Sabre Corp - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K | ||
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Sabre Corporation
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 001-36422 | 20-8647322 | ||||||||||||||||||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (Commission File Number) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||||||||||
3150 Sabre Drive Southlake, TX 76092 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices) | ||||||||||||||||||||
(682) 605-1000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock, $0.01 par value | SABR | The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC | ||||||||||||||||||
| (Title of class) | (Trading symbol) | (Name of exchange on which registered) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| None | ||||||||||||||||||||
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” "smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | |||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | |||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ☐ | |||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates, as of June 28, 2019, was $6,064,679,095. As of February 21, 2020, there were 273,750,471 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to its 2020 annual meeting of stockholders to be held on April 29, 2020, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Table of Contents
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7, contains information that may constitute forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements relate to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts, such as statements regarding our future financial condition or results of operations, our prospects and strategies for future growth, the development and introduction of new products, and the implementation of our strategies. In many cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “expects,” "believes," "will," "intends," "outlook," "provisional," “may,” “predicts,” “potential,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” "should,” “plans” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. The forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy and other future conditions and are subject to risks, uncertainties and changes in circumstances that may cause events or our actual activities or results to differ significantly from those expressed in any forward-looking statement. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future events, results, actions, levels of activity, performance or achievements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Unless required by law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events after the date they are made. A number of important factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by the forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, those factors described in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in Part I, Item 7 “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting Our Results” and elsewhere in this Annual Report.
In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, references to “Sabre,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours” and “us” refer to Sabre Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires.
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Sabre Corporation is a Delaware corporation formed in December 2006. On March 30, 2007, Sabre Corporation acquired Sabre Holdings Corporation (“Sabre Holdings”), which is the sole subsidiary of Sabre Corporation. Sabre GLBL Inc. (“Sabre GLBL”) is the principal operating subsidiary and sole direct subsidiary of Sabre Holdings. Sabre GLBL or its direct or indirect subsidiaries conduct all of our businesses. Our principal executive offices are located at 3150 Sabre Drive, Southlake, Texas 76092.
At Sabre, we make travel happen. We are a software and technology company that powers the global travel industry. We partner with airlines, hoteliers, agencies and other travel partners to retail, distribute and fulfill travel. We connect the world’s leading travel suppliers, including airlines, hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines and tour operators, with travel buyers in a comprehensive travel marketplace. We also offer travel suppliers an extensive suite of leading software solutions, ranging from airline and hotel reservations systems to high-value marketing and operations solutions, such as planning airline crew schedules, re-accommodating passengers during irregular flight operations and managing day-to-day hotel operations. We are committed to helping customers operate more efficiently, drive revenue and offer personalized traveler experiences with next-generation technology solutions.
Business Segments
We operate our business and present our results through three business segments: (i) Travel Network, our global travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, (ii) Airline Solutions, a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions primarily for airlines, and (iii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers. Financial information about our business segments and geographic areas is provided in Note 17. Segment Information, to our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
In July 2018, we announced the creation of the Travel Solutions organization, which consists of Travel Network and Airline Solutions. This structure reinforces our focus on the next generation of retailing, distribution and fulfillment. Sabre’s reportable segments continue to be Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions.
Travel Network
Travel Network is our global business-to-business travel marketplace and consists primarily of our global distribution system (“GDS”) and a broad set of solutions that integrate with our GDS to add value for travel suppliers and travel buyers. Our GDS facilitates travel by efficiently bringing together travel content such as inventory, prices and availability from a broad array of travel suppliers, including airlines, hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines and tour operators, with a large network of travel buyers, including online travel agencies (“OTAs”), offline travel agencies, travel management companies (“TMCs”), and corporate travel departments.
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Airline Solutions
Our Airline Solutions business offers a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions, through software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) and hosted delivery model, to airlines and other travel suppliers and provides industry-leading and comprehensive software solutions that help our airline customers better market, sell, serve and operate. We offer airline software solutions in four functional platforms: the Sabre Commercial Platform; the Sabre AirCentre Operations Platform; the Intelligence Exchange Data & Analytics Platform; and the Radixx Platform. The Sabre Commercial Platform brings together intelligent decision support solutions from our AirVision commercial planning suite with the SabreSonic passenger service system, enabling end-to-end retailing, distribution and fulfillment. The Sabre AirCentre Operations Platform is a set of strategic solutions that drive operational effectiveness through holistic planning and management of airline, airport and customer operations. The Intelligence Exchange Data & Analytics Platform is a Platform-as-a-Service ("PaaS") solution that helps our customers to make recommended decisions across commercial and operations. The Radixx Platform is focused on the low-cost carrier ("LCC") market, offering retailing solutions for sales and customer service. Additionally, Airlines Solutions offers services to our customers to enable them to better use our products and help optimize their commercial and operations platforms.
Hospitality Solutions
Our Hospitality Solutions business provides software and solutions, through SaaS and hosted delivery models, to hoteliers around the world. Our SaaS solutions empower hotels and hotel chains to manage pricing, reservations, and retail offerings across thousands of distribution channels while improving guest experience throughout the traveler journey. We serve over 42,000 properties in 174 countries.
Strategy
We connect people and places with technology that reimagines the business of travel. The key elements of our strategy include:
•Developing innovative technology products through investment of significant resources in solutions that address key customer needs in the areas of retailing, distribution, and fulfillment of travel and related products, such as reservations systems, retailing and merchandising solutions, planning and optimization solutions, mobile capabilities, data analytics, and business intelligence solutions.
•Pursuing new supplier customers seeking distribution of content and agencies, as well as corporations representing buyers of content in our marketplace in Travel Network. In addition, we continue to pursue new customers for our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses.
•Transforming the security, stability, and health of our technology, with the goal of connecting people to experiences that enrich their lives.
•Strengthening relationships with existing customers, including promoting the adoption of our products within and across our existing customers, to help enable them to operate more efficiently, drive revenue, and offer personalized traveler experiences with next-generation technology solutions.
Customers
Travel Network customers consist of travel suppliers, including airlines, hotels and other lodging providers, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines, tour operators, attractions and services; a large network of travel buyers, including OTAs, offline travel agencies, TMCs and corporate travel departments. Airline Solutions serves airlines of all sizes and in every region of the world, including hybrid carriers and LCCs (collectively, “LCC/hybrids”), global network carriers and regional network carriers; and other customers such as airports, corporate aviation fleets, governments and tourism boards. Hospitality Solutions has a global customer base of over 42,000 hotel properties of all sizes.
No individual customer accounted for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Sources of Revenue
Transactions—Bookings that generate fees directly to Travel Network (“Direct Billable Booking”) include bookings made through our GDS (e.g., air, car and hotel bookings) and through our joint venture partners in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier. A transaction occurs when a travel agency or corporate travel department books or reserves a travel supplier’s product on our GDS, for which we receive a fee. Transaction fees include, but are not limited to, transaction fees paid by travel suppliers for selling their inventory through our GDS and fees paid by travel agency subscribers related to their use of certain solutions integrated with our GDS. We receive revenue from the travel supplier and the travel agency according to the commercial arrangement with each.
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SaaS and Hosted—Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions generate revenue through upfront solution fees and recurring usage-based fees for the use of our software solutions hosted on secure platforms or deployed via SaaS. We maintain our SaaS and hosted software and manage the related infrastructure with the assistance of third-party providers. We collect the implementation fees and recurring usage-based fees pursuant to contracts with terms that typically range between three and ten years and generally include minimum annual volume requirements.
Software Licensing—Airline Solutions generates revenue from fees for the installation and use of our software products. Some contracts under this model generate additional revenue for the maintenance of the software product.
Professional Service Fees—Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions offerings that utilize the SaaS and hosted revenue model are sometimes sold as part of multiple-element agreements for which we also provide professional services, including consulting services. Our professional services are primarily focused on helping customers achieve better utilization of and return on their software investment. Often, we provide these services during the implementation phase of our SaaS solutions.
Media—Travel Network generates media revenue from customers that advertise products and purchase preferred placement on our GDS. Advertisers use two types of advertising metrics: (i) display advertising and (ii) action advertising. In display advertising, advertisers generally pay based on the number of customers who view the advertisement, and are charged based on cost-per-thousand impressions. In action advertising, advertisers generally pay based on the number of customers who perform a specific action, such as click on the advertisement, and are charged based on the cost per action. Customers can also purchase preferred placement on hotel shopping displays on travel agency terminals. Customers pay for preferential payment through a subscription fee which is based on the amount of revenue the customer generates through our GDS and geographical market of the customer’s property (designated by airport code).
Competition
We operate in highly competitive markets. Travel Network competes with several other regional and global travel marketplace providers, including other GDSs, local distribution systems and travel marketplace providers primarily owned by airlines or government entities, as well as with direct distribution by travel suppliers. In addition to other GDSs and direct distributors, there are a number of other competitors in the travel distribution marketplace, including new entrants in the travel space, that offer metasearch capabilities that direct shoppers to supplier websites and/or OTAs, third party aggregators and peer-to-peer options for travel services. Airline Solutions competes with a variety of providers in a rapidly evolving marketplace which includes global and regional IT providers, various specialists in selected product areas, service providers and airlines that develop their own in-house technology. Hospitality Solutions operates in a dynamic marketplace that includes large global players, significant new entrants and hotels that develop their own in-house technology.
Technology and Operations
Our technology strategy is based on achieving company-wide stability, reliability and performance at the most efficient price point. Significant investment has gone into building a centralized PaaS middleware environment with an emphasis on standardization, simplicity, security and scalability. We invest heavily in software development, delivery and operational support capabilities and strive to provide best in class products for our customers. We operate standardized infrastructure in our data center environments across hardware, operating systems, databases, and other key enabling technologies to minimize costs on non-differentiators. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our information technology infrastructure to modernize our architecture, drive efficiency in development and recurring technology costs, further enhance the stability and security of our network, comply with data privacy regulations, and enable our shift to open source and cloud-based solutions.
Our architecture has evolved from a mainframe centric transaction processing environment to a secure processing platform that is one of the world’s most heavily used and resilient service-oriented architecture (“SOA”) environments. A variety of products and services run on this technology infrastructure: high volume air shopping systems; desktop access applications providing continuous, real-time data access to travel agents; airline operations and decision support systems; an array of customized applications available through the Sabre Red 360; and web based services that provide an automated interface between us and our travel suppliers and customers. The flexibility and scale of our standardized SOA based technology infrastructure allow us to quickly deliver a broad variety of SaaS and hosted solutions.
Intellectual Property
We use software, business processes and proprietary information to carry out our business. These assets and related intellectual property rights are significant assets of our business. We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret and trademark laws, confidentiality procedures, and contractual provisions to protect these assets and we license software and other intellectual property both to and from third parties. We may seek patent protection on technology, software and business processes relating to our business, and our software and related documentation may also be protected under trade secret and copyright laws where applicable. We may also benefit from both statutory and common law protection of our trademarks.
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Although we rely heavily on our brands, associated trademarks, and domain names, we do not believe that our business is dependent on any single item of intellectual property, or that any single item of intellectual property is material to the operation of our business. However, since we consider trademarks to be a valuable asset of our business, we maintain our trademark portfolio throughout the world by filing trademark applications with the relevant trademark offices, renewing appropriate registrations and regularly monitoring potential infringement of our trademarks in certain key markets.
Government Regulation
We are subject to or affected by international, federal, state and local laws, regulations and policies, which are constantly subject to change. These laws, regulations and policies include regulations applicable to the GDS in the European Union (“EU”), Canada, the United States and other locations.
We are subject to the application of data protection and privacy regulations in many of the countries in which we operate, including the General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") in the EU and the California Consumer Protection Act ("CCPA"). See "Risk Factors —Our collection, processing, storage, use and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, differing views on data privacy or security breaches."
We are also subject to prohibitions administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (the “OFAC rules”), which prohibit U.S. persons from engaging in financial transactions with or relating to the prohibited individual, entity or country, require the blocking of assets in which the individual, entity or country has an interest, and prohibit transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons) to such individual, entity or country.
Our businesses may also be subject to legislation and regulations affecting issues such as: trade sanctions, exports of technology, antitrust, anticorruption, telecommunications and e-commerce. These regulations may vary among jurisdictions.
See “Risk Factors—Any failure to comply with regulations or any changes in such regulations governing our businesses could adversely affect us.”
Seasonality
The travel industry is seasonal in nature. Travel bookings for Travel Network, and the revenue we derive from those bookings, are typically seasonally strong in the first and third quarters, but decline significantly each year in the fourth quarter, primarily in December. We recognize air-related revenue at the date of booking, and because customers generally book their November and December holiday leisure-related travel earlier in the year and business-related travel declines during the holiday season, revenue resulting from bookings is typically lower in the fourth quarter.
Employees
As of December 31, 2019, we employed approximately 9,250 people. We have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our relations with our employees to be good.
Available Information
We are subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and under these requirements, we file reports, proxy and information statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and other information to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available through the investor relations section of our website at investors.sabre.com. Reports are available free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file them with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following risk factors may be important to understanding any statement in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or elsewhere. Our business, financial condition and operating results can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below. Any one or more of these factors could directly or indirectly cause our actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past or anticipated future results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.
Our revenue is highly dependent on transaction volumes in the global travel industry, particularly air travel transaction volumes.
Our Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions revenue is largely tied to travel suppliers’ transaction volumes rather than to their unit pricing for an airplane ticket, hotel room or other travel products. This revenue is generally not contractually committed to recur annually under our agreements with our travel suppliers. As a result, our revenue is highly
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dependent on the global travel industry, particularly air travel from which we derive a substantial amount of our revenue, and directly correlates with global travel, tourism and transportation transaction volumes. Our revenue is therefore highly susceptible to declines in or disruptions to leisure and business travel that may be caused by factors entirely out of our control, and therefore may not recur if these declines or disruptions occur.
Various factors may cause temporary or sustained disruption to leisure and business travel. The impact these disruptions would have on our business depends on the magnitude and duration of such disruption. These factors include, among others:
•general and local economic conditions;
•financial instability of travel suppliers and the impact of any fundamental corporate changes to such travel suppliers, such as airline bankruptcies, consolidations, or suspensions of service on the cost and availability of travel content;
•factors that affect demand for travel such as outbreaks of contagious diseases, including influenza, the coronavirus, Zika, Ebola and the MERS virus, increases in fuel prices, government shutdowns, changing attitudes towards the environmental costs of travel and safety concerns;
•political events like acts or threats of terrorism, hostilities, and war;
•inclement weather, natural or man-made disasters; and
•factors that affect supply of travel, such as travel restrictions, regulatory actions, aircraft groundings, or changes to regulations governing airlines and the travel industry, like government sanctions that do or would prohibit doing business with certain state-owned travel suppliers, work stoppages or labor unrest at any of the major airlines, hotels or airports.
Our success depends on maintaining the integrity of our systems and infrastructure, which may suffer from failures, capacity constraints, business interruptions and forces outside of our control.
We may be unable to maintain and improve the efficiency, reliability and integrity of our systems. Unexpected increases in the volume of our business could exceed system capacity, resulting in service interruptions, outages and delays. These constraints can also lead to the deterioration of our services or impair our ability to process transactions. We occasionally experience system interruptions that make certain of our systems unavailable including, but not limited to, our GDS and the services that our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses provide to airlines and hotels. In addition, we may occasionally experience system interruptions as we execute our technology strategy, including our cloud migration and mainframe offload activities. System interruptions may prevent us from efficiently providing services to customers or other third parties, which could cause damage to our reputation and result in our losing customers and revenues or cause us to incur litigation and liabilities. Although we have contractually limited our liability for damages caused by outages of our GDS (other than damages caused by our gross negligence or willful misconduct), we cannot guarantee that we will not be subject to lawsuits or other claims for compensation from our customers in connection with such outages for which we may not be indemnified or compensated.
Our systems may also be susceptible to external damage or disruption. Much of the computer and communications hardware upon which we depend is located across multiple data center facilities in a single geographic region. Our systems could be damaged or disrupted by power, hardware, software or telecommunication failures, human errors, natural events including floods, hurricanes, fires, winter storms, earthquakes and tornadoes, terrorism, break-ins, hostilities, war or similar events. Computer viruses, malware, denial of service attacks, attacks on hardware vulnerabilities, physical or electronic break-ins, cybersecurity incidents or other security breaches, and similar disruptions affecting the Internet, telecommunication services or our systems could cause service interruptions or the loss of critical data and could prevent us from providing timely services. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.” Failure to efficiently provide services to customers or other third parties could cause damage to our reputation and result in the loss of customers and revenues, asset impairments, significant recovery costs or litigation and liabilities. Moreover, such risks are likely to increase as we expand our business and as the tools and techniques involved become more sophisticated.
Although we have implemented measures intended to protect certain systems and critical data and provide comprehensive disaster recovery and contingency plans for certain customers that purchase this additional protection, these protections and plans are not in place for all systems. Furthermore, several of our existing critical backup systems are located in the same metropolitan area as our primary systems and we may not have sufficient disaster recovery tools or resources available, depending on the type or size of the disruption. Disasters affecting our facilities, systems or personnel might be expensive to remedy and could significantly diminish our reputation and our brands, and we may not have adequate insurance to cover such costs.
Customers and other end-users who rely on our software products and services, including our SaaS and hosted offerings, for applications that are integral to their businesses may have a greater sensitivity to product errors and security vulnerabilities than customers for software products generally. Additionally, security breaches that affect third parties upon which we rely, such as travel suppliers, may further expose us to negative publicity, possible liability or regulatory penalties. Events outside our control could cause interruptions in our IT systems, which could have a material adverse effect on our business operations and harm our reputation.
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Any inability or failure to adapt to technological developments or the evolving competitive landscape could harm our business operations and competitiveness.
We depend upon the use of sophisticated information technology and systems. Our competitiveness and future results depend on our ability to maintain and make timely and cost-effective enhancements, upgrades and additions to our products, services, technologies and systems in response to new technological developments, industry standards and trends and customer requirements. For example, IATA has promulgated its new distribution capability (“NDC”) standard. Depending on the level of adoption of this standard, our failure to integrate NDC into our technology or anticipate the evolution of next generation retailing and distribution could adversely affect our financial performance. As another example, migration of our enterprise applications and platforms to other hosting environments would cause us to incur substantial costs, and could result in instability and business interruptions, which could materially harm our business.
Adapting to new technological and marketplace developments, such as NDC, may require substantial expenditures and lead time and we cannot guarantee that projected future increases in business volume will actually materialize. We may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development, marketing and implementation of enhancements, upgrades and additions. Moreover, we may fail to maintain, upgrade or introduce new products, services, technologies and systems as quickly as our competitors or in a cost-effective manner. For example, we must constantly update our GDS with new capabilities to adapt to the changing technological environment and customer needs. However, this process can be costly and time-consuming, and our efforts may not be successful as compared to our competitors in the travel distribution market. Those that we do develop may not achieve acceptance in the marketplace sufficient to generate material revenue or may be rendered obsolete or non-competitive by our competitors’ offerings.
In addition, our competitors are constantly evolving, including increasing their product and service offerings through organic research and development or through strategic acquisitions. For example, one of our competitors, Travelport Worldwide Limited, was acquired by private-equity firms in 2019. There could be uncertainty resulting from this acquisition, including possible changes to Travelport’s product and service offerings. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources in research and development in order to continually improve the speed, accuracy and comprehensiveness of our services and we may be required to make changes to our technology platforms or increase our investment in technology, increase marketing, adjust prices or business models and take other actions, which could affect our financial performance and liquidity.
Travel suppliers’ use of alternative distribution models, such as direct distribution models, could adversely affect our Travel Network business.
Some travel suppliers that provide content to Travel Network, including some of Travel Network’s largest airline customers, have sought to increase usage of direct distribution channels. For example, these travel suppliers are trying to move more consumer traffic to their proprietary websites, and some travel suppliers have explored direct connect initiatives linking their internal reservations systems directly with travel agencies or TMCs, thereby bypassing the GDSs. This direct distribution trend enables them to apply pricing pressure on intermediaries and negotiate travel distribution arrangements that are less favorable to intermediaries. With travel suppliers’ adoption of certain technology solutions over the last decade, including those offered by our Airline Solutions business, air travel suppliers have increased the proportion of direct bookings relative to indirect bookings. In the future, airlines may increase their use of direct distribution, which may cause a material decrease in their use of our GDS. Travel suppliers may also offer travelers advantages through their websites such as special fares and bonus miles, which could make their offerings more attractive than those available through our GDS platform. Similarly, travel suppliers may also seek to encourage travelers’ and travel agencies’ usage of their proprietary booking platforms by selectively increasing the ticket price in our GDS, making our GDS platform’s offerings more expensive than some alternative offerings. For example, we are currently engaged in litigation with the Lufthansa Group in connection with, among other things, a surcharge that the Lufthansa Group has imposed on tickets purchased through three selected GDSs, including Sabre. The Lufthansa Group is seeking declaratory judgment that this surcharge does not violate the terms of its agreement with us, in addition to damages related to the allegations of breach of contract and tortious interference with agency contracts. We deny the allegations and we have filed a counterclaim that asserts the Lufthansa Group’s surcharge is a violation of its agreement and that seeks an order requiring the Lufthansa Group to specifically perform its obligations under the agreement.
In addition, with respect to ancillary products, travel suppliers may choose not to comply with the technical standards that would allow ancillary products to be immediately distributed via intermediaries, thus resulting in a delay before these products become available through our GDS relative to availability through direct distribution. In addition, if enough travel suppliers choose not to develop ancillary products in a standardized way with respect to technical standards our investment in adapting our various systems to enable the sale of ancillary products may not be successful.
Companies with close relationships with end consumers, like Facebook, as well as new entrants introducing new paradigms into the travel industry, such as metasearch engines, like Google, may promote alternative distribution channels to our GDS by diverting consumer traffic away from intermediaries, which may adversely affect our GDS business.
Additionally, technological advancements may allow airlines and hotels to facilitate broader connectivity to and integration with large travel buyers, such that certain airline and hotel offerings could be made available directly to such travel buyers without the involvement of intermediaries such as Travel Network and its competitors.
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We rely on the availability and performance of information technology services provided by third parties, including DXC, which manages a significant portion of our systems.
Our businesses are largely dependent on the computer data centers and network systems operated for us by DXC Technology ("DXC"), and its third-party providers, including AT&T, to which DXC outsources certain network services. We also rely on other developers and service providers to maintain and support our global telecommunications infrastructure, including to connect our computer data center and call centers to end-users. Moreover, we outsourced our global enterprise resource planning system to a third-party provider, and any disruption to that outsourced system may negatively impact our business.
Our success is dependent on our ability to maintain effective relationships with these third-party technology and service providers. Some of our agreements with third-party technology and service providers are terminable for cause on short notice and often provide limited recourse for service interruptions. For example, our agreement with DXC provides us with limited indemnification rights. We could face significant additional cost or business disruption if:
•Any of these providers fail to enable us to provide our customers and suppliers with reliable, real-time access to our systems. For example, in 2013, we experienced a significant outage of the Sabre platform due to a failure on the part of one of our service providers. This outage, which affected both our Travel Network business and our Airline Solutions business, lasted several hours and caused significant problems for our customers. Any such future outages could cause damage to our reputation, customer loss and require us to pay compensation to affected customers for which we may not be indemnified or compensated.
•Our arrangements with such providers are terminated or impaired and we cannot find alternative sources of technology or systems support on commercially reasonable terms or on a timely basis. For example, our substantial dependence on DXC for many of our systems makes it difficult for us to switch vendors and makes us more sensitive to changes in DXC's pricing for its services.
Our Travel Network business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers.
Travel suppliers continue to look for ways to decrease their costs and to increase their control over distribution. For example, consolidation in the airline industry, the growth of LCC/hybrids and macroeconomic factors, among other things, have driven some airlines to negotiate for lower fees during contract renegotiations, thereby exerting increased pricing pressure on our Travel Network business, which, in turn, negatively affects our revenues and margins. In addition, travel suppliers’ use of alternative distribution channels, such as direct distribution through supplier-operated websites, may also adversely affect our contract renegotiations with these suppliers and negatively impact our transaction fee revenue. For example, as we attempt to renegotiate new agreements with our travel suppliers, they may withhold some or all of their content (fares and associated economic terms) for distribution exclusively through their direct distribution channels (for example, the relevant airline’s website) or offer travelers more attractive terms for content available through those direct channels after their contracts expire. As a result of these sources of negotiating pressure, we may have to decrease our prices to retain their business. If we are unable to renew our contracts with these travel suppliers on similar economic terms or at all, or if our ability to provide this content is similarly impeded, this would also adversely affect the value of our Travel Network business as a marketplace due to our more limited content. See “—Travel suppliers’ use of alternative distribution models, such as direct distribution models, could adversely affect our Travel Network business.”
Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.
We process, store, and transmit large amounts of data, including personally identifiable information ("PII") and payment card industry data ("PCI") of our customers, and it is critical to our business strategy that our facilities and infrastructure, including those provided by DXC or other vendors, remain secure and are perceived by the marketplace to be secure. Our infrastructure may be vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, or similar disruptive problems.
In addition, we, like most technology companies, are the target of cybercriminals who attempt to compromise our systems. We are subject to and experience threats and intrusions that have to be identified and remediated to protect sensitive information along with our intellectual property and our overall business. To address these threats and intrusions, we have a team of experienced security experts and support from firms that specialize in data security and cybersecurity. We are periodically subject to these threats and intrusions, and sensitive or material information could be compromised as a result. The costs of any investigation of such incidents, as well as any remediation related to these incidents, may be material. As previously disclosed, we became aware of an incident involving unauthorized access to payment information contained in a subset of hotel reservations processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation system (the “HS Central Reservation System”). Our investigation was supported by third party experts, including a leading cybersecurity firm. Our investigation determined that an unauthorized party: obtained access to account credentials that permitted access to a subset of hotel reservations processed through the HS Central Reservation System; used the account credentials to view a credit card summary page on the HS Central Reservation System and access payment card information (although we use encryption, this credential had the right to see unencrypted card data); and first obtained access to payment card information and some other reservation information on August 10, 2016. The last access to payment card information was on March 9, 2017. The unauthorized party was able to access information for certain hotel reservations, including cardholder name; payment card number; card expiration date; and, for a subset of reservations, card security code. The unauthorized party was also able, in some cases, to access certain information such as guest name(s), email, phone number, address, and other information if provided to the HS Central Reservation System. Information such as Social Security, passport, or driver’s license number was not accessed. The investigation did not uncover forensic evidence that the unauthorized party removed any information from the system, but it is a
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possibility. We took successful measures to ensure this unauthorized access to the HS Central Reservation System was stopped and is no longer possible. There is no indication that any of our systems beyond the HS Central Reservation System, such as Sabre’s Airline Solutions and Travel Network platforms, were affected or accessed by the unauthorized party. We notified law enforcement and the payment card brands and engaged a PCI forensic investigator at the payment card brands' request to investigate this incident. We have notified customers and other companies that use or interact with, directly or indirectly, the HS Central Reservation System about the incident. We are also cooperating with various governmental authorities that are investigating this incident. Separately, in November 2017, Sabre Hospitality Solutions observed a pattern of activity that, after further investigation, led it to believe that an unauthorized party improperly obtained access to certain hotel user credentials for purposes of accessing the HS Central Reservation System. We deactivated the compromised accounts and notified law enforcement of this activity. We also notified the payment card brands, and at their request, we have engaged a PCI forensic investigator to investigate this incident. We have not found any evidence of a breach of the network security of the HS Central Reservation System, and we believe that the number of affected reservations represents only a fraction of 1% of the bookings in the HS Central Reservation System. The costs related to these incidents, including any associated penalties assessed by any governmental authority or payment card brand or indemnification obligations to our customers, as well as any other impacts or remediation related to them, may be material. As noted below, we maintain insurance that covers certain aspects of cyber risks, and we continue to work with our insurance carriers in these matters.
Any computer viruses, malware, denial of service attacks, attacks on hardware vulnerabilities, physical or electronic break-ins, cybersecurity incidents, such as the items described above, or other security breach or compromise of the information handled by us or our service providers may jeopardize the security or integrity of information in our computer systems and networks or those of our customers and cause significant interruptions in our and our customers’ operations.
Any systems and processes that we have developed that are designed to protect customer information and prevent data loss and other security breaches cannot provide absolute security. In addition, we may not successfully implement remediation plans to address all potential exposures. It is possible that we may have to expend additional financial and other resources to address these problems. Failure to prevent or mitigate data loss or other security breaches could expose us or our customers to a risk of loss or misuse of such information, cause customers to lose confidence in our data protection measures, damage our reputation, adversely affect our operating results or result in litigation or potential liability for us. While we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions, cover certain aspects of cyber risks, this insurance coverage is subject to a retention amount and may not be applicable to a particular incident or otherwise may be insufficient to cover all our losses beyond any retention. Similarly, we expect to continue to make significant investments in our information technology infrastructure. The implementation of these investments may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Implementation of software solutions often involves a significant commitment of resources, and any failure to deliver as promised on a significant implementation could adversely affect our business.
In our Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses, the implementation of software solutions often involves a significant commitment of resources and is subject to a number of significant risks over which we may or may not have control. These risks include:
•the features of the implemented software may not meet the expectations or fit the business model of the customer;
•our limited pool of trained experts for implementations cannot quickly and easily be augmented for complex implementation projects, such that resources issues, if not planned and managed effectively, could lead to costly project delays;
•customer-specific factors, such as the stability, functionality, interconnection and scalability of the customer’s pre-existing information technology infrastructure, as well as financial or other circumstances could destabilize, delay or prevent the completion of the implementation process, which, for airline reservations systems, typically takes 12 to 18 months; and
•customers and their partners may not fully or timely perform the actions required to be performed by them to ensure successful implementation, including measures we recommend to safeguard against technical and business risks.
As a result of these and other risks, some of our customers may incur large, unplanned costs in connection with the purchase and installation of our software products. Also, implementation projects could take longer than planned or fail. We may not be able to reduce or eliminate protracted installation or significant additional costs. Significant delays or unsuccessful customer implementation projects could result in cancellation or renegotiation of existing agreements, claims from customers, harm our reputation and negatively impact our operating results.
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The travel distribution market is highly competitive, and we are subject to competition from other GDS providers, direct distribution by travel suppliers and new entrants or technologies that may challenge the GDS business model.
The evolution of the global travel and tourism industry, the introduction of new technologies and standards and the expansion of existing technologies in key markets, among other factors, could contribute to an intensification of competition in the business areas and regions in which we operate. Increased competition could require us to increase spending on marketing activities or product development, to decrease our booking or transaction fees and other charges (or defer planned increases in such fees and charges), to increase incentive consideration or take other actions that could harm our business. A GDS has two broad categories of customers: (i) travel suppliers, such as airlines, hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines and tour operators, and (ii) travel buyers, such as online and offline travel agencies, TMCs and corporate travel departments. The competitive positioning of a GDS depends on the success it achieves with both customer categories. Other factors that may affect the competitive success of a GDS include the comprehensiveness, timeliness and accuracy of the travel content offered, the reliability, ease of use and innovativeness of the technology, the perceived value proposition of our GDS by travel suppliers and travel buyers, the incentive consideration provided to travel agencies, the transaction fees charged to travel suppliers and the range of products and services available to travel suppliers and travel buyers. Our GDS competitors could seek to capture market share by offering more differentiated content, products or services, increasing the incentive consideration to travel agencies, or decreasing the transaction fees charged to travel suppliers, which would harm our business to the extent they gain market share from us or force us to respond by lowering our prices or increasing the incentive consideration we provide.
We cannot guarantee that we will be able to compete successfully against our current and future competitors in the travel distribution market, some of which may achieve greater brand recognition than us, have greater financial, marketing, personnel and other resources or be able to secure services and products from travel suppliers on more favorable terms. If we fail to overcome these competitive pressures, we may lose market share and our business may otherwise be negatively affected.
Our ability to maintain and grow our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses may be negatively affected by competition from other third-party solutions providers and new participants that seek to enter the solutions market.
Our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses principally face competition from existing third-party solutions providers. We also compete with various point solutions providers on a more limited basis in several discrete functional areas. For our Hospitality Solutions business, we face competition across many aspects of our business, but our primary competitors are in the hospitality central reservation system and property management system ("PMS") fields.
Factors that may affect the competitive success of our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses include our pricing structure, our ability to keep pace with technological developments, the effectiveness and reliability of our implementation and system migration processes, our ability to meet a variety of customer specifications, the effectiveness and reliability of our systems, the cost and efficiency of our system upgrades and our customer support services. Our failure to compete effectively on these and other factors could decrease our market share, adversely impact our pricing or otherwise negatively affect our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses.
Our ability to recruit, train and retain employees, including our key executive officers and technical employees, is critical to our results of operations and future growth.
Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to recruit new employees and retain and motivate existing employees, particularly professionals with experience in our industry, information technology and systems, as well as our key executive officers. For example, the specialized skills we require can be difficult and time-consuming to acquire and are often in short supply. There is high demand and competition for well-qualified employees on a global basis, such as software engineers, developers and other technology professionals with specialized knowledge in software development, especially expertise in certain programming languages. This competition affects both our ability to retain key employees and to hire new ones. Similarly, uncertainty in the global political environment may adversely affect our ability to hire and retain key employees. Any of our employees may choose to terminate their employment with us at any time, and a lengthy period of time is required to hire and train replacement employees when such skilled individuals leave the company. Furthermore, changes in our employee population, including our executive team, could impact our results of operations and growth. For example, Sean Menke was elected as President and Chief Executive Officer of Sabre on December 31, 2016. Subsequent to his election, we have announced modifications to our business strategies and increased long-term investment in key areas, such as technology infrastructure, that may continue to have a negative impact in the short term due to expected increases in operating expenses and capital expenditures. If we fail to attract well-qualified employees or to retain or motivate existing employees, our business could be materially hindered by, for example, a delay in our ability to deliver products and services under contract, bring new products and services to market or respond swiftly to customer demands or new offerings from competitors.
Our Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses depend on maintaining and renewing contracts with their customers and other counterparties.
In our Travel Network business, we enter into participating carrier distribution and services agreements with airlines. Our contracts with major carriers typically last for three- to five-year terms and are generally subject to automatic renewal at the end of the term, unless terminated by either party with the required advance notice. Our contracts with smaller airlines generally last for one year and are also subject to automatic renewal at the end of the term, unless terminated by either party with the required
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advance notice. Airlines are not typically contractually obligated to distribute exclusively through our GDS during the contract term and may terminate their agreements with us upon providing the required advance notice after the expiration of the initial term. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our airline contracts in the future on favorable economic terms or at all. See “—Our Travel Network business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers."
We also enter into contracts with travel buyers. Although most of our travel buyer contracts have terms of one to three years, we typically have non-exclusive, five- to ten-year contracts with our major travel agency customers. We also typically have three- to five-year contracts with corporate travel departments, which generally renew automatically unless terminated with the required advance notice. A meaningful portion of our travel buyer agreements, typically representing approximately 15% to 20% of our bookings, are up for renewal in any given year. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our travel buyer agreements in the future on favorable economic terms or at all.
Similarly, our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses are based on contracts with travel suppliers for a typical duration of three to seven years for airlines and one to five years for hotels, respectively. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to renew our solutions contracts in the future on favorable economic terms or at all.
Additionally, we use several third-party distributor partners and joint ventures to extend our GDS services in EMEA and APAC. The termination of our contractual arrangements with any of these third-party distributor partners and joint ventures could adversely impact our Travel Network business in the relevant markets. See “—We rely on third-party distributor partners and joint ventures to extend our GDS services to certain regions, which exposes us to risks associated with lack of direct management control and potential conflicts of interest” for more information on our relationships with our third-party distributor partners and joint ventures.
Our failure to renew some or all of these agreements on economically favorable terms or at all, or the early termination of these existing contracts, would adversely affect the value of our Travel Network business as a marketplace due to our limited content and distribution reach, which could cause some of our subscribers to move to a competing GDS or use other travel technology providers for the solutions we provide and would materially harm our business, reputation and brand. Our business therefore relies on our ability to renew our agreements with our travel buyers, travel suppliers, third-party distributor partners and joint ventures or developing relationships with new travel buyers and travel suppliers to offset any customer losses.
We are subject to a certain degree of revenue concentration among a portion of our customer base. Because of this concentration among a small number of customers, if an event were to adversely affect one of these customers, it could have a material impact on our business.
Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes.
We generate the majority of our revenue and accounts receivable from airlines. We also derive revenue from hotels, car rental brands, rail carriers, cruise lines, tour operators and other suppliers in the travel and tourism industries. Adverse changes in any of these relationships or the inability to enter into new relationships could negatively impact the demand for and competitiveness of our travel products and services. For example, a lack of liquidity in the capital markets or weak economic performance may cause our travel suppliers to increase the time they take to pay or to default on their payment obligations, which could lead to a higher level of bad debt expense and negatively affect our results. Any large-scale bankruptcy or other insolvency proceeding of an airline or hospitality supplier could subject our agreements with that customer to rejection or early termination, and, if applicable, result in asset impairments which could be significant. Similarly, any suspension or cessation of operations of an airline or hospitality supplier could negatively affect our results. Because we generally do not require security or collateral from our customers as a condition of sale, our revenues may be subject to credit risk more generally.
Furthermore, supplier consolidation, particularly in the airline industry, could harm our business. Additionally, all of our businesses are highly dependent on airline ticket volumes. Consolidation among airlines could result in the loss of an existing customer and the related fee revenue, decreased airline ticket volumes due to capacity restrictions implemented concurrently with the consolidation, and increased airline concentration and bargaining power to negotiate lower transaction fees. See "—Our Travel Network business is exposed to pricing pressure from travel suppliers." In addition, consolidation among travel suppliers may result in one or more suppliers refusing to provide certain content to Sabre but rather making it exclusively available on the suppliers’ proprietary websites, hurting the competitive position of our GDS relative to those websites. See “—Travel suppliers’ use of alternative distribution models, such as direct distribution models, could adversely affect our Travel Network business.”
Our Travel Network business depends on relationships with travel buyers.
Our Travel Network business relies on relationships with several large travel buyers, including TMCs and OTAs, to generate a large portion of its revenue through bookings made by these travel companies. This revenue concentration in a relatively small number of travel buyers makes us particularly dependent on factors affecting those companies. For example, if demand for their services decreases, or if a key supplier pulls its content from us, travel buyers may stop utilizing our services or move all or some of their business to competitors or competing channels.
Although our contracts with larger travel agencies often increase the incentive consideration when the travel agency processes a certain volume or percentage of its bookings through our GDS, travel buyers are not contractually required to book exclusively through our GDS during the contract term. Travel buyers may shift bookings to other distribution intermediaries for
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many reasons, including to avoid becoming overly dependent on a single source of travel content or to increase their bargaining power with GDS providers. Additionally, some regulations allow travel buyers to terminate their contracts earlier.
These risks are exacerbated by increased consolidation among travel agencies and TMCs, which may ultimately reduce the pool of travel agencies that subscribe to GDSs. We must compete with other GDSs and other competitors for their business by offering competitive upfront incentive consideration, which, due to the strong bargaining power of these large travel buyers, tend to increase in each round of contract renewals. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Factors Affecting Our Results—Increasing travel agency incentive consideration" for more information about our incentive consideration. However, any reduction in transaction fees from travel suppliers due to supplier consolidation or other market forces could limit our ability to increase incentive consideration to travel agencies in a cost-effective manner or otherwise affect our margins.
Our business could be harmed by adverse global and regional economic and political conditions.
Travel expenditures are sensitive to personal and business discretionary spending levels and grow more slowly or decline during economic downturns. We derive the majority of our revenue from the United States and Europe, and we have expanded Travel Network's presence in APAC. Our geographic concentration in the United States and Europe, as well as our expanded focus in APAC, makes our business potentially vulnerable to economic and political conditions that adversely affect business and leisure travel originating in or traveling to these regions.
Despite modest growth in the U.S. economy, there is still weakness in other parts of the global economy, including increased unemployment, reduced financial capacity of both business and leisure travelers, diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence and discretionary income and general uncertainty about economic stability. Furthermore, recent changes in the U.S. political environment have resulted in additional uncertainties with respect to travel restrictions, and the regulatory, tax and economic environment in the United States, which could adversely impact travel demand, our business operations or our financial results. We cannot predict the magnitude, length or recurrence of recessionary or low-growth economic patterns, which have impacted, and may continue to impact, demand for travel and lead to reduced spending on the services we provide.
We derive the remainder of our revenues from Latin America, the Middle East and Africa and APAC. Any unfavorable economic, political or regulatory developments in these regions could negatively affect our business, such as delays in payment or non-payment of contracts, delays in contract implementation or signing, carrier control issues and increased costs from regulatory changes particularly as parts of our growth strategy involve expanding our presence in these emerging markets. For example, markets that have traditionally had a high level of exports to China, or that have commodities-based economies, have continued to experience slowing or deteriorating economic conditions. These adverse economic conditions may negatively impact our business results in those regions.
Similarly, in Venezuela, due to currency controls that impact the ability of certain of our airline customers operating in the country to obtain U.S. dollars to make timely payments to us, the collection of accounts receivable due to us can be, and has been, delayed. Due to the nature of this delay, we are deferring the recognition of any future revenues until cash is collected in accordance with our policies. Accordingly, our accounts receivable is subject to a general collection risk, as there can be no assurance that we will be paid from such customers in a timely manner, if at all. In response to the political and economic uncertainty in Venezuela, certain airlines have scaled back operations in response to the reduced demand for travel by local consumers as well as the currency controls which has impacted our airline customers in Venezuela.
Voters in the U.K. have approved the exit of that country from the E.U. (“Brexit”), which became effective as of January 31, 2020, and is now in a transition period through December 31, 2020. Brexit and related processes have created significant economic uncertainty in the U.K. and in EMEA, which may negatively impact our business results in those regions. In addition, the terms of the U.K.’s withdrawal from the E.U., once negotiated during the transition period, if at all, could potentially disrupt the markets we serve and the tax jurisdictions in which we operate and adversely change tax benefits or liabilities in these or other jurisdictions, including our ability to obtain Value Added Tax ("VAT") refunds on transactions between the U.K. and the E.U., and may cause us to lose customers, suppliers, and employees. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the U.K. determines which E.U. laws to replace or replicate.
We operate a global business that exposes us to risks associated with international activities.
Our international operations involve risks that are not generally encountered when doing business in the United States. These risks include, but are not limited to:
•business, political and economic instability in foreign locations, including actual or threatened terrorist activities, and military action;
•adverse laws and regulatory requirements, including more comprehensive regulation in the E.U. and the possible effects of Brexit;
•changes in foreign currency exchange rates and financial risk arising from transactions in multiple currencies;
•difficulty in developing, managing and staffing international operations because of distance, language and cultural differences;
•disruptions to or delays in the development of communication and transportation services and infrastructure;
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•more restrictive data privacy requirements, including the GDPR;
•consumer attitudes, including the preference of customers for local providers;
•increasing labor costs due to high wage inflation in foreign locations, differences in general employment conditions and regulations, and the degree of employee unionization and activism;
•export or trade restrictions or currency controls;
•governmental policies or actions, such as consumer, labor and trade protection measures and travel restrictions;
•taxes, restrictions on foreign investment and limits on the repatriation of funds;
•diminished ability to legally enforce our contractual rights; and
•decreased protection for intellectual property.
Any of the foregoing risks may adversely affect our ability to conduct and grow our business internationally.
We are involved in various legal proceedings which may cause us to incur significant fees, costs and expenses and may result in unfavorable outcomes.
We are involved in various legal proceedings that involve claims for substantial amounts of money or which involve how we conduct our business. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements. For example, we are involved in antitrust litigation with US Airways. If we cannot resolve this matter favorably, we could be subject to monetary damages, including treble damages under the antitrust laws and payment of reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs; depending on the amount of any such judgment, if we do not have sufficient cash on hand, we may be required to seek financing from private or public financing. Other parties might likewise seek to benefit from any unfavorable outcome by threatening to bring or actually bringing their own claims against us on the same or similar grounds or utilizing the litigation to seek more favorable contract terms. In addition, the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") has filed a lawsuit seeking a permanent injunction to prevent us from acquiring Farelogix, Inc. ("Farelogix"). The U.K. Competition and Markets Authority ("CMA") has referred its review of this acquisition for a Phase 2 investigation and has published its provisional findings of competition concerns. We are also subject to a DOJ antitrust investigation from 2011 relating to the pricing and conduct of the airline distribution industry. We received a civil investigative demand ("CID") from the DOJ and we are fully cooperating. The DOJ has also sent CIDs to other companies in the travel industry. Based on its findings in the investigation, the DOJ may (i) close the file, (ii) seek a consent decree to remedy issues it believes violate the antitrust laws, or (iii) file suit against us for violating the antitrust laws, seeking injunctive relief. In addition, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition ("EC") has opened an investigation to assess whether our and Amadeus’ respective agreements with airlines and travel agents may restrict competition in breach of E.U. antitrust rules. There is no legal deadline for the EC to bring an antitrust investigation to an end, and the duration of the investigation is unknown. Depending on the outcome of any of these matters, and the scope of the outcome, the manner in which our airline distribution business is operated could be affected and could potentially force changes to the existing airline distribution business model.
The defense of these actions, as well as any of the other actions described under Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and any other actions brought against us in the future, is time consuming and diverts management’s attention. Even if we are ultimately successful in defending ourselves in such matters, we are likely to incur significant fees, costs and expenses as long as they are ongoing. Any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We are exposed to risks associated with acquiring or divesting businesses or business operations.
We have acquired, and, as part of our growth strategy, may in the future acquire, businesses or business operations. We may not be able to identify suitable candidates for additional business combinations and strategic investments, obtain financing on acceptable terms for such transactions, obtain necessary regulatory approvals or otherwise consummate such transactions on acceptable terms, or at all.
For example, we announced on November 14, 2018 that we have entered into an agreement to acquire Farelogix. At closing, Sabre will purchase Farelogix for $360 million, funded by cash on hand and Revolver (as defined in Item 8. Financial Statements, Note 8. Debt) borrowing. The acquisition is subject to customary closing conditions and regulatory approvals. On August 20, 2019, the DOJ filed a complaint in federal court in the District of Delaware, seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Sabre from acquiring Farelogix. There can be no assurance that Sabre and Farelogix will be successful in this litigation, or that such litigation will be completed prior to the termination date under the acquisition agreement. In addition, the litigation will require substantial time and attention from Sabre’s management, and will involve significant contact by Sabre, Farelogix and DOJ with existing customers, suppliers and other important constituencies. This may negatively impact Sabre’s and Farelogix’s respective ongoing businesses, their relationships with their customers, suppliers or other constituents, and the reputation of each Sabre and Farelogix. In addition, the CMA has referred its review of the acquisition for a Phase 2 investigation and has published its provisional findings of competition concerns. Sabre and Farelogix may fail to secure the requisite approvals in a timely manner or on terms desired or anticipated, and the acquisition of Farelogix may not close in the anticipated time frame, if at all. The acquisition agreement, as amended, contains certain customary termination rights, including the right of either party to terminate the acquisition agreement if the acquisition has not occurred by April 30, 2020.
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Any acquisitions that we are able to identify and complete may also involve a number of risks, including our inability to successfully or profitably integrate, operate, maintain and manage our newly acquired operations or employees; the diversion of our management’s attention from our existing business to integrate operations and personnel; possible material adverse effects on our results of operations during the integration process; becoming subject to contingent or other liabilities, including liabilities arising from events or conduct predating the acquisition that were not known to us at the time of the acquisition; and our possible inability to achieve the intended objectives of the acquisition, including the inability to achieve anticipated business or financial results, cost savings and synergies. Acquisitions may also have unanticipated tax, regulatory and accounting ramifications, including recording goodwill and nonamortizable intangible assets that are subject to impairment testing on a regular basis and potential periodic impairment charges and incurring amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets. To consummate any of these acquisitions, we may need to raise external funds through the sale of equity or the issuance of debt in the capital markets or through private placements, which may affect our liquidity and may dilute the value of our common stock. See "—We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business and to fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness."
We have also divested, and may in the future divest, businesses or business operations. Any divestitures may involve a number of risks, including the diversion of management’s attention, significant costs and expenses, the loss of customer relationships and cash flow, and the disruption of the affected business or business operations. Failure to timely complete or to consummate a divestiture may negatively affect the valuation of the affected business or business operations or result in restructuring charges.
Any failure to comply with regulations or any changes in such regulations governing our businesses could adversely affect us.
Parts of our business operate in regulated industries and could be adversely affected by unfavorable changes in or the enactment of new laws, rules or regulations applicable to us, which could decrease demand for our products and services, increase costs or subject us to additional liabilities. Moreover, regulatory authorities have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals and to implement or interpret regulations. Accordingly, these regulatory authorities could prevent or temporarily suspend us from carrying on some or all of our activities or otherwise penalize us if our practices were found not to comply with the applicable regulatory or licensing requirements or any interpretation of such requirements by the regulatory authority. In addition, we are subject to or affected by international, federal, state and local laws, regulations and policies, which are constantly subject to change. These include data protection and privacy legislation and regulations, as well as legislation and regulations affecting issues such as: trade sanctions, exports of technology, antitrust, anticorruption, telecommunications and e-commerce. Our failure to comply with any of these requirements, interpretations, legislation or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Further, the United States has imposed economic sanctions, and could impose further sanctions in the future, that affect transactions with designated countries, including but not limited to, Cuba, Iran, Crimea region, North Korea and Syria, and nationals and others of those countries, and certain specifically targeted individuals and entities engaged in conduct detrimental to U.S. national security interests. These sanctions are administered by OFAC and are typically known as the OFAC regulations. These regulations are extensive and complex, and they differ from one sanctions regime to another. Failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to legal and reputational consequences, including civil and criminal penalties.
We have GDS contracts with carriers that fly to Cuba, Iran, Crimea region, North Korea and Syria but are based outside of those countries and are not owned by those governments or nationals of those governments. With respect to Iran, Sudan, North Korea and Syria we believe that our activities are designed to comply with certain information and travel-related exemptions. With respect to Cuba, we have advised OFAC that customers outside the United States we display on the Sabre GDS flight information for, and support booking and ticketing of, services of non-Cuban airlines that offer service to Cuba. Based on advice of counsel, we believe these activities to fall under an exemption from OFAC regulations applicable to the transmission of information and informational materials and transactions related thereto.
We believe that our activities with respect to these countries are known to OFAC. We note, however, that OFAC regulations and related interpretive guidance are complex and subject to varying interpretations. Due to this complexity, OFAC’s interpretation of its own regulations and guidance vary on a case to case basis. As a result, we cannot provide any guarantees that OFAC will not challenge any of our activities in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
In Europe, GDS regulations or interpretations thereof may increase our cost of doing business or lower our revenues, limit our ability to sell marketing data, impact relationships with travel buyers, airlines, rail carriers or others, impair the enforceability of existing agreements with travel buyers and other users of our system, prohibit or limit us from offering services or products, or limit our ability to establish or change fees. Although regulations specifically governing GDSs have been lifted in the United States, they remain subject to general regulation regarding unfair trade practices by the U.S. Department of Transportation (“DOT”). In addition, continued regulation of GDSs in the E.U. and elsewhere could also create the operational challenge of supporting different products, services and business practices to conform to the different regulatory regimes. We do not currently maintain a central database of all regulatory requirements affecting our worldwide operations and, as a result, the risk of non-compliance with the laws and regulations described above is heightened. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations may subject us to fines, penalties and potential criminal violations. Any changes to these laws or regulations or any new laws or regulations may make it more difficult for us to operate our business.
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Our collection, processing, storage, use and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, conflicting legal requirements, differing views on data privacy or security breaches.
We collect, process, store, use and transmit a large volume of personal data on a daily basis, including, for example, to process travel transactions for our customers and to deliver other travel-related products and services. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states, have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation, and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The GDPR, a data protection law adopted by the European Commission, went into effect on May 25, 2018, and the CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data, including credit card information that is collected, processed and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. Implementation of and compliance with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Additionally, media coverage of data breaches has escalated, in part because of the increased number of enforcement actions, investigations and lawsuits. As this focus and attention on privacy and data protection increases, we also risk exposure to potential liabilities and costs resulting from the compliance with, or any failure to comply with applicable legal requirements, conflicts among these legal requirements or differences in approaches to privacy and security of travel data. Furthermore, various countries, including Russia, have implemented legislation requiring the storage of travel or other personal data locally. Our business could be materially adversely affected by our inability, or the inability of our vendors who receive personal data from us, to comply with legal obligations regarding the use of personal data, new data handling or localization requirements that conflict with or negatively impact our business practices. In addition, our agreements with customers may also require that we indemnify the customer for liability arising from data breaches under the terms of our agreements with these customers. These indemnification obligations could be significant and may exceed the limits of any applicable insurance policy we maintain. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.”
We are exposed to risks associated with PCI compliance.
The PCI Data Security Standard (“PCI DSS”) is a specific set of comprehensive security standards required by credit card brands for enhancing payment account data security, including but not limited to requirements for security management, policies, procedures, network architecture, and software design. PCI DSS compliance is required in order to maintain credit card processing services. The cost of compliance with PCI DSS is significant and may increase as the requirements change. We are tested periodically for assurance and successfully completed our last annual assessment in December 2019. Compliance does not guarantee a completely secure environment and notwithstanding the results of this assessment there can be no assurance that payment card brands will not request further compliance assessments or set forth additional requirements to maintain access to credit card processing services. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.” Compliance is an ongoing effort and the requirements evolve as new threats are identified. In the event that we were to lose PCI DSS compliance status (or fail to renew compliance under a future version of the PCI DSS), we could be exposed to increased operating costs, fines and penalties and, in extreme circumstances, may have our credit card processing privileges revoked, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.
Intellectual property infringement actions against us could be costly and time consuming to defend and may result in business harm if we are unsuccessful in our defense.
Third parties may assert, including by means of counterclaims against us as a result of the assertion of our intellectual property rights, that our products, services or technology, or the operation of our business, violate their intellectual property rights. We are currently subject to such assertions, including patent infringement claims, and may be subject to such assertions in the future. These assertions may also be made against our customers who may seek indemnification from us. In the ordinary course of business, we enter into agreements that contain indemnity obligations whereby we are required to indemnify our customers against these assertions arising from our customers’ usage of our products, services or technology. As the competition in our industry increases and the functionality of technology offerings further overlaps, these claims and counterclaims could become more common. We cannot be certain that we do not or will not infringe third parties’ intellectual property rights.
Legal proceedings involving intellectual property rights are highly uncertain and can involve complex legal and scientific questions. Any intellectual property claim against us, regardless of its merit, could result in significant liabilities to our business, and can be expensive and time consuming to defend. Depending on the nature of such claims, our businesses may be disrupted, our management’s attention and other company resources may be diverted and we may be required to redesign, reengineer or rebrand our products and services, if feasible, to stop offering certain products and services or to enter into royalty or licensing agreements in order to obtain the rights to use necessary technologies, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and may result in a decrease of our competitive advantage. Our failure to prevail in such matters could result in loss of intellectual property rights, judgments awarding substantial damages, including possible treble damages and attorneys’ fees, and injunctive or other equitable relief against us. If we are held liable, we may be unable to exploit some or all of our intellectual property rights or technology. Even if we are not held liable, we may choose to settle claims by making a monetary payment or by granting a license to intellectual property rights that we otherwise would not license. Further, judgments may result in loss of reputation, may force us to take costly remediation actions, delay selling our products and offering our
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services, reduce features or functionality in our services or products, or cease such activities altogether. Insurance may not cover or be insufficient for any such claim.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property effectively, which may allow competitors to duplicate our products and services.
Our success and competitiveness depend, in part, upon our technologies and other intellectual property, including our brands. Among our significant assets are our proprietary and licensed software and other proprietary information and intellectual property rights. We rely on a combination of copyright, trademark and patent laws, laws protecting trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect these assets both in the United States and in foreign countries. The laws of some jurisdictions may provide less protection for our technologies and other intellectual property assets than the laws of the United States.
There is no certainty that our intellectual property rights will provide us with substantial protection or commercial benefit. Despite our efforts to protect our intellectual property, some of our innovations may not be protectable, and our intellectual property rights may offer insufficient protection from competition or unauthorized use, lapse or expire, be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, or misappropriated by third parties, or be deemed unenforceable or abandoned, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and the legal remedies available to us may not adequately compensate us. We cannot be certain that others will not independently develop, design around, or otherwise acquire equivalent or superior technology or intellectual property rights.
•While we take reasonable steps to protect our brands and trademarks, we may not be successful in maintaining or defending our brands or preventing third parties from adopting similar brands. If our competitors infringe our principal trademarks, our brands may become diluted or if our competitors introduce brands or products that cause confusion with our brands or products in the marketplace, the value that our consumers associate with our brands may become diminished, which could negatively impact revenue.
•Our patent applications may not be granted, and the patents we own could be challenged, invalidated, narrowed or circumvented by others and may not be of sufficient scope or strength to provide us with any meaningful protection or commercial advantage. Once our patents expire, or if they are invalidated, narrowed or circumvented, our competitors may be able to utilize the technology protected by our patents which may adversely affect our business.
•Although we rely on copyright laws to protect the works of authorship created by us, we do not generally register the copyrights in our copyrightable works where such registration is permitted. Copyrights of U.S. origin must be registered before the copyright owner may bring an infringement suit in the United States. Accordingly, if one of our unregistered copyrights of U.S. origin is infringed by a third party, we will need to register the copyright before we can file an infringement suit in the United States, and our remedies in any such infringement suit may be limited.
•We use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets. However, protecting trade secrets can be difficult and our efforts may provide inadequate protection to prevent unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of our trade secrets, know how, or other proprietary information.
•We also rely on our domain names to conduct our online businesses. While we use reasonable efforts to protect and maintain our domain names, if we fail to do so the domain names may become available to others. Further, the regulatory bodies that oversee domain name registration may change their regulations in a way that adversely affects our ability to register and use certain domain names.
We license software and other intellectual property from third parties. These licensors may breach or otherwise fail to perform their obligations or claim that we have breached or otherwise attempt to terminate their license agreements with us. We also rely on license agreements to allow third parties to use our intellectual property rights, including our software, but there is no guarantee that our licensees will abide by the terms of our license agreements or that the terms of our agreements will always be enforceable.
In addition, policing unauthorized use of and enforcing intellectual property can be difficult and expensive. The fact that we have intellectual property rights, including registered intellectual property rights, may not guarantee success in our attempts to enforce these rights against third parties. Besides general litigation risks, changes in, or interpretations of, intellectual property laws may compromise our ability to enforce our rights. We may not be aware of infringement or misappropriation or elect not to seek to prevent it. Our decisions may be based on a variety of factors, such as costs and benefits of taking action, and contextual business, legal, and other issues. Any inability to adequately protect our intellectual property on a cost-effective basis could harm our business.
We use open source software in our solutions that may subject our software solutions to general release or require us to re-engineer our solutions.
We use open source software in our solutions and may use more open source software in the future. From time to time, there have been claims by companies claiming ownership of software that was previously thought to be open source and that was incorporated by other companies into their products. As a result, we could be subject to suits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Some open source licenses contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software and that we license these modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain
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rights of further use. If we combine or, in some cases, link our proprietary software solutions with or to open source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain of the open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software solutions or license such proprietary solutions under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third parties certain rights of further use. In addition to risks related to license requirements, usage of open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on origin of the software. In addition, open source license terms may be ambiguous and many of the risks associated with usage of open source cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. If we were found to have inappropriately used open source software, we may be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our software, to re-engineer our solutions, to discontinue the sale of our solutions in the event re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could adversely affect our business, operating results and financial condition.
We rely on the value of our brands, which may be damaged by a number of factors, some of which are out of our control.
We believe that maintaining and expanding our portfolio of product and service brands are important aspects of our efforts to attract and expand our customer base. Our brands may be negatively impacted by, among other things, unreliable service levels from third-party providers, customers’ inability to properly interface their applications with our technology, the loss or unauthorized disclosure of personal data, including PCI or PII, or other bad publicity due to litigation, regulatory concerns or otherwise relating to our business. See “—Security breaches could expose us to liability and damage our reputation and our business.” Any inability to maintain or enhance awareness of our brands among our existing and target customers could negatively affect our current and future business prospects.
Maintaining and improving our financial controls and the requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.
As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) and The NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”) rules. The requirements of these rules and regulations have increased and will continue to significantly increase our legal and financial compliance costs, including costs associated with the hiring of additional personnel, making some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly, and may also place undue strain on our personnel, systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. Ensuring that we have adequate internal financial and accounting controls and procedures in place, as well as maintaining these controls and procedures, is a costly and time-consuming effort that needs to be re-evaluated frequently. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (“Section 404”) requires that we annually evaluate our internal control over financial reporting to enable management to report on, and our independent auditors to audit as of the end of each fiscal year the effectiveness of those controls. In connection with the Section 404 requirements, both we and our independent registered public accounting firm test our internal controls and could, as part of that documentation and testing, identify material weaknesses, significant deficiencies or other areas for further attention or improvement.
Implementing any appropriate changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training for our directors, officers and employees, require the hiring of additional finance, accounting and other personnel, entail substantial costs to modify our existing accounting systems, or any manual systems or processes, and take a significant period of time to complete. These changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls, and any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. Moreover, adequate internal controls are necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and are important to help prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 on a timely basis could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could cause the market value of our common stock to decline.
Various rules and regulations applicable to public companies make it more difficult and more expensive for us to maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to maintain coverage. If we are unable to maintain adequate directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, our ability to recruit and retain qualified officers and directors, especially those directors who may be deemed independent for purposes of the NASDAQ rules, will be significantly curtailed.
We rely on third-party distributor partners and joint ventures to extend our GDS services to certain regions, which exposes us to risks associated with lack of direct management control and potential conflicts of interest.
Our Travel Network business utilizes third-party distributor partners and joint ventures to extend our GDS services in EMEA and APAC. We work with these partners to establish and maintain commercial and customer service relationships with both travel suppliers and travel buyers. Since, in many cases, we do not exercise full management control over their day-to-day operations, the success of their marketing efforts and the quality of the services they provide are beyond our control. If these partners do not meet our standards for distribution, our reputation may suffer materially, and sales in those regions could decline significantly. Any interruption in these third-party services, deterioration in their performance or termination of our contractual
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arrangements with them could negatively impact our ability to extend our GDS services in the relevant markets. In addition, our business may be harmed due to potential conflicts of interest with our joint venture partners.
We may have higher than anticipated tax liabilities.
We are subject to a variety of taxes in many jurisdictions globally, including income taxes in the United States at the federal, state and local levels, and in many other countries. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes. In the ordinary course of our business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We operate in numerous countries where our income tax returns are subject to audit and adjustment by local tax authorities. Because we operate globally, the nature of the uncertain tax positions is often very complex and subject to change, and the amounts at issue can be substantial. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we have to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. Although we believe our tax estimates are reasonable, the final determination of tax audits could be materially different from our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Our effective tax rate may change from year to year based on changes in the mix of activities and income allocated or earned among various jurisdictions, tax laws in these jurisdictions, tax treaties between countries, our eligibility for benefits under those tax treaties, and the estimated values of deferred tax assets and liabilities. Such changes could result in an increase in the effective tax rate applicable to all or a portion of our income which would reduce our profitability.
We establish reserves for our potential liability for U.S. and non-U.S. taxes, including sales, occupancy and VAT, consistent with applicable accounting principles and in light of all current facts and circumstances. We also establish reserves when required relating to the collection of refunds related to value-added taxes, which are subject to audit and collection risks in various countries. Historically our right to recover certain value-added tax receivables associated with our European businesses has been questioned by tax authorities. These reserves represent our best estimate of our contingent liability for taxes. The interpretation of tax laws and the determination of any potential liability under those laws are complex, and the amount of our liability may exceed our established reserves.
We consider the undistributed capital investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2019 and, accordingly, have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences.
New tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be enacted at any time and existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations and ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. These events could require us to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us to pay fees, penalties or interest for past amounts deemed to be due. New, changed, modified or newly interpreted or applied laws could also increase our compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our products and services. Several countries, primarily in Europe, and the European Commission have proposed or adopted taxes on revenue earned by multinational corporations in certain "digital economy" sectors from activities linked to the user-based activity of their residents. These proposals have generally been labeled as "digital services taxes" ("DSTs"). We continue to evaluate the potential effects that the DST may have on our operations, cash flows and results of operations. The future impact of the DST, including on our global operations, is uncertain, and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected.
We may not have sufficient insurance to cover our liability in pending litigation claims and future claims either due to coverage limits or as a result of insurance carriers seeking to deny coverage of such claims, which in either case could expose us to significant liabilities.
We maintain third-party insurance coverage against various liability risks, including securities, stockholders, derivative, ERISA, and product liability claims, as well as other claims that form the basis of litigation matters pending against us. We believe these insurance programs are an effective way to protect our assets against liability risks. However, the potential liabilities associated with litigation matters pending against us, or that could arise in the future, could exceed the coverage provided by such programs. In addition, our insurance carriers have in the past sought or may in the future seek to rescind or deny coverage with respect to pending claims or lawsuits, completed investigations or pending or future investigations and other legal actions against us. If we do not have sufficient coverage under our policies, or if the insurance companies are successful in rescinding or denying coverage, we may be required to make material payments in connection with third-party claims.
Defects in our products may subject us to significant warranty liabilities or product liability claims and we may have insufficient product liability insurance to pay material uninsured claims.
Our business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that are inherent in software development. We may inadvertently create defective software or supply our customers with defective software or software components that we acquire from third parties, which could result in personal injury, property damage or other liabilities, and may result in warranty or product liability claims brought against us, our travel supplier customers or third parties.
Under our customer agreements, we generally must indemnify our customers for liability arising from intellectual property infringement claims with respect to our software. These indemnifications could be significant and we may not have adequate insurance coverage to protect us against all claims. The combination of our insurance coverage, cash flows and reserves may not be adequate to satisfy product liabilities we may incur in the future. Even meritless claims could subject us to adverse publicity, hinder us from securing insurance coverage in the future, require us to incur significant legal fees, decrease demand for any products that we successfully develop, divert management’s attention, and force us to limit or forgo further development and
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commercialization of these products. The cost of any product liability litigation or other proceedings, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial.
We may recognize impairments on long-lived assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets, or recognize impairments on our equity method investments.
Our consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2019 contained goodwill and intangible assets, net totaling $3.2 billion. Future acquisitions that result in the recognition of additional goodwill and intangible assets would cause an increase in these types of assets. We do not amortize goodwill and intangible assets that are determined to have indefinite useful lives, but we amortize definite-lived intangible assets on a straight-line basis over their useful economic lives, which range from four to thirty years, depending on classification.
We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or earlier if impairment indicators exist and we evaluate definite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. We record an impairment charge whenever the estimated fair value of our reporting units or of such intangible assets is less than its carrying value.
The fair values used in our impairment evaluation are estimated using a combined approach based upon discounted future cash flow projections and observed market multiples for comparable businesses. Changes in estimates based on changes in risk-adjusted discount rates, future booking and transaction volume levels, future price levels, rates of growth in our consumer and corporate direct booking businesses, rates of increase in operating expenses, cost of revenue and taxes could result in material impairment charges.
Our pension plan obligations are currently unfunded, and we may have to make significant cash contributions to our plans, which could reduce the cash available for our business.
Our pension plans in the aggregate are estimated to be unfunded by $125 million as of December 31, 2019. With approximately 4,800 participants in our pension plans, we incur substantial costs relating to pension benefits, which can vary substantially as a result of changes in healthcare laws and costs, volatility in investment returns on pension plan assets and changes in discount rates used to calculate related liabilities. Our estimates of liabilities and expenses for pension benefits require the use of assumptions, including assumptions relating to the rate used to discount the future estimated liability, the rate of return on plan assets, inflation and several assumptions relating to the employee workforce (medical costs, retirement age and mortality). Actual results may differ, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations. Future volatility and disruption in the stock markets could cause a decline in the asset values of our pension plans. In addition, a decrease in the discount rate used to determine minimum funding requirements could result in increased future contributions. If either occurs, we may need to make additional pension contributions above what is currently estimated, which could reduce the cash available for our businesses.
We may require more cash than we generate in our operating activities, and additional funding on reasonable terms or at all may not be available.
We cannot guarantee that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations to fund our capital investment requirements or other liquidity needs. Moreover, because we are a holding company with no material direct operations, we depend on loans, dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and may be prohibited or restricted from paying dividends or otherwise making funds available to us under certain conditions.
As a result, we may be required to finance our cash needs through bank loans, additional debt financing, public or private equity offerings or otherwise. Our ability to arrange financing and the cost of such financing are dependent on numerous factors, including but not limited to general economic and capital market conditions, the availability of credit from banks or other lenders, investor confidence in us, and our results of operations.
There can be no assurance that financing will be available on terms favorable to us or at all, which could force us to delay, reduce or abandon our growth strategy, increase our financing costs, or both. Additional funding from debt financings may make it more difficult for us to operate our business because a portion of our cash generated from internal operations would be used to make principal and interest payments on the indebtedness and we may be obligated to abide by restrictive covenants contained in the debt financing agreements, which may, among other things, limit our ability to make business decisions and further limit our ability to pay dividends.
In addition, any downgrade of our debt ratings by Standard & Poor’s, Moody’s Investor Service or similar ratings agencies, increases in general interest rate levels and credit spreads or overall weakening in the credit markets could increase our cost of capital. Furthermore, raising capital through public or private sales of equity to finance acquisitions or expansion could cause earnings or ownership dilution to your shareholding interests in our company.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness, which could adversely affect our cash flow and our ability to operate our business and to fulfill our obligations under our indebtedness.
We have a significant amount of indebtedness. As of December 31, 2019, we had $3.3 billion of indebtedness outstanding in addition to $388 million of availability under our Revolver, after taking into account the availability reduction of $12 million for
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letters of credit issued under our Revolver. Our substantial level of indebtedness increases the possibility that we may not generate enough cash flow from operations to pay, when due, the principal of, interest on or other amounts due in respect of, these obligations. Other risks relating to our long-term indebtedness include:
•increased vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;
•higher interest expense if interest rates increase on our floating rate borrowings and our hedging strategies do not effectively mitigate the effects of these increases;
•need to divert a significant portion of our cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, thereby reducing the availability of cash to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, investments and other general corporate purposes;
•limited ability to obtain additional financing, on terms we find acceptable, if needed, for working capital, capital expenditures, expansion plans and other investments, which may adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy;
•limited flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our businesses and the markets in which we operate or to take advantage of market opportunities; and
•a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt.
In addition, it is possible that we may need to incur additional indebtedness in the future in the ordinary course of business. The terms of our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement and the indentures governing our senior secured notes due in 2023 allow us to incur additional debt subject to certain limitations. If new debt is added to current debt levels, the risks described above could intensify. In addition, our inability to maintain certain leverage ratios could result in acceleration of a portion of our debt obligations and could cause us to be in default if we are unable to repay the accelerated obligations.
We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.
Our floating rate indebtedness exposes us to fluctuations in prevailing interest rates. To reduce the impact of large fluctuations in interest rates, we typically hedge a portion of our interest rate risk by entering into derivative agreements with financial institutions. Our exposure to interest rates relates primarily to our borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
The derivative agreements that we use to manage the risk associated with fluctuations in interest rates may not be able to eliminate the exposure to these changes. Interest rates are sensitive to numerous factors outside of our control, such as government and central bank monetary policy in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Depending on the size of the exposures and the relative movements of interest rates, if we choose not to hedge or fail to effectively hedge our exposure, we could experience a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.
As of December 31, 2019, we had outstanding approximately $2.3 billion of variable debt that is indexed to the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"). In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority announced its intention to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. It is not possible to predict the effect of any changes in the methods by which LIBOR is determined or regulatory activity related to LIBOR’s phaseout. Any of these developments could cause LIBOR to perform differently than in the past or cease to exist. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable, the interest rates on our debt indexed to LIBOR will be determined using various alternative methods set forth in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, any of which could result in interest obligations that are more than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the payments that would have been made on this debt if U.S. dollar LIBOR were available in its current form. Any of these proposals or consequences could have a material adverse effect on our financing costs. Moreover, our interest rate swap agreements designated in a hedging relationship utilize one-month LIBOR and have maturities that extend through 2021. See Note 9. Derivatives, to our consolidated financial statements. The phaseout of the LIBOR may adversely affect our assessment of effectiveness or measurement of ineffectiveness for accounting purposes.
We are exposed to exchange rate fluctuations.
We conduct various operations outside the United States, primarily in APAC, Europe and Latin America. During the year ended December 31, 2019, foreign currency operations included $246 million of revenue and $572 million of operating expenses, representing approximately 6% and 16% of our total revenue and operating expenses, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018, foreign currency operations included $264 million of revenue and $583 million of operating expenses, representing approximately 7% and 18% of our total revenue and operating expenses, respectively. Our most significant foreign currency operating expenses are in the Euro, representing approximately 7% of our operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. As a result, we face exposure to movements in currency exchange rates. These exposures include but are not limited to:
•re-measurement gains and losses from changes in the value of foreign denominated assets and liabilities;
•translation gains and losses on foreign subsidiary financial results that are translated into U.S. dollars, our functional currency, upon consolidation;
•planning risk related to changes in exchange rates between the time we prepare our annual and quarterly forecasts and when actual results occur; and
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•the impact of relative exchange rate movements on cross-border travel, principally travel between Europe and the United States.
Depending on the size of the exposures and the relative movements of exchange rates, if we choose not to hedge or fail to hedge effectively our exposure, we could experience a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. As we have seen in prior periods, in the event of severe volatility in exchange rates, these exposures can increase, and the impact on our results of operations and financial condition can be more pronounced. In addition, the current environment and the increasingly global nature of our business have made hedging these exposures more complex and costly.
To reduce the impact of this earnings volatility, we hedge our foreign currency exposure by entering into foreign currency forward contracts on several of our largest foreign currency exposures, including the Singaporean Dollar, the British Pound Sterling, the Polish Zloty, the Australian Dollar, the Indian Rupee, and the Swedish Krona. Although we have increased and may continue to increase the scope, complexity and duration of our foreign exchange risk management strategy, our current or future hedging activities may not sufficiently protect us from the adverse effects of currency exchange rate movements. Moreover, we make a number of estimates in conducting hedging activities, including in some cases the level of future bookings, cancellations, refunds, customer stay patterns and payments in foreign currencies. In the event those estimates differ significantly from actual results, we could experience greater volatility as a result of our hedging activities.
The terms of our debt covenants could limit our discretion in operating our business and any failure to comply with such covenants could result in the default of all of our debt.
The agreements governing our indebtedness contain and the agreements governing our future indebtedness will likely contain various covenants, including those that restrict our or our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things:
•incur liens on our property, assets and revenue;
•borrow money, and guarantee or provide other support for the indebtedness of third parties;
•pay dividends or make other distributions on, redeem or repurchase our capital stock;
•prepay, redeem or repurchase certain of our indebtedness;
•enter into certain change of control transactions;
•make investments in entities that we do not control, including joint ventures;
•enter into certain asset sale transactions, including divestiture of certain company assets and divestiture of capital stock of wholly-owned subsidiaries;
•enter into certain transactions with affiliates;
•enter into secured financing arrangements;
•enter into sale and leaseback transactions;
•change our fiscal year; and
•enter into substantially different lines of business.
These covenants may limit our ability to effectively operate our businesses or maximize stockholder value. In addition, our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement requires that we meet certain financial tests, including the maintenance of a leverage ratio and a minimum net worth. Our ability to satisfy these tests may be affected by factors and events beyond our control, and we may be unable to meet such tests in the future.
Any failure to comply with the restrictions of our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the indentures governing our senior secured notes due 2023 or any agreement governing our other indebtedness may result in an event of default under those agreements. Such default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt, which may trigger cross-acceleration or cross-default provisions in other debt. In addition, lenders may be able to terminate any commitments they had made to supply us with further funds.
The market price of our common stock could decline due to the large number of outstanding shares of our common stock eligible for future sale.
Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market in future offerings, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. These sales could also make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future, at a time and price that we deem appropriate. In addition, the additional sale of our common stock by our officers or directors in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.
We may issue shares of our common stock or other securities from time to time as consideration for, or to finance, future acquisitions and investments or for other capital needs. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our shares or the effect, if any, that future sales and issuances of shares would have on the market price of our common stock. If any such acquisition or investment is significant, the number of shares of common stock or the number or aggregate principal amount, as the case may be, of other securities that we may issue may in turn be substantial and may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. We
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may also grant registration rights covering shares of our common stock or other securities that we may issue in connection with any such acquisitions and investments.
To the extent that any of us, our executive officers or directors sell, or indicate an intent to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline significantly.
Our ability to pay regular dividends to our stockholders is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and may be limited by our holding company structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.
We intend to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends on our common stock. However, our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, change the amount or frequency of dividends or discontinue the payment of dividends entirely. In addition, because we are a holding company with no material direct operations, we are dependent on loans, dividends and other payments from our operating subsidiaries to generate the funds necessary to pay dividends on our common stock. We expect to cause our subsidiaries to make distributions to us in an amount sufficient for us to pay dividends. However, their ability to make such distributions will be subject to their operating results, cash requirements and financial condition, the applicable provisions of Delaware law that may limit the amount of funds available for distribution and our ability to pay cash dividends, compliance with covenants and financial ratios related to existing or future indebtedness, including under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, our senior secured notes due in 2023, and other agreements with third parties. In addition, each of the companies in our corporate chain must manage its assets, liabilities and working capital in order to meet all of its cash obligations, including the payment of dividends or distributions. As a consequence of these various limitations and restrictions, we may not be able to make, or may have to reduce or eliminate, the payment of dividends on our common stock. Any change in the level of our dividends or the suspension of the payment thereof could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
Not applicable.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
As a company with global operations, we operate in many countries with a variety of sales, administrative, product development and customer service roles provided in these offices.
Americas: Our corporate and business unit headquarters and domestic operations are located in a property which we own in Southlake, Texas, and in two leased offices located in Westlake, Texas. The Westlake leases expire in 2026 and include early termination options in 2022. There are ten additional offices across North America and eight offices across Latin America that serve in various sales, administration, software development and customer service capacities for all our business segments. All of these additional offices are leased.
EMEA: Travel Network has its Europe, the Middle East, and Africa ("EMEA") regional headquarters in London, United Kingdom, with a lease that expires in 2027 and includes an early termination option in 2022. There are 28 additional offices across EMEA that serve in various sales, administration, software development and customer service capacities. All of these additional offices are leased.
APAC: Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions have their Asia-Pacific ("APAC") regional operations headquarters in Singapore under a lease that expires in 2024. There are 29 additional offices across APAC that serve in various sales, administration, software development and customer service capacities. All of the additional offices are leased.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of litigation, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted at this time, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters. See “Risk Factors —"We are involved in various legal proceedings which may cause us to incur significant fees, costs and expenses and may result in unfavorable outcomes.”
Antitrust Litigation and Investigations
US Airways Antitrust Litigation
In April 2011, US Airways filed suit against us in federal court in the Southern District of New York, alleging violations of the Sherman Act Section 1 (anticompetitive agreements) and Section 2 (monopolization). The complaint was filed fewer than two months after we entered into a new distribution agreement with US Airways. In September 2011, the court dismissed all claims
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relating to Section 2. The claims that were not dismissed are claims brought under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, relating to our contracts with US Airways, which US Airways claims contain anticompetitive provisions, and an alleged conspiracy with the other GDSs, allegedly to maintain the industry structure and not to compete for content. We strongly deny all of the allegations made by US Airways.
Sabre filed summary judgment motions in April 2014. In January 2015, the court issued an order granting Sabre's summary judgment motions in part, eliminating a majority of US Airways' alleged damages and rejecting its request for injunctive relief by which US Airways sought to bar Sabre from enforcing certain provisions in our contracts. In September 2015, the court also dismissed US Airways' claim for declaratory relief. In February 2017, US Airways sought reconsideration of the court's opinion dismissing the claim for declaratory relief, which the court denied in March 2017.
The trial on the remaining claims commenced in October 2016. In December 2016, the jury issued a verdict in favor of US Airways with respect to its claim under Section 1 of the Sherman Act regarding Sabre's contract with US Airways and awarded it $5 million in single damages. The jury rejected US Airways' claim alleging a conspiracy with the other GDSs. We continue to believe that our business practices and contract terms are lawful.
Based on the jury’s verdict, in March 2017 the court entered final judgment in favor of US Airways in the amount of $15 million, which is three times the jury’s award of $5 million as required by the Sherman Act. As a result of the jury's verdict, US Airways was also entitled to receive reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs under the Sherman Act. As such, it filed a motion seeking approximately $125 million in attorneys’ fees and costs, the amount of which we strongly dispute. In January 2018, the court denied US Airways' motion seeking attorneys' fees and costs, without prejudice.
In the fourth quarter of 2016, we accrued a loss of $32 million, which represented the court's final judgment of $15 million, plus our estimate of $17 million for US Airways' reasonable attorneys’ fees, expenses and costs.
In April 2017, we filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit seeking a reversal of the judgment. US Airways also filed a counter-appeal challenging earlier court orders, including the above-referenced orders dismissing and/or issuing summary judgment as to portions of its claims and damages. In connection with this appeal, we posted an appellate bond equal to the aggregate amount of the $15 million judgment entered plus interest, which stayed the judgment pending the appeal. The Second Circuit heard oral arguments on this matter in December 2018.
In September 2019, the Second Circuit issued its Order and Opinion. The Second Circuit vacated the judgment with respect to US Airways’ claim under Section 1, reversed the trial court’s dismissal of US Airways’ claims relating to Section 2, and remanded the case to district court for a new trial. In addition, the Second Circuit affirmed the trial court’s ruling limiting US Airways’ damages. The judgment in our favor on US Airways' conspiracy claim remains intact. The lawsuit has been remanded to federal court in the Southern District of New York for further proceedings. Currently, no trial date has been set.
As a result of the Second Circuit’s opinion, we believe that the claims associated with this case are not probable; therefore, in the third quarter of 2019, we reversed our previously accrued loss of $32 million and do not have any losses accrued for this matter as of December 31, 2019.
We have and will incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as the litigation is ongoing. In addition, litigation by its nature is highly uncertain and fraught with risk, and it is therefore difficult to predict the outcome of any particular matter, including any changes to our business that may be required as a result of the litigation. If favorable resolution of the matter is not reached upon remand, any monetary damages are subject to trebling under the antitrust laws and US Airways would be eligible to be reimbursed by us for its reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees. Depending on the amount of any such judgment, if we do not have sufficient cash on hand, we may be required to seek private or public financing. Depending on the outcome of the litigation, any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Department of Justice Lawsuit on Farelogix Acquisition
On August 20, 2019, the DOJ filed a complaint in federal court in the District of Delaware, seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Sabre from acquiring Farelogix, alleging that the proposed acquisition is likely to substantially lessen competition in violation of federal antitrust law. Sabre disputes the government's allegations and believes the acquisition is pro-competitive and ultimately will be completed. The trial concluded on February 6, 2020 and the trial court has not yet issued its decision. Sabre and Farelogix have extended the termination date of their acquisition agreement to April 30, 2020, allowing time to resolve the challenge by the DOJ. In addition, the CMA has referred its review of the acquisition for a Phase 2 investigation and has published its provisional findings of competition concerns. Under the acquisition agreement, as amended, we have agreed to advance certain attorneys’ fees incurred by Farelogix in responding to certain governmental reviews of the acquisition and in defending against certain antitrust proceedings, which have totaled $20 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. These advances will be applied against the purchase price upon closing. The acquisition agreement, as amended, contains certain customary termination rights, including the right of either party to terminate the acquisition agreement if the acquisition has not occurred by April 30, 2020. We could be obligated to pay Farelogix up to an additional $25 million, either in the form of additional advances or in the form of a termination fee depending on the circumstances.
European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition ("EC") Investigation
On November 23, 2018, the EC announced that it has opened an investigation of us and another GDS to assess whether our respective agreements with airlines and travel agents may restrict competition in breach of European Union antitrust rules. We are fully cooperating with the EC’s investigation and are unable to make any prediction regarding its outcome at this time.
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There is no legal deadline for the EC to bring an antitrust investigation to an end, and the duration of the investigation is uncertain. Depending on the findings of the EC, the outcome of the investigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as this investigation is ongoing. We intend to vigorously defend against any allegations of anticompetitive activity by the EC.
Department of Justice Investigation
On May 19, 2011, we received a CID from the DOJ investigating alleged anticompetitive acts related to the airline distribution component of our business. We are fully cooperating with the DOJ investigation and are unable to make any prediction regarding its outcome. The DOJ is also investigating other companies that own GDSs and has sent CIDs to other companies in the travel industry. Based on its findings in the investigation, the DOJ may (i) close the file, (ii) seek a consent decree to remedy issues it believes violate the antitrust laws, or (iii) file suit against us for violating the antitrust laws, seeking injunctive relief. If injunctive relief were granted, depending on its scope, it could affect the manner in which our airline distribution business is operated and potentially force changes to the existing airline distribution business model. Any of these consequences would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have not received any communications from the DOJ regarding this matter for several years; however, we have not been notified that this matter is closed.
Indian Income Tax Litigation
We are currently a defendant in income tax litigation brought by the Indian Director of Income Tax (“DIT”) in the Supreme Court of India. The dispute arose in 1999 when the DIT asserted that we have a permanent establishment within the meaning of the Income Tax Treaty between the United States and the Republic of India and accordingly issued tax assessments for assessment years ending March 1998 and March 1999, and later issued further tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2006. The DIT has continued to issue further tax assessments on a similar basis for subsequent years; however, the tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2007 and later are no longer material. We appealed the tax assessments for assessment years ending March 1998 through March 2006 and the Indian Commissioner of Income Tax Appeals returned a mixed verdict. We filed further appeals with the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (“ITAT”). The ITAT ruled in our favor on June 19, 2009 and July 10, 2009, stating that no income would be chargeable to tax for assessment years ending March 1998 and March 1999, and from March 2000 through March 2006. The DIT appealed those decisions to the Delhi High Court, which found in our favor on July 19, 2010. The DIT has appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of India. Our case has been listed for hearing with the Supreme Court, and it has not yet been presented. We have appealed the tax assessments for the assessment years ended March 2013 to March 2016 with the ITAT and no trial date has been set for these subsequent years.
In addition, Sabre Asia Pacific Pte Ltd ("SAPPL") is currently a defendant in similar income tax litigation brought by the DIT. The dispute arose when the DIT asserted that SAPPL has a permanent establishment within the meaning of the Income Tax Treaty between Singapore and India and accordingly issued tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2005. SAPPL appealed the tax assessments, and the Indian Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) returned a mixed verdict. SAPPL filed further appeals with the ITAT. The ITAT ruled in SAPPL’s favor, finding that no income would be chargeable to tax for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2005. The DIT appealed those decisions to the Delhi High Court. No hearing date has been set. The DIT also assessed taxes on a similar basis for assessment years ending March 2006 through March 2016 and appeals for assessment years ending March 2006 through 2016 are pending before the ITAT.
If the DIT were to fully prevail on every claim against us, including SAPPL, we could be subject to taxes, interest and penalties of approximately $45 million as of December 31, 2019. We intend to continue to aggressively defend against each of the foregoing claims. Although we do not believe that the outcome of the proceedings will result in a material impact on our business or financial condition, litigation is by its nature uncertain. We do not believe this outcome is more likely than not and therefore have not made any provisions or recorded any liability for the potential resolution of any of these claims.
Indian Service Tax Litigation
SAPPL's Indian subsidiary is also subject to litigation by the India Director General (Service Tax) ("DGST"), which has assessed the subsidiary for multiple years related to its alleged failure to pay service tax on marketing fees and reimbursements of expenses. Indian courts have returned verdicts favorable to the Indian subsidiary. The DGST has appealed the verdict to the Indian Supreme Court. We do not believe that an adverse outcome is probable and therefore have not made any provisions or recorded any liability for the potential resolution of any of these claims.
Litigation Relating to Routine Proceedings
We are also engaged from time to time in other routine legal and tax proceedings incidental to our business. We do not believe that any of these routine proceedings will have a material impact on the business or our financial condition.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
The names and ages of our executive officers as of February 26, 2020, together with certain biographical information, are as follows:
| Name | Age | Position | ||||||||||||
| Sean Menke | 51 | Chief Executive Officer, President and Director, Sabre | ||||||||||||
| Douglas Barnett | 60 | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Sabre | ||||||||||||
| Wade Jones | 54 | Executive Vice President, Sabre and President, Travel Network | ||||||||||||
| David Shirk | 53 | Executive Vice President, Sabre and President, Travel Solutions | ||||||||||||
| Cem Tanyel | 51 | Executive Vice President, Sabre and President, Airline Solutions | ||||||||||||
| Kimberly Warmbier | 58 | Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer, Sabre | ||||||||||||
Sean Menke was elected president and CEO effective December 31, 2016. Prior to that, he served as executive vice president and president of Travel Network. Before joining Sabre in October 2015, Mr. Menke served as executive vice president and chief operating officer of Hawaiian Airlines from October 2014 to October 2015. From 2013 to 2014, he was executive vice president of resources at IHS Inc., a global information technology company. He served as managing partner of Vista Strategic Group, LLC, a consulting firm, from 2012 to 2013 and from 2010 to 2011. From 2011 to 2012, he served as president and chief executive officer of Pinnacle Airlines, and from 2007 to 2010 as president and chief executive officer of Frontier Airlines. Frontier Airlines and Pinnacle Airlines filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in 2008 and 2012, respectively. Mr. Menke earned an executive MBA from the University of Denver and dual bachelor of science degrees in Economics and Aviation Management from Ohio State University.
Douglas Barnett is executive vice president and chief financial officer. Prior to joining Sabre in June 2018, Mr. Barnett served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of Informatica LLC, a global leader in enterprise cloud data management, since 2016. While there, he was responsible for a number of areas of Informatica’s business, including finance, legal, information technology, human resources and corporate development. From 2013 to 2016, Mr. Barnett served as executive vice president and chief financial officer of TriZetto Corporation, a health care IT company, where he was responsible for all finance-related functions, including accounting, internal audit, banking, investor relations, cash management, internal and external reporting, tax and treasury, as well as human resources, facilities and IT. From 2007 to 2013, Mr. Barnett was managing director, chief financial officer and chief administrative officer of AlixPartners LLP, a global business-advisory firm, where he was responsible for most non-client facing functions at the firm, including accounting, finance, treasury, HR, facilities, internal audit, tax, IT and other operations for 16 global locations. Prior to that, he held financial leadership roles at UGS Corporation, Colfax Corporation and Giddings & Lewis, Inc. Mr. Barnett is a current board member of ECI Software Solutions. Mr. Barnett received a Masters of Management degree from the J.L. Kellogg Graduate School of Management at Northwestern University and his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Illinois.
Wade Jones is executive vice president of Sabre and president of Travel Network. He joined Sabre in 2015 in the product, marketing and strategy role for Travel Network globally. From April of 2012 to September of 2014 he was senior vice president and general manager of Deem’s syndicated commerce business. From 2011 to 2012, Mr. Jones served as a founder and chief executive officer of Haystack Ventures, LLC, which filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 7 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in 2012. Prior to joining Sabre, Mr. Jones spent more than 10 years with Barclaycard, leading the company’s U.K partnership business that provides, co-branded credit card, and loyalty programs for other companies across the travel, retail, financial services, and other industries. He received his master’s degree in business administration from the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University and his undergraduate degree from Texas Christian University.
David Shirk is executive vice president of Sabre and president of Travel Solutions. Mr. Shirk previously served as executive vice president of Sabre and president of Airline Solutions from June 2017 to July 2018. Prior to joining Sabre, Mr. Shirk served as president at Kony, Inc., an industry leader in mobile application development. He previously served as general manager and vice president at Computer Services Corp. (CSC), where he led the company’s software, services, and business process outsourcing division. Prior to joining CSC, Mr. Shirk was senior vice president of industry solutions and chief marketing officer for the Enterprise Business division of HP. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration and management from The Ohio State University.
Cem Tanyel is executive vice president of Sabre and president of Airline Solutions. Prior to joining Sabre in September 2018, Mr. Tanyel served as executive vice president and general manager, Global Services at Kony from October 2016 to October 2018. From 2015 to 2016, he was chief services officer and senior vice president, consulting and service delivery of Trizetto Corp. Mr. Tanyel served as Vice president and general manager, healthcare and life sciences global solutions at CSC Corp. from 2012 to 2015, and he served as senior vice president, research and development, health systems enterprise solutions at McKesson Corp. from 2010 to 2012.
Kimberly Warmbier is executive vice president and chief people officer. Prior to joining Sabre in June 2018, Ms. Warmbier served as executive vice president of Dean Foods from November 2012 to December 2017 and served as senior vice president of human resources for Fresh Dairy Direct of Dean Foods from May 2012 to November 2012. She was promoted to her current position in November 2012. Prior to Dean Foods, Ms. Warmbier served as the senior vice president, human resources, for J.C. Penney Company, Inc. from November 2009 to December 2011 where she led human resource professionals supporting more than 150,000 associates in supply chain, stores and corporate. Her experience also includes more than 20 years in the consumer packaged goods industry with PepsiCo, Inc. where she led the HR PepsiCo Customer teams for the company's five North American sales divisions including Frito-Lay, Pepsi, Tropicana, Quaker Oats and Gatorade. Ms. Warmbier is a director of Daseke, Inc., a leading provider of transportation and logistics solutions. She currently serves on the North Texas Food Bank Board of Directors and is a member of their NTFB Finance and Executive Committees. She is a former member of the Board of Directors of Girl Scouts Northeast Texas, a nonprofit organization, where she served on the CEO Selection Committee.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “SABR.” As of February 21, 2020, there were 107 stockholders of record of our common stock. We expect to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends on our common stock, subject to declaration of our board of directors. The amount of future cash dividends, if any, will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, number of shares of common stock outstanding and other factors the board of directors may deem relevant. The timing and amount of future dividend payments will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Our board of directors has declared a cash dividend of $0.14 per share of common stock which will be paid on March 30, 2020 to stockholders of record as of March 20, 2020. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Dividends.” There were no shares repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2019. See Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources—Share Repurchase Program."
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph shows a comparison from December 31, 2014 through December 31, 2019 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Nasdaq Composite Index ("NASDAQ Composite"), the Standard & Poor's 500 Stock Index ("S&P 500") and the Standard & Poor's Software and Services Index ("S&P 500/Software & Services") (collectively, the "Indices"). The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2014 in the common stock of Sabre Corporation and the Indices as well as reinvestments of dividends. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.
The stock price performance depicted in the above graph is not necessarily indicative of future price performance. The stock performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing by us under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that we specifically incorporate the graph by reference in such filing.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The consolidated statements of operations data and consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The consolidated statements of operations data and consolidated statements of cash flows data for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015 are derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in the future. All amounts presented below are in thousands, except per share amounts.
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations Data: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Revenue (1) | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | $ | 3,598,484 | $ | 3,373,387 | $ | 2,960,896 | |||||||||||||||||||
Operating income (1) | 363,417 | 562,016 | 493,440 | 459,572 | 459,769 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations (1) | 164,312 | 340,921 | 249,576 | 241,390 | 234,555 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Loss) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax (1) | (1,766) | 1,739 | (1,932) | 5,549 | 314,408 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to common stockholders (1) | 158,592 | 337,531 | 242,531 | 242,562 | 545,482 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income per share attributable to common stockholders: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Basic (1) | $ | 0.57 | $ | 1.23 | $ | 0.87 | $ | 0.87 | $ | 2.00 | |||||||||||||||||||
Diluted (1) | $ | 0.57 | $ | 1.22 | $ | 0.87 | $ | 0.86 | $ | 1.95 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 274,168 | 275,235 | 276,893 | 277,546 | 273,139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 276,217 | 277,518 | 278,320 | 282,752 | 280,067 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows Data: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 581,260 | $ | 724,797 | $ | 678,033 | $ | 699,400 | $ | 529,207 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash used in investing activities | (243,026) | (275,259) | (317,525) | (445,808) | (729,041) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (409,721) | (306,506) | (356,780) | (190,025) | 93,144 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Additions to property and equipment | 115,166 | 283,940 | 316,436 | 327,647 | 286,697 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash payments for interest | 157,648 | 156,041 | 149,572 | 151,495 | 154,307 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Financial Data: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted Gross Profit (1) | $ | 1,391,806 | $ | 1,521,408 | $ | 1,500,186 | $ | 1,460,675 | $ | 1,316,820 | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income (1) | 513,408 | 701,432 | 706,149 | 720,361 | 653,105 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted Net Income (1) | 279,215 | 427,570 | 390,118 | 370,937 | 308,072 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA (1) | 946,360 | 1,124,390 | 1,078,571 | 1,046,646 | 941,587 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Free Cash Flow | 466,094 | 440,857 | 361,597 | 371,753 | 242,510 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Key Metrics: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Billable Bookings - Air | 499,111 | 491,820 | 462,381 | 445,050 | 384,309 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Billable Bookings - Lodging, Ground and Sea | 67,197 | 66,454 | 62,443 | 60,421 | 58,414 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Direct Billable Bookings | 566,308 | 558,274 | 524,824 | 505,471 | 442,723 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Airline Solutions Passengers Boarded | 741,107 | 752,548 | 772,149 | 789,260 | 584,876 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions Central Reservations System Transactions | 108,482 | 88,655 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
________________________________
(1) In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the comprehensive update to revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), on a prospective basis from January 1, 2018. See Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers with Customers, to our consolidated financial statements.
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| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 436,176 | $ | 509,265 | $ | 361,381 | $ | 364,114 | $ | 321,132 | |||||||||||||||||||
Total assets(1) (2) (3) | 5,689,957 | 5,806,381 | 5,649,364 | 5,724,570 | 5,393,627 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Long-term debt (3) | 3,261,821 | 3,337,467 | 3,398,731 | 3,276,281 | 3,169,344 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Working capital surplus (deficit) (2) (3) | 96,377 | 169,235 | (11,455) | (312,977) | (222,400) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 8,588 | 7,205 | 5,198 | 2,579 | 1,438 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total stockholders’ equity (2) | 947,669 | 974,271 | 698,500 | 625,615 | 484,140 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
________________________________
(1) In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted new lease accounting guidance on a modified retrospective basis in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. See Note 11. Leases, to our consolidated financial statements.
(2) In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the comprehensive update to revenue recognition guidance, ASC 606, on a prospective basis from January 1, 2018. See Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers , to our consolidated financial statements.
(3) In the fourth quarter of 2015, we adopted new accounting standards that changed the presentation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and debt issuance costs and were applied retrospectively.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders to Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Operating Income (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 158,592 | $ | 337,531 | $ | 242,531 | $ | 242,562 | $ | 545,482 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Loss (Income) from discontinued operations, net of tax | 1,766 | (1,739) | 1,932 | (5,549) | (314,408) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests(1) | 3,954 | 5,129 | 5,113 | 4,377 | 3,481 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | 164,312 | 340,921 | 249,576 | 241,390 | 234,555 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Impairment and related charges(2) | — | — | 81,112 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(3a) | 64,604 | 68,008 | 95,860 | 143,425 | 108,121 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — | 633 | 1,012 | 3,683 | 38,783 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other, net(5) | 9,432 | 8,509 | (36,530) | (27,617) | (91,377) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(6) | — | — | 23,975 | 18,286 | 9,256 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(7) | 41,037 | 3,266 | — | 779 | 14,437 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(8) | (24,579) | 8,323 | (35,507) | 46,995 | 16,709 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | 66,885 | 57,263 | 44,689 | 48,524 | 29,971 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tax impact of net income adjustments(9), (10) | (42,476) | (59,353) | (34,069) | (104,528) | (52,383) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Net Income from continuing operations | $ | 279,215 | $ | 427,570 | $ | 390,118 | $ | 370,937 | $ | 308,072 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Net Income from continuing operations per share | $ | 1.01 | $ | 1.54 | $ | 1.40 | $ | 1.31 | $ | 1.10 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding | 276,217 | 277,518 | 278,320 | 282,752 | 280,067 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Net Income from continuing operations | $ | 279,215 | $ | 427,570 | $ | 390,118 | $ | 370,937 | $ | 308,072 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment(3b) | 310,573 | 303,612 | 264,880 | 233,303 | 213,520 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of capitalized implementation costs(3c) | 39,444 | 41,724 | 40,131 | 37,258 | 31,441 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 82,935 | 77,622 | 67,411 | 55,724 | 43,521 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 156,391 | 157,017 | 153,925 | 158,251 | 173,298 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Remaining provision for income taxes | 77,802 | 116,845 | 162,106 | 191,173 | 171,735 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 946,360 | $ | 1,124,390 | $ | 1,078,571 | $ | 1,046,646 | $ | 941,587 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 414,621 | 413,344 | 400,871 | 413,986 | 351,480 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 82,935 | 77,622 | 67,411 | 55,724 | 43,521 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition related amortization(3a) | (64,604) | (68,008) | (95,860) | (143,425) | (106,519) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating Income | $ | 513,408 | $ | 701,432 | $ | 706,149 | $ | 720,361 | $ | 653,105 | |||||||||||||||||||
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The following tables set forth the reconciliation of operating income (loss) in our statement of operations to Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) by business segment (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | Airline Solutions | Hospitality Solutions | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | $ | 646,794 | $ | 80,428 | $ | (21,632) | $ | (342,173) | $ | 363,417 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Add back: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 178,664 | 85,801 | 38,597 | 273,506 | 576,568 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 108,302 | 160,381 | 47,877 | 24,329 | 340,889 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 82,935 | — | — | — | 82,935 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 27,997 | 27,997 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit | 1,016,695 | 326,610 | 64,842 | (16,341) | 1,391,806 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | (178,664) | (85,801) | (38,597) | (273,506) | (576,568) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,044 | — | — | — | 2,044 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 12,781 | 10,633 | 5,221 | 45,097 | 73,732 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(7) | — | — | — | 41,037 | 41,037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(8) | — | — | — | (24,579) | (24,579) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 38,888 | 38,888 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 852,856 | 251,442 | 31,466 | (189,404) | 946,360 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 121,083 | 171,014 | 53,098 | 69,426 | 414,621 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 82,935 | — | — | — | 82,935 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(3a) | — | — | — | (64,604) | (64,604) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 648,838 | $ | 80,428 | $ | (21,632) | $ | (194,226) | $ | 513,408 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | Airline Solutions | Hospitality Solutions | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | $ | 753,255 | $ | 111,146 | $ | 12,881 | $ | (315,266) | $ | 562,016 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Add back: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 160,298 | 73,675 | 33,626 | 245,927 | 513,526 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 106,877 | 170,258 | 36,826 | 27,692 | 341,653 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 77,622 | — | — | — | 77,622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 26,591 | 26,591 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit | 1,098,052 | 355,079 | 83,333 | (15,056) | 1,521,408 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | (160,298) | (73,675) | (33,626) | (245,927) | (513,526) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,556 | — | — | — | 2,556 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 11,399 | 12,173 | 3,117 | 45,002 | 71,691 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(7) | — | — | — | 3,266 | 3,266 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(8) | — | — | — | 8,323 | 8,323 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 30,672 | 30,672 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 951,709 | 293,577 | 52,824 | (173,720) | 1,124,390 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 118,276 | 182,431 | 39,943 | 72,694 | 413,344 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 77,622 | — | — | — | 77,622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(3a) | — | — | — | (68,008) | (68,008) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 755,811 | $ | 111,146 | $ | 12,881 | $ | (178,406) | $ | 701,432 | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Year Ended December 31, 2017 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | Airline Solutions | Hospitality Solutions | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | $ | 744,045 | $ | 137,932 | $ | 9,670 | $ | (398,207) | $ | 493,440 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Add back: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 162,997 | 78,638 | 47,121 | 221,319 | 510,075 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Impairment and related charges(2) | — | — | — | 81,112 | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 96,796 | 149,685 | 31,686 | 39,645 | 317,812 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(6) | — | — | — | 12,604 | 12,604 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 67,411 | — | — | — | 67,411 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 17,732 | 17,732 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit | 1,071,249 | 366,255 | 88,477 | (25,795) | 1,500,186 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | (162,997) | (78,638) | (47,121) | (221,319) | (510,075) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,580 | — | — | — | 2,580 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 12,783 | 8,820 | 1,428 | 60,028 | 83,059 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(6) | — | — | — | 11,371 | 11,371 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(8) | — | — | — | (35,507) | (35,507) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 26,957 | 26,957 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 923,615 | 296,437 | 42,784 | (184,265) | 1,078,571 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 109,579 | 158,505 | 33,114 | 99,673 | 400,871 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 67,411 | — | — | — | 67,411 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(3a) | — | — | — | (95,860) | (95,860) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 746,625 | $ | 137,932 | $ | 9,670 | $ | (188,078) | $ | 706,149 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2016 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | Airline Solutions | Hospitality Solutions | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | $ | 735,354 | $ | 136,177 | $ | 16,807 | $ | (428,766) | $ | 459,572 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Add back: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 165,520 | 74,048 | 33,867 | 352,718 | 626,153 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 82,963 | 144,697 | 21,823 | 37,870 | 287,353 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(6) | — | — | — | 12,660 | 12,660 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 55,724 | — | — | — | 55,724 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 19,213 | 19,213 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit | 1,039,561 | 354,922 | 72,497 | (6,305) | 1,460,675 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | (165,520) | (74,048) | (33,867) | (352,718) | (626,153) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,780 | — | — | — | 2,780 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 9,809 | 5,488 | 1,334 | 110,002 | 126,633 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(6) | — | — | — | 5,626 | 5,626 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(7) | — | — | — | 779 | 779 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(8) | — | — | — | 46,995 | 46,995 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 29,311 | 29,311 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 886,630 | 286,362 | 39,964 | (166,310) | 1,046,646 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 92,772 | 150,185 | 23,157 | 147,872 | 413,986 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 55,724 | — | — | — | 55,724 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(3a) | — | — | — | (143,425) | (143,425) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 738,134 | $ | 136,177 | $ | 16,807 | $ | (170,757) | $ | 720,361 | |||||||||||||||||||
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| Year Ended December 31, 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | Airline Solutions | Hospitality Solutions | Corporate | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | $ | 679,045 | $ | 134,660 | $ | 6,236 | $ | (360,172) | $ | 459,769 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Add back: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 156,775 | 68,730 | 30,387 | 301,185 | 557,077 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 71,003 | 134,811 | 16,313 | 22,408 | 244,535 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 43,521 | — | — | — | 43,521 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 11,918 | 11,918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit | 950,344 | 338,201 | 52,936 | (24,661) | 1,316,820 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | (156,775) | (68,730) | (30,387) | (301,185) | (557,077) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 14,842 | — | — | — | 14,842 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Joint venture intangible amortization(3a) | 1,602 | — | — | — | 1,602 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 8,900 | 5,939 | 903 | 91,203 | 106,945 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(6) | — | — | — | 9,256 | 9,256 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(7) | — | — | — | 14,437 | 14,437 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(8) | — | — | — | 16,709 | 16,709 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | — | — | — | 18,053 | 18,053 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | 818,913 | 275,410 | 23,452 | (176,188) | 941,587 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Less: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(3) | 79,903 | 140,750 | 17,216 | 113,611 | 351,480 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(4) | 43,521 | — | — | — | 43,521 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(3a) | 1,602 | — | — | (108,121) | (106,519) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) | $ | 693,887 | $ | 134,660 | $ | 6,236 | $ | (181,678) | $ | 653,105 | |||||||||||||||||||
The following tables present information from our statements of cash flows and set forth the reconciliation of Free Cash Flow to cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP measure (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 581,260 | $ | 724,797 | $ | 678,033 | $ | 699,400 | $ | 529,207 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cash used in investing activities | (243,026) | (275,259) | (317,525) | (445,808) | (729,041) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (409,721) | (306,506) | (356,780) | (190,025) | 93,144 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash provided by operating activities | $ | 581,260 | $ | 724,797 | $ | 678,033 | $ | 699,400 | $ | 529,207 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Additions to property and equipment | (115,166) | (283,940) | (316,436) | (327,647) | (286,697) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Free Cash Flow | $ | 466,094 | $ | 440,857 | $ | 361,597 | $ | 371,753 | $ | 242,510 | |||||||||||||||||||
________________________________
(1)Net income attributable to non-controlling interests represents an adjustment to include earnings allocated to non-controlling interest held in (i) Sabre Travel Network Middle East of 40% and Sabre Seyahat Dagitim Sistemleri A.S. of 40% for all periods presented, (ii) Sabre Travel Network Lanka (Pte) Ltd of 40% beginning in July 2015, and (iii) Sabre Bulgaria of 40% beginning in November 2017.
(2)Impairment and related charges represents an $81 million charge in 2017 associated with net capitalized contract costs related to an Airline Solutions' customer based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts. See Note 4. Impairment and Related Charges for additional information.
(3)Depreciation and amortization expenses:
a.Acquisition-related amortization represents amortization of intangible assets from the take-private transaction in 2007 as well as intangibles associated with acquisitions since that date. Also includes amortization of the excess basis in our underlying equity interest in the net assets of SAPPL prior to its acquisition on July 1, 2015.
b.Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment includes software developed for internal use as well as amortization of contract acquisition costs.
30
c.Amortization of capitalized implementation costs represents amortization of upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS and hosted revenue model.
(4)Our Travel Network business at times provides upfront incentive consideration to travel agency subscribers at the inception or modification of a service contract, which are capitalized and amortized to cost of revenue over an average expected life of the service contract, generally over three to ten years. This consideration is made with the objective of increasing the number of clients or to ensure or improve customer loyalty. These service contract terms are established such that the supplier and other fees generated over the life of the contract will exceed the cost of the incentive consideration provided up front. These service contracts with travel agency subscribers require that the customer commit to achieving certain economic objectives and generally have terms requiring repayment of the upfront incentive consideration if those objectives are not met.
(5)In 2019, Other, net, primarily includes foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated balances included in our consolidated balance sheets into the relevant functional currency. In 2018, we recorded an expense of $5 million related to our liability under the Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA") and an offsetting gain of $8 million on the sale of an investment. In 2017, we recognized a benefit of $60 million due to a reduction to our liability under the TRA primarily due to a provisional adjustment resulting from the enactment of TCJA which reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate, offset by a loss of $15 million related to debt modification costs associated with a debt refinancing. In 2016, we recognized a gain of $15 million from the sale of our available-for-sale marketable securities, and $6 million gain associated with the receipt of an earn-out payment related to the sale of a business in 2013. In 2015, we recognized a gain of $78 million associated with the remeasurement of our previously-held 35% investment in SAPPL to its fair value and a gain of $12 million related to the settlement of pre-existing agreements between us and SAPPL. In addition, all periods presented include foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated balances included in our consolidated balance sheets into the relevant functional currency. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Tax Receivable Agreement” for additional information regarding the TRA.
(6)Restructuring and other costs represents charges associated with business restructuring and associated changes implemented which resulted in severance benefits related to employee terminations, integration and facility opening or closing costs and other business reorganization costs. We recorded $25 million and $20 million in charges associated with announced actions to reduce our workforce in 2017 and 2016, respectively. These reductions aligned our operations with business needs and implemented an ongoing cost and organizational structure consistent with our expected growth needs and opportunities. In 2015, we recognized a restructuring charge of $9 million associated with the integration of Abacus, and reduced that estimate by $4 million in 2016, as a result of the reevaluation of our plan derived from a shift in timing and strategy of originally contemplated actions. As of December 31, 2018, our actions under these activities were substantially completed and payments under the plans have been made.
(7)Acquisition-related costs represent fees and expenses incurred associated with the 2018 agreement to acquire Farelogix, which is anticipated to close in 2020, as well as costs related to the acquisition of Radixx in 2019. In 2016, acquisition-related costs relate to the acquisition of the Trust Group and Airpas Aviation. In 2015, acquisition-related costs relate to the acquisition of Abacus and the Trust Group. See Note 3. Acquisitions, to our consolidated financial statements.
(8)Litigation costs, net represent charges associated with antitrust litigation and other foreign non-income tax contingency matters. In 2019, we recorded the reversal of our previously accrued loss related to the US Airways legal matter for $32 million. In 2018, we recorded non-income tax expense of $4 million for tax, penalties and interest associated with certain non-income tax claims for historical periods regarding permanent establishment in a foreign jurisdiction. In 2017, we recorded a $43 million reimbursement, net of accrued legal and related expenses, from a settlement with our insurance carriers with respect to the American Airlines litigation. In 2016, we recorded an accrual of $32 million representing the trebling of the jury award plus our estimate of attorneys’ fees, expenses and costs in the US Airways litigation. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements.
(9)The tax impact on net income adjustments includes the tax effect of each separate adjustment based on the statutory tax rate for the jurisdiction(s) in which the adjustment was taxable or deductible, and the tax effect of items that relate to tax specific financial transactions, tax law changes, uncertain tax positions and other items. In 2018, the tax impact on net income adjustments includes a benefit of $27 million related to the provisional impact for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects recorded for the enactment of the TCJA in 2017. In 2017, the tax impact on net income adjustments includes a provisional impact of $47 million recognized in the fourth quarter of 2017 as a result of the enactment of the TCJA in December 2017.
(10)In the first quarter of 2016, we adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. For the year ended December 31, 2016, we recognized $35 million in excess tax benefits associated with employee equity-based awards, as a result of the adoption of this standard. There were no other material impacts to our consolidated financial statements as a result of adopting this updated standard.
Definitions of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
We have included both financial measures compiled in accordance with GAAP and certain non-GAAP financial measures in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Income from continuing operations ("Adjusted Net Income"), Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures.
We define Adjusted Gross Profit as operating income (loss) adjusted for selling, general and administrative expenses, impairment and related charges, the cost of revenue portion of depreciation and amortization, restructuring and other costs, amortization of upfront incentive consideration, and stock-based compensation included in cost of revenue.
We define Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) as operating income (loss) adjusted for joint venture equity income, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, and stock-based compensation.
We define Adjusted Net Income as net income attributable to common stockholders adjusted for income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax, net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, loss on extinguishment of debt, other, net, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, stock-based compensation, and the tax impact of net income adjustments.
31
We define Adjusted EBITDA as Adjusted Net Income adjusted for depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, amortization of capitalized implementation costs, amortization of upfront incentive consideration, interest expense, net, and the remaining provision for income taxes.
We define Free Cash Flow as cash provided by operating activities less cash used in additions to property and equipment.
We define Adjusted Net Income from continuing operations per share as Adjusted Net Income divided by diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding.
These non-GAAP financial measures are key metrics used by management and our board of directors to monitor our ongoing core operations because historical results have been significantly impacted by events that are unrelated to our core operations as a result of changes to our business and the regulatory environment. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures are used by investors, analysts and other interested parties as measures of financial performance and to evaluate our ability to service debt obligations, fund capital expenditures and meet working capital requirements. We also believe that Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA assist investors in company-to-company and period-to-period comparisons by excluding differences caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense), tax positions and the impact of depreciation and amortization expense. In addition, amounts derived from Adjusted EBITDA are a primary component of certain covenants under our senior secured credit facilities.
Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted EBITDA, Free Cash Flow and ratios based on these financial measures are not recognized terms under GAAP. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them are unaudited and have important limitations as analytical tools, and should not be viewed in isolation and do not purport to be alternatives to net income as indicators of operating performance or cash flows from operating activities as measures of liquidity. These non-GAAP financial measures and ratios based on them exclude some, but not all, items that affect net income or cash flows from operating activities and these measures may vary among companies. Our use of these measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:
•these non-GAAP financial measures exclude certain recurring, non-cash charges such as stock-based compensation expense and amortization of acquired intangible assets
•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted Gross Profit and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect cash requirements for such replacements;
•Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments on our indebtedness;
•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax payments that may represent a reduction in cash available to us;
•Free Cash Flow removes the impact of accrual-basis accounting on asset accounts and non-debt liability accounts, and does not reflect the cash requirements necessary to service the principal payments on our indebtedness; and
•other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income (Loss), Adjusted Net Income, Adjusted EBITDA or Free Cash Flow differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a comparison of our Results of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and our Cash Flow discussion for the year ended December 31, 2017, see "Part II, Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018 as filed with the SEC on February 15, 2019.
Overview
We connect people and places with technology that reimagines the business of travel. We operate through three business segments: (i) Travel Network, our global business-to-business travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, (ii) Airline Solutions, a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions primarily for airlines, and (iii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers. Collectively, these offerings enable travel suppliers to better serve their customers across the entire travel lifecycle, from route planning to post-trip business intelligence and analytics.
A significant portion of our revenue is generated through transaction based fees that we charge to our customers. For Travel Network, this fee is in the form of a transaction fee for bookings on our GDS; for Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions, this fee is a recurring usage-based fee for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as upfront fees and professional service fees. Items that are not allocated to our business segments are identified as corporate and primarily include stock-based compensation expense, litigation costs, corporate headcount-related costs and other items that are not identifiable with either one of our segments.
Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations
The travel industry continues to be adversely affected by the global health crisis due to the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in January 2020, especially as it relates to air travel to and from Asia. We expect a material impact to our consolidated financial results in the first quarter of 2020. Given the uncertainties surrounding the duration of the outbreak and its impact on global travel, we cannot reasonably estimate the related financial impact to our full-year 2020 financial results; however, we expect the impact will be material.
In 2019, we substantially completed our transition to utilizing the agile development methodology. This method is characterized by a more dynamic development process with iterative activities that involve planning, designing, coding and testing. The agile approach results in more frequent and incremental revisions to software and releases with shorter development cycles that may be less likely to meet the criteria for capitalization in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”). In addition, we continue to focus our resources on re-platforming efforts as we continue to move to open source and cloud-based solutions. As expected, these continued investments have reduced our capitalization of certain costs, with a corresponding increase in technology operating expenses.
In April 2019, a customer of Travel Network and Airline Solutions, Jet Airways (India) Ltd. ("Jet Airways"), suspended flight operations and is now in insolvency proceedings. Our revenue was negatively impacted in 2019, and this negative impact will continue in 2020. This insolvency, coupled with the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment and channel shift related to certain European carriers, has negatively impacted our revenue growth and contributed to reduced growth rates in the GDS industry. We expect this trend to persist into 2020. In addition, our revenue was negatively impacted in 2019 from the effects of the 737 MAX incident on one particular carrier, and we expect this negative impact will continue in 2020. Finally, for Airline Solutions, Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, Bangkok Airways Public Company Limited, and Philippine Airlines, Inc. (the "Transitioned Customers"), previously made decisions in 2018 to transition from our services, which will dilute our growth rates on a year-over-year basis. Pakistan International Airlines, Philippine Airlines, and Bangkok Airways Public Company Limited transitioned in September 2018, March 2019, and August 2019, respectively.
On October 15, 2019, we acquired Radixx, a leading airline retailing software provider for $110 million, utilizing cash on hand. Radixx is being integrated and is managed as a part of our Airline Solutions segment.
We announced on November 14, 2018 that we have entered into an agreement to purchase Farelogix, a travel industry innovator in the airline information technology and distribution landscape for $360 million, which will be funded at closing by cash on hand and borrowings under our Revolver. On August 20, 2019, the DOJ filed a complaint seeking a permanent injunction to prevent the acquisition. The trial concluded on February 6, 2020 and the trial court has not yet issued its decision. In addition, the CMA has referred its review of the acquisition for a Phase 2 investigation and has published its provisional findings of competition concerns. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings. There can be no assurance that the acquisition will occur on these terms or at all. We have incurred and expect to continue to incur significant fees associated with this acquisition, including for the items discussed above, which are included in general and administrative expense.
In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the comprehensive update to revenue recognition guidance for Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), which replaced the previous standard ("ASC 605"), using the modified retrospective approach. Under the updated standard, revenue is recognized when a company transfers the promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods and services. See Note 2.
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Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to our consolidated financial statements for more information on impacts of ASC 606 to our various streams of revenue recognition.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded final adjustments to our provisional amounts recognized related to the TCJA, resulting in a decrease in our provision for income taxes from continuing operations of $27 million for deferred tax assets and foreign tax effects (see Note 7. Income Taxes, to our consolidated financial statements).
Factors Affecting our Results
The following is a discussion of trends that we believe are the most significant opportunities and challenges currently impacting our business and industry. The discussion also includes management’s assessment of the effects these trends have had and are expected to have on our results of continuing operations. This information is not an exhaustive list of all of the factors that could affect our results and should be read in conjunction with the factors referred to in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Technology transformation and change in mix of technology spend
We expect to further enable our technology transformation with incremental investments of approximately $150 million in 2020 and continued investment over the next few years which will have a material impact on our financial results. We expect to continue to make significant investments in our re-platforming efforts to open source and cloud-based solutions, as previously disclosed, with the goal of modernizing our architecture, driving efficiency in development and ongoing technology costs, further enhancing the stability and security of our network, and complying with data privacy regulations, and in next-generation retailing capabilities, including NDC and personalized offers, LCC, and full-service hotel PMS offerings. In 2020, we expect total capital expenditures to range from $80 million to $120 million.
Upon completion of our technology transformation in 2024, we expect to benefit from lower cloud infrastructure costs and higher margins. We believe that continued investment in our technology will help to provide us the necessary framework and infrastructure for a secure and stable architecture for our customers, grow our addressable market, provide new revenue opportunities, reduce costs and will help to improve sales of our software solutions. However, there are various risks associated with our technology transformation efforts, including not achieving the amount of anticipated cost savings, not completing the steps during their current projected time frame, or changing the approach leading to, among other things, additional changes in our mix of technology spend between operating expense and capitalization.
Increasing travel agency incentive consideration
Travel agency incentive consideration is a large portion of Travel Network expenses. The vast majority of incentive consideration is tied to absolute booking volumes based on transactions such as flight segments booked. Incentive consideration, which often increases once a certain volume or percentage of bookings is met, is provided in two ways, according to the terms of the agreement: (i) on a periodic basis over the term of the contract and (ii) in some instances, up front at the inception or modification of contracts, which is capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract.
This consideration grew in the double digits on a per booking basis in 2017 and 2018 due to higher incentives in certain geographical markets and from new customer conversions and reverted to single-digit growth in 2019. We expect continued single-digit growth in the near term due to our focus on managing incentive consideration. Although incentive rate increases may continue to impact margins, we expect these increases to be more than offset by growth in Travel Network revenue. This expectation is based in part on our continuing to offer value added services and content to travel buyers, such as the Sabre Red Workspace, a SaaS product that provides a simplified interface and enhanced travel agency workflow and productivity tools.
Shift to SaaS and hosted solutions by airlines and hotels to manage their daily operations
Historically, large travel suppliers built custom in-house software and applications for their business process needs. In response to a desire for more flexible systems given increasingly complex and constantly changing technological requirements, reduced IT budgets and increased focus on cost efficiency, many travel suppliers turned to third party solutions providers for many of their key technologies and began to license software from software providers. We believe that significant revenue opportunity remains in this outsourcing trend, as legacy in-house systems continue to migrate and upgrade to third party systems. The shift from a model with initial license fees to one with recurring monthly fees associated with our SaaS and hosted solutions, has resulted in an ongoing revenue stream based on the number of passengers boarded. However, under the SaaS and hosted solutions revenue model, revenue recognition may be delayed due to longer implementation schedules for larger suppliers. The SaaS and hosted models’ centralized deployment also allows us to save time and money by reducing maintenance and implementation tasks and lowering operating costs.
Recent insolvencies of certain Airline Solutions customers
In April 2019, a customer of Travel Network and Airline Solutions, Jet Airways suspended flight operations and is now in insolvency proceedings. Our revenue was negatively impacted in 2019 which will continue in 2020.
In addition, future revenues may be negatively impacted by, among other things, reduced sales of our software solutions and lower growth in Passengers Boarded due to delayed or uncertain implementations and insolvencies of airline carriers, such as Alitalia Compagnia Aerea Italiana S.p.A. operating as Alitalia (“Alitalia”), that implemented our services in the fourth quarter of
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2016. See “Risk Factors—Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes.”
Growing demand for continued technology improvements in the fragmented hotel market
Most of the hotel market is highly fragmented. Independent hotels and small to medium sized chains (groups of less than 300 properties) comprise a majority of hotel properties and available hotel rooms, with global and regional chains comprising the balance. Hotels use a number of different technology systems to distribute and market their products and operate efficiently. We offer technology solutions to all segments of the hospitality market. Our SynXis Enterprise Platform integrates critical hospitality systems to optimize distribution, operations, retailing and guest experience via one scalable, flexible and intelligent platform. As these markets continue to grow, we believe both independent and enterprise hotel owners and operators will continue to seek increased connectivity and integrated solutions to ensure access to global travelers. We anticipate that this will contribute to the continued growth of Hospitality Solutions, which is ultimately dependent upon these hoteliers accepting and utilizing our products and services.
Impact of customer consolidation in Hospitality Solutions
Growth through acquisition and brand consolidation is emerging as a strategy for enterprise hoteliers. This has resulted, and may continue to result, in customer de-migration as larger hotel chains consolidate acquired brands onto their existing technology platforms. Certain of our Hospitality Solutions customers are in the process of being acquired by larger hoteliers, and it is possible that additional customer consolidations could occur in the future. We expect these consolidations to adversely impact revenue growth for the Hospitality Solutions business.
Geographic mix of Travel Network
There are structural differences between the geographies in which we operate. Due to our geographic concentration, our results of operations are particularly sensitive to factors affecting North America. For example, booking fees per transaction in North America have traditionally been lower than those in Europe. By growing internationally with our TMCs and OTAs customers and expanding the travel content available on our GDS to target regional traveler preferences, we anticipate that we will grow share in North America, Europe and Latin America. We invest for sustainable share growth, and in certain parts of Asia-Pacific and Latin America, our share may be impacted by travel agency deals we have declined to pursue due to credit risk and unfavorable economics. The geographic mix of our Direct Billable Bookings is summarized below:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
Direct Billable Bookings (1): | |||||||||||
| North America | 55 | % | 53 | % | |||||||
| APAC | 20 | % | 21 | % | |||||||
| EMEA | 16 | % | 17 | % | |||||||
| Latin America | 9 | % | 9 | % | |||||||
| Total | 100 | % | 100 | % | |||||||
________________________________________________________________________________________
(1) “Direct Billable Bookings” is the primary metric utilized by Travel Network to measure operating performance and includes bookings made through our GDS and through our joint venture partners in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier.
Travel buyers can shift their bookings to or from our Travel Network business
Our Travel Network business relies on relationships with several large travel buyers, including TMCs and OTAs, to drive a large portion of its revenue. Although our contracts with larger travel agencies often increase the amount of the incentive consideration when the travel agency processes a certain volume or percentage of its bookings through our GDS, travel buyers are not contractually required to book exclusively through our GDS during the contract term. Travel buyers may shift bookings to other distribution intermediaries for many reasons, including to avoid becoming overly dependent on a single source of travel content and increase their bargaining power with the GDS providers. For example, certain travel agencies have adopted a dual GDS provider strategy and shifted a sizeable portion of their business from our GDS to a competitor GDS, while other agencies have shifted a sizable portion their business to our GDS.
Increasing importance of LCC/hybrids
Low-cost carriers and hybrid carriers ("LCC/hybrids") have become a significant segment of the air travel market, stimulating demand for air travel through low fares. LCC/hybrids have traditionally relied on direct distribution for the majority of their bookings. However, as these LCC/hybrids are evolving, many are increasing their distribution through indirect channels to expand their offering into higher yield markets and to higher yield customers, such as business and international travelers. Other LCC/hybrids, especially start up carriers, may choose not to distribute through the GDS until wider distribution is desired. On October 15, 2019, we acquired Radixx, an airline retailing software provider whose signature products are a LCC passenger service system and internet booking engine. We expect to make additional investments to address the LCC space.
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Continued focus by travel suppliers on cost cutting and exerting influence over distribution
Travel suppliers continue to look for ways to decrease their costs and to increase their control over distribution. Airline consolidations, pricing pressure during contract renegotiations and the use of direct distribution may continue to subject our business to challenges. The shift from indirect distribution channels, such as our GDS, to direct distribution channels, may result from increased content availability on supplier operated websites or from increased participation of meta search engines, such as Kayak and Google, which direct consumers to supplier operated websites. This trend may adversely affect our Travel Network contract renegotiations with suppliers that use alternative distribution channels. For example, airlines may withhold part of their content for distribution exclusively through their own direct distribution channels or offer more attractive terms for content available through those direct channels. This occurred in 2018 when certain European carriers began to withhold part of their content from our GDS to make use of alternative distribution channels, which may adversely affect our future revenue growth. However, in North America, which is our largest region, the rate at which bookings have shifted from indirect to direct distribution channels has been relatively consistent for a number of reasons, including the increased participation of LCC/hybrids in direct channels. Over the last several years, notable carriers that previously only distributed directly, including JetBlue, Norwegian and Interjet, have adopted our GDS. Other carriers such as EVA Airways, and Virgin Australia have further increased their participation in a GDS. Conversely, Air India, Ltd. fully migrated from our GDS during 2019.
These trends have impacted the revenue of Travel Network, which recognizes revenue for airline ticket sales based on transaction volumes. Simultaneously, this focus on cost cutting and direct distribution has also presented opportunities for Airline Solutions. Many airlines have turned to outside providers for key systems, process and industry expertise and other products that assist in their cost cutting initiatives in order to focus on their primary revenue generating activities.
Components of Revenues and Expenses
Revenues
Travel Network primarily generates revenues from Direct Billable Bookings processed on our GDS as well as the sale of aggregated bookings data to carriers. Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions primarily generate revenue through upfront solution fees and recurring usage-based fees for the use of our software solutions hosted on secure platforms or deployed through our SaaS and through other professional service fees including Digital Experience ("DX"). Certain professional service fees are discrete sales opportunities that may have a high degree of variability from period to period, and we cannot guarantee that we will have such fees in the future consistent with prior periods. Airline Solutions also generates revenue through software licensing and maintenance fees. Recognition of license fees upon delivery has previously resulted and will continue to result in periodic fluctuations in revenue recognized.
In connection with the adoption of ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018, Airline Solutions license fees are recognized upon delivery, while ongoing maintenance services are recognized ratably over the life of the contract. In addition, the allocation of contract revenues among various products and solutions, and the timing of the recognition of those revenues, may be impacted by agreements with tiered pricing or variable rate structures that do not correspond with the goods or services delivered to the customer. See Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers, to our consolidated financial statements, and "—Recent Developments Affecting our Results of Operations" above. Revenue may occasionally include amounts from transactions that were partially or fully satisfied in previous periods, but recognized upon the resolution of an uncertainty regarding the amounts involved or changes in estimates.
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue incurred by Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions consists of expenses related to technology operations including hosting, third-party software and expensed research and development labor costs, other salaries and benefits, and allocated overhead such as facilities and other support costs. Cost of revenue for Travel Network also includes incentive consideration expense representing payments or other consideration to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which accrue on a monthly basis.
Corporate cost of revenue includes expenses associated with our technology organization such as corporate systems and risk and security. Corporate cost of revenue also includes certain expenses such as stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, legal reserves and other items not identifiable with one of our segments.
Depreciation and amortization included in cost of revenue is associated with property and equipment, amortization of capitalized implementation costs which relates to Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions, intangible assets for technology purchased through acquisitions or established with our take private transaction in 2007, and software developed for internal use that supports our revenue, businesses and systems. Cost of revenue also includes amortization of upfront incentive consideration representing upfront payments or other consideration provided to travel agencies for reservations made on our GDS which are capitalized and amortized over the expected life of the contract.
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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation, for employees that sell our services to new customers and administratively support the business, information technology and communication costs, professional service fees, certain settlement charges or reimbursements, costs to defend legal disputes, bad debt expense, depreciation and amortization and other overhead costs.
Intersegment Transactions
We account for significant intersegment transactions as if the transactions were with third parties, that is, at estimated current market prices. Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions pay fees to Travel Network for airline trips and hotel stays booked through our GDS.
Key Metrics
“Direct Billable Bookings” and “Passengers Boarded” are the primary metrics utilized by Travel Network and Airline Solutions, respectively, to measure operating performance. Travel Network generates fees for each Direct Billable Booking which include bookings made through our GDS (e.g., Air, and Lodging, Ground and Sea ("LGS")) and through our joint venture partners in cases where we are paid directly by the travel supplier. Passengers Boarded (“PBs”) is the primary metric used by Airline Solutions to recognize SaaS and hosted revenue from recurring usage-based fees. The primary metric utilized by Hospitality Solutions is booking transactions processed through the SynXis Central Reservations System. These key metrics allow management to analyze customer volume over time for each of our three business segments to monitor industry trends and analyze performance. We believe that these key metrics are useful for investors and other third parties as indicators of our financial performance and industry trends. While these metrics are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our transaction counts for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges associated with their measurement. In addition, we are continually seeking to improve our estimates of these metrics, and these estimates may change due to improvements or changes in our methodology.
The following table sets forth these key metrics for the periods indicated (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | Year-over-Year % Change | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Billable Bookings - Air | 499,111 | 491,820 | 462,381 | 1.5 | % | 6.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Direct Billable Bookings - LGS | 67,197 | 66,454 | 62,443 | 1.1 | % | 6.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Direct Billable Bookings | 566,308 | 558,274 | 524,824 | 1.4 | % | 6.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Airline Solutions Passengers Boarded | 741,107 | 752,548 | 772,149 | (1.5) | % | (2.5) | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions Central Reservations System Transactions | 108,482 | 88,655 | N/A | 22.4 | % | N/A | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations data for each of the periods presented (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | $ | 3,598,484 | |||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | 3,035,003 | 2,791,414 | 2,513,857 | ||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 576,568 | 513,526 | 510,075 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment and related charges | — | — | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 363,417 | 562,016 | 493,440 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (156,391) | (157,017) | (153,925) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | — | (633) | (1,012) | ||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,044 | 2,556 | 2,580 | ||||||||||||||
| Other income, net | (9,432) | (8,509) | 36,530 | ||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 199,638 | 398,413 | 377,613 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 35,326 | 57,492 | 128,037 | ||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | $ | 164,312 | $ | 340,921 | $ | 249,576 | |||||||||||
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Years Ended December 31, 2019 and 2018
Revenue
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Amounts in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 2,882,662 | $ | 2,806,194 | $ | 76,468 | 3 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 840,338 | 822,747 | 17,591 | 2 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 292,880 | 273,079 | 19,801 | 7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total segment revenue | 4,015,880 | 3,902,020 | 113,860 | 3 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | (40,892) | (35,064) | (5,828) | 17 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | $ | 108,032 | 3 | % | |||||||||||||||
Travel Network—Revenue increased $76 million, or 3%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year, primarily due to an increase in transaction-based revenue of $75 million to $2,709 million. The increase in revenue primarily resulted from a 1% increase in Direct Billable Bookings to 566 million and growth in the average booking fee rate during the year ended December 31, 2019 due to a discrete shift in the distribution pricing structure for specific European carriers and favorable mix primarily resulting from growth in hotel bookings which have a higher rate.
Airline Solutions—Revenue increased $18 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The $18 million increase in revenue primarily resulted from:
•a $13 million increase in AirVision and AirCentre commercial and operations solutions revenue primarily driven by license fee revenue from new implementations recognized upon delivery to the customer as well as an increase in revenue related to services and new implementations; and
•a $5 million increase in Reservation revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year primarily driven by the acquisition of Radixx and organic growth in our existing customer base. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in the volume of Passengers Boarded, which declined 2% to 741 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, driven by the demigration of the Transitioned Customers as well as the impact of Jet Airways' insolvency and the impact of the 737 Max incident on a particular customer.
Hospitality Solutions—Revenue increased $20 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by growth in SynXis Software and Services Revenue of $17 million, or 7%, due to an increase in transaction volumes of 22% to 108 million, which includes the migration of certain brands of Wyndham Hotels over the first half of 2018 and early 2019. The migration of these enterprise hotel brands reduced the average rate of our transaction revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019 versus the prior year. Additionally, DX service revenue increased $3 million.
Cost of Revenue
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Amounts in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 1,865,968 | $ | 1,708,142 | $ | 157,826 | 9 | % | |||||||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 513,729 | 467,668 | 46,061 | 10 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 228,037 | 189,746 | 38,291 | 20 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | (40,879) | (35,065) | (5,814) | 17 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total segment cost of revenue | 2,566,855 | 2,330,491 | 236,364 | 10 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 44,324 | 41,648 | 2,676 | 6 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 340,889 | 341,653 | (764) | — | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of upfront incentive consideration | 82,935 | 77,622 | 5,313 | 7 | % | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenue | $ | 3,035,003 | $ | 2,791,414 | $ | 243,589 | 9 | % | |||||||||||||||
Travel Network—Cost of revenue increased $158 million, or 9%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year, partially as a result of a $71 million increase in incentive consideration primarily due to volume growth in North America bookings as well as rate increases across all regions. The increase is also driven by a $69 million increase in labor costs and a $19 million increase in technology expenditures, both driven by the execution of our technology strategy, including cloud migration, mainframe offload and utilization of agile development methods, which increases the expensed portion of our total technology spend.
Airline Solutions—Cost of revenue increased $46 million, or 10%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily a result of a $62 million increase in labor costs and a $7 million increase in technology expenditures, both driven by the execution of our technology strategy, including cloud migration, mainframe offload and utilization of agile development methods, which increases the expensed portion of our total technology spend. The increase was partially offset by a reduction in non-development labor costs and benefits-related costs of $23 million.
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Hospitality Solutions—Cost of revenue increased $38 million, or 20%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The increase was primarily driven by a $28 million increase in labor costs and a $4 million increase in technology expenditures, both driven by the execution of our technology strategy, including cloud migration, mainframe offload and utilization of agile development methods, which increases the expensed portion of our total technology spend. Additionally, transaction-related costs increased by $14 million to support the growth of our business. These increases were partially offset by an $8 million reduction in non-development labor costs.
Corporate—Cost of revenue associated with corporate costs increased $3 million, or 6%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. This increase was primarily driven by an increase in labor costs resulting from the shift to open source and cloud-based solutions as well as an increase in non-development headcount-related expenses.
Depreciation and amortization—Depreciation and amortization decreased $1 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily due to customer implementations that became fully amortized during the year, partially offset by additional depreciation related to the completion of software developed for internal use.
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration—Amortization of upfront incentive consideration increased $5 million, or 7%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase in upfront consideration provided to travel agencies.
Selling, General and Administrative Expenses
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Amounts in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | $ | 576,568 | $ | 513,526 | $ | 63,042 | 12 | % | |||||||||||||||
Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by $63 million, or 12%, for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the prior year, primarily driven by an increase in our legal costs associated with the potential acquisition of Farelogix of $41 million, an increase in labor costs of $24 million, an increase in technology costs of $14 million related to strategic investments in cybersecurity and corporate systems, an increase in bad debt expense of $13 million, and an increase in other antitrust litigation expenses of $3 million. The increase was partially offset by the reversal of our previously accrued loss related to the US Airways legal matter for $32 million. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies, to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Provision for Income Taxes
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | Change | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (Amounts in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 35,326 | $ | 57,492 | $ | (22,166) | (39) | % | |||||||||||||||
Our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was 17.7% and 14.4%, respectively. The increase in the effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2019 as compared to the same period in 2018 was primarily due to the impact of 2018 adjustments related to the enactment of the TCJA for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects of $27 million and, in 2019, an unfavorable impact of our geographic mix of taxable income, partially offset by an increase in net favorable U.S. tax permanent differences and certain tax credits and incentives.
The differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily resulted from our geographic mix of taxable income in various tax jurisdictions, tax permanent differences and tax credits.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our principal sources of liquidity are: (i) cash flows from operations, (ii) cash and cash equivalents and (iii) borrowings under our $400 million Revolver (see “—Senior Secured Credit Facilities ”). Borrowing availability under our Revolver is reduced by our outstanding letters of credit and restricted cash collateral. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our cash and cash equivalents, Revolver and outstanding letters of credit were as follows (in thousands):
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 436,176 | $ | 509,265 | |||||||
| Available balance under the Revolver | 388,396 | 385,335 | |||||||||
| Reductions to the Revolver: | |||||||||||
| Revolver outstanding balance | — | — | |||||||||
| Outstanding letters of credit | 11,604 | 14,665 | |||||||||
We consider cash equivalents to be highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash. Securities with contractual maturities of three months or less, when purchased, are considered cash equivalents. We record changes in a book overdraft position, in which our bank account is not overdrawn but recently issued and outstanding checks result in a negative general ledger balance, as cash flows from financing activities. We invest in a money market fund which is classified as cash and cash equivalents in our consolidated balance sheets and statements of cash flows. We held no short-term investments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
As a result of the enactment of the TCJA, we recorded a one-time transition tax on the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. We do not consider these undistributed earnings to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2019, with certain limited exceptions. We consider the undistributed capital investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2019, and have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences. Our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities held by our foreign subsidiaries are available to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements.
Liquidity Outlook
Our ability to generate cash depends on many factors beyond our control, and any failure to meet our debt service obligations could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness, and to fund working capital needs, planned capital expenditures, share repurchases, and dividends will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future, which is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors that are beyond our control. See “Risk Factors—We may require more cash than we generate in our operating activities, and additional funding on reasonable terms or at all may not be available.”
We utilize cash and cash equivalents, supplemented by our Revolver, primarily to pay our operating expenses, make capital expenditures, invest in our information technology infrastructure, products and offerings, pay quarterly dividends on our common stock, make payments under the TRA, pay taxes, and service our debt and other long-term liabilities. On October 15, 2019, we acquired Radixx for $110 million utilizing cash on hand. In addition, we have entered into an agreement to purchase Farelogix for $360 million, which will be funded at closing by cash on hand and borrowings under our Revolver. Under the acquisition agreement, as amended, we have agreed to advance certain attorneys’ fees incurred by Farelogix in responding to certain governmental reviews of the acquisition and in defending against certain antitrust proceedings, which have totaled $20 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. These advances will be applied against the purchase price upon closing. The acquisition agreement, as amended, contains certain customary termination rights, including the right of either party to terminate the acquisition agreement if the acquisition has not occurred by April 30, 2020. We could be obligated to pay Farelogix up to an additional $25 million, either in the form of additional advances or in the form of a termination fee depending on the circumstances.
Furthermore, on an ongoing basis, we will evaluate and consider strategic acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, repurchasing shares of our common stock (including pursuant to our multi-year $500 million share repurchase program (the "Share Repurchase Program")) or our outstanding debt obligations in open market or in privately negotiated transactions, as well as other transactions we believe may create stockholder value or enhance financial performance. These transactions may require cash expenditures or generate proceeds and, to the extent they require cash expenditures, may be funded through a combination of cash on hand, debt or equity offerings, or utilization of our Revolver.
We believe that cash flows from operations, cash and cash equivalents on hand and our Revolver provide adequate liquidity for our operational and capital expenditures and other obligations over the next twelve months, as well as funding our acquisition of Farelogix. We are reviewing opportunities to refinance Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and our Revolver, depending on market conditions. This refinancing may include a debt issuance, a reallocation between Term Loan A and Term Loan B and an extension of the maturity date of Term Loan A and our revolver. We may supplement our current liquidity through debt or equity offerings to support future strategic investments, or to pay down debt including debt offerings to pay down a portion of our outstanding debt. We funded TRA payments of $72 million, $74 million, and $60 million, including interest, due in January 2020, January 2019 and January 2018, respectively, with cash on hand.
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As of December 31, 2018 we have utilized substantially all of our U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards and a portion of our available U.S. federal tax credits. As a result, we expect an increase in the amount of our cash taxes in future years, beginning in 2020.
Dividends
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we paid quarterly cash dividends on our common stock totaling $154 million and expect to continue to pay quarterly cash dividends thereafter. Our board of directors has declared a cash dividend of $0.14 per share of our common stock, which will be paid on March 30, 2020 to stockholders of record as of March 20, 2020. We funded the 2019 dividends, and intend to fund any future dividends, from cash generated from our operations. Future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and the amount of cash dividends per share will depend upon, among other things, our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions, number of shares of common stock outstanding and other factors the board of directors may deem relevant. The timing and amount of future dividend payments will be at the discretion of our board of directors. See “Risk Factors—Our ability to pay regular dividends to our stockholders is subject to the discretion of our board of directors and may be limited by our holding company structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.”
Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources
Term Facility Amendment
On March 2, 2018, Sabre GLBL entered into a Fifth Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to refinance and modify the terms of the Term Loan B, resulting in a reduction of the applicable margins for the Term Loan B to 2.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.00% per annum for base rate loans. We incurred no additional indebtedness as a result of this transaction and incurred $2 million in financing fees recorded within Other, net and a $1 million loss extinguishment of debt in our consolidated results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2018.
Secondary Public Offerings
During the year ended December 31, 2018, certain of our stockholders sold an aggregate of 69,304,636 shares of our common stock through secondary public offerings. We did not offer any shares or receive any proceeds from these secondary public offerings. Following the secondary public offering of approximately 23,304,636 shares of common stock during the fourth quarter of 2018, stockholders affiliated with TPG Global, LLC ("TPG") and Silver Lake Management Company II, L.L.C. ("Silver Lake") no longer held any shares of our common stock.
Share Repurchase Program
In February 2017, our Board approved a $500 million multi-year Share Repurchase Program. Repurchases under the program may take place in the open market or privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise. Approximately $287 million remains authorized for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program as of December 31, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we repurchased 3,673,768 shares totaling $78 million pursuant to this Share Repurchase Program. There were no shares repurchased during the fourth quarter of 2019.
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
In February 2013, Sabre GLBL entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The agreement replaced (i) the existing term loans with new classes of term loans of $1,775 million (the “2013 Term Loan B”) and $425 million (the “2013 Term Loan C”) and (ii) the existing revolving credit facility with a new revolving credit facility of $352 million (the “2013 Revolver”). In September 2013, Sabre GLBL entered into an agreement to amend the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to add a new class of term loans in the amount of $350 million (the “2013 Incremental Term Loan Facility”).
In July 2016, Sabre GLBL entered into a series of amendments (the “Credit Agreement Amendments”) to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to provide for an incremental term loan under a new class with an aggregate principal amount of $600 million (the “2016 Term Loan A”) and to replace the 2013 Revolver with a new revolving credit facility totaling $400 million (the “2016 Revolver”). The proceeds of $597 million, net of $3 million discount, from the 2016 Term Loan A were used to repay $350 million of outstanding principal on our 2013 Term Loan B and 2013 Incremental Term Loan Facility, on a pro rata basis, repay the $120 million then-outstanding balance on the 2016 Revolver, and pay $11 million in associated financing fees. We recognized a $4 million loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with these transactions during the year ended December 31, 2016.
On February 22, 2017, Sabre GLBL entered into a Third Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2017 Term Facility Amendment”). The new agreement replaced the 2013 Term Loan B, 2013 Term Loan C, and 2013 Incremental Term Loan Facility with a single class of term loan (the "2017 Term Loan B") with an aggregate principal amount of $1,900 million maturing on February 22, 2024. The proceeds of $1,898 million, net of $2 million discount on the 2017 Term Loan B, were used to pay off approximately $1,761 million of all existing classes of outstanding term loans (other than the 2016 Term Loan A), pay related accrued interest and pay $12 million in associated financing fees, which were recorded as debt modification costs in Other, net in the consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended March 31, 2017. The remaining proceeds of the 2017 Term Loan B were used to pay off approximately $80 million of Sabre’s outstanding mortgage on its corporate headquarters on March 31, 2017 and for other general corporate purposes. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discount related to existing classes of outstanding term loans prior to the 2017 Term
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Facility Amendment of $9 million and $3 million, respectively, will continue to be amortized over the remaining term of the 2017 Term Loan B along with the Term Loan B discount of $2 million. See Note 9. Derivatives, to our consolidated financial statements for information regarding the discontinuation of hedge accounting related to our existing interest rate swaps as a result of the 2017 Term Facility Amendment.
On August 23, 2017, Sabre GLBL entered into a Fourth Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, Term Loan A Refinancing Amendment to the Credit Agreement, and Second Revolving Facility Refinancing Amendment to the Credit Agreement to refinance and modify the terms of the 2017 Term Loan B, the 2016 Term Loan A, and the 2016 Revolver, resulting in a reduction of the applicable margins for each of these instruments and approximately a one-year extension of the maturity of the 2016 Term Loan A and 2016 Revolver (the “2017 Refinancing”). We incurred no additional indebtedness as a result of the 2017 Refinancing. The 2017 Refinancing included a $400 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver") that replaced the 2016 Revolver, as well as the application of the proceeds of the approximately $1,891 million incremental Term Loan B facility (“Term Loan B”) and $570 million Term Loan A facility (“Term Loan A”) to replace the 2017 Term Loan B and the 2016 Term Loan A. The maturity of the Revolver and the Term Loan A was extended from July 18, 2021 to July 1, 2022. The applicable margins for the Term Loan B were reduced to 2.25% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.25% per annum for base rate loans. The applicable margins for the Term Loan A and the Revolver were reduced to (i) between 2.50% and 1.75% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and (ii) between 1.50% and 0.75% per annum for base rate loans, in each case with the applicable margin for any quarter reduced by 25 basis points (up to 75 basis points total) if the Senior Secured First-Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) is less than 3.75 to 1.0, 3.00 to 1.0, or 2.25 to 1.0, respectively. The Eurocurrency rate is based on LIBOR. In July 2017, the Financial Conduct Authority announced its intention to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. If a published U.S. dollar LIBOR rate is unavailable, the interest rates on our debt indexed to LIBOR will be determined using various alternative methods set forth in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, any of which could result in interest obligations that are more than or that do not otherwise correlate over time with the payments that would have been made on this debt if U.S. dollar LIBOR were available in its current form. See “Risk Factors—We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.” We anticipate amending our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement prior to the phaseout of LIBOR to provide for a Eurocurrency rate alternative to LIBOR.
On March 2, 2018, Sabre GLBL entered into a Fifth Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to refinance and modify the terms of the Term Loan B as discussed above. See "—Recent Events Impacting Our Liquidity and Capital Resources" above.
We had no balance outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2019 and as of December 31, 2018. We had outstanding letters of credit totaling $12 million and $15 million as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, which reduced our overall credit capacity under the Revolver.
Under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the loan parties are subject to certain customary non-financial covenants, including certain restrictions on incurring certain types of indebtedness, creation of liens on certain assets, making of certain investments, and payment of dividends, as well as a maximum leverage ratio. Pursuant to Credit Agreement Amendments, effective July 18, 2016, the maximum leverage ratio has been adjusted to be based on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) and we are required, at all times (no longer solely when a threshold amount of revolving loans or letters of credit were outstanding), to maintain a Total Net Leverage Ratio of less than 4.5 to 1.0. As of December 31, 2019 we are in compliance with all covenants under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
We are also required to pay down the term loans by an amount equal to 50% of annual excess cash flow, as defined in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. This percentage requirement may decrease or be eliminated if certain leverage ratios are achieved. Based on our results for the year ended December 31, 2018, we were not required to make an excess cash flow payment in 2019, and no excess cash flow payment was required in 2020 with respect to our results for the year ended December 31, 2019. We are further required to pay down the term loan with proceeds from certain asset sales or borrowings as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering, we entered into the TRA that provides the stockholders and equity award holders that were our stockholders and equity award holders, respectively, immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering (collectively, the "Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders") the right to receive future payments from us equal to 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal income tax that we and our subsidiaries realize as a result of the utilization of certain tax assets attributable to periods prior to our initial public offerings, including NOLs, capital losses and the ability to realize tax amortization of certain intangible assets (collectively, the "Pre-IPO Tax Assets"). In connection with the TRA, we made payments, including interest, of $72 million in January 2020, $30 million in April 2019, and $74 million, $60 million and $101 million in January 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In December 2019, we exercised our right under the terms of the TRA to accelerate our remaining payments under the TRA and make an early termination payment of $1 million, to the Pre-IPO Existing Shareholders, which was included in the January 2020 payment of $72 million described above. As a result, no future payments are required to be made to the Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders under the TRA.
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Technology Expenditures
We maintain and make enhancements to our products, services, technologies and systems in response to technological developments, industry standards, trends, and customer demands. We deploy resources in research and development in order to help maintain a competitive advantage and deliver innovation to the marketplace. Software developed for internal use includes costs incurred to enhance our infrastructure, software applications, and reservation systems. Additionally, we rely on other third-party providers, including DXC, Amazon Web Services, Inc., Google Cloud, and Microsoft Corporation, to operate computer data centers and network systems and provide hosting services. The aggregation of these costs represents our total technology expenditures of $1,034 million, $999 million, and $940 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 respectively. These amounts include hosting, third-party software and expensed research and development costs of $945 million, $744 million, and $675 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, and capitalized software development expenditures of $89 million, $256 million, and $264 million for these respective periods. This definition of total technology expenditures does not include computer equipment or other property, plant, and equipment. See "Factors Affecting Our Results—Technology transformation and change in mix of technology spend."
Cash Flows
Operating Activities
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $581 million and consisted of net income from continuing operations of $164 million, adjustments for non-cash and other items of $568 million and a decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $151 million. The adjustments for non-cash and other items consist primarily of $415 million of depreciation and amortization, $83 million in amortization of upfront incentive consideration, $67 million of stock-based compensation expense, $23 million of deferred income taxes, and $21 million allowance for doubtful accounts. The decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $151 million was primarily the result of $71 million used for upfront incentive consideration, $34 million increase in accounts receivable, $29 million used for capitalized implementation costs, $27 million decrease in accounts payable, $17 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits, and a $12 million decrease in deferred revenues. These decreases were partially offset by a decrease of $39 million in other assets and a decrease of $1 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $725 million and consisted of net income from continuing operations of $341 million, adjustments for non-cash and other items of $607 million and a decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $223 million. The adjustments for non-cash and other items consist primarily of $413 million of depreciation and amortization, $78 million in amortization of upfront incentive consideration, $57 million of stock-based compensation expense, and $43 million of deferred income taxes. The decrease in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $223 million was primarily the result of $89 million used for upfront incentive consideration, a $75 million increase in accounts receivable, $39 million used for capitalized implementation costs, a $30 million increase in other assets, a $27 million decrease in accounts payable, and a $15 million decrease in accrued compensation and related benefits. These decreases were partially offset by the receipt of $29 million from an insurance settlement, an increase of $8 million in deferred revenues, and a decrease of $14 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets.
Investing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we used cash of $243 million in investing activities, including $107 million used in the acquisition of Radixx, net of cash acquired, and $89 million related to software developed for internal use. Additionally, we used cash of $20 million as an advance of purchase price to Farelogix for certain attorneys' fees. See "—Liquidity Outlook" above for additional information on the Farelogix acquisition agreement.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we used cash of $284 million on capital expenditures, which includes capitalized software development of $256 million, consisting of $252 million related to software developed for internal use and $4 million for development of on-premise licensed products.
Financing Activities
For the year ended December 31, 2019, we used $410 million for financing activities. Significant highlights of our financing activities included:
•payment of $154 million in dividends on our common stock;
•payment of $45 million on our revolving credit facility and $62 million on our Term Loan A and Term Loan B, offset by proceeds of $45 million from borrowings on our revolving credit facility;
•annual payment on the TRA liability for $101 million, excluding interest;
•repurchase of 3,673,768 shares of our common stock outstanding totaling $78 million; and
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•net payments of $6 million from the settlement of employee stock-based awards, including $7 million in proceeds from the exercise of employee stock options, net of payments for $13 million in income tax withholdings associated with the settlement of employee stock-based awards.
For the year ended December 31, 2018, we used $307 million for financing activities. Significant highlights of our financing activities included:
•payment of $154 million in dividends on our common stock;
•second annual payment in January 2018 on the TRA liability for $59 million, excluding interest;
•payment of $47 million on our Term Loan A and Term Loan B and $2 million in debt issuance and modification costs;
•repurchase of 1,075,255 shares of our common stock outstanding totaling $26 million; and
•receipt of net proceeds totaling $2 million from the settlement of employee stock-option awards, including a payment of $10 million in income tax withholdings associated with the settlement of employee restricted-stock awards.
Discontinued Travelocity Business
Cash flows used in discontinued operating activities were $2 million, $2 million, and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The cash flows used by discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, primarily resulted from expenses associated with legal contingencies related to hotel occupancy taxes.
Contractual Obligations
As of December 31, 2019, our contractual obligations were as follows (in thousands):
| Payments Due by Period | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total debt(1) | $ | 228,408 | $ | 218,621 | $ | 515,805 | $ | 1,154,811 | $ | 1,777,790 | $ | — | $ | 3,895,435 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating lease obligations(2) | 26,972 | 21,008 | 17,564 | 14,127 | 12,681 | 31,651 | 124,003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
IT outsourcing agreement(3) | 139,870 | 125,797 | 107,653 | 357,287 | — | 1,500,000 | 2,230,607 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Purchase obligations(4) | 187,011 | 49,930 | 37,930 | 20,095 | 16,072 | 36,000 | 347,038 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Letters of credit(5) | 7,135 | 2,549 | 1,920 | — | — | — | 11,604 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unrecognized tax benefits(6) | — | — | — | — | — | 80,933 | 80,933 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tax Receivable Agreement(7) | 71,958 | — | — | — | — | — | 71,958 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total contractual cash obligations(8) | $ | 661,354 | $ | 417,905 | $ | 680,872 | $ | 1,546,320 | $ | 1,806,543 | $ | 1,648,584 | $ | 6,761,578 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
_______________________
(1)Includes all interest and principal of borrowings under our senior secured credit facilities, senior secured notes due 2023 and finance lease obligations. Under certain circumstances, we are required to pay a percentage of the excess cash flow, if any, generated each year to our lenders which obligation is not reflected in the table above. Interest on the term loan is based on the LIBOR rate plus a base margin and includes the effect of interest rate swaps. For purposes of this table, we have used projected LIBOR rates for all future periods. See Note 8. Debt, to our consolidated financial statements.
(2)We lease approximately 1.6 million square feet of office space in 93 locations in 48 countries. Lease payment escalations are based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We have renewal options of various term lengths in approximately 50 leases. We have no purchase options and no restrictions imposed by our leases concerning dividends or additional debt. Also includes future minimum payment obligations for an operating lease commencing in the first quarter of 2020. See Note 11. Leases to our consolidated financial statements.
(3)Represents minimum amounts due to DXC under the terms of an outsourcing agreement through which DXC manages a significant portion of our information technology systems. Also reflects minimum amounts due under an information technology agreement entered into during the first quarter of 2020. Actual payments may vary significantly from the minimum amounts presented.
(4)Purchase obligations represent an estimate of all open purchase orders and contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business for which we have not received the goods or services as of December 31, 2019. Although open purchase orders are considered enforceable and legally binding, the terms generally allow us the option to cancel, reschedule and adjust our requirements based on our business needs prior to the delivery of goods or performance of services.
(5)Our letters of credit consist of stand-by letters of credit, underwritten by a group of lenders, which we primarily issue in the normal course of business. The contractual expiration dates of these letters of credit are shown in the table above. There were no claims made against any standby letters of credit during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
(6)Unrecognized tax benefits include associated interest and penalties. The timing of related cash payments for substantially all of these liabilities is inherently uncertain because the ultimate amount and timing of such liabilities is affected by factors which are variable and outside our control.
(7)We made payments, including interest, of $72 million in January 2020. See Note 7. Income Taxes, to our consolidated financial statements and “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Tax Receivable Agreement.”
(8)Excludes pension obligations, see Note 15. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, to our consolidated financial statements.
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Off Balance Sheet Arrangements
We had no off balance sheet arrangements during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Information related to Recent Accounting Pronouncements is included in Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated herein by reference.
Critical Accounting Estimates
This discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and other financial information. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates, and our reported financial condition and results of operations could vary under different assumptions and conditions. In addition, our reported financial condition and results of operations could vary due to a change in the application of a particular accounting standard.
Our accounting policies that include significant estimates and assumptions include: (i) estimation for revenue recognition and multiple performance obligation arrangements, (ii) determination of the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, (iii) the evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of long-lived assets and goodwill, (iv) assumptions utilized to test recoverability of capitalized implementation costs, (v) judgments in capitalization of software developed for internal use, and (vi) the evaluation of uncertainties surrounding the calculation of our tax assets and liabilities. We regard an accounting estimate underlying our financial statements as a “critical accounting estimate” if the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that are uncertain at the time of estimation and if changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur and could have a material effect on the presentation of financial condition, changes in financial condition, or results of operations.
We have included below a discussion of the accounting policies involving material estimates and assumptions that we believe are most critical to the preparation of our financial statements, how we apply such policies and how results differing from our estimates and assumptions would affect the amounts presented in our financial statements. We have discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these accounting policies with our Audit Committee. Although we believe these policies to be the most critical, other accounting policies also have a significant effect on our financial statements and certain of these policies also require the use of estimates and assumptions. For further information about our significant accounting policies, see Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, to our consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition and Multiple Performance Obligation Arrangements
Our agreements with customers of our Airline Solutions business may have multiple performance obligations which generally include software solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, professional service fees and implementation services. In addition, from time to time, we enter into agreements with customers to provide access to Travel Network’s GDS and, at or near the same time, enter into a separate agreement to provide software solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery. These multiple performance obligation arrangements involve judgments, including estimates of the selling prices of goods and services, attribution of variable consideration, assessments of the likelihood of nonpayment and estimates of total costs and costs to complete a project.
Revenue recognition from our Airline Solutions business requires significant judgments such as identifying distinct performance obligations including material rights within an agreement, estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation, determining whether variable pricing within a contract meets the allocation objective, and forecasting future volumes. For a small subset of our contracts, we are required to forecast volumes as a result of pricing variability within the contract in order to calculate the rate for revenue recognition. Any changes in these judgments and estimates could have an impact on the revenue recognized in future periods.
The professional and implementation services are generally performed in the early stages of the agreements. Access to our GDS is provided over the full term of the contract. Software solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery are often not provided until implementation services are completed. We evaluate revenue recognition for agreements with customers which generally are represented by individual contracts but could include groups of contracts if the contracts are executed at or near the same time. Typically, access to our GDS and our professional service fees are separated from the implementation and software hosting services. We account for separate performance obligations on an individual basis with value assigned to each performance obligation based on our best estimate of relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. SSP is assessed annually using a historical analysis of contracts with customers executed in the most recently completed calendar year to determine the range of selling prices applicable to a distinct good or service. In making these judgments, we analyze various factors, including discounting practices, price lists, contract prices, value differentiators, customer segmentation and overall market and economic conditions. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. As our market strategies evolve, we may modify pricing practices in the future which could result in changes to SSP.
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Deferred customer advances and discounts are amortized against revenue in future periods as the related revenue is earned. Our contract assets include revenue recognized for services already transferred to a customer, for which the fulfillment of another contractual performance obligation is required, before we have the unconditional right to bill and collect based on contract terms. Contract assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis based on a review of impairment indicators. Deferred customer advances and discounts are reviewed for recoverability based on future contracted revenues and estimated direct costs of the contract when a significant event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we did not impair any of these assets as a result of the related contracts becoming uncollectable, modified or canceled. See Note 4. Impairment and Related Charges regarding 2017 impairments. Contracts are priced to generate total revenues over the life of the contract that exceed any discounts or advances provided and any upfront costs incurred to implement the customer contract.
Air Booking Cancellation Reserve
Transaction revenue for airline travel reservations is recognized by Travel Network at the time of the booking of the reservation, net of estimated future cancellations. Cancellations prior to the day of departure are estimated based on the historical level of cancellation rates, adjusted to take into account any recent factors which could cause a change in those rates. In circumstances where expected cancellation rates or booking behavior changes, our estimates are revised, and in these circumstances, future cancellation rates could vary materially, with a corresponding variation in revenue net of estimated future cancellations. Factors that could have a significant effect on our estimates include global security issues, epidemics or pandemics, natural disasters, general economic conditions, the financial condition of travel suppliers, and travel related accidents.
Business Combinations
Authoritative guidance for business combinations requires us to recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date as well as contingent consideration, where applicable, our estimates are inherently uncertain and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.
Accounting for business combinations requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date including our estimates for intangible assets, contractual obligations assumed, pre-acquisition contingencies, contingent consideration, where applicable, and previously-held investment interests. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain.
Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired include, but are not limited to: future expected cash flows, support agreements, consulting contracts, other customer contracts, acquired developed technologies and patents; the acquired company’s brand and competitive position, as well as assumptions about the period of time the acquired brand will continue to be used in the combined company’s product portfolio; and discount rates. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that may affect the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results.
For a given acquisition, we may identify certain pre-acquisition contingencies as of the acquisition date and may extend our review and evaluation of these pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period in order to obtain sufficient information to assess whether we include these contingencies as a part of the fair value estimates of assets acquired and liabilities assumed and, if so, to determine their estimated amounts. If we cannot reasonably determine the fair value of a pre-acquisition contingency (non-income tax related) by the end of the measurement period, which is generally the case given the nature of such matters, we will recognize an asset or a liability for such pre-acquisition contingency if: (i) it is probable that an asset existed or a liability had been incurred at the acquisition date and (ii) the amount of the asset or liability can be reasonably estimated. Subsequent to the measurement period, changes in our estimates of such contingencies will affect earnings and could have a material effect on our results of operations and financial position.
Depending on the circumstances, the fair value of contingent consideration is determined based on management’s best estimate of fair value given the specific facts and circumstances of the contractual arrangement, considering the likelihood of payment, payment terms and management’s best estimates of future performance results on the acquisition date, if applicable.
In addition, uncertain tax positions and tax related valuation allowances assumed in connection with a business combination are initially estimated as of the acquisition date. We reevaluate these items quarterly based upon facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date with any adjustments to our preliminary estimates being recorded to goodwill if identified within the measurement period. Subsequent to the measurement period or our final determination of the tax allowance’s or contingency’s estimated value, whichever comes first, changes to these uncertain tax positions and tax-related valuation allowances will affect our provision for income taxes in our consolidated statement of operations and could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position.
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Goodwill and Long-Lived Assets
Goodwill was assigned to each reporting unit based on that reporting unit’s percentage of enterprise value as of the date of the acquisition of Sabre Corporation by TPG and Silver Lake plus goodwill associated with acquisitions since that time. We have three reporting units associated with our continuing operations: Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions. Goodwill related to our reporting units totaled $2.6 billion as of December 31, 2019.
We evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or when impairment indicators exist. We begin our evaluation with a qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value before applying a quantitative assessment. If it is determined through the evaluation of events or circumstances that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we perform a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned to the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of that unit. If the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of that reporting unit, the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is reduced to its fair value through an adjustment to the goodwill balance, resulting in an impairment charge.
We did not record any goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. The determination of fair value requires us to make significant judgments and estimates including cash flow projections and assumptions related to market participants, the principal markets, and the highest and best use of the reporting units. Changes in the assumptions used in our impairment testing may result in future impairment losses which could have a material impact on our results of operations. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value exceeded the carrying value for each of our three reporting units by more than 10%.
Definite-lived intangible assets are assigned depreciable lives of two to thirty years, depending on classification, and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite-lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist for definite-lived intangible assets, the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the expected service potential of the assets are compared to the carrying value of the assets. If our projection of undiscounted future cash flows is in excess of the carrying value of the intangible assets, no impairment charge is recorded. If our projection of undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, the intangible assets are then measured at fair value and an impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over its fair value. We also evaluate the need for additional impairment disclosures based on our Level 3 inputs. For fair value measurements categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, we disclose the valuation processes used by the reporting entity. We did not record material intangible asset impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
The most significant assumptions used in the discounted cash flows calculation to determine the fair value of our reporting units in connection with impairment testing include: (i) the discount rate, (ii) the expected long-term growth rate and (iii) annual cash flow projections. See Note 10. Fair Value Measurements, to our consolidated financial statements.
Capitalized Implementation Costs
Capitalized implementation costs represents upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS and hosted revenue model. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contract term, ranging from three to ten years, as they are recoverable through deferred or future revenues associated with the relevant contract. These assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis or when an event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. Recoverability is measured based on the future estimated revenue and direct costs of the contract compared to the capitalized implementation costs. We record an impairment charge for the portion of the asset considered unrecoverable in the period identified, while considering the uncertainties associated with these types of contracts and judgments made in estimating revenue and direct costs. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded $2 million in impairments associated with unrecoverable amounts in capitalized implementation costs. During the year ended December 31, 2018, we recorded $4 million in impairments associated with unrecoverable amounts in capitalized implementation costs. During the year ended December 31, 2017, given the substantial amount of uncertainty of reaching an agreement regarding the implementation of services pursuant to the contract with a customer in our Airline Solutions business, we assessed recoverability of all balances with the customer which resulted in an impairment charge totaling $81 million, which included related capitalized implementation costs. See Note 4. Impairment and Related Charges, to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.
Capitalized Software Developed for Internal Use
We capitalize certain costs related to our infrastructure, software applications and reservation systems under authoritative guidance on software developed for internal use during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary and post project development activities are expensed as incurred. When determining whether applicable costs qualify for capitalization, we use judgment in distinguishing between the preliminary project and application development stages of the project and in determining whether these costs result in additional functionality for existing internal use software. In 2019, our development teams substantially completed the transition to utilizing the agile development methodology, which is characterized by a more dynamic development process with iterative activities that involve planning, design, coding and testing. This methodology requires additional review of the stages to ensure the applicable criteria are met for capitalization and may be less likely to meet the criteria for capitalization. As we expected, this transition towards implementing this methodology reduced our capitalization of certain costs with a corresponding increase in our product and technology operating expenses. Costs that cannot be separated
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between maintenance of, and relatively minor upgrades and enhancements to, internal use software are also expensed as incurred.
During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $89 million, $252 million, and $251 million, respectively, related to software developed for internal use.
Income and Non-Income Taxes
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. We regularly review deferred tax assets by jurisdiction to assess their potential realization and establish a valuation allowance for portions of such assets that we believe will not be ultimately realized. In performing this review, we make estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences and the implementation of tax planning strategies. A change in these assumptions could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, which could materially impact our results of operations. At year end, we had a valuation allowance on certain loss carryforwards based on our assessment that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We believe that our estimates for the valuation allowances against deferred tax assets are appropriate based on current facts and circumstances.
We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain non-U.S. deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result, we established and maintain a valuation allowance on the non-U.S. deferred tax assets of our lastminute.com and other non-US subsidiaries of $33 million and $55 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Also it is more likely than not that the benefit from certain U.S. state deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result, we established and maintain a valuation allowance on these U.S. state deferred tax assets of $5 million and $4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We reassess these assumptions regularly, which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, and could materially impact our results of operations.
We operate in numerous countries where our income tax returns are subject to audit and adjustment by local tax authorities. Because we operate globally, the nature of the uncertain tax positions is often very complex and subject to change, and the amounts at issue can be substantial. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as we have to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We re-evaluate uncertain tax positions on a quarterly basis. This evaluation is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in facts or circumstances, changes in tax law, effectively settled issues under audit and new audit activity. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had a liability, including interest and penalty, of $81 million and $93 million, respectively, for unrecognized tax benefits, of which $63 million and $74 million, respectively, would affect our effective tax rate if recognized. Such a change in recognition or measurement would result in the recognition of a tax benefit or an additional charge to the provision for income taxes from continuing operations.
Loss Contingencies
While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations and certain tax matters to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of litigation and tax claims, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters. Changes in these factors could materially impact our results of operations.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Market Risk Management
Market risk is the potential loss from adverse changes in: (i) prevailing interest rates, (ii) foreign exchange rates, (iii) credit risk and (iv) inflation. Our exposure to market risk relates to interest payments due on our long-term debt, Revolver, derivative instruments, income on cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and payable and travel supplier liabilities and related deferred revenue. We manage our exposure to these risks through established policies and procedures. We do not engage in trading, market making or other speculative activities in the derivatives markets. Our objective is to mitigate potential income statement, cash flow and fair value exposures resulting from possible future adverse fluctuations in interest and foreign exchange rates.
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Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2019, our exposure to interest rates relates primarily to our interest rate swaps, our senior secured debt and our borrowings on our Revolver. Offsetting some of this exposure is interest income received from our money market funds. The objectives of our investment in money market funds are (i) preservation of principal, (ii) liquidity and (iii) yield. If future short-term interest rates averaged 10% lower than they were during the year ended December 31, 2019, the impact to our interest income from money market funds would not be material. This amount was determined by applying the hypothetical interest rate change to our average money market funds invested.
In the fourth quarter of 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps that effectively converted $750 million of floating interest rate senior secured debt into a fixed rate obligation for 2016, 2017 and 2018. As a result of the 2017 Term Facility Amendment in the first quarter of 2017, we discontinued hedge accounting for our existing swap agreements as of February 22, 2017 and entered into offsetting interest rate swaps that are not designated as hedging instruments. Additionally, in connection with the 2017 Term Facility Amendment, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps effective March 31, 2017 through December 31, 2019 to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B. In September 2017, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B for the full year 2020. In April 2018, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $600 million, $300 million and $450 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B related to full year 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. In December 2018, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $150 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B for the full years 2020 and 2021.
Interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 2019 and matured during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
| Notional Amount | Interest Rate Received | Interest Rate Paid | Effective Date | Maturity Date | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated as Hedging Instrument | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 1.15% | March 31, 2017 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 1.65% | December 29, 2017 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $1,350 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 2.27% | December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $1,200 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 2.19% | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $600 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 2.81% | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(3) | 2.19% | December 30, 2016 | December 29, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1.18% | 1 month LIBOR | March 31, 2017 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(3) | 2.61% | December 29, 2017 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1.67% | 1 month LIBOR | December 29, 2017 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
(1)Subject to a 1% floor.
(2)Subject to a 0% floor.
(3)As of February 22, 2017.
Since outstanding balances under our senior secured credit facilities incur interest at rates based on LIBOR, subject to a 0% floor, increases in short-term interest rates would impact our interest expense. If our mix of interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities changes significantly, we may enter into additional derivative transactions to manage our net interest rate exposure. The fair value of these interest rate swaps was a liability of $15 million and an asset of $4 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.
Foreign Currency Risk
We conduct various operations outside the United States, primarily in Asia Pacific, Europe and Latin America. Our foreign currency risk is primarily associated with operating expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2019, foreign currency operations included $246 million of revenue and $572 million of operating expenses, representing approximately 6% and 16% of our total revenue and operating expenses, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2018, foreign currency operations included $264 million of revenue and $583 million of operating expenses, representing approximately 7% and 18% of our total revenue and operating expenses, respectively.
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The principal foreign currencies involved include the Euro, the Indian Rupee, the British Pound Sterling, the Australian Dollar, the Polish Zloty, and the Russia Ruble. Our most significant foreign currency denominated operating expenses is in the Euro, which comprised approximately 7% of our operating expenses for each of the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. In recent years, exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar have fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future. During times of volatile currency movements, this risk can impact our earnings. To reduce the impact of this earnings volatility, we hedge a portion of our foreign currency exposure in our operating expenses by entering into foreign currency forward contracts on several of our largest exposures, including the Indian Rupee, the British Pound Sterling, the Australian Dollar, the Polish Zloty, the Singaporean Dollar, and the Swedish Krona. Additionally, approximately 42% of our exposure in foreign currency operating expenses is naturally hedged by foreign currency cash receipts associated with foreign currency revenue.
The notional amounts of our forward contracts totaled $217 million at December 31, 2019. The forward contracts represent obligations to purchase foreign currencies at a predetermined exchange rate to fund a portion of our expenses that are denominated in foreign currencies. The fair value of these forward contracts is $2 million in prepaid expenses and other current assets and $4 million in other accrued liabilities included in as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, in our consolidated balance sheets.
We are also exposed to foreign currency fluctuations through the translation of the financial condition and results of operations of our foreign operations into U.S. dollars in consolidation. These gains and losses are recognized as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and is included in stockholders’ equity. Net translation losses recognized in other comprehensive income were $2 million and $4 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, and net translation gains recognized in other comprehensive income totaled $13 million for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Credit Risk
Our customers are primarily located in the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America and Asia, and are concentrated in the travel industry.
We generate a significant portion of our revenues and corresponding accounts receivable from services provided to the commercial air travel industry. Our other accounts receivable are generally due from other participants in the travel and transportation industry. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately $375 million, or 82%, and $334 million, or 81%, respectively, of our trade accounts receivable were attributable to services provided to the commercial air travel industry and travel agency customers. Substantially all of our accounts receivable represents trade balances. We generally do not require security or collateral from our customers as a condition of sale. See “Risk Factors—Our travel supplier customers may experience financial instability or consolidation, pursue cost reductions, change their distribution model or undergo other changes.”
We regularly monitor the financial condition of the air transportation industry. We believe the credit risk related to the air carriers’ difficulties is significantly mitigated by the fact that we collect a significant portion of the receivables from these carriers through the Airline Clearing House and other similar clearing houses (“ACH”).
As of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, approximately 59%, 61%, and 81%, respectively, of our air customers make payments through the ACH which accounts for approximately 89%, 94% and 95%, respectively, of our air billings. ACH requires participants to deposit certain balances into their demand deposit accounts by certain deadlines, which facilitates a timely settlement process. For these carriers, we believe the use of ACH mitigates our credit risk with respect to airline bankruptcies. For those carriers from which we do not collect payments through the ACH or other similar clearing houses, our credit risk is higher. We monitor these carriers and account for the related credit risk through our normal reserve policies.
Inflation
Competitive market conditions and the general economic environment have minimized inflation’s impact on our results of operations in recent periods. There can be no assurance, however, that our operating results will not be affected by inflation in the future.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Index to Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
| Consolidated Financial Statements: | |||||
| Financial Statement Schedules: | |||||
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sabre Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sabre Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 26, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Adoption of ASU No. 2014-09
As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed its method of accounting for revenue from sales to customers in 2018 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
| Capitalization of Software Development Costs | |||||
| Description of the Matter | For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company capitalized $89 million of software development costs for internal use. As discussed in Note 1 of the financial statements, the Company capitalizes certain internal and external costs associated with developing its infrastructure, software applications and reservation systems. Auditing management’s capitalization of software development costs for internal use was complex and challenging due to the judgment involved in assessing qualification for cost capitalization in accordance with applicable accounting standards. This is specifically judgmental as it relates to determining the development stage of the project and whether the development costs incurred result in significant additional functionality, which is capitalized, or are ongoing maintenance activities, which are expensed. | ||||
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| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls related to the Company’s process for determining whether software development costs incurred qualify for capitalization. For example, we tested controls over management’s evaluation of the project stages and its assessment whether the associated costs resulted in significant additional functionality for existing internal use software. Our audit procedures also included, among others, testing a sample of development costs through inspection of project plan documentation and making inquiries of the project management team to assess the nature of the development costs and the respective stage of the project. We also reconciled amounts capitalized to payroll information. | ||||
| Measurement of Airline Solutions Revenue | |||||
| Description of the Matter | As discussed in Note 2 of the financial statements, the Company recognized $840 million of revenue in the Airline Solutions (“AS”) segment. AS customer agreements are long-term contracts that frequently contain multiple performance obligations. Judgment exists in determining which performance obligations are distinct and accounted for separately. These contracts also contain variable consideration in the form of tiered pricing, contractual minimums or discounts. Judgment exists in estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation. Contracts with variable consideration may require forecasts over the term of the contract to determine the appropriate rate used to recognize revenue. Auditing management’s recognition of AS revenue was complex and involved a high degree of judgment because of the significant management judgments and estimates required to identify the distinct performance obligations, estimate and allocate contract consideration and determine the rate used to recognize revenue. | ||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of internal controls related to the Company’s process for recognizing AS revenue, including management’s review of the significant judgments and estimates used in the identification of distinct performance obligations, the estimation and allocation of amounts to each performance obligation, and the determination of the rate used to recognize revenue. Our audit procedures also included, among others, testing management’s identification of the distinct performance obligations based on terms in the contracts and the Company’s policies. Our procedures also included testing the judgments and estimates used to determine the rate to recognize revenue based on the contractual minimums, tiered pricing and other discounts. To test the calculation of the amount of consideration allocated to each distinct performance obligation, we performed procedures to test management’s judgments and assumptions related to the allocation of consideration to each distinct performance obligation and performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate how these assumptions affect the amount of revenue recognized. Our procedures included an evaluation of the significant assumptions and the accuracy and completeness of the underlying data used in management’s calculation of revenue recognized. We have also evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s AS revenue disclosures included in Note 2 in relation to these revenue recognition matters. | ||||
| Uncertain Tax Positions | |||||
| Description of the Matter | As discussed in Note 7 of the financial statements, the Company operates in the United States and multiple international jurisdictions in which the taxing authorities may challenge income tax positions. Because the matters challenged by the taxing authorities are typically complex and open to subjective interpretation, their ultimate outcome may differ from the amounts recognized. The Company uses significant judgment in (1) determining whether a tax position’s technical merits are more likely than not to be sustained and (2) measuring the amount of tax benefit that qualifies for recognition. As of December 31, 2019, the Company accrued liabilities of $81 million for uncertain tax positions, including penalties and interest. Auditing Management’s analysis of the Company’s uncertain tax positions involved significant auditor judgment and use of tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge to evaluate the Company’s interpretation of, and compliance with, tax laws across its multiple subsidiaries located in multiple taxing jurisdictions. Each tax position involves unique facts and circumstances that must be evaluated, and there may be many uncertainties around initial recognition and de-recognition of tax positions, including regulatory changes, litigation and examination activity. In addition, a higher degree of auditor judgment was required to evaluate the Company’s measurement of the largest amount of benefit, considered on a cumulative probability basis, which is more likely than not to be realized upon settlement. | ||||
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| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s identification, recognition and measurement of uncertain tax positions. For example, we tested controls over management’s identification of uncertain tax positions and its application of the recognition and measurement principles, including management’s review of the inputs and calculations for uncertain tax positions. We involved our tax professionals to assess the technical merits and the amount of the benefit recognized related to the Company’s tax positions. Our procedures included, among others, evaluating changes in tax law that occurred during the year and assessing the Company’s interpretation of those changes under the relevant jurisdiction’s tax law. We also inspected correspondence, assessments and settlements with the relevant tax authorities. In addition, we evaluated income tax opinions or other third-party advice obtained by the Company in relation to specific income tax law. We also tested the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data used by the Company to calculate its uncertain tax positions. We have also evaluated the adequacy of the Company’s income tax disclosures included in Note 7 in relation to these tax matters. | ||||
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993.
Dallas, Texas
February 26, 2020
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Sabre Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Sabre Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Sabre Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15, and our report dated February 26, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Dallas, Texas
February 26, 2020
55
SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | $ | 3,598,484 | |||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | 3,035,003 | 2,791,414 | 2,513,857 | ||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 576,568 | 513,526 | 510,075 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment and related charges | — | — | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 363,417 | 562,016 | 493,440 | ||||||||||||||
| Other (expense) income: | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (156,391) | (157,017) | (153,925) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | — | (633) | (1,012) | ||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,044 | 2,556 | 2,580 | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (9,432) | (8,509) | 36,530 | ||||||||||||||
| Total other expense, net | (163,779) | (163,603) | (115,827) | ||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations before income taxes | 199,638 | 398,413 | 377,613 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 35,326 | 57,492 | 128,037 | ||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | 164,312 | 340,921 | 249,576 | ||||||||||||||
| (Loss) Income from discontinued operations, net of tax | (1,766) | 1,739 | (1,932) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income | 162,546 | 342,660 | 247,644 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 3,954 | 5,129 | 5,113 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to common stockholders | $ | 158,592 | $ | 337,531 | $ | 242,531 | |||||||||||
| Basic net income per share attributable to common stockholders: | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | $ | 0.58 | $ | 1.22 | $ | 0.88 | |||||||||||
| (Loss) Income from discontinued operations | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income per common share | $ | 0.57 | $ | 1.23 | $ | 0.87 | |||||||||||
| Diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders: | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | $ | 0.58 | $ | 1.21 | $ | 0.88 | |||||||||||
| (Loss) Income from discontinued operations | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income per common share | $ | 0.57 | $ | 1.22 | $ | 0.87 | |||||||||||
| Weighted-average common shares outstanding: | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 274,168 | 275,235 | 276,893 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 276,217 | 277,518 | 278,320 | ||||||||||||||
| Dividend per common share | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.56 | $ | 0.56 | |||||||||||
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
56
SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 162,546 | $ | 342,660 | $ | 247,644 | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency translation adjustments (“CTA”) | (1,946) | (3,651) | 13,136 | ||||||||||||||
| Retirement-related benefit plans: | |||||||||||||||||
Net actuarial loss, net of taxes of $2,379, $6,223 and $386 | (8,269) | (19,143) | (852) | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of prior service credits, net of taxes of $321, $321 and $517 | (1,111) | (1,112) | (915) | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of actuarial losses, net of taxes of $(1,400), $(1,624) and $(2,336) | 5,421 | 5,739 | 4,181 | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in retirement-related benefit plans, net of tax | (3,959) | (14,516) | 2,414 | ||||||||||||||
| Derivatives and available-for-sale securities: | |||||||||||||||||
Unrealized (losses) gains, net of taxes of $4,497, $1,474 and $(5,989) | (15,217) | (6,842) | 16,068 | ||||||||||||||
Reclassification adjustment for realized gains, net of taxes of $(1,469), $(1,248) and $(1,005) | 5,507 | 3,677 | 2,082 | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in derivatives and available for sale securities, net of tax | (9,710) | (3,165) | 18,150 | ||||||||||||||
| Share of other comprehensive (loss) income of joint venture | (967) | (635) | 615 | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss) income | (16,582) | (21,967) | 34,315 | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | 145,964 | 320,693 | 281,959 | ||||||||||||||
| Less: Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (3,954) | (5,129) | (5,113) | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income attributable to Sabre Corporation | $ | 142,010 | $ | 315,564 | $ | 276,846 | |||||||||||
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
57
SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 436,176 | $ | 509,265 | |||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | 546,533 | 508,122 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 139,211 | 170,243 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 1,121,920 | 1,187,630 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 641,722 | 790,372 | |||||||||
| Investments in joint ventures | 27,494 | 27,769 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 2,633,251 | 2,552,369 | |||||||||
| Acquired customer relationships, net | 311,015 | 323,731 | |||||||||
| Other intangible assets, net | 262,638 | 289,517 | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 21,812 | 24,322 | |||||||||
| Other assets, net | 670,105 | 610,671 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 5,689,957 | $ | 5,806,381 | |||||||
| Liabilities and stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 187,187 | $ | 165,227 | |||||||
| Accrued compensation and related benefits | 94,368 | 112,866 | |||||||||
| Accrued subscriber incentives | 316,254 | 301,530 | |||||||||
| Deferred revenues | 84,661 | 80,902 | |||||||||
| Other accrued liabilities | 189,548 | 185,178 | |||||||||
| Current portion of debt | 81,614 | 68,435 | |||||||||
| Tax Receivable Agreement | 71,911 | 104,257 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,025,543 | 1,018,395 | |||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | 107,402 | 135,753 | |||||||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | 347,522 | 340,495 | |||||||||
| Long-term debt | 3,261,821 | 3,337,467 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 16) | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity | |||||||||||
Common stock: $0.01 par value; 450,000 authorized shares; 294,319 and 291,664 shares issued, 273,733 and 275,352 shares outstanding at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively | 2,943 | 2,917 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 2,317,544 | 2,243,419 | |||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost, 20,587 and 16,312 shares at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively | (468,618) | (377,980) | |||||||||
| Retained deficit | (763,482) | (768,566) | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (149,306) | (132,724) | |||||||||
| Noncontrolling interest | 8,588 | 7,205 | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 947,669 | 974,271 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 5,689,957 | $ | 5,806,381 | |||||||
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
58
SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 162,546 | $ | 342,660 | $ | 247,644 | |||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 414,621 | 413,344 | 400,871 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of upfront incentive consideration | 82,935 | 77,622 | 67,411 | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | 66,885 | 57,263 | 44,689 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (22,925) | 43,099 | 48,760 | ||||||||||||||
| Allowance for doubtful accounts | 20,563 | 7,749 | 9,459 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 3,972 | 3,981 | 5,923 | ||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | (2,044) | (2,556) | (2,580) | ||||||||||||||
| Loss (income) from discontinued operations | 1,766 | (1,739) | 1,932 | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends received from joint venture investments | 1,352 | 1,411 | 1,088 | ||||||||||||||
| Tax Receivable Agreement | — | 4,852 | (59,603) | ||||||||||||||
| Debt modification costs | — | 1,558 | 14,758 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on extinguishment of debt | — | 633 | 1,012 | ||||||||||||||
| Impairment and related charges | — | — | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 2,777 | (2,349) | 13,284 | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts and other receivables | (33,911) | (45,586) | (108,596) | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,145 | 14,362 | 109 | ||||||||||||||
| Capitalized implementation costs | (28,588) | (39,168) | (60,766) | ||||||||||||||
| Upfront incentive consideration | (71,447) | (88,735) | (94,296) | ||||||||||||||
| Other assets | 38,795 | (29,607) | (21,111) | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities | (27,232) | (27,080) | 67,034 | ||||||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and related benefits | (17,469) | (15,044) | 6,038 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue including upfront solution fees | (12,481) | 8,127 | 13,861 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash provided by operating activities | 581,260 | 724,797 | 678,033 | ||||||||||||||
| Investing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Additions to property and equipment | (115,166) | (283,940) | (316,436) | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, net of cash acquired | (107,462) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other investing activities | (20,398) | 8,681 | (1,089) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash used in investing activities | (243,026) | (275,259) | (317,525) | ||||||||||||||
| Financing Activities | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid to common stockholders | (153,508) | (154,080) | (154,861) | ||||||||||||||
| Payments on borrowings from lenders | (106,560) | (47,310) | (1,880,506) | ||||||||||||||
| Payments on Tax Receivable Agreement | (101,482) | (58,908) | (99,241) | ||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | (77,636) | (26,281) | (109,100) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds of borrowings from lenders | 45,000 | — | 1,897,625 | ||||||||||||||
| Net (payments) receipts on the settlement of equity-based awards | (5,736) | 2,040 | 12,647 | ||||||||||||||
| Debt issuance and modification costs | — | (1,567) | (19,052) | ||||||||||||||
| Other financing activities | (9,799) | (20,400) | (4,292) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash used in financing activities | (409,721) | (306,506) | (356,780) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash Flows from Discontinued Operations | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash used in operating activities | (2,383) | (1,895) | (4,848) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash used in discontinued operations | (2,383) | (1,895) | (4,848) | ||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents | 781 | 6,747 | (1,613) | ||||||||||||||
| (Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents | (73,089) | 147,884 | (2,733) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 509,265 | 361,381 | 364,114 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 436,176 | $ | 509,265 | $ | 361,381 | |||||||||||
| Cash payments for income taxes | $ | 55,137 | $ | 57,629 | $ | 40,211 | |||||||||||
| Cash payments for interest | $ | 157,648 | $ | 156,041 | $ | 149,572 | |||||||||||
| Capitalized interest | $ | 5,085 | $ | 8,823 | $ | 11,142 | |||||||||||
| Non-cash additions to property and equipment | $ | 33,136 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
59
SABRE CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data)
| Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common Stock | Additional Paid in Capital | Treasury Stock | Retained Earnings (Deficit) | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) | Noncontrolling Interest | Total Stockholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2016 | 285,461,125 | $ | 2,854 | $ | 2,105,843 | 8,511,323 | $ | (221,746) | $ | (1,141,116) | $ | (122,799) | $ | 2,579 | $ | 625,615 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | 242,531 | 34,315 | 5,113 | 281,959 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | (154,861) | — | — | (154,861) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | — | — | — | 5,779,769 | (109,100) | — | — | — | (109,100) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of stock-based awards | 3,676,776 | 37 | 23,655 | 504,634 | (11,000) | — | — | — | 12,692 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 44,689 | — | — | — | — | — | 44,689 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends paid to non-controlling interest on subsidiary common stock | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (2,494) | (2,494) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2017 | 289,137,901 | 2,891 | 2,174,187 | 14,795,726 | (341,846) | (1,053,446) | (88,484) | 5,198 | 698,500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | 337,531 | (44,240) | 5,129 | 298,420 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | (154,080) | — | — | (154,080) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | — | — | — | 1,075,255 | (26,281) | — | — | — | (26,281) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of stock-based awards | 2,526,053 | 26 | 11,969 | 440,557 | (9,853) | — | — | — | 2,142 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 57,263 | — | — | — | — | — | 57,263 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adoption of New Accounting Standard | — | — | — | — | — | 101,429 | — | — | 101,429 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends paid to non-controlling interest on subsidiary common stock | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (3,122) | (3,122) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2018 | 291,663,954 | 2,917 | 2,243,419 | 16,311,538 | (377,980) | (768,566) | (132,724) | 7,205 | 974,271 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | 158,592 | (16,582) | 3,954 | 145,964 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Common stock dividends | — | — | — | — | — | (153,508) | — | — | (153,508) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of common stock | — | — | — | 3,673,768 | (77,636) | — | — | — | (77,636) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of stock-based awards | 2,655,463 | 26 | 7,240 | 601,546 | (13,002) | — | — | — | (5,736) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 66,885 | — | — | — | — | — | 66,885 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dividends paid to non-controlling interest on subsidiary common stock | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (2,571) | (2,571) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at December 31, 2019 | 294,319,417 | $ | 2,943 | $ | 2,317,544 | 20,586,852 | $ | (468,618) | $ | (763,482) | $ | (149,306) | $ | 8,588 | $ | 947,669 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
60
SABRE CORPORATION
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies
Description of Business
Sabre Corporation is a Delaware corporation formed in December 2006. On March 30, 2007, Sabre Corporation acquired Sabre Holdings Corporation (“Sabre Holdings”). Sabre Holdings is the sole subsidiary of Sabre Corporation. Sabre GLBL Inc. (“Sabre GLBL”) is the principal operating subsidiary and sole direct subsidiary of Sabre Holdings. Sabre GLBL or its direct or indirect subsidiaries conduct all of our businesses. In these consolidated financial statements, references to “Sabre,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” “ours,” and “us” refer to Sabre Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires.
We connect people and places with technology that reimagines the business of travel. We operate through three business segments: (i) Travel Network, our global travel marketplace for travel suppliers and travel buyers, (ii) Airline Solutions, a broad portfolio of software technology products and solutions for airlines and other travel suppliers, and (iii) Hospitality Solutions, an extensive suite of leading software solutions for hoteliers.
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). We consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries and companies over which we exercise control through majority voting rights. No entities are consolidated due to control through operating agreements, financing agreements or as the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity. The consolidated financial statements include our accounts after elimination of all significant intercompany balances and transactions. All dollar amounts in the financial statements and the tables in the notes, except per share amounts, are stated in thousands of U.S. dollars unless otherwise indicated. All amounts in the notes reference results from continuing operations unless otherwise indicated.
The preparation of these annual financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires that certain amounts be recorded based on estimates and assumptions made by management. Actual results could differ from these estimates and assumptions. Our accounting policies, which include significant estimates and assumptions, include, among other things, estimation of the collectability of accounts receivable, estimation of future cancellations of bookings processed through the Sabre global distribution system ("GDS"), revenue recognition for Software-as-a-Service ("SaaS") arrangements, determination of the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, determination of the fair value of derivatives, the evaluation of the recoverability of the carrying value of intangible assets and goodwill, assumptions utilized in the determination of pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities, the evaluation of the recoverability of capitalized implementation costs, assumptions utilized to evaluate the recoverability of deferred customer advance and discounts, estimation of loss contingencies, and evaluation of uncertainties surrounding the calculation of our tax assets and liabilities.
In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the comprehensive update to revenue recognition guidance Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), which replaced the previous standard ("ASC 605"), using the modified retrospective approach, applied to contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date. Our 2018 results are reported under ASC 606, while results prior to 2018 are reported under ASC 605. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a company transfers the promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods and services. See Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers.
Revenue Recognition
Travel Network and Hospitality Solutions’ revenue recognition is primarily driven by GDS and central reservation system transactions, respectively. Airline Solutions’ revenue recognition is primarily driven by passengers boarded or other variable metrics relevant to the software service provided. Timing of revenue recognition is primarily based on the consistent provision of services in a stand-ready series SaaS environment and the amount of revenue recognized varies with the volume of transactions processed.
Performance Obligations
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account under ASC 606. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Most of our contracts in the Travel Network and Hospitality Solutions businesses have a single performance obligation. In the Airline Solutions business, many of our contracts may have multiple performance obligations, which generally include software and product solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, and other service fees. In addition, at times we enter into agreements with customers to provide access to Travel Network’s GDS and, at or near the same time, enter into a separate agreement to provide Airline Solutions' software solutions through SaaS and hosted delivery, resulting in multiple performance obligations within a combined agreement.
61
Our significant product and services and methods of recognition are as follows:
Stand-ready series revenue recognition
Travel Network—Travel Network's service offering is a GDS or GDS services linking and engaging transactions between travel agents (those that seek travel on behalf of travelers) and travel suppliers (such as airlines, hotels, car rental companies and cruise lines). Revenue is generated from contracts with the travel suppliers as each booking is made or transaction occurs and represents a stand-ready performance obligation where our systems perform the same service each day for the customer, based on the customer’s level of usage. Variability in the amounts billed to the customer and revenue recognized coincides with the customer’s level of usage or value received by the customer. Travel Network's revenue for air transactions is recognized at the time of booking of the reservation, net of estimated future cancellations. Travel Network's revenue for car rental, hotel transactions and other travel providers is recognized at the time the reservation is used by the customer.
Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions—Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions provide technology solutions and other professional services to airlines, hotels and other business consumers in the travel industry. The technology solutions are primarily provided in a SaaS or hosted environment. Customers are normally charged an upfront solutions fee and a recurring usage-based fee for the use of the software, which represents a stand-ready performance obligation where our systems perform the same service each day for the customer, based on the customer’s level of usage. Upfront solutions fees are recognized primarily on a straight-line basis over the relevant contract term, upon cut-over of the primary SaaS solution. Variability in the usage-based fee that does not align with the value provided to the customer can result in a difference between billings to the customer and the timing of contract performance and revenue recognition, which may result in the recognition of a contract asset. This can result in a requirement to forecast expected usage-based fees and volumes over the contract term in order to determine the rate for revenue recognition. This variable consideration is constrained if there is an inability to reliably forecast this revenue.
Contract Assets and Deferred Customer Advances and Discounts
Deferred customer advances and discounts are amortized against revenue in future periods as the related revenue is earned. Our contract assets include revenue recognized for services already transferred to a customer, for which the fulfillment of another contractual performance obligation is required, before we have the unconditional right to bill and collect based on contract terms. Contract assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis based on a review of impairment indicators. Deferred customer advances and discounts are reviewed for recoverability based on future contracted revenues and estimated direct costs of the contract when a significant event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we did not impair any of these assets as a result of the related contract becoming uncollectable, modified or canceled. See Note 4. Impairment and Related Charges regarding 2017 impairments. Contracts are priced to generate total revenues over the life of the contract that exceed any discounts or advances provided and any upfront costs incurred to implement the customer contract.
Other revenue recognition patterns
Airline Solutions also provides other services including development labor or professional consulting. These services can be sold separately or with other products and services, and Airline Solutions may bundle multiple technology solutions in one arrangement with these other services. Revenue from other services consisting of development services that represent minor configuration or professional consulting is generally recognized over the period the services are performed or upon completed delivery.
Airline Solutions also directly licenses certain software to its customers where the customer obtains control of the license. Revenue from software license fees is recognized when the customer gains control of the software enabling them to directly use the software and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits. Fees for ongoing software maintenance are recognized ratably over the life of the contract. Under these arrangements, often we are entitled to minimum fees which are collected over the term of the agreement, while the revenue from the license is recognized at the point when the customer gains control, which results in current and long-term unbilled receivables for these arrangements.
Variability in the amounts billed to the customer and revenue recognized coincides with the customer’s level of usage with the exception of upfront solution fees, non-usage based variable consideration, license and maintenance agreements and other services including development labor and professional consulting. Contracts with the same customer which are entered into at or around the same period are analyzed for revenue recognition purposes on a combined basis across our businesses which can impact timing of revenue recognition.
For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we account for separate performance obligations on an individual basis with value assigned to each performance obligation based on our best estimate of relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is required to determine the SSP for each distinct performance obligation. SSP is assessed annually using a historical analysis of contracts with customers executed in the most recently completed calendar year to determine the range of selling prices applicable to a distinct good or service. In making these judgments, we analyze various factors, including discounting practices, price lists, contract prices, value differentiators, customer segmentation and overall market and economic conditions. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. As our market strategies evolve, we may modify pricing practices in the future which could result in changes to SSP.
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Revenue recognition from our Airline Solutions business requires significant judgments such as identifying distinct performance obligations including material rights within an agreement, estimating the total contract consideration and allocating amounts to each distinct performance obligation, determining whether variable pricing within a contract meets the allocation objective, and forecasting future volumes. For a small subset of our contracts, we are required to forecast volumes as a result of pricing variability within the contract in order to calculate the rate for revenue recognition. Any changes in these judgments and estimates could have an impact on the revenue recognized in future periods.
We evaluate whether it is appropriate to record the gross amount of our revenues and related costs by considering whether the entity is a principal (gross presentation) or an agent (net presentation) by evaluating the nature of our promise to the customer. We report revenue net of any revenue based taxes assessed by governmental authorities that are imposed on and concurrent with specific revenue producing transactions.
Incentive Consideration
Certain service contracts with significant travel agency customers contain booking productivity clauses and other provisions that allow travel agency customers to receive cash payments or other consideration. We establish liabilities for these commitments and recognize the related expense as these travel agencies earn incentive consideration based on the applicable contractual terms. Periodically, we make cash payments to these travel agencies at inception or modification of a service contract which are capitalized and amortized to cost of revenue over the expected life of the service contract, which is generally to five years. Deferred charges related to such contracts are recorded in other assets, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The service contracts are priced so that the additional airline and other booking fees generated over the life of the contract will exceed the cost of the incentive consideration provided. Incentive consideration paid to the travel agency represents a commission paid to the travel agency for booking travel on our GDS.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising costs incurred by our continuing operations totaled $19 million, $19 million and $18 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
We classify all highly liquid instruments, including money market funds and money market securities with original maturities of three months or less, as cash equivalents.
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and Concentration of Credit Risk
We evaluate the collectability of our accounts receivable based on a combination of factors. In circumstances where we are aware of a specific customer’s inability to meet its financial obligations to us, such as bankruptcy filings or failure to pay amounts due to us or others, we record a specific reserve for bad debts against amounts due to reduce the recorded receivable to the amount we reasonably believe will be collected. For all other customers, we record reserves for bad debts based on historical experience and the length of time the receivables are past due. We maintained an allowance for doubtful accounts of approximately $58 million and $45 million at December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See “—Recent Accounting Pronouncements" below for information on recently issued accounting guidance regarding the allowance for doubtful accounts.
Our customers are primarily located in the United States, Canada, Europe, Latin America and Asia, and are concentrated in the travel industry. We generate a significant portion of our revenues and corresponding accounts receivable from services provided to the commercial air travel industry. Our other accounts receivable are generally due from other participants in the travel and transportation industry. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, approximately $375 million, or 82%, and $334 million, or 81%, respectively, of our trade accounts receivable were attributable to services provided to the commercial air travel industry and travel agency customers. Substantially all of our accounts receivable represents trade balances. We generally do not require security or collateral from our customers as a condition of sale.
We regularly monitor the financial condition of the air transportation industry. We believe the credit risk related to the air carriers’ difficulties is significantly mitigated by the fact that we collect a significant portion of the receivables from these carriers through the Airline Clearing House and other similar clearing houses (“ACH”). As of December 31, 2019, approximately 59% of our air customers make payments through the ACH which accounts for approximately 89% of our air revenue. For these carriers, we believe the use of ACH mitigates our credit risk with respect to airline bankruptcies. For those carriers from which we do not collect payments through the ACH or other similar clearing houses, our credit risk is higher. We monitor these carriers and account for the related credit risk through our normal reserve policies.
Derivative Financial Instruments
We recognize all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. If the derivative is designated as a hedge, depending on the nature of the hedge, changes in the fair value of derivatives are offset against the change in fair value of the hedged item through earnings (a “fair value hedge”) or recognized in other comprehensive income until the hedged item is recognized in earnings (a “cash flow hedge”). For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, the gain or loss resulting from the change in fair value is recognized in current earnings during the period of change. No hedging ineffectiveness was recorded in earnings during the periods presented.
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Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization, which is calculated on the straight-line basis. Our depreciation and amortization policies are as follows:
| Buildings | Lesser of lease term or 35 years | ||||
| Leasehold improvements | Lesser of lease term or useful life | ||||
| Furniture and fixtures | 5 to 15 years | ||||
| Equipment, general office and computer | 3 to 5 years | ||||
| Software developed for internal use | 3 to 5 years | ||||
We capitalize certain costs related to our infrastructure, software applications and reservation systems under authoritative guidance on software developed for internal use. Capitalizable costs consist of (a) certain external direct costs of materials and services incurred in developing or obtaining internal use computer software and (b) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time to our GDS and SaaS-related development projects. Costs incurred during the preliminary project stage or costs incurred for data conversion activities and training, maintenance and general and administrative or overhead costs are expensed as incurred. Costs that cannot be separated between maintenance of, and relatively minor upgrades and enhancements to, internal use software are also expensed as incurred. See Note 6. Balance Sheet Components, for amounts capitalized as property and equipment in our consolidated balance sheets. Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment totaled $295 million, $288 million and $256 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization of software developed for internal use, included in depreciation and amortization, totaled $241 million, $236 million and $203 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $89 million, $252 million, and $251 million, respectively, related to software developed for internal use.
We also evaluate the useful lives of these assets on an annual basis and test for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. We did not record any property and equipment impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Leases
We lease certain facilities under long term operating leases. We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease assets are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets within other noncurrent assets and operating lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets. Finance lease assets are included in property and equipment with associated liabilities included in current portion of debt and long-term debt in our consolidated balance sheets.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our internal borrowing rate for leases with a lease term of less than or equal to five years. For leases with a lease term greater than five years, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the estimated rate of interest for corporate bond borrowings over a similar term of the lease payments. Certain of our lease agreements contain renewal options, early termination options and/or payment escalations based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We recognize rent expense with fixed rate increases and/or fixed rent reductions on a straight line basis over the term of the lease.
Business Combinations
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. Under this method, the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their respective fair values as of the date of acquisition. The excess, if any, of the acquisition price over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. For significant acquisitions, we utilize third-party appraisal firms to assist us in determining the fair values for certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The measurement of these fair values requires us to make significant estimates and assumptions which are inherently uncertain.
Adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed are made until we obtain all relevant information regarding the facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date (the “measurement period”), not to exceed one year from the date of the acquisition. We recognize measurement-period adjustments in the period in which we determine the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts we would have recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date.
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Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired in business combinations. Goodwill is not amortized but is reviewed for impairment on an annual basis or more frequently if events and circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Definite-lived intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis and assigned useful economic lives of to thirty years, depending on classification. The useful economic lives are evaluated on an annual basis.
We perform our annual assessment of possible impairment of goodwill as of October 1 of each year. We begin with the qualitative assessment of whether it is more likely than not that a reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value before applying the quantitative assessment described below. If it is determined through the evaluation of events or circumstances that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we perform a comparison of the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned to the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of that unit. If the sum of the carrying value of the assets and liabilities of a reporting unit exceeds the estimated fair value of that reporting unit, the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is reduced to its fair value through an adjustment to the goodwill balance, resulting in an impairment charge. We have three reporting units associated with our continuing operations: Travel Network, Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions. We did not record any goodwill impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. See Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.
Definite-lived intangible assets are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of definite lived intangible assets used in combination to generate cash flows largely independent of other assets may not be recoverable. If impairment indicators exist for definite-lived intangible assets, the undiscounted future cash flows associated with the expected service potential of the assets are compared to the carrying value of the assets. If our projection of undiscounted future cash flows is in excess of the carrying value of the intangible assets, no impairment charge is recorded. If our projection of undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value, the intangible assets are measured at fair value and an impairment charge is recorded based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets to its fair value. We did not record material intangible asset impairment charges for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. See Note 5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets, for additional information.
Equity Method Investments
We utilize the equity method to account for our interests in joint ventures that we do not control but over which we exert significant influence. We periodically evaluate equity and debt investments in entities accounted for under the equity method for impairment by reviewing updated financial information provided by the investee, including valuation information from new financing transactions by the investee and information relating to competitors of investees when available. We own voting interests in various national marketing companies ranging from 20% to 49%, a voting interest of 40% in ESS Elektroniczne Systemy Spzedazy Sp. zo.o, and a voting interest of 20% in Asiana Sabre, Inc. The carrying value of these equity method investments in joint ventures amounts to $24 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Contract Acquisition Costs and Capitalized Implementation Costs
We incur contract acquisition costs related to new contracts with our customers in the form of sales commissions based on estimated contract value for our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses. These costs are capitalized and reviewed for impairment on an annual basis. We generally amortize these costs, and those for renewals, over the average contract term for those businesses, excluding commissions on contracts with a term of one year or less, which are generally expensed in the period earned and recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.
We incur upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS revenue model. We capitalize these costs, including (a) certain external direct costs of materials and services incurred to implement a customer contract and (b) payroll and payroll related costs for employees who are directly associated with and devote time to implementation activities. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the related contract term, ranging from to ten years, as they are recoverable through deferred or future revenues associated with the relevant contract. These assets are reviewed for recoverability on a periodic basis or when an event occurs that could impact the recoverability of the assets, such as a significant contract modification or early renewal of contract terms. Recoverability is measured based on the future estimated revenue and direct costs of the contract compared to the capitalized implementation costs. See Note 6. Balance Sheet Components and Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for amounts capitalized within other assets, net in our consolidated balance sheets. Amortization of capitalized implementation costs, included in depreciation and amortization, totaled $39 million, $38 million and $40 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. See Note 4. Impairment and Related Charges.
Income Taxes
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the tax rates and laws enacted at the time of such determination. We regularly review our deferred tax assets for recoverability and a valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we make estimates and assumptions regarding projected future taxable income, our ability to carry back operating losses to prior periods, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities and implementation of tax planning strategies. We reassess these assumptions regularly which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance, resulting in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate, and could materially impact our results of operations.
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We recognize liabilities when we believe that an uncertain tax position may not be fully sustained upon examination by the tax authorities. We use significant judgment in determining whether a tax position's technical merits are more likely than not to be sustained and in measuring the amount of tax benefit that qualifies for recognition. For matters that are determined will more likely than not be sustained, we measure the tax benefit as the largest amount which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We recognize penalties and interest accrued related to income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes. As the matters challenged by the taxing authorities are typically complex and open to subjective interpretation, their ultimate outcome may differ from the amounts recognized.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), which was enacted on December 22, 2017, imposes a tax on global low-taxed intangible income (“GILTI”) in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. GILTI provisions are applicable to certain profits of a controlled foreign corporation that exceed the U.S. stockholder's deemed “routine” investment return under the TCJA and results in income includable in the return of U.S. shareholders. We recognize liabilities, if any, related to this provision of the TCJA in the year in which the liability arises and not as a deferred tax liability.
Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits
We recognize the funded status of our defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans in our consolidated balance sheets. The funded status is the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation as of the balance sheet date. The fair value of plan assets represents the cumulative contributions made to fund the pension and other postretirement benefit plans which are invested primarily in domestic and foreign equities and fixed income securities. The benefit obligation of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans are actuarially determined using certain assumptions approved by us. The benefit obligation is adjusted annually in the fourth quarter to reflect actuarial changes and may also be adjusted upon the adoption of plan amendments. These adjustments are initially recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are subsequently amortized over the life expectancy of the plan participants as a component of net periodic benefit costs.
Equity-Based Compensation
We account for our stock awards and options by recognizing compensation expense, measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the award, on a straight-line basis over the award vesting period, giving consideration as to whether the amount of compensation cost recognized at any date is equal to the portion of grant date value that is vested at that date. We recognize equity-based compensation expense net of any actual forfeitures.
We measure the grant date fair value of stock option awards as calculated by the Black-Scholes option-pricing model which requires certain subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of our common stock, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yield. The expected term is estimated by using the “simplified method” which is based on the midpoint between the vesting date and the expiration of the contractual term. We utilized the simplified method due to the lack of sufficient historical experience under our current grant terms. The expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our stock price. The expected risk-free interest rates are based on the yields of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities appropriate for the expected term of the stock options. The expected dividend yield was based on the calculated yield on our common stock at the time of grant assuming annual dividends totaling $0.56 per share for awards granted in 2019.
Foreign Currency
We remeasure foreign currency transactions into the relevant functional currency and record the foreign currency transaction gains or losses as a component of other, net in our consolidated statements of operations. We translate the financial statements of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars in consolidation and record the translation gains or losses as a component of other comprehensive income (loss). Translation gains or losses of foreign subsidiaries related to divested businesses are reclassified into earnings as a component of other, net in our consolidated statements of operations once the liquidation of the respective foreign subsidiaries is substantially complete.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
In July 2019, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued updated guidance that clarifies or improves the disclosure and presentation requirements of a variety of codification topics by aligning them with the SEC’s regulations, thereby eliminating certain redundancies and allowing for easier application of the codification. This standard is effective upon issuance and did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance that permits use of the Overnight Index Swap ("OIS") rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as a U.S. benchmark interest rate for hedge accounting purposes in addition to the Direct Treasury obligations of the U.S. government, the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") swap rate, the OIS rate based on the Federal Funds Effective Rate, and the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association Municipal Swap Rate. We adopted this standard in the first quarter of 2019, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance requiring organizations that lease assets—referred to as "lessees"—to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases, when the lease has a term of more than 12 months. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted the new
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standard using the modified retrospective approach and elected the package of practical expedients and the hindsight practical expedient. See Note 11. Leases for more information on the impacts from adoption and ongoing considerations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2019, the FASB issued updated guidance which simplifies the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions within existing income tax guidance, and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to promote consistency among reporting entities. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In October 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance that eliminates the requirement that entities consider indirect interests held through related parties under common control in their entirety when assessing whether a decision-making fee is a variable interest and instead requires entities to consider these indirect interests on a proportional basis. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2018, the FASB issued updated guidance on customer's accounting for implementation costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract. Under this updated standard, a customer in a cloud-computing arrangement that is a service contract is required to follow guidance on software developed for internal use to determine which implementation costs to capitalize as assets or expense as incurred. This standard aligns the accounting for implementation costs for hosting arrangements, regardless of whether they convey a license to the hosted software. The standard requires that capitalized implementation costs related to a hosting arrangement that is a service contract be amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, beginning when the component of the hosting arrangement is ready for its intended use, similar to requirements in guidance on software developed for internal use. In addition, costs incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation phases are expensed as they are incurred. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect the adoption of this standard will have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2016, the FASB issued updated guidance for the measurement of credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that are not measured at fair value through net income. Under this updated standard, the current "incurred loss" approach is replaced with an "expected loss" model for instruments measured at amortized cost. For available-for-sale debt securities, allowances for losses will now be required rather than reducing the instruments carrying value. The updated standard is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We anticipate that the impacts described above will result in a net increase of approximately $13 million to $23 million in our opening retained deficit as of January 1, 2020 with a corresponding decrease in accounts receivable, net and other in-scope assets. Implications to tax-related accounts are not included in these estimated amounts. Our assessment of the impact of this standard is ongoing and subject to finalization. We are continuing to evaluate the impacts of the new guidance to our results of operations, current accounting policies, processes, controls, systems and financial statement disclosures.
2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers
In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted the comprehensive update to revenue recognition guidance Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606"), which replaced the previous standard ("ASC 605"), using the modified retrospective approach, applied to contracts that were not completed as of the adoption date. Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a company transfers the promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received for those goods and services. The key areas of impact on our consolidated financial statements include:
•Revenue recognition for our Travel Network and Hospitality Solutions businesses did not change significantly. The definition of a performance obligation for Travel Network under the new guidance impacts the calculation for our booking fee cancellation reserve, which resulted in a beginning balance sheet adjustment.
•Our Airline Solutions business is primarily impacted by ASC 606 due to the following:
–Under ASC 605, we recognized revenue related to license fee and maintenance agreements ratably over the life of the contract. Under ASC 606, revenue for license fees is recognized upon delivery of the license and ongoing maintenance services are to be recognized ratably over the life of the contract. For existing open agreements, this change resulted in a beginning balance sheet adjustment and reduced revenue in subsequent years from these agreements.
–Allocation of contract revenues among various products and solutions, and the timing of the recognition of those revenues, are impacted by agreements with tiered pricing or variable rate structures that do not correspond with the goods or services delivered to the customer. For existing open agreements, this change resulted in a beginning balance sheet adjustment and reduced revenue in subsequent years from these agreements.
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•Capitalization of incremental contract acquisition costs (such as sales commissions), and recognition of these costs over the customer benefit period resulted in the recognition of an asset on our balance sheet and impacted our Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions businesses.
Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under ASC 606, while prior period amounts have not been adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with ASC 605. The impacts described above resulted in a net reduction to our opening retained deficit as of January 1, 2018 of approximately $102 million (net of tax, $78 million) with a corresponding increase primarily in current and long-term unbilled receivables, contract assets, other assets and other accrued liabilities.
Contract Balances
Revenue recognition for a significant portion of our revenue coincides with normal billing terms, including Travel Network's transactional revenues, and Airline Solutions' and Hospitality Solutions' SaaS and hosted revenues. Timing differences among revenue recognition, unconditional rights to bill, and receipt of contract consideration may result in contract assets or contract liabilities.
The following table presents our assets and liabilities with customers as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 (in thousands):
| Account | Consolidated Balance Sheet Location | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||
Contract assets and customer advances and discounts(1) | Prepaid expenses and other current assets / other assets, net | $ | 105,499 | $ | 79,268 | |||||||||||||||
| Trade and unbilled receivables, net | Accounts receivable, net | 539,806 | 501,467 | |||||||||||||||||
| Long-term trade unbilled receivables, net | Other assets, net | 38,250 | 50,467 | |||||||||||||||||
| Contract liabilities | Deferred revenues / other noncurrent liabilities | 167,832 | 165,858 | |||||||||||||||||
_______________________________
(1) Includes contract assets of $6 million and $4 million for December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recognized revenue of approximately $61 million from contract liabilities that existed as of January 1, 2019. Our long-term trade unbilled receivables, net relate to license fees billed ratably over the contractual period and recognized when the customer gains control of the software. We evaluate collectability of our accounts receivable based on a combination of factors and record reserves as reflected in Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies.
Revenue
The following table presents our revenues disaggregated by business (in thousands):
| Year Ended | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||
| Air | $ | 2,338,602 | $ | 2,284,419 | |||||||
| Lodging, Ground and Sea | 370,652 | 350,152 | |||||||||
| Other | 173,408 | 171,623 | |||||||||
| Total Travel Network | 2,882,662 | 2,806,194 | |||||||||
| SabreSonic Passenger Reservation System | 506,579 | 501,085 | |||||||||
Commercial and Operations Solutions(1) | 328,485 | 312,751 | |||||||||
| Other | 5,274 | 8,911 | |||||||||
| Total Airline Solutions | 840,338 | 822,747 | |||||||||
| SynXis Software and Services | 257,612 | 240,583 | |||||||||
| Other | 35,268 | 32,496 | |||||||||
| Total Hospitality Solutions | 292,880 | 273,079 | |||||||||
| Eliminations | (40,892) | (35,064) | |||||||||
| Total Sabre Revenue | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | |||||||
_______________________________
(1) Includes license fee revenue recognized upon delivery to the customer of $34 million and $27 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively.
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We may occasionally recognize revenue in the current period for performance obligations partially or fully satisfied in the previous periods resulting from changes in estimates for the transaction price, including any changes to our assessment of whether an estimate of variable consideration is constrained. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the impact on revenue recognized in the current period, from performance obligations partially or fully satisfied in the previous period, is immaterial.
We recognize revenue under long-term contracts that primarily includes variable consideration based on transactions processed. A majority of our consolidated revenue is recognized as a stand-ready performance obligation with the amount recognized based on the invoiced amounts for services performed, known as right to invoice revenue recognition. Certain of our contracts, primarily in the Airlines Solutions business, contain minimum transaction volumes, which in many instances are not considered substantive as the customer is expected to exceed the minimum in the contract. Unearned performance obligations primarily consist of deferred revenue for fixed implementation fees and future product implementations, which are included in deferred revenue and other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. We have not disclosed the performance obligation related to contracts containing minimum transaction volume, as it represents a subset of our business, and therefore would not be meaningful in understanding the total future revenues expected to be earned from our long-term contracts. See Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies regarding revenue recognition of our various revenue streams for more information.
Contract Acquisition Costs and Capitalized Implementation Costs
We incur contract costs in the form of acquisition costs and implementation costs. Contract acquisition costs are related to new contracts with our customers in the form of sales commissions based on the estimated contract value. We incur contract implementation costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS revenue model. We periodically assess contract costs for recoverability, and our assessment resulted in impairments of approximately $2 million and $4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies for an overview of our policy for capitalization of acquisition and implementation costs.
| Year Ended | |||||||||||
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||
| Contract acquisition costs: | |||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 21,298 | $ | 19,353 | |||||||
| Additions | 9,378 | 7,924 | |||||||||
| Amortization | (7,081) | (6,404) | |||||||||
| Other | — | 425 | |||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 23,595 | $ | 21,298 | |||||||
| Capitalized implementation costs: | |||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 189,448 | $ | 194,501 | |||||||
| Additions | 28,588 | 39,168 | |||||||||
| Amortization | (39,444) | (37,904) | |||||||||
| Impairment | (2,405) | (4,013) | |||||||||
| Other | (219) | (2,304) | |||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 175,968 | $ | 189,448 | |||||||
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3. Acquisitions
Farelogix
We announced on November 14, 2018 that we have entered into an agreement to acquire Farelogix, Inc. ("Farelogix"), a travel industry innovator in the airline information technology and distribution landscape. At closing, Sabre will purchase Farelogix for $360 million, funded by cash on hand and Revolver borrowing. We have agreed to advance certain attorneys' fees incurred by Farelogix in responding to certain governmental reviews of the acquisition and in defending against certain antitrust proceedings, which have totaled $20 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. These advances will be applied against the purchase price upon closing. On August 20, 2019, the U.S. Department of Justice ("DOJ") filed a complaint seeking a permanent injunction to prevent the acquisition. The trial concluded on February 6, 2020 and the trial court has not yet issued its decision. In addition, the U.K. Competitions and Market Authority ("CMA") has referred its review of the acquisition for a Phase 2 investigation and has published its provisional findings of competition concerns. There can be no assurance that the acquisition will occur on these terms or at all.
Radixx
In October 2019, we completed the acquisition of Radixx, a provider of retailing and customer service solutions to airlines in the low-cost carrier ("LCC") market, for $107 million, net of cash acquired and funded by cash on hand. Radixx is being integrated and is managed as a part of our Airline Solutions segment.
Purchase Price Allocation
The purchase price allocation presented below is preliminary and based on information available as of the filing date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Primarily, we consider the accounting related to intangible assets and the associated deferred taxes to be incomplete due to ongoing analysis. We expect to finalize the purchase price allocation in the first quarter of 2020. A summary of the acquisition price and estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition is as follows (in thousands):
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,348 | |||
| Accounts receivable | 2,587 | ||||
| Other current assets | 244 | ||||
| Goodwill | 82,402 | ||||
| Intangible assets: | |||||
| Customer relationships | 13,600 | ||||
| Developed technology | 10,800 | ||||
| Trade name | 1,400 | ||||
| Property and equipment, net | 2,142 | ||||
| Deferred tax assets | 2,968 | ||||
| Other long term assets, net | 2,641 | ||||
| Current liabilities | (7,071) | ||||
| Deferred tax liabilities | (1,583) | ||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | (2,668) | ||||
| Total acquisition price | $ | 110,810 | |||
Under the purchase accounting method, the total purchase price was allocated to the net assets of Radixx based upon estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets was recorded as goodwill, reflecting the growth potential of the business. The anticipated useful lives of the intangible assets acquired are 10 years for customer relationships, 5 years for developed technology and 18 years for the trade name.
The acquisition of Radixx did not have a material impact to our consolidated financial statements, and therefore pro forma information is not presented.
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4. Impairment and Related Charges
Capitalized implementation costs and deferred customer advances and discounts are reviewed for impairment if events and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. See Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies for more information. Given the substantial amount of uncertainty of reaching an agreement regarding the implementation of services pursuant to the contract with an Airline Solutions' customer, we evaluated the recoverability of net capitalized contract costs related to the customer and recorded a charge of $81 million during the year ended December 31, 2017. This charge was estimated based on a review of all balances with the customer including capitalized implementation costs, deferred customer advances and discounts, deferred revenue, contract liabilities, and other deferred charges. We will continue to monitor our position through the insolvency proceedings; however, there is no further exposure to our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2019. Given the uncertainty associated with the ultimate resolution of this dispute, there could be further impacts to our consolidated statement of operations. This impairment charge was primarily non-cash and was recorded to Impairment and related charges in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2017. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies—Other for additional information.
5. Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows (in thousands):
| Travel Network | Airline Solutions | Hospitality Solutions | Total Goodwill | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2017 | $ | 2,104,822 | $ | 290,985 | $ | 159,180 | $ | 2,554,987 | |||||||||||||||
Adjustments(1) | (33) | 378 | (2,963) | (2,618) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2018 | 2,104,789 | 291,363 | 156,217 | 2,552,369 | |||||||||||||||||||
Acquired | — | 82,402 | — | 82,402 | |||||||||||||||||||
Adjustments(1) | (7) | (107) | (1,406) | (1,520) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2019 | $ | 2,104,782 | $ | 373,658 | $ | 154,811 | $ | 2,633,251 | |||||||||||||||
________________________
(1)Includes net foreign currency effects during the year.
The following table presents our intangible assets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
| December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Carrying Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquired customer relationships | $ | 1,046,382 | $ | (735,367) | $ | 311,015 | $ | 1,033,555 | $ | (709,824) | $ | 323,731 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Trademarks and brand names | 333,638 | (147,735) | 185,903 | 332,239 | (137,009) | 195,230 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reacquired rights | 113,500 | (73,124) | 40,376 | 113,500 | (56,910) | 56,590 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchased technology | 437,288 | (409,204) | 28,084 | 426,488 | (400,750) | 25,738 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Acquired contracts, supplier and distributor agreements | 37,599 | (29,324) | 8,275 | 37,600 | (25,867) | 11,733 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-compete agreements | 14,686 | (14,686) | — | 14,686 | (14,460) | 226 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total intangible assets | $ | 1,983,093 | $ | (1,409,440) | $ | 573,653 | $ | 1,958,068 | $ | (1,344,820) | $ | 613,248 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Amortization expense relating to intangible assets subject to amortization totaled $65 million, $68 million and $96 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Estimated amortization expense related to intangible assets subject to amortization for each of the five succeeding years and beyond is as follows (in thousands):
| 2020 | $ | 65,915 | |||
| 2021 | 64,337 | ||||
| 2022 | 50,736 | ||||
| 2023 | 37,030 | ||||
| 2024 | 58,395 | ||||
| 2025 and thereafter | 297,240 | ||||
| Total | $ | 573,653 | |||
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6. Balance Sheet Components
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Prepaid Expenses | $ | 77,326 | $ | 80,049 | |||||||
| Value added tax receivable | 39,381 | 57,486 | |||||||||
| Other | 22,504 | 32,708 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 139,211 | $ | 170,243 | |||||||
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Buildings and leasehold improvements | $ | 163,881 | $ | 156,357 | |||||||
| Furniture, fixtures and equipment | 38,878 | 38,049 | |||||||||
| Computer equipment | 397,454 | 349,454 | |||||||||
| Software developed for internal use | 1,857,353 | 1,771,306 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment | 2,457,566 | 2,315,166 | |||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation and amortization | (1,815,844) | (1,524,794) | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 641,722 | $ | 790,372 | |||||||
Other Assets, Net
Other assets, net consist of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Capitalized implementation costs, net | $ | 175,966 | $ | 189,447 | |||||||
| Deferred upfront incentive consideration | 151,606 | 162,893 | |||||||||
Long-term contract assets and customer advances and discounts(1) | 105,461 | 60,075 | |||||||||
Right-of-Use asset(2) | 64,191 | — | |||||||||
Long-term trade unbilled receivables(1) | 38,250 | 50,467 | |||||||||
| Other | 134,631 | 147,789 | |||||||||
| Other assets, net | $ | 670,105 | $ | 610,671 | |||||||
________________________________
(1) Refer to Note 2. Revenue from Contracts with Customers for additional information.
(2) In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted new lease accounting guidance on a modified retrospective basis in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. See Note 11. Leases, for additional information.
Other Noncurrent Liabilities
Other noncurrent liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Pension and other postretirement benefits | $ | 127,837 | $ | 118,919 | |||||||
| Deferred revenue | 74,646 | 75,685 | |||||||||
Lease liabilities(1) | 49,970 | — | |||||||||
| Tax receivable agreement | — | 72,939 | |||||||||
| Other | 95,069 | 72,952 | |||||||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | $ | 347,522 | $ | 340,495 | |||||||
___________________________
(1) In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted new lease accounting guidance on a modified retrospective basis in accordance with ASC 842, Leases. See Note 11. Leases, for additional information.
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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Accumulated other comprehensive loss consists of the following (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans | $ | (143,389) | $ | (139,430) | |||||||
| Unrealized foreign currency translation gain | 4,289 | 7,201 | |||||||||
| Unrealized loss on foreign currency forward contracts, interest rate swaps and available-for-sale securities | (10,206) | (495) | |||||||||
| Total accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax | $ | (149,306) | $ | (132,724) | |||||||
The amortization of actuarial losses and periodic service credits associated with our retirement-related benefit plans is included in Other, net. See Note 9. Derivatives, for information on the income statement line items affected as the result of reclassification adjustments associated with derivatives.
In 2018, we adopted an updated accounting standard and elected to reclassify the stranded income tax effects related to the enactment of the TCJA to retained earnings resulting in a decrease in our retained deficit of $22 million with a corresponding increase to accumulated other comprehensive income.
7. Income Taxes
On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was signed into law. The TCJA contains significant changes to the U.S. corporate income tax system, including a reduction of the federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, a limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted taxable income (as defined in the TCJA), base erosion and anti-avoidance tax (“BEAT”), foreign-derived intangible income (“FDII”) and global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”), one-time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates in connection with the transition of U.S. international taxation from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system (“transition tax”), and elimination of U.S. tax on dividends from foreign subsidiaries (subject to certain important exceptions).
At December 31, 2017, we recorded a provisional net discrete tax cost associated with the TCJA of $47 million. The provisional amounts recorded in 2017 related primarily to the transition tax and were partially offset by the remeasurement of deferred taxes. Upon further analysis of certain aspects of the TCJA and subsequently published administrative guidance, and refinement of our calculations, during the year ended December 31, 2018, we reduced the provisional amount by $27 million.
The Tax Receivable Agreement ("TRA") provides for future payments to Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders (as defined below) for cash savings for U.S. federal income tax realized as a result of the utilization of Pre-IPO Tax Assets (as defined below). These cash savings would be realized at the enacted statutory tax rate effective in the year of utilization. Primarily as a result of the reduction in the U.S. corporate income tax rate, we recorded a $58 million provisional reduction to the liability at December 31, 2017. In 2018, we finalized the 2017 U.S. federal income tax return and utilized additional Pre-IPO Tax Assets in the return, primarily as a result of electing to utilize our NOLs against our one-time transition tax income. As a result of the change in estimated NOL utilization at the higher corporate income tax rate in 2017 we recorded an increase to our liability of $5 million related to the TRA, which is reflected in our 2018 income from continuing operations before taxes. During 2019, we decreased the TRA liability by $3 million as a result of certain audit and transfer pricing adjustments recorded during the period, which is reflected in our 2019 income from continuing operations before taxes.
The components of pretax income from continuing operations, generally based on the jurisdiction of the legal entity, were as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Components of pre-tax income: | |||||||||||||||||
| Domestic | $ | 30,960 | $ | 190,291 | $ | 199,685 | |||||||||||
| Foreign | 168,678 | 208,122 | 177,928 | ||||||||||||||
| $ | 199,638 | $ | 398,413 | $ | 377,613 | ||||||||||||
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The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations consists of the following:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Current portion: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | 4,488 | $ | (49,518) | $ | 50,829 | |||||||||||
| State and Local | 3,781 | 4,168 | 2,388 | ||||||||||||||
| Non U.S. | 49,982 | 59,743 | 26,060 | ||||||||||||||
| Total current | 58,251 | 14,393 | 79,277 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred portion: | |||||||||||||||||
| Federal | (14,215) | 55,502 | 47,372 | ||||||||||||||
| State and Local | (1,692) | (4,812) | (6,178) | ||||||||||||||
| Non U.S. | (7,018) | (7,591) | 7,566 | ||||||||||||||
| Total deferred | (22,925) | 43,099 | 48,760 | ||||||||||||||
| Total provision for income taxes | $ | 35,326 | $ | 57,492 | $ | 128,037 | |||||||||||
The provision for income taxes relating to continuing operations differs from amounts computed at the statutory federal income tax rate as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Income tax provision at statutory federal income tax rate | $ | 41,924 | $ | 83,667 | $ | 132,165 | |||||||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 2,223 | (42) | (1,727) | ||||||||||||||
| Impact of non U.S. taxing jurisdictions, net | 14,078 | 5,591 | (13,492) | ||||||||||||||
Impact of U.S. TCJA(1) | — | (26,730) | 46,563 | ||||||||||||||
| Employee stock based compensation | 8,380 | 3,884 | (2,849) | ||||||||||||||
| Research tax credit | (28,593) | (9,818) | (8,777) | ||||||||||||||
Tax receivable agreement (TRA)(2) | (536) | 1,019 | (20,861) | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (2,150) | (79) | (2,985) | ||||||||||||||
| Total provision for income taxes | $ | 35,326 | $ | 57,492 | $ | 128,037 | |||||||||||
___________________________
(1)In 2018, amount includes SAB 118 adjustments for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects. In 2017, amount includes $48 million of transition tax expense, and the remainder is the net benefit on cumulative deferred taxes.
(2)Amount includes adjustments to the TRA, which are not taxable.
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The components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Accrued expenses | $ | 7,547 | $ | 8,638 | |||||||
| Employee benefits other than pension | 23,272 | 34,147 | |||||||||
| Lease liabilities | 9,415 | — | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 30,715 | 22,351 | |||||||||
| Pension obligations | 27,407 | 26,821 | |||||||||
| Tax loss carryforwards | 54,556 | 70,340 | |||||||||
| Incentive consideration | 6,722 | 9,456 | |||||||||
| Tax credit carryforwards | 16,136 | 31,467 | |||||||||
| Suspended loss | 14,635 | 14,474 | |||||||||
| Other | 5,916 | 8,008 | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 196,321 | 225,702 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Right of use assets | (9,261) | — | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | (7,059) | (13,298) | |||||||||
| Software developed for internal use | (66,918) | (103,631) | |||||||||
| Intangible assets | (120,528) | (122,921) | |||||||||
| Unrealized gains and losses | (18,778) | (21,840) | |||||||||
| Non U.S. operations | (13,789) | (9,355) | |||||||||
| Investment in partnership | (7,306) | (6,794) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (243,639) | (277,839) | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (38,272) | (59,294) | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax (liability) | $ | (85,590) | $ | (111,431) | |||||||
In the first quarter of 2018, we adopted ASC 606, which replaced ASC 605, using the modified retrospective approach. As a result of the adoption of ASC 606, we recorded a cumulative effect adjustment as of January 1, 2018 to decrease our opening retained deficit as of January 1, 2018 by approximately $102 million with a corresponding increase to deferred tax liabilities of $24 million to recognize the increase to income taxes payable in the future related to revenue recognition.
As a result of the enactment of the TCJA, we recorded a one-time transition tax on the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries. We do not consider undistributed foreign earnings to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2019, with certain limited exceptions and have recorded corresponding deferred taxes. We consider the undistributed capital investments in our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested as of December 31, 2019, and have not provided deferred taxes on any outside basis differences. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability, if any, related to indefinitely reinvested capital investments is not practicable.
As of December 31, 2019, we have U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") of approximately $32 million, primarily related to the acquisition of Radixx, which will expire between 2022 and 2039. As a result of the acquisition of Radixx and other prior business combinations, all of the U.S. federal NOLs are subject to the annual limit on the ability of a corporation to use certain tax attributes (as defined in Section 382 of the Code). However, we expect that Section 382 will not limit our ability to fully realize the tax benefits. We have state NOLs of $7 million which will expire between 2020 and 2038 and state research tax credit carryforwards of $18 million which will expire between 2023 and 2039. We have $165 million of NOL carryforwards related to certain non-U.S. taxing jurisdictions that are primarily from countries with indefinite carryforward periods.
We regularly review our deferred tax assets for realizability and a valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance for our deferred tax assets, we considered all available positive and negative evidence, including our ability to carry back NOLs to prior periods, the reversal of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies and projected future taxable income. We maintained a state NOL valuation allowance of $5 million and $4 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. For non-U.S. deferred tax assets of lastminute.com and other subsidiaries, we maintained a valuation allowance of $33 million and $55 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We reassess these assumptions regularly which could cause an increase or decrease to the valuation allowance. This assessment could result in an increase or decrease in the effective tax rate which could materially impact our results of operations.
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It is our policy to recognize penalties and interest accrued related to income taxes as a component of the provision for income taxes from continuing operations. During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized a benefit of $7 million, expense of $1 million and expense of $1 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had a liability, including interest and penalty, of $81 million and $93 million, respectively, for unrecognized tax benefits, including cumulative accrued interest and penalties of approximately $16 million and $23 million, respectively.
A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties, is as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 70,327 | $ | 74,388 | $ | 49,331 | |||||||||||
| Additions for tax positions taken in the current year | 5,149 | 4,450 | 5,279 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions for tax positions of prior years | 12,679 | 2,612 | 21,669 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions for tax positions from acquisitions | 1,294 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Reductions for tax positions of prior years | (19,611) | (5,831) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Reductions for tax positions of expired statute of limitations | (1,192) | (3,143) | (1,891) | ||||||||||||||
| Settlements | (4,001) | (2,149) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 64,645 | $ | 70,327 | $ | 74,388 | |||||||||||
We present unrecognized tax benefits as a reduction to deferred tax assets for NOLs, similar tax loss or a tax credit carryforward that is available to settle additional income taxes that would result from the disallowance of a tax position, presuming disallowance at the reporting date. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that were offset against deferred tax assets was $48 million, $55 million and $53 million as of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017 respectively.
As of December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, the amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact the effective tax rate was $48 million, $51 million and $70 million, respectively. We believe that it is reasonably possible that $15 million in unrecognized tax benefits may be resolved in the next twelve months.
In the normal course of business, we are subject to examination by taxing authorities throughout the world. The following table summarizes, by major tax jurisdiction, our tax years that remain subject to examination by taxing authorities:
| Tax Jurisdiction | Years Subject to Examination | ||||
| United Kingdom | 2013 - forward | ||||
| Singapore | 2015 - forward | ||||
| Texas | 2015 - forward | ||||
| Uruguay | 2014 - forward | ||||
| U.S. Federal | 2014 - forward | ||||
We currently have ongoing audits in India (2003-2016) and various other jurisdictions. We do not expect that the results of these examinations will have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2009.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering, we entered into the TRA that provides the stockholders and equity award holders that were our stockholders and equity award holders, respectively, immediately prior to the closing of our initial public offering (collectively, the "Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders") the right to receive future payments from us. The future payments will equal 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal income tax that we and our subsidiaries realize as a result of the utilization of certain tax assets attributable to periods prior to our initial public offerings, including NOLs, capital losses and the ability to realize tax amortization of certain intangible assets (collectively, the "Pre-IPO Tax Assets"). Primarily due to the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "TCJA"), which reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate, we recorded a total net reduction in the TRA liability of $55 million across the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Additionally, there was another reduction of $3 million related to certain audit and transfer pricing adjustments recorded in 2019. The TRA payments accrue interest in accordance with the terms of the TRA subsequent to the tax year in which the tax benefits are realized through the date of the benefit payment. We made payments, including interest, of $72 million in January 2020, $30 million in April 2019, and $74 million, $60 million and $101 million in January 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In December 2019, we exercised our right under the terms of the TRA to accelerate our remaining payments under the TRA and make an early termination payment of $1 million to the Pre-IPO Existing Shareholders, which was included in the January 2020 payment of $72 million described above. As a result, no future payments are required to be made to the Pre-IPO Existing Stockholders under the TRA.
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8. Debt
As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, our outstanding debt included in our consolidated balance sheets totaled $3,343 million and $3,406 million, respectively, which are net of debt issuance costs of $15 million and $18 million, respectively, and unamortized discounts of $6 million and $7 million, respectively. The following table sets forth the face values of our outstanding debt as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rate | Maturity | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior secured credit facilities: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan A | L + 2.25% | July 2022 | $ | 484,500 | $ | 527,250 | |||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan B | L + 2.00% | February 2024 | 1,843,427 | 1,862,237 | |||||||||||||||||||
Revolver, $400 million | L + 2.00% | July 2022 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5.375% senior secured notes due 2023 | 5.375% | April 2023 | 530,000 | 530,000 | |||||||||||||||||||
| 5.25% senior secured notes due 2023 | 5.25% | November 2023 | 500,000 | 500,000 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Finance lease obligations | 5,882 | 12,368 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Face value of total debt outstanding | 3,363,809 | 3,431,855 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Less current portion of debt outstanding | (81,614) | (68,435) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Face value of long-term debt outstanding | $ | 3,282,195 | $ | 3,363,420 | |||||||||||||||||||
Senior Secured Credit Facilities
In February 2013, Sabre GLBL entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. The agreement replaced (i) the existing term loans with new classes of term loans of $1,775 million (the “2013 Term Loan B”) and $425 million (the “2013 Term Loan C”) and (ii) the existing revolving credit facility with a new revolving credit facility of $352 million (the “2013 Revolver”). In September 2013, Sabre GLBL entered into an agreement to amend the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to add a new class of term loans in the amount of $350 million (the “2013 Incremental Term Loan Facility”).
In July 2016, Sabre GLBL entered into a series of amendments (the “Credit Agreement Amendments”) to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to provide for an incremental term loan under a new class with an aggregate principal amount of $600 million (the “2016 Term Loan A”) and to replace the 2013 Revolver with a new revolving credit facility totaling $400 million (the “2016 Revolver”). The proceeds of $597 million, net of $3 million discount, from the 2016 Term Loan A were used to repay $350 million of outstanding principal on our 2013 Term Loan B and 2013 Incremental Term Loan Facility, on a pro rata basis, repay the $120 million then-outstanding balance on the 2016 Revolver, and pay $11 million in associated financing fees. We recognized a $4 million loss on extinguishment of debt in connection with these transactions during the year ended December 31, 2016.
On February 22, 2017, Sabre GLBL entered into a Third Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “2017 Term Facility Amendment”). The new agreement replaced the 2013 Term Loan B, 2013 Incremental Term Loan Facility and 2013 Term Loan C with a single class of term loan (the "2017 Term Loan B") with an aggregate principal amount of $1,900 million maturing on February 22, 2024. The proceeds of $1,898 million, net of $2 million discount on the 2017 Term Loan B, were used to pay off approximately $1,761 million of all existing classes of outstanding term loans (other than the 2016 Term Loan A), pay related accrued interest and pay $12 million in associated financing fees, which were recorded as debt modification costs in Other, net in the consolidated statement of operations during the three months ended March 31, 2017. The remaining proceeds of the 2017 Term Loan B were used to pay off approximately $80 million of Sabre’s outstanding mortgage on its corporate headquarters on March 31, 2017 and for other general corporate purposes. Unamortized debt issuance costs and discount related to existing classes of outstanding term loans prior to the 2017 Term Facility Amendment of $9 million and $3 million, respectively, will continue to be amortized over the remaining term of the 2017 Term Loan B along with the Term Loan B discount of $2 million.
On August 23, 2017, Sabre GLBL entered into a Fourth Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, Term Loan A Refinancing Amendment to the Credit Agreement, and Second Revolving Facility Refinancing Amendment to the Credit Agreement to refinance and modify the terms of the 2017 Term Loan B, the 2016 Term Loan A, and the 2016 Revolver, resulting in a reduction of the applicable margins for each of these instruments and approximately a -year extension of the maturity of the 2016 Term Loan A and 2016 Revolver (the “2017 Refinancing”). We incurred no additional indebtedness as a result of the 2017 Refinancing. The 2017 Refinancing included a $400 million revolving credit facility ("Revolver") that replaced the 2016 Revolver, as well as the application of the proceeds of the approximately $1,891 million incremental Term Loan B facility (“Term Loan B”) and $570 million Term Loan A facility (“Term Loan A”) to replace the 2017 Term Loan B and the 2016 Term Loan A. The maturity of the Revolver and the Term Loan A was extended from July 18, 2021 to July 1, 2022. The applicable margins for the Term Loan B were reduced to 2.25% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.25% per annum for base rate loans. The applicable margins for the Term Loan A and the Revolver were reduced to (i) between 2.50% and 1.75% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and (ii) between 1.50% and 0.75% per annum for base rate loans, in each case with the applicable margin for any quarter reduced by 25 basis points (up to 75 basis points total) if the Senior Secured First-Lien Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) is less than 3.75 to 1.0, 3.00 to 1.0, or 2.25 to 1.0, respectively.
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On March 2, 2018, Sabre GLBL entered into a Fifth Incremental Term Facility Amendment to our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement to refinance and modify the terms of the Term Loan B, resulting in a reduction of the applicable margins for the Term Loan B to 2.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.00% per annum for base rate loans. We incurred no additional indebtedness as a result of this transaction and incurred $2 million in financing fees recorded within Other, net and a $1 million loss on extinguishment of debt, in our consolidated results of operations year ended December 31, 2018.
Under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, the loan parties are subject to certain customary non-financial covenants, including certain restrictions on incurring certain types of indebtedness, creation of liens on certain assets, making of certain investments, and payment of dividends, as well as a maximum leverage ratio. Pursuant to Credit Agreement Amendments, effective July 18, 2016, the maximum leverage ratio has been adjusted to be based on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) and we are required, at all times (no longer solely when a threshold amount of revolving loans or letters of credit were outstanding), to maintain a Total Net Leverage Ratio of less than 4.5 to 1.0. As of December 31, 2019 we are in compliance with all covenants under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
We had no balance outstanding under the Revolver as of December 31, 2019 and as of December 31, 2018. We had outstanding letters of credit totaling $12 million and $15 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, which reduced our overall credit capacity under the Revolver and 2016 Revolver.
Principal Payments
Principal payments on the Term Loan A are due on a quarterly basis equal to 1.25% of its initial aggregate principal amount during the first two years of its term and 2.50% of its initial aggregate principal amount during the next three years of its term. Term Loan B matures on February 22, 2024, and required principal payments in equal quarterly installments of 0.25% through to the maturity date of which the remaining balance is due. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we made $62 million of scheduled principal payments.
We are also required to pay down the term loans by an amount equal to 50% of annual excess cash flow, as defined in our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement. This percentage requirement may decrease or be eliminated if certain leverage ratios are achieved. Based on our results for the year ended December 31, 2018, we were not required to make an excess cash flow payment in 2019, and no excess cash flow payment was required in 2020 with respect to our results for the year ended December 31, 2019. We are further required to pay down the term loan with proceeds from certain asset sales or borrowings as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement.
Interest
Borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate equal to either, at our option: (i) the Eurocurrency rate plus an applicable margin for Eurocurrency borrowings as set forth below, or (ii) a base rate determined by the highest of (1) the prime rate of Bank of America, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 1/2% or (3) LIBOR plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin for base rate borrowings as set forth below. The Eurocurrency rate is based on LIBOR for all U.S. dollar borrowings and has a floor. We have elected the one-month LIBOR as the floating interest rate on all of our outstanding term loans. Interest payments are due on the last day of each month as a result of electing one-month LIBOR. Interest on a portion of the outstanding loan is hedged with interest rate swaps (see Note 9. Derivatives).
| Eurocurrency borrowings | Base rate borrowings | ||||||||||
Applicable Margin(1)(2) | Applicable Margin | ||||||||||
| Term Loan A | 2.25% | 1.00% | |||||||||
| Term Loan B | 2.00% | 1.00% | |||||||||
Revolver, $400 million | 2.00% | 1.00% | |||||||||
_____________________________
(1)Applicable margins do not reflect potential step ups and downs of Term Loan A and Revolver, $400 million, which are determined by the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio. See below for additional information.
(2)Term Loan A, Term Loan B, and Revolver, $400 million, are subject to a 0% floor.
Applicable margins for the Term Loan B are 2.00% per annum for Eurocurrency rate loans and 1.00% per annum for base rate loans over the life of the loan and are not dependent on the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio. Applicable margins for the Term Loan A and the Revolver step up by 25 basis points for any quarter if the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio is greater than or equal to 3.00 to 1.0. Applicable margins for the Term Loan A and the Revolver under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement step down 25 basis points for any quarter if the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio is less than 2.25 to 1.0. In addition, we are required to pay a quarterly commitment fee of 0.250% per annum for unused Revolver commitments. The commitment fee may increase to 0.375% per annum if the Senior Secured Leverage Ratio is greater than or equal to 3.00 to 1.0.
Our effective interest rates on borrowings under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, inclusive of amounts charged to interest expense, are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Including the impact of interest rate swaps | 4.64 | % | 4.57 | % | 4.35 | % | |||||||||||
| Excluding the impact of interest rate swaps | 4.63 | % | 4.36 | % | 4.03 | % | |||||||||||
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Senior Secured Notes due 2023
In April 2015, we issued $530 million senior secured notes due in April 2023 with a stated interest rate of 5.375% and received proceeds of $522 million, net of underwriting fees and commissions.
In November 2015, we issued $500 million senior secured notes due in November 2023 with a stated interest rate of 5.25% and received net proceeds of $494 million, net of underwriting fees and commissions.
The senior secured notes due 2023 were issued by Sabre GLBL and are guaranteed by Sabre Holdings and each of Sabre GLBL’s existing and subsequently acquired or organized subsidiaries that are borrowers under or guarantors of our senior secured credit facilities. The senior secured notes due 2023 are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all present and after acquired property and assets of Sabre GLBL and the guarantors of the notes, which also constitutes collateral securing indebtedness under our senior secured facilities on a first priority basis.
Aggregate Maturities
As of December 31, 2019, aggregate maturities of our long-term debt were as follows (in thousands):
| Amount | |||||
| Years Ending December 31, | |||||
| 2020 | $ | 81,614 | |||
| 2021 | 75,870 | ||||
| 2022 | 389,323 | ||||
| 2023 | 1,048,817 | ||||
| 2024 | 1,768,185 | ||||
| Thereafter | — | ||||
| Total | $ | 3,363,809 | |||
9. Derivatives
Hedging Objectives-We are exposed to certain risks relating to ongoing business operations. The primary risks managed by using derivative instruments are foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. Forward contracts on various foreign currencies are entered into to manage the foreign currency exchange rate risk on operational expenditures' exposure denominated in foreign currencies. Interest rate swaps are entered into to manage interest rate risk associated with our floating-rate borrowings.
In accordance with authoritative guidance on accounting for derivatives and hedging, we designate foreign currency forward contracts as cash flow hedges on operational exposure and interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of floating-rate borrowings.
Cash Flow Hedging Strategy-To protect against the reduction in value of forecasted foreign currency cash flows, we hedge portions of our revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies with forward contracts. For example, when the dollar strengthens significantly against the foreign currencies, the decline in present value of future foreign currency expense is offset by losses in the fair value of the forward contracts designated as hedges. Conversely, when the dollar weakens, the increase in the present value of future foreign currency expense is offset by gains in the fair value of the forward contracts.
We enter into interest rate swap agreements to manage interest rate risk exposure. The interest rate swap agreements modify our exposure to interest rate risk by converting floating-rate debt to a fixed rate basis, thus reducing the impact of interest rate changes on future interest expense and net earnings. These agreements involve the receipt of floating rate amounts in exchange for fixed rate interest payments over the life of the agreements without an exchange of the underlying principal amount.
For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges, the effective portion and ineffective portions of the gain or loss on the derivative instruments, and the hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness, are reported as a component of other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and reclassified into earnings in the same line item associated with the forecasted transaction and in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value reflected in Other, net in the consolidated statement of operations.
Forward Contracts- In order to hedge our operational expenditures' exposure to foreign currency movements, we are a party to certain foreign currency forward contracts that extend until December 2020. We have designated these instruments as cash flow hedges. No hedging ineffectiveness was recorded in earnings relating to the forward contracts during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. As of December 31, 2019, we estimate that $2 million in gains will be reclassified from other comprehensive income (loss) to earnings over the next 12 months.
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As of December 31, 2019 and 2018, we had the following unsettled purchased foreign currency forward contracts that were entered into to hedge our operational exposure to foreign currency movements (in thousands, except for average contract rates):
| Outstanding Notional Amounts as of December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Buy Currency | Sell Currency | Foreign Amount | USD Amount | Average Contract Rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polish Zloty | US Dollar | 265,000 | 68,971 | 0.2603 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indian Rupee | US Dollar | 4,485,000 | 61,708 | 0.0138 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singapore Dollar | US Dollar | 63,500 | 46,759 | 0.7364 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| British Pound Sterling | US Dollar | 18,400 | 24,109 | 1.3103 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australian Dollar | US Dollar | 16,500 | 11,521 | 0.6982 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Swedish Krona | US Dollar | 38,100 | 4,106 | 0.1075 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding Notional Amount as of December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Buy Currency | Sell Currency | Foreign Amount | USD Amount | Average Contract Rate | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polish Zloty | US Dollar | 232,500 | 64,281 | 0.2765 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singapore Dollar | US Dollar | 59,800 | 44,504 | 0.7442 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indian Rupee | US Dollar | 2,880,000 | 39,956 | 0.0139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| British Pound Sterling | US Dollar | 19,600 | 26,525 | 1.3533 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australian Dollar | US Dollar | 23,950 | 17,674 | 0.7379 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Swedish Krona | US Dollar | 48,250 | 5,678 | 0.1177 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brazilian Real | US Dollar | 14,300 | 3,753 | 0.2615 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Interest Rate Swap Contracts—Interest rate swaps outstanding at December 31, 2019 and matured during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:
| Notional Amount | Interest Rate Received | Interest Rate Paid | Effective Date | Maturity Date | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated as Hedging Instrument | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 1.15% | March 31, 2017 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 1.65% | December 29, 2017 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $1,350 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 2.27% | December 31, 2018 | December 31, 2019 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $1,200 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 2.19% | December 31, 2019 | December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $600 million | 1 month LIBOR(2) | 2.81% | December 31, 2020 | December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Not Designated as Hedging Instrument(1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(3) | 2.19% | December 30, 2016 | December 29, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1.18% | 1 month LIBOR | March 31, 2017 | December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1 month LIBOR(3) | 2.61% | December 29, 2017 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| $750 million | 1.67% | 1 month LIBOR | December 29, 2017 | December 31, 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
_____________________
(1) Subject to a 1% floor.
(2) Subject to a 0% floor.
(3) As of February 22, 2017.
In connection with the 2017 Term Facility Amendment, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps effective March 31, 2017 to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate 2017 Term Loan B. The total notional amount outstanding is $750 million for the full years 2018 and 2019. In September 2017, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $750 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B. The total notional outstanding of $750 million became effective December 31, 2019 and extends through the full year 2020. In April 2018, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $600 million, $300 million and $450 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B related to full year 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. In December 2018, we entered into new forward starting interest rate swaps to hedge the interest payments associated with $150 million of the floating-rate Term Loan B for the full years 2020 and 2021. We have designated these swaps as cash flow hedges.
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The estimated fair values of our derivatives designated as hedging instruments as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows (in thousands):
| Derivative Assets (Liabilities) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fair Value as of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments | Consolidated Balance Sheet Location | 2019 | 2018 | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 1,953 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | Other accrued liabilities | — | (4,285) | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | — | 3,674 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | Other assets, net | — | 295 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | Other accrued liabilities | (7,020) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | Other noncurrent liabilities | (7,918) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (12,985) | $ | (316) | ||||||||||||||||
The effects of derivative instruments, net of taxes, on OCI for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows (in thousands):
Amount of (Loss) Gain Recognized in OCI on Derivative, Effective Portion | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | $ | (360) | $ | (8,250) | $ | 13,205 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | (14,857) | 1,907 | 2,583 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (15,217) | $ | (6,343) | $ | 15,788 | ||||||||||||||
Amount of Loss (Gain) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Income, Effective Portion | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives in Cash Flow Hedging Relationships | Income Statement Location | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange contracts | Cost of revenue | $ | 5,351 | $ | (322) | $ | (3,001) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | Interest Expense, net | 156 | 3,999 | 5,083 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 5,507 | $ | 3,677 | $ | 2,082 | ||||||||||||||||||||
10. Fair Value Measurements
Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date in the principal or most advantageous market for that asset or liability. Guidance on fair value measurements and disclosures establishes a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of inputs used in measuring fair value defined as follows:
Level 1—Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices that are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets and quoted prices in non-active markets, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable, and inputs that are not directly observable, but are corroborated by observable market data.
Level 3—Inputs that are unobservable and are supported by little or no market activity and reflect the use of significant management judgment.
The classification of a financial asset or liability within the hierarchy is determined based on the least reliable level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In determining fair value, we utilize valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. We also consider the counterparty and our own non-performance risk in our assessment of fair value.
Assets and Liabilities that are Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
Foreign Currency Forward Contracts—The fair value of the foreign currency forward contracts was estimated based upon pricing models that utilize Level 2 inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as currency spot and forward rates.
Interest Rate Swaps—The fair value of our interest rate swaps are estimated using a combined income and market-based valuation methodology based upon Level 2 inputs, including credit ratings and forward interest rate yield curves obtained from independent pricing services reflecting broker market quotes.
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Pension Plan Assets—See Note 15. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans, for fair value information on our pension plan assets.
The following tables present the fair value of our assets (liabilities) that are required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
| Fair Value at Reporting Date Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2019 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 1,953 | $ | — | $ | 1,953 | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap contracts | (14,938) | — | (14,938) | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (12,985) | $ | — | $ | (12,985) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Fair Value at Reporting Date Using | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, 2018 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | (4,285) | $ | — | $ | (4,285) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swap contracts | 3,969 | — | 3,969 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (316) | $ | — | $ | (316) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 within the fair value hierarchy for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
Assets that are Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis
As described in Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies, our impairment review of goodwill is performed annually, as of October 1 of each year. In addition, goodwill, property and equipment and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment if events and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable.
Other Financial Instruments
The carrying value of our financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, and accounts receivable approximates their fair values. The fair values of our senior secured notes due 2023 and term loans under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement are determined based on quoted market prices for a similar liability when traded as an asset in an active market, a Level 2 input.
The following table presents the fair value and carrying value of all our notes and term loans under our Amended and Restated Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
| Fair Value at December 31, | Carrying Value(1) at December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Instrument | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan A | $ | 485,106 | $ | 520,000 | $ | 483,317 | $ | 525,514 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan B | 1,856,100 | 1,798,223 | 1,838,741 | 1,856,496 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5.375 % Senior Secured Notes Due 2023 | 543,536 | 529,799 | 530,000 | 530,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5.25% Senior Secured Notes Due 2023 | 514,670 | 495,248 | 500,000 | 500,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
_____________________
(1)Excludes net unamortized debt issuance costs.
11. Leases
In the first quarter of 2019, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 842, Leases, which replaced the previous accounting standard. The new lease standard is a right-of-use model, requiring most lessee agreements to be recorded on the balance sheet. The intent of the standard is to provide greater transparency about lessee obligations and activities. The primary impact to our financial statements is that most operating leases are recorded on our consolidated balance sheet and enhanced disclosures are required for both operating and finance leases. As permitted by ASC 842, our accounting policy is to evaluate lessee agreements with a minimum term greater than one year for recording on the balance sheet.
We adopted the standard using the modified retrospective approach, as of January 1, 2019. Prior year's financial results were not restated. On the adoption date, we recorded a right-of-use asset for $72 million in other assets, net, with a corresponding offset to other accrued liabilities and other noncurrent liabilities for $25 million and $47 million, respectively. There was no impact to retained deficit from adoption of the new standard.
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The following table presents the components of lease expense (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | 27,035 | |||
| Finance lease cost: | |||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 7,073 | |||
| Interest on lease liabilities | 453 | ||||
| Total finance lease cost | $ | 7,526 | |||
The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to leases (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||
| Supplemental Cash Flow Information | |||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | |||||
| Operating cash flows used in operating leases | $ | 28,374 | |||
| Operating cash flows used in finance leases | 453 | ||||
| Financing cash flows used in finance leases | 6,731 | ||||
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations: | |||||
| Operating leases | $ | 27,116 | |||
| Finance leases | 397 | ||||
The following table presents supplemental balance sheet information related to leases (in thousands):
| Year Ended 12/31/2019 | |||||
| Operating Leases | |||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 64,191 | |||
| Other accrued liabilities | 21,932 | ||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | 49,970 | ||||
| Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 71,902 | |||
| Finance Leases | |||||
| Property and equipment | 35,349 | ||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (27,163) | ||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 8,186 | |||
| Other accrued liabilities | 5,804 | ||||
| Other noncurrent liabilities | 78 | ||||
| Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 5,882 | |||
The following table presents other supplemental information related to leases:
| December 31, 2019 | |||||
| Weighted Average Remaining Lease Term (in years) | |||||
| Operating leases | 4.9 | ||||
| Finance leases | 1.2 | ||||
| Weighted Average Discount Rate | |||||
| Operating leases | 5.4 | % | |||
| Finance leases | 4.9 | % | |||
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Lease Commitments
We lease certain facilities under long term operating leases. Certain of our lease agreements contain renewal options, early termination options and/or payment escalations based on fixed annual increases, local consumer price index changes or market rental reviews. We recognize rent expense with fixed rate increases and/or fixed rent reductions on a straight line basis over the term of the lease. We lease approximately 1.6 million square feet of office space in 93 locations in 48 countries. For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, we recognized rent expense of $29 million, $30 million and $32 million, respectively.
Our leases have remaining minimum terms that range between and nine years. Some of our leases include options to extend for up to additional years; others include options to terminate the agreement within three years. Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ending December 31, | Operating Leases | Finance Leases | ||||||||||||
| 2020 | $ | 22,461 | $ | 5,896 | ||||||||||
| 2021 | 16,679 | 108 | ||||||||||||
| 2022 | 13,319 | 12 | ||||||||||||
| 2023 | 9,992 | 6 | ||||||||||||
| 2024 | 8,569 | — | ||||||||||||
| Thereafter | 11,899 | — | ||||||||||||
| Total | 82,919 | 6,022 | ||||||||||||
| Imputed Interest | (11,017) | (140) | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 71,902 | $ | 5,882 | ||||||||||
In addition to the above, as of December 31, 2019, we have entered into an additional operating lease with future lease payments of $39 million that will commence in 2020 with a lease term of 10 years.
12. Stock and Stockholders’ Equity
Secondary Public Offerings and Share Repurchases
During the year ended December 31, 2018, certain of our stockholders sold an aggregate of 69,304,636 shares of our common stock through secondary public offerings. We did not offer any shares or receive any proceeds from these secondary public offerings. Following the secondary public offering of approximately 23,304,636 shares of common stock during the fourth quarter of 2018, existing stockholders affiliated with TPG and Silver Lake no longer held any shares of our common stock.
In February 2017, we announced the approval of a multi-year share repurchase program to purchase up to $500 million of Sabre's common stock outstanding. Repurchases under the program may take place in the open market or privately negotiated transactions. We repurchased 3,673,768 shares totaling $78 million, 1,075,255 shares totaling $26 million, and 5,779,769 shares totaling $109 million of our common stock during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively.
Common Stock Dividends
We paid a quarterly cash dividend on our common stock of $0.14 per share, totaling $154 million, $0.14 per share, totaling $154 million, and $0.14 per share, totaling $155 million, during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Our board of directors has declared a cash dividend of $0.14 per share of our common stock, which will be paid on March 30, 2020 to stockholders of record as of March 20, 2020.
13. Equity-Based Awards
As of December 31, 2019, our outstanding equity-based compensation plans and agreements include the Sovereign Holdings, Inc. Management Equity Incentive Plan (“Sovereign MEIP”), the Sovereign Holdings, Inc. 2012 Management Equity Incentive Plan (“Sovereign 2012 MEIP”), the Sabre Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2014 Omnibus Plan”), the Sabre Corporation 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2016 Omnibus Plan”), the Sabre Corporation 2019 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan ("the 2019 Omnibus Plan"), and the 2019 Director Equity Compensation Plan ("2019 Director Plan"). Our 2019 Omnibus Plan serves as a successor to the 2016 Omnibus Plan, the 2014 Omnibus Plan, the Sovereign MEIP and Sovereign 2012 MEIP and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), performance-based RSU awards (“PSUs”), cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards. Our 2019 Director Plan provides for the issuance of RSUs, Deferred Stock Units ("DSUs"), and stock options to non-employee Directors. Outstanding awards under the 2016 Omnibus Plan, the 2014 Omnibus Plan, the Sovereign MEIP and Sovereign 2012 MEIP continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of their respective plan.
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We initially reserved 12,500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under our 2019 Omnibus Plan and 500,000 shares of our common stock for issuance under our 2019 Director Plan. We added 6,720,911 shares that were reserved but not issued under the Sovereign MEIP, Sovereign 2012 MEIP, 2014 Omnibus, and 2016 Omnibus Plans to the 2019 Omnibus Plan reserves, for a total of 19,220,911 authorized shares of common stock for issuance. Time-based options granted under the 2019, 2016, and 2014 Omnibus Plans generally vest over a year period with 25% vesting at the end of year one and the remaining vesting quarterly thereafter. RSUs generally vest over a year period with 25% vesting annually. PSUs generally vest over a year period with 25% vesting annually dependent upon the achievement of certain company-based performance measures. Each reporting period, we assess the probability of achieving the performance measure and, if there is an adjustment, record the cumulative effect of the adjustment in the current reporting period. Options granted are exercisable for up to 10 years. Stock-based compensation expense totaled $67 million, $57 million and $45 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The fair value of the stock options granted was estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Exercise price | $ | 21.37 | $ | 22.89 | $ | 21.33 | |||||||||||
| Average risk-free interest rate | 2.40 | % | 2.72 | % | 2.10 | % | |||||||||||
| Expected life (in years) | 6.11 | 6.11 | 6.11 | ||||||||||||||
| Implied volatility | 26.32 | % | 23.17 | % | 22.02 | % | |||||||||||
| Dividend yield | 2.62 | % | 2.46 | % | 2.64 | % | |||||||||||
The following table summarizes the stock option award activities under our outstanding equity based compensation plans and agreements for the year ended December 31, 2019:
| Weighted-Average | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Quantity | Exercise Price | Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2018 | 4,197,243 | $ | 20.80 | 7.6 | $ | 9,257 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Granted | 1,288,430 | 21.37 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (492,061) | 15.14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cancelled | (515,246) | 21.87 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2019 | 4,478,366 | $ | 21.46 | 7.4 | $ | 8,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2019 | 2,201,768 | $ | 21.05 | 6.1 | $ | 5,832 | ||||||||||||||||||||
______________________
(1)Aggregate intrinsic value is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying stock options awards and the closing price of our common stock of $22.44 on December 31, 2019.
For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, the total intrinsic value of stock options exercised totaled $4 million, $6 million and $19 million, respectively. The weighted-average fair values of options granted were $4.55, $4.58, and $3.67 during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, $9 million in unrecognized compensation expense associated with stock options will be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.
The following table summarizes the activities for our RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019:
| Quantity | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2018 | 5,612,887 | $ | 23.11 | ||||||||
| Granted | 3,426,800 | 21.49 | |||||||||
| Vested | (1,948,707) | 24.06 | |||||||||
| Cancelled | (725,400) | 21.76 | |||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2019 | 6,365,580 | $ | 22.06 | ||||||||
The total fair value of RSUs vested, as of their respective vesting dates, was $47 million, $30 million, and $23 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, approximately $101 million in unrecognized compensation expense associated with RSUs will be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.6 years.
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The following table summarizes the activities for our PSUs for the year ended December 31, 2019:
| Quantity | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2018 | 1,718,770 | $ | 22.60 | ||||||||
| Granted | 1,210,331 | 21.36 | |||||||||
| Vested | (508,168) | 22.69 | |||||||||
| Cancelled | (331,428) | 22.25 | |||||||||
| Unvested at December 31, 2019 | 2,089,505 | $ | 21.99 | ||||||||
The total fair value of PSUs vested, as of their respective vesting dates, was $11 million, $9 million and $14 million during the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The recognition of compensation expense associated with PSUs is contingent upon the achievement of annual company-based performance measures. As of December 31, 2019, unrecognized compensation expense associated with PSUs totaled $14 million, $12 million and $6 million for the annual measurement periods ending December 31, 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively.
14. Earnings Per Share
The following table reconciles the numerators and denominators used in the computations of basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations (in thousands, expect per share data):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Numerator: | |||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | $ | 164,312 | $ | 340,921 | $ | 249,576 | |||||||||||
| Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests | 3,954 | 5,129 | 5,113 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income from continuing operations available to common stockholders, basic and diluted | $ | 160,358 | $ | 335,792 | $ | 244,463 | |||||||||||
| Denominator: | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted-average common shares outstanding | 274,168 | 275,235 | 276,893 | ||||||||||||||
| Add: Dilutive effect of stock options and restricted stock awards | 2,049 | 2,283 | 1,427 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding | 276,217 | 277,518 | 278,320 | ||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share from continuing operations: | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 0.58 | $ | 1.22 | $ | 0.88 | |||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | 0.58 | $ | 1.21 | $ | 0.88 | |||||||||||
Basic earnings per share are based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during each period. Diluted earnings per share are based on the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus the effect of all dilutive common stock equivalents during each period. The calculation of diluted weighted-average shares excludes the impact of 3 million, 3 million and 5 million of anti-dilutive common stock equivalents for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
15. Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans
We sponsor the Sabre Inc. 401(k) Savings Plan (“401(k) Plan”), which is a tax qualified defined contribution plan that allows tax deferred savings by eligible employees to provide funds for their retirement. We make a matching contribution equal to 100% of each pre-tax dollar contributed by the participant on the first 6% of eligible compensation. We recognized expenses related to the 401(k) Plan of approximately $23 million, $22 million and $25 million for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
We sponsor the Sabre Inc. Legacy Pension Plan (“LPP”), which is a tax qualified defined benefit pension plan for employees meeting certain eligibility requirements. The LPP was amended to freeze pension benefit accruals as of December 31, 2005, and as a result, no additional pension benefits have been accrued since that date. In April 2008, we amended the LPP to add a lump sum optional form of payment which participants may elect when their plan benefits commence. The effect of the amendment was to decrease the projected benefit obligation by $34 million, which is being amortized over 23.5 years, representing the weighted average of the lump sum benefit period and the life expectancy of all plan participants. We also sponsor postretirement benefit plans for certain employees in Canada and other jurisdictions.
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The following tables provide a reconciliation of the changes in the LPP’s benefit obligations and fair value of assets during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the unfunded status as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Change in benefit obligation: | |||||||||||
Benefit obligation at January 1 | $ | (428,216) | $ | (459,439) | |||||||
Interest cost | (18,324) | (17,090) | |||||||||
Actuarial (loss) gain, net | (47,632) | 18,529 | |||||||||
Benefits paid | 30,736 | 29,784 | |||||||||
Benefit obligation at December 31 | $ | (463,436) | $ | (428,216) | |||||||
| Change in plan assets: | |||||||||||
Fair value of assets at January 1 | $ | 312,455 | $ | 347,773 | |||||||
Actual return on plan assets | 54,945 | (25,333) | |||||||||
Employer contributions | 1,600 | 19,800 | |||||||||
Benefits paid | (30,736) | (29,785) | |||||||||
Fair value of assets at December 31 | $ | 338,264 | $ | 312,455 | |||||||
| Unfunded status at December 31 | $ | (125,172) | $ | (115,761) | |||||||
The actuarial loss, net of $48 million for the year ended December 31, 2019 is attributable to a decrease in the discount rate. The actuarial gain, net of $19 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, is attributable to an increase in the discount rate.
The net benefit obligation of $125 million and $116 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, is included in other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated balance sheets.
The amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) associated with the LPP, net of deferred taxes of $42 million and $40 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, are as follows (in thousands):
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Net actuarial loss | $ | (154,608) | $ | (151,444) | |||||||
| Prior service credit | 10,210 | 11,322 | |||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss | $ | (144,398) | $ | (140,122) | |||||||
The following table provides the components of net periodic benefit costs associated with the LPP and the principal assumptions used in the measurement of the LPP benefit obligations and net benefit costs for the three years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Interest cost | $ | 18,324 | $ | 17,090 | $ | 18,731 | |||||||||||
| Expected return on plan assets | (18,510) | (18,790) | (20,934) | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of prior service credit | (1,432) | (1,432) | (1,432) | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of actuarial loss | 6,516 | 7,362 | 6,517 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cost | $ | 4,898 | $ | 4,230 | $ | 2,882 | |||||||||||
Weighted-average discount rate used to measure benefit obligations | 3.53 | % | 4.41 | % | 3.81 | % | |||||||||||
Weighted average assumptions used to determine net benefit cost: | |||||||||||||||||
Discount rate | 4.41 | % | 3.81 | % | 4.36 | % | |||||||||||
Expected return on plan assets | 5.75 | % | 5.75 | % | 6.50 | % | |||||||||||
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The following table provides the pre-tax amounts recognized in other comprehensive income (loss), including the amortization of the actuarial loss and prior service credit, associated with the LPP for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
| Obligations Recognized in | Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||
| Other Comprehensive Income | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||||||||||||
| Net actuarial loss | $ | 11,196 | $ | 25,595 | $ | 679 | |||||||||||
| Amortization of actuarial loss | (6,516) | (7,362) | (6,517) | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of prior service credit | 1,432 | 1,432 | 1,432 | ||||||||||||||
| Total loss (income) recognized in other comprehensive income | $ | 6,112 | $ | 19,665 | $ | (4,406) | |||||||||||
Total recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive income | $ | 11,010 | $ | 23,895 | $ | (1,524) | |||||||||||
Our overall investment strategy for the LPP is to provide and maintain sufficient assets to meet pension obligations both as an ongoing business, as well as in the event of termination, at the lowest cost consistent with prudent investment management, actuarial circumstances and economic risk, while minimizing the earnings impact. Diversification is provided by using an asset allocation primarily between equity and debt securities in proportions expected to provide opportunities for reasonable long term returns with acceptable levels of investment risk. Fair values of the applicable assets are determined as follows:
Mutual Fund—The fair value of our mutual funds are estimated by using market quotes as of the last day of the period.
Common Collective Trusts—The fair value of our common collective trusts are estimated by using market quotes as of the last day of the period, quoted prices for similar securities and quoted prices in non-active markets.
Real Estate—The fair value of our real estate funds are derived from the fair value of the underlying real estate assets held by the funds. These assets are initially valued at cost and are reviewed periodically utilizing available market data to determine if the assets held should be adjusted.
The basis for the selected target asset allocation included consideration of the demographic profile of plan participants, expected future benefit obligations and payments, projected funded status of the plan and other factors. The target allocations for LPP assets are 40% global equities, 15% real estate assets, 15% diversified credit and 30% liability hedging fixed income. It is recognized that the investment management of the LPP assets has a direct effect on the achievement of its goal. As defined in Note 10. Fair Value Measurements, the following tables present the fair value of the LPP assets as of December 31, 2019, and 2018:
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common collective trusts: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Global equity securities | $ | — | $ | 323,810 | $ | — | $ | 323,810 | |||||||||||||||
| Money market mutual fund | 4,506 | — | — | 4,506 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Real estate | — | — | 9,948 | 9,948 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets at fair value | $ | 4,506 | $ | 323,810 | $ | 9,948 | $ | 338,264 | |||||||||||||||
| Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1) | Significant Observable Inputs (Level 2) | Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3) | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Common collective trusts: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Fixed income securities | $ | — | $ | 181,156 | $ | — | $ | 181,156 | |||||||||||||||
| Global equity securities | — | 108,152 | — | 108,152 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Money market mutual fund | 2,311 | — | — | 2,311 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Real estate | — | — | 20,836 | 20,836 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets at fair value | $ | 2,311 | $ | 289,308 | $ | 20,836 | $ | 312,455 | |||||||||||||||
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The following table provides a rollforward of plan assets valued using significant unobservable inputs (level 3), in thousands:
| Real Estate | |||||
| Ending balance at December 31, 2017 | $ | 19,455 | |||
Contributions | 307 | ||||
Net distributions | (307) | ||||
Advisory fee | (198) | ||||
Net investment income | 845 | ||||
Unrealized gain | 717 | ||||
Net realized gain | 17 | ||||
| Ending balance at December 31, 2018 | 20,836 | ||||
Contributions | 331 | ||||
Net distributions | (11,235) | ||||
Advisory fee | (205) | ||||
Net investment income | 771 | ||||
Unrealized loss | (541) | ||||
Net realized loss | (9) | ||||
| Ending balance at December 31, 2019 | $ | 9,948 | |||
We contributed $2 million and $20 million to fund our defined benefit pension plans during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Annual contributions to our defined benefit pension plans in the United States, Canada, and other jurisdictions are based on several factors that may vary from year to year. Our funding practice is to contribute the minimum required contribution as defined by law while also maintaining an 80% funded status as defined by the Pension Protection Act of 2006. Thus, past contributions are not always indicative of future contributions. Based on current assumptions, we expect to make $17 million in contributions to our defined benefit pension plans in 2020.
The expected long term rate of return on plan assets for each measurement date was selected after giving consideration to historical returns on plan assets, assessments of expected long term inflation and market returns for each asset class and the target asset allocation strategy. We do not anticipate the return of any plan assets to us in 2020.
We expect the LPP to make the following estimated future benefit payments (in thousands):
| Amount | |||||
| 2020 | $ | 30,729 | |||
| 2021 | 31,864 | ||||
| 2022 | 32,304 | ||||
| 2023 | 31,067 | ||||
| 2024 | 35,036 | ||||
| 2025-2029 | 170,880 | ||||
16. Commitments and Contingencies
Purchase Commitments
In the ordinary course of business, we make various commitments in connection with the purchase of goods and services from specific suppliers. We have outstanding commitments of approximately $2.6 billion, which includes commitments outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and a commitment entered into in January 2020. These purchase commitments extend through 2030.
Legal Proceedings
While certain legal proceedings and related indemnification obligations to which we are a party specify the amounts claimed, these claims may not represent reasonably possible losses. Given the inherent uncertainties of litigation, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted at this time, nor can the amount of possible loss or range of loss, if any, be reasonably estimated, except in circumstances where an aggregate litigation accrual has been recorded for probable and reasonably estimable loss contingencies. A determination of the amount of accrual required, if any, for these contingencies is made after careful analysis of each matter. The required accrual may change in the future due to new information or developments in each matter or changes in approach such as a change in settlement strategy in dealing with these matters.
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Antitrust Litigation and Investigations
US Airways Antitrust Litigation
In April 2011, US Airways filed suit against us in federal court in the Southern District of New York, alleging violations of the Sherman Act Section 1 (anticompetitive agreements) and Section 2 (monopolization). The complaint was filed fewer than two months after we entered into a new distribution agreement with US Airways. In September 2011, the court dismissed all claims relating to Section 2. The claims that were not dismissed are claims brought under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, relating to our contracts with US Airways, which US Airways claims contain anticompetitive provisions, and an alleged conspiracy with the other GDSs, allegedly to maintain the industry structure and not to compete for content. We strongly deny all of the allegations made by US Airways.
Sabre filed summary judgment motions in April 2014. In January 2015, the court issued an order granting Sabre's summary judgment motions in part, eliminating a majority of US Airways' alleged damages and rejecting its request for injunctive relief by which US Airways sought to bar Sabre from enforcing certain provisions in our contracts. In September 2015, the court also dismissed US Airways' claim for declaratory relief. In February 2017, US Airways sought reconsideration of the court's opinion dismissing the claim for declaratory relief, which the court denied in March 2017.
The trial on the remaining claims commenced in October 2016. In December 2016, the jury issued a verdict in favor of US Airways with respect to its claim under Section 1 of the Sherman Act regarding Sabre's contract with US Airways and awarded it $5 million in single damages. The jury rejected US Airways' claim alleging a conspiracy with the other GDSs. We continue to believe that our business practices and contract terms are lawful.
Based on the jury’s verdict, in March 2017 the court entered final judgment in favor of US Airways in the amount of $15 million, which is three times the jury’s award of $5 million as required by the Sherman Act. As a result of the jury's verdict, US Airways was also entitled to receive reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs under the Sherman Act. As such, it filed a motion seeking approximately $125 million in attorneys’ fees and costs, the amount of which we strongly dispute. In January 2018, the court denied US Airways' motion seeking attorneys' fees and costs, without prejudice.
In the fourth quarter of 2016, we accrued a loss of $32 million, which represented the court's final judgment of $15 million, plus our estimate of $17 million for US Airways' reasonable attorneys’ fees, expenses and costs.
In April 2017, we filed an appeal with the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit seeking a reversal of the judgment. US Airways also filed a counter-appeal challenging earlier court orders, including the above-referenced orders dismissing and/or issuing summary judgment as to portions of its claims and damages. In connection with this appeal, we posted an appellate bond equal to the aggregate amount of the $15 million judgment entered plus interest, which stayed the judgment pending the appeal. The Second Circuit heard oral arguments on this matter in December 2018.
In September 2019, the Second Circuit issued its Order and Opinion. The Second Circuit vacated the judgment with respect to US Airways’ claim under Section 1, reversed the trial court’s dismissal of US Airways’ claims relating to Section 2, and remanded the case to district court for a new trial. In addition, the Second Circuit affirmed the trial court’s ruling limiting US Airways’ damages. The judgment in our favor on US Airways' conspiracy claim remains intact. The lawsuit has been remanded to federal court in the Southern District of New York for further proceedings. Currently, no trial date has been set.
As a result of the Second Circuit’s opinion, we believe that the claims associated with this case are not probable; therefore, in the third quarter of 2019, we reversed our previously accrued loss of $32 million and do not have any losses accrued for this matter as of December 31, 2019.
We have and will incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as the litigation is ongoing. In addition, litigation by its nature is highly uncertain and fraught with risk, and it is therefore difficult to predict the outcome of any particular matter, including any changes to our business that may be required as a result of the litigation. If favorable resolution of the matter is not reached upon remand, any monetary damages are subject to trebling under the antitrust laws and US Airways would be eligible to be reimbursed by us for its reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees. Depending on the amount of any such judgment, if we do not have sufficient cash on hand, we may be required to seek private or public financing. Depending on the outcome of the litigation, any of these consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Department of Justice Lawsuit on Farelogix Acquisition
On August 20, 2019, the DOJ filed a complaint in federal court in the District of Delaware, seeking a permanent injunction to prevent Sabre from acquiring Farelogix, Inc. ("Farelogix"), alleging that the proposed acquisition is likely to substantially lessen competition in violation of federal antitrust law. Sabre disputes the government's allegations and believes the acquisition is pro-competitive and ultimately will be completed. The trial concluded on February 6, 2020 and the trial court has not yet issued its decision. Sabre and Farelogix have extended the termination date of their acquisition agreement to April 30, 2020, allowing time to resolve the challenge by the DOJ. In addition, the CMA has referred its review of the acquisition for a Phase 2 investigation and has published its provisional findings of competition concerns. Under the acquisition agreement, as amended, we have agreed to advance certain attorneys’ fees incurred by Farelogix in responding to certain governmental reviews of the acquisition and in defending against certain antitrust proceedings, which have totaled $20 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. These advances will be applied against the purchase price upon closing. The acquisition agreement, as amended, contains certain customary termination rights, including the right of either party to terminate the acquisition agreement if the acquisition
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has not occurred by April 30, 2020. We could be obligated to pay Farelogix up to an additional $25 million, either in the form of additional advances or in the form of a termination fee depending on the circumstances.
European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition ("EC") Investigation
On November 23, 2018, the EC announced that it has opened an investigation of us and another GDS to assess whether our respective agreements with airlines and travel agents may restrict competition in breach of European Union antitrust rules. We are fully cooperating with the EC’s investigation and are unable to make any prediction regarding its outcome at this time. There is no legal deadline for the EC to bring an antitrust investigation to an end, and the duration of the investigation is uncertain. Depending on the findings of the EC, the outcome of the investigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as this investigation is ongoing. We intend to vigorously defend against any allegations of anticompetitive activity by the EC.
Department of Justice Investigation
On May 19, 2011, we received a civil investigative demand ("CID") from the DOJ investigating alleged anticompetitive acts related to the airline distribution component of our business. We are fully cooperating with the DOJ investigation and are unable to make any prediction regarding its outcome. The DOJ is also investigating other companies that own GDSs and has sent CIDs to other companies in the travel industry. Based on its findings in the investigation, the DOJ may (i) close the file, (ii) seek a consent decree to remedy issues it believes violate the antitrust laws, or (iii) file suit against us for violating the antitrust laws, seeking injunctive relief. If injunctive relief were granted, depending on its scope, it could affect the manner in which our airline distribution business is operated and potentially force changes to the existing airline distribution business model. Any of these consequences would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We have not received any communications from the DOJ regarding this matter for several years; however, we have not been notified that this matter is closed.
Indian Income Tax Litigation
We are currently a defendant in income tax litigation brought by the Indian Director of Income Tax (“DIT”) in the Supreme Court of India. The dispute arose in 1999 when the DIT asserted that we have a permanent establishment within the meaning of the Income Tax Treaty between the United States and the Republic of India and accordingly issued tax assessments for assessment years ending March 1998 and March 1999, and later issued further tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2006. The DIT has continued to issue further tax assessments on a similar basis for subsequent years; however, the tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2007 and later are no longer material. We appealed the tax assessments for assessment years ending March 1998 through March 2006 and the Indian Commissioner of Income Tax Appeals returned a mixed verdict. We filed further appeals with the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (“ITAT”). The ITAT ruled in our favor on June 19, 2009 and July 10, 2009, stating that no income would be chargeable to tax for assessment years ending March 1998 and March 1999, and from March 2000 through March 2006. The DIT appealed those decisions to the Delhi High Court, which found in our favor on July 19, 2010. The DIT has appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of India. Our case has been listed for hearing with the Supreme Court, and it has not yet been presented. We have appealed the tax assessments for the assessment years ended March 2013 to March 2016 with the ITAT and no trial date has been set for these subsequent years.
In addition, Sabre Asia Pacific Pte Ltd ("SAPPL") is currently a defendant in similar income tax litigation brought by the DIT. The dispute arose when the DIT asserted that SAPPL has a permanent establishment within the meaning of the Income Tax Treaty between Singapore and India and accordingly issued tax assessments for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2005. SAPPL appealed the tax assessments, and the Indian Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) returned a mixed verdict. SAPPL filed further appeals with the ITAT. The ITAT ruled in SAPPL’s favor, finding that no income would be chargeable to tax for assessment years ending March 2000 through March 2005. The DIT appealed those decisions to the Delhi High Court. No hearing date has been set. The DIT also assessed taxes on a similar basis for assessment years ending March 2006 through March 2016 and appeals for assessment years ending March 2006 through 2016 are pending before the ITAT.
If the DIT were to fully prevail on every claim against us, including SAPPL, we could be subject to taxes, interest and penalties of approximately $45 million as of December 31, 2019. We intend to continue to aggressively defend against each of the foregoing claims. Although we do not believe that the outcome of the proceedings will result in a material impact on our business or financial condition, litigation is by its nature uncertain. We do not believe this outcome is more likely than not and therefore have not made any provisions or recorded any liability for the potential resolution of any of these claims.
Indian Service Tax Litigation
SAPPL's Indian subsidiary is also subject to litigation by the India Director General (Service Tax) ("DGST"), which has assessed the subsidiary for multiple years related to its alleged failure to pay service tax on marketing fees and reimbursements of expenses. Indian courts have returned verdicts favorable to the Indian subsidiary. The DGST has appealed the verdict to the Indian Supreme Court. We do not believe that an adverse outcome is probable and therefore have not made any provisions or recorded any liability for the potential resolution of any of these claims.
Litigation Relating to Routine Proceedings
We are also engaged from time to time in other routine legal and tax proceedings incidental to our business. We do not believe that any of these routine proceedings will have a material impact on the business or our financial condition.
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Other
Air Berlin
In November 2017, in connection with Air Berlin’s insolvency proceedings, we requested that Air Berlin make an election under the German Insolvency Act on whether to perform or terminate its contract with us. In January 2018, Air Berlin notified us by letter that it was exercising its right under the German Insolvency Act to terminate its contract with us. In addition, Air Berlin’s letter alleged various breaches by us of the contract and asserted that it had suffered a significant amount of damages associated with its claims. Air Berlin has not commenced any formal action with respect to its claims. We believe that losses associated with these claims are neither probable nor estimable and therefore have not accrued any losses as of December 31, 2019. We may incur significant fees, costs and expenses for as long as this matter is ongoing. We intend to vigorously defend against these claims.
SynXis Central Reservation System
As previously disclosed, we became aware of an incident involving unauthorized access to payment information contained in a subset of hotel reservations processed through the Sabre Hospitality Solutions SynXis Central Reservation System (the “HS Central Reservation System”). Our investigation was supported by third party experts, including a leading cybersecurity firm. Our investigation determined that an unauthorized party: obtained access to account credentials that permitted access to a subset of hotel reservations processed through the HS Central Reservation System; used the account credentials to view a credit card summary page on the HS Central Reservation System and access payment card information (although we use encryption, this credential had the right to see unencrypted card data); and first obtained access to payment card information and some other reservation information on August 10, 2016. The last access to payment card information was on March 9, 2017. The unauthorized party was able to access information for certain hotel reservations, including cardholder name; payment card number; card expiration date; and, for a subset of reservations, card security code. The unauthorized party was also able, in some cases, to access certain information such as guest name(s), email, phone number, address, and other information if provided to the HS Central Reservation System. Information such as Social Security, passport, or driver’s license number was not accessed. The investigation did not uncover forensic evidence that the unauthorized party removed any information from the system, but it is a possibility. We took successful measures to ensure this unauthorized access to the HS Central Reservation System was stopped and is no longer possible. There is no indication that any of our systems beyond the HS Central Reservation System, such as Sabre’s Airline Solutions and Travel Network platforms, were affected or accessed by the unauthorized party. We notified law enforcement and the payment card brands and engaged a payment card industry data ("PCI") forensic investigator to investigate this incident at the payment card brands' request. We have notified customers and other companies that use or interact with, directly or indirectly, the HS Central Reservation System about the incident. We are also cooperating with various governmental authorities that are investigating this incident. Separately, in November 2017, Sabre Hospitality Solutions observed a pattern of activity that, after further investigation, led it to believe that an unauthorized party improperly obtained access to certain hotel user credentials for purposes of accessing the HS Central Reservation System. We deactivated the compromised accounts and notified law enforcement of this activity. We also notified the payment card brands, and at their request, we have engaged a PCI forensic investigator to investigate this incident. We have not found any evidence of a breach of the network security of the HS Central Reservation System, and we believe that the number of affected reservations represents only a fraction of 1% of the bookings in the HS Central Reservation System. Although the costs related to these incidents, including any associated penalties assessed by any governmental authority or payment card brand or indemnification obligations to our customers, as well as any other impacts or remediation related to this incident, may be material, it is not possible at this time to determine whether we will incur, or to reasonably estimate the amount of, any liabilities in connection with them. We maintain insurance that covers certain aspects of cyber risks, and we continue to work with our insurance carriers in these matters.
Other Tax Matters
We operate in numerous jurisdictions in which taxing authorities may challenge our position with respect to income and non-income based taxes. We routinely receive inquiries and may also from time to time receive challenges or assessments from these taxing authorities. With respect to non-income based taxes, we recognize liabilities when we believe it is probable that amounts will be owed to the taxing authorities and such amounts are estimable. For example, in most countries we pay and collect Value Added Tax (“VAT”) when procuring goods and services, or providing services, within the normal course of business. VAT receivables are established in jurisdictions where VAT paid exceeds VAT collected and are recoverable through the filing of refund claims. These receivables have inherent audit and collection risks unique to the specific jurisdictions that evaluate our refund claims. Our most significant VAT receivable is in Greece. As of December 31, 2019, we have approximately $22 million in VAT receivables for which refund claims have been filed with the Greek government. Although we have paid these amounts and believe we are entitled to a refund, the Greek tax authorities have challenged our position. In Greece, as in other jurisdictions, we intend to vigorously defend our positions against any claims that are not insignificant, including through litigation when necessary. As of December 31, 2019, we do not believe that an adverse outcome is probable with respect to the claims of the Greek tax authorities or any other jurisdiction; as a result, we have not accrued any material amounts for exposure related to such contingencies or adverse decisions. Nevertheless, we may incur expenses in future periods related to such matters, including litigation costs and possible pre-payment of a portion of any assessed tax amount to defend our position, and if our positions are ultimately rejected, it could have a material impact to our results of operations.
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17. Segment Information
Our reportable segments are based upon our internal organizational structure; the manner in which our operations are managed; the criteria used by our Chief Executive Officer, who is our Chief Operating Decision Maker ("CODM"), to evaluate segment performance; the availability of separate financial information; and overall materiality considerations. Effective the first quarter of 2018, our business has three reportable segments: (i) Travel Network, (ii) Airline Solutions and (iii) Hospitality Solutions. In conjunction with this change, we have modified the methodology we have historically used to allocate shared corporate technology costs. Each segment now reflects a portion of our shared corporate costs that historically were not allocated to a business unit, based on relative consumption of shared technology infrastructure costs and defined revenue metrics. These changes have no impact on our consolidated results of operations, but result in a decrease of individual segment profitability only.
Our CODM utilizes Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted EBITDA as the measures of profitability to evaluate performance of our segments and allocate resources. Corporate includes a technology organization that provides development and support activities to our segments. The majority of costs associated with our technology organization are allocated to the segments primarily based on the segments' usage of resources. Benefit expenses, facility costs and depreciation expense on the corporate headquarters building are allocated to the segments based on headcount. Unallocated corporate costs include certain shared expenses such as accounting, finance, human resources, legal, corporate systems, amortization of acquired intangible assets, impairment and related charges, stock-based compensation, restructuring charges, legal reserves and other items not identifiable with one of our segments.
We account for significant intersegment transactions as if the transactions were with third parties, that is, at estimated current market prices. The majority of the intersegment revenues and cost of revenues are fees charged by Travel Network to Hospitality Solutions for airline trips booked through our GDS.
Our CODM does not review total assets by segment as operating evaluations and resource allocation decisions are not made on the basis of total assets by segment.
The performance of our segments is evaluated primarily on Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted EBITDA which are not recognized terms under GAAP. Our uses of Adjusted Gross Profit, Adjusted Operating Income and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.
We define Adjusted Gross Profit as operating income adjusted for selling, general and administrative expenses, impairment and related charges, the cost of revenue portion of depreciation and amortization, restructuring and other costs, amortization of upfront incentive compensation, and stock-based compensation included in cost of revenue.
We define Adjusted Operating Income as operating income adjusted for joint venture equity income, impairment and related charges, acquisition-related amortization, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, and stock-based compensation.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as income from continuing operations adjusted for impairment and related charges, depreciation and amortization of property and equipment, amortization of capitalized implementation costs, acquisition-related amortization, amortization of upfront incentive consideration, interest expense, net, loss on extinguishment of debt, other, net, restructuring and other costs, acquisition-related costs, litigation costs, net, stock-based compensation and provision for income taxes.
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Segment information for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 is as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue | |||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 2,882,662 | $ | 2,806,194 | $ | 2,550,470 | |||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 840,338 | 822,747 | 816,008 | ||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 292,880 | 273,079 | 258,352 | ||||||||||||||
| Eliminations | (40,892) | (35,064) | (26,346) | ||||||||||||||
| Total revenue | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | $ | 3,598,484 | |||||||||||
Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss)(a) | |||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 1,016,695 | $ | 1,098,052 | $ | 1,071,249 | |||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 326,610 | 355,079 | 366,255 | ||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 64,842 | 83,333 | 88,477 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate | (16,341) | (15,056) | (25,795) | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,391,806 | $ | 1,521,408 | $ | 1,500,186 | |||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income (Loss) (b) | |||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 648,838 | $ | 755,811 | $ | 746,625 | |||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 80,428 | 111,146 | 137,932 | ||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | (21,632) | 12,881 | 9,670 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate | (194,226) | (178,406) | (188,078) | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 513,408 | $ | 701,432 | $ | 706,149 | |||||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA(c) | |||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 852,856 | $ | 951,709 | $ | 923,615 | |||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 251,442 | 293,577 | 296,437 | ||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 31,466 | 52,824 | 42,784 | ||||||||||||||
| Total segments | 1,135,764 | 1,298,110 | 1,262,836 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate | (189,404) | (173,720) | (184,265) | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 946,360 | $ | 1,124,390 | $ | 1,078,571 | |||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | |||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 121,083 | $ | 118,276 | $ | 109,579 | |||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 171,014 | 182,431 | 158,505 | ||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 53,098 | 39,943 | 33,114 | ||||||||||||||
| Total segments | 345,195 | 340,650 | 301,198 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 69,426 | 72,694 | 99,673 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 414,621 | $ | 413,344 | $ | 400,871 | |||||||||||
| Capital Expenditures | |||||||||||||||||
| Travel Network | $ | 15,580 | $ | 64,943 | $ | 90,881 | |||||||||||
| Airline Solutions | 37,062 | 98,374 | 116,948 | ||||||||||||||
| Hospitality Solutions | 11,324 | 39,160 | 43,443 | ||||||||||||||
| Total segments | 63,966 | 202,477 | 251,272 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate | 51,200 | 81,463 | 65,165 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 115,166 | $ | 283,940 | $ | 316,437 | |||||||||||
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(a)The following table sets forth the reconciliation of Adjusted Gross Profit to operating income in our statement of operations (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Gross Profit | $ | 1,391,806 | $ | 1,521,408 | $ | 1,500,186 | |||||||||||
| Less adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 576,568 | 513,526 | 510,075 | ||||||||||||||
Impairment and related charges(7) | — | — | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization(1) | 340,889 | 341,653 | 317,812 | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(2) | 82,935 | 77,622 | 67,411 | ||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(4) | — | — | 12,604 | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | 27,997 | 26,591 | 17,732 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income | $ | 363,417 | $ | 562,016 | $ | 493,440 | |||||||||||
(b)The following table sets forth the reconciliation of Adjusted Operating Income to operating income in our statement of operations (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted Operating income | $ | 513,408 | $ | 701,432 | $ | 706,149 | |||||||||||
| Less adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||
| Joint venture equity income | 2,044 | 2,556 | 2,580 | ||||||||||||||
Impairment and related charges(7) | — | — | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(1c) | 64,604 | 68,008 | 95,860 | ||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(4) | — | — | 23,975 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(5) | 41,037 | 3,266 | — | ||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(6) | (24,579) | 8,323 | (35,507) | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | 66,885 | 57,263 | 44,689 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income | $ | 363,417 | $ | 562,016 | $ | 493,440 | |||||||||||
(c)The following table sets forth the reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to income from continuing operations in our statement of operations (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 946,360 | $ | 1,124,390 | $ | 1,078,571 | |||||||||||
| Less adjustments: | |||||||||||||||||
Impairment and related charges(7) | — | — | 81,112 | ||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment(1a) | 310,573 | 303,612 | 264,880 | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of capitalized implementation costs(1b) | 39,444 | 41,724 | 40,131 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related amortization(1c) | 64,604 | 68,008 | 95,860 | ||||||||||||||
Amortization of upfront incentive consideration(2) | 82,935 | 77,622 | 67,411 | ||||||||||||||
Interest expense, net | 156,391 | 157,017 | 153,925 | ||||||||||||||
Loss on extinguishment of debt | — | 633 | 1,012 | ||||||||||||||
Other, net(3) | 9,432 | 8,509 | (36,530) | ||||||||||||||
Restructuring and other costs(4) | — | — | 23,975 | ||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related costs(5) | 41,037 | 3,266 | — | ||||||||||||||
Litigation costs, net(6) | (24,579) | 8,323 | (35,507) | ||||||||||||||
Stock-based compensation | 66,885 | 57,263 | 44,689 | ||||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes(8) | 35,326 | 57,492 | 128,037 | ||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | $ | 164,312 | $ | 340,921 | $ | 249,576 | |||||||||||
________________________
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(1)Depreciation and amortization expenses (see Note 1. Summary of Business and Significant Accounting Policies for associated asset lives):
(a)Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment includes software developed for internal use as well as amortization of contract acquisition costs.
(b)Amortization of capitalized implementation costs represents amortization of upfront costs to implement new customer contracts under our SaaS and hosted revenue model.
(c)Acquisition-related amortization represents amortization of intangible assets from the take-private transaction in 2007 as well as intangibles associated with acquisitions since that date.
(2)Our Travel Network business at times provides upfront incentive consideration to travel agency subscribers at the inception or modification of a service contract, which are capitalized and amortized to cost of revenue over an average expected life of the service contract, generally over to years. This consideration is made with the objective of increasing the number of clients or to ensure or improve customer loyalty. These service contract terms are established such that the supplier and other fees generated over the life of the contract will exceed the cost of the incentive consideration provided up front. These service contracts with travel agency subscribers require that the customer commit to achieving certain economic objectives and generally have terms requiring repayment of the upfront incentive consideration if those objectives are not met.
(3)In 2019, Other, net primarily includes foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated balances included in our consolidated balance sheets into the relevant functional currency. In 2018, we recognized an expense of $5 million related to our liability under the TRA offset by a gain of $8 million on the sale of an investment. In 2017, we recognized a benefit of $60 million due to a reduction to our liability under the TRA primarily due to a provisional adjustment resulting from the enactment of TCJA which reduced the U.S. corporate income tax rate (see Note 7. Income Taxes), offset by a loss of $15 million related to debt modification costs associated with a debt refinancing. In addition, all periods presented include foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of foreign currency denominated balances included in our consolidated balance sheets into the relevant functional currency.
(4)Restructuring and other costs represents charges associated with business restructuring and associated changes implemented which resulted in severance benefits related to employee terminations, integration and facility opening or closing costs and other business reorganization costs. We recorded $25 million in charges associated with an announced action to reduce our workforce in 2017. These reductions aligned our operations with business needs and implemented an ongoing cost and organizational structure consistent with our expected growth needs and opportunities.
(5)Acquisition-related costs represent fees and expenses incurred associated with the 2019 acquisition of Radixx and the 2018 agreement to acquire Farelogix, which is anticipated to close in 2020. See Note 3. Acquisitions.
(6)Litigation costs, net represent charges associated with antitrust and other foreign non-income tax contingency matters. In 2019, we recognized the reversal of our previously accrued loss related to US Airways legal matter for $32 million. In 2018, we recorded non-income tax expense of $5 million for tax, penalties and interest associated with certain non-income tax claims for historical periods regarding permanent establishment in a foreign jurisdiction. In 2017, we recorded a $43 million reimbursement, net of accrued legal and related expenses, from a settlement with our insurance carriers with respect to the American Airlines litigation. See Note 16. Commitments and Contingencies.
(7)Impairment and related charges represents an $81 million impairment charge recorded in 2017 associated with net capitalized contract costs related to an Airline Solutions' customer based on our analysis of the recoverability of such amounts. See Note 4. Impairment and Related Charges for additional information.
(8)In 2018, the provision for income taxes includes a benefit of $27 million related to the enactment of the TCJA for deferred taxes and foreign tax effects. In 2017, provision for income taxes includes a provisional impact of $47 million recognized as a result of the enactment of the TCJA in December 2017. See Note 7. Income Taxes.
A significant portion of our revenue is generated through transaction-based fees that we charge to our customers. For Travel Network, this fee is in the form of a transaction fee for bookings on our GDS; for Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions, this fee is a recurring usage-based fee for the use of our SaaS and hosted systems, as well as implementation fees and professional service fees. Transaction-based revenue accounted for approximately 94%, 95% and 95% of our Travel Network revenue for each of the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. Transaction-based revenue accounted for approximately 80%, 81% and 74% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of our Airline Solutions revenue. Transaction-based revenue accounted for approximately 80%, 81% and 83% for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively, of our Hospitality Solutions revenue. All joint venture equity income relates to Travel Network.
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Our revenues and long-lived assets, excluding goodwill and intangible assets, by geographic region are summarized below. Revenue of our Travel Network business is attributed to countries based on the location of the travel supplier. For Airline Solutions and Hospitality Solutions, revenue is attributed to countries based on the location of the customer. The majority of our revenues and long-lived assets are derived from the United States, Europe, and Asia-Pacific ("APAC") as follows (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | |||||||||||||||
| Revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
United States (1) | $ | 1,306,450 | $ | 1,346,895 | $ | 1,340,893 | |||||||||||
| Europe | 913,245 | 928,533 | 777,406 | ||||||||||||||
| APAC | 822,679 | 820,711 | 715,740 | ||||||||||||||
| All Other | 932,614 | 770,817 | 764,445 | ||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 3,974,988 | $ | 3,866,956 | $ | 3,598,484 | |||||||||||
________________________
(1)United States includes revenue related to Canada and Mexico in 2018 and 2017 that is reflected in 'All Other' in 2019.
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2019 | 2018 | ||||||||||
| Long-lived assets | |||||||||||
United States (1) | $ | 622,034 | $ | 773,739 | |||||||
| Europe | 1,594 | 3,735 | |||||||||
| APAC | 11,521 | 7,254 | |||||||||
| All Other | 6,573 | 5,644 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 641,722 | $ | 790,372 | |||||||
________________________
(1)United States includes long-lived assets related to Canada and Mexico in 2018 and 2017 that is reflected in 'All Other' in 2019.
18. Quarterly Financial Information (Unaudited)
A summary of our quarterly financial results for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 is presented below (in thousands):
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 1,049,361 | $ | 1,000,006 | $ | 984,199 | $ | 941,422 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 110,407 | 81,913 | 113,460 | 57,637 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | 59,214 | 28,094 | 65,180 | 11,824 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax | (1,452) | 1,350 | (596) | (1,068) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 57,762 | 29,444 | 64,584 | 10,756 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to common stockholders | 56,850 | 27,838 | 63,813 | 10,091 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income per share attributable to common stockholders: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.10 | $ | 0.24 | $ | 0.04 | |||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | 0.20 | $ | 0.10 | $ | 0.23 | $ | 0.04 | |||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2018 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| First Quarter | Second Quarter | Third Quarter | Fourth Quarter | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 988,369 | $ | 984,376 | $ | 970,283 | $ | 923,928 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 165,401 | 138,833 | 136,763 | 121,019 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Income from continuing operations | 90,449 | 92,565 | 70,879 | 87,028 | |||||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) income from discontinued operations, net of tax | (1,207) | 760 | 3,664 | (1,478) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | 89,242 | 93,325 | 74,543 | 85,550 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income attributable to common stockholders | 87,880 | 92,246 | 73,005 | 84,400 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Net income per share attributable to common stockholders: | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | $ | 0.32 | $ | 0.33 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 0.31 | |||||||||||||||
| Diluted | $ | 0.32 | $ | 0.33 | $ | 0.26 | $ | 0.30 | |||||||||||||||
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19. Subsequent Events
The travel industry continues to be adversely affected by the global health crisis due to the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) in January 2020, especially as it relates to air travel to and from Asia. We expect a material impact to our consolidated financial results in the first quarter of 2020. Given the uncertainties surrounding the duration of the outbreak and its impact on global travel, we cannot reasonably estimate the related financial impact to our full-year 2020 financial results; however, we expect the impact will be material.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
Not applicable.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework). Based on our evaluation, we concluded that our internal control over financial reporting is effective as of December 31, 2019.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as this term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) during the year ended December 31, 2019 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information set forth under the following headings of our definitive Proxy Statement for our 2020 annual meeting of stockholders (the “2020 Proxy Statement”) is incorporated in this Item 10 by reference:
•“Certain Information Regarding Nominees for Director” under “Proposal 1. Election of Directors,” which identifies our directors and nominees for our Board of Directors.
•“Other information—Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports.”
•“Corporate Governance—Other Corporate Governance Practices and Policies—Code of Business Ethics,” which describes our Code of Business Ethics.
•“Corporate Governance—Stockholder Nominations for Directors” and "Other Information—Proxy Access Nominations and Annual Meeting Advance Notice Requirements" which describe the procedures by which stockholders may nominate candidates for election to our Board of Directors.
•“Corporate Governance—Board Committees—Audit Committee," which identifies members of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors and audit committee financial experts.
Information regarding our executive officers is reported under the caption “Information About Our Executive Officers” in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information set forth under the headings “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” “Executive Compensation,” “Proposal 1. Election of Directors—Director Compensation Program” and “Corporate Governance—Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” of the 2020 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 11 by reference.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information set forth under the heading “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” of the 2020 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 12 by reference.
Equity Compensation Plan Information
The following table gives information about our common stock that may be issued upon the exercise of options, warrants and rights under all of our equity compensation plans as of December 31, 2019.
| Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options (a) | Weighted average exercise price of outstanding options (b) | Number of securities remaining available for future issuance under equity compensation plans (c) | |||||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans approved by stockholders | 12,933,451 | $ | 21.46 | 19,120,881 | |||||||||||||
________________________
(a)Includes shares of common stock to be issued upon the exercise of outstanding options under our 2019 Omnibus Plan, 2016 Omnibus Plan, 2014 Omnibus Plan, the Sovereign 2012 MEIP, and the Sovereign MEIP. Also includes 8,455,085 restricted share units under our 2019 Omnibus Plan, 2016 Omnibus Plan, and 2014 Omnibus Plan (including shares that may be issued pursuant to outstanding performance-based restricted share units, assuming the target award is met; actual shares may vary, depending on actual performance).
(b)Excludes restricted share units which do not have an exercise price.
(c)Excludes securities reflected in column (a).
Sabre Corporation 2019 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. The 2019 Omnibus Plan serves as a successor to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, restricted stock units ("RSUs") performance-based RSU awards ("PSUs"), cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards.
Sabre Corporation 2019 Director Plan. The plan provides for the issuance of RSUs, DSUs, and stock options to non-employee Directors.
Sabre Corporation 2016 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. The 2016 Omnibus Plan serves as a successor to the 2014 Omnibus Plan and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, RSUs, PSUs, cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the 2016 Omnibus Plan that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without issuance of
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Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2019, no shares remained available for future grants under the 2016 Omnibus Plan.
Sabre Corporation 2014 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan. The 2014 Omnibus Plan serves as successor to the Sovereign MEIP and Sovereign 2012 MEIP and provides for the issuance of stock options, restricted shares, RSUs, PSUs, cash incentive compensation and other stock-based awards. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the 2014 Omnibus Plan that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without issuance of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and then to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2019, no shares remained available for future grants under the 2014 Omnibus Plan.
Sovereign Holdings, Inc. Management Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Sovereign MEIP, key employees and, in certain circumstances, the directors, service providers and consultants, of Sabre and its affiliates may be granted stock options. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the Sovereign MEIP that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without the issuance of shares of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the Sovereign 2012 MEIP, which have subsequently been transferred to the 2014 Omnibus Plan, then to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and then to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2019, no shares remained available for future grants under the Sovereign MEIP.
Sovereign Holdings, Inc. 2012 Management Equity Incentive Plan. Under the Sovereign 2012 MEIP, key employees and, in certain circumstances, the directors, service providers and consultants, of Sabre and its affiliates may be granted stock options, restricted shares, RSUs, PSUs and other stock-based awards. All shares available for future grants, along with shares that were covered by prior awards of stock options granted under the Sovereign MEIP that were forfeited or otherwise expire unexercised or without the issuance of shares of Sabre Corporation common stock, have been transferred to the 2014 Omnibus Plan, then to the 2016 Omnibus Plan and then to the 2019 Omnibus Plan. Therefore, as of December 31, 2019, no shares remained available for future grants under the Sovereign 2012 MEIP.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information set forth under the headings “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions” and “Corporate Governance—Board Composition and Director Independence” of the 2020 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 13 by reference.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
The information set forth under the headings “Principal Accounting Firm Fees” and “Audit Committee Approval of Audit and Non-Audit Services” under “Proposal 2. Ratification of Independent Auditors” of the 2020 Proxy Statement is incorporated in this Item 14 by reference.
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as part of this report.
1.Financial statements. The financial statements are set forth under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2.Financial statement schedules. Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto contained in Item 8.
All other financial statements and financial statement schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instruction, are not material or are not applicable and, therefore, have been omitted.
3.Exhibits.
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Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibits | |||||||
| 2.1 | ||||||||
| 2.2 | ||||||||
| 3.1 | ||||||||
| 3.44 | ||||||||
| 3.54 | ||||||||
| 3.55 | ||||||||
| 3.56 | ||||||||
| 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.3 | ||||||||
| 4.4 | ||||||||
| 4.5 | ||||||||
| 4.6* | ||||||||
| 10.1 | ||||||||
| 10.2 | ||||||||
| 10.3 | ||||||||
| 10.4 | ||||||||
| 10.5 | ||||||||
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Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibits | |||||||
| 10.6 | ||||||||
| 10.7+ | ||||||||
| 10.8+ | ||||||||
| 10.9+ | ||||||||
| 10.10+ | ||||||||
| 10.11+ | ||||||||
| 10.12+ | ||||||||
| 10.13+ | ||||||||
| 10.14+ | ||||||||
| 10.15 | ||||||||
| 10.16 | ||||||||
| 10.17 | ||||||||
| 10.18 | ||||||||
| 10.19 | ||||||||
| 10.20+ | ||||||||
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Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibits | |||||||
| 10.21+ | ||||||||
| 10.22+ | ||||||||
| 10.23+ | ||||||||
| 10.24+ | ||||||||
| 10.25+ | ||||||||
| 10.26+ | ||||||||
| 10.27 | ||||||||
| 10.29+ | ||||||||
| 10.30 | ||||||||
| 10.31+ | ||||||||
| 10.32 | ||||||||
| 10.33 | ||||||||
| 10.34+ | ||||||||
| 10.35† | ||||||||
| 10.36+ | ||||||||
| 10.37+ | ||||||||
| 10.38+ | ||||||||
| 10.39 | ||||||||
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Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibits | |||||||
| 10.40 | ||||||||
| 10.41 | ||||||||
| 10.42 | ||||||||
| 10.43 | ||||||||
| 10.44+ | ||||||||
| 10.45+ | ||||||||
| 10.46 | ||||||||
| 10.47 | ||||||||
| 10.48+ | ||||||||
| 10.49+ | ||||||||
| 10.50 | ||||||||
| 10.51 | ||||||||
| 10.52 | ||||||||
| 10.53 | ||||||||
| 10.55+ | ||||||||
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| Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibits | |||||||
| 10.57 | ||||||||
| 10.59+ | ||||||||
| 10.60+ | ||||||||
| 10.61+ | ||||||||
| 10.62+ | ||||||||
| 10.63+ | ||||||||
| 10.64+ | ||||||||
| 10.65+ | ||||||||
| 10.66+ | ||||||||
| 10.67+ | ||||||||
| 10.68+ | ||||||||
| 10.69+ | ||||||||
| 10.70+ | ||||||||
| 10.71+ | ||||||||
| 10.72+ | ||||||||
| 10.73+ | ||||||||
| 10.74+ | ||||||||
| 10.75+ | ||||||||
| 10.76+ | ||||||||
| 10.77+ | ||||||||
| 10.78* | ||||||||
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| Exhibit Number | Description of Exhibits | |||||||
| 21.1* | ||||||||
| 23.1* | ||||||||
| 24.1* | ||||||||
| 31.1* | ||||||||
| 31.2* | ||||||||
| 32.1* | ||||||||
| 32.2* | ||||||||
| 101.INS* | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | |||||||
| 101.SCH* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema | |||||||
| 101.CAL* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase | |||||||
| 101.DEF* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase | |||||||
| 101.LAB* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase | |||||||
| 101.PRE* | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase | |||||||
| 104* | Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page interactive data file does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | |||||||
_____________________
| + | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement. | ||||
| † | Confidential treatment has been granted to portions of this exhibit by the Securities and Exchange Commission. | ||||
| * | Filed herewith. | ||||
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| SABRE CORPORATION | |||||||||||
| Date: | February 26, 2020 | By: | /s/ Douglas E. Barnett | ||||||||
| Douglas E. Barnett | |||||||||||
| Executive Vice President and | |||||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each individual whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Sean Menke, Douglas E. Barnett, and Aimee Williams-Ramey, and each of them, his or her true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to execute any or all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorney-in-fact and agent, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as he or she might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agents or any of them, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| /s/ Sean Menke | President and Chief Executive Officer and Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Sean Menke | (Principal Executive Officer) | ||||||||||
| /s/ Douglas E. Barnett | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Douglas E. Barnett | (Principal Financial Officer) | ||||||||||
| /s/ Jami B. Kindle | Senior Vice President - Finance and Controlling | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Jami B. Kindle | (Principal Accounting Officer) | ||||||||||
| /s/ Karl Peterson | Chairman of the Board and Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Karl Peterson | |||||||||||
| /s/ George Bravante, Jr. | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| George Bravante, Jr. | |||||||||||
| /s/ Hervé Couturier | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Hervé Couturier | |||||||||||
| /s/ Renée James | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Renée James | |||||||||||
| /s/ Lawrence W. Kellner | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Lawrence W. Kellner | |||||||||||
| /s/ Gary Kusin | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Gary Kusin | |||||||||||
| /s/ Judy Odom | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Judy Odom | |||||||||||
| /s/ Joseph Osnoss | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Joseph Osnoss | |||||||||||
| /s/ Zane Rowe | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| Zane Rowe | |||||||||||
| /s/ John Siciliano | Director | February 26, 2020 | |||||||||
| John Siciliano | |||||||||||
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SABRE CORPORATION
SCHEDULE II — VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
DECEMBER 31, 2019, 2018 AND 2017
(In millions)
Balance at Beginning | Charged to Expense or Other Accounts | Write-offs and Other Adjustments | Balance at End of Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for Doubtful Accounts | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 45.3 | $ | 20.6 | $ | (8.2) | $ | 57.7 | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 43.0 | $ | 7.7 | $ | (5.4) | $ | 45.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 37.1 | $ | 9.5 | $ | (3.6) | $ | 43.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Valuation Allowance for Deferred Tax Assets | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | 59.3 | $ | — | $ | (21.0) | $ | 38.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2018 | $ | 59.0 | $ | 4.7 | $ | (4.4) | $ | 59.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 74.5 | $ | (8.8) | $ | (6.7) | $ | 59.0 | |||||||||||||||
| Reserve for Value-Added Tax Receivables | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2019 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2018 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
| Year ended December 31, 2017 | $ | 0.3 | $ | — | $ | (0.3) | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
109