Rubicon Technology, Inc. - Annual Report: 2014 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark one)

or

Commission file number 001-33834

RUBICON TECHNOLOGY, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (847) 295-7000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

As of June 30, 2014, there were 23,736,947 shares of common stock outstanding held by nonaffiliates of the registrant, with an aggregate market value of the common stock (based upon the closing price of these shares on the NASDAQ Global Market) of approximately $207,698,286.

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of the close of business on March 9, 2015 was 26,197,843.

Documents incorporated by reference:

Portions of the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K provided, that if such Proxy Statement is not filed with the Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed no later than the end of such 120-day period.

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PART I

All statements, other than statements of historical facts, included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K including statements regarding our estimates, expectations, beliefs, intentions, projections or strategies for the future, results of operations, financial position, net sales, projected costs, prospects and plans and objectives of management for future operations may be “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives and financial needs. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of terms and phrases such as “believe,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “target,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “prospects,” “goals,” “potential,” “likely,” and the like, and/or future-tense or conditional constructions such as “will,” “may,” “could,” “should,” etc. (or the negative thereof). Items contemplating or making assumptions about actual or potential future sales, market size and trends or operating results also constitute forward-looking statements.

Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. Before investing in our common stock, investors should be aware that the occurrence of the risks, uncertainties and events described in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, forward-looking statements are inherently subject to known and unknown risks and business, economic and other risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to be materially different from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Readers are urged not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements in order to reflect any event or circumstance that may arise after the date of this Annual Report, other than as may be required by applicable law or regulation. If one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or if the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those expected or projected.

This Annual Report also contains statistical data and estimates, including those relating to market size and growth rates of the markets in which we participate, that we obtained from industry publications and reports generated by market research firms. These publications typically indicate that they have obtained their information from sources they believe to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of their information. Although we have assessed the information in such publications and found it to be reasonable and believe the publications and reports are reliable, we have not independently verified their data.

You should read this Annual Report and the documents that we reference in this Annual Report and have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) as exhibits with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.

Unless otherwise indicated, the terms “Rubicon,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Rubicon Technology, Inc and our consolidated subsidiaries.

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OVERVIEW

We are a vertically integrated, advanced electronic materials provider specializing in monocrystalline sapphire for applications in light-emitting diodes (“LEDs”), optical systems and specialty electronic devices. Sapphire is also used as an exterior component in mobile devices, specifically camera lens covers, dual flashes and home buttons on certain newer model smartphones and as the crystal covering the faces of certain smart watches. Sapphire was adopted for use on the home button on certain smartphones because of the scratch resistance and increased touch capacitance it offers, which are important characteristics to ensure the effectiveness of the fingerprint recognition security built into the device. We believe that the use of fingerprint recognition security and other biometrics could become more prevalent in the future, which could become a strong growth driver for sapphire. In addition, some consumer electronics original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) are using full sapphire faceplates for smartphones, in limited volume. If sapphire smartphone faceplates were widely adopted, this would become the world’s largest application for sapphire. We apply our proprietary crystal growth technology to produce high-quality sapphire products efficiently to supply both high-volume and niche end-markets, and we work closely with our customers to meet their quality and delivery needs.

Our largest product lines are:

For the LED market, we currently sell two to four-inch material in core form and four, six and eight-inch material in polished and PSS wafer form. Eight-inch wafers are sold primarily for customers’ research and development efforts at this time. We have the ability to produce cores and wafers of up to twelve inches in diameter to support production of chips for next-generation LED and other electronic applications. Larger sapphire also has current applications in the optical markets. In other semiconductor markets, sapphire is used in certain RFIC products. The size of the RFIC market opportunity was reduced after 2013 when the primary customer using sapphire RFICs changed its technology to use a substrate other than sapphire for its high-volume products.

We believe that LED production is following a similar path to that of production of integrated circuits on silicon substrates, which gradually migrated to production on increasingly larger substrates in order to reduce manufacturing costs. We feel that this migration to larger substrates and the related efficiency gains will help reduce the prices of LED devices and thereby facilitate greater adoption of LED technology in the backlighting and general lighting markets.

Our vertically-integrated manufacturing capabilities are designed to enable us to maintain our high quality standards while controlling costs. We start with powdered aluminum oxide and densify and purify the powder with our proprietary process into a form used in our crystal growth furnaces. We design, assemble and maintain our own proprietary crystal growth furnaces to grow high-purity, low-stress, ultra-low-defect-density sapphire crystals. In addition, we possess capabilities in high-precision core drilling, wafer slicing, surface lapping, edge bevel grinding, polishing, patterning and wafer cleaning processes. We also have the ability to etch patterns onto our polished wafers for use in the LED market. We foster a strong sense of innovation and agility in our product development teams in an attempt to develop new products more effectively and to rapidly capture market growth.

We plan to leverage our technological advantage in efficiently producing high-quality, large-diameter sapphire products to capitalize on future growth opportunities. To attain this goal, we are investing in research and development activities, continuing to enhance our operational capabilities, increasing our brand recognition and diversifying into new market segments.

We are a Delaware corporation incorporated on February 7, 2001. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “RBCN.”

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

Integrated circuits and other semiconductor devices have traditionally been fabricated on silicon substrates. However, for certain advanced applications, new electronic materials have emerged as the substrates of choice due to evolving integration and performance considerations. For example, sapphire is the preferred substrate material for HB white, blue and green LED applications due to its crystal lattice compatibility with the aluminum gallium nitride (“AlGaN”) epitaxial layers, thermal expansion properties, commercial availability and cost efficiency. Because of its hardness, transparency and other physical properties, sapphire has long been used for windows and lenses in harsh environments and is now being used as a component in consumer electronic devices and other non-LED applications.

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LED applications

Advancements in solid state lighting utilizing HB white, blue and green LEDs over the past decade represent a disruptive technology in the lighting industry, providing significant performance, environmental and economic improvements compared to traditional incandescent or fluorescent lighting. For example, traditional incandescent lamps are inefficient and costly, emitting over 90% of consumed power as heat and lasting only 1,500 to 2,000 hours. Fluorescent lamps produce light by passing electricity through toxic mercury vapor, which creates an environmental disposal problem. LEDs do not contain mercury or lead and are 4.0 to 6.6 times as efficient as traditional incandescent lamps, while providing 35,000 to 50,000 hours of light. These factors, along with their durability, small form factor, excellent color performance and decreasing costs, have led to growing demand for LEDs in applications such as small displays for mobile devices, flashes for digital cameras, backlighting units (“BLUs”) for displays used in notebook computers, desktop monitors, LCD televisions, public display signs, automotive lights, street lights, traffic signals and general and specialty lighting. Applications using LEDs have unit volumes in the billions and we believe are expected to grow significantly over the next several years. More than 95 percent of HB LEDs are produced on sapphire substrates. Therefore, as the HB LED market grows, we believe the sapphire substrate market will grow as well.

General illumination. LEDs are increasingly being used for outdoor and indoor commercial and public lighting, architectural lighting, street lights, traffic signals, retail displays, residential lighting, replacement lamps and off-grid lighting for developing countries. General illumination has recently become the largest application for HB LEDs and is still growing rapidly.

Mobile devices. LEDs are used in color displays for mobile phones and other portable electronics such as GPS systems, MP3 players and digital camera flashes. LEDs are well suited for mobile devices due to their low current drain which extends battery life and durability while generating less heat. For these reasons, the vast majority of mobile devices utilize LED lighting.

LED backlighting units for large displays. LED BLUs now frequently replace conventional fluorescent BLUs in LCD flat panel televisions, notebook computers and desktop monitors. Benefits of LED BLUs in these applications are reduced power consumption/extended battery life, thinner displays, quicker response time and better color rendition. Displays made with LED BLUs also have no toxic materials, which helps electronics manufacturers to comply with environmental regulations.

Automotive lighting. Automobile manufacturers are increasingly using LEDs in car and truck headlights, turning and tail light functions as well as interior lighting. Benefits include near-instant response time, reduced power usage and more stylish and effective designs. Increased LED usage in other transportation vehicles such as motorcycles and commercial jets offers additional growth potential.

Commercial signage/displays. LEDs are widely used as light sources on large signs, LED displays and outdoor displays, such as jumbo screens used in sports arenas and electronic billboard displays.

Optical applications

Sapphire is utilized for windows and optics for aerospace, sensor, medical and laser applications due to its wide-band transmission, superior strength, scratch resistance and high strength-to-weight ratio. Sapphire’s physical properties make it very well suited for jet fighter targeting pod windows, forward-looking infrared windows for commercial and business jets as well as unmanned air vehicles or drones, rocket domes and transparent armor for military vehicles. Recently, sapphire has been adopted for use in several new applications in mobile devices, specifically camera lens covers, dual flashes and home buttons on certain newer model smartphones. The switch to sapphire for these mobile device applications is because sapphire is highly scratch resistant and offers improved touch capacitance, which are important characteristics to ensure the effectiveness of the fingerprint recognition security recently built into the home button functionality of one of the major brands of smartphones. Biometrics, such as fingerprint recognition, provides greater security than a password. Data security is becoming an increasing concern in society and we believe that the use of biometrics could increase in coming years, which could increase demand for sapphire.

Some consumer electronics OEMs have announced or introduced smart watches using sapphire crystals and a few OEMs have announced or introduced smart phones with the entire faceplate made of sapphire crystal. One factor delaying broader adoption is the relatively high fabrication costs to make a faceplate from bulk sapphire. We are working on developing alternative sapphire solutions for this market that would eliminate most of the customer’s fabrication costs.

Other semiconductor applications

SoS integrated circuits consist of a thin layer of silicon grown on a sapphire substrate and are primarily used for RFICs in advanced wireless and military applications. In particular, SoS RFICs are currently used in mobile communication base stations, satellites and radiation-hardened applications for the defense industry.

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Sapphire is also currently being experimented with as a substrate to produce certain power devices. If our customers are successful with their development efforts, this market could evolve into a growth opportunity for sapphire suppliers.

Sapphire substrate industry supply chain

The production process for sapphire substrates is substantially similar to that of silicon wafers. A typical process flow consists of crystal growth, fabrication, slicing, lapping and polishing steps. Output quality is measured in flatness, desired crystal planar orientation, etch pitch density and crystalline structure uniformity. We place a great emphasis on continuously improving yields and increasing production efficiency to drive costs lower to take advantage of emerging high-volume opportunities. Manufacturers are exploring the use of larger diameter sapphire wafers to allow them to gain efficiency in their production processes through higher throughput and reduced edge loss. In addition to high quality crystal, they require very precise dimensional tolerances, high production volumes, cost efficiency and on-time delivery. Sapphire is the material on which the entire high brightness LED value chain is built.

TECHNOLOGY

Rubicon, as a vertically integrated manufacturer, has developed proprietary advanced technology at every stage of production from raw material processing through crystal growth, fabrication, wafer finishing, patterning and cleaning.

Our proprietary crystal growth technique, which we refer to as ES2, produces high-quality sapphire crystals for use in our sapphire products. ES2 is derived from the standard Kyropoulos method of crystal growth. We developed this technique with the goal of establishing greater control over the crystal growth process while maintaining minimal temperature variations. Unlike other techniques, during the ES2 technique, the growing sapphire crystal exists in an unconstrained, low stress environment inside a closed growth chamber. The closed system allows for enhanced control of the melt, resulting in higher quality crystals. The temperature gradient between the melt and the crystal in the ES2 technique is significantly lower than in other crystal growth techniques. These aspects of the ES2 technique enable us to grow crystals that have a significantly lower dislocation density, higher crystal purity and greater uniformity than sapphire crystals grown using other techniques. The ES2 technique provides an inherent annealing process once the crystal is fully grown. This thermal annealing is an integral means of relieving stress in the crystal during the ES2 process. We have demonstrated the ability to readily scale our ES2 technology in a production environment while maintaining high crystal quality even as crystal boule size is increased. As a result of our proprietary ES2 technology, we believe that we currently offer the most efficient method for manufacturing large form factor, high-quality sapphire in the market today.

We have automated the crystal growth process of our proprietary ES2 technique. Our furnace environments are controlled by closed-loop control systems and the overall crystal growth process is run with minimal operator intervention, which reduces the potential for human error. In addition, a single operator can supervise the control of multiple ES2 furnaces simultaneously, which reduces costs.

We believe our proprietary ES2 process provides significant advantages over other crystal growth methods such as Czochralski (“CZ”) and Edge-defined Film-fed Growth (“EFG”). Unlike the ES2 technique, the CZ and EFG methods grow crystals with much higher levels of stress. This stress can decrease the overall quality of the sapphire crystal and requires increased processing time to relieve this stress, which increases production costs and decreases throughput, especially in larger diameter crystals. During the EFG process, the crystal is grown in a sheet form by pulling it through a die directly from the melt; while in the CZ process, the crystal must be rotated and pulled as the aluminum oxide melt is consumed. These constrained growth environments with higher thermal gradients increase stress and decrease crystal quality.

Our research and development (“R&D”) activity plays a vital role in supporting our technology, product and revenue roadmaps. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, our R&D expenses totaled $1.9 million, $2.3 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Our R&D is focused on three key areas:

Our technical staff possesses deep and broad expertise in materials science and engineering. We also develop and utilize sophisticated metrology equipment to perform material and process characterization.

PRODUCTS

We offer a wide variety of sapphire products designed to meet the stringent specifications of our customers. Using our proprietary ES2 technology, we grow high-quality sapphire boules. We fabricate our products from the boules and sell them as core, polished wafer, and patterned sapphire substrate (“PSS”) wafers.

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A sapphire crystal has multiple orientation planes resulting from its crystalline structure symmetry. Each orientation of the crystal structure is represented by a letter and differs in lattice structure. These variations result in different chemical, electrical and physical properties depending on the particular orientation plane. As a result, customers require different orientation planes depending on the intended application. For example, LED manufacturers typically request C plane crystals while SoS manufacturers typically request R plane crystals.

Our current sales efforts are now focused on selling two through four-inch cores to our polishing customers and four and six-inch polished and PSS wafers to our semiconductor device manufacturing customers. Eight-inch wafers are sold primarily for customers’ research and development at this time.

Core

Our core product line consists of our sapphire cores drilled from sapphire boules with high-precision. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, sales of core accounted for 65%, 56%, and 15% of our revenue, respectively. Major suppliers of sapphire, including us, added capacity in 2010 and 2011, resulting in excess supply during 2012 which caused lower product prices. We chose to sell fewer sapphire cores in 2012 awaiting price improvement. Compared with historical pricing, core prices continued to be low in 2013. Pricing remained low in early 2013 and began to improve in the second half of 2013, continuing into early 2014, before declining again. We expect pricing to recover as LED production volumes increase.

Polished

Our polished product line primarily consists of finely polished, ultra-clean, four, six and eight-inch sapphire wafers. Our polished wafers undergo two polishing phases, including both a mechanical and a chemical mechanical planarization phase. We believe we are currently one of a small number of fully vertically integrated firms offering six and eight-inch, high-quality C-plane and R-plane polished wafers. In 2014, 2013 and 2012 sales of polished wafers accounted for 18%, 29% and 75% of our revenue, respectively. Sales of six-inch polished sapphire wafers increased in 2012 with certain LED chip manufacturers migrating to a six-inch production platform and with the growth of the SoS RFIC market, which has subsequently decreased in size. The percentage of revenue coming from six-inch wafer sales in 2012 was particularly high due to reduced sales of sapphire core in that period. The proportion of revenue from polished wafers in the future will depend on a number of factors, including customer adoption of large-diameter sapphire wafers in the LED market, customer decisions to purchase patterned versus polished wafers and pricing for our various products, including cores.

Patterned sapphire substrates

Our patterned sapphire substrates (“PSS”) product line was introduced in 2013 and consists of finely polished, ultra-clean, four and six-inch patterned sapphire wafers. LED chip manufacturers etch a pattern onto the surface of the sapphire wafer in the early stages of their production process in order to improve light output. We are leveraging our capability in producing larger diameter sapphire wafers to offer pre-patterned, larger diameter (four-inch and six-inch) wafers to the LED market. We offer fully customizable, sub-micron patterning capability with dimensional tolerances within one tenth of a micron. We also offer the industry’s smallest edge exclusion zone maximizing the usable wafer surface area yielding more chips per wafer. We believe we are the first vertically integrated sapphire producer to offer high volume four and six-inch patterned substrates. In each year ended December 31, 2014, and 2013 sales of PSS wafers accounted for less than 10% of our revenue but we believe they will generate increasing revenue in 2015.

Other

We also offer optically-polished windows and ground window blanks of sapphire. We provide sapphire and other crystal products in many sizes, shapes and product formats for specialty applications. We are focusing in 2015 on increasing our business and technological development efforts in optical markets for aerospace, defense and industrial applications, as well as in the consumer electronics market.

MANUFACTURING

The process of growing the crystal begins by heating the raw material, aluminum oxide, until it reaches an ideal temperature above its melting point. This ideal temperature is essential for our process because it allows us to produce high-purity crystals with very low defect rates. Following the heating, a seed rod is inserted in the melted material as the material is being cooled to crystallize into a boule. Following the growth process, each boule is rigorously inspected by using polarized lighting and magnification to find imperfections, such as bubbles, dislocations and granular deposits within the crystal.

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We then drill the resulting boules into cylindrical cores using our custom high-precision crystal orientation equipment and proprietary processes. We use wire saws to slice each core into wafers of precise size and shape. These wafers are then pre-polished using precision lapping and edge-grinding equipment and then are ready to be polished into epitaxial wafers. All of these processes are performed in clean environments to reduce the chance of crystal contamination. Epi-polishing and wafer cleaning are performed in Class 10,000 and Class 100 clean-room environments, respectively. For PSS, we use photolithography and dry plasma etching to create customer determined micropatterns on polished wafers.

We are dedicated to quality assurance throughout our entire operation. We employ detailed material traceability from raw material to finished product. Our quality system is certified as ISO9001:2000, and we have in-house expertise at the Six Sigma Black Belt level.

All of our long-lived assets are located in the U.S. and Malaysia.

SALES AND MARKETING

We market and sell our products through our direct sales force to customers in Asia, Australia, North America and Europe. Our direct sales force includes experienced and technically sophisticated sales professionals and engineers who are knowledgeable in the development, manufacturing and use of sapphire substrates, windows and other optical materials. Our sales staff works with customers during all stages of the substrate manufacturing process, from developing the precise composition of the substrate through manufacturing and processing the substrate to the customer’s specifications.

A key component of our marketing strategy is developing and maintaining strong relationships with our customers, especially at the senior management level. We achieve this by working closely with our customers to optimize our products for their production processes. In addition, we are able to develop long-term relationships with key customers by offering product specification assistance, providing direct access to enable them to evaluate and audit our operations, delivering high-quality products and providing superior customer service. We believe that maintaining close relationships with senior management and providing technical support improves customer satisfaction.

In order to increase brand recognition of our products and of Rubicon in general, we publish technical articles, distribute promotional materials and participate in industry trade shows and conferences.

CUSTOMERS

Our principal customers are semiconductor device manufacturers and wafer polishing companies. A substantial portion of our sales have been to a small number of customers. In 2014, 2013 and 2012, our top two customers accounted for approximately 36%, 44% and 67% of our revenue, respectively. Although we are attempting to diversify and expand our customer base, we expect our sales to continue to be concentrated among a small number of customers. However, we also expect that our significant customers may change from time to time. In 2014, sales to Zhejiang Crystal Optech Co. Ltd. and Tera Xtal Technology Corp. represented approximately 24% and 12% of our revenues, respectively. In 2013, sales to Peregrine Semiconductor Corporation and Nanjing J-crystal Photoelectric Technology Co. represented approximately 27% and 17% of our revenues, respectively. In 2012, sales to Peregrine Semiconductor Corporation and LG Innotek represented approximately 38% and 29% of our revenues, respectively. No other customer accounted for 10% or more of our revenues during 2014, 2013, or 2012.

In 2014, 79% of our sales were made to customers in Asia, 14% of our sales were made to customers in North America, 5% of our sales were made to customers in Europe and 2% of our sales were made to customers in Australia. In 2013, 60% of our sales were made to customers in Asia, 25% of our sales were made to customers in Australia, 11% of our sales were made to customers in North America and 4% of our sales were made to customers in Europe. In 2012, 48% of our sales were made to customers in Asia, 19% of our sales were made to customers in Australia, 17% of our sales were made to customers in North America and 16% of our sales were made to customers in Europe. Our customer supply agreements tend to be for short periods of time, typically 90 days. Therefore, fluctuations in demand could cause our quarterly revenue to vary significantly. Our standard arrangement with most customers includes payment terms, which is customary in the industry.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Our ability to compete successfully depends upon our ability to protect our proprietary technologies and other confidential information. We rely primarily upon a combination of trade secret laws and non-disclosure agreements with employees, customers and potential customers to protect our intellectual property. We have six patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark office and twenty-four pending patent applications with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and various other foreign countries, mostly covering aspects of our core production, wafer grinding and lapping technologies. However, we believe that factors such as the technological and innovative abilities of our personnel, the success of our ongoing product development efforts and our efforts to maintain trade secret protection are more important than patents in maintaining our competitive position. We pursue the registration of certain of our trademarks in the U.S. and currently have three registered trademarks.

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COMPETITION

The markets for high-quality sapphire products are very competitive and have been characterized by rapid technological change. The products we produce must meet certain demanding requirements to succeed in the marketplace. Although we are a well established sapphire producer, we face significant competition from other established providers of similar products as well as from new and potential entrants into our markets.

We have several competitors that compete directly with us. In recent years, certain companies that formerly competed with us only in sapphire cores have entered into wafer polishing and are trying to establish positions in the large-diameter wafer market. These companies tend to focus on providing core and as-cut products rather than offering polished products. There are a limited number of companies that are substantially larger than we are that compete with us in a relatively small segment of their overall business. These larger companies tend to focus on providing polished products to customers rather than providing core products.

We believe that the key competitive factors in our markets are:

Although we face significant competition, we believe that our proprietary ES2 crystal growth technology, our fabrication and PSS capabilities and our business practices allow us to compete effectively on all of the above factors.

ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION

In our manufacturing process, we use water, oils, slurries, acids, adhesives and other industrial chemicals. We are subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws regulating the discharge of these materials into the environment or otherwise relating to the protection of the environment. These include statutory and regulatory provisions under which we are responsible for the management of hazardous materials we use and the disposition of hazardous wastes resulting from our manufacturing processes. Failure to comply with such provisions, whether intentional or inadvertent, could result in fines and other liabilities to the government or third parties, injunctions requiring us to suspend or curtail operations or other remedies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

EMPLOYEES

As of December 31, 2014, we had 283 full-time employees, of which 255 work in technology and operations. None of our employees are represented by a labor union. We consider our employee relations to be good.

OTHER INFORMATION

You may access, free of charge, our reports filed with the SEC (for example, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and our Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those forms) indirectly through our Internet website (www.rubicontechnology.com). Reports filed with or furnished to the SEC will be available as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with or furnished to the SEC. Alternatively, if you would like a paper copy of any such SEC report (without exhibits) or document, write to Investor Relations, Rubicon Technology, Inc., 900 East Green Street, Bensenville, Illinois 60106, and a copy of such requested document will be provided to you, free of charge. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report filed with or furnished to the SEC.

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You should carefully read the risk factors set forth below, together with the financial statements, related notes and other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our business is subject to a number of important risks and uncertainties, some of which are described below. The risks described below, however, are not the only risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also impair our business operations. Any of these risks may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Please refer to the discussion of “forward-looking” statements on page one of this Annual Report on Form 10-K in connection with your consideration of the risk factors and other important factors that may affect future results described below.

We have incurred significant losses in prior periods and may incur losses in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in prior periods. As of December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of $171.6 million. While we had net income of $38.1 million in 2011 and $29.1 million in 2010, we incurred net losses of $44.0 million, $30.4 million, $5.5 million and $9.6 million in 2014, 2013, 2012 and 2009, respectively. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient revenue growth to achieve profitability in future periods.

The average selling prices of products in the LED supply chain have historically been volatile.

Historically, our industry has experienced volatility in product demand and pricing. Changes in average selling prices of our products as a result of competitive pricing pressures, increased sales discounts and new product introductions by our competitors could have a significant impact on our profitability. In addition, our customers have experienced periods of excess inventory levels and seasonality which has impacted sales volume and pricing. Although we attempt to optimize our product mix, introduce new products, reduce manufacturing costs and pass along certain increases in costs to our customers in order to lessen the effect of decreases in selling prices, we may not be able to successfully do so in a timely manner and our results of operations and business may be harmed.

If the market acceptance of newly developed products does not meet our expectations, or our efforts to enhance existing products are not successful, our future operating results may be harmed.

The development of new products may require substantial investment in development efforts and equipment. If our newly developed products, such as our PSS product line, do not achieve market acceptance, we may be unable to generate anticipated revenue and our operating results could be harmed.

Our continuing efforts to enhance our current products and to develop new products involve several risks, including:

We depend on a few customers for a major portion of our sales and our results of operations would be adversely impacted if they reduced their order volumes.

Historically, we have earned, and believe that in the future we will continue to earn, a substantial portion of our revenue from a small number of customers. In 2014 and 2013, our top two customers accounted for approximately 36% and 44% of our revenue, respectively. If we were to lose one of our major customers or have a major customer significantly reduce its volume of business with us, our revenues and profitability would be materially reduced unless we are able to replace such demand with other orders promptly. We expect to continue to be dependent on our significant customers, the number and identity of which may change from period to period.

We generally sell our products on the basis of purchase orders. Thus, most of our customers could cease purchasing our products with little or no notice and without significant penalties. In addition, delays in product orders could cause our quarterly revenue to vary significantly. A number of factors could cause our customers to cancel or defer orders, including interruptions to their operations due to a downturn in their industries, natural disasters, delays in manufacturing their own product offerings into which our products are incorporated, securing other sources for the products that we manufacture or developing such products internally.

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Our future operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results for particular periods to fall below expectations.

Our revenues and operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to fluctuate in the future. These fluctuations are due to a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others:

The foregoing factors are difficult to forecast, and these, as well as other factors, could materially adversely affect our quarterly or annual operating results. If our revenues or operating results fall below the expectations of investors or any securities analysts that may publish research on our company, the price of our common stock would likely decline.

We may require additional capital to fund operations, capital expenditures, additional product research and development efforts, and the introduction of new products. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we may not be able to execute our business plan and may be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product research and development programs or delay the introduction of new products.

Our cash needs include cash required to fund our operations and the capital needed to fund any expansions in the U.S. and Asia and investments in new product development. We may finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaborations and licensing arrangements. Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our product research and development programs. To the extent that we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants. To the extent that we raise additional funds through corporate collaborations and licensing arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish some rights to our technologies or our new products or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. We may seek to access the public or private capital markets whenever conditions are favorable, even if we do not have an immediate need for additional capital at that time.

Developing advanced electronic materials and related products and introducing new products to the market can be expensive. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing product research and development plans. If we are required to conduct additional studies beyond those that we currently expect, our expenses could increase beyond what we currently anticipate and the timing of the release of any new products may be delayed. In addition, introducing newly developed products to the market often requires investment before revenue is generated from those products. We currently have no commitments or arrangements for any additional financing to fund our product research and development programs other than through our loan facility. We believe our existing cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and interest thereon, will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least the next twelve months. However, we may need to raise substantial additional capital in the future to complete the development and commercialization of our new products.

Our future funding requirements, both near and long-term, will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

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New competitors have emerged from time to time and have sometimes contributed to an excess of supply over demand. If demand for sapphire in existing and new applications does not increase to absorb the supply, the price of sapphire could continue to be depressed.

New competitors have emerged in the sapphire industry. The degree of success of these competitors has varied widely, from commercial success to failure and bankruptcy. In some countries, government programs support sapphire producers who would otherwise be unprofitable; in such circumstances, sapphire may be sold at prices below cost for an extended period of time, depressing market prices, to the detriment of our gross margins. There are a large number of sapphire furnaces, owned by various companies, which are currently idle. We believe that some, and perhaps many, of these furnaces are not currently capable of producing sapphire of sufficient quality to satisfy the needs of customers in the LED industry and the consumer electronics market. If in the future some of these idle furnaces are able to function effectively and are brought on line, the supply of sapphire would be further increased. In the absence of a sufficient increase in demand for sapphire, this would likely be detrimental to sapphire pricing and to our gross margins. In addition, competitors who lose a key customer or go out of business might release excess sapphire inventory onto the market, depressing product prices. For example, the bankruptcy filings by GT Advanced Technologies Inc. (“GTAT”) have raised uncertainty as to the disposition of their furnaces and inventories. Any of these competitive threats could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

The markets in which we operate are very competitive, and many of our competitors and potential competitors are larger, more established and better capitalized than we are.

The markets for selling high-quality sapphire products are very competitive and have been characterized by rapid technological change. This competition could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses, and failure to increase, or the loss of, market share or expected market share, any of which would likely seriously harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Some of our competitors and potential competitors are substantially larger and have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we do. Given their capital resources, the large companies with which we compete, or may compete in the future, are in a better position to substantially increase their manufacturing capacity and research and development efforts or to withstand any significant reduction in orders by customers in our markets. Such larger companies typically have broader product lines and market focus and thus are not as susceptible to downturns in a particular market. In addition, some of our competitors have been in operation much longer than we have and therefore may have more long-standing and established relationships with our current and potential domestic and foreign customers.

We would be at a competitive disadvantage if our competitors bring their products to market earlier, if their products are more technologically capable than ours, or if any of our competitors’ products or technologies becomes preferred in the industry. Moreover, we cannot assure you that existing or potential customers will not develop their own products, or acquire companies with products that are competitive with our products. Any of these competitive threats could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results or financial condition.

We are subject to risks from international sales that may harm our operating results.

In 2014 and 2013, revenue from international sales was approximately 86% and 89%, respectively, of our total revenue. We expect that revenue from international sales will continue to constitute a significant portion of our total revenue for the foreseeable future. Our international sales are subject to a variety of risks, including risks arising from:

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Our future success will depend on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these and other risks associated with our international sales. Our failure to manage any of these risks could harm our operating results.

Our gross margins could fluctuate as a result of changes in our product mix and other factors, which may adversely impact our operating results.

We anticipate that our gross margins will fluctuate from period to period as a result of the mix of products that we sell in any given period. For example, in 2014, core and polishing revenue accounted for 65% and 18% of total revenue, respectively, while in 2012, it represented 15% and 75%, respectively. If our sales mix shifts to lower margin products in future periods, our overall gross margin levels and operating results would be adversely impacted. Increased competition and the adoption of alternatives to our products, more complex engineering requirements, lower demand and other factors may lead to a further downward shift in our product margins, leading to price erosion and lower revenues for us in the future.

Our products must meet exacting specifications and undetected defects may cause customers to return or stop buying our products.

Our customers establish demanding specifications for quality, performance and reliability that our products must meet. While we inspect our products before shipment, they still may contain undetected defects. If defects occur in our products, we could experience lost revenue, increased costs, delays in, or cancellations or rescheduling of orders or shipments, product returns or discounts, or damage to our reputation, any of which would harm our operating results and our business.

The technology used in the LED and SoS industries changes rapidly, and if we are unable to modify our products to adapt to future changes in these industries, we will be unable to attract or retain customers.

We do not design or manufacture LEDs or SOS chips. Our ability to increase our revenue into these markets depends on continued advancement in the design and manufacture of LEDs and SoS chips by others.

The LED industry has been characterized by a rapid rate of development of new technologies and manufacturing processes, rapid changes in customer requirements, frequent product introductions and ongoing demands for greater functionality. Our future success will depend on our ability to develop new products for use in LED applications and to adjust our product specifications, such as our previous development of larger diameter wafers, in response to these developments in a timely manner. If our development efforts are not successful or are delayed, or if our newly developed products, such as PSS, do not achieve market acceptance, we may be unable to attract or retain customers and our operating results could be harmed.

In addition, although sapphire is currently the preferred substrate material for HB white, blue and green LED applications, we cannot provide assurance that the LED market will continue to demand the performance attributes of sapphire. Silicon carbide is another substrate material currently used for certain LED applications, including some that also use sapphire substrates. Other substrates being investigated and used in research and development for certain LED applications are silicon, aluminum nitride, zinc oxide and bulk gallium nitride. If sapphire is displaced as the substrate of choice for certain LED applications, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected unless we were able to successfully offer the competing substrate material.

The developer of SoS technology redesigned its high-volume products to eliminate sapphire in favor of a less expensive material, and now makes Silicon-on-Insulator chips as well as SoS chips. Currently, sapphire continues to be preferred by this customer for products used in certain high-performance or rugged situations. However, further changes in the customer’s technology could displace sapphire completely, causing our revenue to be reduced.

Our results of operations, financial condition and business will be harmed if we are unable to effectively match our capacity with customer demand.

The markets we serve are emerging markets. As a result, there can be significant fluctuations in demand for our products, which may result in our manufacturing facilities being underutilized from time to time, which can negatively impact our gross margins and overall business. Currently, there is limited demand for sapphire wafers. As a result, we currently are not fully utilizing our manufacturing facilities. We expect this underutilization of some of our manufacturing facilities to continue at least into the first half of 2015. There can be no assurance that such market changes will not occur again in the future adversely affecting our profitability.

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From time to time we have expanded our production capacity as demand for our products strengthened. Capacity expansion involves significant risks, including the availability of capital equipment and the timing of its installation, availability and timing of required electric power, management of expansion costs, timing of production ramp-up, qualification of new equipment and demands on management’s time. If our business does not grow fast enough to utilize the new capacity effectively, our business and financial results could be adversely affected. Conversely, delays in expanding our manufacturing capacity could impact our ability to meet future demand for our products. As a result, we might not be able to fulfill customer orders in a timely manner, which could adversely affect our customer relationships and operating results. Moreover, our efforts to increase our production capacity may not succeed in enabling us to manufacture the required quantities of our products in a timely manner or at the gross margins that we achieved in the past.

We may acquire other businesses, products or technologies; if we do, we may be unable to integrate them with our business effectively or at all, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

If we find appropriate opportunities, we may acquire complementary businesses, product lines or technologies. However, if we acquire a business, product line or technology, the process of integration may produce unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and may absorb significant attention of our management that would otherwise be available for the ongoing development of our business. Further, the acquisition of a business may result in the assumption of unknown liabilities or create risks with respect to our existing relationships with suppliers and customers. If we make acquisitions, we may issue shares of stock that dilute other stockholders, expend cash, incur debt, assume contingent liabilities or create additional expenses related to amortizing intangible assets, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition or operating results.

If we are unable to attract or retain qualified personnel, our business and product development efforts could be harmed.

Our success depends on our continued ability to identify, attract, hire, train, retain and motivate highly skilled technical, managerial, manufacturing, administrative and sales and marketing personnel. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we may not be able to successfully recruit, assimilate or retain sufficiently qualified personnel. In particular, we may encounter difficulties in recruiting and retaining a sufficient number of qualified technical personnel. The inability to attract and retain necessary technical, managerial, manufacturing, administrative and sales and marketing personnel could harm our ability to obtain new customers and develop new products and could adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, the loss of the services, or distraction, of our senior management for any reason could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our manufacturing processes may be interrupted or our production may be delayed if we cannot maintain sufficient electrical supply, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our manufacturing process requires a stable source of electricity. From time to time, we have experienced limited disruptions in our supply of electricity. Such disruptions, depending upon their duration, could result in a significant drop in throughput and yield of in-process crystal boules and create delays in our production. Although we use generators and other back-up sources of electricity, these replacement sources of electricity are only capable of providing effective back-up for limited periods of time. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in avoiding future disruptions in power or in mitigating the effects of such disruptions. Any material disruption in electrical supply could delay our production and could adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results.

Our gross margins and profitability may be adversely affected by energy costs.

Most of our power consumption takes place in our crystal growth facilities in the U.S. Electricity prices could increase due to overall changes to the price of energy due to conditions in the Middle East, natural gas shortages in the U.S. and other economic conditions and uncertainties regarding the outcome and implications of such events. Once our current agreements expire, if electricity prices increase significantly, we may not be able to pass these price increases through to our customers on a timely basis, if at all, which could adversely affect our gross margins and results of operations.

Our contracts for electricity require us to purchase certain minimum amounts in order to retain the pricing under the contract. If the amount we use is less than the required minimum, the difference is resold at the then prevailing market price and, if the resale price is lower than our contract price, we will experience a loss on that resale, which could adversely affect our gross margins and operating results.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for raw materials and key components.

We depend on a small number of suppliers for certain raw materials, components, services and equipment used in manufacturing our products, including key materials such as aluminum oxide powder and certain furnace components. We generally purchase these items with purchase orders, and we have no guaranteed supply arrangements with such suppliers. We are subject to variations in the cost of raw materials and consumables from period to period. We do not control the time and resources that these suppliers devote to our business, and we cannot be sure that these suppliers will perform their obligations to us or do so on a timely basis. In addition, some of these suppliers are located in regions of the world that may experience periods of political or economic instability, which could inhibit their ability to supply necessary materials to us.

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Any significant delay in product delivery or other interruption or variation in supply from our key suppliers could prevent us from meeting demand for our products and from obtaining future business. If we were to lose key suppliers or our key suppliers were unable to support our demand, our manufacturing operations could be interrupted and we could be required to attempt to establish supply arrangements with other suppliers. In addition, the inability of our suppliers to support our demand could be indicative of a marketwide scarcity of the materials, which could result in even longer interruptions. Any such delay or interruption would impair our ability to meet our customers’ needs and, therefore, could damage our customer relationships and have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Our proprietary intellectual property rights may not adequately protect our products and technologies, and the failure to protect such rights could harm our competitive position and adversely affect our operating results.

To protect our technology, we have chosen to rely primarily on trade secrets and to a lesser extent publicly filed patents. Trade secrets are inherently difficult to protect. While we believe we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our directors, employees, consultants or contractors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information to competitors, whether during or after the termination of their services to our company. If we were to seek to enforce a claim that a third party had illegally obtained and was using our trade secrets, it would be expensive and time consuming, and the outcome would be unpredictable.

In addition, courts outside the U.S. are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets than U.S. courts. Moreover, if our competitors independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, it will be more difficult for us to protect our intellectual property and our business could be harmed.

We have six issued patents covering our products and technologies and twenty-four patent applications pending. There can be no assurance that our pending patents will be issued or that any patents issued will be of significant value to our business. Our commercial success will depend on obtaining and maintaining trade secret, patent and other intellectual property protection of our products and technologies. We will only be able to protect products and technologies from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that valid, protectable and enforceable trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights cover them.

If we are not able to defend the trade secret or patent protection positions of our products and technologies, then we may not be able to successfully compete with competitors developing or marketing competing products and we may not generate enough revenue from product sales to justify the cost of development of our products and to achieve or maintain profitability.

The protection of our intellectual property rights and the defense of claims of infringement against us by third parties may subject us to costly litigation.

Other companies might allege that we are infringing certain of their patents or other rights. If we are unable to resolve these matters satisfactorily, or to obtain licenses on acceptable terms, we may face litigation. Any litigation to enforce patents issued to us, to protect trade secrets or know-how possessed by us or to defend us or indemnify others against claimed infringement of the rights of others could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results. Regardless of the validity or successful outcome of any such intellectual property claims, we may need to expend significant time and expense to protect our intellectual property rights or to defend against claims of infringement by third parties, which could have a material adverse effect on us. If we lose any such litigation where we are alleged to infringe the rights of others, we may be required to:

Any of these outcomes could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations, which could expose us to environmental liabilities, increase our manufacturing and related compliance costs or otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

In our manufacturing process, we use water, oils, slurries, acids, adhesives and other industrial chemicals. We are subject to a variety of foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment. These environmental laws and regulations include those relating to the use, storage, handling, discharge, emission, disposal and reporting of toxic, volatile or otherwise hazardous materials used in our manufacturing processes. These materials may have been or could be released into the environment at properties currently or previously operated by us, at other locations during the transport of the materials, or at properties to which we send substances for treatment or disposal. If we were to violate or become liable under environmental laws and regulations or become non-compliant with permits required at some of our facilities, we could be held financially responsible and incur substantial costs, including investigation and cleanup costs, fines and civil or criminal sanctions, third-party property damages or personal injury claims. In addition, new laws and regulations or stricter enforcement of existing laws and regulations could give rise to additional compliance costs and liabilities.

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Our operations are concentrated in a small number of facilities, and the unavailability of one or more of these facilities could harm our business.

Our manufacturing, research and development, sales and marketing, and administrative activities are concentrated in three facilities in the Chicago metropolitan area and one facility in Penang, Malaysia. Should a natural disaster, act of terrorism or outbreak of disease severely affect the Chicago area, our operations could be significantly impacted. We may not be able to replicate the manufacturing capacity and other operations of our Chicago facilities in our Malaysian facility or elsewhere, or such replication could take significant time and resources to accomplish. The disruption from such an event could adversely affect or interrupt entirely our ability to conduct our business. Similarly, should a disruption from such an event occur at our Malaysia facility, the disruption could adversely affect or interrupt our ability to conduct our business.

Our ability to comply with the required payments and financial covenant in our loan agreement depends primarily on our ability to generate sufficient operating cash flow.

Our ability to comply with the financial covenant under our loan agreement with Silicon Valley Bank will depend primarily on our success in generating sufficient operating cash flow and receivables. Under the loan agreement, we are required to maintain a specified ratio of (i) unrestricted cash plus net billed accounts receivable to (ii) obligations under the loan agreement plus current liabilities, which ratio is tested on a quarterly basis. Industry conditions and financial, business and other factors, including those we identify as risk factors in this and our other reports, will affect our ability to generate the cash flows and receivables we need to meet those requirements. Our failure to meet the requirements could result in a default and acceleration of repayment of the indebtedness under the credit facility. In such event, the bank would be entitled to stop extending credit to us, which will hinder our ability to operate, and would proceed against the collateral securing the indebtedness, which includes substantially all of our personal property (other than intellectual property assets).

Our U.S. net operating loss carryforwards could be substantially limited if we experience an ownership change as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.

We have significant U.S. net operating loss carryforwards (the “Tax Attributes”). Under federal tax laws, we can carry forward and use our Tax Attributes to reduce our future U.S. taxable income and tax liabilities until such Tax Attributes expire in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “IRC”). Section 382 and Section 383 of the IRC provide an annual limitation on our ability to utilize our Tax Attributes, as well as certain built-in-losses, against future U.S. taxable income in the event of a change in ownership, as defined under the IRC. We may experience a change in ownership in the future as a result of changes in our stock ownership that are beyond our control, and any such subsequent changes in ownership for purposes of the IRC could further limit our ability to use our Tax Attributes. Accordingly, any such occurrences could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results and cash flows.

RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF OUR COMMON STOCK

The trading price of our common stock has been and will likely continue to be volatile due to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, and each of which could adversely affect our stockholders’ value.

From our initial public offering through March 6, 2015, the trading price of our common stock has ranged from a low of $2.50 to a high of $35.90.

Factors related to our company and our business, as well as broad market and industry factors, may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Factors that could cause fluctuations in our stock price include, among other things:

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Our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law may discourage takeovers and business combinations that our stockholders might consider in their best interests.

A number of provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law, may have the effect of delaying, deterring, preventing or rendering more difficult a change in control of Rubicon that our stockholders might consider in their best interests. These provisions include:

These provisions may prevent our stockholders from receiving the benefit from any premium to the market price of our common stock offered by a bidder in a takeover context. Even in the absence of a takeover attempt, the existence of these provisions may adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock if they are viewed as discouraging takeover attempts in the future.

The foregoing provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may also make it difficult for stockholders to replace or remove our management. These provisions may facilitate management entrenchment that may delay, deter, render more difficult or prevent a change in our control, which may not be in the best interests of our stockholders.

We could be the subject of securities class action litigation due to future stock price volatility.

The stock market in general, and market prices for the securities of companies like ours, has experienced extreme volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of the underlying companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. When the market price of a stock declines significantly, holders of that stock have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our stockholders brought a lawsuit against us, our defense of the lawsuit could be costly and divert the time and attention of our management.

Our Board of Directors does not intend to declare or pay any dividends to our stockholders in the foreseeable future.

The declaration, payment and amount of any future dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other things, the results of our operations, cash flows and financial condition, operating and capital requirements, and other factors the Board of Directors considers relevant. The payment of dividends is prohibited pursuant to the terms of our existing credit facility without the lender’s consent. There is no plan to pay dividends in the foreseeable future, and if dividends are paid, there can be no assurance with respect to the amount of any such dividend.

None.

Our executive, research and development and manufacturing functions are located on properties that we lease or own. We lease properties in Franklin Park, Illinois and Bensenville, Illinois. These facilities total approximately 62,000 square feet in three buildings, which includes 30,000 square feet in our Bensenville, Illinois facility. The leases for these facilities terminate from July 2018 through June 2019. We own a 134,400 square foot facility in Batavia, Illinois. We also own a 65,000 square foot facility in Penang, Malaysia, which processes sapphire grown by us in our Illinois facilities into finished cores and wafers.

From time to time we may be named in claims arising in the ordinary course of business. Currently, there are no legal proceedings or claims pending against us or involving us that, in the opinion of our management, could reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

The Company’s leased premises at 900 E. Green St., Bensenville, IL (the “Property”) are subject to a foreclosure action (the “Action”) brought by the Property’s mortgagee against, amongst other parties, the titleholder of the Property. The Company, as a tenant of the Property, is named as a defendant in the Action. The Company does not anticipate that the Action will result in the Company having to vacate the Premises.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market Information

Our common stock began trading on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “RBCN” on November 16, 2007. The following table sets forth the high and low sales prices for our common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market for the periods indicated:

Holders

As of March 9, 2015, our common stock was held by approximately 27 stockholders of record and there were 26,197,843 shares of our common stock outstanding.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain future earnings to finance the growth and development of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The declaration, payment and amount of any future dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors.

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Performance Graph

The graph below matches Rubicon Technology, Inc.’s cumulative 5-Year total shareholder return on common stock with the cumulative total returns of the NASDAQ Composite Index and the RDG Technology Composite Index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our common stock and in each index (with the reinvestment of all dividends) from December 31, 2009 to December 31, 2014.

The stock price performance reflected in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

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The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere herein. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and the consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements following the signature page in this Form 10-K, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. The consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010 and the consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2010 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements, which are not included in this Form 10-K.

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

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The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. You should review the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements described in the following discussion and analysis.

OVERVIEW

We are a vertically integrated, advanced electronic materials provider specializing in monocrystalline sapphire for applications in light-emitting diodes (“LEDs”), optical systems and specialty electronic devices. Sapphire is also used as an exterior component in mobile devices, specifically camera lens covers, dual flashes and home buttons on certain newer model smartphones and as the crystal covering the faces of certain smart watches. Sapphire was adopted for use on the home button on certain smartphones because of the scratch resistance and increased touch capacitance it offers, which are important characteristics to ensure the effectiveness of the fingerprint recognition security built into the device. We believe that the use of fingerprint recognition security and other biometrics could become more prevalent in the future, which could become a strong growth driver for sapphire. In addition, some consumer electronics OEMs are using full sapphire faceplates for smartphones, in limited volume. If sapphire smartphone faceplates were widely adopted, this would become the world’s largest application for sapphire. We apply our proprietary crystal growth technology to produce high-quality sapphire products efficiently to supply both high-volume and niche end-markets, and we work closely with our customers to meet their quality and delivery needs.

Our largest product lines are:

The most significant developments in the sapphire industry in 2014 were in the mobile device segment. The adoption of sapphire in mobile devices continued to expand with the introduction of new products and the announcement of others which are expected to go to market in the near future. The home button in the latest version of the iPad has sapphire content as does the iPhone. The Apple watch, which is expected to be introduced in the market in early 2015, has sapphire content, as do at least two other smart watches manufactured by others already in the market. In addition, Kyocera has introduced a new smartphone with a sapphire faceplate and a Chinese smartphone manufacturer has announced plans to do the same. However, the industry expectation was that at least one version of the iPhone 6 introduced in the third quarter of 2014 would have a sapphire faceplate. That did not happen and the subsequent bankruptcy filing by GT Advanced Technologies Inc. (“GTAT”) has raised considerable speculation on how the mobile device segment of the sapphire market will continue to evolve. It is difficult to determine the future impact of the GTAT bankruptcy on sapphire supply and demand as it is unknown what will be the disposition of their furnaces and sapphire inventory. While we do not know whether Apple has changed its overall strategy around sapphire, Apple and other mobile device manufacturers continue to expand the use of sapphire in more of their products. We expect this trend to continue, and this segment of the market has the potential to become the largest consumer of sapphire in a relatively short period of time. We have participated in the mobile device market and will continue to participate in that market.

Currently, the LED market remains the largest consumer of sapphire. For the LED market, we sell core material primarily in two to four-inch diameters, and polished and patterned wafers primarily in four, six and eight-inch diameters. Eight-inch wafers are sold primarily for customers’ research and development efforts at this time. We have the ability to produce cores and wafers of up to twelve inches in diameter to support production of chips for next-generation LED and other electronic applications. Larger sapphire also has current applications in the optical markets. In other semiconductor markets, we sell primarily six-inch wafers; our major customer in that market, however, has modified its technology to produce its higher volume RFIC products on a substrate other than sapphire, a development which has significantly reduced the amount of sapphire demand from that market. However, this customer recently introduced a new high-frequency switch which is manufactured on a sapphire substrate. We do not yet know the potential impact from the introduction of this new product. Other non-LED semiconductor customers are using sapphire in research and development at this time.

We have been focusing our efforts on a newer product offering, patterned sapphire substrates or “PSS”. HB LED chip manufacturers etch a pattern onto the surface of the sapphire wafer in the early stages of their production process in order to improve light output. We have leveraged our capability in producing larger diameter sapphire wafers to offer pre-patterned, larger diameter (four-inch and six-inch) wafers to the LED market.

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We sell our products on a global basis. The Asian, North American, European, and Australian markets accounted for 79%, 14%, 5% and 2%, respectively, of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2014, 60%, 11%, 4% and 24%, respectively, of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 48%, 17%, 16% and 19%, respectively, of our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2012. The LED market continues to grow and applications for sapphire continue to expand beyond LED lighting. However, the sapphire market remained challenging throughout 2013 and 2014, with continued pricing pressure and fluctuations in demand. We experienced relatively strong demand for our core products throughout 2013 and 2014 with stronger demand from the LED general lighting market and the adoption of sapphire in newer applications like the lens cover, dual flash and home button on certain smartphones, however, pricing was low. In 2014, we began selling four-inch polished wafers into the LED market, but at low prices in an effort to gain market share. We expect pricing for sapphire cores to increase gradually as excess sapphire capacity in the market is absorbed by growing demand from the LED and other markets. We also began shipping production wafers of PSS wafers in 2014 in both four-inch and six-inch diameters. We have been focusing our efforts on continuing to qualify more customers for our patterned sapphire substrate wafers and expect volumes to improve throughout 2015.

We currently depend on a small number of suppliers for certain raw materials, components, services and equipment, including key materials such as aluminum oxide powder and certain furnace components. If the supply of these components were to be disrupted or terminated, or if these suppliers were unable to supply the quantities of raw materials required, we may have difficulty in finding, or may be unable to find, alternative sources for these items. As a result, we may be unable to meet the demand for our products, which could have a material adverse impact on our business.

We manage direct sales primarily from our Bensenville, Illinois offices. Substantially all of our revenue is generated by our direct sales force and we expect this to continue in the future.

We manufacture and ship our products from our facilities in the Chicago metropolitan area and from our facility in Penang, Malaysia. We have approximately 226,400 square feet of manufacturing and office space in Batavia, Franklin Park and Bensenville, Illinois and a 65,000 square foot facility in Penang, Malaysia, which processes sapphire grown by us in our Illinois facilities into finished cores and wafers. Our Malaysia facility currently finishes the majority of our core, wafer and PSS production. In March 2012, we acquired additional land in Batavia, Illinois to expand our crystal growth capacity. We have not yet determined when we will begin construction on this facility. Our leased premises at 900 E. Green St., Bensenville, IL are subject to a foreclosure action brought by our property’s mortgagee against, amongst other parties, the titleholder of the property. We, as a tenant of the property, are named as a defendant in the action. We do not anticipate that the action will result in us having to vacate the premises.

Financial operations

Revenue. Our revenue consists of sales of sapphire materials sold in core, polished and patterned substrate forms in two, three, four, six and eight-inch diameters as well as optical materials sold as blanks or polished windows. Products are made to varying specifications, such as crystal planar orientations and thicknesses. We recognize research and development revenue in the period during which the related costs are incurred.

We are seeking to increase sales of large diameter polished and PSS wafers as well as continuing to grow our presence in the optical market. The sapphire market has been fairly volatile for the majority of 2012 through 2014, as excess inventory of all products have resulted in weak pricing. While we expect demand for the LED chips to slowly strengthen throughout 2015 with increased adoption of LED lighting, it is difficult to predict how quickly the excess capacity will be absorbed and when the pricing environment will improve.

Historically, a substantial portion of our revenue has been derived from sales to a small number of customers. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 our top two customers accounted for approximately 36%, 44% and 67% of our revenue, respectively. Other than as discussed above, none of our customers accounted for more than 10% of our revenue for such periods. Although we are attempting to diversify and expand our customer base, we expect our revenue to continue to be concentrated among a small number of customers. We expect that our significant customers may change from period to period.

We recognize revenue based upon shipping terms with our customers and from our government contract as costs and fees are incurred. Delays in product orders or changes to the timing of shipments could cause our quarterly revenue to vary significantly. We derive a significant portion of our revenue from customers outside of the U.S. In most periods, the majority of our sales are to the Asian market and we expect that region to continue to be a major source of revenue for us. All of our revenue and corresponding accounts receivable are denominated in U.S. dollars.

Cost of goods sold. Our cost of goods sold consists primarily of manufacturing materials, labor, manufacturing-related overhead such as utilities, depreciation and rent, provisions for excess and obsolete inventory reserves, idle plant, freight and warranties. We manufacture our products at our Illinois and Malaysia manufacturing facilities based on customer orders. We purchase materials and supplies to support such current and future demand. We are subject to variations in the cost of raw materials and consumables from period to period because we do not have long-term fixed-price agreements with most of our suppliers. We mitigate the potential impact of fluctuations in energy costs by entering into long-term purchase agreements. Once our current agreements expire, if

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electricity prices increase significantly, we may not be able to pass these price increases through to our customers on a timely basis, if at all, which could adversely affect our gross margins and results of operations. We determine our normal operating capacity and, if necessary, record as idle plant expense costs attributable to lower utilization of equipment and staff.

Gross profit. Our gross profit has been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including average sales prices of our products, product mix, our ability to reduce manufacturing costs, idle plant charges and fluctuations in the cost of electricity, raw materials and other supplies.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses (“G&A”) consist primarily of salaries and associated costs for employees in finance, human resources, information technology and administrative activities, as well as charges for outside accounting, legal and insurance fees and stock-based compensation.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries and associated costs for employees engaged in sales activities, product samples, charges for participation in trade shows and travel.

Research and development expenses. Research and development (“R&D”) expenses include costs related to engineering personnel, materials and other product development related costs. R&D is expensed as incurred. We believe our R&D expenses will generally increase as we continue to develop new products.

Other income (expense). Other income (expense) consists of interest income and expense and gains and losses on investments and currency translation.

Provision for income tax. We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method whereby the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the book value and the tax basis of assets and liabilities are recognized as deferred tax assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recognized. We completed an analysis of the utilization of net operating losses subject to limits based upon certain ownership changes as of March 31, 2014. The results of this analysis indicated no ownership change limiting the utilization of net operating losses and tax credits. We believe that an updated analysis will not likely indicate an ownership change that would limit the utilization of net operating losses and tax credits at December 31, 2014.

In accordance with ASC740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC740”), we evaluate our deferred income tax assets quarterly to determine if valuation allowances are required or should be adjusted. ASC740 requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a “more likely than not” standard. We are in a cumulative loss position for the past three years which is considered significant negative evidence that is difficult to overcome on a “more likely than not” standard through objectively verifiable data. Based on an evaluation in accordance with the accounting standards, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, a valuation allowance of $27.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively, has been recorded against the net U.S. deferred tax assets in order to measure only the portion of the deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized based on the weight of all the available evidence. Until an appropriate level of profitability is attained, we expect to maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets. Any U.S. tax benefits or tax expense recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Operations will be offset with a corresponding valuation allowance until such time that we change our determination related to the realization of deferred tax assets. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

The Illinois State Legislature has suspended the full use of net operating loss carryforwards for taxable years ended after December 31, 2010 and before December 31, 2011, and has limited the net operation loss deduction to $100,000 for the years ended December 31, 2012 through December 31, 2013.

Stock-based compensation. The majority of our stock-based compensation relates primarily to administrative personnel and is accounted for as a G&A expense. For the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, our stock-based compensation expense was $1.4 million, $1.6 million and $2.0 million, respectively.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth our statements of operations for the periods indicated:

The following table sets forth our statements of operations as a percentage of revenue for the periods indicated:

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Comparison of years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013

Revenue. Revenue was $45.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $41.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $4.2 million. We experienced increased revenue from sales of our core products by $6.6 million, of which $5.0 million was attributable to an increase in volume and $1.6 million was attributed to slightly higher pricing, primarily related to our four-inch core products. We experienced a decrease in revenue from sales of our polished wafers of $4.2 million which was comprised of an increase in revenue from products sold into the LED market of $6.0 million offset by a decrease in revenue from our products sold into the SoS market of $10.2 million. In early 2014, the manufacturer of the majority of SoS chips introduced new products that are produced on a substrate other than sapphire which significantly reduced the amount of sapphire wafers we sold into this market. Revenue from polished wafers increased by $2.9 million from higher volume and decreased by $7.1 million due to lower pricing. We had increased revenue of $2.5 million from optical products due to an increase in the sales of sapphire for sensor and instrumentation applications and had decreased R&D revenue of $768,000 as a result of timing of costs incurred.

Demand for our core products fluctuated throughout 2014. Stronger demand for two and four-inch core in the first half of 2014 resulted in improved pricing for the first time in two years. However, inventory fluctuations, seasonality in demand and changes in currency exchange rates resulted in pricing declines in the second half of 2014. We expect to see demand for core material to slowly increase in coming quarters as the excess inventory in the supply chain is reduced and LED demand resumes However, we expect sapphire pricing to remain challenging for at least the next few quarters. We are continuing to qualify customers for our PSS wafer products, and look to see an increase in revenue from PSS sales into 2015. We operate in an extremely volatile market, so the amount of price or volume change is difficult to predict.

Gross loss. Gross loss was $29.7 million and $21.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, an increased loss of $7.8 million. The increase in gross loss is primarily due pricing of our polished wafer products at below cost. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we determined we were not operating at capacity and recorded costs associated with the lower utilization of equipment and staff of $7.8 million and $13.2 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31 2014 and 2013, we determined we had inventory that was excess and obsolete and recorded an adjustment that decreased inventory and increased costs of goods sold by $2.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively. At times throughout 2014, we accepted orders for our core and wafer products at prices lower than cost and recorded an adjustment that decreased inventory and increased costs of goods sold by $1.7 million. During 2013, we accepted orders for our core products at prices lower than cost and recorded an adjustment that decreased inventory and increased costs of goods sold by $421,000. Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2014, we began to move towards a new polishing platform, resulting in an adjustment that decreased other inventory supplies and increased costs of goods sold by $1.9 million.

General and administrative expenses. G&A expenses were $9.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, an increase of $1.3 million. The increase is primarily attributable to an increase in employee compensation costs of $815,000, of which $704,000 is attributable to the restructuring of the management team. We also experienced an increase in financing and consulting fees of $363,000 in 2014.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses were $1.4 million and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, a decrease of $53,000. The decrease is primarily attributable to a decrease in employee compensation.

Research and development expenses. R&D expenses were $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 and $2.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, a decrease of $402,000. The decrease is primarily related to moving our PSS project from R&D into production.

Other income (expense). Other expense was $302,000 and $627,000 for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, a decrease of $325,000. The decrease in other expense is primarily attributable to an increase in realized gains on investments of $258,000.

Income tax (expense) benefit. Income tax expense was $78,000 for the year ended December 31, 2014 and income tax benefit was $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. In accordance with ASC740 “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC740”), we evaluate our deferred income tax assets quarterly to determine if valuation allowances are required or should be adjusted. ASC740 requires that companies assess whether valuation allowances should be established against their deferred tax assets based on consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, using a “more likely than not” standard. We are in a cumulative loss position for the past three years which is considered significant negative evidence that is difficult to overcome on a “more likely than not” standard through objectively verifiable data. Based on an evaluation in accordance with the accounting standards, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, a valuation allowance of $27.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively has been recorded against the net U.S. deferred tax assets in order to measure only the portion of the deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized based on the weight of all the available evidence. Until an appropriate level of profitability is attained, we expect to maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets. Any U.S. tax benefits or tax expense recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Operations will be offset with a corresponding valuation allowance until such time that we change our determination related to the realization of deferred tax assets. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

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Comparison of years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012

Revenue. Revenue was $41.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 and $67.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $25.7 million. In 2013, we experienced higher revenue from the sale of sapphire cores, which are sold into the LED market, of $13.5 million, of which $16.3 million was attributed to higher volume partially offset by a decrease of $2.8 million that was attributed to lower pricing. We experienced a decrease in revenue from our wafer products sold to the LED and SoS markets. Revenue from sales of our polished wafers decreased by $38.3 million, which was the result of $21.7 million lower sales of polished wafers to the LED market as well as a $16.6 million decrease in polished wafers sold to the SoS market. Of the $38.3 million reduction in revenue from polished wafers, $1.0 million was attributable to lower prices and $37.2 million was attributable to lower volume. We also experienced lower optical revenue of $1.2 million due to the decrease in sales for sensor and instrumentation applications. We experienced an increase in research and development revenue of $234,000 on our contract with the Air Force Research Laboratory. Revenue with respect to this contract was recorded as costs were incurred as well as a portion of the fixed fee for the year ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. The contract will continue for a duration of three years and the total value of the contract is $4.7 million.

Demand for our core products increased throughout 2013 with stronger demand from the LED general lighting market and the adoption of sapphire in newer applications like the lens cover, dual flash and home button on certain smartphones. As a result, pricing gradually increased for our core products in the second half of 2013. We continued to experience limited demand for LED polished wafers during 2013.

Gross loss. Gross loss was $21.9 million and $40,000 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, an increased loss of $21.9 million. The increase in gross loss is primarily due to a reduction in revenue, which in turn is attributable to decreased demand of our higher margin wafer sales as well as lower utilization of our production facilities. For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, we determined we were not operating at capacity and recorded costs associated with the lower utilization of equipment and staff of $13.2 million and $1.9 million, respectively.

General and administrative expenses. G&A expenses were $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 and $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2012, a decrease of $389,000. In 2013, we experienced lower consulting fees of $430,000 and lower travel expenses of $93,000, partially offset by an increase in legal expenses of $103,000.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses were $1.5 million and $1.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, a decrease of $164,000. The decrease is attributable to a decrease in employee compensation.

Research and development expenses. R&D expenses were $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012. We experienced a decrease in employee compensation costs offset by an increase in spending on certain R&D projects.

Other income (expense). Other expense was $627,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013 and other income was $450,000 for the year ended December 31, 2012, an increase in other expense of $1.1 million. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $932,000 from realized losses on foreign currency translation and an increase in interest expense of $95,000.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We have historically funded our operations using a combination of issuances of common stock and cash generated from our operations. On January 2, 2013, we entered into a three-year term agreement with a bank to provide us with a senior secured credit facility of up to $25.0 million. The agreement provides for us to borrow up to 80% of the value of eligible accounts receivable and up to 35% of the value of for domestically held raw material and finished goods inventory. Advances against inventory are limited to the lesser of 40% of the aggregate outstanding principal on the revolving line of credit and $10.0 million. We have the option to borrow at an interest rate of LIBOR plus 2.75% or the Wall Street Journal prime rate prime rate plus 0.50%. If we maintain liquidity of $20.0 million or greater with the lending institution, then the borrowing interest rate options are LIBOR plus 2.25% or the Wall Street Journal prime rate. The unused revolving line facility fee is 0.375% per annum. The facility is secured by a first priority interest in substantially all of our personal property, excluding intellectual property. We are required to maintain an adjusted quick ratio of 1.40 to 1.00, maintain operating and other deposit accounts with the bank or bank’s affiliates of 25% of our total worldwide cash, securities and investments, and we can only pay dividends or repurchase capital stock with the bank’s consent during the three year term. As of December 31, 2014 we have not yet borrowed against our debt facility.

As of December 31, 2014, we had cash and short term investments totaling $44.9 million, including cash of $2.4 million held in deposits at major banks, $22.0 million invested in money market funds and $20.5 million of short term investments including corporate notes and bonds and FDIC guaranteed certificates of deposit.

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Cash flows from operating activities

Cash used in operating activities was $19.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. During such period, we generated a net loss of $44.0 million, which included non-cash charges of $15.6 million, and an increase in cash from net working capital of $9.2 million. The net working capital increase was driven by a decrease in inventory of $11.3 million, as we decreased our inventory levels of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods, and a decrease in other prepaid assets, primarily related to a decrease in the other inventory supplies used in the polishing process as we move to a new polishing platform. These working capital increases were partially offset by an increase in accounts receivable of $4.8 million as we extended terms to some customers previously with prepay terms and a decrease in accounts payable of $637,000 due to timing of payments.

Cash provided by operating activities was $412,000 for the year ended December 31, 2013. During such period, we generated a net loss of $30.4 million, which included non-cash charges of $9.7 million, and an increase in cash from net working capital of $21.1 million. The net working capital increase was driven by a decrease in inventory of $13.0 million as we used a significant portion of our sapphire boules stock, a decrease in accounts receivable of $9.1 million due to an overall decreased accounts receivables balance on lower revenues and a decrease in other prepaid assets of $4.5 million, primarily related to a decrease in the purchase of furnace construction and replacement parts and items used in the polishing of wafers. These working capital increases were partially offset by a decrease in accounts payable of $4.4 million due to timing of payments.

Cash used in operating activities was $2.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2012. During such period, we generated a net loss of $5.5 million, which included non-cash charges of $7.5 million, and a decrease in cash from net working capital of $4.7 million. The net working capital decrease was comprised of an increase in inventory of $24.2 million primarily due to an increase in our stock of raw materials and sapphire boules and a decrease in accounts payable of $4.0 million due to timing of payments. These working capital decreases were partially offset by a decrease in accounts receivable of $20.0 million due to significant collections from several key customers and an overall decreased accounts receivables balance on lower revenues and a decrease in other prepaid assets of $3.9 million, primarily related to a decrease in the purchase of furnace construction and replacement parts and items used in the polishing of wafers.

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Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities

The following table represents the major components of our cash flows from investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012:

Net cash used in investing activities was $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, and net cash provided by investing activities was $770,000 and $18.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. In 2014, we used approximately $5.6 million for machinery and equipment to begin upgrading our polishing platform as well as add capacity to our patterned polished substrate platform. We used proceeds from our common stock offerings of approximately $28.8 million to purchase investment securities partially offset by the sale of investments of $22.7 million which were used to fund operations and capital spending. In 2013, we used approximately $7.8 million for machinery and equipment for our patterned polished substrate production at our Malaysia facility, as well as to enhance our current polishing platform in Malaysia. This was offset by proceeds (net of purchases of investments of $2.0 million) from the sale of investments of $9.4 million. In 2012, we used approximately $7.5 million to continue to complete and equip our crystal growth facility in Batavia, Illinois and approximately $3.5 million to increase capacity in other areas. This was offset by sales of investments (net of purchases of investments of $5.3 million) of $29.0 million.

We anticipate capital expenditures in 2015 to be between $5.0 million and $10.0 million and to primarily be focused on investment in equipment to enhance our polishing platform and produce patterned sapphire substrates.

Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $ 35.1 million, $32,000 and $250,000 for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2014 represents $35.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs, and $256,000 in net proceeds from the exercise of stock options. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2013 was primarily the result of proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $140,000 offset by a change in the tax benefits related to stock based compensation of $114,000. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2012 was primarily the result of excess tax benefits related to stock based compensation of $160,000 and proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $72,000.

Future liquidity requirements

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, investments, anticipated cash flows from operating activities and secured credit facility will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next twelve months. Our cash needs include cash required to fund our operations, and the capital needed to fund any expansion in the U.S. and Asia and investments in new product development. If the assumptions underlying our business plan regarding future revenues and expenses change, or if unexpected opportunities or needs arise, we may seek to raise additional cash by selling equity or convertible debt securities. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders could be significantly diluted, and these newly-issued securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of existing stockholders. If we obtain additional debt financing or draw on our credit facility, a substantial portion of our operating cash flow may be dedicated to the payment of principal and interest on such indebtedness, and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we are unable to obtain financing on terms favorable to us, we may be unable to successfully execute our business plan.

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Contractual obligations

The contractual obligations presented in the table below represent our estimates of future payments under fixed contractual obligations and commitments at December 31, 2014. Changes in our business needs as well as actions by third parties and other factors may cause these estimates to change. Because these estimates are complex and necessarily subjective, our actual payments in future periods are likely to vary from those presented in the table. The following table sets forth information relating to our contractual obligations at December 31, 2014:

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

None.

Market risk is the risk of loss related to changes in market prices, including interest rates, of financial instruments that may adversely impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Foreign currency exchange risk. As a result of our global operations, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates which may adversely affect our results and financial position. Primary exposures are related to the U.S. Dollar versus the Malaysian Ringgit. While we continue to monitor this exchange risk, we are not currently entered into any foreign currency hedging transactions.

Interest rate risk. We do not have any long-term borrowings. Our investments consist of cash, cash equivalents, investment grade commercial paper, FDIC guaranteed certificates of deposits, corporate notes and government securities. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve principal while maximizing income without significantly increasing risk. We do not enter into investments for speculative purposes. Our investments are exposed to market risk due to a fluctuation in interest rates, which may affect our interest income and the fair market value of our investments. Due to the short-term nature of our investment portfolio, we do not believe an immediate 10% increase or decrease in interest rates would have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio, and therefore, we do not expect our operating results or cash flows to be materially affected by a sudden change in market interest rates.

Inflation. Our operations have not been, and we do not expect them to be, materially affected by inflation. However, historically, the prices we charge our customers are market driven, and therefore, we may not be able to increase our prices to offset any increase in our material or labor costs. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and the accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. Although these estimates are based on our present best knowledge of the future impact on the company of current events and actions, actual results may differ from these estimates, assumptions and judgments.

We consider to be critical those accounting policies that require our most subjective or complex judgments, which often result from a need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain, and that are among the most important of our accounting policies in the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. We believe the following to be our critical accounting policies, including the more significant estimates and assumptions used in preparation of our financial statements.

Foreign currency translation and transactions. Rubicon Worldwide LLC’s assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates and capital accounts at historical exchange rates. The results of operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the respective period. Translation adjustments resulting from fluctuations in exchange rates for Rubicon Worldwide LLC are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) within stockholders’ equity.

We have determined that the functional currency of Rubicon Sapphire Technology (Malaysia) SDN BHD is the U.S. dollar. Rubicon Sapphire Technology (Malaysia) SDN BHD’s assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using the remeasurement method. Non-monetary assets are translated at historical exchange rates and monetary assets are translated at exchange rates existing at the respective balance sheet dates. Translation adjustments for Rubicon Sapphire Technology (Malaysia) SDN BHD are included in determining net income (loss) for the period. The results of operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the respective period. We record these gains and losses in other income (expense).

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Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are generated from the effects of exchange rate changes on transactions denominated in a currency other than our functional currency, which is the U.S. dollar. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions are generally required to be recognized in the determination of net income (loss) for the period. We record these gains and losses in other income (expense).

Revenue recognition. We recognize revenue from sales of products and billings for costs and fees from government contracts. We recognize revenue from sales of products when:

In July 2012, we signed a contract with the Air Force Research Laboratory to produce large-area sapphire windows on a cost plus fixed fee basis. We recognize revenue from this contract in the period during which the related costs are incurred over the contractually defined period. Our current contract will be over a period of three years.

All of our revenue is denominated in U.S. dollars.

Inventory. We value our inventory at the lower of cost or market. Market is determined based on net realizable value. Costs for raw materials are based on actual costs on a first-in, first-out basis and costs for work in process and finished goods are based on a weighted average cost basis. We establish inventory reserves when conditions exist that suggest inventory may be in excess of anticipated demand or is obsolete based on customer required specifications. We evaluate the ability to realize the value of our inventory based on a combination of factors, including forecasted sales, estimated current and future market value and changes in customers’ product specifications. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we determined we had inventory that was excess or obsolete and recorded an adjustment which reduced inventory and increased costs of goods sold by $2.4 million and $604,000, respectively. We also sold our core material and polished wafers at prices lower than our cost. Based on those sales prices, we recorded at December 31, 2014 and 2013 a lower of cost or market adjustment which reduced inventory and increased cost of goods sold by $1.7 million and $421,000, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, prices for our core and wafer products remained below cost. Our method of estimating excess and obsolete inventory has remained consistent for all periods presented. However, if our recognition of excess or obsolete inventory is, or if our estimates of our inventory’s potential utility become, less favorable than currently expected, additional inventory reserves may be required.

We determine our normal operating capacity and record as expenses costs attributable to lower utilization of equipment and staff. For the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, we determined we were not operating at capacity and recorded costs associated with the lower utilization of equipment and staff of $7.8 million and $13.2 million, respectively. Our crystal growth operation has been at full capacity throughout 2014. The utilization of our polishing operation also is expected to improve as we seek to qualify more customers and therefore increase our production of PSS and as we seek to gain market share in four and six-inch polished wafers. However, until the ramp up occurs, we will incur additional adjustments for lower utilization of our polishing equipment and staff in 2015.

We value our other inventory supplies at cost, based on the purchase prices on a first- in, first out-basis. Other inventory supplies include consumable items used in the manufacturing process as well as repair and maintenance items for our machinery and equipment. As part of moving toward a new polishing platform beginning in 2014, we identified certain other inventory supplies that will no longer be used and recorded an adjustment that reduced other inventory supplies and increased costs of goods sold by $1.9 million.

Investments. We invest available cash primarily in investment grade commercial paper, FDIC guaranteed certificates of deposits, corporate notes and government securities. Investments classified as available-for-sale securities are carried at fair market value with unrealized gains and losses recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). Investments in trading securities are reported at fair value, with both realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in other income (expense), in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. Investments in which we have the ability and intent, if necessary, to liquidate in order to support our current operations are classified as short-term.

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We review our available-for-sale securities investments at the end of each quarter for other-than-temporary declines in fair value based on the specific identification method. We consider various factors in determining whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, including the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in underlying credit ratings, forecasted recovery, our ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value and the probability that the scheduled cash payments will continue to be made. When we conclude that an other-than-temporary impairment has resulted, the difference between the fair value and carrying value is written off and recorded as a charge on the Consolidated Statement of Operations. As of December 31, 2014, no impairment was recorded.

Allowance for doubtful accounts. We estimate the allowance for doubtful accounts based on an assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts. The determination of risk for collection is assessed on a customer-by-customer basis considering our historical experience and expected future orders with the customer, changes in payment patterns and recent information we have about the current status of our accounts receivable balances. If we determine that a specific customer is a risk for collection, we provide a specific allowance for credit losses to reduce the net recognized receivable to the amount we reasonably believe will be collected. If a receivable is deemed uncollectible, and the account balance differs from the allowance provided, the specific amount is written off to bad debt expense. We believe that based on the customers to whom we sell and the nature of our agreements with them, our estimates are reasonable. Our method of estimating collectability has remained consistent for all periods presented and with past collections experience.

Long-Lived assets. We review property and equipment for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that carrying amounts may not be recoverable. If such events or changes in circumstances occur, we will recognize an impairment loss if the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the assets are less than the carrying value of the related asset. The impairment loss would adjust the asset to its fair value.

In evaluating the recoverability of long-lived assets, we must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of such assets. If our fair value estimates or related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges related to property and equipment. Asset recoverability is first measured by comparing the assets’ carrying amount to their expected future undiscounted net cash flows to determine if the assets are impaired. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment recognized is measured based on the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value.

In response to our current period operating losses combined with our history of continuing operating losses, we evaluated the recoverability of certain property and equipment. Based upon our assessment using our most recent projections, no impairment to these assets was indicated as of December 31, 2014, as the recoverable amount of undiscounted cash flows exceeded the carrying amount of these assets. To the extent these projections are not achieved, there may be a negative effect on the valuation and carrying value of these assets.

Stock-based compensation. We grant stock-based compensation in the form of stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and restricted stock. We expense stock-based compensation based upon the fair market value on the date of grant. We use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The determination of the fair value of stock-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model will be affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include our expected stock volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates, forfeitures and expected dividends.

The expected term represents the weighted-average period that our stock options are expected to be outstanding and is based upon the vesting term of our options, a review of a peer group of companies, and expected exercise behavior. Until November 2007, we were operating as a private company, and as a result, we were unable to use our actual price volatility data. Therefore, we estimated the volatility of our common stock based on volatility of similar entities over the expected term of our stock options for the year ended December 31, 2012. In 2013, we determined we had enough historical data to use our own stock price as the basis for calculating the volatility rate. As such, we used a three year historical stock price to calculate the volatility rate used for stock options granted in the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013. We base the risk-free interest rate that we use in the option pricing model on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and, therefore, use an expected dividend yield of zero in the option pricing model. We are required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. The current forfeiture rate of 25.56% was based on our past history of forfeitures.

All option grants made during the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 were granted at an exercise price per share equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the day before the date of the grant. Therefore, there is no intrinsic value because the exercise price per share of each option was equal to the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant. Based on the fair market value of the common stock at December 31, 2014 and 2013, there was no aggregate intrinsic value for options outstanding and exercisable.

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We granted RSUs to certain key employees. The fair value of each RSU is the market price on the date of grant and is being recorded as compensation expense ratably over the vesting terms. Each RSU granted will vest according to a specified vesting schedule at each anniversary of grant date and settle in common stock (on a one-for-one basis). The RSUs are forfeited by a participant upon termination for any reason and there is no proportionate or partial vesting in the periods between the vesting dates.

We allocate stock based compensation costs using a straight-line method which amortizes the fair value of each option on a straight-line basis over the service period. Based on the variables affecting the valuation of our common stock and the method used for allocating compensation costs, we recognized $1.4 million in stock-based compensation expense during the year ended December 31, 2014. For more information on stock-based compensation, see Note 6 – Stock Incentive Plans to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Income tax valuation allowance. Evaluating the need for and amount of a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets often requires significant judgment and extensive analysis of all the positive and negative evidence available to determine whether all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. A valuation allowance must be established for deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not (a probability level of more than 50 percent) that they will not be realized. In general, “realization” refers to the incremental benefit achieved through the reduction in future taxes payable or an increase in future taxes refundable from the deferred tax assets, assuming that the underlying deductible differences and carryforwards are the last items to enter into the determination of future taxable income. In determining our valuation allowance, we consider the source of taxable income including taxable income in prior carryback years, future reversals of existing temporary differences, the required use of tax planning strategies, and future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards. We are in a cumulative loss position for the past three years which is considered significant negative evidence that is difficult to overcome on a “more likely than not” standard through objectively verifiable data. Under the accounting standards verifiable evidence will have greater weight than subjective evidence such as our projections for future growth. Based on an evaluation in accordance with the accounting standards, as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, a valuation allowance of $27.2 million and $9.5 million, respectively has been recorded against the net U.S. deferred tax assets in order to measure only the portion of the deferred tax assets that are more likely than not to be realized based on the weight of all the available evidence. Until an appropriate level of profitability is attained, we expect to maintain a full valuation allowance on our U.S. net deferred tax assets. Any U.S. tax benefits or tax expense recorded on the Consolidated Statement of Operations will be offset with a corresponding valuation allowance until such time that we change our determination related to the realization of deferred tax assets. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. At December 31, 2014 and 2013, we had unrecognized tax benefits taken or expected to be taken in a tax return that have been recorded on our financial statements of $1.1 million that are related to tax positions taken in 2012. We recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09 (“ASU 2014-09), Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes most of the current revenue recognition requirements. The underlying principle is that an entity will recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers at an amount that the entity expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. The guidance provides a five-step analysis of transactions to determine when and how revenue is recognized. Other major provisions include capitalization of certain contract costs, consideration of time value of money in the transaction price, and allowing estimates of variable consideration to be recognized before contingencies are resolved in certain circumstances. The guidance also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from an entity’s contracts with customers. The guidance is effective for the interim and annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2016 (early adoption is not permitted). The guidance permits the use of either a retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The adoption of ASU 2014-09 is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-12 (“ASU 2014-12”), Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period related to stock compensation. The new standard requires that a performance target that affects vesting, and that could be achieved after the requisite service period, be treated as a performance condition. As such, the performance target should not be reflected in estimating the grant date fair value of the award. This update further clarifies that compensation cost should be recognized in the period in which it becomes probable that the performance target will be achieved and should represent the compensation cost attributable to the periods for which the requisite service has already been rendered. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015 and can be applied either prospectively or retrospectively to all awards outstanding as of the beginning of the earliest annual period presented as an adjustment to opening retained earnings. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting ASU 2014-12 on our financial statements.

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In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern. The standard requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Management must evaluate whether it is probable that known conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, would raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. If such conditions or events are identified, the standard requires management’s mitigation plans to alleviate the doubt or a statement of the substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern to be disclosed in the financial statements. The standard is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. We are evaluating the impact, if any, of adopting ASU 2014-15 on our financial statements.

Our Consolidated Financial Statements, together with the related notes and the report of independent registered public accounting firm, are set forth on the pages indicated in Item 15 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

None.

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

An evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer (together, our “certifying officers”), of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the year covered by this report. Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our periodic reports filed with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and instructions for Form 10-K, and that the information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including the chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on their evaluation, our certifying officers concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2014.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Based on its evaluation, management concluded that our internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of December 31, 2014. As required under this Item 9A, the management’s report titled “Management’s Assessment of Control Over Financial Reporting” is set forth in “Item 8 – Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

As required under this Item 9A, the auditor’s attestation report titled “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” is set forth in “Item 8 – Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and is incorporated herein by reference.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2014 that our certifying officers concluded materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

None.

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PART III

The Information required by Items 401, 405, 407(d)(4) and 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Executive Officers,” “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” and “Audit Committee” in our proxy statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. If such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed not later than the end of such 120-day period.

We have adopted a Code of Ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors. A copy of the Code of Ethics is available on our website at www.rubicontechnology.com, and any waiver from the Code of Ethics will be timely disclosed on the Company’s website as will any amendments to the Code of Ethics.

The information required by Item 402 of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions “Executive Compensation” and “Director Compensation” in our proxy statement for our 2014 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. The information required by Item 407(e)(4) and 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K will be included under the captions “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation Committee Report” in our proxy statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. If such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed not later than the end of such 120-day period.

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table represents securities authorized for issuance under our 2001 Equity Plan and our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan as of December 31, 2014.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The information required by Item 403 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters” in our proxy statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. If such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed not later than the end of such 120-day period.

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The information required by Item 404 of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption “Certain Relationships and Related Person Transactions” in our proxy statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. The information required by Item 407(a) of Regulation S-K will be included under the caption “Director Independence” in our proxy statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. If such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed not later than the end of such 120-day period.

The information required by this Item will be included under the caption “Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in our proxy statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated by reference herein. If such proxy statement is not filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K, an amendment to this Form 10-K shall be filed not later than the end of such 120-day period.

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PART IV

(a) Financial statements. The following consolidated financial statements are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(b) Exhibits. The exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as a part of this report are listed in the Index to Exhibits which appears following the signature page to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are incorporated by reference.

(c) Financial statement schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are inapplicable, are not required under applicable provisions of Regulation S-X, or the information that would otherwise be included in such schedules is contained in the registrant’s financial statements or accompanying notes.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on March 13, 2015.

KNOWN BY ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints William F. Weissman and Mardel A. Graffy, jointly and severally, his or her attorney-in-fact, with the power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 13, 2015.

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EXHIBIT INDEX

The Exhibits listed below are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Rubicon Technology, Inc.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The financial statements were prepared by management, which is responsible for their integrity and objectivity and for establishing and maintaining adequate internal controls over financial reporting.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the financial statement preparation. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of internal controls may vary over time.

Management assessed the design and effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

Based on management’s assessment using those criteria, as of December 31, 2014, management concluded that the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective.

Grant Thornton LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial statements of the Company for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 and the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014. Their reports are presented on the following pages.

Rubicon Technology, Inc.

March 13, 2015

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Rubicon Technology, Inc.

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Rubicon Technology, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014, and our report dated March 13, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Chicago, Illinois

March 13, 2015

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Rubicon Technology, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Rubicon Technology Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Rubicon Technology Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2014 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014, based on criteria established in the 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 13, 2015 expressed an unqualified opinion.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Chicago, Illinois

March 13, 2015

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Rubicon Technology, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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Rubicon Technology, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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Rubicon Technology, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated statements.

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Rubicon Technology, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity