculation, as defined in the purchase agreement.

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The following table summarizes the preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Renegade:

Intangible assets acquired as a result of the Renegade Acquisition are as follows:

Sales and operating loss for the three months ended January 28, 2017 attributable to the Renegade acquisition were $5,209 and $155, respectively. The Company has not included pro forma financial information in this report as if the acquisition had occurred on November 1, 2015, since the Renegade Acquisition did not meet the materiality requirement for such disclosure.

Kovatch Mobile Equipment Acquisition

On April 22, 2016, the Company acquired certain real estate assets and 100% of the common shares of Kovatch Mobile Equipment Corp. (“KME” and the “KME Acquisition”). KME produces a broad portfolio of customized specialty fire apparatus vehicles, and markets them to fire-rescue, military, aviation, and industrial customers globally. The KME Acquisition strengthens the Company’s share in the emergency vehicle market by expanding the Company’s product portfolio into segments of the fire apparatus market, which have not been previously served by the Company’s existing businesses and complements the Company’s existing product portfolio. The purchase price for KME was $39,602 ($30,112 net of $9,490 cash acquired) and a subsequent $511 adjustment paid to the Company based on the level of net working capital and debt at closing. The net cash consideration paid at closing was funded through the Company’s ABL Facility. KME is reported as part of the Fire & Emergency segment. The preliminary purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $1,314, which is not deductible for income tax purposes.

The acquisition of KME has been accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the purchase price was allocated to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values on the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated purchase price recorded as goodwill. Fair value measurements have been applied based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing of the asset or liability. The accounting for this transaction is preliminary and subject to potential adjustments, no later than one year from the date of acquisition.

As of January 28, 2017, the Company had not completed its final assessment of the value of liabilities for environmental, workers’ compensation and warranty liabilities which existed as of the date of acquisition. Adjustments which may result from the completion of this assessment may also result in a change in the value of deferred income tax assets and liabilities.

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The following table summarizes the preliminary fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for KME:

Intangible assets acquired as a result of the KME Acquisition are as follows:

Net sales and operating loss for the three months ended January 28, 2017, attributable to the KME acquisition were $35,829 and $400, respectively. The Company has not included pro forma financial information in this report as if the acquisition had occurred on November 1, 2015, since the KME Acquisition did not meet the materiality requirement for such disclosure.

Hall-Mark Fire Apparatus Acquisition

On November 20, 2015, the Company acquired certain assets and assumed certain liabilities of Hall-Mark Fire Apparatus Inc. (“Hall-Mark” and the “Hall-Mark Acquisition”). The Hall-Mark acquisition provides the Company with the opportunity to expand its parts and service offerings to its customers. The purchase price was $3,000 in cash with $2,000 paid at closing and a total of $1,000 payable in quarterly installments over the next five years. Additionally, the Company assumed $3,698 of Hall-Mark’s debt, offset by $385 of cash acquired. The net cash consideration paid at closing was funded through the Company’s ABL Facility. Hall-Mark is reported as part of the Fire & Emergency segment. The purchase price allocation resulted in goodwill of $368, which is deductible for income tax purposes.

The Hall-Mark Acquisition has been accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting, whereby the purchase price was allocated to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values on the acquisition date, with the remaining unallocated purchase price recorded as goodwill. Fair value measurements have been applied based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing of the asset or liability.

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The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed for Hall-Mark:

The Hall-Mark trade names will be amortized over five years, customer lists will be amortized over nine years, non-compete agreements will be amortized over six years and the order backlog is being amortized over a one-year period.

Net sales and operating income for the three months ended January 28, 2017, attributable to the Hall-Mark acquisition were $14,211 and $304, respectively. The Company has not included pro forma financial information as if the acquisition had occurred on November 1, 2015, since the Hall-Mark Acquisition did not meet the materiality requirement for such disclosure.

Ancira Acquisition

On December 14, 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire the land, building, and inventory of a recreational vehicle dealer in Texas (“Ancira” and the “Ancira Acquisition”). The purchase price for the Ancira Acquisition was $19,976.

As the Company did not acquire any business processes, namely the dealer license from this dealer, the Ancira Acquisition was accounted for as an asset acquisition, and accordingly, the total purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired based on their relative fair value. No intangible assets were acquired or recognized as a result of the Ancira Acquisition.

The following table summarizes the allocated cost of the assets acquired in the Ancira Acquisition:

Note 3. Inventories

Inventories, net of reserves, consisted of the following:

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Note 4. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

Depreciation expense was $4,807 and $2,629 for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively.

Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill consisted of the following:

The change in the net carrying value amount of goodwill consisted of the following:

Intangible assets (excluding goodwill) consisted of the following:

Amortization expense was $2,614 and $2,243 for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively.

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Note 6. Other Current Liabilities

Other current liabilities consisted of the following:

Note 7. Notes Payable and Bank Debt

The Company was obligated under the following debt instruments:

Senior Secured Notes

On October 21, 2013, the Company issued (the “Offering”) $200,000 in aggregate principal amount of its 8.5% Senior Secured Notes (the “Notes”). The net proceeds from the Offering, together with net proceeds from the Company’s ABL Facility (defined below), were used to finance the acquisition of the commercial bus business of Thor Industries, Inc. in fiscal year 2013 and to repay all outstanding debt existing at the time of the Offering.

The Notes mature on November 1, 2019. All principal is due in full on the maturity date. Interest accrues on the Notes at the rate of 8.5% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on May 1 and November 1 each year.

The Notes are guaranteed by all direct and indirect wholly owned domestic subsidiaries of the Company that guarantee debt under the ABL Facility described below. The Notes are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the guarantors’ assets other than accounts receivable and inventory, and related assets, pledged under the ABL Facility. The Notes are also secured by a second priority lien on substantially all of the collateral under the ABL Facility. The Notes are effectively subordinated to debt incurred under the ABL Facility, or other permitted debt facilities and obligations, as defined, to the extent of the value of the assets securing the ABL Facility.

On October 17, 2016, the Company completed an open market purchase of $20,000 of its outstanding Notes, which were subsequently cancelled. The Company paid a premium of $400 and accrued interest of $784 as of the date of the purchase.

After November 1, 2016, the Company may redeem all or a part of the Notes at the redemption prices set forth below plus accrued and unpaid interest on the Notes redeemed, to the applicable redemption date:

102.125% (Year 2017)

100.000% (Year 2018 and thereafter)

Upon a change of control, as defined, each holder of the Notes will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or any part of the holder’s Notes at 101%, so long as the Note is a minimum of $2,000.

The Notes were issued with an applicable original issue discount (“OID”) of $1,166. The Company also incurred $8,980 in associated debt issuance costs. The OID is being accreted and debt issuance costs are being amortized over the debt term using the effective

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interest method. The principal on the Notes is being reported on the consolidated balance sheets net of the unamortized OID of $413 and $455 at January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, respectively. The unamortized debt issuance costs are being reported on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as a reduction of notes payable and bank debt and totaled $3,179 and $3,505 at January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, respectively. The Notes contain certain financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the Notes as of January 28, 2017.

At January 28, 2017, the Company had $180,000 in principal outstanding under the Notes.

On January 17, 2017, the Company issued a Notice of Conditional Redemption, subject to the completion of the Company’s IPO, to redeem all the outstanding Notes at a redemption price of 104.250% plus accrued and unpaid interest. On February 16, 2017, the Company redeemed all Notes which were outstanding as of that date, and retired the debt. The Company paid a premium of $7,650 and accrued interest of $4,463 as of the redemption date.

ABL Facility

Effective October 21, 2013, the Company entered into a $150,000 senior secured revolving credit and guaranty agreement (the Asset Based Lending or “ABL Facility”) with a syndicate of lenders. The ABL Facility consists of: (i) Revolving Loans, (ii) Swing Line Loans, and (iii) Letters of Credit, aggregating up to a combined maximum of $150,000. The total amount borrowed was subject to a $15,000 sublimit for Swing Line Loans, and a $25,000 sublimit for Letters of Credit, along with certain borrowing base and other customary restrictions as defined in the agreement. The Company incurred $3,526 in debt issuance costs related to the ABL Facility.

On April 22, 2016, the Company exercised its $50,000 Incremental Commitment option under the ABL Facility in conjunction with the KME Acquisition, which increased the borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility to $200,000 at that time. All other terms and conditions remain unchanged.

On August 19, 2016, the Company amended the ABL Facility to add an Incremental Commitment option of $100,000 (the “August 2016 Amendment”), and on that date exercised the Incremental Commitment option. The August 2016 Amendment increased the borrowing capacity under the ABL Facility to $300,000. All other terms and conditions remain unchanged.

All outstanding principal on the ABL Facility is due and payable on the maturity date of October 21, 2018, unless as otherwise amended per the terms of the agreement. Principal may be repaid at any time during the term of the ABL Facility without penalty. The lenders hold a first priority security interest in essentially all accounts receivable and inventory of the Company, and a second priority security interest in all other assets of the Company. All obligations under the ABL Facility are effectively subordinate to other debt to the extent of the value of collateral other than accounts receivable and inventory.

All Revolving Loans under the ABL Facility bear interest at rates equal to, at the Company’s option, either a Base Rate plus an Applicable Margin, or a Eurodollar Rate plus an Applicable Margin. All Swing Line Loans under the ABL Facility bear interest at a rate equal to a Base Rate plus an Applicable Margin. Applicable Margins were initially set at 0.75% for Base Rate loans and Swing Line Loans, and 1.75% for Eurodollar loans, and are subject to subsequent adjustment as defined in the agreement. Interest is payable quarterly for all loans in which a Base Rate is applied, and is payable either monthly, quarterly, or semi-annually for all loans in which a Eurodollar Rate is applied.

At January 28, 2017, the Company had $159,600 in principal outstanding under Revolving Loans, and had a net unused availability of $134,249. Borrowings under Revolving Loans beat interest at an average rate of 2.55% per annum. The Company had open Letters of Credit of $6,151 at January 28, 2017.

The ABL Facility contains certain financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the ABL Facility as of January 28, 2017.

Note 8. Warranties

The Company’s products generally carry explicit warranties that extend from several months to several years, based on terms that are generally accepted in the marketplace. Selected components (such as engines, transmissions, tires, etc.) included in the Company’s end products may include warranties from original equipment manufacturers (“OEM”). These OEM warranties are passed on to the end customer of the Company’s products, and the customer deals directly with the applicable OEM for any issues encountered on those components.

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Changes in the Company’s warranty liability consisted of the following:

Accrued warranty is classified in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as follows:

Provisions for estimated warranty and other related costs are recorded at the time of sale and are periodically adjusted to reflect actual experience. Certain warranty and other related claims involve matters of dispute that ultimately are resolved by negotiation, arbitration or litigation. At times, warranty issues arise that are beyond the scope of the Company’s historical experience. The potential liability for these issues is evaluated on a case by case basis.

Note 9. Employee Benefit Plan

The Company has a defined contribution 401(k) plan covering substantially all employees. The plan allows employees to defer up to 100% of their employment income (subject to annual contribution limits imposed by the I.R.S.) after all taxes and applicable benefit deductions. Each employee who elects to participate is eligible to receive Company matching contributions that are based on employee contributions to the plans, subject to certain limitations. Amounts expensed for the Company’s matching and discretionary contributions were $1,643 and $1,507 for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively.

Note 10. Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

Cash Flow Hedges: The Company is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business operations. The primary risk related to cash flows, partially managed by using derivative instruments, is foreign currency exchange rate risk. Forward contracts on various foreign currencies are entered into to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk on the collection of receivables denominated in foreign currencies. These derivatives typically require the exchange of a foreign currency for U.S. dollars at a fixed rate at a future date.

To protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows resulting from export sales, the Company has instituted a foreign currency cash flow hedging program. The Company hedges portions of its receivables denominated in foreign currencies with forward contracts. When the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, decreased foreign currency payments are offset by gains in the value of the forward contracts. Conversely, when the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies, increased foreign currency payments are offset by losses in the value of the forward contracts.

For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. The Company generally hedges its exposure to the variability in future cash flows for a maximum of 12 to 18 months.

The ineffective portion of cash flow hedges, which is the remaining gain or loss on the derivative instrument in excess of the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged item, if any, or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness, is recognized in earnings immediately during the current period as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

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A net amount of $58 recorded as income in accumulated other comprehensive income is expected to be reclassified to earnings within the next 12 months. The Company had forward foreign exchange contracts with a gross notional value of $8,482 and $5,198 as of January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, respectively, designated as cash flow hedges.

Note 11. Shareholders’ Equity

At January 27, 2017, the Company’s certificate of incorporation allowed for the issuance of up to 46,000,000 Class A common shares and for the issuance of up to 43,200,000 Class B common shares. Concurrent with the closing of the Company’s IPO, the Company amended its certificate of incorporation to provide for the automatic reclassification of its Class A common stock and Class B common stock into a single class of common stock, of which 605,000,000 shares are designated as common stock, and 95,000,000 shares are designated as preferred stock and to effect an 80-for-one stock split.

Shareholder Rights: Prior to the Company’s IPO completed on February 1, 2017, all current shareholders of the Company were a party to the Amended Shareholders Agreement (the “Shareholders Agreement”) which governed the shareholders’ voting rights, right to transfer securities, rights in the event of a sale of the Company or other liquidity event and other special approval rights. Under the terms of the Shareholders Agreement, the Company was required (at the shareholder’s option) or had the option to purchase the shareholder’s common stock upon termination, disability, death or retirement if the shareholder was an employee. If an employee shareholder was terminated for cause or the employee shareholder departs for any reason other than death, disability or retirement, the purchase price of the common stock was the lesser of termination book value or cost. In the case of termination for any other reason and in the case of death, disability or retirement, the purchase price was a price per share equal to the fair market value as determined by the Company’s board of directors. In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into an amended and restated shareholders agreement with certain shareholders. The amended and restated shareholders agreement became effective upon completion of the IPO and replaced the Shareholders Agreement that was in effect immediately prior to the IPO.

Note 12. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding including contingently redeemable common stock. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding assuming dilution. The difference between basic EPS and diluted EPS is the result of the dilutive effect of outstanding stock options. The table below reconciles basic weighted-average common shares outstanding to diluted weighted-average shares outstanding for the three-month period ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016:

The Company excludes stock options that have an anti-dilutive effect from its calculation of weighted-average shares outstanding assuming dilution. For the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, there were 3,078,240 and 2,868,000 stock options, respectively, which were excluded from the calculation of diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding as the impact would have been anti-dilutive on earnings per share.

Note 13. Contingently Redeemable Common Stock

Prior to the Company’s IPO, shares of common stock held by employees were eligible to be put to the Company in accordance with the Shareholders Agreement if certain criteria (as defined in the Shareholders Agreement) were met and the former employee or his or her beneficiaries exercised the option to put the shares to the Company in accordance with the Shareholders Agreement. As these provisions were not certain of being met, the shares of common stock held by employees were considered contingently redeemable common stock and recorded as temporary equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet until the shares of common stock were either re-purchased by the Company or the put option expired. The put option expired 90 or 180 days after termination of employment, depending on the nature of the termination or upon the sale of the Company or an initial public offering of the Company’s common stock. The value of these shares of common stock were presented at fair value on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. Prior to the Company’s IPO, the fair value of the Company’s common stock was calculated by estimating the Company’s enterprise value by applying an earnings multiple to the Company’s Adjusted EBITDA over the previous 12 months, and deducting outstanding net debt.

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When the put option was exercised or expired, the shares were re-measured at fair value on that date and reclassified from temporary equity to shareholders’ equity. Changes in the fair value of the contingently redeemable shares of common stock were recorded in retained earnings.

In connection with the IPO, the put option of employee-owned shares of common stock was eliminated, resulting in the reclassification of $35.4 million to additional paid-in capital and 1,607,760 shares to common shares outstanding.

Note 14. Stock Compensation

In April 2010, the Company’s board of directors approved the Allied Specialty Vehicles, Inc. 2010 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the “2010 Plan”). Under the 2010 Plan, key employees, including employees who may also be directors or officers of the Company, outside directors, key consultants and key contractors of the Company may be granted incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, and other share-based awards. The 2010 Plan provides for the granting of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at not less than the fair market value of such shares on the date of grant. Stock options terminate not more than ten years from the date of grant. The 2010 Plan allows acceleration of options upon certain events. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock options, nonvested stock and performance share awards over the requisite service period for vesting of the award, or to an employee’s eligible retirement date, if earlier and applicable. An aggregate of 8,000,000 shares were reserved for future awards under the 2010 Plan. At January 28, 2017, the Company had 4,449,179 remaining shares available for issuance under the 2010 Plan. With the approval of the 2016 Plan (defined below), the Company will no longer issue share-based awards under the 2010 Plan.

In January 2017, the Company’s board of directors approved the REV Group, Inc. 2016 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”). Under the 2016 Plan, key employees, including employees who may also be directors or officers of the Company, outside directors, key consultants and key contractors of the Company may be granted incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, and other share-based awards. The 2016 Plan provides for the granting of options to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock at not less than the fair market value of such shares on the date of grant. Stock options terminate not more than ten years from the date of grant. The 2016 Plan allows acceleration of share awards upon certain events. The Company recognizes compensation expense for stock options, nonvested stock and performance share awards over the requisite service period for vesting of the award, or to an employee’s eligible retirement date, if earlier and applicable. An aggregate of 8,000,000 shares were reserved for future awards under the 2016 Plan. At January 28, 2017, the Company had 8,000,000 remaining shares available for issuance under the 2016 Plan.

Stock Option Awards: Stock options granted have a term of up to 10 years from the grant date. The vesting of these options are either immediate, upon a triggering event or over a period of time. Exercisability of the triggering event options is contingent upon the occurrence of a change in control of the Company, or in certain of the option grants, an initial public offering. The Company estimates the fair value of all stock option awards on the grant date by applying the Black-Scholes option-pricing valuation model. The application of this valuation model involves assumptions that are highly subjective, judgmental and sensitive in the determination of stock compensation cost. As a result of the Company’s IPO in January 2017, 1,109,240 equity stock options immediately vested. The Company recorded stock compensation expense of $4,352 resulting from the vesting of these stock options. As of January 28, 2017, the Company could potentially recognize $459 of stock compensation expense if certain performance targets were met or were expected by management to be achieved. As of January 28, 2017, the Company had $2,354 of unrecognized stock compensation expense related to time based vesting stock options.

During the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, the Company recorded expense of $3,251 and $5,141, respectively, to redeem performance based stock options. The amount paid per share to redeem these stock options was equal to the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of redemption less the stock option exercise price.

As of January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, there were zero and 1,664,000 stock options outstanding, respectively, which were considered liability share awards as the underlying shares were eligible to be sold back to the Company as a result of put rights in the Shareholders Agreement, within a period of time which would not subject the shareholder to the risks and rewards of share ownership for a reasonable period of time. The fair value of the liability share awards was $0 and $9,117 at January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, respectively. Concurrent with the Company’s IPO, the Company’s Shareholders Agreement was terminated, and as such the put rights from that agreement were no longer available to the Company’s shareholders. As such, the fair value of vested outstanding liability share awards were reclassified to additional paid-in capital during the first quarter of 2017. In addition, upon completion of the Company’s IPO, 1,528,000 of outstanding liability option awards were vested. The vested portion of these outstanding options was re-measured at fair value based upon the $22.00 per share price of the Company’s IPO. The accelerated vesting of the liability awards and remeasurement of the liability to the $22.00 per share resulted in additional stock compensation expense of $16.2 million. The fair value of the liability share awards was $26.5 million on the date of the Company’s IPO.

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Note 15. Restructuring Charges

In the first quarter of fiscal year 2016, the Company restructured some of its management functions in the Fire & Emergency segment and initiated the relocation of its Corporate office from Orlando, Florida to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Company recognized $2,807 of costs associated with this re-organization and office relocation, which included severance, lease termination and other associated expenses. At January 28, 2017, $228 of the restructuring costs remain unpaid and are included in other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, the Company implemented a strategic plan to relocate production of Goshen buses to its Salina, KS and Imlay City, MI facilities. Accordingly, $824 of the costs associated with the relocation, including but not limited to personnel costs, including severance and bonuses were recorded during the three months ended January 28, 2017 and $714 of such costs were recognized in fiscal year 2016. At January 28, 2017, $96 of the restructuring costs remain unpaid and are included in other current liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

A summary of the changes in the Company’s restructuring liability is as follows:

Note 16. Income Taxes

For interim financial reporting, the Company estimates its annual effective tax rate based on the projected income for its entire fiscal year and records a provision (benefit) for income taxes on a quarterly basis based on the estimated annual effective income tax rate, adjusted for any discrete tax items.

The Company’s effective income tax rate was 37.1% and 42.1% for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively. The decrease in the Company’s effective income tax rate for the three months ended January 28, 2017 relative to the prior year relates primarily to a prior year discrete benefit for a research tax credit resulting from a federal tax law change. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended January 28, 2017 as compared to the U.S. statutory income tax rate was favorably impacted by income tax incentives for U.S. manufacturing and research activities.

The Company periodically evaluates its valuation allowance requirements in light of changing facts and circumstances, and may adjust its deferred tax asset valuation allowances accordingly. It is reasonably possible that the Company will either add to, or reverse a portion of its existing deferred tax asset valuation allowances in the future. Such changes in the deferred tax asset valuation allowances will be reflected in the current operations through the Company’s effective income tax rate.

The Company’s liability for unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, was $3,057 as of January 28, 2017 and $2,895 as of October 29, 2016, and was included in other long-term liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the provision (benefit) for income taxes in its consolidated statement of operations.

The Company regularly assesses the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from examinations to determine the adequacy of its tax reserves. As of January 28, 2017, the Company believes that it is more likely than not that the tax positions it has taken will be sustained upon the resolution of its audits resulting in no material impact on its consolidated financial position and the results of operations and cash flows. However, the final determination with respect to any tax audits, and any related litigation, could be materially different from the company’s estimates and/or from its historical income tax provisions and income tax liabilities and could have a material effect on operating results and/or cash flows in the periods for which that determination is made. In addition, future period earnings may be adversely impacted by litigation costs, settlements, penalties, and/or interest assessments related to income tax examinations.

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Note 17. Commitments and Contingencies

Market Risks: The Company is contingently liable under bid, performance and specialty bonds and has open standby letters of credit issued by the Company’s banks in favor of third parties as follows:

Chassis Contingent Liabilities: The Company obtains certain vehicle chassis from automobile manufacturers under converter pool agreements. These agreements generally provide that the manufacturer will supply chassis at the Company’s various production facilities under the terms and conditions set forth in the agreement. The manufacturer does not transfer the certificate of origin to the Company and, accordingly, the chassis are treated as consigned inventory of the automobile manufacturer. Upon being put into production, the Company becomes obligated to pay the manufacturer for the chassis. Chassis are typically converted and delivered to customers within 90 to 120 days of receipt. If the chassis are not converted within this timeframe of delivery, the Company generally purchases the chassis and records the inventory or the Company is obligated to begin paying an interest charge on this inventory until purchased. The Company’s contingent liability under such agreements for future chassis inventory purchases was $70,456 and $77,587 at January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, respectively.

Repurchase Commitments: The Company has entered into repurchase agreements with certain lending institutions. The repurchase commitments are on an individual unit basis with a term from the date it is financed by the lending institution through payment date by the dealer or other customer, generally not exceeding two years. The Company’s outstanding obligations under such agreements were $228,436 and $213,657 as of January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016, respectively. This value represents the gross value of all vehicles under repurchase agreements and does not take into consideration proceeds that would be received upon resale of repossessed vehicles, which would be used to reduce the Company’s ultimate net liability. Such agreements are customary in the industries in which the Company operates and the Company’s exposure to loss under such agreements is limited by the potential loss on the resale value of the inventory which is required to be repurchased. Losses incurred under such arrangements have not been significant and the Company expects this pattern to continue into the future. The reserve for losses included in other liabilities on contracts outstanding at January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016 is immaterial.

Guarantee Arrangements: The Company is party to multiple agreements whereby it guarantees indebtedness of others, including losses under loss pool agreements. The Company estimated that its maximum loss exposure under these contracts was $626 at January 28, 2017 and October 29, 2016. Under the terms of these and various related agreements and upon the occurrence of certain events, the Company generally has the ability to, among other things, take possession of the underlying collateral. If the financial condition of the customers and/or dealers were to deteriorate and result in their inability to make payments, then additional accruals may be required. While the Company does not expect to experience losses under these agreements that are materially in excess of the amounts reserved, it cannot provide any assurance that the financial condition of the third parties will not deteriorate resulting in the third party’s inability to meet their obligations.

In the event that this occurs, the Company cannot guarantee that the collateral underlying the agreements will be sufficient to avoid losses materially in excess of the amounts reserved. Any losses under these guarantees would generally be mitigated by the value of any underlying collateral, including financed equipment, and are generally subject to the finance company’s ability to provide the Company clear title to foreclosed equipment and other conditions. During periods of economic weakness, collateral values generally decline and can contribute to higher exposure to losses.

Other Matters: The Company is subject to certain legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although the final results of all such matters and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the ultimate resolution of all such matters and claims will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Actual results could vary, among other things, due to the uncertainties involved in litigation.

Note 18. Related Party Transactions

During the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, the Company was charged expenses from its primary equity holder in the amount of $131 and $25, respectively. These expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.

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Certain production facilities and offices for two of the Company’s subsidiaries are leased from related parties owned by certain members of management. Rent expense under these arrangements totaled $160 and $129 for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively.

The Company engages with an information technology, software and consulting company in which the Company’s CEO has a material equity interest. Services being provided include software development and installation. The Company made payments of $1,389 and $665 during the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively, to this information technology, software and consulting company. These costs are recorded in property, plant and equipment on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Note 19. Business Segment Information

The Company is organized into three reportable segments based on management’s process for making operating decisions, allocating capital and measuring performance, and based on the similarity of products, customers served, common use of facilities, and economic characteristics. The Company’s segments are as follows:

Fire & Emergency: This segment includes KME, E-One, Inc., American Emergency Vehicles, Inc., Leader Emergency Vehicles, Inc., Horton Enterprises, Inc. and Wheeled Coach, Inc. These business units manufacture and market commercial and custom fire and emergency vehicles primarily for fire departments, airports, other governmental units, contractors, hospitals and other care providers in the United States and other countries.

Commercial: This segment includes Collins Bus, Champion Bus, Inc., Goshen Coach, Inc., ENC, ElDorado National (Kansas), Inc., Eldorado Mobility, Capacity and Lay-Mor. Collins Bus manufactures, markets and distributes school buses, normally referred to as Type A school buses, as well as shuttle buses used for churches, transit authorities, hotels and resorts, retirement centers and other similar uses. Champion Bus, Inc., Goshen Coach, Inc., ENC, ElDorado National (Kansas), Inc. and Eldorado Mobility, Inc. manufacture, market and distribute shuttle buses and mobility vans for transit, airport car rental and hotel/motel shuttles, tour and charter operations and other uses under well-established brand names such as under Krystal and Federal Coach. Capacity manufactures, markets and distributes trucks used in terminal type operations, i.e., rail yards, warehouses, rail terminals and shipping terminals/ports. Lay-Mor manufactures, markets and distributes industrial sweepers for both the commercial and rental markets.

Recreation: This segment includes REV Recreation Group, Inc. (“RRG”), Goldshield Fiberglass, Inc. (“Goldshield”) and Renegade, and their respective manufacturing facilities, service and parts divisions. RRG primarily manufactures, markets and distributes Class A and Class C mobile recreational vehicles in both gas and diesel models. Goldshield manufactures, markets and distributes fiberglass reinforced molded parts to a diverse cross section of OEM and other commercial and industrial customers, including various components for RRG, which is one of Goldshield’s primary customers.

In considering the financial performance of the business, the chief operating decision maker analyzes the primary financial performance measure of Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income for the relevant period before depreciation and amortization, interest expense and provision (benefit) for income taxes, as adjusted for transaction expenses, sponsor expenses, restructuring costs, and stock based compensation, which the Company believes are not indicative of the Company’s ongoing operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA is not a measure defined by U.S. GAAP, but is computed using amounts that are determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. A reconciliation of this performance measure to loss before benefit for income taxes is included below.

The Company believes that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors and used by management for measuring profitability because the measure excludes the impact of certain items which management believes has less bearing on the Company’s core operating performance. The Company believes that utilizing Adjusted EBITDA allows for a more meaningful comparison of operating fundamentals between companies within the Company’s industry by eliminating the impact of capital structure and taxation differences between the companies.

The Company also adjusts for exceptional items which are determined to be those that in management’s judgment need to be disclosed by virtue of their size, nature or incidence, which include non-cash items and items settled in cash. In determining whether an event or transaction is exceptional, management considers quantitative as well as qualitative factors such as the frequency or predictability of occurrence. This is consistent with the way that financial performance is measured by management and reported to our Board of Directors, assists in providing a meaningful analysis of the Company’s operating performance and used as a measurement in incentive compensation for management.

For purposes of measuring performance of its business segments, the Company does not allocate to individual business segments costs or items that are of a corporate nature. The caption “corporate and other” includes corporate office expenses, results of insignificant operations, intersegment eliminations and income and expense not allocated to reportable segments.

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Identifiable assets of the business segments exclude general corporate assets, which principally consist of cash and cash equivalents, certain property, plant and equipment and certain other assets pertaining to corporate activities.

Intersegment sales generally include amounts invoiced by a segment for work performed for another segment. Amounts are based on actual work performed and agreed-upon pricing which is intended to be reflective of the contribution made by the supplying business segment. All intersegment transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Selected financial information of the Company’s segments is as follows:

Provided below is a reconciliation of segment Adjusted EBITDA to net loss before benefit for income taxes:

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Note 20. Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period except those that resulted from investments by or distributions to the Company’s shareholders. Other comprehensive income or loss refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that are included in comprehensive income, but excluded from net income as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to shareholders’ equity.

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This management’s discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Form 10-Q as well as the Management’s Discussion and Analysis and Risk Factors and audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in our final prospectus for our initial public offering, filed on January 30, 2017 and in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-Looking Information

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “target,” “potential,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “continue,” “contemplate,” “aim” and other similar expressions, and include our segment sales and other expectations described under “Overview” below, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. Investors are cautioned that forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain. A number of factors could cause actual results to differ materially from these statements, including, but not limited to increases in interest rates, availability of credit, low consumer confidence, availability of labor, significant increase in repurchase obligations, inadequate liquidity or capital resources, availability and price of fuel, a slowdown in the economy, increased material and component costs, availability of chassis and other key component parts, sales order cancellations, slower than anticipated sales of new or existing products, new product introductions by competitors, the effect of global tensions and integration of operations relating to mergers and acquisitions activities. Additional information concerning certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from that projected or suggested is contained in the “Risk Factors” section of our final prospectus filed with the SEC on January 30, 2017. We disclaim any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q or to reflect any changes in expectations after the date of this release or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any statement is based, except as required by law.

Overview

REV is a leading designer, manufacturer and distributor of specialty vehicles and related aftermarket parts and services. We provide customized vehicle solutions for applications including: essential needs (ambulances, fire apparatus, school buses, mobility vans and municipal transit buses), industrial and commercial (terminal trucks, cut-away buses and street sweepers) and consumer leisure (RVs and luxury buses). Our brand portfolio consists of 27 well-established principal vehicle brands including many of the most recognizable names within our served markets. Several of our brands pioneered their specialty vehicle product categories and date back more than 50 years. We believe that in most of our markets, we hold the first or second market share position and approximately 62% of our net sales during the first quarter of fiscal year 2017 came from products where we believe we hold such share positions.

During the first quarter of fiscal 2017, our sales were $442.9 million, which was $70.2 million, or 18.8%, greater than the prior year. This increase in net sales was due to increases in our Fire & Emergency and Recreation segments. In our Fire & Emergency segment, we expect sales to increase in fiscal 2017 at a rate in line with or slightly better than the sales percent increase for the overall company due to increased market demand, as a result of the full year impact of the KME acquisition (net sales attributable to KME in fiscal 2016, which was acquired in April 2016, were $97.2 million) and strong end-market demand across both our fire and ambulance product lines. In our Commercial segment for fiscal 2017, we expect sales to increase at a rate below the sales percent increase for the entire company due primarily to increases in sales across all of our Commercial product categories in line with their end markets and targeted individual product market share gains expectations. In our Recreation segment, we expect sales to increase in fiscal 2017 versus fiscal 2016 at a rate in line with the sales percent increase for the overall company and as a result of higher unit sales volume in both Class A and Class C RV units due to end market demand growth, continued growth in market share across both RV classes and as a result of the recent Renegade acquisition.

Gross profit and gross margin percentage were $47.5 million and 10.7%, respectively, during the first quarter of fiscal 2017, which were $12.6 million and 130 basis points higher than the first quarter of fiscal 2016. These improvements in gross profit and gross margin percentage were due to realized benefits from our ongoing sourcing initiatives, and a more profitable mix of our sales in our Fire & Emergency and Commercial segments, sales mix shift in our Recreation segment toward mid-line Class A diesel products, lower discounting and other strategic pricing actions.

Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A”) in the first quarter of fiscal 2017 were $56.5 million which is an increase of $29.4 million compared to the prior year first quarter. This increase was primarily due to $25.5 million of stock compensation expense primarily resulting from the impact of our initial public offering (“IPO”) in the first quarter of 2017. Stock compensation expense in the first quarter 2017 was $19.8 million higher than the first quarter of fiscal 2016. In addition, SG&A expenses were higher in the first quarter of fiscal 2017 due to higher payroll and employee benefits costs.

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Amortization of intangibles was $2.6 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in amortization expenses was due primarily to the amortization of the intangible assets recorded as part of the acquisition of KME in April 2016 and Renegade in December 2016. As a result of these acquisitions, as well as amortization of previously acquired intangible assets, the Company anticipates the quarterly run rate for intangible asset amortization to approximate $2.5 million per quarter for the remaining quarters of fiscal 2017.

Interest expense was $7.5 million in the first quarter of fiscal 2017 which is an increase of $0.8 million compared to the first quarter of 2016. Interest expense during the quarter was comprised of the cost of debt for the Company’s Senior Notes, ABL Facility, chassis pool interest expense, and interest paid to customers for advance payments. The increase in interest expense during the first quarter of fiscal 2017 versus the first quarter of fiscal 2016 was primarily due to higher average borrowings under our ABL Facility, which was used to fund the Renegade acquisition and higher capital expenditures in the first quarter 2017 compared to the first quarter of fiscal 2016. As a result of the use of proceeds from our IPO to pay down debt, we expect interest expense for fiscal 2017 to be lower than fiscal year 2016 and to approximate $2 to $3 million per quarter starting in the second fiscal quarter of 2017. On February 16, 2017 we paid off the remaining outstanding balance of our Senior Notes, and as a result we will incur a one-time charge of approximately $11.3 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2017 related to the prepayment premium and write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs related to this redemption.

Our effective income tax rate for the first quarter was a benefit of 37.1%, which approximates our normalized rate.

Diluted net loss per common share was ($0.26) for the first quarter of 2017 compared to a loss of ($0.06) in the first quarter of fiscal 2016. Adjusted net income per common share was $0.11 per share for the first quarter of 2017, which is an 57.1% increase from adjusted net income per common share of $0.07 in the first quarter of fiscal 2016. A reconciliation of net loss to adjusted net income is included in section “Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income” below.

Net loss was $13.3 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, compared to a net loss of $3.0 million for three months ended January 30, 2016.

Adjusted EBITDA was $21.1 million for the first quarter 2017, an increase of $6.1 million or 40.4%, from $15.0 million for the first quarter fiscal 2016. This increase in Adjusted EBITDA in the first quarter of fiscal 2017 was the result of higher net sales and gross margin from all three of our business segments. A detailed reconciliation of net loss to Adjusted EBITDA is included in section “Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income” below.

Capital expenditures for the first quarter of fiscal 2017 were $18.6 million, which primarily was comprised of expenditures for our ERP implementation and the continued rollout of our parts on line sales infrastructure.

Segments

We serve a diversified customer base primarily in the United States through the following segments:

Fire & Emergency – The Fire & Emergency segment sells fire apparatus equipment under the Emergency One (“E-ONE”) and Kovatch Mobile Equipment (“KME”) brands and ambulances under the American Emergency Vehicles (“AEV”), Horton Emergency Vehicles (“Horton”), Leader Emergency Vehicles (“Leader”), Marque, McCoy Miller, Road Rescue, Wheeled Coach and Frontline brands. We believe we are the largest manufacturer by unit volume of fire and emergency vehicles in the United States and have one of the industry’s broadest portfolios of products including Type I ambulances (aluminum body mounted on a heavy truck-style chassis), Type II ambulances (van conversion ambulance typically favored for non-emergency patient transportation), Type III ambulances (aluminum body mounted on a van-style chassis), pumpers (fire apparatus on a custom or commercial chassis with a water pump and small tank to extinguish fires), ladder trucks (fire apparatus with stainless steel or aluminum ladders), tanker trucks and rescue and other vehicles. Each of our individual brands is distinctly positioned and targets certain price and feature points in the market such that dealers often carry and customers often buy more than one REV Fire & Emergency product line.

Commercial – Our Commercial segment serves the bus market through the following principal brands: Collins Bus, Goshen Coach, ENC, ElDorado National, Krystal Coach, Federal Coach, Champion and World Trans. We serve the terminal truck market through the Capacity brand, the sweeper market through the Lay-Mor brand and the mobility market through the ElDorado Mobility brand. We are a leading producer of small- and medium-sized buses, Type A school buses, transit buses, terminal trucks and street sweepers in the United States. Our products in the Commercial segment include cut-away buses (customized body built on various types and sizes of commercial chassis), transit buses (large municipal buses where we build our own chassis and body), luxury buses (bus-style limo or high-end luxury conversions), street sweepers (three- and four-wheel versions used in road construction activities), terminal trucks (specialized vehicle which moves freight in warehouses or intermodal yards and ports), Type A school buses (small school bus built on commercial chassis), and mobility vans (mini-van converted to be utilized by wheelchair passengers). Within each market segment, we produce a large number of customized configurations to address the diverse needs of our customers.

Recreation – Our Recreation segment serves the RV market through five principal brands: American Coach, Fleetwood RV, Monaco Coach, Holiday Rambler and Renegade. We believe some of these brands are among the longest standing, most recognized brands in the RV industry. Under these five brands, REV provides a variety of highly recognized models such as: American Eagle, Dynasty, Discovery, Bounder and Pace Arrow, among others. Our products in the Recreation segment currently include only Class A motorized RVs (motorhomes built on a heavy duty chassis with either diesel or gas engine configurations), Class C motorized RVs (motorhomes built on a commercial truck or van chassis) and a line of heavy-duty, special application trailers. The Recreation segment also includes Goldshield Fiberglass, which produces a wide range of custom molded fiberglass products for the RV and broader industrial markets. In December 2016, we acquired Renegade RV, a leader in the “Super C” segment of the recreational vehicle (“RV”) market and producer of a line of heavy-duty special application trailers.

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Factors Affecting Our Performance

The primary factors affecting our results of operations include:

General Economic Conditions

Our business is impacted by the U.S. economic environment, employment levels, consumer confidence, municipal spending, changes in interest rates and instability in securities markets around the world, among other factors. In particular, changes in the U.S. economic climate can impact demand in key end markets.

RV purchases are discretionary in nature and therefore sensitive to the availability of financing, consumer confidence, unemployment levels, levels of disposable income and changing levels of consumer home equity, among other factors. The 2008 recession caused consumers to reduce their discretionary spending, which negatively affected sales volumes for RVs. Terminal truck sales volumes are also impacted by economic conditions and industrial output, as these factors impact our end-market customers for these products, which include shipping ports, trucking/distribution hubs and rail terminal operators. Although RV and terminal truck sales have increased in recent years, these markets are affected by general U.S. and global economic conditions, which create risks that future economic downturns will further reduce consumer demand and negatively impact our sales.

While less economically sensitive than the Recreation segment, our Fire & Emergency and Commercial segments are also impacted by the overall economic environment. Local tax revenues are an important source of funding for fire and emergency response departments. Reduced municipal tax revenues resulting from the 2008 recession led to a decline in these markets. As fire and emergency products and school buses are typically a larger cost item for municipalities and their service life is relatively long, their purchase is more deferrable, which can result in reduced demand for our products.

A decrease in employment levels, consumer confidence or the availability of financing, or other adverse economic events, or the failure of actual demand for our products to meet our estimates, could negatively affect the demand for our products. Any decline in overall customer demand in markets in which we operate could have a material adverse effect on our operating performance.

Cost Management Initiatives

Our recent operating results reflect the impact of our ongoing initiatives to lower our operating costs to expand our profit margins. Purchased materials, including chassis, represent our largest component of costs of sales. We operate a centralized strategic procurement organization dedicated to reducing our overall level of materials spend across our three segments, while simplifying and standardizing suppliers and parts.

Impact of Acquisitions

For the past several years, a significant component of our growth has been the addition of businesses or business units through acquisitions. We typically incur upfront costs as we integrate acquired businesses and implement our operating philosophy at newly acquired companies, including consolidation of supplies and materials, changes to production processes at acquired facilities to implement manufacturing improvements and other restructuring initiatives. The benefits of these integration efforts may not positively impact our financial results until subsequent periods. Operational and financial integration of our recently acquired businesses could be ongoing.

In accordance with GAAP, we recognize acquired assets and liabilities at fair value. This includes the recognition of identified intangible assets and goodwill which, in the case of definite-life intangible assets, are then amortized over their expected useful lives, which typically results in an increase in amortization expense. In addition, assets acquired and liabilities assumed generally include tangible assets, as well as contingent assets and liabilities.

Impact of Initial Public Offering

Prior to our IPO, our stockholders were party to a shareholders agreement that was amended and restated in its entirety as a result of the IPO. That shareholders agreement provided for, among other things, an employee stockholder to sell their stock back to the Company when he or she is terminated by the Company without cause or for good reason, death, disability, retirement or dissolution. This provision required us to recognize the value of these outstanding shares as temporary equity in our consolidated statement of operations, with changes in the fair value recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings. The aforementioned rights of the employee stockholder to sell his or her shares of common stock will lapse upon completion of an initial public offering and, as such, subsequent to this offering, those shares which were held by an employee and remain outstanding were reclassified to shareholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet. As a result of the IPO, the fair value of our common stock held by employees subject to the shareholders agreement was $35.4 million. This amount was reclassified to additional paid in capital on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of January 28, 2017.

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Stock Compensation Expense

As a result of our IPO, outstanding stock options which had previously been recorded as a liability on the Company’s balance sheet were reclassified to permanent equity. On the date of the IPO, vesting of 846,000 of these liability awards were accelerated, and there were 1,528,000 of vested liability option awards. All liability option awards were re-measured at fair value based upon the offering price of $22.00 per share. Also as a result of the IPO, the Company recorded a charge of $13.3 million due to the change in fair value of the liability option awards and of $8.9 million due to stock options which immediately vested.

Key Performance Indicators

In assessing the performance of our business, we consider a variety of operational and financial measures. These measures include net sales, units sold, selling, general and administrative expenses, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income. In assessing segment performance, our chief executive officer, as the chief operating decision maker, analyzes the primary financial measure of Adjusted EBITDA.

Net Sales and Units Sold

We evaluate net sales and units sold because it helps us measure the impact of economic trends, the effectiveness of our marketing, the response of customers to new product launches and model changes, and the effect of competition over a given period. We recognize revenue for sales of completed vehicles upon shipment or delivery and acceptance by the dealer or customer as specified by the relevant dealer or customer purchase order.

Our units represent a wide range of products at various price points, with higher value-added units at higher price points typically resulting in higher gross margins. Additionally, large orders of similar units typically provide operational efficiencies that contribute to higher gross margins. As such, our management also utilizes unit volume sales mix to analyze our business.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

We evaluate our selling, general and administrative expenses in order to identify areas where we can further invest or create savings. Such investments or spending reductions could include items such as third-party services and cost of administrative processes. These expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, sales and marketing expenses, as well as other expenses associated with facilities unrelated to our manufacturing and supply chain network, internal management expenses and expenses for finance, information systems, legal, business development, human resources, purchasing and other administrative costs.

The components of our selling, general and administrative expenses may not be identical to those of our competitors. As a result, data in this document regarding our operating and administrative expenses may not be comparable to similar expenses of our competitors. We expect that our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods as we grow our businesses and due to additional legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses we expect to incur as a result of being a public company.

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended January 28, 2017 Compared with Three Months Ended January 30, 2016

Net Sales. Consolidated net sales were $442.9 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $70.2 million, or 18.8%, from $372.8 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in consolidated net sales was primarily due to an increase in net sales of $57.0 million and $22.3 million in the Fire & Emergency and Recreation segments, respectively, offset by a decrease in net sales of $10.2 million in the Commercial segment. The increase in Fire & Emergency segment net sales were due to higher fire apparatus unit volumes, $35.8 million of net sales from KME, which was acquired in April 2016, and higher average selling prices for both fire trucks and ambulances. The increase in net sales in the Recreation segment was primarily due to higher unit sales volumes in its Class A mid-range diesel product and Class C vehicles. The decrease in Commercial segment net sales was primarily due to lower shuttle bus unit volume compared to the prior year period.

Cost of Sales. Consolidated cost of sales as a percentage of net sales was 89.3% for the three months ended January 28, 2017 as compared to 90.6% for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The decrease in consolidated cost of sales, as a percentage of net sales, was primarily due to a decrease in manufacturing costs in all three segments. The aggregate reduction in cost of sales, as a percentage of net sales, for the Company was primarily due to net reductions in the costs of materials resulting from specific sourcing initiatives and the benefits of higher production volumes. In addition, cost of sales in the first quarter 2017 was lower as a percent of net sales due to lower sales discounts provided for certain vehicle classes.

Gross Profit. Consolidated gross profit was $47.5 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $12.6 million, or 36.0% from $34.9 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. Consolidated gross profit, as a percentage of net sales, was 10.7% and 9.4% for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively. The increase in gross profit, as a percentage of net sales, was due to the combination of higher net sales and lower cost of sales described above.

Selling, General and Administrative. Consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses were $56.5 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $29.3 million, or 108.4%, from $27.1 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. Selling, general and administrative expenses, as a percentage of sales, were 12.8% and 7.3% for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was due primarily to increased stock-based compensation expense during the quarter. Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended January 28, 2017 included $25.5 million of stock-based compensation expense, of which $13.3 million was for the remeasurement of liability awards to our IPO share price, $8.9 million was related to the accelerated vesting of liability awards and stock options resulting from the completion of our IPO and $3.3 million was related to the redemption of performance based stock options during the three months ended January 28, 2017.

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Research and Development. Consolidated research and development costs were $1.2 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $0.1 million, or 5.2% from $1.1 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016.

Restructuring. Consolidated restructuring costs were $0.9 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, compared to $3.0 million in the three months ended January 30, 2016. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2016, the Company restructured some of its management functions in the Fire & Emergency segment and initiated the relocation of its Corporate office from Orlando, Florida to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, the Company implemented a plan to relocate production of Goshen Coach buses from its Elkhart, Indiana facility to its facilities in Salina, Kansas and Imlay City, Michigan and the relocation of our Eldorado mobility van production facility from Salina, Kansas to Longview, Texas.

Amortization of Intangibles. Consolidated amortization of intangibles was $2.6 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in amortization expenses was due primarily to the amortization of the intangible assets recorded as part of the acquisition of KME in April 2016 and Renegade in December 2016.

Interest Expense. Consolidated interest expense was $7.5 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $0.8 million, or 11.8% from $6.7 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016, respectively. Interest expense increased primarily due to increased borrowings under the ABL revolving credit facility to fund a business acquisition and higher capital expenditures in fiscal years 2016 and 2017.

Income Taxes. Consolidated income tax benefit was $7.8 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $5.6 million from a $2.2 million benefit for the three months ended January 30, 2016, respectively. The effective income tax rate was 37.1% and 42.1% for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016, respectively. The decrease in the Company’s effective income tax rate for the three months ended January 28, 2017 relative to the prior year relates primarily to a prior year discrete benefit for federal research tax credit resulting from a tax law change.

Net Loss. Consolidated net loss was $13.3 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase in loss of $10.3 million, or 342.0% from a net loss of $3.0 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016.

Adjusted EBITDA. Consolidated Adjusted EBITDA was $21.1 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $6.1 million, or 40.4%, from $15.0 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to an increase in gross profit, offset partially by an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Adjusted Net Income. Consolidated Adjusted Net Income was $5.7 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $1.7 million, or 44.5% from $3.9 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016.

Fire & Emergency Segment

Net Sales. Fire & Emergency (“F&E”) segment net sales were $185.4 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $57.0 million, or 44.4%, from $128.4 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. Net sales of fire apparatus increased $45.8 million compared to the prior year period, due primarily to net sales of $35.8 million from KME, which was acquired in April 2016, as well as net sales of $14.2 million from the F&E RTC, which was formerly known as the Hall-Mark RTC which was acquired in November 2015. Net sales of ambulance units increased $11.2 million compared to the prior year period due primarily to sales mix of higher content modular units, offset by lower unit sales volume.

Adjusted EBITDA. F&E segment Adjusted EBITDA was $16.7 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $1.4 million, or 9.0%, from $15.3 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to increased net sales from the acquired KME and the RTC businesses, mix shift toward higher content fire apparatus and modular ambulance vehicles, and operational improvements. These Adjusted EBITDA increases were partially offset by an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses.

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Commercial Segment

Net Sales. Commercial segment net sales were $130.2 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, a decrease of $10.2 million, or 7.3%, from $140.5 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The decrease in net sales was due primarily to a decrease in shuttle bus units sold compared to the prior year period, partially offset by higher sales of Type A school buses and transit buses compared to the prior year period. This was also partially offset by higher average realized pricing compared to the prior year period, due to sales mix.

Adjusted EBITDA. Commercial segment Adjusted EBITDA was $8.2 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $3.0 million, or 57.9%, from $5.2 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to increased average realized pricing, a shift in sales mix toward Type A school buses and transit buses in the quarter, as well as lower material costs. These increases were partially offset by reduced shuttle bus unit volume compared to the prior year and an increase in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Recreation Segment

Net Sales. Recreation segment net sales were $128.9 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $22.3 million, or 21.0%, from $106.5 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in net sales was due primarily to an increase average selling prices, lower sales discounts and an increase in unit volume. The increase in average realized pricing was due primarily to a higher mix of sales of our Class A diesel units, which typically have higher sales prices, compared to the prior year period. The increase in unit volume was due primarily to an increase in Class A diesel and Class C units sold in the first quarter fiscal 2017 versus the first quarter 2016. Excluding the impact of the Renegade acquisition on December 30, 2016, the Recreation segment net sales increased 16.1% in the first quarter of 2017 versus the same period in the prior year.

Adjusted EBITDA. Recreation segment Adjusted EBITDA was $2.8 million for the three months ended January 28, 2017, an increase of $4.6 million, or 254.2%, from negative ($1.8) million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was primarily due to an increase in gross profit and reduced selling, general and administrative expenses. The increase in gross profit was due to higher unit sales volumes, lower cost of materials and higher average selling prices resulting from product mix and lower sales discounts on units sold during the first quarter 2017. The acquisition of Renegade did not have a material impact on the segment’s Adjusted EBITDA for the first quarter of 2017.

Backlog

Backlog represents orders received from dealers or directly from end customers. Backlog does not include purchase options or verbal orders. The following table presents a summary of our backlog by segment:

Each of our three segments has a backlog of new vehicle orders that generally extends out from two to twelve months in duration. Our businesses take orders from our dealers and end customers that are evidenced by a firm purchase order for delivery of one or many specialty vehicles with a given specification over a period of time. These firm orders are placed in our backlog and reported at the aggregate selling prices, net of discounts or allowances, at the time the purchase order is received. We do not include verbal commitments or promised orders in our reported backlog. As of January 28, 2017, our backlog was $912.2 million compared to $857.3 million as of October 29, 2016. The increase in Recreation backlog was partially due to the acquisition of Renegade. We expect that our current backlog will be produced and sold within the next 12 months following January 28, 2017.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital are working capital, inventory management, acquiring machinery and equipment, acquiring and building manufacturing facilities, the improvement and expansion of existing manufacturing facilities, debt service and general corporate needs. Historically, these cash requirements have been met through cash provided by operating activities, cash and cash equivalents and borrowings under our ABL Facility.

We believe that our sources of liquidity and capital will be sufficient to finance our continued operations, growth strategy, cash dividends and additional expenses we expect to incur as a public company. However, we cannot assure you that our cash provided by operating activities, cash and cash equivalents or cash available under our ABL Facility will be sufficient to meet our future needs. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations in the future, and if availability under our ABL Facility is not sufficient due to the size of our borrowing base or other external factors, we may have to obtain additional financing. If we obtain additional capital by issuing equity, the interests of our existing stockholders will be diluted. If we incur additional indebtedness, that indebtedness may contain significant financial and other covenants that may significantly restrict our operations. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain refinancing or additional financing on favorable terms or at all.

Working capital at January 28, 2017 (defined as current assets (excluding cash) minus current liabilities) was $251.6 million compared to $187.3 million at October 29, 2016. The increase in working capital was due to the normal seasonal increase during the first half of the fiscal year as the Company builds toward its largest volume quarters in the second half of the year. This increase in the first quarter 2017 was primarily due to an increase in inventory, accounts receivable and cash on-hand at January 28, 2017 compared to October 29, 2016.

Long-term debt, excluding current maturities, at January 28, 2017 was $336.0 million compared to $256.0 million at October 29, 2016. Long-term debt increased primarily due to the increase in working capital described above, increased borrowings to fund the acquisition of Renegade in December 2016 and higher capital expenditures in fiscal years 2016 and in the first quarter 2017. Subsequent to the end of the first quarter 2017, the Company received net proceeds from the completion of its initial public offering in the amount of $254.4 million. These proceeds were used to redeem the remaining outstanding balance of its Senior Notes as well as partially pay down the outstanding balance on its ABL revolving credit facility.

Cash Flow

The following table shows summary cash flows for the three months ended January 28, 2017 and January 30, 2016:

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities for the three months ended January 28, 2017 was $33.7 million, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $2.0 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. The decrease in cash from operating activities in the first quarter 2017 compared to the first quarter 2016 was primarily due to higher cash outflows for accounts payable, lower cash collections of accounts receivable and higher cash outflows for other liabilities. These impacts from accounts payable, accounts receivable and other liabilities were partially offset by increased operating income and lower cash outflows for inventory in the current year quarter.

The higher cash outflows for accounts payable was due primarily to timing of payments to vendors. The reduced cash collections from accounts receivable was primarily due to increased sales in the current year quarter and timing of shipments or customer payments, which caused $82.9 million greater outstanding accounts receivable at January 28, 2017 compared to January 30, 2016. Excluding non-cash stock based compensation expense, operating income increased by $4.7 million in the first quarter of 2017 compared to the prior year period. The lower cash outflow for inventory in the first quarter 2017 was due to better inventory management in the current year period to meet normal seasonal production demands. Higher cash outflows for other liabilities in the first quarter 2017 compared to the first quarter 2016 was due to management incentive bonus payments made in the current year first quarter which was not earned and paid in the first quarter 2016. Also, cash outflows were higher due to the timing of income tax payments, which were $6.0 million greater than in the first quarter 2016.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities in the three months ended January 28, 2017 was $38.3 million, compared to $13.8 million for the three months ended January 30, 2016. Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended January 28, 2017 was primarily comprised of the payment for the acquisition of Renegade in December 2016 and higher capital expenditures than the prior year period. Net cash used in investing activities for the three months ended January 30, 2016 was primarily comprised of capital expenditures and payments for the acquisition of Ancira assets and Hall-Mark.

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Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended January 28, 2017 was $76.3 million, which primarily consisted of net borrowings from our ABL Facility, and $3.2 million of payments to redeem stock options. Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended January 30, 2016 was $7.9 million, and primarily consisted of net borrowings under our ABL Facility, offset by the repayment of debt assumed in the Hall-Mark Acquisition and payments to redeem common stock and stock options.

On March 7, 2017, our board of directors declared a cash dividend of $0.05 per share on our common stock, payable in respect of our second quarter of fiscal year 2017 on May 31, 2017 to holders of record on April 30, 2017. Subject to legally available funds and the discretion of our board of directors, we expect to pay a cash dividend at a rate initially equal to $0.05 per share on our common stock. We expect to pay a quarterly dividend on or about the last day of the first month following each fiscal quarter to shareholders of record on the last day of such fiscal quarter. Our dividend policy has certain risks and limitations, particularly with respect to liquidity, and we may not pay dividends according to our policy, or at all. We cannot assure you that we will declare dividends or have sufficient funds to pay dividends on our common stock in the future.

Offering of Common Stock

On January 26, 2017, the Company announced an initial public offering (“IPO”) of our common stock which began trading on the New York Stock Exchange. On February 1, 2017, the Company completed the offering of 12,500,000 shares of common stock at a price of $22.00 per share. Subsequent to the end of the first quarter, the Company received approximately $275.0 million in gross proceeds from the IPO, or approximately $254.4 million in net proceeds after deducting the underwriting discount and expenses related to the offering. The net proceeds of the IPO were used to partially pay down the Company’s existing debt. The Company redeemed the entire outstanding balance of its Senior Secured Notes, including prepayment premium and accrued interest, plus it partially paid down the then outstanding balance of its ABL Facility.

Contractual Obligations

In the Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our final prospectus filed with the SEC on January 30, 2017, we disclosed that we had $321.7 million in total commitments as of October 29, 2016. Other than the items discussed below, there have been no material changes in our total commitments during the three months ended January 28, 2017 outside of the normal course of our business.

Senior Secured Notes

On February 16, 2017, we redeemed in full the outstanding aggregate principal amount of Senior Secured Notes with a portion of the proceeds from the IPO. The Company paid a premium of $7.7 million and accrued interest of $4.5 million as of the redemption date.

ABL Facility

On October 21, 2013, we entered into a $150.0 million senior secured asset based lending revolving credit and guaranty agreement (the “ABL Facility”) with a syndicate of lenders. The ABL Facility consists of: (i) revolving loans, (ii) swing line loans and (iii) letters of credit, aggregating up to a combined maximum of $150.0 million. The total amount borrowed is subject to a $15.0 million sublimit for swing line loans and a $25.0 million sublimit for letters of credit, along with certain borrowing base and other customary restrictions as defined in the agreement. On April 22, 2016, we exercised our $50.0 million incremental commitment option under the ABL Facility in conjunction with the acquisition of KME. On August 19, 2016, we amended the ABL Facility to increase the commitment from $200.0 million to $300.0 million to provide flexibility and access to the suppressed borrowing base. All other terms and conditions of the ABL Facility remained unchanged.

The ABL Facility contains certain financial covenants. We were in compliance with all financial covenants under the ABL Facility as of January 28, 2017.

Principal may be repaid at any time during the term of the ABL Facility without penalty. Subsequent to the end of the first quarter, the Company used a portion of the net proceeds from its IPO to repay loans under the ABL Facility.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income

In considering the financial performance of the business, management analyzes the primary financial performance measures of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income for the relevant period before depreciation and amortization, interest expense and provision (benefit) for income taxes, as adjusted for certain items described below that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted Net Income is defined as net income, as adjusted for certain items described below that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Neither Adjusted EBITDA nor Adjusted Net Income is a measure defined by GAAP. The most directly comparable GAAP measure to EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income is net income for the relevant period.

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We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income are useful to investors and are used by our management for measuring profitability because these measures exclude the impact of certain items which we believe have less bearing on our core operating performance because they are items that are not needed or available to the Company’s managers in the daily activities of their businesses. We believe that the core operations of our business are those which can be affected by our management in a particular period through their resource allocation decisions that affect the underlying performance of our specialty vehicle operations conducted during that period. We also believe that decisions utilizing Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income allow for a more meaningful comparison of operating fundamentals between companies within our markets by eliminating the impact of capital structure and taxation differences between the companies. To determine Adjusted EBITDA, we further adjust net income for the following items: non-cash depreciation and amortization, interest expense and benefit for income taxes. Stock-based compensation expense is excluded from both Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA because it is an expense that is measured based upon external inputs such as our current share price and the movement of share price of peer companies, which cannot be impacted by our business managers. Stock-based compensation expense also reflects a cost which may obscure trends in our underlying vehicle businesses for a given period, due to the timing and nature of the equity awards.

We also adjust for exceptional items which are determined to be those that in management’s judgment need to be disclosed by virtue of their size, nature or incidence, which include non-cash items and items settled in cash. In determining whether an event or transaction is exceptional, management considers quantitative as well as qualitative factors such as the frequency or predictability of occurrence. This is consistent with the way that financial performance is measured by management and reported to our Board of Directors, assists in providing a meaningful analysis of our operating performance and used as a measurement in incentive compensation for management. Based on the foregoing factors, management considers the adjustment for non-cash purchase accounting to be an exceptional item.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income have limitations as analytical tools. These are not presentations made in accordance with GAAP, nor are they measures of financial condition and they should not be considered as an alternative to net income or net loss for the period determined in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income are not necessarily comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. As a result, you should not consider this performance measure in isolation from, or as a substitute analysis for, our results of operations as determined in accordance with GAAP. Moreover, such measures do not reflect:

The following table reconciles net loss to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented (in thousands):

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The following table reconciles net loss to Adjusted Net Income for the periods presented (in thousands):