SCI Engineered Materials, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2023 March (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

or

For the transition period from                       to                       

Commission file number: 0-31641

SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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2839 Charter Street, Columbus, Ohio 43228

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(614) 486-0261

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable

(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

4,530,207 shares of Common Stock, without par value, were outstanding at April 27, 2023.

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FORM 10-Q

SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

BALANCE SHEETS

ASSETS

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

BALANCE SHEETS

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

STATEMENTS OF INCOME

THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022

(UNAUDITED)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022

(UNAUDITED)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

THREE MONTHS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022

(UNAUDITED)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 1.  Business Organization and Purpose

SCI Engineered Materials, Inc. (“SCI,” or the “Company”), an Ohio corporation, was incorporated in 1987. The Company operates in one segment as a global supplier and manufacturer of advanced materials for Physical Vapor Deposition (“PVD”) thin film applications. The Company is focused on markets within the photonics industry including Aerospace, Automotive, Defense, Glass, Optical Coatings and Solar. Substantially all revenues are generated from customers with multi-national operations. The Company develops innovative customized solutions enabling commercial success through collaboration with end users and Original Equipment Manufacturers.

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Note 2.  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation - The accompanying unaudited financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for interim financial information and with instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. generally accepted accounting principles for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for fair presentation of the results of operations for the periods presented have been included. The financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2022. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for the full year.

Use of Estimates - The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition - The Company enters into contracts with its customers that generally represent purchase orders specifying general terms and conditions, order quantities and per unit product prices. The Company has determined that each unit of product purchased represents a separate performance obligation. The Company satisfies its performance obligations and recognizes revenue at a point in time when control of a unit of product is transferred to the customer. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products. For the majority of product sales, transfer of control occurs when the products are shipped from the Company’s manufacturing facility to the customer. The cost of delivering products to the Company’s customers is recorded as a component of cost of products sold. Those costs may include the amounts paid to a third party to deliver the products. Any freight costs billed to and paid by a customer are included in revenue.  

The Company considers collectability of amounts due under a contract to be probable upon inception of a sale based on an evaluation of the creditworthiness of each customer. The Company sells its products typically under agreements with payment terms of 30-60 days. The Company does not normally include extended payment terms or significant financing components in contracts with customers. The majority of the Company’s contracts have an obligation to transfer products within one year. Thus, the Company elects to use the practical expedient where incremental cost of obtaining a contract, such as commissions, is expensed when incurred because the amortization period for those costs is one year or less. The Company treats shipping and handling activities that occur after control of the product transfers as fulfillment activities, and therefore, does not account for shipping and handling costs as a separate performance obligation. Customer deposits are funds received in advance from customers and are recognized as revenue when the Company has transferred control of product to the customer. Product revenues are recognized upon shipment of goods as the customer has assumed the significant risks and rewards of ownership and the Company is entitled to payment at this point. Service revenues are recognized upon completion as the customer cannot realize the benefit of the service until fully completed.

All revenue was from the photonics industry during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. The top two customers represented approximately 86% and 89% of total revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. International shipments were 1% of total revenue for the first three months of 2023 and 2022.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 2.  Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Employee Retention Credit (ERC) - The Company qualified for federal government assistance through Employee Retention Credit provisions of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021 during 2021 and 2020. The purpose of the Employee Retention Credit was to encourage employers to keep employees on the payroll, even if they were not working during the covered period because of the coronavirus outbreak. These funds were recorded in the Statements of Income as an offset to payroll costs in their respective expense lines and as a tax receivable on the balance sheets.  A balance of $40,539 appears as a tax receivable on the balance sheets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Note 3.  Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13 “Credit Losses - Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” ASU No. 2016-13 significantly changes how entities measure credit losses for most financial assets, including accounts receivable and held-to-maturity marketable securities, by replacing today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model under which allowances will be recognized based on expected rather than incurred losses. ASU No. 2016-13 became effective for us in the first quarter of 2023. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 resulted in a cumulative effect of $5,000 and is reflected in the accompanying Statement of Shareholders’ Equity.

Note 4.   Investments

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held investments in corporate and U.S. government bonds that are required to be measured for disclosure purposes at fair value on a recurring basis. The bonds are considered held-to-maturity and are recorded at amortized cost on the balance sheet. These investments are considered level 2 as detailed in the table below. The Company considers investments which will mature in the next twelve months and interest receivable on the long-term bonds as current assets. The remaining investments are considered non-current assets including the investment in marketable securities which the Company intends to hold longer than twelve months. The fair value of these investments was estimated using recently executed transactions and market price quotations. At March 31, 2023, the length of time until maturity of the bonds currently owned ranged from 2 months to 20 months. The amortized cost, allowance for credit losses, fair value, and the related unrecognized gains and losses of these investments, were as follows:

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The Company uses an “expected credit loss” measurement objective for the recognition of credit losses for held-to-maturity securities at the time the financial asset is originated or acquired. The expected credit losses are adjusted each period as necessary for changes in expected lifetime credit losses. The credit loss calculations for held-to-maturity securities are based upon historical default and recovery rates of bonds rated with the same rating as the current portfolio. An adjustment factor is applied to these credit loss calculations based upon management’s assessment of the expected impact from current economic conditions on our investments. The Company monitors the credit quality of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity through the use of their respective credit ratings and update them on a quarterly basis with the latest assessment completed on March 31, 2023. Our allowance for credit losses was $5,000 at March 31, 2023.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 5.  Common Stock and Stock Options

Stock based compensation cost for all stock awards is based on the grant date fair value and recognized over the required service (vesting) period. Noncash stock-based compensation expense was $45,090 and $23,299 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Unrecognized compensation expense was $394 as of March 31, 2023 and will be recognized through April of 2023. There was no tax benefit recorded for this compensation cost as the expense relates to incentive stock options that do not qualify for a tax deduction until, and only if, a qualifying disposition occurs.

Employees received compensation of 10,683 and 4,500 aggregate shares of common stock of the Company during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. These shares had an aggregate value of $43,908 and $14,625, respectively, and were recorded as non-cash stock compensation expense in the financial statements.

The non-employee Board members received compensation of 2,305 aggregate shares of common stock of the Company with an aggregate value of $7,491 during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and was recorded as non-cash stock compensation expense in the financial statements.

The cumulative status of options granted and outstanding at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, as well as any options which became exercisable in connection with the Company’s stock option plans is summarized as follows:

Employee Stock Options

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Exercise prices for options ranged from $0.84 to $1.25 at March 31, 2023. The weighted average option price for all options outstanding at March 31, 2023, was $1.05 with a weighted average remaining contractual life of 3.4 years.

Note 6.  Inventories

Inventories consisted of the following:

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 7.  Earnings Per Share

Basic income per share is calculated as income applicable to common shareholders divided by the weighted average of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is calculated as diluted income applicable to common shareholders divided by the diluted weighted average number of common shares. Diluted weighted average number of common shares gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period using the treasury stock method and convertible preferred stock using the if-converted method. Diluted earnings per share exclude all diluted potential shares if their effect is anti-dilutive. All common stock options listed in Note 5 that were out-of-the-money or anti-dilutive were excluded from diluted earnings per share. The following is provided to reconcile the earnings per share calculations:

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Note 8.  Note Payable

The Company renewed its line of credit with Fifth Third Bank for $1 million during 2022. The line of credit bears interest equal to the rate of interest per annum established by Fifth Third Bank as its Prime Rate. This line of credit has a maturity date of August 29, 2023. No amounts were drawn on this line of credit as of March 31, 2023.

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Note 9.  Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 is based on our projected annual effective tax rate for fiscal year 2023, adjusted for permanent differences and specific items that are required to be recognized in the period in which they are incurred.

Following is the income tax expense for the three months ended March 31:

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from temporary differences in the recognition of income and expense for tax and financial reporting purposes. The Company had net operating loss carryforwards available for federal and state tax purposes of approximately $42,000 at December 31, 2022, which expires in 2038.

As of December 31, 2022, management determined that there was sufficient positive evidence to conclude that it is more likely than not that deferred taxes of $151,164 were realizable principally because we achieved six consecutive years of pretax income, expect profits to continue for the foreseeable future and implemented new efficiencies in the Company’s manufacturing process. As of each reporting date, management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect its view of the future realization of deferred tax assets. Accordingly, management determined that no valuation allowance was necessary, and the deferred tax asset was $34,231 at March 31, 2023.

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 10. Operating Lease

The Company entered into an operating lease with a third party on March 18, 2014 for its headquarters in Columbus, Ohio. The terms of the lease include monthly payments ranging from $9,200 to $9,700 with a maturity date of November 30, 2024. The Company has the option to extend the lease period for an additional five years beyond the original expiration date. There are no restrictions or covenants associated with the lease. The lease costs were approximately $28,600 and $28,100 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The variable lease costs were approximately $23,200 and $13,500 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The following is a maturity analysis, by year, of the annual undiscounted cash outflows of the operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2023:

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Note 11. Finance Leases

The Company leases certain equipment under finance leases. Future minimum lease payments, by year, with the present value of such payments, as of March 31, 2023, are shown in the following table.

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The equipment under finance lease at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, is included in the accompanying balance sheets as follows:

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SCI ENGINEERED MATERIALS, INC

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

Note 11. Finance Leases (continued)

These assets are amortized over a period of ten years using the straight-line method and amortization is included in depreciation expense. Finance lease costs totaled $24,840 and $23,783 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The finance leases are structured such that ownership of the leased asset reverts to the Company at the end of the lease term. Accordingly, leased assets are depreciated using the Company’s normal depreciation methods and lives. Ownership of certain assets was transferred to the Company in accordance with the terms of the leases and these assets have been excluded from the leased asset disclosure above.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Financial Statements and Notes contained herein and with those in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Except for the historical information contained herein, the matters discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are intended to be covered by the safe harbors created thereby. Those statements include, but may not be limited to, all statements regarding our intent, belief, and expectations, such as statements concerning our future profitability and operating and growth strategy. Words such as “believe,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “will,” “may,” “should,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “likely” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned that all forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in other statements we make involve risks and uncertainties including, without limitation, the factors set forth under the caption “Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, and other factors detailed from time to time in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. One or more of these factors have affected, and in the future could affect our business and financial condition and could cause actual results to differ materially from plans and projections. Although we believe the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements contained herein are reasonable, there can be no assurance that any of the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q will prove to be accurate. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that our objectives and plans will be achieved.

Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement or statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date on which such statements are made or reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless necessary to prevent such statements from becoming misleading. New factors emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all factors, nor can we assess the impact of each such factor on the business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

Executive Summary

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had total revenue of $5,797,147 compared to $5,326,432 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. Higher volume was the key factor that contributed to the increase, despite lower raw material costs compared to the same period last year.

Gross profit was $1,324,597 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 compared to $994,101 for the same three months in 2022. The increase was due to higher revenue and favorable product mix.  

Operating expenses were $677,344, and $542,407 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income from operations was $647,253 and $451,694 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Consistent with our growth strategy, we have identified niche markets that can benefit from our expertise in custom powder solutions, such as near-infrared doped phosphors and short-wave infrared applications. These applications enable extended life of phosphors for specific nighttime identification needs of defense personnel and first responders.

New initiatives are also being pursued that utilize our vacuum hot presses, cold isostatic press, and kilns for increased production and development projects, including diffusion bonding. We recently manufactured and sold conductive metal oxides for direct current sputtering of Tungsten Oxide and Molybdenum Oxide materials. We continue to invest in developing new products for all our markets including specialty bonding processes for Aerospace customers. Those products involve research and development expense to accelerate time to market.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Several issues continue to affect national and global market conditions. First, inflation remains at historically high levels, impacting labor, raw material costs and transportation expenses. We have generally been able to pass on these increases to customers but are unable to predict how future or sustained inflationary pressure may impact our results. Second, supply chain disruptions are adversely impacting customers in certain markets. Thus far, we have not experienced material adverse effects regarding product shipments; however, timely deliveries and sourcing of certain materials is of increased concern. Third, published articles and corporate announcements continue to address the global semiconductor chip shortage, which is anticipated to continue in 2023. This shortage is affecting some of our customers which could impact the Company’s revenue, volume, and profitability. Fourth, there are increased political uncertainties affecting global markets. Although we currently have no customers or vendors in Russia or Ukraine, we continue to monitor the situation as some raw material comes from Russia for the PVD industry. We continue to actively monitor these developments, including ongoing contact with our suppliers and customers, including identifying additional suppliers and adapting to our customers’ specific circumstances and forecasts.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three months ended March 31, 2023 (unaudited) compared to three months ended March 31, 2022 (unaudited):

Revenue

For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we had revenue of $5,797,147. This was an increase of $470,715, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Higher volume was the key factor that contributed to the increase, despite lower raw material costs compared to the same period last year.

Gross profit

Gross profit was $1,324,597 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, compared to $994,101 for the same three months in 2022, an increase of $330,496. The increase was due to higher revenue and favorable product mix. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue (gross margin) was 22.8% for the first quarter of 2023 compared to 18.7% for the first quarter of 2022. The improved gross margin in 2023 was due to product mix and lower raw material costs.  

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, was $432,413, and $373,188, respectively, an increase of 15.9%. This increase was attributed to higher compensation of $42,119, an increase in business liability insurance (due to higher revenue) of $12,938, and professional fees, primarily related to SEC compliance costs for legal, accounting and stockholder relations fees, of $7,328.  

Research and development expense

Research and development expense for the three months ended March 31, 2023, was $135,360 compared to $87,031 for the same period in 2022, an increase of 55.5%. This increase was attributed to higher compensation of $19,121, outside consulting of $16,789 and materials and supplies of $12,614. Specialty materials are being researched for use in niche markets which include custom applications and additive manufacturing. Our development efforts utilize a disciplined innovation approach focused on accelerating time to market for these applications and involve ongoing research and development expense.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Marketing and sales expense

Marketing and sales expense was $109,571 and $82,188 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. This was an increase of 33.3%. Compensation expense and travel expense increased $17,525 and $9,225 during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. We exhibited at a major international photonics trade show for the first time during the first quarter of 2023.

Stock compensation expense

Included in total expenses were noncash stock-based compensation costs of $45,090 and $23,299 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Compensation expense for all stock-based awards is based on the grant date fair value and recognized over the required service (vesting) period. Unrecognized non-cash stock-based compensation expense was $394 as of March 31, 2023 and will be recognized through April of 2023.

Interest

Interest income was $48,977, for the three months ended March 31, 2023. Interest expense was $6,493 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The improvement was due to our approximately $2.0 million investment in marketable securities and the overall increase in interest rates. Interest expense has decreased as we continue to reduce our debt outstanding.

Income taxes

Income tax expense was $158,210, and $60,800 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. At December 31, 2022, the deferred tax asset was $151,164. As of each reporting date, management considers new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect its view of the future realization of deferred tax assets. Accordingly, management determined that no valuation allowance was necessary, and the deferred tax asset was $34,231 at March 31, 2023.

Net income

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, was $538,020, and $384,401, respectively. The increase was primarily the result of higher revenue, gross profit and interest income partially offset by higher operating and income tax expenses.  

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash

As of March 31, 2023, cash on hand was $4,495,169 compared to $3,947,966 at December 31, 2022 due to net cash provided by operating activities in conjunction with investment in our manufacturing footprint and acquisition of production equipment.  

Working capital

At March 31, 2023, working capital was $5,843,578 compared to $5,211,625 at December 31, 2022, an increase of $631,953 or 12.1%. Cash increased $547,203, inventories increased $441,214, prepaid expenses increased $200,093 and customer deposits increased $823,495 while accounts payable decreased $198,002.

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Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (continued)

Cash from operations

Net cash provided by operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023, was $719,764 and $603,992 for the three months ended March 31, 2022. In addition to the net income generated, this included depreciation and amortization of $115,591 and $102,350, and noncash stock-based compensation costs of $45,090 and $23,299 for the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The increases in inventories, prepaid expenses, and customer deposits compared to December 31, 2022, were related to the increase in orders received during the first quarter. Customer orders remain strong, and customers continue to monitor inventory closely with continued emphasis on intra-quarter shipments.

Cash from investing activities

Cash of $147,721 was used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2023, which included the initial stages of the enclosure of our ceramic machining area in addition to the acquisition of production equipment. Cash of $74,676 was used in investing activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022, for the purchase of production equipment.      

Cash from financing activities

Cash of $24,840 and $23,783 was used in financing activities for principal payments to third parties for finance lease obligations during the three months ended March 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.  

Debt outstanding

Total debt outstanding, related to finance lease obligations, was $121,676 at March 31, 2023, compared to $146,516 at December 31, 2022, a decrease of 17.0%. As previously mentioned, cash of $24,840 was used for principal payments for finance lease obligations during 2023.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements including special purpose entities.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make judgments, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Note 2 to the Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Financial Statements. Estimates are used for, but not limited to, accounting for the allowance for doubtful accounts and current expected credit losses, inventory allowances, property and equipment depreciable lives, patents and licenses useful lives, revenue recognition, income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, realization of deferred tax assets, stock-based compensation and assessing changes in which impairment of certain long-lived assets may occur. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The following critical accounting policies are impacted significantly by judgments, assumptions and estimates used in the preparation of the Financial Statements. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on our assessment of the collectability of specific customer accounts and the aging of the accounts receivable. If there is a deterioration of a major customer’s creditworthiness or actual defaults are higher than our historical experience, our estimates of the recoverability of amounts due us could be adversely affected. Inventory purchases and commitments are based upon future demand forecasts. If there is a sudden and significant decrease in demand for our products or there is a higher risk of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and customer requirements, we may be required to increase our inventory allowances and our gross margin could be adversely affected. The tax valuation allowance is based on our consideration of new evidence, both positive and negative, that could affect our view of the future realization of deferred tax assets. If we were to determine we would not be able to realize all or part of the deferred tax asset in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax asset would be necessary which would reduce our net income for that period. Depreciable and useful lives estimated for property and equipment, licenses and patents are based on initial expectations of the period of time these assets and intangibles will benefit us. Changes in circumstances related to a change in our business, change in technology or other factors could result in these assets becoming impaired, which could adversely affect the value of these assets.

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Item 4.  Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and implemented, can only provide reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely discussions regarding required disclosure.

Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective. Disclosure controls and procedures are defined by Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed with the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms.

Inherent Limitations over Internal Controls

Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that: (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management is responsible for the consistency, integrity, and presentation of information. We fulfill our responsibility by maintaining systems of internal control designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded, and transactions are executed in accordance with established procedures. The concept of reasonable assurance is based upon recognition that the cost of the controls should not exceed the benefit derived. We believe our systems of internal control provide this reasonable assurance.

The Board of Directors exercises its oversight role with respect to our systems of internal control primarily through its Audit Committee, which is comprised of independent directors. The Committee oversees our financial reporting, quarterly reviews, and audits to assess whether their quality, integrity, and objectivity are sufficient to protect shareholders’ investments.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting for the three months ended March 31, 2023, that materially affected or were reasonably likely to materially affect our disclosure controls and procedures. Additionally, there were no changes in our internal controls that could materially affect our disclosure controls and procedures subsequent to the date of their evaluation.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 6. Exhibits

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*  Filed herewith

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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