ROYAL GOLD INC - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

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Commission File Number 001-13357

Royal Gold, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

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Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (303) 573-1660

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of Royal Gold voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing sale price of Royal Gold common stock on June 30, 2022, as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market was $7 billion.

There were 65,644,110 shares of Royal Gold common stock outstanding as of February 9, 2023.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of Part III of Form 10-K is incorporated by reference from portions of Royal Gold’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2023 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2022.

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INDEX

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This report contains and incorporates by reference “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of U.S. federal securities laws. Forward-looking statements are made based on management’s current expectations and beliefs concerning future developments. Actual results may differ, possibly materially, from forward-looking statements due to various factors. For a discussion of some of these factors, see Item 1A Risk Factors, and Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”), of this report.

Royal Gold does not own, develop, or mine the properties on which it holds stream or royalty interests. Certain information provided in this report about operating properties in which we hold interests, including information about mineral reserves, mineral resources, historical production, production estimates, property descriptions, and property developments, was provided to us by the operators of those properties or is publicly available information filed by these operators with applicable securities regulatory bodies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Royal Gold has not verified, and is not in a position to verify, and expressly disclaims any responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or fairness of, this third-party information and refers the reader to the public reports filed by the operators for information regarding those properties.

Unless the context otherwise requires, references to “Royal Gold,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Royal Gold, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

PART I

ITEM 1.  BUSINESS

Change in Fiscal Year

On August 9, 2021, our board of directors approved a change in our fiscal year end from June 30 to December 31, effective as of December 31, 2021. As a result, this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) includes financial information for the transition period from July 1, 2021, through December 31, 2021. Prior to the six months ended December 31, 2021, our fiscal year ended on June 30. References in this report to the “transition period” refer to the six-month period ended December 31, 2021. See Item 8, Note 17 to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Overview

We acquire and manage precious metal streams, royalties, and similar interests. We seek to acquire existing stream and royalty interests or to finance projects that are in production, development or in the exploration stage in exchange for stream or royalty interests. We do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests and are generally not required to contribute to capital costs, environmental costs, or other operating costs on the properties. Please refer to Item 2, Properties, for a discussion of the developments at our principal properties.

In the ordinary course of business, we engage in a continual review of opportunities to acquire existing stream and royalty interests, to establish new stream and royalty interests on operating mines, to create new stream and royalty interests through the financing of mine development or exploration, or to acquire companies that hold stream and royalty interests. We currently, and generally at any time, have acquisition opportunities in various stages of active review, including, for example, our engagement of consultants and advisors to analyze particular opportunities, our analysis of technical, financial, legal and other confidential information of particular opportunities, submission of indications of interest and term sheets, participation in preliminary discussions and negotiations and involvement as a bidder in competitive processes.

As discussed in further detail throughout this report, some key highlights and developments for our business for the year ended December 31, 2022 were as follows:

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Certain Definitions

Dollar or “$”: Refers to U.S. dollars. We refer to Canadian dollars as C$.

Development stage property. A property that has mineral reserves disclosed but no material extraction.

Exploration stage property: A property that has no mineral reserves disclosed.

Gold equivalent ounces (GEOs): GEOs are calculated as Royal Gold’s revenue divided by the average gold price for the period, with the gold price determined based on the LBMA Price.

Gross smelter return (GSR) royalty: A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a mineral resource extraction operation, less, if applicable, certain contract-defined costs paid by or charged to the operator.

Indicated mineral resource: That part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of adequate geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with an indicated mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors in sufficient detail to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because an indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than the level of confidence of a measured mineral resource, an indicated mineral resource may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve.

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Inferred mineral resource: That part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of limited geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because an inferred mineral resource has the lowest level of geological confidence of all mineral resources, which prevents the application of the modifying factors in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability, an inferred mineral resource may not be considered when assessing the economic viability of a mining project, and may not be converted to a mineral reserve.

LBMA Price: The London Bullion Market Association PM fixing prices in U.S. dollars for gold and daily fixing prices in U.S. dollars for silver.

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LME Price: The London Metals Exchange settlement price for copper and other metals, as applicable.

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Measured mineral resource: That part of a mineral resource for which quantity and grade or quality are estimated on the basis of conclusive geological evidence and sampling. The level of geological certainty associated with a measured mineral resource is sufficient to allow a qualified person to apply modifying factors, as defined in Subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (“SK1300”), in sufficient detail to support detailed mine planning and final evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. Because a measured mineral resource has a higher level of confidence than the level of confidence of either an indicated mineral resource or an inferred mineral resource, a measured mineral resource may be converted to a proven mineral reserve or to a probable mineral reserve.

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Metal stream: A purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement.

Mineral reserve: An estimate of tonnage and grade or quality of indicated and measured mineral resources that, in the opinion of the qualified person, can be the basis of an economically viable project. More specifically, it is the economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, which includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined or extracted.

Mineral resource: A concentration or occurrence of material of economic interest in or on the Earth's crust in such form, grade or quality, and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for economic extraction. A mineral resource is a reasonable estimate of mineralization, taking into account relevant factors such as cut-off grade, likely mining dimensions, location or continuity, that, with the assumed and justifiable technical and economic conditions, is likely to, in whole or in part, become economically extractable. It is not merely an inventory of all mineralization drilled or sampled.  

Mineralized material: A term used for reporting historically that refers to that part of a mineral system that has potential economic significance but is not included in the proven and probable reserve estimates until further drilling and metallurgical work is completed, and until other economic and technical feasibility factors based on such work have been resolved.

Net smelter return (NSR) royalty: A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation less a proportionate share of incidental transportation, insurance, refining and smelting costs.

Net value royalty (NVR): A defined percentage of the gross revenue from a resource extraction operation less certain contract-defined costs.

Probable mineral reserve: The economically mineable part of an indicated and, in some cases, a measured mineral resource.

Production stage property. A property with material extraction of mineral reserves.

Proven mineral reserve: The economically mineable part of a measured mineral resource that can only result from conversion of a measured mineral resource.

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Payable metal: Ounces or pounds of metal in concentrate after deduction of a percentage of metal in concentrate by a third-party smelter pursuant to smelting contracts.

Royalty: The right to receive a percentage or other denomination of mineral production from a mining operation.

Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds or 907.2 kilograms.

Tonne: A unit of weight equal to 2,204.6 pounds or 1,000 kilograms.

Our Operational Information

We manage our business under two reportable segments:

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Our long-lived assets (stream and royalty interests, net) are geographically distributed as shown in the following table (amounts are in thousands):

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Our reportable segments for purposes of assessing performance for the year ended December 31, 2022, six months ended December 31, 2021, and fiscal years ended June 30, 2021 and 2020, respectfully, are shown below (amounts are in thousands):

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Our financial results are primarily tied to the price of gold and, to a lesser extent, the prices of silver and copper, together with the amounts of production from our production stage stream and royalty interests. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we derived approximately 84% of our revenue from precious metals (including 73% from gold and 11% from silver), 12% from copper, and 4% from other minerals. The prices of gold, silver, copper, and other metals have fluctuated widely in recent years. The marketability and the price of metals are influenced by numerous factors beyond our control. Significant declines in the prices of gold, silver, or copper could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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Competition

The mining industry in general, and stream and royalty segments in particular, are very competitive. We compete with other stream and royalty companies, mine operators, and financial buyers in efforts to acquire existing stream and royalty interests. We also compete with lenders, equity investors, and stream and royalty companies providing financing to operators of mineral properties in our efforts to create new stream and royalty interests. Our competitors may be larger than we are and may have greater resources and access to capital than we have. Key competitive factors in the stream and royalty acquisition and financing business include the ability to identify and evaluate potential opportunities, transaction structure and consideration, and access to capital.

Regulation

Operators of the mines that are subject to our stream and royalty interests must comply with numerous environmental, mine safety, land use, waste disposal, remediation and public health laws and regulations promulgated by federal, state, provincial and local governments in the United States, Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Botswana and other countries where we hold interests. Although we, as a stream or royalty interest owner, are not responsible for ensuring compliance with these laws and regulations, failure by the operators to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permits can result in injunctive action, orders to suspend or cease operations, damages, and civil and criminal penalties on the operators, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Human Capital Resources

Employees

We currently have 31 employees, 22 of whom work out of our headquarters in Denver, Colorado. The remainder work out of our offices in Lucerne, Switzerland, Vancouver, Canada, and Toronto, Canada. Our employees are not subject to a labor contract or collective bargaining agreement.

Human Capital Management Strategy

The continued growth and success of our business depends on our people, and our people are our most important resource. Management is responsible for ensuring that our policies and practices support our desired corporate culture and employee development. Our human capital management strategy is built on attracting the best talent and developing and retaining talent. We have benefited from a very low voluntary turnover rate, with many of the current staff still with the company after 10 years of employment.

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Diversity and Inclusion

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We believe that diversity can enhance creativity, productivity, and organizational strength. We strive to maintain an environment where the perspectives and experiences of all personnel are respected and valued. We seek to identify potential future candidates for employment and membership on our Board using a wide range of criteria that, depending on the position, may include diversity, experience in the mining industry, integrity, perspective, broad business judgment and leadership skills, personal qualities and reputation in the business community, and relevant technical, management, political, legal, governance, finance and other experience.

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We are committed to an inclusive work environment where individuals are treated with fairness and respect and are given equal opportunity to develop and advance without regard to age, race, sex, gender identity or characteristics, color, religion, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, marital status, military status, pregnancy, genetic information, or any other status protected by state or local law.

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We are committed to providing equal opportunities for promotion, compensation, training and development to all qualified individuals. We maintain a Diversity & Inclusion Policy that outlines our values, commitment to a diverse and inclusive Board and workforce and procedures for carrying out the policy. Among other things, when identifying new director candidates, the Compensation, Nominating and Governance Committee of our Board of Directors will require that the initial list of candidates, whether generated internally or by a third-party search firm, include qualified diverse candidates

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of gender, as well as racial and ethnic, diversity. Candidates for new hire employee positions, including senior management, will be recruited and considered in similar fashion.

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Safety

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We are committed to the wellbeing of all our employees. We promote a safe and healthy workplace and require strict adherence to legal and ethical standards in our business practices. For each of the past six years, we have recorded a total recordable injury frequency rate of zero for our employees. We maintain a People Policy that outlines our approach to maintaining safe work conditions for our employees. In response to the continued effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, we put in place initiatives to support our team in maintaining a healthy work-life balance at all our offices, including a hybrid in-office work schedule.  

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Human Rights

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We are committed to respecting human rights in the jurisdictions where we operate and affirm our commitment to comply with all applicable laws concerning human rights through our Human Rights Policy.

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Compensation and Benefits

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We offer competitive compensation and benefits to attract and retain top talent. We provide competitive medical and other insurance coverage for employees and eligible dependents and provide for sick leave in the case of illness or absence due to the sickness of the employee or an immediate family member.

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Development

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We support the continued professional development of our employees by underwriting or subsidizing education and professional development programs for our employees.

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Host Community Commitment

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We actively seek opportunities to advance sustainability initiatives with the goal of supporting communities that host the operations in which we hold stream and royalty interests during and following our operators’ mining operations. Many of our operators also actively and positively impact the communities where they mine. We encourage their sustainability initiatives and other efforts and often make our own financial contributions in support of their programs.

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Local Community Support

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We also believe in supporting the communities where we live and work. Our annual charitable giving is administered by a committee of employees that selects donation targets and recipients in our local communities. We are proud to partner with leading charities in Denver, Lucerne, Toronto, and Vancouver that are actively responding to community needs with respect to medical supplies, homelessness, food security, elder care, and education.

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SEC Filings

We file periodic and current reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. This includes our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and any amendments to those forms. These reports are available free of charge on our website at www.royalgold.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. These reports also can be obtained on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov. The information on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

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You should carefully consider the risks described in this section. Our future performance is subject to risks and uncertainties that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition and

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the trading price of our common stock. We may be subject to other risks and uncertainties not presently known to us. In addition, please see our note about forward-looking statements included in the MD&A.

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Risks Relating to our Business

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Our revenue is subject to volatility in metal prices, which could negatively affect our results of operations or cash flow.

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Market prices for gold, silver, copper, nickel, and other metals may fluctuate widely over time and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control. These factors include metal supply and demand, industrial and jewelry fabrication, investment demand, central banking actions, inflation expectations, currency values, interest rates, forward sales by metal producers, and legal, political, social, trade, economic, or banking conditions.

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Our revenue is directly tied to metal prices and is particularly sensitive to changes in the price of gold, as we derive the majority of our revenue from gold stream and royalty interests. Under our stream agreements, we purchase metal at a fixed price or a stated percentage of the market price and then sell the metal in the open market. If market prices decline, our revenue and cash flow from metal sales decline. A price decline can also impact our revenue under certain sliding-scale royalty agreements as we may receive a lower royalty rate when prices fall below specified thresholds. In addition, some of our royalty agreements are based on the operator’s concentrate sales to smelters and allow for price adjustments between the operator and the smelter based on changes in metals prices between the date an operator ships concentrate to its offtake customer and the date the sale of concentrate is finally settled (typically a period of three to five months). These price adjustments can decrease our revenue in future periods if metal prices decline following shipment.

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Metal price declines could cause an operator to reduce, suspend, or terminate production or development at a project, which would impact our future revenue from the project. These production or development decisions could prevent us from recovering our initial investment in the project or result in an impairment to the value of our initial investment.

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We own nonoperating interests in mining properties and cannot ensure properties are developed or operated in our best interests.

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Our revenue is derived entirely from stream and royalty interests in properties owned and operated by third parties. In general, we have no decision-making authority regarding the development or operation of the mineral properties underlying our stream and royalty interests. Operators make all or substantially all development and operating decisions, including decisions about permitting, feasibility analysis, mine design and operation, processing, plant and equipment matters, and temporary or permanent suspension of operations, as well as estimates of resources and reserves. The interests of the operators and those of Royal Gold on the relevant properties are not always aligned, which can result in lower or delayed payments to us compared to what we anticipated.

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We often have limited access to data about operating properties, which may make it difficult for us to project or assess the performance of our stream and royalty interests or to confirm mineral reserves and mineral resources.

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We often do not have the contractual right under our stream and royalty agreements to receive production, operating, and other data, nor do we have the right to access the property or obtain drilling and metallurgical data that would allow us to confirm mineral reserves and mineral resources applicable to the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests. As a result, it may be difficult for us to project or assess the performance of a stream or royalty interest, and we generally are unable to conduct our own mineral reserve and mineral resource analysis.

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Our stream and royalty interests may not result in anticipated returns or may not otherwise ultimately benefit our business.

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We are continually reviewing opportunities to acquire new stream and royalty interests, and we have acquisition opportunities at various stages of review. Any acquisition could be material to us. At times, we also consider opportunities to restructure our existing stream or royalty interests where we believe the restructuring would provide a long-term benefit to us, even though it could reduce near-term revenues or result in the incurrence of transaction-related costs. The success

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of our stream and royalty interests is based in part on our ability to make accurate assumptions at the time of acquisition or restructuring about the amount and timing of revenue to be derived from those interests. These assumptions are based on a variety of factors, including the geological, geotechnical, hydrogeological, hydrological, metallurgical, legal, permitting, environmental, social, and other aspects of the projects. For development projects, we also make assumptions about the cost, timing, and conduct of development. If an operator fails to bring a project into production as expected or if actual performance otherwise falls short of our assumptions, our revenue derived from the project may not be sufficient to yield an adequate, or any, return on our investment. In addition, we could be required to decrease the carrying value of our investment, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. We cannot ensure that any acquisition or other transaction will ultimately benefit Royal Gold.

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Our future success depends on our ability to acquire additional stream or royalty interests at appropriate valuations.

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Our future success depends largely on our ability to acquire additional stream and royalty interests at appropriate valuations. We may not adequately assess technical, operational, legal, environmental or social risks in connection with new acquisitions, which might adversely impact our expected investment returns or future results of operations. We may not be able to identify and complete acquisitions of additional interests at appropriate prices or terms. We may not have sufficient liquidity or may not be able to obtain debt or equity financing at an acceptable cost of capital in order to fund acquisitions due to economic volatility, credit crises, declines in metal prices, or changes in legal, political, social or other conditions. In addition, certain of our competitors are larger and have greater financial resources than we do, and we may not be able to compete effectively against them. Further, there has been significant growth in the number and relative size of stream and royalty companies over the last several years and some of these companies might have different investment criteria and costs of capital than we do, or are subject to different tax and accounting rules than we are, and we may not be able to compete effectively against them. Changes to tax rules, accounting policies, or the treatment of stream interests by ratings agencies could make streams or royalties less attractive to operators or render us less able to compete with other stream and royalty companies that are organized in countries with more favorable tax, accounting and regulatory regimes.

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For some properties, we may not realize all of the expected benefits of our investments if operators are unable to replace current mineral reserves as they are consumed or identify new mineral resources, which could impact our future results of operations.

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For some properties, our return on investment depends in part on the operators’ ability to replace mineral reserves as they are consumed in the ordinary course of mining. If current mineral reserves are not replaced as they are mined through conversion of mineral resources to new mineral reserves, or new mineral resources are not identified through expansion of known deposits, exploration, or otherwise, our expected investment returns or future results of operations could be adversely affected.

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A significant portion of our revenue comes from a small number of operating properties, which means that adverse developments at these properties could have a more significant or lasting impact on our results of operations than if our revenue was less concentrated.

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Approximately 70% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 came from 6 properties: Mount Milligan (30%), Pueblo Viejo (14%), Cortez (8%), Andacollo (8%), Peñasquito (7%), and Khoemacau (3%). We expect these properties to continue to represent a significant portion of our revenue going forward. This concentration of revenue could mean that adverse developments, including any adverse decisions made by the operators, at one or more of these properties could have a more significant or longer-term impact on our results of operations than if our revenue was less concentrated.

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A significant disruption to our information technology systems or those of our third party service providers could adversely affect our business and operating results.

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We rely on a variety of information technology and automated operating systems to manage and support our operations. For example, we depend on our information technology systems for financial reporting, operational and investment management, and email. These systems contain, among other information, our proprietary business information and personally identifiable information of our employees. The proper functioning of these systems and the security of such data is critical to the efficient operation and management of our business, and these functions are outsourced by us to third-

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party service providers on whom we rely for the security and proper functioning of these systems. In addition, these systems could require modifications or upgrades from time to time as a result of technological changes or growth in our business, and we might change the third-party service providers with whom we contract to maintain the functioning or security of these systems from time to time, which modifications, upgrades or changes could be costly and disruptive to our operations and could impose substantial demands on management’s time. Our systems, and those of our third-party service providers, could be vulnerable to damage or disruption caused by catastrophic events, power outages, natural disasters, computer system or network failures, viruses, ransomware or malware, physical or electronic break-ins, unauthorized access, or cyber-attacks. Any security breach could compromise our networks, and the information stored on them could be improperly accessed, disclosed, lost, stolen or restricted. Because techniques used to sabotage, obtain unauthorized access to systems or prohibit authorized access to systems change frequently and generally are not detected until successfully launched against a target, we or our third party service providers might be unable to anticipate these techniques, and the steps that we or our third party service providers have taken to secure our systems and electronic information might not be adequate to prevent a disruption or attack. Any unauthorized activities could disrupt our operations or those of our third-party service providers on which we are dependent, damage our reputation, or result in legal claims or proceedings, any of which could adversely affect our business, reputation, or operating results.

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We depend on the services of our executives and other key employees, and the loss of one or more of these individuals could harm our business.

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We believe that our success depends on retaining qualified executives and other key employees, especially in light of our limited number of personnel. These individuals have significant industry and Company-specific experience. If we are unsuccessful at retaining or attracting qualified personnel, our business could be disrupted and our reputation could be harmed, adversely impacting our ability to achieve our business objectives. We do not currently maintain key person life insurance on any of these individuals or our directors.

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We face various risks related to health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks, which could have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, financial position, and/or the trading price of our stock.

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Health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks could cause significant volatility and uncertainty in the global economy and financial markets, supply chain issues, labor shortages, and declines in metal prices, and such events could adversely affect our ability to obtain future debt or equity financing for acquisitions on acceptable terms, or at all, and could require temporary curtailments of operations at the properties subject to our royalty and streaming interests, as occurred at Mount Milligan, Pueblo Viejo, Peñasquito and Khoemacau in response to the COVID 19 pandemic. In addition, health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks and their resulting impacts may make it difficult for the operators of the properties subject to our royalty and streaming interests to forecast expected production amounts. The effects of health epidemics, pandemics and similar outbreaks will ultimately depend on many factors that are outside of our control (including the severity and duration of such events and government and operator actions in response to such events) and could materially and adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial position, and/or the trading price of our stock.

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Risks Relating to our Stream and Royalty Interests

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Our revenue is subject to operational and other risks faced by operators of the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests.

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We generally are not required to pay capital or operating costs on projects in which we hold stream or royalty interests. However, our revenue and the value of our investments are indirectly subject to hazards and risks normally associated with developing and operating mining properties, including the following:

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The occurrence of any of these events could negatively impact operations at the properties in which we hold stream or royalty interests, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, cash flow and financial condition.

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Most of our revenue is derived from properties outside the United States, and risks associated with conducting business in foreign countries or other sovereign jurisdictions could adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition, or the trading price of our common stock.

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Approximately 86% of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, came from properties outside of the United States, and many of our operators are organized outside of the United States. Our principal production stage stream and royalty interests on properties outside of the United States are located in Canada, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Chile and Botswana. Within the United States and other countries, indigenous people may be recognized as sovereign entities

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and may enforce their own laws and regulations. Our activities and operators’ activities are subject to the risks associated with conducting business in foreign countries or other sovereign jurisdictions, including the following:

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In addition, because many of our operators are organized outside of the United States, our stream and royalty interests may be subject to the application of foreign laws to our operators, and their stockholders, including laws relating to foreign ownership structures, corporate transactions, creditors’ rights, bankruptcy and liquidation. Foreign operations also could be adversely impacted by laws and policies of the United States affecting foreign trade, investment and taxation.

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These risks may limit or disrupt the development or operation of properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests or impair our rights or interests in these properties, which could adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

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If the assumptions underlying operators’ production, mineral reserve, or mineral resource estimates are inaccurate or if future events cause operators to negatively adjust their previous estimates, our future revenue or the value of our investments could be adversely affected.

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The operators of the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests generally prepare production, mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates for the properties. We do not independently prepare or verify this information and generally lack sufficient information and access to properties to do so. There are numerous uncertainties inherent in these estimates, many of which are outside the operators’ control. As a result, production and mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates are subjective and necessarily depend upon a number of assumptions, including, among others, reliability of historical data, geological interpretation, geotechnical, geologic and mining conditions, metallurgical recovery, metal prices, operating costs, capital expenditures, development and reclamation costs, mining technology improvements, and the effects of government regulation. If any of the assumptions that operators make in connection with production and mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates are incorrect, actual production could be significantly lower than the production, mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates, which could adversely affect our future revenue and the value of our investments. In addition, if operators’ estimates with respect to the timing of production are incorrect, we may experience variances in expected revenue from period to period.

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Further, operators’ estimates of mineral resources are subject to future exploration and development and associated risks and may never convert to future reserves. In addition, estimates of mineral resources are subject to similar uncertainties and assumptions as discussed above with respect to mineral reserves.

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The operators of properties subject to our interests may be subject to growing environmental risks, including risks associated with climate change, which could have a material adverse effect on us, our financial condition or the value of our interests or of our common stock.

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Mining operations are subject to extensive laws and regulations governing land use and the protection of the environment. In addition, many countries have implemented laws and regulations designed to address the effects of climate change, including rules to disclose and reduce industrial emissions and other environmental impacts to which operators or we might be subject. These laws and regulations are constantly evolving in a manner generally expected to result in stricter standards, more liability, and increased costs. Compliance with these laws and regulations can impose substantial costs and burdens on the operators of properties subject to our interests and perhaps on us as well. In addition, an operator’s failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in injunctive action, orders to suspend or cease operations, damages, or civil or criminal penalties on the operator. If any of these events were to occur, our revenue or the value of our interests could be adversely affected.

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Climate change may also pose physical risks to the properties in which we hold an interest. This could include adverse effects on operations as a result of increasing occurrences of extreme weather events, flooding, water shortages, changes in rainfall and storm patterns, changes in sea levels, heat stress, wildfires, and other negative weather and climate patterns. For example, Andacollo experienced flooding due to a significant rainfall event in July 2022, which caused operations to shut down for five days.  These events could damage assets, negatively impact production, harm human life, halt mining operations, temporarily close supporting infrastructure or reduce labor productivity, among other effects.

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Market impacts due to climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy will be varied and complex. Supply and demand for certain commodities, products and services might shift in connection with evolving consumer and investor sentiments. Market perceptions of the mining sector, and, in particular, the role that certain metals will or will not play in the transition to a low-carbon economy, remain uncertain. Potential financial impacts may include increased production costs due to changing input prices, re-pricing of land and assets, increased global competition for key materials needed for new technologies, potential cost increases by insurers and lenders, and potential increases in taxation of the mining and metals sector.

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In addition, governments and public-company stockholders are increasingly seeking enhanced disclosures on the risks, challenges, governance implications, and financial impacts of climate change faced by companies and demanding that companies take a proactive approach to addressing and reducing perceived environmental risks, including the physical, transition and liability risks associated with climate change, relating to their operations. Adverse publicity or climate-related litigation that impacts any of the operators of the properties in which we hold interests could have a negative impact on our business. As a holder of stream and royalty interests, we generally will not have any influence on litigation such as this and more than likely not have access to non-public information concerning such litigation. In addition, we might not have access to sufficient information on the operations in respect of which we hold stream and royalty agreements in order to adequately comply with regulations or meet stockholder expectations on adequate disclosure or to quantify the potential impacts of climate change on our business.

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Challenges relating to climate change could have an impact on the ability of these operators to access the capital markets and such limitations could have a corresponding negative effect on their business and operations. Although we do not conduct mining operations on the properties in which we hold stream and royalty interests and are not legally required to contribute to environmental or other operating costs on the properties, our own governmental regulators and stockholders may nonetheless demand that we bear some responsibility for addressing these environmental risks. If this were to occur, the value of our interests or your shares of common stock could be adversely affected.

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Further, due to expansive environmental laws, it is possible that we could become subject to environmental liabilities for historic periods during which we owned or operated properties or relative to our current ownership interests in mining claims or leases. These liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

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Finally, lenders might be unwilling to provide financing to the mining industry, including companies like Royal Gold that acquire stream and royalty interests in mining projects, due to such lenders’ concerns regarding market perceptions of the

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mining sector and lender commitments to net-zero emissions targets. If we encounter difficulties in accessing the commercial debt market, our ability to finance new acquisitions of stream and royalty interests could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, if we have to rely on issuing equity to finance transactions, our stock price could be negatively impacted and our stockholders’ ownership could be diluted.

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Financing Risks

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Current and future indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and impair our ability to operate our business.

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As of December 31, 2022, we had $575 million outstanding and $425 million available under our revolving credit facility. Our credit facility contains a floating interest rate. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. Current and future indebtedness could have important consequences, including the following:

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Our credit facility contains financial and other restrictive covenants. For example, the agreement includes financial covenants that require us to maintain a maximum leverage ratio and a minimum interest coverage ratio (as these terms are defined under the agreement). These covenants could limit our ability to engage in activities that are in our long-term best interests. Our failure to comply with these covenants would result in an event of default that, if not waived, could result in the acceleration of all outstanding indebtedness. Our credit facility expires in July 2026. In the future, we may be unable to obtain new financing or refinancing on acceptable terms.

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Legal Risks

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Defects in our stream or royalty interests or the bankruptcy or insolvency of an operator could have a material adverse effect on the value of our investments.

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Despite our due diligence practices, it is possible that unknown defects or problems will exist relating to the existence, validity, enforceability, terms, or geographic extent of our stream and royalty interests. Similarly, stream interests and, in many jurisdictions, royalty interests, are or can be contractual in nature, rather than interests in land. As a result, these interests may not survive a bankruptcy or insolvency of an operator. We often do not have the protection of security interests that could help us recover all or part of our investment in a stream or royalty interest in the event of an operator’s bankruptcy or insolvency. In addition, the contracts governing our stream and royalty interests might not have sufficient legal protections or a court could impose restrictions on our enforcement rights. If our stream or royalty interests were set aside through judicial or administrative proceedings or if we are unable to enforce our contractual rights, the value of our investments could be adversely affected.

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Some of the agreements governing our stream and royalty interests contain terms that reduce or cap the revenue generated from those interests.

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Revenue from some of our stream and royalty interests decreases or stops after threshold production, delivery, or payment milestones are achieved or other events occur. For example, our stream interests at Pueblo Viejo, Andacollo

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and Khoemacau and certain of our royalty interests at other properties contain these types of limitations. As a result, past production and revenue relating to these interests may not be indicative of future results. In addition, some of our stream and royalty interests do not cover all of the mineral reserves or mineral resources at certain properties, which could mean that overall performance reported by the operators may not correlate to the performance of our interests in the properties.

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Operators may fail to comply with their contractual arrangements with us or may interpret their obligations in a manner adverse to us, which could decrease our revenue or increase our costs.

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At times, operators may be unable or unwilling to fulfill their contractual obligations to us. In addition, we often rely on the operators for the calculation of our stream deliveries or royalty payments and there is a risk of delay, error, and additional expense in receiving deliveries or payments. Payments may be delayed by restrictions imposed by lenders, delays in the sale or delivery of products, or the ability or willingness of smelters and refiners to process mine products. Our rights to payment under our stream and royalty agreements must, in most cases, be enforced by contract. When we enter into new stream or royalty agreements, we attempt to secure contractual rights that allow us to monitor operators’ compliance with their obligations to us, such as audit or access rights. However, these rights may not be sufficient to ensure compliance. In addition, our stream and royalty agreements are often complex and may be subject to interpretation or uncertainties. Operators and other counterparties may interpret our interests in a manner adverse to us. For these or other reasons, we could be forced to expend resources or take legal action to enforce our contractual rights. We may not be successful in enforcing our contractual rights. As a result, our revenue relating to the disputed interests could be adversely affected. We may also need to expend significant monetary and human resources to defend our position, which could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, we may be required to make retroactive revenue adjustments in future periods relating to past period revenue as a result of information that we learn through audit or access rights or otherwise from operators and other counterparties.

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Changes to U.S. and foreign tax laws could adversely affect our results of operations.

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We are subject to tax in the U.S. and other foreign jurisdictions. Current economic and political conditions make tax laws and their interpretation subject to a significant change in any jurisdiction. We cannot predict the timing or significance of future tax law changes in the U.S. or other countries in which we do business. If material tax law changes are enacted, our future effective tax rate, results of operations, and cash flows could be adversely impacted.

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Anti-corruption laws and regulations could subject us to liability and require us to incur costs.

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We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA") and other laws that prohibit improper payments or offers of payments to third parties, including foreign governments and their officials, for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. In some cases, we invest in mining operations in certain jurisdictions where corruption may be more common. Our international investment activities create the risk of unauthorized payments or offers of payments in violation of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws by one of our employees or agents in violation of our policies. In addition, the operators of the properties in which we own stream and royalty interests may fail to comply with anti-corruption laws and regulations. Although we do not operate these properties, enforcement authorities could deem us to have some culpability for the operators’ actions. Any violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws could result in significant civil or criminal penalties to us and could have an adverse effect on our reputation.

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Risks Related to our Common Stock

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Our stock price may continue to be volatile, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

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The market price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past and may continue to do so in the future. For example, during the year ended December 31, 2022, the market price of our common stock ranged from a low of $86.46 to a high of $146.33. Many factors unrelated to operating performance can contribute to volatility in the market price of our common stock, including the following:

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Market fluctuations, regardless of cause, may materially and adversely affect our stock price. As a result, you could lose all or part of your investment.

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We may issue additional equity securities, which would dilute our existing stockholders and reduce our per-share financial measures and could reduce the market price of our common stock.

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We may issue additional equity in the future in connection with acquisitions, strategic transactions, or for other purposes. If we issue additional equity securities, our existing stockholders would be diluted and our per-share financial measures would be reduced. In addition, shares of common stock that we issue in connection with an acquisition may not be subject to resale restrictions. The market price of our common stock could decline if our stockholders sell substantial amounts of our common stock or are perceived by the market as intending to sell these shares other than in an orderly manner.

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We may change our practice of paying dividends, which could reduce the value of your investment.

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We have paid a cash dividend on our common stock since calendar year 2000. Our board of directors has discretion in determining whether to declare a dividend based on a number of factors, including metal prices, economic or market conditions, earnings, cash flow, financial condition, and funding requirements for future opportunities or operations. In addition, corporate law limitations or future contractual restrictions could limit our ability to pay dividends in the future. If our board of directors reduces or eliminates future dividends, our stock price could fall, and the success of your investment would depend largely on any future stock price appreciation. We have increased our dividend in prior years. There can be no assurance, however, that we will continue to do so or that we will pay any dividends.

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Provisions of Delaware law and our organizational documents could delay or prevent a third party from acquiring us.

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The anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law impose barriers to the ability of a third party to acquire control of us, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our board of directors. These provisions may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire a majority of our outstanding common stock. Among other things, these provisions provide for the following:

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These provisions could increase the cost of acquiring us or discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, which could decrease the value of your investment.

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ITEM 1B.  UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

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Introduction

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In 2018, the SEC adopted amendments to the disclosure requirements for mining properties. Effective for fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2021, the disclosure requirements under the SEC’s Industry Guide 7 (“IG7”) have been replaced with new disclosure requirements under SK1300. The property disclosures in this Item 2 are presented in accordance with SK1300 subject to certain exemptions contained in the rule.

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This Item 2 provides summary information about our overall portfolio of stream and royalty interests, as well as more detailed information about our material properties. Royal Gold management periodically reviews the materiality of individual royalty and stream interests within our portfolio. As of December 31, 2022, we determined that six of our stream and royalty interests are material to our business under SK1300: Andacollo, Cortez, Khoemacau, Mount Milligan, Peñasquito and Pueblo Viejo. We sometimes refer to these properties as our material, or principal, properties. In making this determination, management considers primarily estimated future revenue and, to a lesser extent, historical revenue. Estimated future revenue is based on several factors, including mineral reserves and resources subject to our stream and royalty interests, production estimates, feasibility studies, technical reports, metal price and mine life assumptions. Based on the factors discussed above, we no longer consider our stream interest at the Wassa Gold Mine in Ghana to be a principal property.

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Under SK1300, disclosures of material mineral reserves and resources must be based on a technical report summary prepared by a qualified person, absent an exemption. With respect to our material properties, our disclosures in this Item 2 are based on information provided to us by the operators of the properties or the operators’ public filings with the SEC or Canadian securities regulators including technical reports filed with Canadian securities administrators pursuant to National Instrument 43-101 (“NI 43-101”), 2014 Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum Definition Standards and 2019 Best Practice Guideline (“CIM Standards”) and a technical report prepared under the Australasian Code for Reporting of Exploration Results, Mineral Resources and Ore Reserves (“JORC Code”). As of the date of this disclosure, these operators of our material properties have not filed technical report summaries for the properties with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2022.

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Since we are a stream and royalty company, and as further discussed below, we are relying on the exemption for stream and royalty companies set forth in Section 1302(b)(3)(ii) of Regulation S-K, which provides that a stream, royalty or similar company is not required to file a technical report summary with the SEC with respect to an underlying property where either (a) obtaining the information would result in an unreasonable burden or expense, or (b) the company requested the technical report summary from the owner, operator or other person possessing the technical report summary who denied the request. Our summary and individual property disclosures are also provided in accordance with Sections 1303(a)(3) and 1304(a)(2) of Regulation S-K, respectively, which provide that a registrant with a stream, royalty or other similar right may omit certain information required by the summary and individual property disclosure requirements if the registrant specifies the information to which it lacks access, explains the reason it lacks the required information and provides all required information that it does possess or which it can acquire without incurring an unreasonable burden or expense.

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Our agreements governing our material property interests do not require the operators to prepare technical report summaries or permit us the access and information sufficient to prepare our own technical report summaries under SK1300.

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For each of our material properties, we requested that the operator prepare a technical report summary under SK1300 or permit us the access and information necessary for us to prepare our own technical report summary relating to the property for filing with the SEC. In each case, the operator denied our request. None of the operators is an affiliate of Royal Gold.  As a result, we do not have sufficient rights or access to the information required for us to prepare a technical report summary.

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Mineral resources and mineral reserves discussed in Item 2 are as publicly disclosed or provided to us by the operators of the properties, as of the dates indicated in the disclosure. Royal Gold does not attempt to account for mineral resource or

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mineral reserve depletion due to mining activities, nor for mineral resource or mineral reserve expansion due to exploration activities, because Royal Gold does not have access under its agreements with its operators to the technical data required to account for this depletion or expansion. In accordance with Sections 1303(a)(3) and 1304(a)(4) of SK1300, Royal Gold is providing all required information in its possession or which it can acquire without incurring an unreasonable burden or expense. The property information included herein contains information reported by our operators in their respective jurisdictions pursuant to SK1300, or applicable mining codes based on the Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards (“CRIRSCO”), such as JORC Code and NI 43-101. The SEC’s disclosure regime under SK1300, while similar to other CRIRSCO-based codes used in other jurisdictions, does not permit the substitution or reciprocal recognition of resources and reserves determined under the mining disclosure regimes of other jurisdictions. Royal Gold is providing this information because it represents information that Royal Gold has in its possession that we consider to be material to our investors. While SK1300 definitions are substantially similar to those set forth in the CIM and JORC, there are variations. Therefore, the mineral resources, mineral reserves and other technical information included in this annual report on Form 10-K could vary if it had been determined by a mining operator required to comply with SK1300.

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Most of our principal properties are operated by companies that report mineral resources and reserves pursuant to regulatory standards other than SK1300. For example, each of Pueblo Viejo and Cortez, operated by Barrick, and Andacollo, operated by Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”), as reporting companies under Canadian securities laws, are permitted under SK1300 to rely on Canadian property and mineral resource and reserve reporting standards accepted in their home jurisdiction (NI 43-101 in Canada), rather than those set forth in SK1300, under the SEC’s Multijurisdictional Disclosure System. Further, Canadian securities laws and regulations allow annual information forms covering the previous fiscal year to be filed within 90 days (or 120 days in some instances) after the applicable company’s fiscal year end. Mount Milligan is operated by Centerra, which is not listed for trading in the U.S. and does not file reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the SEC and therefore does not need to comply with SK1300.  Khoemacau is privately owned and is also not subject to SEC reporting. Peñasquito, operated by Newmont Corporation (“Newmont”), is our only principal property for which a property and technical report is prepared under SK1300. Newmont’s Annual Report on Form 10-K is subject to the same deadline as this Form 10-K, and thus their technical report is not filed in time for us to refer to it in this Form 10-K. As a result of the foregoing, in most cases, we refer to mineral resource and reserve information for our principal properties as of periods earlier than December 31, 2022, in reliance on the exception to SK1300 pertaining to royalty companies regarding information they do not have under 1302(b)(3), 1303(a)(3) and 1304(a)(2) of SK1300 as discussed above.

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Internal controls for determining and reporting the mineral resources and mineral reserves disclosed in Item 2 are the internal controls specific to the individual projects and are maintained by the operators. In general, mineral resources and mineral reserves are supported by technical studies relevant to the jurisdictions within which the operators conduct their financial disclosure, and qualified persons specified by the operators (as determined by the laws and disclosure rules in the applicable jurisdictions) have endorsed the quality of the work. Royal Gold’s agreements with its operators do not give Royal Gold access to underlying technical data sufficient to specifically confirm the opinion of the qualified persons for each mineral resource or mineral reserve or the status of the qualified persons as qualified persons under SK1300.

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Summary

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We own a large portfolio of stream and royalty interests on properties at various stages of review and development.

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The following map shows the approximate geographic distribution of all properties on which we hold stream or royalty interests. In many cases, properties shown on the map are in close proximity and the individual properties are not separately identifiable.  

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Aggregate annual production for all properties on which we hold interests during the year ended December 31, 2022, the six months ended December 31, 2021, and fiscal years ended June 30 2021 and 2020 is shown in the table below.

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Location of the Properties

Approximately 86% of our revenue comes from properties outside of the United States, and most of our operators are organized outside of the United States. Our material properties are located in Botswana, Canada, Chile, the Dominican

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Republic, Mexico and the United States. Within the United States and other countries, indigenous people may be recognized as sovereign entities and may enforce their own laws and regulations.

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Type and Amount of Ownership Interests

A metal stream is a purchase agreement that provides, in exchange for an upfront deposit payment, the right to purchase all or a portion of one or more metals produced from a mine, at a price determined for the life of the transaction by the purchase agreement. See “Certain Definitions” in Item 1. Business for more information.

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Royalties are non-operating interests in mining projects that provide the right to a percentage of revenue or metals produced from the project after deducting specified costs, if any. See “Certain Definitions” in Item 1. Business for more information.

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As of December 31, 2022, we owned 9 stream interests and 173 royalty interests.

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Identity of Operator or Operators

We work with 137 different operators at our stream and royalty properties; 66 are headquartered in Canada, 23 are headquartered in the United States; and 48 are headquartered outside of Canada and the United States. In general, our operators are domiciled in the countries in which they operate. For further information about the operators of our material properties, refer to the section entitled “Material Properties” below.

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Titles, Mineral Rights, Leases, or Options and Acreage Involved

The titles, mineral rights, leases, and options involved with our stream and royalty interests vary depending on the country and include exploitation concessions, unpatented and patented mining claims, fee lands, mining leases and prospecting and mining licenses. For information about the specific titles, mineral rights, leases, options and acreages involved at our material properties, refer to the section entitled “Material Properties” below.

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We have an undeterminable number of acres relating to our stream and royalty interests because our interests do not always cover 100% of each property, in some cases our interests extend to an area of interest beyond the original property boundaries, and because the operators will, from time to time, add or subtract acreage from individual properties, which can, in some cases, modify the land position covered by a stream or royalty.

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Stage of the Properties (Exploration, Development, or Production)

SK1300 subdivides mineral properties into 3 stages.

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As of December 31, 2022, we owned stream interests on 8 production stage properties and 1 development stage property.

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As of December 31, 2022, we owned royalty interests on 32 production stage properties, 18 development stage properties, and 123 exploration stage properties, of which we consider 52 to be evaluation stage properties.

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Key Permit Conditions

Operators of the mines that are subject to our stream and royalty interests must comply with environmental, mine safety, land use, water use, waste disposal, remediation and public health laws and regulations promulgated by federal, state, provincial and local governments in the United States, Canada, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Botswana, and other countries where we hold interests. Although we, as a stream or royalty interest owner, are not responsible for ensuring

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compliance with these laws and regulations, failure by the operators to comply with applicable laws, regulations and permits can result in injunctive action, orders to suspend or cease operations, damages, and civil and criminal penalties on the operators, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

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We have no decision-making authority regarding the development or operation of the mineral properties underlying our stream and royalty interests. Operators make all or substantially all development and operating decisions, including decisions about permitting, feasibility analysis, mine design and operation, processing, tailings storage facility (“TSF”) design and operation, plant and equipment matters, and temporary or permanent suspension of operations, as well as estimates of resources and reserves.

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Mine Types and Mineralization Styles

Our operating stream and royalty interests cover all types of mineralization styles in a number of primary commodities. Table 1 shows mine types and mineralization styles at our principal properties.

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Table 1 Mine Type and Mineralization Style for Principal Properties

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Chemical symbols are used to refer to metals of economic importance: gold (“Au”), silver (“Ag”), copper (“Cu”), lead (“Pb”), and zinc (“Zn”).

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Additional specific information on the principal properties is available in the section entitled “Material Properties”, below.

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Processing Plants and Other Available Facilities

Facilities and infrastructure for our properties vary widely based on the stage of each property.

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Our principal properties are all production stage properties. As such, each of our principal properties has infrastructure and facilities appropriate to conduct mining and processing operations. A summary of key processing infrastructure is shown in Table 2.

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Table 2 Key Process Infrastructure for Principal Properties

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Measurement units presented in this document are generally metric units, with the exception that gold and silver quantities are reported in troy ounces and the content for copper, lead, and zinc are presented in pounds. There may be small rounding

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differences due to unit conversions. Additional specific information on the principal properties is available under Material Properties, below.

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Mineral Resources and Reserves

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Royal Gold controls metal streams and royalties for properties with a broad geographic distribution. Estimates of mineral resources and mineral reserves for these properties are tabulated based on the most recent disclosure presented by each of the individual operators of these properties, at dates and metal prices and grade and recovery assumptions specific to each mineral resource and mineral reserve estimate. It is not possible for Royal Gold to update or modify the individual mineral resource and mineral reserve statements because we do not have access to sufficient technical data required to do so. Table 3 is a summary of mineral resources exclusive of mineral reserves and aggregated by metal and by geographic area. Table 4 is a summary of mineral reserves aggregated by metal and by geographic area. Our material properties (Andacollo, Cortez, Khoemacau, Mount Milligan, Peñasquito and Pueblo Viejo) and properties with mineral resources and mineral reserves that represent over 10% of the aggregate mineral resources or reserves that generate our stream or royalty interests (Peñasquito and Red Chris) are listed individually.

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Mineral resources and mineral reserves are presented for the properties or portions of the properties that generate our stream and royalty interests without regard to the specific percentage of Royal Gold’s stream and royalty interest. In cases where our stream or royalty interest covers only a portion of a property, only the covered portion of the mineral resource or mineral reserve is included in the summary.

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Table 3: Summary Mineral Resources ^{(1),(2),(3),(4)}

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