S&W Seed Co - Annual Report: 2023 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _____________ to _____________

Commission File Number: 001-34719

S&W SEED COMPANY

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(720) 506-9191

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐ Yes ☒ No

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $36,065,100 based on the closing share price per market reports generated from the NASDAQ Global Select Market System on December 31, 2022.

The number of shares outstanding of common stock of the registrant as of September 20, 2023 was 43,001,172.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

S&W SEED COMPANY

FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. All statements other than statements of historical fact could be deemed forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to: statements concerning our loan agreements, including our ability to comply with and/or secure refinancing for such loan agreements; the potential effects of global macroeconomic events and the COVID-19 pandemic on our business; the plans, strategies and objectives of management for our future operations, including our expectations for new product introductions; our implementation of our recently implemented strategic review (which includes our plans to reduce annual operating expenses) our recent partnerships with Trigall Genetics and Shell and their role in enabling us to reduce our operating expenses and sharpen our focus on key growth priorities; our ability to raise capital in the future; expected development, performance or market acceptance relating to our products or services or our ability to expand our grower or customer bases or to diversify our product offerings; future economic conditions or performance; our ability to retain key employees; and our assumptions, expectations and beliefs underlying any of the foregoing. These forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “designed,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations about future events. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors, including certain assumptions, that, if they never materialize or prove incorrect, could cause our actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Risks, uncertainties and assumptions include the following:

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You are urged to carefully review the disclosures made concerning risks and uncertainties that may affect our business or operating results, which include, among others, those described above.

Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Many factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, some of which are beyond our control, will be important in determining our future performance. Consequently, these statements are inherently uncertain and actual results may differ materially from those that might be anticipated from the forward-looking statements. In light of these and other uncertainties, you should not regard the inclusion of a forward-looking statement in this Annual Report on Form 10-K as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved, and you should not place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements included herein are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements represent our views as of, and speak only as of, the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and such statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

When used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” “the Company,” “S&W” and “S&W Seed” refer to S&W Seed Company and its subsidiaries or, as the context may require, S&W Seed Company only. Our fiscal year ends on June 30, and accordingly, the terms "fiscal 2024, “fiscal 2023,” and “fiscal 2022” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K refer to the respective fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, with corresponding meanings to any fiscal year reference beyond such dates. Trademarks, service marks and trade names of other companies appearing in this report are the property of their respective holders.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a global multi-crop, middle-market agricultural company. We are market leaders in the breeding, production and sale of alfalfa and sorghum seeds. We also have a commercial market presence in pasture and sunflower seeds. We operate seed cleaning and processing facilities, which are located in Texas, New South Wales, and South Australia. Our seed products are primarily grown under contract by farmers.

Our seed platform develops and supplies high quality germplasm designed to produce higher yields for farmers worldwide. We sell over 600 seed products in more than 40 countries. We maintain an active product pipeline and expect to introduce more than 20 new products during the fiscal year 2024.

Founded in 1980, we began our operations as a limited producer of non-dormant alfalfa seed varieties bred for warm climates and high-yields, including varieties that can thrive in poor, saline soils. Over the years we have built a diversified, global agricultural platform through a combination of organic growth and strategic acquisitions and strategic collaborations, which most recently included:

Our Strategy

The global agriculture market is experiencing rapid change driven by population growth, increasing consumer demand and emerging markets, environmental challenges, limited availability of arable land and diverse regulatory requirements. As a result, farmers and other industry participants are facing continuous pressure to cost-effectively increase productivity and output. These and certain other factors have led to strategic realignments and significant consolidation in the seed industry, leaving a small number of large players.

We believe this environment presents an opportunity to build a global agricultural company focused on crop and market opportunities that large seed companies may overlook, underserve or ineffectively address.

We believe our core strengths listed below position us to capitalize on this market opportunity:

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Our goal is to be a leading multi-crop, middle-market agricultural company delivering value to our customers and strong financial returns to our shareholders. To reach our goal, we have prioritized the following strategic initiatives:

Our Current Crops

Sorghum

The Sorghum Market. Sorghum comes in two types, forage and grain. Forage sorghum utilizes the whole plant fed to livestock through grazing, dried hay or sileage. Grain sorghum is bred and managed to maximize production of the seed or grain. While grain from sorghum has been traditionally used for livestock feed and in ethanol production, sorghum is gaining popularity as a substitute for wheat and other grains in food products due to its gluten-free characteristics, as well as its antioxidant, high protein, low fat, high fiber and non-GMO properties. Additionally, the pet food industry has been increasing its use of grain sorghum due to its nutritional benefits and enhanced digestibility. Sorghum requires less water to grow than many other crops and is generally used as a replacement for corn and other grains in areas where water is scarce. With the persistence and concern of drought conditions, we

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expect sorghum to become more prominent in the coming years. S&W’s primary markets are currently in the Americas, Europe, and Australia where sorghum is grown commercially and requires high quality hybrid seed.

S&W’s Sorghum Portfolio. Our current portfolio of over 300 commercialized sorghum seed products includes both forage and grain sorghum. We believe that many of our sorghum hybrids are unmatched and consistently out-yield competitor products in select markets.

We plan to launch two new conventional grain sorghum hybrids in fiscal 2024 to replace aging products in our portfolio. For our technology trait product lines, we plan to pilot launch in fiscal 2024 at least one new prussic acid free hybrid in collaboration with The Agricultural Alumni Seed Improvement Association, Inc., an affiliate of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. We plan to offer four Double Team grain sorghum hybrids with sufficient supply to address the potential significant growth in the herbicide trait sector. We also plan to launch our first Double Team forage sorghum into the U.S. market in fiscal 2024. We continue to reduce the conventional sorghum product portfolio to ease inventory management and to devote more resources to our trait ladened products.

Alfalfa

The Alfalfa Market. Alfalfa seed is primarily used for growing alfalfa hay, which is grown throughout the world as “forage” for livestock, including dairy and beef cattle, horses and sheep. The alfalfa industry (and therefore the alfalfa seed industry) is highly dependent on the dairy industry, which is the largest consumer of alfalfa hay. We expect worldwide demand for alfalfa production to remain stable overall.

S&W’s Alfalfa Seed Portfolio. Our current portfolio of over 150 commercialized alfalfa seed products spans both non-dormant varieties, which grow year-round, and dormant varieties, which have adapted to cold climates by going dormant during periods when frost or snow conditions would otherwise kill them. Our specialty is high-yield alfalfa varieties with a wide range of adaptation across many growing environments. Our alfalfa seed products include varieties that exhibit the traits that farmers most value, such as high yield, root rot resistance, lodging resistance, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, leafhopper resistance and stem nematode resistance.

Over the past several years, dormant alfalfa replant acreage in North America has trended downward, resulting in lower market size and corresponding seed sales for all companies in the sector. As a result, we have reduced our R&D expenditures in support of the dormant alfalfa market and have diverted those R&D assets towards bioenergy/cover crop development.

Pasture Seeds

The Pasture Seed Market in Australia. In addition to alfalfa, the pasture seed market in Australia includes medic, clovers, vetch, forage cereals, and certain grasses. Key customers include beef cattle, sheep and dairy farmers, silage, hay and chaff producers.

S&W’s Pasture Seed Portfolio. We currently offer over 200 pasture seed products in the Australian market.

Sunflower

The Sunflower Market. Sunflowers have multiple uses including oil, birdseed and human consumption. Our current sunflower seed focus is on hybrids best suited for the oil market. Sunflower oil is light in taste and appearance and supplies more Vitamin E than any other vegetable oil. It is a combination of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats with low saturated fat levels. The versatility of this healthy oil is recognized by cooks internationally, valued for its frying performance and health benefits. With multiple types of sunflower oils available, it meets the needs of consumer and food manufacturers alike for a healthy and high performance non-transgenic vegetable oil. Additionally, sunflower is being sought after as a source of non-GMO oils.

S&W’s Sunflower Portfolio. We currently have approximately 15 sunflower seed products in the market. In fiscal 2023, the majority of sunflower sales were to Asia and Australia. During fiscal year 2022, we ceased our sunflower research and development program in Europe and scaled back our program in Australia.

Australian Wheat

Trigall Australia Partnership. Effective December 23, 2022, S&W Australia entered into a partnership with Trigall for the development and marketing of wheat varieties in Australia. Under the terms of the partnership agreement, S&W Australia transferred certain intellectual property license rights and equipment into a wholly owned subsidiary and subsequently sold an 80% interest in the subsidiary to Trigall. The subsidiary was renamed Trigall Australia Pty

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Ltd, or Trigall Australia. S&W Australia transferred all seven of its wheat varieties to the partnership at its inception.

Stevia

S&W’s Stevia Program. Our stevia research and development program has focused on developing stevia into a U.S.-grown crop since 2009. In 2019, we opened a dedicated stevia field breeding station in Tifton, Georgia. In 2021, we entered into a Pilot Program Supply Agreement with Ingredion Incorporated to develop a U.S.-based production and supply chain for stevia leaf using S&W’s propriety stevia genetics, with the first plantings occurring in October 2021. We also house and maintain under a services agreement the stevia genetics program of Heartland Food Products Group at our Tifton field breeding station.

Currently, S&W's stevia program has been paused indefinitely, as management has elected to focus its attention on its primary crops, specifically Double Team sorghum, that are expected to generate positive cash flows. The Company is actively looking for a buyer for its viable stevia germplasm.

Product Development

We believe a successful seed business in the modern era should deliver a combination of two types of products: (i) traditional products of high-quality seed with genetics for high yield and end-use quality, appropriate disease and insect tolerance, and other agronomic characteristics; and (ii) differentiated products with high value proprietary traits that offer unique value for farmers or consumers and thus capture both market share and higher prices.

We develop the first product type, which is based on good agronomic performance, in our breeding programs at multiple locations in the United States and Australia and through collaborations in South America and Europe. These programs utilize state of the art equipment and experimental design and data analysis for field evaluation and track important agronomic traits using molecular genetic markers. Developing improved genetics for agronomic performance can take 5 to 15 years, depending on the species and specific genetic improvement targets. By maintaining a full R&D pipeline of genotypes in all stages of development, we believe we can deliver new varieties each year with incremental improvements over previous varieties.

We develop the second product type, which emphasizes valuable and unique traits, both in-house and through exclusive collaborations. The recently launched Double Team product was developed entirely in-house through our DNA and Tissue Culture Lab in Texas. We also developed an improved forage quality alfalfa product through our exclusive arrangement with Calyxt. Our prussic acid free trait, expected to have a pilot launch in fiscal 2024, was developed through an exclusive arrangement with The Agricultural Alumni Seed Improvement Association, Inc., an affiliate of Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana. Our lab and technology personnel are focused on maintaining a continuous pipeline of traits that can be used to build value by increasing market share in both company and private label seed brands and by out-licensing to other seed companies on a royalty basis. For example, we completed our first out-license of Double Team technology to Mojo Seed in June 2022.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

We currently sell over 600 seed products in more than 40 countries. Our principal markets for alfalfa sales are the United States, Canada, Mexico, South America, the Middle East, North Africa, and Australia. Our sorghum sales are focused in the United States, Mexico, Australia, Europe and South Africa. Our sunflower sales are primarily in the Middle East, Africa and Australia. Our pasture seed sales are focused in Australia. Before the partnership with Trigall in December 2022, our wheat sales were in Australia.

Our organization is structured along geographic lines, as opposed to product lines, which we believe allows us to make the best use of distribution assets (like our U.S. dealer and distributor network and our Australian sales force) and unlock potential sales synergies through international cross-selling of products.

Today we primarily sell our seed products under the S&W brand or other brands we own, such as Alfalfa Partners ™ and Sorghum Partners®. Private-label and licensing is an important part of our distribution strategy going forward.

Our customers are primarily distributors and dealers. Our distributors and dealers, in turn, sell to farmers. We believe that selling through dealers and distributors enables our products to reach growers in areas where there are geographic or other constraints on direct sales efforts. We select dealers and distributors based on shared vision, technical expertise, local market knowledge and financial stability. Over the years, we have built dealer/distributor

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loyalty through an emphasis on service, access to breeders, ongoing training and promotional material support. We limit the number of dealers and distributors with whom we have relationships in any particular area in order to provide adequate support and opportunity to those with whom we choose to do business.

Both farmers and dealers use pest-control advisors who recommend the varieties or hybrids that will produce the best results in a particular location. Therefore, a key part of our marketing strategy is to educate the consultants, as well as the farmers, as to benefits of our seed varieties and hybrids.

We believe that our best marketing tool is the dissemination of information regarding the quality and characteristics of our propriety seed products to those persons who make the growing decisions. We continue to place advertisements in trade journals, agriculture publications, social media and participate in seed industry conferences and trade shows and engage in various other educational and outreach programs as we deem appropriate.

Our sales efforts have historically involved significant in-person interaction with potential customers and distributors. In March 2020, at the beginning of what is typically our most active selling period, many national, state and local governments in our target markets implemented various stay-at-home, shelter-in-place and other quarantine measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, we immediately attempted to shift our sales activities to video conferencing and similar customer interaction models but found these alternative approaches to generally be less effective than in-person sales efforts, and we believe this has contributed to decreased sales and a negative impact on our business and financial results in prior periods. We have since resumed in-person marketing but may be unable to achieve the quality of interactions prior to the start of the pandemic due to the ongoing nature of the pandemic and adjustments in customer and distributor interactions.

Seed Production

We produce seed in the United States, Canada, Australia and South Africa under contract with select third-party contract growers. We currently maintain approximately 140 grower relationships. Our network of growers has the expertise needed to successfully grow high quality seed products. We have worked with many of the same growers on a long-term basis, and we believe that we have strong relationships with them. We allocate our seed production among our growers so that we can purchase the proper mix of seed each year. Our contracts with growers have terms ranging from one to seven years, depending on the crop and the production area. Our global, but localized, production capabilities allow us to produce close to the customer to ensure the seed product is developed specifically for the conditions and requirements of that region and is produced at the lowest cost.

We condition and package seed primarily in our own facilities located in Texas and Australia; although in some markets (for example, California) we use third-party processing services. We believe that direct ownership of production facility assets gives us more flexibility to respond to demand changes unique to each geography, greater control over product quality and a lower cost structure.

Seasonality

We contract with growers based upon our anticipated market demand. We mill, clean, and stock the seed during the harvest season and ship from inventory throughout the year. However, our seed business is seasonal. In the Northern hemisphere, production and harvest occurs from March through September and processing and shipping finished goods primarily occurs from October through May. In the Southern hemisphere, production and harvest occurs from October through March and processing and shipping primarily occurs from March through August.

Proprietary Rights

Ownership of and access to intellectual property rights are important to us. We sell proprietary seed varieties and hybrids that have been specially selected to manifest the traits we deem best suited to particular regions in which our seed is planted. Our ability to compete effectively is dependent upon the proprietary nature of the seeds, seedlings, processes, technologies and materials owned by or used by us or our growers. Our competitive position would be adversely affected if any competitors independently were to develop any technologies that substantially equal or surpass our own.

In some cases, we obtain patent protection or plant breeder rights registrations for certain of our seed products. However, our principal method of guarding our proprietary varieties and hybrids is exercising a high degree of control over the supply chain. As part of this control process, we require our growers to deliver back to us all seed derived from our proprietary varieties and, in the case, of hybrids, limit supply of parent seed that enables hybrid

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production. Historically, we have found that these control mechanisms have been an effective means to protect our proprietary seed. However, because we often do not have more formal proprietary rights protections, it would be possible for persons with access to our seed or plants grown from our seed to reproduce proprietary seed, which could significantly harm our business and our reputation.

Competition

Competition in the seed industry, both domestically and internationally, is intense and we believe it is intensifying with industry consolidation. We believe that the key competitive drivers in the industry are proven performance, customer support in the field and value, taking into account not simply the price of the seed but also performance in the field.

We face direct competition by other seed companies, including multinational agriculture companies, regional seed companies and small family-owned businesses, as well as subsidiaries or other affiliates of chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Our principal competitors include:

Many of our existing and potential competitors have substantially greater research and product development capabilities and financial, marketing and human resources than we do. As a result, these competitors may:

Environmental and Regulatory Matters

Our agricultural operations are subject to a broad range of evolving environmental laws and regulations applicable to the markets in which we operate. These environmental laws and regulations are intended to address concerns related to air quality, storm water discharge and management and disposal of agricultural chemicals relating to seed treatment.

Compliance with these laws and related regulations is an ongoing process that does not, and is not expected to, have a material effect on our capital expenditures, earnings or competitive position. Environmental concerns are,

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however, inherent in most major agricultural operations, including those conducted by us, and there can be no assurance that the cost of compliance with environmental laws and regulations will not be material. Moreover, it is possible that future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, and further restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals, could result in increased compliance costs.

We also are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the transport, export/import and sale of seed applicable in the markets in which operate.

Internationally, we are subject to various government laws and regulations (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar non-U.S. laws and regulations) and local government regulations. To help ensure compliance with these laws and regulations, we have adopted specific risk management and compliance practices and policies, including a specific policy addressing the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.

Research and Development

Research & Development expenses for the year ended June 30, 2023 totaled $5.2 million compared to $7.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2022.

Employees

As of September 11, 2023, we had 153 total employees, of which 134 were full-time employees. We also retain consultants for specific purposes when the need arises. None of our employees are represented by a labor union.

Corporate History

From 1980 until 2009, our business was operated as a general partnership. In October 2009, we incorporated in Delaware, and in December 2011, we reincorporated in Nevada.

Contact Information

Our principal business office is located at 2101 Ken Pratt Blvd., Suite 201, Longmont, Colorado 80501, and our telephone number is (720) 506-9191. Our website address is www.swseedco.com. Information contained on our website or any other website does not constitute part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the inclusion of our website address in this report is an inactive textual reference only.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business and Industry

We need to raise additional capital in the future. If we are unsuccessful in attracting new capital, we may not be able to continue operations or may be forced to sell assets to do so. Alternatively, capital may not be available to us on favorable terms, or if at all. If available, financing terms may lead to significant dilution of our stockholders’ equity.

Excluding the gain recently recognized in relation to the Vision Bioenergy partnership, we are not profitable and have had negative cash flow from operations for the last several years. To help fund our operations, we have in part relied on equity and debt financings. We will need to obtain additional funds to finance our operations in the future, and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect. Our loan and security agreement with CIBC Bank USA, or CIBC, which matures on August 31, 2024, our debt facilities with National Australia Bank Ltd., or NAB, and our AgAmerica note all contain various operating and financial covenants, and the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors affecting our results of operations have increased the risk of our inability to comply with these covenants, which could result in acceleration of our repayment obligations and foreclosure on our pledged assets. In addition, these loan agreements contain cross-default provisions, such that certain defaults or breaches under any of our loan agreements may entitle CIBC or NAB to invoke default remedies. We were not in compliance with certain of these covenants in the past and were required to obtain waivers and/or amendments from CIBC. The CIBC Loan Agreement as presently in effect requires us to meet minimum adjusted EBITDA levels on a quarterly basis. The NAB Finance Agreement includes an undertaking that requires us to maintain a net related entity position of not more than USD $18.5 million and meet specified annual interest cover ratios. We were not in compliance with the adjusted EBITDA covenant from per the CIBC Loan Agreement and the interest cover ratio per the NAB Finance Agreement as of June 30, 2023, but obtained waivers from both lenders for such non-compliance. While we obtained waivers from CIBC and NAB for these covenants, there can be no assurance we will be successful in meeting our covenants or securing future waivers and/or amendments from our lenders. If we are unsuccessful in doing so, we may need to reduce the scope of our operations, repay amounts owing to our lenders, finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, enter into collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, delay payments to our growers, sell certain assets or divest certain operations.

These factors raise substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are required or desire to raise additional capital in the future, whether as a condition to loan refinancing or separately, such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or available at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest would be diluted and the terms of these securities could include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may be secured by all or a portion of our assets, and may be on terms less favorable than our existing loans. If we fail to obtain additional capital as and when required, such failure could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition. If we are required or desire to raise additional capital in the future, such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or available at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest could be diluted and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends and may be secured by all or a portion of our assets. If we fail to obtain additional capital as and when required, such failure could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken to slow its spread, recent and potential future bank failures, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the armed conflict in Sudan, actual or anticipated changes in interest rates and economic inflation, and other factors beyond our control, the global credit and financial markets have at times experienced extreme volatility, including diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. It is possible that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will occur. If equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may affect our ability to raise equity capital, borrow on our existing facilities or make any additional necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain, more costly and/or more dilutive. In addition, while we are currently in compliance with our loan

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agreements, our ability to comply with the terms of our loan agreements has been compromised and could result in an event of default. If an event of default were to occur, our lenders could accelerate our repayment obligations or enforce their other rights under our agreements with them. Any such default may also require us to seek additional or alternative financing, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Our earnings can be negatively impacted by declining demand brought on by varying factors, many of which are out of our control.

Demand for our seed depends upon a variety of factors, including end demand for the crops grown from the seed. For example, a severe downturn in the dairy industry could have a negative effect on sales of alfalfa hay, and as a result, the demand for our alfalfa seed in the U.S. market. In addition, demand for our products could decline because of other supply and quality issues or for any other reason, including products of competitors that might be considered superior by end users. A decline in demand for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings may also be sensitive to fluctuations in market prices for seed.

Market prices for our seed can be impacted by factors such as the quality of the seed and the available supply, including whether lower-quality, lower-priced seed is available. Growing conditions, particularly weather conditions such as windstorms, floods, droughts and freezes, as well as diseases and pests and the adventitious presence of GMO, are primary factors influencing the quality and quantity of the seed and, therefore, the market price at which we can sell our seed to our customers. A decrease in the prices received for our products could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our earnings are vulnerable to cost increases.

Future increase in costs, such as the costs of growing seed and shipping seed, could cause our margins and earnings to decline unless we are able to pass along the increased price of production to our customers. We may not be able to increase the price of our seed sufficiently to maintain our margins and earnings in the future.

Our inventory of seed can be adversely affected by the market price being paid for other crops.

Our seed production relies entirely on unaffiliated growers to grow our proprietary seed and to sell it to us at negotiated prices each year. Growers have a choice of what crops to plant. If a particular crop is paying a materially higher price than has been paid in the past, growers may decide to not grow our seed crops in favor of receiving a higher return from an alternative crop planted on the same acreage. If our growers decline to a significant degree to plant the acreage on which we rely, and if we cannot find other growers to plant the lost acreage, our inventory of seed could be insufficient to satisfy the needs of our customers unless we are able to procure the necessary additional seed in the market at prices we cannot control. If these circumstances occur, our business, results of operations and financial condition could materially decline. In addition, our customers could look to other suppliers for their seed if we cannot satisfy their requirements, and we may not be able to regain them as customers once our inventory levels have returned to normal.

Adverse weather conditions, natural disasters, crop disease, pests and other natural conditions can impose significant costs and losses on our business.

Our seed crops are vulnerable to adverse weather conditions, including windstorms, floods, drought and temperature extremes, which are common but difficult to predict. In addition, seed crops are vulnerable to crop disease and to pests, which may vary in severity and effect, depending on the stage of production at the time of infection or infestation, the type of treatment applied and climatic conditions. The weather also can affect the quality, volume and cost of seed produced for sale as well as demand and product mix. Seed yields can be higher or lower than planned, which could lead to higher inventory and related write-offs. In addition, climate change may increase the frequency or intensity of extreme weather such as storms, floods, heat waves, droughts and other events that could affect the quality, volume and cost of seed produced for sale as well as demand and product mix. Climate change may also affect the availability and suitability of arable land and contribute to unpredictable shifts in the average growing season and types of crops produced. For example, in the year ended June 30, 2023, we experienced revenue declines due in part to a wet La Nina spring in Australia and overall flooding in Eastern Australia, which caused the harvest to be later and smaller than usual, and in the United States, we also experienced delayed plantings from cold

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temperatures. Unfavorable growing conditions can reduce both crop size and quality. Although we do not grow any of our seed directly, these factors can still impact us by potentially decreasing the quality and yields of our seed and reducing our available inventory. These factors can increase costs, decrease revenue and lead to additional charges to earnings, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We have entered into collaborative relationships for the development, marketing and production of wheat and camelina, and our future revenues may be substantially dependent on the success of these relationships. These collaborative relationships may not be successful, and we may be unable to realize any significant recurring commercial benefit from them.

As part of our overall business strategy, we have entered into collaborative relationships that are intended to leverage our proprietary seed, germplasm and technology for the development, marketing and production of certain crops. For example, in December 2022 we formed a partnership with Trigall Genetics S.A., or Trigall Genetics, for the development and marketing of wheat varieties in Australia through Trigall Australia Pty Ltd, a newly formed Australian corporation, or Trigall Australia, in which we retain a 20% ownership interest. In addition, in February 2023, we entered into a partnership with Equilon Enterprises LLC (dba Shell Oil Products US, or Shell), for the development and production of sustainable biofuel feedstocks through Vision Bioenergy Oilseeds LLC, an entity in which we retain a 34% interest. We believe our future revenues may be substantially dependent on the success of these partnerships.

Our partnership partners have primary responsibility for, and control over, the operations of these partnerships, including the development, marketing and production of the products on which they are focused. We have limited or no control over our partners’ decisions, including the amount and timing of resources that they dedicate to such activities. If a partnership partner fails to successfully manage its respective partnership, the development, marketing and/or production of the applicable product may be delayed or may not occur at all. As a result, these collaborative efforts may not be as successful as we expect, or at all, and we may be unable to realize any significant recurring commercial benefit from them. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition, which in turn could result in a significant decline in the market price of our common stock.

When we enter collaboration and partnership relationships, we are also subject to a number of other risks, including:

We or our collaborators might terminate our agreements in certain circumstances or amend the terms of our agreement, and investors and analysts may not view any termination or amendment as favorable.

Because our seed business is highly seasonal, our revenue, cash flows from operations and operating results may fluctuate on a seasonal and quarterly basis.

Our seed business is seasonal. The seasonal nature of our operations results in significant fluctuations in our working capital during the growing and selling cycles. We have experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant variability in net sales, operating cash flows and net income (loss) on a quarterly basis.

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We have had a material concentration of revenue from a small group of customers that fluctuates, and the loss of any of these customers in any quarter could have a material adverse effect on our revenue.

On a historical basis, we have experienced a material concentration of revenue from a small group of customers. This concentration fluctuates from quarter to quarter, depending on our customer's specific requirements, which are themselves cyclical. However, in any particular quarter, we generally have a small group of customers that accounts for a substantial portion of that quarter’s revenue. Most of these customers are not contractually obligated to purchase seed from us. The loss of one or more of these customers on a quarterly basis, when taken year over year, could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows. We could also suffer a material adverse effect from any losses arising from a major customer's disputes regarding shipments, product quality or related matters, or from our inability to collect accounts receivable from any major customer. There are no assurances that we will be able to maintain our current customer relationships or that they will continue to purchase our seed in the current projected quantities. Any failure to do so may materially adversely impact our business.

Because we depend on a core group of significant customers, our sales, cash flows from operations and results of operations may be negatively affected if our key customers reduce the amount of products they purchase from us.

Although our customer concentration should decline as our product mix becomes more diverse, there is no assurance that we will be able to maintain the relationships with our major customers or that they will continue to purchase our seed in the quantities that we expect and rely upon. If we cannot do so, our results of operations could suffer.

Because we do not grow the seed that we sell, we are completely dependent on our network of contract growers, and our sales, cash flows from operations and results of operations may be negatively affected if we are unable to maintain an adequate network of contract growers to supply our seed requirements.

We do not directly grow any of the seed that we sell, and therefore, we are entirely dependent upon our network of growers. While we have some supply contracts with our growers of up to seven years in duration, many of our grower contracts cover only one year, which makes us particularly vulnerable to factors beyond our control. Events such as a shift in pricing caused by an increase in the value of commodity crops other than seed crops, increase in land prices, unexpected competition or reduced water availability could disrupt our supply chain. Any of these disruptions could limit the supply of seed that we obtain in any given year, adversely affecting supply and thereby lowering revenue. Such disruption could also damage our customer relationships and loyalty to us if we cannot supply the quantity of seed expected by them. In addition, if we are unable to maintain sufficient liquidity to pay our growers as payments come due, this could also damage our relationships with our growers and industry reputation, which could reduce the number of growers willing to contract with us, which could further harm our ability to supply the quantity of seed necessary to meet customer demand.

Our ability to contract for sufficient acreage presents challenges.

In order to increase revenue and earnings, we continue to need more production acreage. As we continue to increase the number of acres under contract and/or to move production into new geographical locations, we face challenges that can impede our ability to produce as much seed inventory as we have budgeted. For example, when we move production into new geographical locations, we may find it difficult to identify growers with the expertise to grow our seed crops, and we may not have sufficient company personnel available in such new locations to provide production advice on a timely basis. We also face increased competition for conventional seed acreage as the need for technology acres grows, which is further complicated by the field isolation issue relating to GMO crops that can reduce the amount of acreage available for conventional alfalfa seed crops. If we are unable to secure the acreage we need to meet our planned production for the crop year and are unable to purchase seed in the market, our results of operations could suffer, as would our reputation.

A lack of availability of water in any of our production areas could impact our business.

Adequate quantities and correct timing of the application of water are vital for most agriculture to thrive. Whether particular farms are experiencing water shortages depends, in large part, on their location. However, continuing drought conditions can threaten all farmland other than those properties with their own water sources. Foreign or domestic regulations regarding water usage and rights may also limit the availability of water. Although our current seed products are not water-intensive crops, the availability or the cost of water is a factor in the planting of the crops grown from our seed. Moreover, if the farmers and others who purchase our seed to grow crops cannot get an

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adequate supply of water, or if the cost of water makes it uneconomical for the farmers to grow the crops, we may not be able to sell our seed, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations.

We face intense competition, and our inability to compete effectively for any reason could adversely affect our business.

Competition in the seed industry both domestically and internationally is intense, and we believe it is intensifying with industry consolidation. We face direct competition from other seed companies, including multinational agriculture companies, regional seed companies and small family-owned businesses, as well as subsidiaries or other affiliates of chemical, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, many of which have substantially greater resources than we do.

These resources give our competitors greater operating flexibility that, in certain cases, may permit them to respond better or more quickly to changes in the industry or to introduce new products more quickly and with greater marketing support. Increased competition could result in lower profit margins, substantial pricing pressure, reduced market share and lower operating cash flows. Additionally, data analytic tools and web-based new direct purchase models offer increased transparency and comparability, which increases price pressures. Price competition, together with other forms of competition, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows.

If we are unable to estimate our customers’ future needs accurately and to match our production to the demand of our customers, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We sell our seed primarily to dealers and distributors who, in turn, sell primarily to farmers who grow crops from the seed. Due to the nature of the seed industry, we normally produce seed according to our production plan before we sell and deliver seed to distributors and dealers. Our dealers and distributors generally make purchasing decisions for our products based on market prices, economic and weather conditions and other factors that we and our dealers and distributors may not be able to anticipate accurately in advance. If we fail to accurately estimate the volume and types of products sought by the end users and otherwise adequately manage production amounts, we may produce more seed than our dealers and distributors want, resulting in excess inventory levels. It may be difficult for us to dispose of all of our inventory on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Also, retention of excess inventory over extended periods of time increases the risk that certain inventory lots may deteriorate in quality and germination rates. If we determine that the value of our inventories exceeds the market value of product that we reasonably believe we can sell, we may need to record an impairment charge for a portion of our inventory in one or more fiscal periods. For example, our cost of revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 included inventory write-downs of $2.8 million and $6.4 million, respectively, related to certain inventory lots that deteriorated or were expected to deteriorate in quality and germination rates. Any such impairment charge or any failure to sell inventory on commercially reasonable terms could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and operating cash flows.

On the other hand, if we underestimate demand, we may not be able to satisfy our dealers and distributors' demand for seed, and thus damage our customer relations and end-user loyalty. Our failure to estimate end users’ future needs and to match our production to the demand of our customers may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our third-party distributors may not effectively distribute our products.

We depend in part on third-party distributors and strategic relationships for the marketing and selling of our products. We depend on these distributors’ efforts to market our products, yet we are unable to control their efforts completely. In addition, we are unable to ensure that our distributors comply with all applicable laws regarding the sale of our products, including the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended. If our distributors fail to effectively market and sell our products, and in full compliance with applicable laws, our operating results and business may suffer.

We extend credit to our international customers, which exposes us to the difficulties of collecting our receivables in foreign jurisdictions if those customers fail to pay us.

Although our payment terms for export seed sales often are prepaid, documentary collections or secured by a letter of credit, we do extend credit of up to 180 days to some of our international customers. Sales of our seed to international customers represented a material portion of our revenue in historical periods and we expect that we will continue to extend credit in connection with future sales. Because these customers are located in foreign countries, collection efforts, were they to become necessary, could be much more difficult and expensive than pursuing similar

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claims in the United States. Moreover, future political and/or economic factors, as well as future unanticipated trade regulations, could negatively impact our ability to timely collect outstanding receivables from these important customers. The extension of credit to our international customers exposes us to the risk that our seed will be delivered but that we may not receive all or a portion of the payment therefor. If these customers are unable or unwilling to fully pay for the seed they purchase on credit, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially negatively impacted. Moreover, our internal forecasts on which we make business decisions throughout the year could be severely compromised, which could, in turn, mean that we spend capital for operations, investment or otherwise that we would not have spent had we been aware that the customer would not honor its credit extension obligation.

Our current reliance on the seed development and production business does not permit us to spread our business risks among different business segments, and thus a disruption in our seed production or the industry would harm us more immediately and directly than if we were more diversified.

We currently operate primarily in the agricultural seed business, and we do not expect this to change materially in the foreseeable future. Without business line diversity, we will not be able to spread the risk of our operations. Therefore, our business opportunities, revenue and income could be more immediately and directly affected by disruptions from such things as drought and disease or widespread problems affecting the alfalfa, sorghum, sunflower and pasture seed markets, payment disruptions and customer rejection of our seed. If there is a disruption as described above, our revenue and earnings could be reduced, and our business operations might have to be scaled back.

If we fail to introduce and commercialize new seed products, we may not be able to maintain market share, and our future sales may be harmed.

The performance of our new seed products may not meet our customers’ expectations, or we may not be able to introduce and commercialize specific seed varieties and hybrids. Reorder rates are uncertain due to several factors, many of which are beyond our control. These include changing customer preferences, which could be further complicated by competitive price pressures, our failure to develop new products to meet the evolving demands of the end users, the development of higher-demand products by our competitors and general economic conditions. The process for new products to gain market recognition and acceptance is long and has uncertainties. New products may be abandoned for many reasons, including greater than anticipated development costs, competition, decrease in demand and the need to divert focus, from time to time, to other initiatives with perceived opportunities for better returns. If we fail to introduce and commercialize new seed products that meet the demands of the end user, if our competitors develop products that are favored by the end users, or if we are unable to produce our existing products in sufficient quantities, our growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected, and our revenue may decline. In addition, sales of our new products could replace sales of some of our current similar products, offsetting the benefit of a successful product introduction.

The presence of GMO alfalfa in Australia or California could impact our sales.

GMO crops currently are prohibited in most of the international markets in which our proprietary seed is currently sold. There are regions in the United States, including the Pacific Northwest, where even small quantities of GMO material inadvertently interspersed with conventional (non-GMO) alfalfa seed make the seed undesirable, which causes customers to look elsewhere for their alfalfa seed requirements. The greater the use of GMO seed in California and other alfalfa seed growing regions, the greater the risk that the adventitious presence of GMO material in our seed production will occur due to pollination from hay fields or other seed fields. We regularly test for the adventitious presence of GMO in our conventional alfalfa seed, and we have seen a slight increase in the percentage of GMO presence in conventional alfalfa seed over the past several years. Our seed containing GMO material can only be sold domestically or in other jurisdictions that permit the importation of GMO alfalfa. If we are unable to isolate our conventional alfalfa seed from inadvertently being contaminated by GMO seed, we may find it more difficult to sell that seed in our key markets and we may have insufficient quantities of seed to sell internationally, either of which could materially adversely impact our revenue over time.

The loss of key employees or the failure to attract qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our ability to run our business.

The loss of any of our current executives, key employees or key advisors, or the failure to attract, integrate, motivate and retain additional key employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Although we have employment agreements with our executive officers, as well as certain other employees, all of our employees are

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employed “at-will” and could leave our employ at any time. We do not carry “key person” insurance on the lives of any of our management team. As we develop additional capabilities, we may require more skilled personnel who must be highly skilled and have a sound understanding of our industry, business or processing requirements. Recruiting skilled personnel is highly competitive. Although to date we have been successful in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel, there can be no assurance that we will continue to attract and retain the personnel needed for our business. The failure to attract or retain qualified personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may not be able to manage expansion of our operations effectively.

We expect our operations to continue to grow in the future, both as we expand our historical alfalfa seed business both domestically and internationally through internal growth and synergistic acquisitions and increase our growers’ production. These efforts will require the addition of employees, expansion of facilities and greater oversight, perhaps in diverse locations. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, execute on our business strategies or respond to competitive pressures, and we may have difficulties maintaining and updating the internal procedures and the controls necessary to meet the planned expansion of our overall business.

Our management will also be required to maintain and expand our relationships with customers, suppliers and other third parties as well as attract new customers and suppliers. We expect that our sales and marketing costs will increase as we grow our product lines and as we increase our sales efforts in new and existing markets. Our current and planned operations, personnel, systems and internal procedures and controls may not be adequate to support our future growth.

We may be unable to successfully integrate the businesses we have recently acquired and may acquire in the future with our current management and structure.

As part of our growth strategy, we have acquired and may continue to acquire additional businesses, product lines or other assets. We may not be able to locate or make suitable acquisitions on acceptable terms, and future acquisitions may not be effectively and profitably integrated into our business. Our failure to successfully complete the integration of the businesses we acquire could have an adverse effect on our prospects, business activities, cash flow, financial condition, results of operations and stock price. Integration challenges may include the following:

In connection with any such transactions, we may also issue equity securities, incur additional debt, assume contractual obligations or liabilities or expend significant cash. Such transactions could harm our operating results and cash position and negatively affect the price of our stock.

In addition, there can be no assurance that we will achieve the revenues, growth prospects and synergies expected from our prior acquisitions or any future acquisitions, or that we will achieve such revenue, growth prospects and synergies in a manner consistent with our expectations. Our failure to realize the anticipated benefits of our strategic transactions could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

The diversion of management's attention and costs associated with acquisitions may have a negative impact on our business.

If management’s attention is diverted from the management of our existing businesses as a result of its efforts in evaluating and negotiating new acquisitions and strategic transactions, the prospects, business activities, cash flow,

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financial condition and results of operations of our existing businesses may suffer. We also may incur unanticipated costs in connection with pursuing acquisitions and strategic transactions, whether they ultimately are consummated or not.

S&W Australia's alfalfa seed grower base is dependent on a limited number of milling facilities to process its seed.

Only five milling facilities are regularly used by S&W Australia’s grower base to clean and process S&W Australia alfalfa seed. Should one or more of these facilities become unusable, there could be a significant effect on S&W Australia’s ability to get its Australian alfalfa seed to market in a timely manner or at all. S&W Australia’s growers use Tatiara Seeds to process approximately 63% of the alfalfa seed grown for S&W Australia in fiscal 2023.

S&W Australia is thinly capitalized and may become dependent upon us for financing.

Because S&W Australia has relatively little net working capital, it is substantially dependent upon its credit arrangement with National Australia Bank Ltd, or NAB, to purchase its seed inventory. If S&W Australia breaches its credit arrangement in the future or other reasons cause this credit arrangement to become unavailable to S&W Australia, S&W Australia may become reliant on us to finance its operations or for financial guarantees. We currently are a guarantor on S&W Australia's NAB credit facility, and anticipate that we will need to make a capital infusion into S&W Australia in the near future. S&W Australia's financial dependency upon us could have a negative adverse effect upon our financial condition.

S&W Australia is dependent on a group of seed growers and a favorable pricing model for alfalfa seed production.

S&W Australia relies on a group of over 55 Australian contract growers to produce its proprietary alfalfa seeds. In this system, growers’ contract with S&W Australia to grow S&W Australia’s seed for terms of seven to ten years in the case of alfalfa and two to three years for white clover. S&W Australia uses a staggered payment system with the growers of its alfalfa and white clover; the payment amounts are based upon a Production Fee for compliant seed. The Production Fee is advised each year at the time of crop harvest but no later than May 31 and is based on carryover stock, estimated size of harvest and prevailing and estimated market values. Following the grower’s delivery of uncleaned seed to a milling facility, S&W Australia typically pays approximately 40% of the Production Fee to the grower based on pre-cleaning weight. Following this initial payment, S&W Australia makes two equal progress payments to the total of the Production Fee in September and December and, if applicable, a bonus payment for “first grade” alfalfa seed. The final amount payable to each grower is also subject to adjustment based upon the clean weight of the seed grown. Once the Production Fee has been advised each year S&W Australia is committed to payment amounts and timing exposing it to adverse changes in market values due to price and currency fluctuations.

Changes in government policies and laws could adversely affect international sales and therefore our financial results.

Historically, sales to our distributors who sell our proprietary alfalfa seed varieties outside the United States have constituted a meaningful portion of our annual revenue. We anticipate that sales into international markets will continue to represent a meaningful portion of our total sales and that continued growth and profitability will require further international expansion, particularly in the Middle East and Africa. Our financial results could be affected by changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies, laws and regulations, or other activities of U.S. and non-U.S. governments, agencies and similar organizations. These conditions include but are not limited to changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, local labor conditions and regulations, reduced protection of intellectual property rights in some countries, changes in the regulatory or legal environment, burdensome taxes and tariffs and other trade barriers. International risks and uncertainties, including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities and war, could lead to reduced distribution of our products into international markets and reduced profitability associated with such sales.

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We are subject to risks associated with doing business globally.

Our operations, both inside and outside the United States, are subject to risks inherent in conducting business globally and under the laws, regulations and customs of various jurisdictions and geographies. Although we sell seed to various regions of the world, a significant percentage of our sales outside the United States in fiscal 2023 were principally to customers in the Australia and the Middle East. Accordingly, developments in those parts of the world generally have a more significant effect on our operations than developments in other places. Our operations outside the United States are subject to special risks and restrictions, including, without limitation:

Furthermore, our ability to export our products and our sales outside the United States may be adversely affected by significant changes in trade, tax, or other policies, including the risk that other countries may retaliate through the imposition of their own trade restrictions and/or increased tariffs in response to substantial changes to U.S. trade and tax policies. Acts of terror or war may impair our ability to operate in particular countries or regions and may impede the flow of goods and services between countries. Customers in weakened economies may be unable to purchase our products, or it could become more expensive for them to purchase imported products in their local currency, or sell their commodity at prevailing international prices, and we may be unable to collect receivables from such customers. Further, changes in exchange rates may affect our net earnings, the book value of our assets outside the United States and our stockholders’ equity. Failure to comply with the laws and regulations that affect our global operations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Additionally, in many markets there are various pressures to reduce government subsidies to farmers, which may inhibit the growth in these markets of products used in agriculture. In addition, government programs that create incentives for farmers may be modified or discontinued. However, it is difficult to predict accurately whether, and if so when, such changes will occur. We expect that the policies of governments and international organizations will continue to affect the planting choices made by growers as well as the income available to growers to purchase products used in agriculture and, accordingly, the operating results of the agriculture industry.

The effects of the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine may have an adverse impact on our business.

The global economy has been negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in early 2022, the U.S. and global financial markets experienced volatility, which has led to disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity globally. In response to the invasion, the United States, United Kingdom and European Union, along with others, imposed significant new sanctions and export controls against Russia, Russian banks and certain Russian individuals and may implement additional sanctions or take further punitive actions in the future. The full economic and social impact of the sanctions imposed on Russia and possible future punitive measures that may be implemented, as well as the counter measures imposed by Russia, in addition to the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region, remains uncertain; however, both the conflict and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity on acceptable terms, in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets. Shifts in these underlying conditions may negatively impact our margins. Furthermore, our market environment and, consequently, our business performance may be adversely impacted.

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Further escalation of the military conflict or related geopolitical tensions, including increased trade barriers or restrictions on global trade, could result in, among other things, cyberattacks, supply disruptions, and changes to foreign exchange rates and financial markets, any of which may adversely affect our business and supply chains.

The effects of the conflict in Sudan may have an adverse impact on our business.

The armed conflict in Sudan, which began in April 2023, has disrupted our shipments to the country. At this time, we expect to ship to Sudan $3.0 million to $6.0 million of our product in the first half of fiscal 2024 and will continue to monitor and assess conditions. If we are unable to provide shipments to Sudan and cannot find alternative outlets for the product, our business, financial condition or results of operations may be adversely impacted.

Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act or similar laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits United States companies, including their suppliers, distributors and other commercial partners, from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices occur from time-to-time in the countries in which we distribute products. We have adopted formal policies and procedures designed to facilitate compliance with these laws. If our employees or other agents, including our distributors or suppliers, are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Environmental regulation affecting our seed products could negatively impact our business.

Our agricultural operations are subject to a broad range of evolving environmental laws and regulations applicable to the markets in which we operate. These environmental laws and regulations are intended to address concerns related to, among other things, air quality, storm water discharge and management and disposal of agricultural chemicals relating to seed treatment.

In the U.S., we are subject to evolving environmental laws and regulations by federal and state governments. Federal laws and regulations include the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, the Federal Seed Act, and potentially regulations of the FDA and/or other State regulatory agencies.

Our Australian operations are also subject to a number of environmental laws, regulations and policies, including in particular the Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA), the Agricultural and Veterinary Products (Control of Use) Act 2002 (SA), the Genetically Modified Crops Management Act 2004 (SA), the Dangerous Substances Act 1979 (SA), the Controlled Substances Act 1984 (SA) and related regulations and policies.

Our failure to comply with these laws and related regulations could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Moreover, it is possible that future developments, such as increasingly strict environmental laws and enforcement policies thereunder, and further restrictions on the use of agricultural chemicals, could result in increased compliance costs which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

If we are unable to obtain government approvals for certain of our products, we may be unable to commercialize those products in certain markets.

Our ability to launch and commercialize certain new products is subject to regulatory approval, which can be lengthy, costly, complex and in some markets unpredictable. The regulatory environment may be impacted by the activities of non-governmental organizations and special interest groups and stakeholder reaction to actual or perceived impacts of new and existing technology, products, or processes on safety, health, and the environment. Seed products incorporating biotechnology derived traits and crop protection products must be extensively tested for safety, efficacy, and environmental impact before they can be registered for production, use, sale or commercialization in a given market. Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approvals requires submitting a significant amount of information and data, which may require participation from technology providers. If we are unable to receive the necessary approvals, we will be unable to produce and sell certain of our current and future products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Unauthorized access to our information technology systems, infrastructure and data could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are dependent upon our own and third-party information technology systems, infrastructure and data, including mobile technologies, to operate our business. The multitude and complexity of our computer systems may make them vulnerable to service interruption or destruction, disruption of data integrity, malicious intrusion, or random attacks. Likewise, data privacy or security incidents or breaches by employees or others may pose a risk that sensitive data, including our intellectual property, trade secrets or personal information of our employees, customers or other business partners may be exposed to unauthorized persons or to the public. Our business partners face similar risks, and any security breach of their systems could adversely affect our security posture.

In addition, cyberattacks are increasing in their frequency, sophistication and intensity. Cyber-attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, denial-of-service, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten data confidentiality, integrity and availability. Moreover, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information, trade secrets or other intellectual property.

A security breach, including, for example, a misappropriation of customer, distributor or employee confidential information, trade secrets or intellectual property, could disrupt our business and result in increased costs or loss of revenue, which may include potential costs of investigations, legal, forensic and consulting fees and expenses, costs and diversion of management’s attention required for investigation, remediation and litigation, substantial repair or replacement costs. In addition, any disruption in our information technology systems, loss of data or other disruptions could impair our ability to manage inventories, process transactions and communicate with our customers, which could prevent us from being able to fulfill orders, result in cancellations and loss of customers, cause us reputational harm and generally disrupt our ability to conduct our business, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

While we have implemented measures for the protection of our data and information technology infrastructure, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent service interruptions, or identify breaches in our systems, that could adversely affect our business and operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive information, which could result in financial, legal, business or reputational harm to us. In addition, our liability insurance may not be sufficient in type or amount to cover us against claims related to security breaches, cyberattacks and other related breaches.

Insurance covering defective seed claims may become unavailable or be inadequate.

Defective seed could result in insurance claims and negative publicity. Although we carry general liability insurance to cover defective seed claims, such coverage may become unavailable or be inadequate. Even if coverage is offered, it may be at a price and on terms not acceptable to us. If claims exceed coverage limits, or if insurance is not available to us, the occurrence of significant claims could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be exposed to product quality claims, which may cause us to incur substantial legal expenses and, if determined adversely against us, may cause us to pay significant damage awards.

We may be subject to legal proceedings and claims from time to time relating to our seed quality. The defense of these proceedings and claims can be both costly and time consuming and may significantly divert efforts and resources of our management personnel. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could subject us to significant liability and damage our market reputation and prevent us from achieving increased sales and market share. Protracted litigation could also result in our customers or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase of our products.

Capital and credit market issues could negatively affect our liquidity, increase our costs of borrowing and disrupt the operations of our growers and customers.

The capital and credit markets have experienced increased volatility and disruption over the past several years, making it more difficult for companies to access those markets. Continued or increased volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets may impair our liquidity or increase our costs of borrowing, if we need to access the credit market. Our business could also be negatively impacted if our growers or customers experience disruptions resulting from tighter capital and credit markets or a slowdown in the general economy.

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If we are unable to protect our intellectual property rights, our business and prospects may be harmed.

Our ability to compete effectively is dependent upon the proprietary nature of the seeds, seedlings, processes, technologies and materials owned by or used by us or our growers. If any competitors independently develop new traits, seeds, seedlings, processes or technologies that customers or end users determine are better than our existing products, such developments could adversely affect our competitive position.

In some cases, we obtain patent protection or plant breeder rights registrations for certain of our seed products. However, our principal method of guarding our proprietary varieties and hybrids is exercising a high degree of control over the supply chain. We also rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although we require our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques.

Even with these measures in place, it would be possible for persons with access to our seed or plants grown from our seed to reproduce and market products substantially similar to our proprietary seed varieties, which could significantly harm our business and our reputation. Third parties may challenge the validity, enforceability and scope of our intellectual property rights. Furthermore, we sell our products in more than 40 countries and the laws of some countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. Litigation may be necessary to protect our proprietary property and determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of competitors. Intellectual property litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of our management and other resources. If we are unable to successfully protect our intellectual property rights, our competitors could market products that compete with our proprietary products without obtaining a license from us.

Actual or threatened public health pandemics or outbreaks may adversely impact on our business, operations and the markets and communities in which we, our partners and customers operate.

While many health organizations have declared that the COVID-19 pandemic has ended, the pandemic and previous actions to slow its spread had an adverse impact on our operations, including disruptions of shipments of our seed products, increased foreign exchange rate volatility, reduced in-person sales interactions, and other disruptions which affected our results and financial condition. For example, during the year ended June 30, 2023, we experienced numerous logistical challenges due to limited availability of trucks for product deliveries, congestion at the ports, and overall volatility of shipping and transportation costs. We cannot predict if or when other similar disease outbreaks will emerge that cause similar disruptions. The extent to which future pandemics may impact our operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, such as the timing and duration of future pandemics, the transmissibility and severity of illness caused by future pandemics, the efforts by governments and businesses to contain the spread of future pandemics, business closures or business disruptions and the impact on the economy and capital markets. Similar disruptions or disease outbreaks could delay or reduce our ability to recognize revenues within a particular fiscal period and harm our results of operations.

A negative public perception of biotechnology may adversely impact our business.

Concerns and claims regarding the safe use of seeds with biotechnology traits and their potential impact on health and the environment, and the perceived impacts of biotechnology on health and the environment, reflect a growing trend in societal demands for increasing levels of product safety and environmental protection. These and other concerns could manifest themselves in stockholder proposals, preferred purchasing, delays or failures in obtaining or retaining regulatory approvals, delayed product launches, lack of market acceptance, product discontinuation, continued pressure for and adoption of more stringent regulatory intervention and litigation, termination of raw material supply agreements, and legal claims. These and other concerns could also influence public perceptions, the viability or continued sales of certain of our products, our reputation, and the cost to comply with regulations. As a result, such concerns could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Disruptions to our operations may adversely impact our business.

Despite all precautions, operations at our sites may be disrupted by fires, power outages, process changeovers – including those due to restrictions on the use of certain chemical substances – or plant breakdowns, for example. In addition, some of our production facilities are located in areas that may be affected by natural disasters such as flooding or earthquakes. These risks can lead to production disruptions or stoppages, result in personal injury and damage to our reputation, lead to declines in sales and/or margins, and necessitate the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure.

Furthermore, potential criminal activities targeting our employees, property or business activities represent a risk for our company. These include intellectual property theft, vandalism, physical attacks and sabotage. In addition, counterfeit or adulterated versions of our products could be put into circulation. There is also the risk of crises such as a pandemic or a prolonged power outage that could lead to a breakdown of our critical infrastructure and our production.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Investment in Our Securities

The terms of our loan and security agreement with CIBC and MFP, our debt facilities with NAB, and our AgAmerica note place restrictions on our operating and financial flexibility, and failure to comply with covenants or to satisfy certain conditions may result in acceleration of our repayment obligations and foreclosure on our pledged assets, which could significantly harm our liquidity, financial condition, operating results, business and prospects and cause the price of our securities to decline.

Our revolving credit facility with CIBC is secured by a first priority perfected security interest in substantially all of our assets, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, we may become obligated to repay deemed term loan advances pursuant to a Subordinate Loan and Security Agreement with MFP Partners, L.P., or MFP.

Our loan agreement with CIBC requires us to comply with certain financial covenants. The loan agreements with CIBC and MFP also require us to comply with a number of other covenants (affirmative and negative), including restrictive covenants that limit our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness; merge or consolidate with or into any other organization or otherwise suffer a change in control; acquire, own or make investments; repurchase or redeem any class of stock or other equity interest; declare or pay any cash dividend or make a cash distribution on any class of stock or other equity interest; and transfer a material portion of our assets, in each case subject to exceptions.

In addition to other specified events of default, and subject to limited exceptions, CIBC could declare an event of default upon our non-compliance with certain covenants or the occurrence of certain events that it may determine, in its sole discretion, to have a material adverse effect, including: a material adverse change in, or a material adverse effect on our business, property, assets or operations, taken as a whole; a material impairment of our ability to perform any of our obligations under the loan agreement; a material adverse effect upon the collateral for the loan or its value; or a material impairment of the enforceability or priority of the liens upon the collateral for the loan or the legality, validity, binding effect or enforceability of the loan agreement or related agreements.

If we default under the credit facility, CIBC may accelerate all of our repayment obligations, which may require us to seek additional or alternate financing and/or modify our operational plans. Current debt covenants are stated in the March 22, 2023 amendment with CIBC. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to comply with all of the covenants contained in the CIBC loan agreement in the future, or secure additional waivers if or when required. If we are unable to comply with or obtain a waiver of any noncompliance under the loan agreement, CIBC could declare an event of default or require us to further renegotiate the loan agreement on terms that may be significantly less favorable to us, or we may be required to seek additional or alternative financing. Although we have secured a lending commitment from MFP to address certain of these risks, we cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with the terms of the loan agreement with MFP, and we would still need to seek refinancing of the MFP loan agreement if any amounts became payable under the MFP loan agreement. If we were to seek additional or alternative financing, any such financing may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

Our term loan agreement with AgAmerica Lending LLC, or AgAmerica, is evidenced by a promissory note and is secured by a mortgage on approximately 31 acres of land located in Lubbock and Moore Counties, Texas, and certain personal property thereon. The term loan agreement and the promissory note, or collectively, the AgAmerica note, requires us to comply with a number of covenants (affirmative and negative) that include limitations with respect to liens, fundamental changes, asset sales and formation and acquisition of subsidiaries, in each case subject

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to exceptions. If we default under the AgAmerica note, AgAmerica may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable, which may require us to seek additional or alternate financing and/or modify our operational plans.

Our debt facilities with NAB also contain various covenants, including an undertaking that requires us to maintain a net related entity position of not more than USD $18.5 million. The debt facilities with NAB are guaranteed by S&W Seed Company up to a maximum of AUD $15.0 million (USD $9.9 million as of June 30, 2023). If we default under the NAB debt facilities, NAB may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable, which may require us to seek additional or alternate financing and/or modify our operational plans.

Although our amended CIBC Loan Agreement matures on August 31, 2024, our AgAmerica note matures on June 30, 2026, and our NAB debt facilities mature on September 29, 2023 and September 30, 2024, we cannot assure you that we will succeed in securing future refinancing on commercially reasonable terms, if at all, and whether such terms may be more restrictive than the provisions governing the lending agreements. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will not experience an event of default or be required to further renegotiate with, or seek additional waivers from our lenders, including on terms that may be significantly less favorable to us, before we are able to refinance the loan agreement, if ever. Any declaration by our lenders of an event of default could significantly harm our liquidity, financial condition, operating results, business, and prospects and cause the price of our securities to decline. If we are unable to access funds to meet those obligations or to renegotiate our agreements, our lenders could foreclose on our pledged assets and we would have to immediately cease operations. In addition, during the continuance of an event of default, the then-applicable interest rate on the then-outstanding principal balance is subject to increase. Upon an event of default, our lenders could also require us to repay the loan immediately, together with a prepayment penalty, and other fees. If we were to renegotiate our lending agreements under such circumstances, the terms may be significantly less favorable to us. If we were liquidated, our lenders' rights to repayment would be senior to the rights of our stockholders to receive any proceeds from the liquidation. Any declaration by our lenders of an event of default could significantly harm our liquidity, financial condition, operating results, business, and prospects and cause the price of our securities to decline.

We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. The debt instruments governing such indebtedness may contain provisions that are as, or more, restrictive than the provisions governing our existing indebtedness. If we are unable to repay, refinance or restructure our indebtedness when payment is due, our lenders could proceed against the collateral or force us into bankruptcy or liquidation.

The value of our common stock can be volatile.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The overall market and the price of our common stock can fluctuate greatly. The trading price of our common stock may be significantly affected by various factors, including but not limited to:

Our quarter-to-quarter performance may vary substantially, and this variance, as well as general market conditions, may cause the price of our securities to fluctuate greatly and potentially expose us to litigation.

Our seed business is highly seasonal because it is tied to the growing and harvesting seasons. If sales in particular quarters are lower than expected, our operating results for these quarters could cause our share price to decline.

Our future expense estimates are based, in large part, on estimates of future revenue, which is difficult to predict. We expect to continue to make expenditures in order to expand production, sales, marketing and processes. We may be unable to, or may elect not to, adjust spending quickly enough to offset any unexpected revenue shortfall. If our

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increased expenses are not accompanied by increased revenue in the same quarter, our quarterly operating results would be harmed.

In one or more future quarters, our results of operations may fall below the expectations of investors or analysts, and the trading price of our securities may decline as a consequence. We believe that quarter-to-quarter comparisons of our operating results will not be a good indication of our future performance and should not be relied upon to predict the future performance of our stock price.

In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have often been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future. Securities litigation against us could result in substantial costs and divert our management's attention from other business concerns, which could seriously harm our business.

We completed a private placement of our Series B Redeemable Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock on February 18, 2022, and if we are required to redeem such shares of preferred stock, our cash position will be negatively impacted. In addition, we may not have sufficient funds to redeem such shares of preferred stock.

We issued 1,695 shares of Series B Redeemable Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock, or Series B Preferred Stock, in connection with our February 2022 private placement. Unless prohibited by Nevada law governing distributions to stockholders, the Series B Preferred Stock is redeemable, at any time after August 18, 2025, upon written request from the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock, at a price equal to its stated value, plus any cash dividends accrued but unpaid thereon. As of June 30, 2023, the aggregate stated value of our Series B Preferred Stock was $5.3 million. If a holder of the Series B Preferred Stock requests redemption we will be required to redeem such shares of preferred stock. However, we may be unable to redeem such preferred stock if restrictions under applicable law or contractual obligations prohibit such redemption. Additionally, even if such redemptions are permitted, our available cash will be negatively impacted as a result of such redemptions. In addition, such reduction in our available cash could decrease the trading price of our common stock.

If we issue additional securities with rights superior to our common stock, the holdings of those owning our common stock could be further diluted or subordinated to the rights of the holders of preferred stock.

We may offer additional debt or equity securities in private and/or public offerings in order to raise working capital or to refinance our debt. Our board of directors is authorized by our articles of incorporation to establish classes or series of preferred stock and fix the designation, powers, preferences and rights of the shares of each such class or series without any further vote or action by our stockholders. Any shares of preferred stock so issued could have priority over our common stock with respect to dividend or liquidation rights. Our board of directors has authorized the issuance of 3,323 shares of Series B Redeemable Convertible Non-Voting Preferred Stock, of which 1,695 shares are outstanding as of June 30, 2023. Any future sales of securities could adversely affect the interests or voting rights of the holders of our common stock, result in substantial dilution to existing stockholders, or adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our actual operating results may differ significantly from our guidance.

We routinely release annual guidance in our quarterly earnings releases, our quarterly earnings conference calls and in other forums we consider appropriate. Such guidance regarding our future performance represents our management's estimates as of the date of release or other communication. This guidance, which includes forward-looking statements, is based on projections prepared by our management. These projections are not prepared with a view toward compliance with published guidelines of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, and neither our independent registered public accountants nor any other independent expert or outside party compiles or examines the projections, and accordingly, no such person expresses any opinion or any other form of assurance with respect thereto.

Projections are based upon a number of assumptions and estimates that, while presented with numerical specificity, are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are beyond our control and are based upon specific assumptions with respect to future business decisions, some of which will change. If we issue guidance, we will generally state possible outcomes as high and low ranges or approximations that are intended to provide a sensitivity analysis as variables are changed but are not intended to represent that actual results could not fall outside of the suggested ranges or approximations. The principal reason that we would release guidance would be to provide a basis for our management to discuss our business outlook

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with analysts and investors. We do not accept any responsibility for any projections or reports published by any such persons.

Guidance is necessarily speculative in nature, and it can be expected that some or all of the assumptions of the guidance furnished by us will not materialize or will vary significantly from actual results. Accordingly, our guidance, when given, is only an estimate of what management believes is realizable as of the date of release or other communication. Actual results will vary from our guidance, and the variations may be material. In light of the foregoing, investors are urged not to rely upon, or otherwise consider, our guidance in making an investment decision about our securities.

We do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends on our common stock.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not plan to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the near future. Our current policy is to retain all funds and any earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business. If we do not pay cash dividends, our common stock may be less valuable to investors because a return on their investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

Anti-takeover provisions and our right to issue preferred stock could make a third-party acquisition of us difficult.

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that would make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, including a provision that our board of directors may issue preferred stock without stockholder approval. In addition, certain anti-takeover provisions of Nevada law, if and when applicable, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us, even if such change in control would be beneficial to our stockholders.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

The following is a description of our material properties:

We believe that our current facilities are adequate for our needs for the immediate future and that, should it be needed, suitable additional space will be available to accommodate expansion of our operations on commercially reasonable terms.

AgAmerica Mortgage

On June 20, 2023, the Company entered into a Term Loan Agreement with AgAmerica Lending LLC, a Florida limited liability company, or AgAmerica, pursuant to which AgAmerica extended a term loan of $4.3 million to the Company and, as security therefor, the Company granted to AgAmerica a mortgage on approximately 31 acres of land located in Lubbock and Moore Counties, Texas, and certain personal property thereon.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including pending opposition proceedings involving patents that arise in the ordinary course of business. There are no matters pending that we expect to have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information Regarding Our Common Stock

Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SANW.”

Holders

As of September 20, 2023, we had 51 stockholders of record. Because many of our shares of common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to pay dividends will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will be dependent upon then existing conditions, including our financial condition and results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors that the Board of Directors considers relevant. In addition, our loan agreement with CIBC Bank USA contains restrictions on our ability to pay dividends.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Information about our equity compensation plans is incorporated herein by reference to Item 12 of Part III of this Annual Report.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

There were no unregistered sales of equity securities in fiscal 2023 that have not been previously reported on a Current Report on Form 8-K.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliate Purchasers

None.

Item 6. Reserved

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to our historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements as referred to on page 2 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

Executive Overview

We are a global multi-crop, middle-market agricultural company and a market leader in the breeding, production and sale of alfalfa and sorghum seeds, and have a commercial market presence in pasture and sunflower seeds. We are also leveraging our camelina seed technology in our partnership with Shell in the United States to demonstrate how agriculture and energy can work together to lower carbon emissions by producing domestically sourced sustainable biofuel feedstocks.

Our seed platform develops and supplies high quality germplasm designed to produce higher yields for farmers worldwide. We sell over 600 seed products in more than 40 countries. We maintain an active product pipeline and expect to introduce more than 20 new products during fiscal 2024.

Strategic Review

We have maintained our strategic path for operations and future growth in sorghum while continuing to execute and refine our key centers of value for our international forage and pastures, camelina, and alfalfa businesses. With grower adoption of our Double Team grain sorghum solution accelerating since its fiscal 2022 launch and the technological development of Double Team planned for forage and grain sorghum products in fiscal 2024, we believe we are in a unique position to be the leading technology provider of this important global crop.

We have continued to align our cost structure to support our key centers of value in order to drive the business towards profitability. We have decided to pause our development of stevia leaf and re-evaluate its longer-term profit opportunity with our partners. We have reduced obsolescence costs through improved life cycle management and SKU optimization efforts with the reduction of low margin forage lines and seed treatment offerings. Continuing into fiscal 2024, we expect to recognize improvement in our seed cost position as additional operational efficiency plans are implemented and guided by best-in-class cost standards.

In fiscal 2023, we entered into partnerships with Shell and Trigall that we believe will generate value while strengthening our balance sheet.

In addition, we have executed on our fiscal 2023 plan to reduce annual operating expenses by $5.0 million.

Global Economic Conditions

We are subject to additional risks and uncertainties as a result of adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events, such as the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, the armed conflict in Sudan, uncertain market conditions, including higher inflation and supply chain disruptions, recent bank failures, and other global events, which have had and may continue to have an adverse impact on our business, operations and the markets and communities in which we, our partners and customers operate.

The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted our operations and financial results in 2021 and 2022, due to broad-based supply chain disruptions across the U.S. and globally. These supply chain issues negatively impacted our

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ability to book containers for ocean freight, which in certain cases delayed customer shipments and extended our regular sales and collection cycle. In 2023, we experienced a lessening of the severity of these supply chain issues, though continue to experience negative effects in certain jurisdictions. We continue to work closely with our customers, business units, third party contractors and suppliers, and other external business partners to minimize the potential impact on our business. The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our sales, operating results and financial condition will depend on certain developments, including the location, duration and spread of future outbreaks, and the resulting specific impacts felt by our customers, employees, and vendors, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in early 2022, the U.S. and global financial markets experienced volatility, which has led to disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity globally. In response to the invasion, the United States, United Kingdom and European Union, along with others, imposed significant new sanctions and export controls against Russia, Russian banks and certain Russian individuals and may implement additional sanctions or take further punitive actions in the future. The full economic and social impact of the sanctions imposed on Russia and possible future punitive measures that may be implemented, as well as the counter measures imposed by Russia, in addition to the ongoing military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region, remains uncertain; however, both the conflict and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability, supply chain continuity and reduced access to liquidity on acceptable terms, in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets.

The armed conflict in Sudan, which began in April 2023, has disrupted our shipments to the country. At this time, we expect to ship to Sudan $3.0 million to $6.0 million of our product in the first half of fiscal 2024 and will continue to monitor and assess conditions. Also, in Saudi Arabia, unregistered lower priced and lower quality European produced seed is currently being dumped into the country which has created a short-term imbalance. We believe inventory levels will normalize following the quick flushing out of this seed and we are making the strategic decision not to discount our high value seed to compete with this low-quality product. As a result of the Sudan geopolitical conflict and this short-term impact in Saudi Arabia, a significant amount of alfalfa orders were moved from the second half of fiscal 2023 to the first half of fiscal 2024.

Our product revenue is predicated on our ability to timely fulfill customer orders, which depends in large part upon the consistent availability and operation of shipping and distribution networks operated by third parties. Farmers typically have a limited window during which they can plant seed, and their buying decisions can be shaped by actual or perceived disruptions in our distribution and supply channels, or concerns about our ability to timely fulfill their orders. If our customers delay or decrease their orders due to potential disruptions in our distribution and supply channels, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or other adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events, this will adversely affect our product revenue.

During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, we experienced numerous logistical challenges due to limited availability of trucks for product deliveries, congestion at the ports, and overall volatility of shipping and transportation costs. We expect these logistical challenges to persist throughout fiscal 2024, which may, among other things, delay or reduce our ability to recognize revenues within a particular fiscal period and harm our results of operations.

The ultimate impact that COVID-19 and other adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events will have on our consolidated financial statements remains uncertain and ultimately will be dictated by the length and severity of the pandemic and any broad-based supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, rising levels of inflation and interest rates, tightening of credit markets or other developments resulting from the pandemic or recent geopolitical and macroeconomic events, as well as the economic recovery and actions taken in response to local, state and national governments around the world, including the distribution of vaccinations. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of those potential and evolving impacts to our business and consolidated financial statements.

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Components of Our Statements of Operations Data

Revenue and Cost of Revenue

Revenue

We derive most of our revenue from the sale of our proprietary seed varieties and hybrids. We expect that over the next several years, a substantial majority of our revenue will be generated from the sale of alfalfa, sorghum, and pasture seed, although we are continually assessing other possible product offerings or means to increase revenue, including expanding into higher margin crops.

The mix of our product offerings will continue to change over time with the introduction of new seed varieties and hybrids resulting from our robust research and development efforts. Potential sources of new revenue include expansion of novel, non-GMO product lines, entry into gene-edited product markets, entry into specialty crop markets, such as biofuels, and additional strategic transactions.

Our revenue will fluctuate depending on the timing of orders from our customers and distributors and the extent to which markets are impacted by sources of instability and volatility in global markets and industries, including, among other things, the COVID-19 pandemic, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the armed conflict in Sudan, supply chain issues and global inflation. Because some of our large customers and distributors order in bulk only one or two times per year, our product revenue can fluctuate significantly from period to period. Some of this fluctuation is offset by having operations in both the northern and southern hemispheres. In addition, due to the numerous logistical challenges we have experienced in our shipping and distribution networks resulting from current geopolitical and macroeconomic events, our product revenue has fluctuated, and our ability to recognize revenues within a particular fiscal period has been impacted. We expect our product revenue will fluctuate from period to period as a result of the current geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions.

Our specialty crops, including our biofuels program, have yet to generate any meaningful revenue. However, management continues to evaluate this portion of our business and assess various opportunities to monetize the results of our research and development efforts. Such potential opportunities include possible collaborations, partnerships and/or joint ventures, licensing agreements and royalty-based agreements. For example, we recently entered into our Vision Bioenergy partnership with Shell in order to develop commercially viable camelina sativa and other oilseeds varieties that produce grain from which oil and meal can be extracted for future processing into biofuels, feed and other potential bioproducts. Although we have received upfront payments from Shell pursuant to the partnership and will be entitled to receive additional payments from Shell upon the one-year anniversary of our entry into partnership, there can be no assurance that this will generate any meaningful revenue.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue relates to sale of our seed products and consists of the cost of procuring seed, plant conditioning and packaging costs, direct labor and raw materials and overhead costs. Gross margin represents the profit remaining after deducting these costs from total revenue. As Double Team sorghum continues to gain market acceptance, we expect to see additional favorability in our gross margin.

Operating Expenses

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general, and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs, including salaries, employee benefits and share-based compensation, as well as professional service fees, insurance, marketing, travel and entertainment expense, public company expense and other overhead costs. We proactively take steps on an ongoing basis to control selling, general and administrative expenses as much as is reasonably possible.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred in the discovery, development, breeding and testing of new products incorporating the traits we have specifically selected. These expenses consist primarily of employee salaries and benefits, consultant services, land leased for field trials, chemicals and supplies and other external expenses.

Overall, we have been focused on controlling research and development expenses, while balancing that objective against the recognition that continued advancement in product development is an important part of our strategic

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planning. We intend to focus our resources on development programs we believe will have a high return on investment. For alfalfa seed, we plan to invest in further development of differentiating forage quality traits. For sorghum, we plan to invest in higher value grain products, proprietary herbicide tolerance traits and improved safety and palatability in forage products. We expect our research and development expenses will fluctuate from period to period as a result of the timing of various research and development projects.

Our internal research and development costs are expensed as incurred, while third-party research and developments costs are expensed when the contracted work has been performed or as milestone results have been achieved. The costs associated with equipment or facilities acquired or constructed for research and development activities that have alternative future uses are capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the asset.

Depreciation and Amortization

We amortize intangible assets, including those acquired from Pasture Genetics Ltd., or Pasture Genetics, in 2020, Chromatin Inc. in 2018 and from SV Genetics Pty Ltd in May 2016, using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, consisting of periods of 10 to 30 years for technology/IP/germplasm, 5 to 20 years for customer relationships and trade names and 10 to 20 years for other intangible assets. Property, plant and equipment is depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset, consisting of periods of 5 to 35 years for buildings, 2 to 20 years for machinery and equipment and 2 to 5 years for vehicles.

Other (Income) Expense

Other (income) expense consists primarily of the gain on sale of business interest, foreign currency gains and losses, gains on disposal of intangible assets and equity investments, changes in contingent consideration obligation, governmental grant income, interest expense and interest expense resulting from the amortization of debt discount. Interest expense and Interest expense - amortization of debt discount primarily consists of interest costs related to outstanding borrowings on our working capital credit facilities. Amortization of the MFP Letter of Credit (as defined below) asset is also recorded as Interest expense - amortization of debt discount.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

Our effective tax rate is based on income, statutory tax rates, differences in the deductibility of certain expenses and inclusion of certain income items between financial statement and tax return purposes, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, if we determine that a tax position is more likely than not of being sustained upon audit, based solely on the technical merits of the position, we recognize the benefit. Tax regulations require certain items to be included in the tax return at different times than when those items are required to be recorded in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, our effective tax rate reflected in our consolidated financial statements is different from that reported in our tax returns. Some of these differences are permanent, such as meals and entertainment expenses that are not fully deductible on our tax return, and some are temporary differences, such as depreciation expense. Temporary differences create deferred tax assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets generally represent items that can be used as a tax deduction or credit in our tax return in future years for which we have already recorded the tax benefit in our consolidated statements of operations. Based on financial projections, we do not believe that it is more likely than not that our U.S. deferred tax assets will be realized, and a full valuation allowance is recorded against them.

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Results of Operations

Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2023 Compared to the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2022

The following table presents our results of operations for the periods indicated:

(1) Amount in column may not foot due to rounding

The discussion and analysis presented below is concerned with material changes in our results of operations between the year ended June 30, 2023 and the year ended June 30, 2022. All comparisons presented are with respect to the prior-year period, unless stated otherwise. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations."

Revenue

The $2.2 million year-over-year increase in revenue is primarily due to a $4.0 million increase in Double Team sorghum sales in the U.S. domestic market and a $4.0 million increase in non-dormant alfalfa sales in the Middle East/North Africa, or MENA, region as a tightening in the global supply of non-dormant alfalfa drove up market prices. Sales in the Latin America, or LATAM, region increased $3.8 million, also benefiting from the tightening in the global supply of non-dormant alfalfa driving up prices, as well as an increase in grain sorghum acres being planted due to cropping rotations. Forage sorghum sales in the U.S. increased $1.4 million due to favorable weather-related conditions leading to an increase in hay and forage production. These revenue increases were partially offset by decreased Australian domestic pasture sales of $4.3 million primarily resulting from flooding in key planting regions that lowered sales in the first half of fiscal 2023, a $3.0 million decrease in revenue in the Asia region due to logistical delays in international shipping and COVID-related impacts in China during the prior year that affected distributor demand, decreased U.S. domestic alfalfa revenue of $1.7 million largely due to a decline in U.S. seeded alfalfa acres, decreased non-Double Team sorghum revenue of $1.0 million, and decreased service revenue of $0.9

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million, primarily by having lower camelina service revenue and lower third party alfalfa service revenue in fiscal 2023 as a result of the Vision Bioenergy partnership.

The Company sells a substantial portion of its products to international customers. Sales into international markets represented 70% and 73% of our total revenue during the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Domestic revenue accounted for 30% and 27% of our total revenue for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following table shows revenue from external sources by destination country:

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Our gross profit margin increased to 19.8% in fiscal 2023 from 8.9% in fiscal 2022. The 10.9 percentage point increase is attributed to increased sales of higher margin products including Double Team sorghum (3.4 percentage points), non-dormant alfalfa outside of the U.S. (3.2 percentage points), and other products and services (1.9 percentage points). These margin improvements were offset by unfavorable effects from flooding in key planting regions in the Australian domestic business (-2.4 percentage points).

The margin increase was also the result of reduced inventory write-downs (4.9 percentage points) compared to the prior year. Cost of revenue for fiscal years 2023 and 2022 included inventory write-downs of $2.8 million and $6.4 million, respectively. Inventory write-downs are generally related to (1) the scrapping of certain inventory lots that have deteriorated in quality and germination rates during the year, (2) the recording of reserves against remaining seed inventory for estimated future deterioration in quality and germination over the product life cycle, and (3) the recording of adjustments to the carrying costs of specific products in excess of market values. Improved inventory life-cycle management accounts for the primary improvement seen in fiscal 2023, which we expect will continue for the foreseeable future.

Excluding the inventory write-downs, the gross margins would have been 23.6% in fiscal 2023 compared to 17.8% in fiscal 2022, an increase of 5.8 percentage points. We believe it is useful to exclude inventory write-downs in calculating adjusted gross margins to provide investors with a method to compare our operating results to prior periods and to peer companies.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

The $2.0 million decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses is attributable to a $1.8 million decrease in payroll and other employee compensation related expenses as a result of management’s cost reduction efforts, a $0.3 million decrease in stock-based compensation expense as a result of the accelerated vesting of equity awards of a former executive officer during the year ended June 30, 2022, a $0.3 million decrease in rent, software, and network support spending reductions, a $0.3 million decrease in consulting expenses, a $0.3 million decrease in expenses attributable to the transfer of services provided to Vision Bioenergy, a $0.2 million decrease in bad debt expense, and $0.4 million of other various cost reductions. The cost reductions were partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in one-time transaction costs, a $0.3 million increase in professional fees, and $0.2 million of increased travel expenses.

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Research and Development Expenses

The year-over-year decrease in research and development expenses of $2.5 million is attributable to a $1.0 million decrease in salaries, wages and related employment expenses as a result of management’s cost reduction efforts, a $0.4 million decrease in United States field trial and outside service related expenses, a $0.2 million decrease in consulting and professional fees, a $0.2 million decrease in investment in our sunflower programs in Hungary, a $0.2 million decrease in office expenses, and a $0.5 million decrease in other research and development related activities.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased by $0.7 million following contributions of intangible and fixed assets to the Trigall and Vision Bioenergy partnerships.

Foreign Currency Loss

The increase in foreign currency loss for fiscal 2023 was attributable to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates between the Australian dollar and U.S. dollar.

Government Grant Income

The $1.4 million in government grant income was attributable to an Employee Retention Credit recognized for certain periods in 2021 under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act.

Gain on Sale of Business Interest

The gain on sale of business interest was related to the sale of a 66% interest in Vision Biofuels to Shell. The $38.2 million gain was determined by the amount of consideration paid by Shell for the 66% interest plus the proportionate valuation of our retained 34% interest, less the carrying value of the assets we contributed to Vision Bioenergy.

Gain on Disposal of Intangible Assets

The $1.8 million gain on disposal of intangible assets occurred in the second quarter of fiscal 2023, as a result of the contribution of our Australia-based wheat breeding program and related assets to Trigall Australia in furtherance of the partnership with Trigall Australia, as discussed under the caption “Strategic Review,” above.

Change in Contingent Consideration Obligation

The decrease in benefit to non-cash change in contingent consideration compared to the prior year period is due to the February 2022 final valuation of the contingent consideration obligation from the 2020 acquisition of Pasture Genetics Pty Ltd. The valuation resulted in no contingent consideration due and a reversal of the remaining $0.7 million accrual.

Interest Expense - Amortization of Debt Discount

The increased debt amortization expense was due to the amortization of the financial commitment asset established in conjunction with the MFP Loan Agreement beginning in September 2022 (see “Capital Resources and Requirements—MFP Loan Agreement,” below) and increased amortization of costs associated with completion of refinancing our CIBC Credit Facility.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 primarily consisted of interest incurred on the working capital credit facilities, the Rooster Note (as defined below), and equipment finance leases. The $1.9 million increase in interest expense was primarily driven by increases in average borrowings and increased interest rates on the working capital credit facilities.

Other Expenses (Income)

Other (income) expenses for the year ended June 30, 2023 primarily consisted of $1.5 million in lender fees that were written off due to our coming to an agreement with CIBC, an existing lender. These fees are associated with uncompleted financing efforts with other lenders.

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(Benefit from) Provision for Income Taxes

We recorded an income tax benefit of ($0.8) million for the year ended June 30, 2023, compared to a $0.4 million income tax provision for the year ended June 30, 2022. Our effective tax rate was (5.1%) for the year ended June 30, 2023 compared to (1.2%) for the year ended June 30, 2022. Our effective tax rate was relatively consistent year over year, with the additional benefit in fiscal 2023 primarily driven by our valuation allowance. Due to the valuation allowance, we do not record the income tax benefit or expense related to substantially all our current year operating results, as such results are generally incorporated in our net operating loss deferred tax asset position, which has a full valuation allowance against it. However, we do record certain tax expenses and benefits related to some of our activity in our non-U.S. locations, as well as related to our U.S. state tax return liabilities.

Equity in Loss of Equity Method Investees, Net of Tax

The loss on equity investments of $1.3 million was related to our proportionate share of loss from our 34% interest in Vision Bioenergy and our 20% interest in Trigall.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our working capital and working capital requirements fluctuate from quarter to quarter depending on the phase of the growing and sales cycle that falls during a particular quarter. Our need for cash has historically been highest in the second and third fiscal quarters (October through March) because we pay our North American contracted growers progressively, starting in the second fiscal quarter. In fiscal 2023, we paid our North American growers approximately 50% of amounts due in the fall of 2022 and the balance was paid in the spring of 2023. This payment cycle to our growers was similar in fiscal 2022, and we expect it to be similar for fiscal 2024. S&W Australia and Pasture Genetics, our Australia-based wholly owned subsidiaries, have production cycles that are counter-cyclical to North America; however, the timing of payments to Australian growers, which occurs in the second through fourth quarters, also puts a greater demand on our working capital and working capital requirements during these periods.

Historically, due to the concentration of sales to certain distributors, our month-to-month and quarter-to-quarter sales and associated cash receipts are highly dependent upon the timing of deliveries to and payments from these distributors, which varies significantly from year to year.

We continuously monitor and evaluate our credit policies with all our customers based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of the respective trade accounts receivable balance. Our principal working capital components include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets, accounts payable and our working capital lines of credit.

In addition to funding our business with cash from operations, we have historically relied upon occasional sales of our debt and equity securities and credit facilities from financial institutions, both in the United States and Australia.

Capital Resources and Requirements

Excluding the gain recognized in relation to the Vision Bioenergy partnership, we were not profitable for the last several years. We also have had negative cash flow from operations for the last several years. To help fund our operations, we have relied on equity and debt financings, and we will need to obtain additional funding to finance our operations in the future. Accordingly, we are actively evaluating financing and strategic alternatives, including debt and equity financings and potential sales of assets or certain lines of business.

We believe that cash flow from operations, cash payments from Shell pursuant to the Shell Partnership Agreement, the funds received from the AgAmerica mortgage that closed in June 2023, and undrawn availability under our existing debt facilities will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements over the next 12 months. We expect to meet our cash requirements and obligations beyond the next 12 months through a combination of existing cash and cash equivalents, cash flow from operations, borrowings under our existing and potential future debt facilities and issuances of equity securities or debt offerings, among other sources of capital. Our ability to fund longer-term operating needs will depend on our ability to generate sufficient cash flows through sales of our products, our ability to maintain compliance with, and secure additional funds from, our existing and potential future debt facilities, our ability to access the capital markets, the impacts of adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events, and other factors, including those discussed under the section titled “Risk Factors”.

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Below is a summary of material changes to our sources of capital during the year ended June 30, 2023:

Shell Partnership

On February 6, 2023, S&W and Shell entered into a partnership for the development and production of sustainable biofuel feedstocks through Vision Bioenergy. We received $7.0 million upon the closing of the Shell partnership transaction and will be eligible to receive an additional $6.0 million in February 2024, subject to adjustment in certain circumstances.

Trigall Australia Partnership

In connection with our partnership with Trigall Genetics, we received $2.0 million in cash upon the closing of the partnership transaction and a promissory note for $1.0 million due in December 2023. Under the partnership agreement we are obligated to make an aggregate of $0.6 million of capital contributions to Trigall Australia through June 2025. As of June 30, 2023, we have contributed $0.2 million to Trigall Australia.

CIBC Loan Agreement

Our Loan and Security Agreement with CIBC Bank USA, or CIBC, as amended, or the CIBC Loan Agreement, provides for a $25.0 million credit facility. The following amendments to the CIBC Loan Agreement occurred during the year ended June 30, 2023:

The Amended CIBC Loan Agreement provides for a senior secured credit facility of up to $25.0 million from February 1 to October 31 of each year, and up to $18.0 million from November 1 to January 31 of each year, or the Amended CIBC Credit Facility. The proceeds of advances under the Amended CIBC Credit Facility may be used to finance the Company’s ongoing working capital requirements and other general corporate purposes. Availability of funds under the Amended CIBC Credit Facility is subject to a borrowing base equal to (a) up to 85% of eligible domestic accounts receivable, plus (b) up to 90% of eligible foreign accounts receivable, plus (c) up to the lesser of (i) 65% of eligible inventory and (ii) 85% of the appraised net orderly liquidation value of eligible inventory, in each case subject to an eligible inventory sublimit, in each case ((a), (b) and (c)), as more fully set forth in the Amended CIBC Loan Agreement and subject to lender reserves that CIBC may establish from time to time in its sole discretion, determined in good faith. Advances under the Amended CIBC Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to a reference rate equal to CIBC’s prime rate at any time (or, if greater, the federal funds rate at such time plus 0.5%) plus an applicable margin of 2.0%. The Company’s obligations under the Amended CIBC Loan Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of the Company’s assets (subject to certain exceptions), including intellectual property.

The Amended CIBC Loan Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties, events of default, and affirmative and negative covenants, including limitations with respect to debt, liens, fundamental changes, asset sales, restricted payments, investments and transactions with affiliates, subject to certain exceptions. Amounts due

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under the Amended CIBC Loan Agreement may be accelerated upon an “event of default,” as defined in the Amended CIBC Loan Agreement, such as failure to pay amounts owed thereunder when due, breach of a covenant, material inaccuracy of a representation, or occurrence of bankruptcy or insolvency, subject in some cases to cure periods. Additionally, upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, CIBC may elect to increase the existing interest rate on all of the Company’s outstanding obligations by 2.0% per annum.

All amounts outstanding under the Amended CIBC Loan Agreement, including, but not limited to, accrued and unpaid principal and interest due under the CIBC Credit Facility, will be due and payable in full on August 31, 2024.

As of June 30, 2023, we were not in compliance with the adjusted EBITDA covenant with CIBC but obtained a waiver from CIBC for such non-compliance. As of June 30, 2023, approximately $0.8 million remained available for use under this credit facility.

NAB Finance Agreement

S&W Australia’s debt facilities with National Australia Bank Ltd., or NAB, as amended to date, or the NAB Finance Agreement, were amended and restated on October 24, 2022 and further amended on October 25, 2022. Pursuant to the amendments contained in the NAB Finance Agreement, among other things:

After the amendments, the consolidated debt facilities under the NAB Finance Agreement provide for up to an aggregate of AUD $49.0 (USD $32.5 million as of June 30, 2023) of credit. The NAB finance agreement is guaranteed by S&W Seed Company up to a maximum of AUD $15.0 million (USD $9.9 million as of June 30, 2023).

Following the October 2022 amendments, the NAB Finance Agreement contained an undertaking requiring us to maintain a net related entity position of not more than AUD $25.0 million, and our ability to comply with this undertaking was subject to fluctuations in foreign currency conversion rates outside of our control. On February 8, 2023, we further amended the NAB Finance Agreement to change the required net related entity position from AUD $25.0 million to USD $18.5 million (see "Amendment of NAB Finance Agreement," below). As of June 30, 2023, we were in compliance with the net related entity position covenant, but not in compliance with another NAB covenant, the interest cover ratio requirement for the year ended June 30, 2023. We obtained a waiver from NAB for such non-compliance. As of June 30, 2023, approximately AUD $0.3 million (USD $0.2 million) remained available for use under the NAB Finance Agreement.

AgAmerica Note

On June 20, 2023, the Company entered into a Term Loan Agreement, or the AgAmerica Loan Agreement, with AgAmerica Lending LLC, a Florida limited liability company, or AgAmerica, pursuant to which AgAmerica extended a term loan of $4.3 million, or the AgAmerica Term Loan, to the Company and, as security therefor, the Company granted to AgAmerica a mortgage on approximately 31 acres of land located in Lubbock and Moore Counties, Texas, and certain personal property thereon.

The AgAmerica Loan Agreement is evidenced by a Promissory Note, or the AgAmerica Note, issued by the Company to AgAmerica, pursuant to which the Company agreed to pay AgAmerica the principal sum of $4.3 million, plus any outstanding accrued interest thereon, in full on June 20, 2026, unless otherwise accelerated in accordance with the terms of the AgAmerica Loan Agreement and the AgAmerica Note. Interest will accrue at a rate per annum equal to 4.85% plus the Term SOFR Rate, defined as the forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate, or SOFR, computed based on the actual number of days elapsed divided by a 360-day year. Interest payments are due quarterly in arrears, commencing on June 20, 2023, and on the last day of each quarter thereafter, unless otherwise accelerated in accordance with the terms of the AgAmerica Loan Agreement or the AgAmerica Note.

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AgAmerica may collect a late charge of 5.0% of any installment of principal or interest which is not paid within 10 days of the due date thereof. In addition, any delinquent principal and installments of interest not paid within 30 days of the due date thereof will bear interest beginning on the 31st day from the applicable due date at a rate equal to 5.0% per annum above the interest rate. The Company may prepay the AgAmerica Term Loan prior to maturity, subject to a prepayment premium equal to 1.0% of the prepaid principal amount, subject to certain exceptions.

The AgAmerica Loan Agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties, events of default, and affirmative and negative covenants, including (among others) limitations with respect to liens, fundamental changes, asset sales and formation and acquisition of subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, and subject to certain cure periods, AgAmerica may declare all outstanding obligations immediately due and payable and take such other actions as set forth in the AgAmerica Loan Agreement and the AgAmerica Note, as applicable, provided that in the event of bankruptcy, all such amounts shall automatically become due and payable.

MFP Loan Agreement

On September 22, 2022, our largest stockholder, MFP Partners, L.P., or MFP, provided a letter of credit issued by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. for the account of MFP, with an initial face amount of $9.0 million, or the MFP Letter of Credit, for the benefit of CIBC, as additional collateral to support our obligations under the CIBC Loan Agreement. The MFP Letter of Credit initially matured on January 23, 2023, one month after the maturity date of the existing CIBC Loan Agreement. Concurrently, we entered into a Subordinate Loan and Security Agreement, or the MFP Loan Agreement, with MFP pursuant to which any draw CIBC may make on the MFP Letter of Credit will be deemed to be a term loan advance made by MFP to us. The MFP Loan Agreement initially provided for up to $9.0 million of term loan advances.

Concurrent with the October 28, 2022 amendment to the CIBC Loan Agreement (as described above), MFP amended the MFP Letter of Credit to increase the face amount from $9.0 million to $12.0 million, and the MFP Loan Agreement was amended to increase the maximum amount of term loan advances available to us from $9.0 million to $12.0 million. In connection with the December 23, 2022 amendment to the CIBC Loan Agreement, MFP amended the MFP Letter of Credit, extending the maturity date from January 23, 2023 to April 30, 2023.

Concurrent with the March 22, 2023, amendment to the CIBC Loan Agreement, the Company entered into a Third Amendment to Subordinate Loan and Security Agreement with MFP, or MFP Third Amendment, to (i) increase the aggregate amount of cash advances permitted from $12.0 million to $13.0 million; (ii) increase the cash fee payable to MFP on all amounts remaining undrawn under the MFP Letter of Credit from 3.50% to 4.25% per annum; (iii) provide for the issuance of the MFP Warrant to MFP (see Note 9); and (iv) reflect the extension of the maturity date of the MFP Letter of Credit to September 30, 2024. The MFP Loan Agreement, as amended, will mature on November 30, 2025.

In the event any term advances are deemed made under the MFP Loan Agreement, such advances will bear interest at a rate per annum equal to term SOFR (with a floor of 1.25%) plus 9.25%, half of which will be payable in cash on the last day of each fiscal quarter and half of which will accrue as payment in kind interest payable on the maturity date, unless, with respect to any quarterly payment date, we elect to pay such interest in cash.

The MFP Loan Agreement, as amended, includes customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default, and is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and is subordinated to the CIBC Loan Agreement. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of an event of default, MFP may declare all outstanding obligations under the MFP Loan Agreement immediately due and payable and take such other actions as set forth in the MFP Loan Agreement.

Rooster Note

In 2017, we issued a promissory note in the amount of $10.4 million to Conterra Agricultural Capital, LLC, or Conterra, which subsequently endorsed the note to Rooster Capital LLC, or Rooster. The promissory note, or Rooster Note, bore interest at 7.75% per annum and was secured by a first priority security interest in the property, plant and fixtures located at the Company's Nampa, Idaho production and research facilities. Through June 30, 2022, the Company made payments in reduction of the principal balance totaling $3.5 million. On September 22, 2022, we entered into an amendment to extend the Rooster Note’s maturity date from November 30, 2022 to December 23, 2022. On December 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment to increase the interest rate on the Rooster Note from 7.75% to 9.25% per annum and extend the Rooster Note’s maturity date to March 1, 2023. For the six months ended

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December 31, 2022, we made a principal payment on the Rooster Note of $0.4 million. On February 6, 2023, the Rooster Note was paid off in full by Shell in connection with the Vision Bioenergy partnership.

Summary

Our debt facilities with CIBC and NAB contain various operating and financial covenants. Adverse geopolitical and macroeconomic events and uncertain market conditions have increased the risk of our inability to comply with these covenants, which could result in acceleration of our repayment obligations and foreclosure on our pledged assets. In addition, these loan agreements contain cross-default provisions, such that certain defaults or breaches under any of our loan agreements may entitle CIBC or NAB to invoke default remedies. In previous periods, we were not in compliance with certain covenants and were required to obtain waivers and/or amendments from CIBC and NAB. CIBC currently requires us to meet minimum adjusted EBITDA levels on a quarterly basis. The amended NAB Finance Agreement includes undertakings that require us to maintain a net related entity position of not more than USD $18.5 million and certain interest cover ratios, tested annually for the fiscal year. As of June 30, 2023, we failed to meet the CIBC adjusted EBTIDA covenant as well as the NAB interest cover ratio covenant, but obtained waivers from both lenders with respect to such non-compliance.

Our future liquidity and capital requirements will be influenced by numerous factors, including:

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in renewing or refinancing our existing debt, raising additional capital, securing future waivers and/or amendments from CIBC, NAB, or our other lenders, or securing new financing. If we are unsuccessful in doing so, we may need to reduce the scope of our operations, repay amounts owing to our lenders, finance our cash needs through a combination of equity and debt financings, enter into collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements, sell certain assets or divest certain operations.

If we are required or desire to raise additional capital in the future, whether as a condition to loan refinancing or separately, such additional financing may not be available on favorable terms, or available at all. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest would be diluted and the terms of these securities could include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. Debt financing may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends, may be secured by all or a portion of our assets, and may be on terms less favorable than our existing loans. If we fail to obtain additional capital as and when required, such failure could have a material impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and actions taken to slow its spread, the ongoing military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, the armed conflict in Sudan, and other geopolitical and macroeconomic factors beyond our control, the global credit and financial markets have experienced extreme volatility, including diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. On March 10, 2023, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation took control and was appointed receiver of Silicon Valley Bank. While we did not have deposits at Silicon Valley Bank, if other banks and financial institutions enter receivership or become insolvent in the future in response to financial conditions affecting the banking system and financial markets, our ability to access our existing cash, cash equivalents and investments may be threatened and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. It is possible that further deterioration in credit and financial markets and confidence in economic conditions will occur. If equity and credit markets deteriorate, it may affect our ability to raise equity capital, borrow on our existing facilities, access our existing cash, or make any additional necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain, more costly and/or more dilutive. In addition, while we are currently in compliance with our loan agreements or have received waivers of non-compliance, our ability to comply with the terms of our loan agreements can be compromised in the future and could result in an event of default. If an event of default were to occur, our lenders could accelerate our repayment obligations or enforce their other rights under our agreements with them. Any such default may also require us to seek additional or alternative financing, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Summary of Cash Flows

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the years ended June 30, 2023 and 2022:

Operating Activities

For the year ended June 30, 2023, operating activities used $19.0 million in cash. Of this, the net loss excluding non-cash items as detailed on the statement of cash flows used $15.2 million in cash, and changes in operating assets and liabilities as detailed on the statement of cash flows used $3.8 million in cash. The decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by a $5.9 million increase in accounts receivable, a $2.2 million decrease in accounts payable, a $1.3 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities, a $0.2 million decrease in other non-current liabilities, and a $0.1 million decrease in deferred revenue, partially offset by a $5.8 million decrease in inventories and a $0.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

For the year ended June 30, 2022, operating activities used $18.4 million in cash. Net loss plus and minus the adjustments for non-cash items as detailed on the statement of cash flows used $20.8 million in cash, and changes in operating assets and liabilities as detailed on the statement of cash flows provided $2.4 million in cash. The increase in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily driven by increases in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $1.2 million, accounts payable of $1.0 million and decreases of inventories of $0.7 million, partially offset by a increase in accounts receivable of $0.4 million.

Investing Activities

Investing activities during the year ended June 30, 2023 provided $8.4 million in cash, which resulted from $7.0 million in proceeds from the partnership transaction with Vision Bioenergy, $2.0 million in proceeds from the partnership transaction between Trigall and S&W Australia, and $0.4 million in proceeds from the sale of our remaining shares of Bioceres stock, partially offset by $0.8 million in additions to property, plant and equipment for our United States and Australian facilities and $0.2 million in capital contributions to Trigall.

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Investing activities during the year ended June 30, 2022 used $0.9 million in cash. The purchase of property, plant and equipment used $2.1 million. The use of cash was partially offset by net proceeds from the sale of Bioceres stock that provided $1.0 million.

Financing Activities

Financing activities during the year ended June 30, 2023 provided $11.9 million in cash, consisting of $9.9 million in net borrowings on the working capital lines of credit, $4.2 million of borrowings of long-term debt, and $0.1 million in proceeds from sale of common stock, partially offset by repayments of long-term debt of $1.8 million, debt issuance costs of $0.4 million, and taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards of $0.1 million.

Financing activities during the year ended June 30, 2022 provided $17.1 million in cash. During the year ended June 30, 2022, we had net proceeds from the sale of our common stock of $11.8 million, net proceeds from the sale of our preferred stock of $5.0 million, net borrowings on the working capital lines of credit of $1.8 million and borrowings of long-term debt of $0.9 million. Net proceeds were partially offset by repayments of long-term debt of $1.4 million and debt issuance costs of $0.7 million.

Inflation Risk

Inflationary pressures on labor and commodity prices directly impacted our consolidated results of operations during the year ended June 30, 2023 and we expect this to continue throughout fiscal year 2024. We attempt to manage any inflationary costs through selective price increases and changes in product mix, but rapidly changing inflationary pressures from global commodity prices and logistics could impact our costs of goods before pricing adjustments can be implemented. Delays in implementing such price increases, competitive pressures, and other factors may limit our ability to recover such cost increases in the future. Inherent volatility experienced in certain commodity markets could have a significant effect on our results of operations and may have an adverse effect on us in the future. The extent of any impact will depend on our ability to manage such volatility through the product mix that we sell and selective price increases.

Critical Accounting Estimates

In preparing our financial statements, we must select and apply various accounting policies in accordance with GAAP. Our most significant policies are discussed in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements. In order to apply our accounting policies, we often need to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that we believe are reasonable, based upon the information available to us. In making such estimates, we rely on historical experience, market and other conditions, and on assumptions that we believe to be reasonable. However, the estimation process is by its nature uncertain given that estimates depend on events over which we may not have control. If market and other conditions change from those that we anticipate, our results of operations, financial condition and changes in financial condition may be materially affected. In addition, if our assumptions change, we may need to revise our estimates, or to take other corrective actions, either of which may also have a material effect on our results of operations, financial condition or changes in financial condition. Members of our senior management have discussed the development and selection of our critical accounting estimates, and our disclosure regarding them, with the audit committee of our board of directors, and do so on a regular basis.

We believe that the following estimates have a higher degree of inherent uncertainty and require our most significant judgments. In addition, had we used estimates different from any of these, our results of operations, financial condition or changes in financial condition for the current period could have been materially different from those presented.

Gain on Sale of Business Interest

The Vision Bioenergy partnership transaction was accounted for as a sale of a business. We recorded a gain on the sale of the business that was based in part on adjustments to fair value of certain tangible and intangible assets we contributed to the partnership and on current and future payments and contributions to us and to the partnership by Shell. The valuation of the contributions and payments made by both partners required us to estimate future financial performance, interest rates, and the likelihood of achieving certain milestones.

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Intangible Assets

All amortizable intangible assets are assessed for impairment whenever events indicate a possible loss. Such an assessment involves estimating undiscounted cash flows over the remaining useful life of the intangible. If the review indicates that undiscounted cash flows are less than the recorded value of the intangible asset, the carrying amount of the intangible is compared to its fair value, with an impairment loss recognized if the estimated fair value is below carrying value. Fair values are typically estimated using discounted cash flow techniques. Significant changes in key assumptions about the business, market conditions and prospects for which the intangible asset is currently utilized or expected to be utilized could result in an impairment charge.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 718 Stock Compensation, which establishes accounting for equity instruments exchanged for employee services. Under such provisions, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense, under the straight-line method, over the employee’s requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity grant).

We account for equity instruments, including stock options issued to non-employees, in accordance with authoritative guidance for equity-based payments to non-employees. Stock options issued to non-employees are accounted for at their estimated fair value. The fair value of options granted to non-employees is re-measured as they vest.

We utilize the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model to estimate the fair value of options granted under share-based compensation plans. The Black-Scholes-Merton model requires us to estimate a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the expected term of the award, stock price volatility, dividend rate, risk-free interest rate. The input factors to use in the valuation model are based on subjective future expectations combined with management judgment. The expected term used represents the weighted-average period that the stock options are expected to be outstanding. We have used the historical volatility for our stock for the expected volatility assumption required in the model, as it is more representative of future stock price trends. We use a risk-free interest rate that is based on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury issued with an equivalent remaining term at the time of grant. We have not paid dividends in the past and currently do not plan to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future, and as such, dividend yield is assumed to be zero for the purposes of valuing the stock options granted. We evaluate the assumptions used to value stock awards on a quarterly basis. If factors change, and we employ different assumptions, share-based compensation expense may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the past. When there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested securities, we may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unearned share-based compensation expense. To the extent that we grant additional equity securities to employees, our share-based compensation expense will be increased by the additional unearned compensation resulting from those additional grants.

Income Taxes

We regularly assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered from future taxable income. To the extent management believes that it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is established. When a valuation allowance is established or increased, an income tax charge is included in the consolidated financial statements and net deferred tax assets are adjusted accordingly. Changes in tax laws, statutory tax rates and estimates of our future taxable income levels could result in actual realization of the deferred tax assets being materially different from the amounts provided for in the consolidated financial statements. If the actual recovery amount of the deferred tax asset is less than anticipated, we would be required to write-off the remaining deferred tax asset and increase the tax provision, resulting in a reduction of earnings and stockholders’ equity.

Inventories

All inventories are accounted for on a lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventories consist of raw materials and finished goods. Depending on market conditions, the actual amount received on sale could differ from our estimated value of inventory. In order to determine the value of inventory at the balance sheet date, we evaluate a number of factors to determine the adequacy of provisions for inventory and this may require us in some cases to make significant judgments. The factors include the age of inventory, the amount of inventory held by type, future demand for products and the expected future selling price we expect to realize by selling the inventory. Our estimates are

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judgmental in nature and are made at a point in time, using available information, expected business plans and expected market conditions. We perform a review of our inventory by product line on a quarterly basis.

During the year ended June 30, 2023, we recognized a write-down of inventory in the amount of $2.8 million which is included in Cost of Revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. The write-down of inventory during the year ended June 30, 2023 was related to certain inventory lots that deteriorated in quality and germination rates during the year, reserves for an estimated amount that is expected to deteriorate in quality and germination during the product life cycle and adjusting specific products to market value.

During the year ended June 30, 2022, we recognized a write-down of inventory in the amount of $6.4 million which is included in Cost of Revenue in the consolidated statements of operations. The write-down of inventory during the year ended June 30, 2022 was primarily related to certain inventory lots that deteriorated in quality and germination rates during the year, reserves for an estimated amount that is expected to deteriorate in quality and germination during the product life cycle and adjusting specific products to market value.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We regularly assess the collectability of receivables and provide an allowance for doubtful trade receivables equal to the estimated uncollectible amounts. That estimate is based on historical collection experience, current economic and market conditions and a review of the current status of each customer’s trade accounts receivable. Our estimates are judgmental in nature and are made at a point in time. Management believes the allowance for doubtful accounts is appropriate to cover anticipated losses in our accounts receivable under current conditions; however, unexpected, significant deterioration in any of the factors mentioned above or in general economic conditions could materially change these expectations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Because we are a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide information typically disclosed under this item.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and the Board of Directors of S&W Seed Company

Longmont, Colorado

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of S&W Seed Company (the "Company") as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Explanatory Paragraph – Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company believes it is uncertain it will be able to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or maintain sufficient liquidity to meet future covenants associated with its credit agreements and that these conditions raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Auditing the Vision Bioenergy Oilseeds, LLC Transaction

As described in Note 7 of the Company’s consolidated financial statements, on February 6, 2023, the Company entered into an agreement for the development and production of sustainable biofuel feedstocks through its newly created

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subsidiary Vision Bioenergy Oilseeds, LLC (Vision Bioenergy). In connection with the transaction, management was required to evaluate the following:

These matters were complex in nature, and management applied judgment in the application of accounting guidance to the facts and circumstances of the transaction.

We determined that auditing this transaction was a critical audit matter due to its complexity and the significant audit effort to evaluate management’s judgments and conclusions.

Our audit procedures to address the critical audit matter included the following:

/s/ Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2015.

Denver, Colorado

September 27, 2023

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S&W SEED COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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S&W SEED COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS