River Financial Corp - Quarter Report: 2019 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2019

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 333-205986

RIVER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

ALABAMA		46-1422125
( State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
2611 Legends Drive Prattville, Alabama		36066
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (334) 290-1012

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
None	None	None

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of November 1, 2019, the registrant had 6,481,435 shares of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, outstanding.

Table of Contents

		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	5
	Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition	5
	Consolidated Statements of Income	6
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	7
	Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity	8
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	9
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	27
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	47
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	47
PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	48
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	48
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	48
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	48
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	48
Item 5.	Other Information	48
Item 6.	Exhibits	49
Signatures		51

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of River Financial Corporation (“we”, “our” or “us” on a consolidated basis) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements include projections, predictions, expectations or statements as to beliefs or future events or results or refer to other matters that are not historical facts. Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause the actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by the statements. The forward-looking statements contained in this report are based on various factors and were derived using numerous assumptions. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by words like “may”, “will”, “should”, “expect”, “plan”, “anticipate”, “intend”, “believe”, “estimate”, “predict”, “potential”, or “continue” or the negative of those words and other comparable words. You should be aware that those statements reflect only our predictions. If known or unknown risks or uncertainties should materialize, or if any one or more of our material underlying assumptions should prove inaccurate, actual results could differ materially from past results and those anticipated, estimated or projected. You should bear this in mind when reading this report and not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

•

The businesses of any bank acquired by us may not be integrated successfully or the integration may be more difficult, time-consuming or costly than expected;

•

The expected growth opportunities or costs savings from such transactions may not be fully realized or may take longer to realize than expected;

•

Revenues following such transactions may be lower than expected as a result of losses of customers or other reasons;

•

Deposit attrition, operating costs, customer loss and business disruption following such transactions, including difficulties in maintaining relationships with employees, may be greater than expected;

•

Governmental approvals of such transactions may not be obtained on the proposed terms or expected timeframe;

•

Reputational risks and the reaction of the companies’ customers to such transactions;

•

Diversion of management time on merger related issues;

•

Changes in asset quality and credit risk of our bank;

•

Inflation;

•

Customer acceptance of our products and services;

•

Customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices;

•

The negative impact on profitability imposed on us by a compressed net interest margin on loans and other extensions of credit that affects our ability to lend profitably and to price loans effectively in the face of competitive pressures;

•

Our liquidity requirements could be adversely affected by changes in our assets and liabilities;

•

Our ability to attract, develop and retain qualified banking professionals;

•

Failure to attract or retain stable deposits at reasonable cost that is competitive with the larger international, national, and regional financial service providers with which we compete;

•

Significant reliance on loans secured by real estate and the associated vulnerability to downturns in the local real estate market, natural disasters and other variables impacting the value of real estate;

•

The introduction, withdrawal, success and timing of business initiatives;

•

The impact, extent, and timing of technological changes;

•

A weakening of the economies in which we conduct operations may adversely affect our operating results;

•

The U.S. legal and regulatory framework, or changes in such framework, could adversely affect our operating results;

•

The interest rate environment may compress margins and adversely affect net interest income; and

•

Competition from other financial services companies in our markets could adversely affect operations.

You should also consider carefully the risk factors discussed in Item 1A of Part II of this Form 10-Q, which address additional factors that could cause our actual results to differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements and could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition. The risks discussed in this report are factors that, individually or in the aggregate, management believes could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. You should understand that it is not possible to predict or identify all such factors. Consequently, you should not consider such disclosures to be a complete discussion of all potential risks or uncertainties. Factors not here or there listed may develop or, if currently extant, we may not have yet recognized them.

The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and, except to the extent required by federal securities laws, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. In addition, we cannot assess the impact of each factor on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

RIVER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

(in thousands except share data)

	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
	Unaudited			Audited
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	19,018		$	13,834
Interest-bearing deposits in banks		16,789			32,253
Federal funds sold		13,135			1,420
Cash and cash equivalents		48,942			47,507

Certificates of deposit in banks		4,836			6,166
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value		236,143			228,630
Loans held for sale		10,202			2,619
Loans, net of unearned income		754,886			711,262
Less allowance for loan losses		(7,588	)		(6,577	)
Net loans		747,298			704,685
Premises and equipment, net		28,649			26,827
Accrued interest receivable		3,160			3,260
Bank owned life insurance		28,014			20,563
Foreclosed assets		1,117			496
Deferred income taxes, net		79			1,181
Core deposit intangible		4,627			5,583
Goodwill		18,293			18,293
Other assets		8,468			4,654
Total assets	$	1,139,828		$	1,070,464
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	263,157		$	241,274
Interest-bearing deposits		710,460			657,433
Total deposits		973,617			898,707
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		9,717			7,975
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		-			20,000
Note payable		24,585			26,963
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities		8,717			5,343
Total liabilities		1,016,636			958,988
Common stock related to 401(k) Employee Stock Ownership Plan		1,599			1,343
Stockholders' Equity
Common stock ($1 par value; 10,000,000 shares authorized; 5,708,278 and 5,692,123 shares issued; 5,700,652 and 5,687,914 shares outstanding, respectively)		5,708			5,692
Additional paid-in capital		79,819			79,604
Retained earnings		35,871			29,460
Accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss)		2,011			(3,167	)
Treasury stock at cost (7,626 and 4,209 shares, respectively)		(217	)		(113	)
Common stock related to 401(k) Employee Stock Ownership Plan		(1,599	)		(1,343	)
Total stockholders' equity		121,593			110,133
Total equity		123,192			111,476
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	1,139,828		$	1,070,464

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

RIVER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income

(in thousands except per share data)

	For the Three Months Ended:						For the Nine Months Ended:
	September 30,						September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Interest income:
Loans, including fees	$	10,192		$	8,269		$	29,853		$	23,551
Taxable securities		1,104			551			3,347			1,729
Nontaxable securities		356			180			1,055			547
Federal funds sold		107			-			183			-
Other interest income		178			74			485			162
Total interest income		11,937			9,074			34,923			25,989
Interest expense:
Deposits		1,758			931			4,921			2,330
Short-term borrowings		11			9			35			31
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		-			162			29			329
Note payable		384			62			1,175			184
Total interest expense		2,153			1,164			6,160			2,874
Net interest income		9,784			7,910			28,763			23,115
Provision for loan losses		540			480			1,620			1,440
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		9,244			7,430			27,143			21,675
Noninterest income:
Service charges and fees		1,251			830			3,537			2,436
Investment brokerage revenue		24			44			69			102
Mortgage operations		1,255			700			2,344			1,807
Bank owned life insurance income		171			145			451			428
Net gain (loss) on sale of investment securities		(6	)		(56	)		(9	)		(53	)
Other noninterest income		153			80			363			265
Total noninterest income		2,848			1,743			6,755			4,985
Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		4,680			3,349			13,010			10,266
Occupancy expenses		513			366			1,487			1,099
Equipment rentals, depreciation, and maintenance		248			206			784			677
Telephone and communications		99			69			268			190
Advertising and business development		149			154			478			501
Data processing		939			480			2,346			1,326
Foreclosed assets, net		21			45			144			135
Federal deposit insurance and other regulatory assessments		16			81			210			241
Legal and other professional services		263			285			692			568
Other operating expenses		1,331			915			3,826			2,612
Total noninterest expense		8,259			5,950			23,245			17,615
Income before income taxes		3,833			3,223			10,653			9,045
Provision for income taxes		861			741			2,312			2,039
Net income	$	2,972		$	2,482		$	8,341		$	7,006

Basic net earnings per common share	$	0.52		$	0.48		$	1.46		$	1.37
Diluted net earnings per common share	$	0.51		$	0.48		$	1.44		$	1.34
Dividends per common share	$	-		$	-		$	0.33		$	0.28

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

RIVER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

	For the Three Months Ended						For the Nine Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Net income	$	2,972		$	2,482		$	8,341		$	7,006
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Investment securities available-for-sale:
Net unrealized gains (losses)		855			(1,092	)		6,903			(3,764	)
Income tax effect		(215	)		275			(1,732	)		945
Reclassification adjustments for net losses realized in net income		6			56			9			53
Income tax effect		(2	)		(14	)		(2	)		(13	)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		644			(775	)		5,178			(2,779	)
Comprehensive income	$	3,616		$	1,707		$	13,519		$	4,227

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

RIVER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

(in thousands except share and per share data)

									Accumulated						Common
			Additional						Other						Stock			Total
	Common		Paid In			Retained			Comprehensive			Treasury			Related to			Stockholders'
	Stock		Capital			Earnings			Gain (Loss)			Stock			KSOP			Equity
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	5,692	$	79,604		$	29,460		$	(3,167	)	$	(113	)	$	(1,343	)	$	110,133
Net income		-		-			8,341			-			-			-			8,341
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		-		-			-			5,178			-			-			5,178
Exercise of stock options and warrants (16,155 shares)		16		126			-			-			-			-			142
Purchase of treasury stock (14,956 shares)		-		-			-			-			(423	)		-			(423	)
Sale of treasury shares (11,539 shares)		-		(42	)		-			-			319			-			277
Dividends declared ($0.33 per share)		-		-			(1,882	)		-			-			-			(1,882	)
Adoption of lease standard							(48	)											(48	)
Stock-based compensation expense		-		131			-			-			-			-			131
Change for KSOP related shares		-		-			-			-			-			(256	)		(256	)

Balance at September 30, 2019	$	5,708	$	79,819		$	35,871		$	2,011		$	(217	)	$	(1,599	)	$	121,593

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

RIVER FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

	For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,
	2019			2018
Cash Flows From (Used For) Operating Activities:
Net Income	$	8,341		$	7,006
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash from operating activities:
Provision for loan losses		1,620			1,440
Provision for losses on foreclosed assets		104			90
Amortization of securities available-for-sale		1,173			1,293
Accretion of securities available-for-sale		(360	)		(25	)
Realized net loss on securities available-for-sale		9			53
Accretion of discount on acquired loans		(681	)		(1,015	)
Amortization of deferred loan fees		(1,143	)		(929	)
Amortization of core deposit intangible asset		956			364
Stock-based compensation expense		131			41
Bank owned life insurance income		(451	)		(428	)
Depreciation and amortization of premises and equipment		1,004			742
Loss on sale of foreclosed assets		12			11
Deferred income tax benefit		(635	)		(653	)
(Increase) decrease in operating assets and (decrease) increase in operating liabilities:
Loans held-for-sale		(7,583	)		(1,119	)
Accrued interest receivable		100			62
Other assets		(4,442	)		(98	)
Accrued interest payable and other liabilities		3,325			1,041
Net cash from operating activities		1,480			7,876
Cash Flows From (Used For) Investing Activities:
Sales of certificate of deposit		-			1,452
Maturity of certificate of deposit		1,348			1,245
Purchase of certificate of deposit		-			(249	)
Sales of securities available-for-sale		28,875			47,339
Maturities, payments, calls of securities available-for-sale		34,420			20,216
Purchases of securities available-for-sale		(64,732	)		(27,903	)
Loan principal originations, net		(43,264	)		(92,876	)
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed assets		118			1,040
Purchases of premises and equipment		(2,826	)		(609	)
Sale (purchase) of restricted equity securities, net		628			(862	)
Purchase of bank owned life insurance		(7,000	)		-
Net cash used for investing activities		(52,433	)		(51,207	)
Cash Flows From (Used For) Financing Activities:
Net increase in deposits		74,910			26,585
Net increase (decrease) in securities sold under agreements to repurchase		1,742			(2,588	)
Proceeds from Federal Home Loan Bank advances		-			80,000
Repayment of Federal Home Loan Bank advances		(20,000	)		(60,000	)
Repayment of note payable		(2,378	)		(803	)
Federal funds purchased		-			801
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options and warrants		142			291
Purchase of treasury stock		(423	)		(127	)
Sale of treasury stock		277			225
Cash dividends		(1,882	)		(1,433	)
Net cash from financing activities		52,388			42,951
Net Change In Cash And Cash Equivalents		1,435			(380	)
Cash and Cash Equivalents At Beginning Of Period		47,507			15,558
Cash and Cash Equivalents At End Of Period	$	48,942		$	15,178

Supplemental Disclosures Of Cash Flows Information:
Cash Payments For:
Interest paid to depositors	$	4,861		$	2,303
Interest paid on borrowings	$	1,273		$	524
Income taxes	$	2,055		$	1,651
Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Transfer of loans to foreclosed assets	$	855		$	318
Initial recognition of operating lease right-of-use assets	$	2,172		$	-
Initial recognition of operating lease liabilities	$	2,237		$	-

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

River Financial Corporation

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

(amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

Note 1 – Basis of Presentation

General

The unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of River Financial Corporation (“River” or the “Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiary, River Bank & Trust (“Bank”). The Bank provides a full range of commercial and consumer banking services primarily in the Montgomery, Alabama metropolitan area, Autauga, Chilton, Elmore, Etowah, Lee and Tallapoosa counties and surrounding counties in Alabama. The Bank is primarily regulated by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and undergoes periodic examinations by this regulatory agency and the Alabama Banking Department. The Company is regulated by the Federal Reserve Bank (“FRB”) and is also subject to periodic examinations.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments necessary to present fairly River Financial Corporation’s consolidated statements of financial condition, statements of income, statements of comprehensive income, statements of changes in stockholders’ equity and statements of cash flows for the periods presented, and all such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. All material intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The results of operations for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the entire year.

These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and, therefore, certain information and note disclosures normally presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) have been omitted or abbreviated. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes as of December 31, 2018, which are contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018

Preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions the Company may undertake in the future. Estimates are used in accounting for, among other items, the allowance for loan losses, foreclosed asset valuations, useful lives for depreciation and amortization, fair value of financial instruments, deferred taxes, and contingencies. Estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change for the Company include the determination of the allowance for loan losses, investment securities impairment, and assessment of deferred tax assets and liabilities, and therefore are critical accounting policies. Management does not anticipate any material changes to estimates in the near term. Factors that may cause sensitivity to the aforementioned estimates include but are not limited to: external market factors such as market interest rates and employment rates, changes to operating policies and procedures, economic conditions in our markets, and changes in applicable banking regulations. Actual results may ultimately differ from estimates, although management does not generally believe such differences would materially affect the consolidated financial statements in any individual reporting period presented.

Note 2 – Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per common share are computed by dividing net income by the effect of the issuance of potential common shares that are dilutive and by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding. All shares owned by the Company’s 401(k) Employee Stock Ownership Plan (KSOP) are included in the earnings per share calculations.

The reconciliation of the components of the basic and diluted earnings per share is as follows (amounts in thousands):

	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,
	2019			2018	2019			2018
Net earnings available to common shareholders	$	2,972	$	2,482	$	8,341	$	7,006
Weighted average common shares outstanding		5,703,921		5,131,134		5,702,026		5,122,397
Dilutive effect of stock options		93,780		87,640		91,549		88,709
Diluted common shares		5,797,701		5,218,774		5,793,575		5,211,106
Basic earnings per common share	$	0.52	$	0.48	$	1.46	$	1.37
Diluted earnings per common share	$	0.51	$	0.48	$	1.44	$	1.34

Note 3 – Investment Securities

Securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows (amounts in thousands):

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
September 30, 2019:
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage-backed	$	121,101	$	614	$	(824	)	$	120,891
U.S. govt. sponsored enterprises		50,886		1,016		(45	)		51,857
State, county, and municipal		58,298		1,943		(26	)		60,215
Corporate debt obligations		3,151		29		-			3,180
Totals	$	233,436	$	3,602	$	(895	)	$	236,143

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
December 31, 2018:
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage-backed	$	108,915	$	45	$	(4,027	)	$	104,933
U.S. govt. sponsored enterprises		63,833		367		(278	)		63,922
State, county, and municipal		57,417		219		(476	)		57,160
Corporate debt obligations		2,670		7		(62	)		2,615
Totals	$	232,835	$	638	$	(4,843	)	$	228,630

Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Details concerning investment securities with unrealized losses as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows (amounts in thousands):

	Less Than 12 Months				More Than 12 Months				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
September 30, 2019:
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage-backed	$	21,603	$	139	$	46,466	$	685	$	68,069	$	824
U.S. govt. sponsored enterprises		4,447		7		2,964		38		7,411		45
State, county & municipal		4,184		26		200		-		4,384		26
Corporate debt obligations		-		-		-		-		-		-
Totals	$	30,234	$	172	$	49,630	$	723	$	79,864	$	895

December 31, 2018:
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage-backed	$	6,003	$	27	$	88,502	$	4,000	$	94,505	$	4,027
U.S. govt. sponsored enterprises		9,786		13		8,116		265		17,902		278
State, county & municipal		19,043		149		13,880		327		32,923		476
Corporate debt obligations		516		3		332		59		848		62
Totals	$	35,348	$	192	$	110,830	$	4,651	$	146,178	$	4,843

As of September 30, 2019, management does not consider securities with unrealized losses to be other-than-temporarily impaired. The unrealized losses in each category have occurred as a result of changes in interest rates, market spreads and market conditions subsequent to purchase. The Company has the ability and intent to hold its securities for a period of time sufficient to allow for a recovery in fair value. There were no other-than-temporary impairments charged to earnings during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 or 2018. The Company owned a total of 44 securities with unrealized losses of $895 thousand at September 30, 2019. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, securities with a carrying value of approximately $68.6 million and $61.5 million, respectively, were pledged to secure public deposits as required by law. At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the carrying value of securities pledged to secure repurchase agreements was approximately $15.1 million and $16.5 million, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company sold investment securities for proceeds of $28.9 million and realized losses of $9 thousand. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company sold investment securities for proceeds of $47.3 million and realized losses of $53 thousand.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities for residential mortgage backed securities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. These securities are therefore not presented by maturity classification.

	September 30, 2019				December 31, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(In Thousands)				(In Thousands)
Securities available-for-sale
Less than 1 year	$	11,999	$	12,031	$	17,094	$	17,092
1 to 5 years		45,063		46,091		55,924		56,000
5 to 10 years		20,136		20,692		23,597		23,733
After 10 years		35,137		36,438		27,305		26,872
		112,335		115,252		123,920		123,697
Residential mortgage-backed securities		121,101		120,891		108,915		104,933
Totals	$	233,436	$	236,143	$	232,835	$	228,630

Note 4 – Loans, Allowance for Loan Losses and Credit Quality

Major classifications of loans at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows (amounts in thousands):

	September 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
	Amount			% of Total			Amount			% of Total
Residential real estate:
Closed-end 1-4 family - first lien	$	173,771			23.3	%	$	162,249			23.0	%
Closed-end 1-4 family - junior lien		6,231			0.8	%		5,739			0.8	%
Multi-family		16,140			2.2	%		16,938			2.4	%
Total residential real estate		196,142			26.3	%		184,926			26.2	%
Commercial real estate:
Nonfarm nonresidential		244,728			32.7	%		209,391			29.7	%
Farmland		11,475			1.5	%		10,417			1.5	%
Total commercial real estate		256,203			34.2	%		219,808			31.2	%
Construction and land development:
Residential		45,990			6.2	%		39,680			5.6	%
Other		50,545			6.8	%		62,430			8.9	%
Total construction and land development		96,535			13.0	%		102,110			14.5	%
Home equity lines of credit		43,519			5.8	%		39,040			5.5	%
Commercial loans:
Other commercial loans		104,304			14.0	%		112,927			16.0	%
Agricultural		1,506			0.2	%		1,743			0.2	%
State, county, and municipal loans		21,527			2.9	%		19,756			2.9	%
Total commercial loans		127,337			17.1	%		134,426			19.1	%
Consumer loans		37,417			5.0	%		33,867			4.8	%
Total gross loans		757,153			101.4	%		714,177			101.3	%
Allowance for loan losses		(7,588	)		-1.0	%		(6,577	)		-0.9	%
Net deferred loan fees and discounts		(2,267	)		-0.3	%		(2,915	)		-0.4	%
Net loans	$	747,298			100.1	%	$	704,685			100.0	%

The Bank grants loans and extensions of credit to individuals and a variety of businesses and corporations located in its general trade area. Although the Bank has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is collateralized by improved and unimproved real estate and is dependent upon the real estate market. Relevant risk characteristics for these portfolio segments generally include debt service coverage, loan-to-value ratios and financial performance on non-consumer loans and credit scores, debt-to-income, collateral type and loan-to-value ratios for consumer loans.

For purposes of the disclosures required pursuant to ASC 310, the loan portfolio was disaggregated into segments and then further disaggregated into classes for certain disclosures. A portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic method for determining its allowance for loan losses. There are three primary loan portfolio segments that include real estate, commercial, and consumer. A class is generally determined based on the initial measurement attribute, risk characteristic of the loan, and the Company’s method for monitoring and assessing credit risk. Classes within the real estate portfolio segment include residential real estate, commercial real estate, construction and land development and home equity lines of credit. The portfolio segments of non-real estate commercial loans and consumer loans have not been further segregated by class.

The following describe risk characteristics relevant to each of the portfolio segments:

Real estate - As discussed below, the Company offers various types of real estate loan products. All loans within this portfolio segment are particularly sensitive to the valuation of real estate:

Residential real estate and home equity lines of credit are repaid by various means such as a borrower’s income, sale of the property, or rental income derived from the property.

Commercial real estate loans include both owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and other commercial real estate loans secured by income producing properties. Owner-occupied commercial real estate loans to operating businesses are long-term financing of land and buildings. These loans are repaid by cash flow generated from the business operation. Real estate loans for income-producing properties such as office and industrial buildings, and retail shopping centers are repaid from rent income derived from the properties. Loans secured by farmland are repaid by various means such as a borrower’s income, sale of the property, or rental income derived from the property.

Construction and land development loans are repaid through cash flow related to the operations, sale or refinance of the underlying property. This portfolio class includes extensions of credit to real estate developers or investors where repayment is dependent on the sale of the real estate or income generated from the real estate collateral.

Commercial loans - The commercial loan portfolio segment includes commercial and industrial loans, agricultural loans and loans to state and municipalities. These loans include those loans to commercial customers for use in normal business operations to finance working capital needs, equipment purchases, or expansion projects. Loans are repaid by business cash flows or tax revenues. Collection risk in this portfolio is driven by the creditworthiness of the underlying borrower, particularly cash flows from the customers’ business operations.

Consumer loans - The consumer loan portfolio segment includes direct consumer installment loans, overdrafts and other revolving credit loans. Loans in this portfolio are sensitive to unemployment and other key consumer economic measures.

The following table presents the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment method for the periods indicated below (amounts in thousands). Acquired loans are not included in the allowance for loan losses calculation, as these loans are recorded at fair value and there has been no further indication of credit deterioration that would require an additional provision.

	Real Estate Mortgage Loans
						Construction			Home Equity
						and Land			Lines
Allowance for Loan Losses	Residential			Commercial		Development			Of Credit		Commercial			Consumer			Total
Balance - December 31, 2018	$	1,579		$	1,961	$	942		$	394	$	1,375		$	326		$	6,577
Provision(credit) for loan losses		252			886		(28	)		8		327			175			1,620
Loan charge-offs		(587	)		-		-			-		(175	)		(157	)		(919	)
Loan recoveries		7			107		15			50		98			33			310
Balance - September 30, 2019	$	1,251		$	2,954	$	929		$	452	$	1,625		$	377		$	7,588

Ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	16		$	59	$	-		$	-	$	303		$	-		$	378
Collectively evaluated for impairment		1,235			2,895		929			452		1,322			377			7,210
Total	$	1,251		$	2,954	$	929		$	452	$	1,625		$	377		$	7,588

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	811		$	2,324	$	149		$	318	$	414		$	27		$	4,043
Collectively evaluated for impairment		195,038			253,831		96,328			43,201		126,866			37,356			752,620
Acquired loans with deteriorated credit quality		293			48		58			-		57			34			490
Total	$	196,142		$	256,203	$	96,535		$	43,519	$	127,337		$	37,417		$	757,153

	Real Estate Mortgage Loans
							Construction		Home Equity
							and Land		Lines
Allowance for Loan Losses	Residential			Commercial			Development		Of Credit			Commercial			Consumer			Total
Balance - December 31, 2017	$	1,167		$	1,604		$	606	$	333		$	954		$	217		$	4,881
Provision for loan losses		289			357			281		36			384			93			1,440
Loan charge-offs		(41	)		(109	)		-		(20	)		(232	)		(46	)		(448	)
Loan recoveries		14			6			34		12			111			13			190
Balance - September 30, 2018	$	1,429		$	1,858		$	921	$	361		$	1,217		$	277		$	6,063

Ending balance:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	507		$	63		$	10	$	-		$	144		$	15		$	739
Collectively evaluated for impairment		922			1,795			911		361			1,073			262			5,324
Total	$	1,429		$	1,858		$	921	$	361		$	1,217		$	277		$	6,063

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	1,775		$	1,908		$	160	$	100		$	265		$	60		$	4,268
Collectively evaluated for impairment		156,946			195,762			97,748		37,554			124,091			27,463			639,564
Total	$	158,721		$	197,670		$	97,908	$	37,654		$	124,356		$	27,523		$	643,832

Among other loans, the Bank individually evaluates for impairment all nonaccrual loans and troubled debt restructured loans. A loan is considered impaired when, based on current events and circumstances it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan will not be collected. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, at the loan’s observable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Management may also elect to apply an additional collective reserve to groups of impaired loans based on current economic or market factors. Interest payments received on impaired loans are generally applied as a reduction of the outstanding principal balance.

All other loans are deemed to be unimpaired and are grouped into various homogeneous risk pools utilizing regulatory reporting classifications. The Bank’s historical loss factors are calculated for each of these risk pools based on the net losses experienced as a percentage of the average loans outstanding. The time periods utilized in these historical loss factor calculations are subjective and vary according to management’s estimate of the impact of current economic cycles. As every loan has a risk of loss, minimum loss factors are estimated based on long term trends for the Bank, the banking industry, and the economy. The greater of the calculated historical loss factors or the minimum loss factors are applied to the unimpaired loan amounts currently outstanding for the risk pool and included in the analysis of the allowance for loan losses. In addition, certain qualitative adjustments may be included by management as additional loss factors applied to the unimpaired loan risk pools. These adjustments may include, among other things, changes in loan policy, loan administration, loan, geographic, or industry concentrations, loan growth rates, and experience levels of our lending officers. The loss allocations for specifically impaired loans, smaller impaired loans not specifically measured for impairment, and unimpaired loans are totaled to determine the total required allowance for loan losses. This total is compared to the current allowance on the Bank’s books and adjustments made accordingly by a charge or credit to the provision for loan losses.

The following table presents impaired loans by class of loans as of September 30, 2019 (amounts in thousands). Purchased credit-impaired loans are not included in these tables because they are carried at fair value and accordingly have no related associated allowance.

Nonaccruing Impaired Loans	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Impaired Loans With No Allowance		Impaired Loans With Allowance		Allowance for Loan Losses
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	330	$	330	$	218	$	112	$	16
Commercial real estate		-		-		-		-		-
Construction and land development		-		-		-		-		-
Total mortgage loans on real estate		330		330		218		112		16
Home equity lines of credit		218		218		218		-		-
Commercial loans		136		136		-		136		136
Consumer loans		27		27		27		-		-
Total Loans	$	711	$	711	$	463	$	248	$	152

Accruing Impaired Loans	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Impaired Loans With No Allowance		Impaired Loans With Allowance		Allowance for Loan Losses
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	481	$	481	$	481	$	-	$	-
Commercial real estate		2,324		2,324		1,528		796		59
Construction and land development		213		149		149		-		-
Total mortgage loans on real estate		3,018		2,954		2,158		796		59
Home equity lines of credit		100		100		100		-		-
Commercial loans		278		278		111		167		167
Consumer loans		-		-		-		-		-
Total Loans	$	3,396	$	3,332	$	2,369	$	963	$	226

Total Impaired Loans	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Impaired Loans With No Allowance		Impaired Loans With Allowance		Allowance for Loan Losses
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	811	$	811	$	699	$	112	$	16
Commercial real estate		2,324		2,324		1,528		796		59
Construction and land development		213		149		149		-		-
Total mortgage loans on real estate		3,348		3,284		2,376		908		75
Home equity lines of credit		318		318		318		-		-
Commercial loans		414		414		111		303		303
Consumer loans		27		27		27		-		-
Total Loans	$	4,107	$	4,043	$	2,832	$	1,211	$	378

The following table presents impaired loans by class of loans as of December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands). Purchased credit-impaired loans are not included in these tables because they are carried at fair value and accordingly have no related associated allowance.

Nonaccruing Impaired Loans	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Impaired Loans With No Allowance		Impaired Loans With Allowance		Allowance for Loan Losses
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	1,519	$	1,519	$	118	$	1,401	$	505
Commercial real estate		423		142		142		-		-
Construction and land development		-		-		-		-		-
Total mortgage loans on real estate		1,942		1,661		260		1,401		505
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		-		-		-
Commercial loans		143		143		-		143		143
Consumer loans		-		-		-		-		-
Total Loans	$	2,085	$	1,804	$	260	$	1,544	$	648

Accruing Impaired Loans	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Impaired Loans With No Allowance		Impaired Loans With Allowance		Allowance for Loan Losses
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	489	$	489	$	370	$	119	$	2
Commercial real estate		1,783		1,783		965		818		54
Construction and land development		221		158		-		158		8
Total mortgage loans on real estate		2,493		2,430		1,335		1,095		64
Home equity lines of credit		100		100		100		-		-
Commercial loans		119		119		119		-		-
Consumer loans		54		54		29		25		13
Total Loans	$	2,766	$	2,703	$	1,583	$	1,120	$	77

Total Impaired Loans	Unpaid Principal Balance		Recorded Investment		Impaired Loans With No Allowance		Impaired Loans With Allowance		Allowance for Loan Losses
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	2,008	$	2,008	$	488	$	1,520	$	507
Commercial real estate		2,206		1,925		1,107		818		54
Construction and land development		221		158		-		158		8
Total mortgage loans on real estate		4,435		4,091		1,595		2,496		569
Home equity lines of credit		100		100		100		-		-
Commercial loans		262		262		119		143		143
Consumer loans		54		54		29		25		13
Total Loans	$	4,851	$	4,507	$	1,843	$	2,664	$	725

The following table presents the average recorded investment in impaired loans and the interest income recognized on impaired loans in the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 by loan category (amounts in thousands).

	Nine Months Ended						Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2019						September 30, 2018
	Average		Ending				Average		Ending
	Recorded		Recorded		Interest		Recorded		Recorded		Interest
	Investment		Investment		Income		Investment		Investment		Income
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	1,501	$	811	$	19	$	2,139	$	1,775	$	42
Commercial real estate		2,262		2,324		90		2,166		1,908		69
Construction and land development		153		149		6		164		160		6
Total mortgage loans on real estate		3,916		3,284		115		4,469		3,843		117
Home equity lines of credit		266		318		5		100		100		5
Commercial loans		381		414		15		283		265		7
Consumer loans		69		27		3		90		60		2
Total Loans	$	4,632	$	4,043	$	138	$	4,942	$	4,268	$	131

The following tables present the aging of loans and non-accrual loans as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, by class of loans (amounts in thousands).

	Accruing Loans
As of September 30, 2019	Current		30-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Nonaccrual Loans		Total Loans
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	193,686	$	1,337	$	82	$	1,037	$	196,142
Commercial real estate		256,198		-		-		5		256,203
Construction and land development		96,079		377		-		79		96,535
Total mortgage loans on real estate		545,963		1,714		82		1,121		548,880
Home equity lines of credit		43,056		129		-		334		43,519
Commercial loans		126,692		393		-		252		127,337
Consumer loans		37,044		186		-		187		37,417
Total Loans	$	752,755	$	2,422	$	82	$	1,894	$	757,153

	Accruing Loans
As of December 31, 2018	Current		30-89 Days Past Due		90+ Days Past Due		Nonaccrual Loans		Total Loans
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	181,252	$	1,528	$	19	$	2,127	$	184,926
Commercial real estate		219,578		68		-		162		219,808
Construction and land development		101,993		23		-		94		102,110
Total mortgage loans on real estate		502,823		1,619		19		2,383		506,844
Home equity lines of credit		38,891		24		-		125		39,040
Commercial loans		134,066		217		-		143		134,426
Consumer loans		33,544		234		-		89		33,867
Total Loans	$	709,324	$	2,094	$	19	$	2,740	$	714,177

The Bank categorizes loans in risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt such as: current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. The Bank analyzes loans individually by classifying the loans as to credit risk. This analysis is performed on a continuous basis. The Bank uses the following definitions for its risk ratings:

Special Mention - Weakness exists that could cause future impairment, including the deterioration of financial ratios, past due status and questionable management capabilities. Collateral values generally afford adequate coverage but may not be immediately marketable.

Substandard - Specific and well-defined weaknesses exist that may include poor liquidity and deterioration of financial ratios. The loan may be past due and related deposit accounts experiencing overdrafts. Immediate corrective action is necessary.

Doubtful - Specific weaknesses characterized as Substandard that are severe enough to make collection in full unlikely. There is no reliable secondary source of full repayment. Loans classified as doubtful will be placed on non-accrual, analyzed and fully or partially charged-off based on review of collateral and other relevant factors.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be Pass rated loans. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, and based on the most recent analysis performed as of those dates, the risk category of loans by class of loans is as follows (amounts in thousands):


As of September 30, 2019	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	191,663	$	2,509	$	1,970	$	-	$	196,142
Commercial real estate		249,378		3,773		3,052		-		256,203
Construction and land development		96,113		43		379		-		96,535
Total mortgage loans on real estate		537,154		6,325		5,401		-		548,880
Home equity lines of credit		43,028		57		434		-		43,519
Commercial loans		125,510		1,121		706		-		127,337
Consumer loans		36,626		471		320		-		37,417
Total Loans	$	742,318	$	7,974	$	6,861	$	-	$	757,153


As of December 31, 2018	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	179,132	$	2,435	$	3,270	$	89	$	184,926
Commercial real estate		212,421		4,609		2,778		-		219,808
Construction and land development		101,612		49		449		-		102,110
Total mortgage loans on real estate		493,165		7,093		6,497		89		506,844
Home equity lines of credit		38,530		285		225		-		39,040
Commercial loans		131,449		2,612		343		22		134,426
Consumer loans		33,269		330		268		-		33,867
Total Loans	$	696,413	$	10,320	$	7,333	$	111	$	714,177

Note 5 – Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record at fair value other assets on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired loans and foreclosed assets. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of the lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

Level 1 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.

Level 2 – Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.

Level 3 – Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.

Following is a description of valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities recorded or disclosed at fair value.

Cash and cash equivalents – For disclosure purposes, for cash, due from banks, interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Certificates of deposit – For disclosure purposes, the carrying amount of certificates of deposit is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Securities available-for-sale – Securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted prices, if available. If quoted prices are not available, fair values are measured using independent pricing models or other model-based valuation techniques such as the present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the security’s credit rating, repayment assumptions and other factors such as credit loss assumptions. Level 1 securities include those traded on an active exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange and U.S. Treasury securities that are traded by dealers or brokers in active over-the-counter market funds. Level 2 securities included mortgage-backed securities issued by government sponsored enterprises and municipal bonds. Securities classified as Level 3 include asset-backed securities in less liquid markets.

Restricted equity securities - It is not practical to determine the fair value of restricted equity securities due to restrictions placed on transferability.

Loans and mortgage loans held-for-sale – The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan is considered impaired and an allowance for loan losses is established. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. When a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment using one of three methods. These methods include collateral value, market value of similar debt, and discounted cash flows. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, impaired loans were evaluated based on the fair value of the collateral. Impaired loans for which an allowance is established based on the fair value of collateral, or loans that were charged down according to the fair value of collateral, require classification in the fair value hierarchy. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price, the Company records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 2. When the fair value is based on an appraised value, the Company records the impaired loan as nonrecurring Level 3.

For disclosure purposes, the fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. For variable rate loans, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Mortgage loans held-for-sale are carried at cost, which is a reasonable estimate of fair value.

Bank owned life insurance – For disclosure purposes, the fair value of the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance policies is equivalent to the carrying value.

Accrued interest receivable - For disclosure purposes, the fair value of the accrued interest on investments and loans is the carrying value.

Foreclosed assets - Other real estate properties and miscellaneous repossessed assets are adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to foreclosed assets. Subsequently, foreclosed assets are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value is based upon independent market prices, appraised values of the collateral or management’s estimation of the value of the collateral. When the fair value of the collateral is based on an observable market price, the Company records the foreclosed asset as nonrecurring Level 2. When fair value is based on an appraised value or management’s estimate of value, the Company records the foreclosed asset as nonrecurring Level 3.

Deposit liabilities – For disclosure purposes, the fair value for demand deposits, savings accounts, and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities.

Accrued interest payable - For disclosure purposes, the fair value of the accrued interest payable on deposits is the carrying value.

Securities sold under agreements to repurchase – For disclosure purposes, the carrying amounts of securities sold under agreements to repurchase approximate their fair values.

Federal Home Loan Bank advances – For disclosure purposes the fair value of Federal Home Loan Bank advances is estimated using discounted cash flow analyses using interest rates offered for borrowings with similar maturities.

Federal funds purchased - For disclosure purposes, the fair value of federal funds purchased is the carrying value.

Note payable – For disclosure purposes the carrying amount of the fixed rate note payable approximates fair value.

Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit - Because commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit are generally short-term and made using variable rates, the carrying value and estimated fair value associated with these instruments are immaterial.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis - The only assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis are our securities available-for-sale. There were no transfers between levels during the period. Information related to the Company’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 is as follows: (amounts in thousands)

	Fair Value Measurements At Reporting Date Using:
September 30, 2019	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage -backed	$	120,891	$	-	$	120,891	$	-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		51,857		-		51,857		-
State, county, and municipal		60,215		-		60,215		-
Corporate debt obligations		3,180		-		3,180		-
Totals	$	236,143	$	-	$	236,143	$	-

	Fair Value Measurements At Reporting Date Using:
December 31, 2018	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage -backed	$	104,933	$	-	$	104,933	$	-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		63,922		-		63,922		-
State, county, and municipal		57,160		-		57,160		-
Corporate debt obligations		2,615		-		2,615		-
Totals	$	228,630	$	-	$	228,630	$	-

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis – The Company may be required, from time to time, to measure certain assets at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. These include assets that are measured at the lower of cost or market that were recognized at fair value below cost at the end of the period. Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are included in the table below as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands):

	Fair Value Measurements At Reporting Date Using:
September 30, 2019	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Impaired loans	$	3,665	$	-	$	-	$	3,665
Foreclosed assets		1,117		-		-		1,117
Totals	$	4,782	$	-	$	-	$	4,782

December 31, 2018	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Impaired loans	$	3,782	$	-	$	-	$	3,782
Foreclosed assets		496		-		-		496
Totals	$	4,278	$	-	$	-	$	4,278

The Company has estimated the fair values of these assets using Level 3 inputs, specifically the appraised value of the collateral. Impaired loan balances represent those collateral dependent impaired loans where management has estimated the credit loss by comparing the loan’s carrying value against the expected realizable fair value of the impaired loan for the amount of the credit loss.

The estimated fair values, and related carrying or notional amounts, of the Company’s financial instruments as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 are as follows (amounts in thousands):

			Estimated Fair Value
September 30, 2019	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	48,942	$	48,942	$	-	$	-
Certificates of deposit in banks		4,836		-		4,836		-
Securities available-for-sale		236,143		-		236,143		-
Loans held-for-sale		10,202		-		10,202		-
Restricted equity securities		1,324		-		-		1,324
Loans receivable		747,298		-		755,628		3,665
Bank owned life insurance		28,014		-		28,014		-
Accrued interest receivable		3,160		-		3,160		-
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		973,617		-		950,266		-
Accrued interest payable		488		-		488		-
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		9,717		-		9,717		-
Note payable		24,585		-		24,585		-

			Estimated Fair Value
December 31, 2018	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,507	$	47,507	$	-	$	-
Certificates of deposit in banks		6,166		-		6,166		-
Securities available-for-sale		228,630		-		228,630		-
Loans held-for-sale		2,619		-		2,619		-
Restricted equity securities		1,941		-		-		1,941
Loans receivable		704,685		-		699,076		3,782
Bank owned life insurance		20,563		-		20,563		-
Accrued interest receivable		3,260		-		3,260		-
Financial liabilities:
Deposits		898,707		-		861,683		-
Accrued interest payable		462		-		462		-
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		7,975		-		7,975		-
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		20,000		-		19,999		-
Note payable		26,963		-		26,963		-

The estimated fair values of the standby letters of credit and loan commitments on which the committed interest rate is less than the current market rate are insignificant at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018.

The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk that general interest rate levels will change) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments will change when interest rate levels change and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company. Management attempts to match maturities of assets and liabilities to the extent believed necessary to minimize interest rate risk. However, borrowers with fixed-rate obligations are less likely to prepay in a rising rate environment and more likely to prepay in a falling rate environment. Conversely, depositors who are receiving fixed-rates are more likely to withdraw funds before maturity in a rising rate environment and less likely to do so in a falling-rate environment. Management monitors rates and maturities of assets and liabilities, and attempts to minimize interest rate risk by adjusting terms of new loans and deposits and by investing in securities with terms that mitigate the Company’s overall interest rate risk.

Note 6 – Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases.” Under the new guidance, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases): 1) a lease liability, which is the present value of a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments, and 2) a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Lessor accounting under the new guidance remains largely unchanged as it is substantially equivalent to existing guidance for sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and operating leases. Leveraged leases have been eliminated, although lessors can continue to account for existing leveraged leases using the current accounting guidance. Other limited changes were made to align lessor accounting with the lessee accounting model and the new revenue recognition standard. All entities will classify leases to determine how to recognize lease-related revenue and expense. Quantitative and qualitative disclosures will be required by lessees and lessors to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The intention is to require enough information to supplement the amounts recorded in the financial statements so that users can understand more about the nature of an entity’s leasing activities. ASU No. 2016-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. All entities are required to use a modified retrospective approach for leases that exist or are entered into after the beginning of the earliest comparative period in the financial statements. As the Company elected the transition option provided in ASU No. 2018-11 (see below), the modified retrospective approach was applied on January 1, 2019 (as opposed to January 1, 2018). The Company also elected certain relief options offered in ASU 2016-02 including the package of practical expedients, the option not to separate lease and non-lease components and instead to account for them as a single lease component, and the option not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that arise from short-term leases (i.e., leases with terms of twelve months or less). The Company did not elect the hindsight practical expedient, which allows entities to use hindsight when determining lease term and impairment of right-of-use assets. The Company has several lease agreements, such as branch locations, which are considered operating leases, and therefore, were not previously recognized on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition. The new guidance requires these lease agreements to be recognized on the consolidated statements of condition as a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability. The new guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated statements of income or the consolidated statements of cash flows. See Note 9 Leases for more information.

In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, “Leases - Targeted Improvements” to provide entities with relief from the costs of implementing certain aspects of the new leasing standard, ASU No. 2016-02. Specifically, under the amendments in ASU 2018-11: (1) entities may elect not to recast the comparative periods presented when transitioning to the new leasing standard, and (2) lessors may elect not to separate lease and non-lease components when certain conditions are met. The amendments have the same effective date as ASU 2016-02 (January 1, 2019 for the Company). The Company adopted ASU 2018-11 on its required effective date of January 1, 2019 and elected both transition options mentioned above. ASU 2018-11 did not have a material impact on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The new guidance will apply to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments including loans, debt securities held to maturity, net investments in leases and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. The guidance will replace the current incurred loss accounting model that delays recognition of a loss until it is probable a loss has been incurred with an expected loss model that reflects expected credit losses based upon a broader range of estimates including consideration of past events, current conditions and supportable forecasts. The guidance also eliminates the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. For securities available for sale, credit losses are to be recognized as allowances rather than reductions in the amortized cost of the securities, which will require re-measurement of the related allowance at each reporting period. The guidance includes enhanced disclosure requirements intended to help financial statement users better understand estimates and judgments used in estimating credit losses. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. On July 17, 2019, the FASB proposed a delay in the implementation date for this ASU for small SEC reporting companies, from the first quarter of 2020 to the first quarter of 2023. Management will monitor the progress of the proposed implementation date delay and will implement this ASU when the required implementation date is determined by the FASB. Our implementation efforts continued throughout 2018, assessing credit loss forecasting models and processes against the new guidance. In the first quarter of 2019 we began running the expected loss model along with our current model. While we continue to evaluate the impact the new guidance will have on our financial position and results of operations, we currently expect the new guidance may result in an increase to our allowance for credit losses given the change to estimated losses over the contractual life of the loan portfolio. The amount of any change to our allowance is still under review and will depend, in part, upon the composition of our loan portfolio at the adoption date as well as economic conditions and loss forecasts at that date.

In January 2017, FASB issued ASU 2017-04, “Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment.” ASU 2017-04 simplifies the manner in which an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit's goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity, prior to the amendments in ASU 2017-04, had to perform procedures to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities, including unrecognized assets and liabilities, in accordance with the procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. However, under the amendments in ASU 2017-04, an entity should (1) perform its annual or interim goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, and (2) recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value, with the understanding that the loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, ASU 2017-04 removes the requirements for any reporting unit with a zero or negative carrying amount to perform a qualitative assessment and, if it fails such qualitative test, to perform Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. ASU 2017-04 is effective prospectively for annual, or any interim, goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2017-04 in 2017 and based on the Company’s annual goodwill impairment test performed as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 under ASU 2017-04, the fair value of its reporting units exceeded the carrying value and, therefore, the related goodwill was not impaired.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20), Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The amendments in this ASU are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied on a modified retrospective basis, with a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The ASU did not have an impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

Note 7 – Defined Contribution Plan

The Company provides a 401(k) employee stock ownership plan (KSOP), which covers substantially all of the Company’s employees who are eligible, as to age and length of service. A participant may elect to make contributions up to $19 thousand and $18.5 thousand of the participant’s annual compensation in 2019 and 2018, respectively. The Company makes contributions up to 3% of each participant’s annual compensation and the Company matches 50% of the next 2% contributed by the employee. Contributions to the plan by Company were approximately $318 thousand and $261 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock allocated to participants at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 totaled 79,332 and 68,889 shares respectively, and there were no unallocated shares. These shares are treated as outstanding for purposes of calculating earnings per share and dividends on these shares are included in the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity.

The Company’s KSOP includes a put option for shares of the Company’s common stock distributed from the KSOP. Shares are distributed from the KSOP primarily to separate vested participants and certain eligible participants who elect to diversify their account balances. Since the Company’s common stock is not currently traded on an established securities market, if the owners of distributed shares desire to sell their shares, the Company is required to purchase the shares at fair value during two put option periods following the distribution of the shares from the KSOP. The first put option period is within sixty days following the distribution of the shares from the KSOP. The second put option period begins on the first day of the fifth month of the plan year for a sixty day period. The fair value of distributed shares subject to the put option totaled $0 as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. The cost of the KSOP shares totaled $1.60 million and $1.34 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. Due to the Company’s obligation under the put option, the distributed shares and KSOP shares are classified as temporary equity in the mezzanine section of the consolidated statements of financial condition and totaled $1.60 million and $1.34 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively. The fair value of the KSOP shares totaled $2.04 million and $1.65 million as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

Note 8 – Acquisitions

On June 5, 2019, the Company announced the signing of a definitive agreement providing for the merger of Trinity Bancorp, Inc. with and into River Financial Corporation. Concurrent with the merger of River Financial Corporation and Trintiy Bancorp, Inc., Trinity Bank will be merged with and into River Bank & Trust.

Under the terms of the definitive agreement, shareholders of Trinity Bancorp, Inc. immediately prior to the effective time of the merger will receive in exchange for each outstanding share of Trinity Bancorp, Inc. common stock held .44627 shares of River Financial Corporation common stock and approximately $3.50 in cash. Based on the 1,741,053 shares of Trinity Bancorp, Inc. common stock issued and outstanding as of June 5, 2019, River Financial Corporation will issue 776,979 shares of River Financial Corporation common stock and make cash payments to Trinity Bancorp, Inc. shareholders of approximately $6.1 million. The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, including receipt of regulatory approvals and approval by Trinity Bancorp, Inc. shareholders. The merger is expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2019.

On October 31, 2018, the Company completed its merger with PSB Bancshares, Inc. (“PSB”), a bank holding company headquartered in Clanton, Alabama. At that time, PSB’s wholly-owned banking subsidiary, Peoples Southern Bank was merged with and into RB&T. Peoples Southern Bank had a total of three banking locations located in Clanton, and Thorsby, Alabama. Upon consummation of the acquisition, PSB was merged with and into the Company, with the Company as the surviving entity in the merger. PSB’s common shareholders received sixty (60) shares of the Company’s common stock and $6,610 in cash in exchange for each share of PSB’s common stock. The Company paid cash totaling $24.5 million and issued 222,360 shares of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate estimated value of the consideration given was approximately $30.5 million. The Company recorded $8.2 million of goodwill, which is nondeductible for tax purposes, as this acquisition was a nontaxable transaction. Merger expenses of approximately $1.84 million were charged directly to other noninterest expenses.

The acquisition of PSB was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Assets acquired, liabilities assumed and consideration exchanged were recorded at their respective acquisition date fair values. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities is a complicated process involving significant judgment regarding methods and assumptions used to calculate estimated fair values. Fair values are preliminary and are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as additional information regarding the closing date fair values becomes available.

Note 9 – Leases

A lease is defined as a contract, or part of a contract, that conveys the right to control the use of identified property, plant or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-02 “Leases” (Topic 842) and all subsequent ASUs that modified Topic 842. For the Company, Topic 842 primarily affected the accounting treatment for operating lease agreements in which the Company is the lessee.

Lessee Accounting

Substantially all of the leases in which the Company is the lessee are comprised of real estate property for branches and office space with terms extending through 2028. Substantially all of our leases are classified as operating leases, and therefore, were previously not recognized on the Company’s consolidated statements of condition. With the adoption of Topic 842, operating lease agreements are required to be recognized on the consolidated statements of condition as a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding lease liability.

The following table represents the consolidated statements of condition classification of the Company’s ROU assets and lease liabilities. The Company elected not to include short-term leases (i.e., leases with initial terms of twelve months or less), or equipment leases (deemed immaterial) on the consolidated statements of condition.

Lease Right-of-Use Assets	Classification on Consolidated Statement of Condition	September 30, 2019
Operating lease right-of-use assets	Other Assets	$	1,978

Lease Liabilities	Classification on Consolidated Statement of Condition	September 30, 2019
Operating lease liabilities	Accrued interest payable and other liabilities	$	2,051

The calculated amount of the ROU assets and lease liabilities in the table above are impacted by the length of the lease term and the discount rate used to present value the minimum lease payments. The Company’s lease agreements often include one or more options to renew at the Company’s discretion. If at lease inception, the Company considers the exercising of a renewal option to be reasonably certain, the Company will include the extended term in the calculation of the ROU asset and lease liability. Regarding the discount rate, Topic 842 requires the use of the rate implicit in the lease whenever this rate is readily determinable. As this rate is rarely determinable, the Company utilizes its incremental borrowing rate at lease inception, on a collateralized basis, over a similar term. For operating leases existing prior to January 1, 2019, the rate for the remaining lease term as of January 1, 2019 was used.

	September 30, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term for operating leases	7.26 Years
Weighted-average discount rate for operating leases		6.00	%

Future minimum payments for operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as of September 30, 2019 were as follows:

	Operating Leases
September 30, 2019 - September 30, 2020	$	388
October 1, 2020 - September 30, 2021		363
October 1, 2021 - September 30, 2022		355
October 1, 2022 - September 30, 2023		355
October 1, 2023 - September 30, 2024		298
Afterward		795
Total future minimum lease payments		2,554
Amounts representing Interest		(503	)
Present value of net future minimum lease payments	$	2,051

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are contained in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in our 2018 Annual Report on Form 10-K under “Part I, Item 1A - Risk Factors.” We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

The following discussion pertains to our historical results, on a consolidated basis. However, because we conduct all of our material business operations through our subsidiaries, the discussion and analysis relates to activities primarily conducted at the subsidiary level.

All dollar amounts in the tables in this section are in in thousands of dollars, except per share data, yields, percentages and rates or when specifically identified. As used in this Item, the words “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company,” “RFC,” “River” and similar terms refer to River Financial Corporation and its consolidated affiliate, unless the context indicates otherwise.

Our Business

We are a bank holding company headquartered in Prattville, Alabama. We engage in the business of banking through our wholly-owned banking subsidiary, River Bank & Trust, which we may refer to as the “Bank,” or “River Bank.” Through the Bank, we provide a broad array of financial services to businesses, business owners, professionals, and consumers. As of September 30, 2019, we operated fourteen full-service banking offices in Alabama in the cities of Montgomery, Prattville, Millbrook, Wetumpka, Auburn, Opelika, Gadsden, Alexander City, Daphne, Clanton, and Thorsby, Alabama.

Segments

While our chief decision makers monitor the revenue streams of the various banking products and services, operations are managed and financial performance is evaluated on a Company-wide basis. Accordingly, all of the Company’s banking operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. Because the overall banking operations comprise substantially all of the consolidated operations, no separate segment disclosures are presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Overview of Third Quarter 2019 Results

Net income was $2.97 million in the quarter ended September 30, 2019, compared with $2.48 million in the quarter ended September 30, 2018. Several significant measures from the 2019 third quarter include:

•

Net interest margin (taxable equivalent) of 3.81%, compared with 4.01% for the third quarter of 2018.

•

Net interest income increase of $1.9 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2019, representing a 23.69% rate of increase over the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

•

Annualized return on average earning assets for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 of 1.15% compared with 1.25% for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

•

Annualized return on average equity for the quarter ended September 30, 2019 of 9.68% compared with 10.74% for the quarter ended September 30, 2018.

•

Loan increase of $6.0 million during the quarter, representing a 3.18% annualized growth rate.

•

Securities available-for-sale increase of $15.7 million during the quarter, representing a 28.40% annualized increase for the quarter.

•

Deposit increase of $16.2 million during the quarter, representing a 6.79% annualized growth rate.

•

Stockholders’ equity increase of $3.5 million during the quarter representing a 11.93% annualized growth rate.

•

Book value per share of $21.61 at September 30, 2019, compared with $19.60 per share at December 31, 2018.

•

Tangible book value per share of $17.59 at September 30, 2019, compared with $15.41 at December 31, 2018.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared based on the application of certain accounting policies, the most significant of which are described in the notes to the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are contained in our Annual Report filed on Form 10-K. Certain of these policies require numerous estimates and strategic or economic assumptions that may prove inaccurate or subject to variation and may significantly affect our reported results and financial position for the current period or future periods. The use of estimates, assumptions, and judgment is necessary when financial assets and liabilities are required to be recorded at, or adjusted to reflect fair value. Assets carried at fair value inherently result in more financial statement volatility. Fair values and information used to record valuation adjustments for certain assets and liabilities are based on quoted market prices or are provided by other independent third-party sources, when available. When such information is not available, management estimates valuation adjustments. Changes in underlying factors, assumptions or estimates in any of these areas could have a material impact on our future financial condition and results of operations.

The following briefly describes the more complex policies involving a significant amount of judgments about valuation and the application of complex accounting standards and interpretations.

Allowance for Loan Losses

We record estimated probable inherent credit losses in the loan portfolio as an allowance for loan losses. The methodologies and assumptions for determining the adequacy of the overall allowance for loan losses involve significant judgments to be made by management. Some of the more critical judgments supporting our allowance for loan losses include judgments about: creditworthiness of borrowers, estimated value of underlying collateral, assumptions about cash flow, determination of loss factors for estimating credit losses, and the impact of current events, conditions and other factors impacting the level of inherent losses. Under different conditions or using different assumptions, the actual or estimated credit losses that we may ultimately realize may be different than our estimates. In determining the allowance, we estimate losses on individual impaired loans, or groups of loans that are not impaired, where the probable loss can be identified and reasonably estimated. On a quarterly basis, we assess the risk inherent in our loan portfolio based on qualitative and quantitative trends in the portfolio, including the internal risk classification of loans, historical loss rates, changes in the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, industry or borrower concentrations, delinquency trends, detailed reviews of significant loans with identified weaknesses and the impact of local, regional and national economic factors on the quality of the loan portfolio. Based on this analysis, we may record a provision for loan losses in order to maintain the allowance at appropriate levels. For a more complete discussion of the methodology employed to calculate the allowance for loan losses, see note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Investment Securities Impairment

We assess, on a quarterly basis, whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security on which there is an unrealized loss is impaired on an other-than-temporary basis. In such instance, we would consider many factors, including the severity and duration of the impairment, our intent and ability to hold the security for a period of time sufficient for a recovery in value, recent events specific to the issuer or industry, and for debt securities, external credit ratings and recent downgrades. Securities on which there is an unrealized loss that is deemed to be other-than-temporary are written down to fair value through current earnings.

Income Taxes

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are computed using the asset and liability method, which recognizes a liability or asset representing the tax effects, based on current tax law, of future deductible or taxable amounts attributable to events recognized in the financial statements. A valuation allowance may be established to the extent necessary to reduce the deferred tax asset to a level at which it is “more likely than not” that the tax assets or benefits will be realized. Realization of tax benefits depends on having sufficient taxable income, available tax loss carrybacks or credits, the reversing of taxable temporary differences and/or tax planning strategies within the reversal period and that current tax law allows for the realization of recorded tax benefits.

Business Combinations

Assets purchased and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recorded at their fair value. The fair value of a loan portfolio acquired in a business combination requires greater levels of management estimates and judgment than the remainder of purchased assets or assumed liabilities. On the date of acquisition, when the loans have evidence of credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at the date of acquisition that the Company will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments, the difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the non-accretable difference. We must estimate expected cash flows at each reporting date. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will generally result in a provision for loan losses. Subsequent increases in cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges and adjusted accretable yield which will have a positive impact on interest income. In addition, purchased loans without evidence of credit deterioration are also handled under this method.

Comparison of the Results of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

The following is a narrative discussion and analysis of significant changes in our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Net Income

During the three months ended September 30, 2019, our net income was $2.97 million, compared to $2.48 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $490 thousand, or 19.74%.

The primary reason for the increase in net income for the third quarter of 2019 as compared to the third quarter of 2018 was an increase in net interest income. During the three months ended September 30, 2019, net interest income was $9.8 million compared to $7.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $1.9 million, or 23.69%. This increase is a result of higher levels of loan volume and other earning assets from organic growth as well as from growth through the Peoples Southern Bank (“PSB”) merger in 2018. The increase in interest income was accompanied by a corresponding increase in interest expense that resulted from an increase in deposit rates and from deposit growth both organically and through the PSB merger. Total noninterest income for the third quarter of 2019 was $2.8 million compared to $1.7 million for the quarter ended September 30, 2018. This increase in noninterest income was primarily the result of the $421 thousand increase in service charges and fees which was mostly a result of additional income from the PSB merger. Total noninterest expense in the third quarter of 2019 increased $2.3 million, or 38.81%, from the third quarter of 2018. This increase was due primarily due to the PSB merger. The most significant increases were an increase of $1.3 million in salaries and employee benefits, an increase of $459 thousand in data processing, and a $191 thousand increase in amortization expense related to the core deposit intangible assets.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, our net income was $8.3 million, compared to $7.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $1.3 million, or 19.06%.

The primary reason for the increase in net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was an increase in net interest income and an increase in noninterest income. During this period in 2019, net interest income was $28.8 million compared to $23.1 million for the same period in 2018, an increase of $5.7 million, or 24.43%. This increase is a result of higher levels of loan volume and other earning assets from organic growth as well as growth through the PSB merger. The increase in interest income was accompanied by a corresponding increase in interest expense that resulted from an increase in deposit rates and from deposit growth both organically and through the PSB merger. Total noninterest income for the first nine months of 2019 was $6.8 million compared to $5.0 million in the first nine months of 2018. This increase was primarily the result of an increase of $1.1 million in revenue from service charges and fees which was mostly a result of additional income from the PSB merger. Total noninterest expense in the first nine months of 2019 increased $5.6 million, or 31.96%, from the first nine months of 2018. The most significant increases were an increase of $2.7 million in salaries and employee benefits, an increase of $1 million in data processing, and a $593 thousand increase in amortization expense related to the core deposit intangible assets.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin Analysis

The largest component of our net income is net interest income – the difference between the income earned on interest earning assets and the interest paid on deposits and borrowed funds used to support assets. Net interest income divided by average interest earning assets represents RFC’s net interest margin. The major factors that affect net interest income and net interest margin are changes in volumes, the yield on interest earning assets and the cost of interest bearing liabilities. Our net interest margin can also be affected by economic conditions, the competitive environment, loan demand, and deposit flow. Management’s ability to respond to changes in these factors by using effective asset-liability management techniques is critical to maintaining the stability of the net interest margin and the primary source of earnings. This is discussed in greater detail under the heading “Interest Sensitivity and Market Risk”

Comparison of net interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

The following table shows, for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the average balances of each principal category of our earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and the average taxable equivalent yields on assets and average costs of liabilities. These yields and costs are calculated by dividing the income or expense by the average daily balance of the associated assets or liabilities (amounts in thousands).

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019								Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
			Interest								Interest
	Average		Income/			Average			Average		Income/			Average
	Balance		Expense			Yield/Rate			Balance		Expense			Yield/Rate
Interest earning assets
Loans	$	745,977	$	10,144			5.39	%	$	627,388	$	8,248			5.22	%
Mortgage loans held for sale		11,232		97			3.42	%		4,756		50			4.15	%
Investment securities:
Taxable securities		173,156		1,104			2.43	%		113,620		551			1.92	%
Tax-exempt securities		53,303		461			3.75	%		31,163		233			2.98	%
Interest bearing balances in other banks		32,198		178			2.19	%		14,242		74			2.08	%
Federal funds sold		18,150		107			2.34	%		-		-			0.00	%
Total interest earning assets	$	1,034,016	$	12,091			4.64	%	$	791,169	$	9,156			4.59	%

Interest bearing liabilities
Interest bearing transaction accounts	$	242,128	$	251			0.41	%	$	192,688	$	170			0.35	%
Savings and money market accounts		286,788		733			1.01	%		210,971		392			0.74	%
Time deposits		175,949		774			1.75	%		131,323		369			1.11	%
Short-term debt		9,075		11			0.48	%		9,421		9			0.41	%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		-		-						30,000		162			2.14	%
Note payable		24,973		384			6.16	%		4,819		62			5.08	%
Total interest bearing liabilities	$	738,913	$	2,153			1.16	%	$	579,222	$	1,164			0.80	%
Noninterest-bearing funding of earning assets		295,103		-			0.00	%		211,947		-			0.00	%
Total cost of funding earning assets	$	1,034,016	$	2,153			0.83	%	$	791,169	$	1,164			0.58	%
Net interest rate spread							3.48	%							3.79	%
Net interest income/margin (taxable equivalent)			$	9,938			3.81	%			$	7,992			4.01	%
Tax equivalent adjustment				(154	)							(82	)
Net interest income/margin			$	9,784			3.75	%			$	7,910			3.97	%

The following table reflects, for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the changes in our net interest income due to variances in the volume of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and variances in the associated rates earned or paid on these assets and liabilities (amounts in thousands).

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019 vs.
	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
				Variance
				due to
	Volume			Yield/Rate			Total
Interest earning assets
Loans	$	1,576		$	320		$	1,896
Mortgage loans held for sale		68			(21	)		47
Investment securities:
Taxable securities		330			223			553
Tax-exempt securities		126			102			228
Interest bearing balances in other banks		95			9			104
Federal funds sold		-			107			107
Total interest earning assets	$	2,195		$	740		$	2,935


Interest bearing liabilities
Interest bearing transaction accounts	$	44		$	37		$	81
Savings and money market accounts		141			200			341
Time deposits		125			280			405
Short-term debt		-			2			2
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		(162	)		-			(162	)
Note payable		254			68			322
Total interest bearing liabilities	$	402		$	587		$	989

Net interest income
Net interest income (taxable equivalent)	$	1,793		$	153		$	1,946
Taxable equivalent adjustment		(53	)		(19	)		(72	)
Net interest income	$	1,740		$	134		$	1,874

Total interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $11.9 million and total interest expense was $2.2 million, resulting in net interest income of $9.8 million for the period. For the same period of 2018, total interest income was $9.1 million and total interest expense was $1.2 million, resulting in net interest income of $7.9 million for the period. This represents a 23.69% increase in net interest income when comparing the same period from 2019 and 2018. When comparing the variances related to interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the increase was primarily attributed to increases in average volumes in loans and investment securities. The volume related increase in interest income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was also accompanied by an increase in the yield on loans and investment securities. When comparing variances related to interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the increase resulted primarily from an increase in the effective rates paid on deposit accounts as well as from the increased interest expense on the note payable related to the PSB merger.

Comparison of net interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018

The following table shows, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the average balances of each principal category of our earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and the average taxable equivalent yields on assets and average costs of liabilities. These yields and costs are calculated by dividing the income or expense by the average daily balance of the associated assets or liabilities.

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019								Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
			Interest								Interest
	Average		Income/			Average			Average		Income/			Average
	Balance		Expense			Yield/Rate			Balance		Expense			Yield/Rate
Interest earning assets
Loans	$	734,975	$	29,846			5.43	%	$	596,132	$	23,497			5.27	%
Mortgage loans held for sale		5,653		149			3.52	%		4,626		130			3.76	%
Investment securities:
Taxable securities		172,578		3,347			2.59	%		118,281		1,729			1.95	%
Tax-exempt securities		53,900		1,348			3.34	%		34,819		699			2.68	%
Interest bearing balances in other banks		29,189		485			2.22	%		11,312		162			1.91	%
Federal funds sold		9,911		183			2.47	%		-		-			0.00	%
Total interest earning assets	$	1,006,206	$	35,358			4.71	%	$	765,170	$	26,217			4.59	%

Interest bearing liabilities
Interest bearing transaction accounts	$	245,195	$	826			0.45	%	$	191,318	$	449			0.31	%
Savings and money market accounts		275,141		2,094			1.02	%		197,942		864			0.58	%
Time deposits		167,740		2,001			1.59	%		133,718		1,017			1.02	%
Securities sold under repurchase agreements		8,950		35			0.52	%		10,745		31			0.39	%
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		1,538		29			2.52	%		22,564		329			1.95	%
Note payable		25,768		1,175			6.10	%		5,084		184			4.84	%
Total interest bearing liabilities	$	724,332	$	6,160			1.14	%	$	561,371	$	2,874			0.68	%
Noninterest-bearing funding of earning assets		281,874		-			0.00	%		203,799		-			0.00	%
Total cost of funding earning assets	$	1,006,206	$	6,160			0.82	%	$	765,170	$	2,874			0.50	%
Net interest rate spread							3.57	%							3.91	%
Net interest income/margin (taxable equivalent)			$	29,198			3.88	%			$	23,343			4.09	%
Tax equivalent adjustment				(435	)							(228	)
Net interest income/margin			$	28,763			3.82	%			$	23,115			4.04	%

The following table reflects, for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the changes in our net interest income due to variances in the volume of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities and variances in the associated rates earned or paid on these assets and liabilities.

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019 vs.
	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
				Variance
				due to
	Volume			Yield/Rate			Total
Interest earning assets
Loans	$	5,469		$	880		$	6,349
Mortgage loans held for sale		29			(10	)		19
Investment securities:
Taxable securities		921			697			1,618
Tax-exempt securities		379			270			649
Interest bearing balances in other banks		260			63			323
Federal funds sold		-			183			183
Total interest earning assets	$	7,058		$	2,083		$	9,141


Interest bearing liabilities
Interest bearing transaction accounts	$	124		$	253		$	377
Savings and money market accounts		335			895			1,230
Time deposits		260			724			984
Short-term debt		(5	)		9			4
Federal Home Loan Bank advances		(307	)		7			(300	)
Note payable		747			244			991
Total interest bearing liabilities	$	1,154		$	2,132		$	3,286

Net interest income
Net interest income (taxable equivalent)	$	5,904		$	(49	)	$	5,855
Taxable equivalent adjustment		(132	)		(75	)		(207	)
Net interest income	$	5,772		$	(124	)	$	5,648

Total interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $34.9 million and total interest expense was $6.2 million, resulting in net interest income of $28.8 million for the period. For the same period of 2018, total interest income was $26.0 million and total interest expense was $2.9 million, resulting in net interest income of $23.1 million for the period. This represents a 24.43% increase in net interest income when comparing the same period from 2019 and 2018. When comparing the variances related to interest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the increase was primarily attributed to increases in average volumes in loans and investment securities. The volume related increase in interest income for the period was also accompanied by an increase in the yield on loans and investment securities. When comparing variances related to interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, the increase resulted primarily from an increase in the effective rates paid on deposit accounts as well as from the increased interest expense on the note payable related to the PSB merger.

Provision for Loan Losses

The provision for loan losses represents a charge to earnings necessary to establish an allowance for loan losses that, in management’s evaluation, is adequate to provide coverage for estimated losses on outstanding loans and to provide for uncertainties in the economy. As a result of evaluating the allowance for loan losses at September 30, 2019, management recorded a provision of $540 thousand in the third quarter of 2019 compared to a provision of $480 thousand in the third quarter of 2018. The increase in the provision was primarily related to the continued loan growth from September 30, 2018 to September 30, 2019.

The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses, which is a charge to earnings, and it is decreased by loan charge-offs and increased by recoveries on loans previously charged off. In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, we consider our historical loan loss experience, the general economic environment, our overall portfolio composition and other relevant information. As these factors change, the level of loan loss provision changes. When individual loans are evaluated for impairment and impairment is deemed necessary, a specific allowance is required for the impaired portion of the loan amount. Subsequent changes in the impairment amount will generally cause corresponding changes in the allowance related to the impaired loan and corresponding changes to the loan loss provision. As of September 30, 2019, the recorded allowance related to impaired loans was $378 thousand. As of September 30, 2018, the recorded allowance related to impaired loans was $739 thousand.

Noninterest Income

In addition to net interest income, we generate various types of noninterest income from our operations. Our banking operations generate revenue from service charges and fees mainly on deposit accounts. Our mortgage division generates revenue from originating and selling mortgage loans. Our investment brokerage division generates revenue through a revenue-sharing relationship with a registered broker-dealer. We also own life insurance policies on several key employees and record income on the increase in the cash surrender value of these policies.

The following table sets forth the principal components of noninterest income for the periods indicated (amounts in thousands).

	For the Three Months						For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,						Ended September 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Service charges and fees	$	1,251		$	830		$	3,537		$	2,436
Investment brokerage revenue		24			44			69			102
Mortgage operations		1,255			700			2,344			1,807
Bank owned life insurance income		171			145			451			428
Net gain (loss) on sale of investment securities		(6	)		(56	)		(9	)		(53	)
Other noninterest income		153			80			363			265
Total noninterest income	$	2,848		$	1,743		$	6,755		$	4,985

Noninterest income for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $2.8 million compared to $1.7 million for the same period in 2018. The increase of $421 thousand in service charges and fees was primarily related to an increase in the number of deposit accounts and activity within the deposit accounts which was mostly a result of the PSB merger.

Noninterest income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was $6.8 million compared to $5.0 million for the same period of 2018. The increase of $1.1 million in service charges and fees was primarily related to an increase in the number of deposit accounts and activity within the deposit accounts which was mostly a result of the PSB merger.

Noninterest Expense

Noninterest expenses consist primarily of salaries and employee benefits, building occupancy and equipment expenses, advertising and promotion expenses, data processing expenses, legal and professional services expense and miscellaneous other operating expenses.

The following table sets forth the principal components of noninterest expense for the periods indicated (amounts in thousands).

	For the Three Months				For the Nine Months
	Ended September 30,				Ended September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Salaries and employee benefits	$	4,680	$	3,349	$	13,010	$	10,266
Occupancy expenses		513		366		1,487		1,099
Equipment rentals, depreciation, and maintenance		248		206		784		677
Telephone and communications		99		69		268		190
Advertising and business development		149		154		478		501
Data processing		939		480		2,346		1,326
Foreclosed assets, net		21		45		144		135
Federal deposit insurance and other regulatory assessments		16		81		210		241
Legal and other professional services		263		285		692		568
Other operating expense		1,331		915		3,826		2,612
Total noninterest expense	$	8,259	$	5,950	$	23,245	$	17,615

Noninterest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2019 totaled $8.3 million compared with $6.0 million for the same period of 2018. The increase in almost all noninterest expense line items were associated with the PSB merger. The increase was primarily a result of increases in salaries and employee benefits expense. Salaries and employee benefits increased $1.3 million, or 39.74%, to $4.7 million in the third quarter of 2019 from $3.3 million in the third quarter of 2018. The number of full-time equivalent employees increased from approximately 143 at September 30, 2018 to approximately 190 at September 30, 2019 for an increase of approximately 32.87%. There was also a $459 thousand and $191 thousand increase in data processing and amortization expense related to the core deposit intangibles from the third quarter of 2018 to the third quarter of 2019. Equipment rentals, depreciation, and maintenance increased $42 thousand, or approximately 20.39%, in the third quarter of 2019 as compared to the third quarter of 2018 as a result of the additional branches acquired in the PSB merger. Occupancy expenses also increased $147 thousand which was also mostly as a result of the PSB merger.

Noninterest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 totaled $23.2 million compared with $17.6 million for the same period of 2018. The increase was primarily a result of increases in salaries and employee benefits expense. Salaries and employee benefits increased $2.7 million, or 26.73%, to $13.0 million in the first nine months of 2019 from $10.3 million in the first nine months of 2018. Approximately $1.8 million of the increase in salaries and employee benefits expense was in regular salaries and wages with over $900 thousand of the $1.8 million increase due to the additional employees from the PSB merger. There was also a $1 million and $595 thousand increase in data processing and amortization expense related to the core deposit intangibles, respectively.

Provision for Income Taxes

We recognized income tax expense of $861 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $741 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was 22.5% compared to 23.0% for the same period in 2018. The effective tax rate is affected by levels of items of income that are not subject to federal and/or state taxation and by levels of items of expense that are not deductible for federal and/or state income tax purposes.

We recognized income tax expense of $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to $2.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The increase of $273 thousand, or 13.39%, resulted from the increase in net income before taxes of $1.6 million in the first nine months of 2019 as compared to the first nine months of 2018. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was 21.7% compared to 22.5% for the same period in 2018. The effective tax rate is affected by levels of items of income that are not subject to federal and/or state taxation and by levels of items of expense that are not deductible for federal and/or state income tax purposes.

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018

Overview

Our total assets increased $69.4 million, or 6.48%, from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019. Loans, net of deferred fees and discounts, increased $43.6 million, or 6.13%, from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019. Securities available-for-sale increased by $7.5 million, or 3.29%, from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019. Cash and cash equivalents increased $1.4 million, or 3.02% from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019 as funds were obtained from the sale of investment securities to fund loan growth. Total deposits increased $74.9 million, or 8.34%, from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019. Federal Home Loan Bank advances decreased $20 million or 100.00% from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019. Total stockholders’ equity increased $11.5 million, or 10.41% from December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019 primarily due to decrease in the net unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale along with strong earnings for the year.

Investment Securities

We use our securities portfolio primarily to enhance our overall yield on interest-earning assets, as a source of liquidity, as a tool to manage our balance sheet sensitivity and regulatory capital ratios, and as a base from which to pledge assets for public deposits. When our liquidity position exceeds current needs and our expected loan demand, other investments are considered as a secondary earnings alternative. As investments mature or pay down, they are used to meet current cash needs, or they are reinvested to maintain our desired liquidity position. We have historically designated all our securities as available-for-sale to provide flexibility in case an immediate need for liquidity arises, and we believe that the composition of the portfolio offers needed flexibility in managing our liquidity position and interest rate sensitivity without adversely impacting our regulatory capital levels. Securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains or losses reported as a separate component of other comprehensive income, net of deferred taxes. Purchase premiums and discounts are recognized in income using the interest method over the terms of the securities.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we purchased investment securities totaling $64.7 million and sold investment securities with proceeds received of $28.9 million including net realized losses of $9 thousand.

The following tables summarize the amortized cost, gross unrealized gains, gross unrealized losses, and fair value of securities available-for-sale at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (amounts in thousands).

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
September 30, 2019:
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage-backed	$	121,101	$	614	$	(824	)	$	120,891
U.S. govt. sponsored enterprises		50,886		1,016		(45	)		51,857
State, county, and municipal		58,298		1,943		(26	)		60,215
Corporate debt obligations		3,151		29		-			3,180
Totals	$	233,436	$	3,602	$	(895	)	$	236,143

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
December 31, 2018:
Securities available-for-sale:
Residential mortgage-backed	$	108,915	$	45	$	(4,027	)	$	104,933
U.S. govt. sponsored enterprises		63,833		367		(278	)		63,922
State, county, and municipal		57,417		219		(476	)		57,160
Corporate debt obligations		2,670		7		(62	)		2,615
Totals	$	232,835	$	638	$	(4,843	)	$	228,630

Loans

Loans are the largest category of interest earning assets and typically provide higher yields than other types of interest earning assets. Associated with the higher loan yields are the inherent credit and liquidity risks which management attempts to control and counterbalance. Total loans averaged $746.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2019, or 72.1% of average interest earning assets, as compared to $627.4 million, or 79.3% of average interest earning assets, for the three months ended September 30, 2018. At September 30, 2019, total loans, net of deferred loan fees and discounts, were $754.9 million, compared to $711.3 million at December 31, 2018, an increase of $43.6 million, or 6.13%

The organic, or non-acquired, growth in average outstanding loans is primarily attributable to the Bank’s ability to attract new customers from other financial institutions. We have hired experienced bankers in the markets we serve, and these employees were successful in transitioning many of their former clients as well as bringing new clients to the Bank. Our bankers are expected to maintain calling efforts to develop relationships with clients, and our philosophy is to be responsive to customer needs by providing service and decisions in a timely manner. Additionally, the markets we serve have shown some signs of economic recovery over the last few years which has increased demand for the services we provide.

The following table provides a summary of the loan portfolio as of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018.

	September 30, 2019						December 31, 2018
	Amount			% of Total			Amount			% of Total
Residential real estate:
Closed-end 1-4 family - first lien	$	173,771			23.3	%	$	162,249			23.0	%
Closed-end 1-4 family - junior lien		6,231			0.8	%		5,739			0.8	%
Multi-family		16,140			2.2	%		16,938			2.4	%
Total residential real estate		196,142			26.3	%		184,926			26.2	%
Commercial real estate:
Nonfarm nonresidential		244,728			32.7	%		209,391			29.7	%
Farmland		11,475			1.5	%		10,417			1.5	%
Total commercial real estate		256,203			34.2	%		219,808			31.2	%
Construction and land development:
Residential		45,990			6.2	%		39,680			5.6	%
Other		50,545			6.8	%		62,430			8.9	%
Total construction and land development		96,535			13.0	%		102,110			14.5	%
Home equity lines of credit		43,519			5.8	%		39,040			5.5	%
Commercial loans:
Other commercial loans		104,304			14.0	%		112,927			16.0	%
Agricultural		1,506			0.2	%		1,743			0.2	%
State, county, and municipal loans		21,527			2.9	%		19,756			2.9	%
Total commercial loans		127,337			17.1	%		134,426			19.1	%
Consumer loans		37,417			5.0	%		33,867			4.8	%
Total gross loans		757,153			101.4	%		714,177			101.3	%
Allowance for loan losses		(7,588	)		-1.0	%		(6,577	)		-0.9	%
Net deferred loan fees and discounts		(2,267	)		-0.3	%		(2,915	)		-0.4	%
Net loans	$	747,298			100.1	%	$	704,685			100.0	%

In this context, a “real estate loan” is defined as any loan, secured by real estate, regardless of the purpose of the loan. It is common practice for financial institutions in our market areas, and for our Bank, to obtain a security interest or lien in real estate whenever possible, in addition to any other available collateral. This collateral is taken to reinforce the likelihood of the ultimate repayment of the loan and tends to increase the magnitude of the real estate loan portfolio component. In general, we prefer real estate collateral to many other potential collateral sources, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment.

Real estate loans are the largest component of our loan portfolio and include residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, and construction and land development loans. At September 30, 2019, this category totaled $548.9 million, or 72.49% of total gross loans, compared to $506.8 million, or 70.97%, at December 31, 2018. Real estate loans increased $42.1 million, or 8.31%, during the period December 31, 2018 to September 30, 2019. Commercial loans decreased $7.1 million, or 5.27% during the same period. Our management team and lending officers have a great deal of experience and expertise in real estate lending and commercial lending.

The Federal regulatory agencies issued two “guidance” documents that have a significant impact on real estate related lending and, thus, on the operations of the Bank. One part of the guidance could require lenders to restrict lending secured primarily by certain categories of commercial real estate to a level of 300% of their capital or raise additional capital. This factor, combined with the current economic environment, could affect the Bank’s lending strategy away from, or to limit its expansion of, commercial real estate lending which has been a material part of River Financial Corporation’s lending strategy. This could also have a negative impact on our lending and profitability. Management actively monitors the composition of the Bank’s loan portfolio, focusing on concentrations of credit, and the results of that monitoring activity are periodically reported to the Board of Directors.

The other guidance relates to the structuring of certain types of mortgages that allows negative amortization of consumer mortgage loans. Although the Bank does not engage at present in lending using these types of instruments, the guidance could have the effect of making the Bank less competitive in consumer mortgage lending if the local market is driving the demand for such an offering.

Allowance for Loan Losses, Provision for Loan Losses and Asset Quality

Allowance for loan losses and provision for loan losses

The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of probable inherent credit losses in the loan portfolio. Management determines the allowance based on an ongoing evaluation of risk as it correlates to potential losses within the portfolio. Increases to the allowance for loan losses are made by charges to the provision for loan losses. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance. Recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited to the allowance for loan losses.

Management utilizes a review process for the loan portfolio to identify loans that are deemed to be impaired. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Bank will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal and interest due under the contractual terms of the loan agreement or when the loan is deemed to be a troubled debt restructuring. For loans and loan relationships deemed to be impaired that are $100 thousand, or greater, management determines the estimated value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to acquire and sell the collateral, or the estimated net present value of the cash flows expected to be received on the loan or loan relationship. These amounts are compared to the current investment in the loan and a specific allowance for the deficiency, if any, is specifically included in the analysis of the allowance for loan losses. For loans and loan relationships less than $100 thousand that are deemed to be impaired, management applies a general loss factor of 15% and includes that amount in the analysis of the allowance for loan losses rather than specifically measuring the impairment for each loan or loan relationship.

All other loans are deemed to be unimpaired and are grouped into various homogeneous risk pools primarily utilizing regulatory reporting classification codes. The Bank’s historical loss factors are calculated for each of the risk pools based on the percentage of net losses experienced as a percentage of the average loans outstanding. The time periods utilized in these historical loss factor calculations are subjective and vary according to management’s estimate of the impact of current economic cycles. As every loan has a risk of loss, minimum loss factors are estimated based on long term trends for the Bank, the banking industry, and the economy. The greater of the calculated historical loss factors or the minimum loss factors are applied to the unimpaired loan amounts currently outstanding for the risk pool and included in the analysis of the allowance for loan losses. In addition, certain qualitative adjustments may be included by management as additional loss factors. These adjustments may include, among other things, changes in loan policy, loan administration, loan, geographic, or industry concentrations, loan growth rates, and experience levels of our lending officers. The loss allocations for specifically impaired loans, smaller impaired loans not specifically measured for impairment, and unimpaired loans are totaled to determine the total required allowance for loan losses. This total is compared to the current allowance on the Bank’s books and adjustments made accordingly by a charge or credit to the provision for loan losses.

Management believes the data it uses in determining the allowance for loan losses is sufficient to estimate potential losses in the loan portfolio; however, actual results could differ from management’s estimate.

The following table presents a summary of changes in the allowance for loan losses for the periods indicated (amounts in thousands).

	As of and for the						As of and for the
	Three Months Ended:						Nine Months Ended:
	September 30,			September 30,			September 30,			September 30,
	2019				2018		2019				2018
Allowance for loan losses at beginning of period	$	7,104		$	5,870		$	6,577		$	4,881
Charge-offs:
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate		-			41			587			41
Commercial real estate		-			109			-			109
Construction and land development		-			-			-			-
Total mortgage loans on real estate		-			150			587			150
Home equity lines of credit		-			-			-			20
Commercial		54			157			175			232
Consumer		56			16			157			46
Total		110			323			919			448

Recoveries:
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate		-			1			7			14
Commercial real estate		8			1			107			6
Construction and land development		7			8			15			34
Total mortgage loans on real estate		15			10			129			54
Home equity lines of credit		-			-			50			12
Commercial		30			25			98			111
Consumer		9			1			33			13
Total		54			36			310			190

Net charge-offs (recoveries)		56			287			609			258
Provision for loan losses		540			480			1,620			1,440
Allowance for loan losses at end of period	$	7,588		$	6,063		$	7,588		$	6,063

Total loans outstanding, net of deferred loan fees		754,886			641,365			754,886			641,365
Average loans outstanding, net of deferred loan fees		745,977			627,388			734,975			596,132
Allowance for loan losses to period end loans		1.01	%		0.95	%		1.01	%		0.95	%
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans (annualized)		0.03	%		0.18	%		0.11	%		0.06	%

Allocation of the Allowance for Loan Losses

While no portion of the allowance for loans losses is in any way restricted to any individual loan or group of loans and the entire allowance is available to absorb losses from any and all loans, the following table represents management’s allocation of the allowance for loan losses to specific loan categories as of the dates indicated (amounts in thousands).

	September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018
			Percent of					Percent of
	Amount		Total			Amount		Total
Mortgage loans on real estate:
Residential real estate	$	1,251		16.5	%	$	1,579		24.0	%
Commercial real estate		2,954		38.9	%		1,961		29.8	%
Construction and land development		929		12.2	%		942		14.3	%
Total mortgage loans on real estate		5,134		67.6	%		4,482		68.1	%
Home equity lines of credit		452		6.0	%		394		6.0	%
Commercial		1,625		21.4	%		1,375		20.9	%
Consumer		377		5.0	%		326		5.0	%
Total	$	7,588		100.0	%	$	6,577		100.0	%

Nonperforming Assets

The following table presents our nonperforming assets as of the dates indicated (amounts in thousands):

	September 30,						December 31,
	2019			2018			2018
Nonaccrual loans	$	1,894		$	2,204		$	2,740
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more		82			222			19
Total nonperforming loans		1,976			2,426			2,759
Foreclosed assets		1,117			723			496
Total nonperforming assets	$	3,093		$	3,149		$	3,255

Allowance for loan losses to period end loans		1.01	%		0.95	%		0.92	%
Allowance for loan losses to period end nonperforming loans		384.01	%		249.92	%		238.38	%
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans (annualized)		0.11	%		0.06	%		0.04	%
Nonperforming assets to period end loans and foreclosed property		0.41	%		0.49	%		0.46	%
Nonperforming loans to period end loans		0.26	%		0.38	%		0.39	%
Nonperforming assets to total assets		0.27	%		0.36	%		0.30	%
Period end loans		754,886			641,365			711,262
Period end total assets		1,139,828			871,552			1,070,464
Allowance for loan losses		7,588			6,063			6,577
Average loans for the period		734,975			596,132			619,238
Net charge-offs for the period		609			258			264
Period end loans plus foreclosed property		756,003			642,088			711,758

Accrual of interest is discontinued on a loan when management believes, after considering economic and business conditions and collection efforts that the borrower’s financial condition is such that the collection of interest is doubtful. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, all accrued interest on the loan is reversed and deducted from earnings as a reduction of reported interest income. No additional interest is accrued on the loan balance until collection of both principal and interest becomes reasonably certain. Payments received while the loan is on nonaccrual status are applied to the loan’s outstanding principal balance. When a problem loan is fully resolved, there may ultimately be an actual write-down or charge-off of the principal balance of the loan which would necessitate additional charges to the allowance for loan losses.

Deposits

Deposits, which include noninterest bearing demand deposits, interest bearing demand deposits, money market accounts, savings accounts, and time deposits, are the principal source of funds for the Bank. We offer a variety of products designed to attract and retain customers, with primary focus on building and expanding client relationships. Management continues to focus on establishing a comprehensive relationship with consumer and business borrowers, seeking deposits as well as lending relationships.

The following table details the composition of our deposit portfolio as of September 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018.

	September 30, 2019					December 31, 2018
			Percent of					Percent of
	Amount		Total			Amount		Total
Demand deposits, non-interest bearing	$	263,157		26.9	%	$	241,274		26.8	%
Demand deposits, interest bearing		247,089		25.4	%		239,463		26.6	%
Money market accounts		226,461		23.3	%		200,143		22.3	%
Savings deposits		57,141		5.9	%		55,733		6.2	%
Time certificates of $250 thousand or more		57,075		5.9	%		47,251		5.3	%
Other time certificates		122,694		12.6	%		114,843		12.8	%
Totals	$	973,617		100.0	%	$	898,707		100.0	%

Total deposits were $974 million at September 30, 2019, an increase of $75 million from December 31, 2018 with the increase resulting mainly in the balances of money market accounts and demand deposit accounts. Some of our demand deposit accounts are seasonal and typically have larger balances at year-end than at the end of other calendar quarters. The seasonality of these demand deposits is related to property tax collections and to agricultural production.

The following table presents the Bank’s time certificates of deposits by various maturities as of September 30, 2019 (amounts in thousands).

	All Time Deposits		Time Deposits $100 or more		Time Deposits less than $100
Three months or less	$	24,513	$	14,936	$	9,577
Greater than three months through six months		30,926		17,945		12,981
Greater than six months through one year		76,500		50,757		25,743
Greater than one year through three years		39,022		27,437		11,585
Greater than three years		8,808		6,126		2,682
Total	$	179,769	$	117,201	$	62,568

Other Funding Sources

We supplement our deposit funding with wholesale funding when needed for balance sheet planning and management or when the terms are attractive and will not disrupt our offering rates in our markets. A source we have used for wholesale funding is the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB). The line of credit with the FHLB is secured by pledges of various loans in our loan portfolio. At September 30, 2019, the FHLB line of credit available was $132.4 million and at December 31, 2018 it was $116.8 million. As of September 30, 2019 we have no Federal Home Loan Bank advances outstanding compared to $20 million at December 31, 2018. We also have lines of credit for federal funds borrowings with other banks that totaled $38.5 million at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Furthermore, we have pledged certain loans to the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) to secure a line of credit. At September 30, 2019, the FRB line of credit available was $117.9 million and at December 31, 2018, the FRB line of credit available was $116.5 million. We have never drawn on the FRB line of credit and consider it a contingency line of credit to be used only for emergency liquidity management.

The Company borrowed $7.5 million on January 4, 2016 and used the proceeds to fund the cash payments made to shareholders of Keystone Bancshares according to the merger agreement. The loan was scheduled to mature on December 31, 2022, but was paid in full during 2018. The interest rate was floating and was equal to the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate. Quarterly principal payments of $268 thousand plus accrued interest were due on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31 of each year.

On October 31, 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement with CenterState Bank for $27 million. The loan proceeds were drawn and received by the Company on October 31, 2018. The loan proceeds were used to fund the payment of the cash consideration to the PSB shareholders of $24.5 million in accordance with the PSB merger agreement and for general corporate purposes. The loan carries a fixed interest rate of 6%. The loan is secured by all of the common stock of the Bank. The balance at December 31, 2018 was $27 million. Principal and interest payments are due quarterly and began in January 2019. The final principal payment will be paid at October 30, 2025. The terms of the loan agreement require the Bank to maintain a classified assets to tier 1 capital plus ALLL ratio not to exceed 40%, a tier 1 leverage ratio of at least 8%, a total risk-based ratio of at least 12%, and a fixed charge coverage ratio of at least 1:3:1 times. The loan agreement also requires the Bank to maintain at least $2 million in liquid assets at all times during the term of the loan.

Principal payments on the CenterState Bank Loan are due as follows:

September 30, 2019 - September 30, 2020	$	3,339
October 1, 2020 - September 30, 2021		3,550
October 1, 2021 - September 30, 2022		3,771
October 1, 2022 - September 30, 2023		4,006
October 1, 2023 - September 30, 2024		4,254
Afterward		5,665
Total	$	24,585

Liquidity

Market and public confidence in our financial strength and financial institutions in general will largely determine our access to appropriate levels of liquidity. This confidence is significantly dependent on our ability to maintain sound asset quality and appropriate levels of capital reserves.

Liquidity is defined as the ability to meet anticipated customer demands for funds under credit commitments and deposit withdrawals at a reasonable cost and on a timely basis. We measure our liquidity position by giving consideration to both on- and off-balance sheet sources of and demands for funds on a daily, weekly and monthly basis.

Liquidity risk involves the risk of being unable to fund assets with the appropriate duration and rate-based liabilities, as well as the risk of not being able to meet unexpected cash needs. Liquidity planning and management are necessary to ensure the ability to fund operations cost-effectively and to meet current and future potential obligations such as loan commitments and unexpected deposit outflows. In this process, we focus on assets and liabilities and on the manner in which they combine to provide adequate liquidity to meet our needs.

Funds are available from a number of basic banking activity sources, including the core deposit base, the repayment and maturity of loans, and investment cash flows. Other funding sources include federal funds borrowings, brokered certificates of deposit and borrowings from the FHLB and FRB.

Cash and cash equivalents at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, were $48.9 million and $47.5 million, respectively. Based on recorded cash and cash equivalents, management believes River Financial Corporation’s liquidity resources were sufficient at September 30, 2019 to fund loans and meet other cash needs as necessary.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized by the balance sheet. The contract amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Company has in particular classes of financial instruments.

The exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance-sheet instruments. In most cases, the Company requires collateral or other security to support financial instruments with credit risk.

Financial instruments whose contract amount represents credit risk at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were as follows (amounts in thousands):

	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Commitments to extend credit	$	166,169	$	146,462
Stand-by and performance letters of credit		4,732		5,412
Total	$	170,901	$	151,874

Contractual Obligations

While our liquidity monitoring and management considers both present and future demands for and sources of liquidity, the following table of contractual commitments focuses only on future obligations as of September 30, 2019 (amounts in thousands).

			Due after 1		Due after 3
	Due in 1		through		through		Due after
	year or less		3 years		5 years		5 years		Total
Deposits without a stated maturity	$	793,848	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	793,848
Certificates of deposit of less than $100		48,301		11,585		2,595		87		62,568
Certificates of deposit of $100 or more		83,638		27,437		6,126		-		117,201
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		9,717		-		-		-		9,717
Note payable		3,339		7,321		8,260		5,665		24,585
Operating leases		618		1,130		1,005		797		3,550
Total contractual obligations	$	939,461	$	47,473	$	17,986	$	6,549	$	1,011,469

Capital Position and Dividends

At September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, total stockholders’ equity was $121.6 million and $110.1 million, respectively. The increase of $11.5 million resulted mainly from the net change in retained earnings and other comprehensive income for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Retained earnings for the first nine months of 2019 increased $6.4 million and other comprehensive income increased $5.2 million. The ratio of stockholders’ equity to total assets was 10.67% and 10.29% at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.

River Bank & Trust is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Certain items such as goodwill and other intangible assets are deducted from total capital in arriving at the various regulatory capital measures such as Common Equity Tier 1capital, Tier 1 capital, and total risk based capital. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on River Financial Corporation’s financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the River Bank & Trust must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the bank’s assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory regulations and guidelines. River Bank & Trust’s capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

Quantitative measures, established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy effective January 1, 2015, require River Bank & Trust to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below) of total risk based capital, Common Equity Tier 1 capital, and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined).

Management believes, as of September 30, 2019, that the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject. The following table presents the Bank’s capital amounts and ratios as of September 30, 2019 with the required minimum levels for capital adequacy purposes including the phase in of the capital conservation buffer under Basel III and minimum levels to be well capitalized (as defined) under the regulatory prompt corrective action regulations.

As of September 30, 2019:
									To Be Well Capitalized
						Required For Capital			Under Prompt Corrective
	Actual					Adequacy Purposes			Action Regulations
	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio
Total Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	121,615		14.403	%	$	88,660	>= 10.500%	$	84,438	>= 10.00%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)		114,028		13.504	%		59,107	>= 7.000%		54,885	>= 6.50%
Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)		114,028		13.504	%		71,773	>= 8.500%		67,551	>= 8.00%
Tier 1 Capital (To Average Assets)		114,028		10.291	%		44,320	>= 4.000%		55,399	>= 5.00%

Management believes, as of December 31, 2018, that the Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which it was subject at the time. The following table presents the Bank’s capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2018 with the required minimum levels for capital adequacy purposes and minimum levels to be well capitalized (as defined) under the prompt corrective action regulations.

As of December 31, 2018:
									To Be Well Capitalized
						Required For Capital			Under Prompt Corrective
	Actual					Adequacy Purposes			Action Regulations
	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio	Amount		Ratio
Total Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)	$	115,721		14.253	%	$	80,174	>= 9.875%	$	81,189	>= 10.00%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)		109,144		13.443	%		51,758	>= 6.375%		52,773	>= 6.50%
Tier 1 Capital (To Risk-Weighted Assets)		109,144		13.443	%		63,936	>= 7.875%		64,951	>= 8.00%
Tier 1 Capital (To Average Assets)		109,144		14.006	%		31,172	>= 4.000%		38,965	>= 5.00%

River Financial Corporation’s principal source of funds for dividend payments and debt service is dividends received from River Bank & Trust. There are statutory limitations on the payment of dividends by River Bank & Trust to River Financial Corporation. As of September 30, 2019, the maximum amount the Bank could dividend to River Financial Corporation without prior regulatory authority approval was approximately $13.5 million. In addition to dividend restrictions, federal statutes prohibit unsecured loans from banks to bank holding companies.

During the nine months ending September 30, 2019 there were 63,500 incentive stock options issued with a weighted average exercise price of $27.00 per share. During the same period, there were 21,300 incentive stock options exercised at a weighted average exercise price of $13.21 per share. A total of 367,625 incentive stock options were outstanding as of September 30, 2019 with a weighted average exercise price of $20.07 per share and a weighted average remaining life of 6.69 years.

Interest Sensitivity and Market Risk

Management monitors and manages the pricing and maturity of our assets and liabilities in order to diminish the potential adverse impact that changes in interest rates could have on net interest income. The principal monitoring technique employed by the Bank is simulation analysis.

In simulation analysis, we review each asset and liability category and its projected behavior in various different interest rate environments. These projected behaviors are based on management’s past experience and on current competitive environments, including the various environments in the different markets in which we compete. Using projected behavior and differing rate scenarios as inputs, the simulation analysis generates projections of net interest income. We also periodically verify the validity of this approach by comparing actual results with those that were projected in previous models.

Another technique used in interest rate management, but to a lesser degree than simulation analysis, is the measurement of the interest sensitivity “gap”, which is the positive or negative dollar difference between assets and liabilities that are subject to interest rate repricing within a given period of time. Interest rate sensitivity can be managed by repricing assets and liabilities, selling securities available for sale, replacing an asset or liability at maturity or by adjusting the interest rate during the life of an asset or liability.

We evaluate interest rate sensitivity risk and then formulate guidelines regarding asset generation and repricing, and sources and prices of off-balance sheet commitments in order to maintain interest sensitivity risk at levels deemed prudent by management. We use computer simulations to measure the net income effect of various rate scenarios. The modeling reflects interest rate changes and the related impact on net income over specified periods of time.

The following table illustrates our interest rate sensitivity at September 30, 2019, assuming the relevant assets and liabilities are collected and paid, respectively, based upon historical experience rather than their stated maturities (amounts in thousands).

	0-1 Mos			1-3 Mos			3-12 Mos			1-2 Yrs			2-3 Yrs			>3 Yrs			Total
Interest earning assets
Loans	$	141,723		$	49,060		$	156,880		$	140,968		$	91,427		$	174,828		$	754,886
Securities		12,884			18,912			27,361			32,937			30,225			113,824			236,143
Certificates of deposit in banks		955			461			1,232			496			247			1,445			4,836
Cash balances in banks		16,789			-			-			-			-			-			16,789
Federal funds sold		13,135			-			-			-			-			-			13,135
Total interest earning assets	$	185,486		$	68,433		$	185,473		$	174,401		$	121,899		$	290,097		$	1,025,789

Interest bearing liabilities
Interest bearing transaction accounts	$	101,345		$	4,942		$	22,201		$	29,652		$	29,652		$	59,297		$	247,089
Savings and money market accounts		161,427			4,986			22,437			29,916			29,916			34,920			283,602
Time deposits		7,707			18,379			104,999			27,092			11,765			9,827			179,769
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		9,717			-			-			-			-			-			9,717
Note payable		814			-			2,525			3,550			3,771			13,925			24,585
Total interest bearing liabilities	$	281,010		$	28,307		$	152,162		$	90,210		$	75,104		$	117,969		$	744,762

Interest sensitive gap
Period gap	$	(95,524	)	$	40,126		$	33,311		$	84,191		$	46,795		$	172,128		$	281,027
Cumulative gap	$	(95,524	)	$	(55,398	)	$	(22,087	)	$	62,104		$	108,899		$	281,027
Cumulative gap - Rate Sensitive Assets/ Rate Sensitive Liabilities		-9.3	%		-5.4	%		-2.2	%		6.1	%		10.6	%		27.4	%

The Bank generally benefits from increasing market interest rates when it has an asset-sensitive gap (a positive number) and generally benefits from decreasing market interest rates when it is liability sensitive (a negative number). As shown in the table above, the Bank is liability sensitive on a cumulative basis throughout the one year time frame. The interest sensitivity analysis presents only a static view of the timing and repricing opportunities, without taking into consideration that changes in interest rates do not affect all assets and liabilities equally. For example, rates paid on a substantial portion of core deposits may change contractually within a relatively short time frame, but those are viewed by management as significantly less interest sensitive than market-based rates such as those paid on non-core deposits. For this and other reasons, management relies more upon the simulations analysis (as noted above) in managing interest rate risk. Net interest income may be impacted by other significant factors in a given interest rate environment, including changes in volume and mix of interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities.

The Bank’s earnings are dependent, to a large degree, on its net interest income, which is the difference between interest income earned on all interest earning assets, primarily loans and securities, and interest paid on all interest bearing liabilities, primarily deposits. Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and interest rates. Our market risk arises primarily from inherent interest rate risk in our lending, investing and deposit gathering activities. We seek to reduce our exposure to market risk through actively monitoring and managing interest rate risk. Management relies on simulations analysis to evaluate the impact of varying levels of prevailing interest rates and the sensitivity of specific earning assets and interest bearing liabilities to changes in those prevailing rates. Simulation analysis consists of evaluating the impact on net interest income given changes from 400 basis points below the current prevailing rates to 400 basis points above current prevailing interest rates. Management makes certain assumptions as to the effect varying levels of interest rates have on certain interest earning assets and interest bearing liabilities, which assumptions consider both historical experience and consensus estimates of outside sources.

The following table illustrates the results of our simulation analysis to determine the extent to which market risk would affect net interest income for the next twelve months if prevailing interest rates increased or decreased by the specified amounts from current rates. As noted above, this model uses estimates and assumptions in asset and liability account rate reactions to changes in prevailing interest rates. However, to isolate the market risk inherent in the balance sheet, the model assumes that no growth in the balance sheet occurs during the projection period. This model also assumes an immediate and parallel shift in interest rates, which would result in no change in the shape or slope of the interest rate yield curve. Because of the inherent use of the estimates and assumptions in the simulation model to derive this market risk information, the actual results of the future impact of market risk on our net interest income may differ from that found in the table. Given the current level of prevailing interest rates, management believes prevailing market rates falling 300 basis points and 400 basis points are not reasonable assumptions. All other simulated prevailing interest rates changes modeled indicate a level of sensitivity of the Bank’s net interest income to those changes that is acceptable to management and within established Bank policy limits as of both dates shown.

	Impact on net interest income
	As of			As of
	September 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Change in prevailing rates:
+ 400 basis points		(2.66	)%		(4.94	)%
+ 300 basis points		(1.62	)%		(3.49	)%
+ 200 basis points		(0.61	)%		(2.10	)%
+ 100 basis points		(0.25	)%		(0.85	)%
+ 0 basis points		-			-
- 100 basis points		(0.91	)%		(0.08	)%
- 200 basis points		(3.74	)%		(4.43	)%
- 300 basis points		(3.47	)%		(7.25	)%
- 400 basis points		(3.96	)%		(8.38	)%

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

This item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file and submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported as and when required and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

As of November 5, 2019, we are not subject to any material pending legal proceedings or contemplated governmental actions.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In addition to the other information set forth in this report, you should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 that could materially affect the Company’s business, financial condition or future results. The risks described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K are not the only risks facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Company or that the Company currently deems to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect the Company’s business, financial condition and/or operating results.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

In 2019 and 2018, the Company sold 11,539 and 17,218 shares of its common stock for an aggregate of $276,936 and $429,877 in cash, respectively, to its employee stock ownership plan. The Company has relied upon exemptions from registration under SEC Rule 147A.

On October 31, 2018, the Company issued shares of its common stock in a capital raise under SEC Rule 506 (b) and pursuant to the acquisition of PSB Bancshares, Inc. as reported at Item 3.02 of its current report on Form 8-K filed November 2, 2018.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

On October 16, 2019, the Board of Directors of the Company approved two amendments to the Company’s bylaws. One amendment provides that the annual meeting of shareholders shall be held during the third week of May each year, rather than in the month of April. The second amendment provides that shares of stock of the Company may be issued in certificated or uncertificated form, rather than certificated only. Holders of shares are entitled to continue to have shares represented in certificated form, provided that the Board of Directors in the future may provide for some or all of any class or services of stock to be uncertificated.

The amendments are included at Exhibit 3.3 to this Form 10-Q.

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit Number		Description

2.1*		Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among River Financial Corporation, RFC Acquisition Corporation, and PSB Bancshares, Inc, dated as of July 10, 2018, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to River Financial Corporation’s Form 8-K filed July 16, 2018, incorporated herein by reference.

2.2*		Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between River Financial Corporation and Trinity Bancorp, Inc., dated as of June 4, 2019, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to River Financial Corporation’s Form 8-K filed June 5, 2019, incorporated herein by reference.

3.1		Articles of Incorporation of River Financial Corporation, as amended, included as Exhibit 3.1 in the River Financial Corporation Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

3.2**		Bylaws of River Financial Corporation, as amended, as of December 31, 2015.

3.3**		Amendments to bylaws of River Financial Corporation dated October 16, 2019.

4.1		Article IV and Article V of the Articles of Incorporation, as amended, filed at Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrants’ Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2019, and Article II and Article VI of the bylaws, as amended, included as Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrants’ Form 10-K filed March 28, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

31.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32 **		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.



101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*	Schedules omitted. Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon request.

**	Filed herewith.

Index to Exhibits

The following is an index of exhibits including items incorporated by reference:

Exhibit Number		Description

2.1*		Agreement and Plan of Merger by and among River Financial Corporation, RFC Acquisition Corporation, and PSB Bancshares, Inc., dated as of July 10, 2018, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to River Financial Corporation’s Form 8-K filed July 16, 2018, incorporated herein by reference.

2.2*		Agreement and Plan of Merger by and between River Financial Corporation and Trinity Bancorp, Inc., dated as of June 4, 2019, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to River Financial Corporation’s Form 8-K filed June 5, 2019, incorporated herein by reference.

3.1		Articles of Incorporation of River Financial Corporation, as amended, included as Exhibit 3.1 in the River Financial Corporation Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2019 and incorporated herein by reference.

3.2**		Bylaws of River Financial Corporation, as amended, as of December 31, 2015.

3.3**		Amendments to bylaws of River Financial Corporation dated October 16, 2019.

4.1		Article IV and Article V of the Articles of Incorporation, as amended, filed at Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrants’ Form 10-Q filed May 7, 2019, and Article II and Article VI of the bylaws, as amended, included as Exhibit 3.2 of the Registrants’ Form 10-K filed March 28, 2016, and incorporated herein by reference.

31.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

31.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

32 **		Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*	Schedules omitted. Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon request.

**	Filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	RIVER FTNANCIAL CORPORATION

Date: November 5, 2019	By:	/s/ James M. Stubbs
		James M. Stubbs
		Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer)

Date: November 5, 2019	By:	/s/ Kenneth H. Givens
		Kenneth H. Givens
		Chief Financial Officer