SCYNEXIS INC - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

OR

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM                      TO

Commission File Number 001-36365

SCYNEXIS, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(201) 884-5485

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐   No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  ☒   No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.   ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.   ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant based upon the closing price of its Common Stock on the Nasdaq Global Market on June 30, 2021 was $168,966,957.  Excludes 190,085 shares of the registrant's Common Stock held by executive officers and directors outstanding at June 30, 2021. Exclusion of such shares should not be construed to indicate that any such person possesses the power, direct or indirect, to direct or cause the direction of the management or policies of the registrant or that such person is controlled by or under common control with the registrant.

As of March 1, 2022, there were 28,943,038 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A in connection with the registrant’s 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed subsequent to the date hereof, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days following the end of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

SCYNEXIS, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “expectations,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “predict,” “potential” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance, time frames or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, time frames or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors.” Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this filing. You should read this Annual Report on Form 10-K completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We hereby qualify our forward-looking statements by our cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

RISK FACTOR SUMMARY

Risks and uncertainties we face are set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors.” The following is a summary of these risk factors:

Risks Relating to Our Financial Condition and Need for Additional Capital

Risks Relating to the Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates For Human Use

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Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property

Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth

Other Risks Relating to Our Business

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Risks Relating to Owning Our Common Stock

REVERSE STOCK SPLIT

On July 16, 2020, we implemented a 1-for-10 reverse stock split of our common stock and decreased the number of authorized shares of our common stock from 250,000,000 shares to 100,000,000 shares.  All share and per share amounts presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been retroactively adjusted for the reverse stock split.

Overview

SCYNEXIS, Inc. is pioneering innovative medicines to potentially help millions of patients worldwide in need of new options to overcome and prevent difficult-to-treat and drug-resistant infections.  We are developing our lead product candidate, ibrexafungerp, as a broad-spectrum, intravenous (IV)/oral agent for multiple fungal indications in both the community and hospital settings. In June 2021, the FDA approved BREXAFEMME (ibrexafungerp tablets) for treatment of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), also known as vaginal yeast infection, and we have commenced the commercialization of BREXAFEMME in the U.S.  We also are continuing late-stage clinical development of ibrexafungerp for multiple indications, including the treatment of life-threatening invasive fungal infections caused primarily by Candida spp. (including C. auris) and Aspergillus spp. in hospitalized patients.

Ibrexafungerp, the first representative of a novel class of antifungal agents called triterpenoids, is a structurally distinct glucan synthase inhibitor and has shown in vitro and in vivo activity against a broad range of human fungal pathogens such as Candida and Aspergillus genera, including multidrug-resistant strains, as well as Pneumocystis, Coccidioides, Histoplasma and Blastomyces genera. Candida and Aspergillus genera are the fungi responsible for approximately 85% of all invasive fungal infections in the United States (U.S.) and Europe. To date, we have characterized the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile of the oral and IV formulations of ibrexafungerp in multiple in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The FDA has granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track designations to ibrexafungerp for the indications of VVC (including the prevention of recurrent VVC), invasive candidiasis (IC) (including candidemia), and invasive aspergillosis (IA), and has granted Orphan Drug designations for the IC and IA indications.  The European Medicines Agency has granted Orphan Medicinal Product designation to ibrexafungerp for IC.  These designations may provide us with additional market exclusivity and expedited regulatory paths.

BREXAFEMME

In June 2021, the FDA approved BREXAFEMME for use in patients with VVC.  This approval was based on positive results from two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center studies (VANISH-303 and VANISH-306), in which oral ibrexafungerp demonstrated statistically superior efficacy compared to placebo and a favorable tolerability profile in women with VVC.  The FDA granted BREXAFEMME five years of exclusivity extension under the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act, which is added to five years of new chemical entity (NCE) exclusivity, for a combined ten-year period of regulatory exclusivity. BREXAFEMME also is protected by multiple patents, including a composition-of-

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matter patent covering the ibrexafungerp molecule. With patent term extension, this patent is expected to expire in 2035, providing an expected 13 years of protection from generic competitors in the U.S. 

Following approval of BREXAFEMME in June 2021, by August 2021 the product had been manufactured, packaged, and distributed to pharmacies and our partnered sales force had been hired and trained with the commercial launch formally announced in September 2021.  BREXAFEMME was prescribed by over 1,600 healthcare providers (HCPs) in the fourth quarter of 2021, and 40% of these doctors expanded their use and prescribed the treatment to multiple patients during this period.  According to IQVIA data, there were 3,674 total prescriptions for BREXAFEMME written in the fourth quarter of 2021, and approximately 4,600 total prescriptions written in 2021, which was in line with our internal forecast.  As of the end of 2021, BREXAFEMME was covered by plans representing more than 81 million commercially-insured lives or approximately 48% of insured patients.

Our Platform of Indications

Ibrexafungerp Hospital and Community Development Programs

We continue to actively advance our clinical programs, leveraging the potential of ibrexafungerp to be a suitable treatment for multiple indications with significant unmet medical needs and considerable commercial opportunities. The following illustration summarizes the status of the indications for ibrexafungerp currently being pursued in the hospital and community setting, as well as our current expectations regarding the time of reporting data and, if the data supports it, the filing of an NDA and potential FDA approval:

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Prevention of Recurrent VVC

In February 2022, we announced positive results from our global Phase 3 CANDLE study investigating the safety and efficacy of oral ibrexafungerp for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rVVC), also known as vaginal yeast infection. We plan to submit the results to the FDA in the second quarter of 2022 and a potential approval by year-end.

The study showed that 65.4% of patients receiving ibrexafungerp achieved clinical success by having no recurrence at all, either culture-proven, presumed or suspected, through Week 24 compared to 53.1% of placebo-treated patients (p=0.02). The advantage of ibrexafungerp over placebo was sustained over the three-month follow-up period and remained statistically significant (p=0.034). Secondary endpoints were consistent with the results of the primary analysis and will be presented at a future medical meeting.

The study also evaluated an additional group of 24 patients who failed to respond to the initial three-day regimen of fluconazole and received a one-day open-label treatment course of ibrexafungerp (300 mg BID). In those patients treated with ibrexafungerp, 71% successfully achieved a significant reduction or elimination of signs and symptoms.

In the study, ibrexafungerp was generally safe and well-tolerated. There were no serious drug-related adverse events, and no patients treated with ibrexafungerp discontinued therapy due to adverse events. The most commonly reported events were headaches and gastrointestinal events, which were mostly mild and generally consistent with the current BREXAFEMME label.

The CANDLE study, which was conducted in female patients age 12 years and older living with recurrent VVC, randomized 260 patients from approximately 50 global centers. The primary endpoint of the study was efficacy as measured by the percentage of patients with no recurrences of an acute episode of VVC, up through their test-of-cure (TOC) evaluation at week 24. Secondary endpoints of the study included evaluation of VVC recurrences at other time points up to week 36, time to first recurrence, mycological eradication and quality of life assessments. All patients in the CANDLE study initially received three doses of oral fluconazole to treat their acute VVC episode present at screening. Patients who responded to oral fluconazole for their acute VVC episode were enrolled in the prevention of recurrence phase of the study and randomized to oral ibrexafungerp (300mg BID for one day) or placebo, given one day per month for six months. Patients who failed to sufficiently respond to fluconazole treatment for their acute VVC episode were included in a nested open-label sub-study, in which they were offered a single day of oral ibrexafungerp treatment (300mg BID) for their unresolved VVC infection.  The CANDLE study was conducted in accordance with an agreement with the FDA under a Special Protocol Assessment (SPA) on the design, trial population, endpoints and statistical analysis of the study.  This SPA provided agreement with the FDA that the Phase 3 protocol design adequately addresses efficacy objectives that, if met, would form the primary basis of a regulatory submission for approval of oral ibrexafungerp for the prevention of recurrent VVC, an indication with no FDA-approved therapies.

Invasive Candidiasis and/or Candidemia

In the fourth quarter of 2021, we initiated a global Phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of oral ibrexafungerp as a step-down therapy for patients with IC including candidemia following IV echinocandin therapy in the hospital compared to currently available therapies (the MARIO study).  The global Phase 3 multi-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind study of two treatment regimens will evaluate oral ibrexafungerp as a step-down treatment from IV echinocandin in patients suffering from IC. Eligible patients with IC will receive treatment with IV echinocandin and will then be switched to either oral ibrexafungerp or a standard of care option, either oral fluconazole or best available therapy (BAT) for subjects with infections caused by fluconazole non-susceptible strains, once step-down criteria are met. Approximately 220 patients will be enrolled and randomized in the study.

The primary objective of the study is to determine whether treatment of IC with IV echinocandins followed by oral ibrexafungerp is as effective as treatment with IV echinocandins followed by oral fluconazole (or BAT), the current standard of care. The primary end point of the study will be all-cause mortality at 30 days after initiation of antifungal therapy.  Approximately 35,000 cases of IC in the U.S. per year are caused by the Candida isolates that are resistant to azoles, one for which ibrexafungerp could provide a much-needed oral alternative.

Invasive Aspergillosis

Based on promising pre-clinical data from combination use of ibrexafungerp with voriconazole, the current standard of care, vs. Aspergillus spp., we are conducting a Phase 2 study (SCYNERGIA study) of oral ibrexafungerp in combination with voriconazole in patients with IA. This study is a randomized, double-blind trial with the objective of assessing the safety and efficacy of oral ibrexafungerp in combination with voriconazole, compared to voriconazole alone. We believe that ibrexafungerp’s broad activity against Aspergillus spp., including azole-resistant strains, along with its minimal drug-drug interactions, high tissue penetration into the lungs, and oral formulation allowing for long-term administration, may make it an ideal candidate for use as combination therapy to provide improved outcomes vs. standard of care.  Enrollment in our Phase 2 SCYNERGIA study for patients with invasive aspergillosis has been slower than initially projected and has been extended into 2022 to enable investigators impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic additional time to enroll patients for this important trial.  

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The prioritization of hospital resources toward addressing the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the ability of many institutions to focus on screening and enrolling patients into some clinical trials, including SCYNERGIA. With recent decreases in COVID-19 hospitalizations in some regions, we expect enrollment to accelerate over the next two quarters and anticipate top-line results in the second half of 2022.  

Refractory Invasive Fungal Infections (rIFI)

Enrollment is ongoing in our rIFI program, which comprises two open-label Phase 3 studies (FURI and CARES) designed to support a potential future NDA submission through the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs (LPAD).

In March 2021, we announced that a Data Review Committee (DRC) of independent experts assessed the efficacy of oral ibrexafungerp in a third cohort of 33 patients from the FURI study and a first cohort of ten patients from the CARES study. The third interim analysis of the FURI study showed that antifungal activity was consistently positive across all interim analyses with oral ibrexafungerp showing clinical benefit in 30 out 33 patients, and no patients with progression of disease. On an aggregate basis, oral ibrexafungerp showed clinical benefits in 86.5% of patients (64 of 74), with 46 patients achieving a complete or partial response and 18 patients achieving a stable disease response. Of the 74 treated patients, only five did not respond to ibrexafungerp treatment, one patient died of an underlying condition unrelated to the treatment or fungal infection, and four patients were considered indeterminate.  Analysis of the CARES study found that 80% (8 of 10) patients with invasive candidiasis and candidemia due to Candida auris experienced a complete response, one patient died of an underlying condition unrelated to the treatment or fungal infection and one patient was considered indeterminate.  Oral ibrexafungerp exhibited a positive safety profile and was well-tolerated, with gastrointestinal issues cited as the most common treatment-related adverse events. There were no safety signals warranting changes to the studies.  

The FURI study is evaluating oral ibrexafungerp as a salvage treatment in patients with a variety of difficult-to-treat mucocutaneous and invasive fungal infections that are refractory to or intolerant of current standards of care, or require a non-azole oral step-down therapy for treatment of azole-resistant species. The CARES study is focused on hospitalized patients with invasive candidiasis caused by the multidrug-resistant Candida auris organism, which is associated with high mortality, and the interim analysis was the first clinical trial data of an investigational treatment against infections caused by Candida auris.  Candida auris has been recently declared an “Urgent Threat” to public health by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in its report, Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2019, as it can be multidrug-resistant, has resulted in high mortality rates (up to 60%), and can be spread from patients (and surfaces) to patients, resulting in hospital outbreaks. The CARES study is intended to provide rapid access to oral ibrexafungerp for patients suffering from this life-threatening infection.  

The open-label designs of the FURI and CARES studies permit evaluation of the data on an interim basis to further inform subsequent regulatory steps of the development program. We believe that compelling data from the FURI and/or CARES studies could allow ibrexafungerp to become eligible for the regulatory LPAD, potentially resulting in an NDA submission based on streamlined development. The LPAD was established under the 21st Century Cures Act of 2016, and FDA draft guidance issued in June 2019 suggests smaller, shorter or fewer clinical trials may be appropriate to support approval to treat a serious or life-threatening infection in a limited population with unmet needs. We plan to continue to advance enrollment in the FURI and CARES studies, both in the U.S. and globally. Positive clinical findings from these studies have so far reinforced the potential role of oral ibrexafungerp as a novel therapy to combat severe and difficult-to-treat fungal infections, including multidrug-resistant Candida auris.

IV Ibrexafungerp Development Program

We completed our Phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single and multiple ascending dose study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp in 64 healthy subjects with treatment durations of up to seven days. The liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp was designed to optimize tolerability and address dose-limiting infusion site irritation adverse events observed with previous formulations. The study was conducted in South Africa and dosing began in March 2021 and the last cohort was completed in October 2021. The liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events reported. The most common adverse events were mostly mild (a few moderate) reactions at the infusion site. The dosing was successfully progressed until the target exposure was achieved (i.e., exposure associated with efficacy from animal models).  We are evaluating next steps toward the registrational program for this formulation.

Key Development Milestones

We believe we will potentially achieve the following key milestones in the next 12 months:

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Our Strategy

Key elements of our strategy include:

Market Opportunity

Vaginal Yeast Infections

VVC, commonly known as a vaginal yeast infection due to Candida, is the second most common cause of vaginitis. Although these infections are frequently caused by Candida albicans, infections caused by fluconazole-resistant and non-albicans Candida strains, such as Candida glabrata, have been reported to be on the rise.  An estimated 70-75% of women worldwide will have at least one episode of VVC in their lifetime, and 40-50% of them will experience multiple episodes. VVC can be associated with substantial morbidity, including significant genital discomfort (pain, itching, burning), reduced sexual pleasure and activity, psychological distress (stress, depression, anxiety), embarrassment, reduced physical activity, and loss of productivity. Typical VVC symptoms include pruritus, vaginal soreness, irritation, excoriation of vaginal mucosa and abnormal vaginal discharge.

Current treatments for VVC include several topical azole antifungals and oral fluconazole, which is the only (other than BREXAFEMME) orally administered antifungal currently approved for the treatment of VVC in the U.S. and which accounts for over 90% of the prescriptions for VVC written each year, primarily by obstetrician and gynecologist (OGBYN) offices. Fluconazole reported a 55% therapeutic cure rate in its label, which now also includes warnings of potential fetal harm, illustrating the need for new oral alternatives. In addition, there are many women with persistent (chronic) infections, recurrent infections (four or more recurrences in a 12-month period), non-albicans / azole-resistant Candida strains (e.g., Candida glabrata), diabetic patients, especially with poorly controlled glycemia, and obese patients that could potentially benefit from a non-azole treatment.  Except for BREXAFEMME, there are only azole class treatments available for women suffering from VVC with no other approved alternative class in the U.S.  When a patient fails fluconazole therapy, patients typically are treated with more fluconazole or a topical azole.  Women with VVC could benefit from a non-azole, and preferably oral, treatment option.  

We believe BREXAFEMME has the potential to address vaginal yeast infections across a broad range of patients and could be an ideal treatment option for many patients for whom current treatment options are suboptimal. Despite yeast infections being so common and prevalent, with millions of women suffering from it every year, it is still an under-appreciated, under-reported, and under-served women’s health condition. Treatments for VVC have historically included several topical azole antifungals and oral fluconazole.  Approximately 80% of VVC sufferers will have more than one yeast infection and over a third of women may have six yeast infections or more in a lifetime. There are over 17 million prescriptions written for VVC in the U.S. annually, all of which (prior to BREXAFEMME) belonged to a single drug class, the azoles.  There had been no new oral treatment for VVC in over 25 years other than BREXAFEMME, and we believe health care providers are eager for a novel oral alternative to treat their patients.

BREXAFEMME is the first and only approved oral, non-azole treatment for vaginal yeast infections. We believe that BREXAFEMME’s unique combination of features, including being from a novel class with a different mechanism of action, single-day oral dosing, broad spectrum, and fungicidal activity in all Candida species (albicans and non-albicans) including fluconazole-resistant strains, differentiates it from competing products.

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Invasive Aspergillosis

Current treatment guidelines for IA in the U.S. and in Europe recommend the use of azoles (itraconazole, voriconazole or isavuconazole) as the initial first-line therapy. However, patients face unsatisfactory clinical outcomes with mortality rates ranging from 30% to 80% (depending on the stage of infection and the host underlying disease) and long treatment durations. Additionally, current azole therapies often exhibit drug-drug interactions, and the recent emergence of A. fumigatus azole-resistance is increasingly becoming of clinical concern worldwide.  

Due to the significant rate of resistance in some countries, combination antifungal therapy as first-line treatment for patients suspected of IA is recommended. The combination of voriconazole or isavuconazole with a glucan synthesis inhibitor agent (IV echinocandin) is recommended at least until results of resistance testing are obtained. A previous study, by Marr et al. in IA patients demonstrated that the combination of an IV echinocandin and an IV/oral azole for two weeks followed by an oral azole alone for four additional weeks improved outcomes in certain patient subgroups. In this study, the combination regimen was given for only two weeks because of the limitations of using an IV echinocandin long-term in the outpatient setting. We believe that oral ibrexafungerp, if approved in combination with standard of care for the treatment of IA, would allow patients to receive the desired combination treatment of two agents with different mechanisms of action for the full six to twelve weeks of therapy, potentially leading to better outcomes.

Invasive Candidiasis / rIFI

Treatment options for invasive candidiasis are limited to three main drug classes: echinocandins, azoles, and amphotericin B. The echinocandins are considered the first line recommended therapy in most invasive candidiasis settings. Because the echinocandins can be administered only intravenously, orally administered azoles are often used as step-down agents after initial IV echinocandin therapy. However, antifungal treatment duration for invasive candidiasis typically extends for several weeks and patients for whom the azoles are not a suitable therapy due to resistance, intolerance, or risk of drug-to-drug interaction are restricted to use IV therapy for several weeks. Amphotericin B is also only available via IV administration and is associated with a significant risk of renal toxicity and infusion reactions, making it an unsuitable option in settings where there is underlying, or high risk of, renal impairment. Due to significant monitoring issues, Amphotericin B is also less desirable for outpatient parenteral administration. The echinocandins are typically well tolerated but clinical resistance is rising in many centers, due to development of mutations in the fks genes leading to echinocandin resistance and shift species with natural resistance as well as the rise of novel drug resistant species, such as Candida auris. When resistance develops, the available treatment options may be less efficacious or more toxic. The phenomenon of multi-drug resistance is also reported among isolates of different species of Candida, making the management of patients suffering from these infections extraordinarily challenging, considering the very limited treatment options available. Specifically, 90% of Candida auris isolates have been reported to be resistant to at least one antifungal agent and 30% isolates resistant to at least two antifungals.

There is a clear need for new antifungal treatment options for patients with invasive candidiasis that are refractory or intolerant to available therapies as well as for those who would benefit from oral therapy. We believe ibrexafungerp has the potential to address many of these unmet needs by providing a well-tolerated oral antifungal agent, with low risk for drug-drug interactions that has activity against azole-resistant and most echinocandin-resistant strains.

Ibrexafungerp Target Product Profile

Ibrexafungerp, the first agent in a novel antifungal class, acts through the inhibition of the glucan synthase complex, an established target in antifungal therapeutics. Ibrexafungerp is being developed as oral and IV formulations and has demonstrated potent activity against a large collection of medically relevant strains of Candida and Aspergillus genera, including multidrug-resistant strains, as well as Pneumocystis, Coccidioides, Histoplasma and Blastomyces genera.  Additionally, ibrexafungerp has shown in vitro, in vivo and clinical activity against multidrug-resistant organisms such as Candida auris and synergistic/additive activity in combination with isavuconazole against Aspergillus strains and in combination with amphotericin B against fungi causing mucormycosis.  Ibrexafungerp has unique attributes that define its potential to address significant unmet medical needs and provide considerable commercial opportunities, including:

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We believe that ibrexafungerp, if approved, has the potential to address significant gaps with commercially available therapies in the following indications:

In the future, we may also consider other indications for ibrexafungerp for which longer oral antifungal regimens are typically needed and would benefit from the broad-spectrum activity, favorable safety profile and low potential for drug-drug interactions, including for the treatment of chronic fungal infections and for prophylaxis.

We have established commercial operations and distribution capabilities and we are in the process of assessing our global commercial strategy.  We have been rapidly building the commercial organization including talent, operational infrastructure, processes and IT and data capabilities. We have also been putting in place an ecosystem of key sales, marketing, market access, distribution, and patient support partners to ensure an agile, omnichannel commercial model that will provide a positive experience for both patients and healthcare providers.

For the treatment and prevention of vaginal yeast infections, we anticipate that prescribing physicians will mostly be obstetricians, gynecologists, and nurse practitioners. In February 2021, we partnered with a third-party commercial sales organization, Amplity, Inc., for the commercial launch of ibrexafungerp for the treatment of VVC in the U.S.  We are utilizing Amplity’s commercial execution expertise and resources for sales force, remote engagement, training, market access and select operation services.  Amplity is deferring a portion of its direct service costs in the first two years (2021 and 2022), up to a cap, which we will repay over three years starting in 2023. Amplity has the potential to earn a performance-based success fee, up to a cap, in the 2023-2025 timeframe by exceeding certain revenue targets. Each party retains the right to terminate the agreement upon notice to the other party.

For the treatment of invasive fungal infections, we expect that prescribing physicians will be located at major medical centers, where physicians specializing in critical care, infectious disease specialists, and physicians treating immune compromised or immuno-suppressed patients, such as oncologists and those performing solid organ transplants and stem cell transplants, are likely to be found.  For these indications, we intend to form our own focused hospital-based field force to target physicians in the U.S. Outside of the U.S., subject to obtaining necessary marketing approvals, we will likely seek to commercialize ibrexafungerp through distribution or other collaboration arrangements.

Competition for Ibrexafungerp

Our competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies. The leading antifungal drugs representing each main class are as follows:

Azoles. Noxafil® (posaconazole) marketed by Merck and Cresemba® (isavuconazole), approved in the U.S. and other global markets and marketed by Astellas in the U.S.; Diflucan® (fluconazole), Pfizer, off-patent with multiple generics, Terazol (terconazole), Jannsen, off-patent with multiple generics, Gynazole (butoconazole), Perrigo, off patent with multiple generics

Echinocandins.  Cancidas® (caspofungin), a product that became generic in March 2017, and Mycamine® (micafungin), a generic product.  Pfizer markets the echinocandin Eraxis® (anidulafungin); and

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Polyenes.  AmBisome® (liposomal amphotericin B), a product sold by Gilead in Europe, by Astellas in the U.S. and by Dainippon-Sumitomo in Japan.

Pfizer, Merck, Astellas, and Gilead are all large pharmaceutical companies with significant experience and financial resources in the marketing and sale of specialty pharmaceuticals. Various other producers market and sell generic oral voriconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole.

The VVC market has three generic prescription agents, fluconazole (oral), terconazole and butoconazole (topical), manufactured by multiple generic companies. There is limited to no marketing to support these generic products.

Further, we expect that product candidates currently in clinical development may represent significant competition, if approved. These include the azole Oteseconazole (VT-1161) being developed by Mycovia Pharmaceuticals, Inc., formerly Viamet Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (assets acquired by NovaQuest Capital Management, LLC), the long-acting IV echinocandin Rezafungin (CD101) being developed by Cidara Therapeutics, Inc., Fosmanogepix (APX-001) being developed by Amplyx Pharmaceuticals Inc., the polyene amphotericin B oral formulation MAT2203 being developed by Matinas BioPharma Holdings Inc., and Olorofim (F901318) being developed by F2G Limited.  These companies may have greater resources than ours.

We believe that ibrexafungerp has the ability to perform well in the future fungal infection market given the sparse competitive marketplace, the unmet medical need, and the often high mortality rate of many of these infections.  The key competitive factors affecting the success of ibrexafungerp, if approved, are likely to be its efficacy, safety, convenience, use in outpatient settings, the level of generic competition and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payors. If approved, we believe that ibrexafungerp’s unique features, including being from a novel antifungal class, broad-spectrum of activity including resistant strains, IV and oral formulations, fungicidal activity versus Candida, high tissue penetration, and favorable safety profile, will differentiate it from competing products and allow premium pricing to generics and other competing products.

Our commercial opportunity could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA, or other regulatory, approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours. In addition, our ability to compete may be affected because in many cases insurers or other third-party payors seek to encourage the use of generic products. In the azole class, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, and oral voriconazole are generic. Caspofungin, the largest selling echinocandin, is now available on a generic basis.  If approved, we believe ibrexafungerp will be capable of delivering value supportive of premium pricing over competitive generic products.

Manufacturing and Supply of Ibrexafungerp

We have agreements with external vendors that are capable of supplying drug substance and of producing drug product to support ongoing and planned clinical trials, as well as for commercial product. However, we do not own or operate and do not intend to own or operate facilities for manufacturing, storage and distribution, or testing of drug substance or drug product. We have relied on third-party contract manufacturers for synthesis of our clinical compounds and manufacture of drug product. We expect to continue to rely on either existing or alternative third-party manufacturers to supply ibrexafungerp for ongoing and planned clinical trials and for commercial production.

Ibrexafungerp is a semi-synthetic compound. Thus, the manufacturing process for ibrexafungerp involves fermentation and synthetic chemical steps. The synthetic process does not require any specialized equipment and uses readily sourced intermediates. At commercial scale, we expect cost of goods for ibrexafungerp to be similar to that of other small molecule drugs. We have negotiated agreements with our primary contract manufacturers to produce both drug product and drug substance for our current clinical and commercial needs. In the future, we plan to qualify secondary suppliers to establish a secure supply chain to support commercialization.

We estimate our supplies on hand as well as those we plan to produce for the oral formulation of ibrexafungerp are sufficient to supply our ongoing and planned clinical trials as well as our commercial launch for the treatment of VVC.  Manufacture of additional supplies of ibrexafungerp drug substance is planned to support any further optimization of either the oral or IV formulations, if needed. Additional batches of both oral and IV ibrexafungerp drug product will be manufactured as needed to support the subsequent stages of our clinical development plan and commercial supply requirements.

A drug manufacturing program subject to extensive governmental regulations requires robust quality assurance systems and experienced personnel with the relevant technical and regulatory expertise as well as strong project management skills. We believe we have a team that is capable of managing these activities.

The primary third-party vendors  with which we have agreements in place to support manufacturing and supply both for clinical development and commercial launch have the required capabilities with respect to facilities, equipment and technical expertise, quality systems that meet global regulatory and compliance requirements, satisfactory regulatory inspection history from relevant health authorities and proven track records in supplying drug substance and drug product for late-stage clinical and commercial use.

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Collaborations and Licensing Agreements Associated with Our Core Drug Development Operations

We have a number of licensing and collaboration agreements associated with our core drug development operations, including the following:

Merck

We initially discovered and developed ibrexafungerp through a research collaboration with Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. (Merck), a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. In May 2013, Merck transferred to us all development and commercialization rights for ibrexafungerp (also known as MK-3118). This decision was made following a review and prioritization of Merck’s infectious disease portfolio. Under the terms of the agreement, we received all human health rights to ibrexafungerp, including all related technical documents, preclinical data, data from the seven Phase 1 trials conducted by Merck, and drug product and drug substance.  The agreement continues until expiration of all royalty obligations. The agreement may be terminated if either party is in material breach and fails to remedy the breach after receiving written notice. In January 2014, Merck assigned the patents to us related to ibrexafungerp that it had exclusively licensed to us. Under the terms of the patent assignment, Merck no longer has responsibility to maintain the patents. Merck was originally eligible to receive milestones upon initiation of a Phase 3 clinical study, NDA submission and marketing approvals in each of the U.S., major European markets and Japan that could total up to $19 million.  In addition, Merck will receive tiered royalties based on worldwide sales of ibrexafungerp. The aggregate royalties are mid- to high-single digits of net sales, and we expect to pay royalties on net sales of ibrexafungerp to Merck for no more than ten years from first commercial launch, on a country-by-country basis.

In December 2014, we entered into an amendment to the license agreement with Merck that defers the remittance of a milestone payment due to Merck, such that no amount will be due upon initiation of the first phase 2 clinical trial of a product containing the ibrexafungerp compound (the Deferred Milestone). The amendment also increased, in an amount equal to the Deferred Milestone, the milestone payment that will be due upon initiation of the first Phase 3 clinical trial of a product containing the ibrexafungerp compound.  In December 2016 and January 2019, we entered into second and third amendments to the license agreement with Merck which clarified what would constitute the initiation of a Phase 3 clinical trial for the purpose of a milestone payment.  In January 2019, a milestone payment became due to Merck as a result of the initiation of the VANISH Phase 3 VVC program and it was paid in March 2019.  

On December 2, 2020, we entered into a fourth amendment to the license agreement with Merck. The amendment eliminates two cash milestone payments that we would have paid to Merck upon the first filing of a NDA, triggered by the FDA acceptance for filing of our NDA for ibrexafungerp for the treatment of VVC, and first marketing approval in the U.S. in June 2021 for our NDA for ibrexafungerp for the treatment of VVC.  These cash milestone payments would have been creditable against future royalties owed to Merck on net sales of ibrexafungerp. With the amendment, these milestones will not be paid in cash and, accordingly, credits will not accrue. Pursuant to the amendment, we will also forfeit the credits against future royalties that had accrued from a prior milestone payment already paid to Merck. All other key terms of the license agreement are unchanged.  

Hansoh

In February 2021, we entered into an Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement (the Agreement) with Hansoh (Shanghai) Health Technology Co., Ltd., and Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited (collectively, Hansoh), pursuant to which we granted to Hansoh an exclusive license to research, develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Greater China region, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Under the terms of the Agreement, Hansoh shall be responsible for the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of ibrexafungerp in Greater China. We received a $10.0 million upfront payment and will also be eligible to receive up to $112.0 million in development and commercial milestones, plus low double-digit royalties on net product sales. The obligation to pay royalties with respect to sales in a specified region will continue until the later of the date of expiration of all intellectual property and regulatory exclusivity for the product in the region and ten years from the first commercial sale, unless earlier terminated by Hansoh with advanced notice for convenience or under other specified circumstances.

R-Pharm

In August 2013, we entered into an agreement with R-Pharm, CJSC (R-Pharm), a leading supplier of hospital drugs in Russia, granting them exclusive rights to develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the field of human health in Russia, Turkey, and certain Balkan, Central Asian, Middle Eastern and North African countries. We retained the right to commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Americas, Europe, and Asia.  In November 2014, we entered into a supplemental arrangement with R-Pharm, whereby R-Pharm was informed of the modified IV formulation development plan and R-Pharm agreed to reimburse us for specifically identified IV formulation development and manufacturing costs incurred by us.  We received a non-refundable upfront payment of $1.5 million from R-Pharm in August 2013 which was recognized over a period of 70 months and is fully amortized.

Government Regulation

Government Regulation

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Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, including any manufacturing changes, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, import and export of pharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. The processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in foreign countries, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

U.S. Drug Approval Process

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), and implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold, issuance of warning letters, product recall requests, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

After evaluating the NDA and all related information, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or, in some cases, a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the NDA and may require additional clinical or preclinical testing in order for FDA to reconsider the application.

Preclinical Studies

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, an IRB at each institution participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at that institution. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website.

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Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which in some cases may overlap or be combined:

Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness.

Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population with the target disease to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage.

Phase 3: The drug is administered to an expanded patient population with the target disease, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product, and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and more frequently if serious adverse events occur.  Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials sometimes cannot be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients.

In some cases, the FDA may condition approval of an NDA for a product candidate on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct additional clinical trials to further assess the drug’s safety and effectiveness after NDA approval. Such post-approval trials are typically referred to as Phase 4 studies.

In some circumstances, the FDA may also order a sponsor to conduct post-approval clinical trials if new safety information arises raising questions about the drug’s risk-benefit profile. Those clinical trials are typically referred to as Post-Marketing Requirements (PMRs).

GAIN Act

The FDA has various expedited development programs, including break-through therapy, fast track designation and priority review, that are intended to expedite or simplify the process for the development and FDA review of drugs that meet certain qualifications. The purpose of these programs is to provide important new drugs to patients earlier than under standard FDA review procedures.

The GAIN Act is intended to encourage development of new antibacterial and antifungal drugs for the treatment of serious or life-threatening infections by providing certain benefits to sponsors, including extended exclusivity periods, fast track and priority review. To be eligible for these benefits a product in development must seek and be awarded designation as a Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP).

To qualify as a QIDP according to the criteria established in the GAIN Act, a product must be an antibacterial or antifungal drug for human use intended to treat serious or life-threatening infections, including, those:

Fast Track Designation

The FDA is required to facilitate the development, and expedite the review, of drugs that are intended for the treatment of a serious or life-threatening disease or condition for which there is no effective treatment and which demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Under the Fast Track program, the sponsor of a new drug candidate may request that the FDA designate the drug candidate for a specific indication as a Fast Track drug concurrent with, or after, the filing of the IND for the drug candidate. The FDA must determine if the drug candidate qualifies for Fast Track designation within 60 days of receipt of the sponsor's request.

If a drug candidate is granted Fast Track designation, the sponsor may engage in more frequent interactions with the FDA, and the FDA may review sections of the NDA before the application is complete. This rolling review is available if the applicant provides, and the FDA approves, a schedule for the submission of the remaining information and the applicant pays applicable user fees. However, the FDA's time period goal for reviewing an application does not begin until the last section of the NDA is submitted. Additionally, Fast Track designation may be withdrawn by the FDA if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data emerging in the clinical trial process.

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Post Approval Requirements

Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes or other labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements and prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing annual user fee requirements for any marketed products and the establishments at which such products are manufactured, as well as application fees for supplemental applications with clinical data.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a boxed warning, require that post‑approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post‑marketing studies or surveillance programs.

In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third‑party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label, although physicians, in the practice of medicine, may prescribe approved drugs for unapproved indications. However, pharmaceutical companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with the labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting their promotion of off‑label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off‑label uses may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative liability.

In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical products is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drugs and drug samples at the federal level, and sets minimum standards for the registration and regulation of drug distributors by the states. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.

Pediatric Exclusivity

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of non-patent marketing exclusivity in the United States and, if granted, provides for the attachment of an additional six months of regulatory protection to the term of any existing exclusivity, including the non-patent exclusivity periods described above, and to the regulatory term of any patent that has been submitted to FDA for the approved drug product. This six-month exclusivity may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric study or studies in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a study or studies.

Qualified Infectious Disease Product Exclusivity

If the NDA for a QIDP is approved by the FDA, the FDA will extend by an additional five years any non-patent marketing exclusivity period awarded, such as a five-year exclusivity period awarded for a new chemical entity. This extension is in addition to any pediatric exclusivity extension awarded. Eligibility for the extension will be denied if the product is approved for uses that would not meet the definition of a QIDP.

Other U.S. Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements

In the United States our activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including but not limited to, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, other divisions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) such as the Office of Inspector General, the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, and individual U.S. Attorney offices within the DOJ, and state and local governments. For example, in the United States, sales, marketing and scientific and educational programs also must comply with state and federal fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, transparency laws, government price reporting, and health information privacy and security laws. These laws include the following:

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For example, sales, marketing and scientific/educational grant programs must comply with the federal and state anti-fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, the privacy provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA, and payment transparency laws.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the federal and state healthcare laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative sanctions, damages, disgorgement, monetary fines, possible exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs, imprisonment, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, and contractual damages.

Foreign Regulation

To market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement and Health Care Reform

Our ability to commercialize our product candidates successfully will depend in part on the extent to which the United States and foreign governmental authorities, private health insurers and other third-party payors establish appropriate coverage and reimbursement levels for our product candidates and related treatments. In many of the markets where we would commercialize a product following regulatory approval, the prices of pharmaceutical products are subject to direct price

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controls (by law) and to drug reimbursement programs with varying price control mechanisms.  In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payors.  One third-party payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product candidate does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the product candidate. As a result, the coverage determination process is often time-consuming and costly.

Increasingly, third party payors are requiring that drug companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. Further, such payors are increasingly challenging the price, examining the medical necessity and reviewing the cost effectiveness of medical product candidates. There may be especially significant delays in obtaining coverage and reimbursement for newly approved drugs. Third party payors may limit coverage to specific product candidates on an approved list, known as a formulary, which might not include all FDA-approved drugs for a particular indication. The Company may need to conduct expensive pharmaco-economic studies to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost effectiveness of its products. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require the Company to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of its products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. Additionally, third-party payors may refuse to include a particular branded drug in their formularies when a competing generic product is available. Under Medicare, hospitals are reimbursed under an inpatient prospective payment system. This pricing methodology provides a single payment amount to hospitals based on a given diagnosis-related group. As a result, with respect to Medicare reimbursement for services in the hospital inpatient setting, hospitals could have a financial incentive to use the least expensive drugs for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, particularly the IV formulations of these drugs, as they are typically administered in the hospital.  Further, coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time.

Public and private health care payors control costs and influence drug pricing through a variety of mechanisms, including through negotiating discounts with the manufacturers and through the use of tiered formularies and other mechanisms that provide preferential access to certain drugs over others within a therapeutic class. Payors also set other criteria to govern the uses of a drug that will be deemed medically appropriate and therefore reimbursed or otherwise covered. In particular, many public and private health care payors limit reimbursement and coverage to the uses of a drug that are either approved by the FDA or that are supported by other appropriate evidence (for example, published medical literature) and appear in a recognized drug compendium. Drug compendia are publications that summarize the available medical evidence for particular drug products and identify which uses of a drug are supported or not supported by the available evidence, whether or not such uses have been approved by the FDA.

Healthcare Reform

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions there have been, and continue to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed reforms of the healthcare system to contain costs, improve quality, and expand access to care. For example, in the United States the Affordable Care Act substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and continues to significantly impact the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. There have been executive, judicial and congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. For example, on June 17, 2021 the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. Thus, the Affordable Care Act will remain in effect in its current form. Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the Affordable Care Act marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the Affordable Care Act. It is possible that the Affordable Care Act will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is also unclear how such challenges and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden administration will impact the Affordable Care Act and the Company's business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. These changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, effective April 1, 2013, which, due to subsequent legislative amendments, including the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, will stay in effect through 2031 unless additional Congressional action is taken. However, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and other SARS-CoV-2 relief legislation have suspended the 2% Medicare sequester from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022. Under current legislation the actual reduction in Medicare payments will vary from 1% in 2022 to up to 3% in the final fiscal year of this sequester. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These laws may result in additional

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reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on customers for the Company's drugs, if approved, and accordingly, the Company's financial operations.

There also has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to drug pricing practices, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries, Presidential executive orders  and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. For example. in July 2021, the Biden administration released an executive order, “Promoting Competition in the American Economy,” with multiple provisions aimed at prescription drugs. In response to Biden’s executive order, on September 9, 2021, HHS released a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that outlines principles for drug pricing reform and sets out a variety of potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue as well as potential administrative actions HHS can take to advance these principles. No legislation or administrative actions have been finalized to implement these principles. It is unclear whether these or similar policy initiatives will be implemented in the future. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Further, it is possible that additional governmental action is taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Intellectual Property

We strive to protect the proprietary technology that we believe is important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patents intended to cover our product candidates and compositions, and their methods of use and other inventions that are commercially important to the development of our business. We also rely on trade secrets to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.

As of March 1, 2022, we are the owner of more than ten issued U.S. patents and more than 125 issued non-U.S. patents with claims to novel compounds, compositions containing them, processes for their preparation, and their uses as pharmaceutical agents, with terms expiring between 2027 and 2038. Of these patents, five U.S. patents relate to ibrexafungerp. We are actively pursuing several U.S. patent applications and many non-U.S. patent applications in multiple jurisdictions worldwide.

Ibrexafungerp is protected in the United States by an issued composition of matter patent (U.S. Patent No. 8,188,085) and three issued patents related to ibrexafungerp salts and polymorphs, including the citrate salt used in BREXAFEMME and our ongoing clinical trials. The ‘085 patent is currently set to expire in 2030. We have applied for patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (the Hatch-Waxman Act) and believe that the term of the ‘085 patent will be extended into 2035. The three patents covering the citrate salt of ibrexafungerp expire in 2035. The ibrexafungerp composition of matter is covered by a patent in more than 60 jurisdictions worldwide, with several more patent applications pending.  Additional patent applications related to ibrexafungerp’s formulations and use as an antifungal agent have been filed and are currently pending. If granted, the new patent families could extend the patent protection for certain ibrexafungerp formulations or uses up to 2040.  For this and more comprehensive risks related to our proprietary technology and processes, please see the section on “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property.”

Employees

As of March 1, 2022, we had 56 employees, all of whom were employed on a full-time basis. Our employees are engaged in administration, accounting and finance, research, clinical development, manufacturing, and business development functions. We believe our relations with our employees are good.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in the State of Delaware on November 4, 1999. Our corporate headquarters are located at 1 Evertrust Plaza, 13^th Floor, Jersey City, New Jersey 07302.

Our corporate website address is www.scynexis.com. Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available free of charge on our website. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report, and the inclusion of our website address in this Annual Report is an inactive textual reference only.

In evaluating our business, you should carefully consider the following risks, as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These risk factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained

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in forward-looking statements we have made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and those we may make from time to time. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and operating results could be harmed. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently see as immaterial, may also harm our business.

Risks Relating to Our Financial Condition and Need for Additional Capital

BREXAFEMME may only achieve a limited degree of commercial success. The continued commercialization and development of BREXAFEMME will require substantial capital that we may not be able to obtain.

We have expended significant time, money and effort in the commercialization and development of BREXAFEMME, which has been on the market since September 2021.

Successful commercialization of BREXAFEMME is subject to many risks, including some that are outside our control. There are numerous examples of failures to fully exploit the market potential of drug products, including by pharmaceutical companies with more experience and resources than us and/or companies that have products that are perceived and/or are more efficacious than BREXAFEMME. We ultimately may be unable to gain widespread market acceptance of BREXAFEMME for a variety of reasons, including the treatment and dosage regimen, potential adverse effects, pricing and availability relative to alternative products and lack of coverage or adequate reimbursement by payors.

In February 2021 we entered into an agreement with Amplity, Inc., for the commercial launch of ibrexafungerp for the treatment of VVC in the U.S., and are utilizing and will utilize Amplity’s commercial execution expertise and resources for sales force, remote engagement, training, market access and select operation services.  However, if Amplity does not perform under this agreement in the manner we expect, or Amplity were to terminate this agreement, this would significantly impair our ability to commercialize BREXAFEMME for the treatment of VVC in the U.S.  Further, we may need to enhance our commercialization capabilities in order to successfully commercialize BREXAFEMME in the United States, and we may not have sufficient resources to do so. The market for skilled commercial personnel is highly competitive, and we may not be able to hire all of the personnel we need on a timely basis or retain them for a sufficient period.  If we are unable to effectively train our sales force and equip them with effective medical and sales materials to help them inform and educate potential customers about the benefits of BREXAFEMME and its proper administration, our efforts to successfully commercialize BREXAFEMME could be put in jeopardy, which would negatively impact our ability to generate product revenues.

If we are unable to maintain payor coverage of, and adequate reimbursement for, BREXAFEMME, physicians may limit how much or under what circumstances they will prescribe or administer BREXAFEMME. As a result, patients may decline to purchase BREXAFEMME, which would have an adverse effect on our ability to generate revenues.

We are responsible for the NDA for BREXAFEMME and its maintenance. We may fail to comply with maintenance requirements, including timely submitting required reports. Furthermore, as part of the approval of BREXAFEMME, the FDA required us to conduct certain additional clinical studies of BREXAFEMME. These studies will require significant capital resources, some of which may not be available to us. We have engaged a clinical research organization to assist us with conducting these studies and have budgeted the projected costs of the study in our operating plans.

If we fail to achieve commercial success with BREXAFEMME in the United States, our prospects for generating significant revenues from this product will be materially and adversely affected.

We have never been profitable, we have only one product approved for commercial sale, and to date we have generated limited revenue from product sales. As a result, our ability to curtail our losses and reach profitability is unproven, and we may never achieve or sustain profitability.

We are not profitable and do not expect to be profitable in the foreseeable future. We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception, including a net loss of $32.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.  As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $359.5 million.  On a prospective basis, our strategic focus, along with the commitment of our financial resources, will be directed towards the development of ibrexafungerp and the commercialization of BREXAFEMME, our sole marketed product.  We had cash and cash equivalents of $104.5 million as of December 31, 2021.  Based upon our existing operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, the $4.7 million sale of a portion of our New Jersey NOLs, the funding of $5.0 million under our Loan and Security Agreement (the Loan Agreement) with Hercules Capital, Inc. and Silicon Valley Bank for positive CANDLE study top-line data, and the anticipated sales of BREXAFEMME will enable us to fund our operating requirements into the second quarter of 2023, although there can be no assurances that we will be able to continue our operations on a long-term basis.  We have suffered substantial losses from operations since inception and will require additional financing.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we:

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In addition, our expenses could increase if we are required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, to perform studies in addition to, or that are larger than, those that we currently expect.

As a result of the foregoing, we expect to experience net losses and negative cash flows from operations for the foreseeable future, and we are unable to predict when, or if, we will be able to achieve profitability. Our losses and negative cash flows have had, and will continue to have a material adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity, financial position and statement of operations.

We expect a number of factors to cause our operating results to fluctuate on a quarterly and annual basis, which may make it difficult to predict our future performance.

Our financial condition and operating results have varied significantly in the past and will continue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter or year to year due to a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. The following factors relating to our business, as well as factors described elsewhere in this report, may contribute to these fluctuations:

Due to the various factors mentioned above, and others, the results of any quarterly or annual periods should not be relied upon as indications of future operating performance.  Further, any financial projections we make are made as of the date we make them are subject to these risks and uncertainties, and these financial projections may not be realized.

We will continue to require substantial additional capital, and if we are unable to raise capital when needed we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our development program for ibrexafungerp as well as our sales and marketing activities for BREXAFEMME.

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is expensive. If the FDA requires that we perform additional studies beyond those that we currently expect, our expenses could increase beyond what we currently anticipate, the timing of the submission of our planned NDAs could be delayed, and any potential product approval could be delayed. Based upon our existing operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, the $4.7 million sale of a portion of our New Jersey NOLs, the funding of $5.0 million under our Loan Agreement for positive CANDLE study top-line data, and the anticipated sales of BREXAFEMME will enable us to fund our operating requirements

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into the second quarter of 2023; provided, however, that changing circumstances may cause us to consume cash more rapidly than we currently anticipate. We may need to raise additional funds from additional issuances of equity and/or debt securities or otherwise obtain funding through strategic alliances or collaborations with third parties. In any event, we will require additional capital to complete development of, to seek regulatory approval for and, if approval is obtained, to commercialize ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop.

When we are required to secure additional financing, the additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop. In addition, we cannot guarantee that financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

If we are required to conduct additional fundraising activities and we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

Our operating activities may be restricted as a result of covenants related to the indebtedness under our senior convertible notes and loan payable and we may be required to repay the notes and our loan payable in an event of default, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business.

On March 7, 2019, we entered into a senior convertible note purchase agreement with Puissance Life Science Opportunities Fund VI (Puissance), pursuant to which we issued and sold to Puissance $16 million of our 6.0% senior convertible notes due 2025.

We may be required to repay the outstanding notes if an event of default occurs under the note purchase agreements.  Under the note purchase agreements, an event of default will occur if, among other things: we fail to make payments under the note purchase agreement; we breach any of our covenants under the note purchase agreements, subject to specified cure periods with respect to certain breaches; or we or our subsidiaries become subject to bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization proceedings.  We may not have enough available cash or be able to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings to repay such indebtedness at the time any such event of default occurs. In this case, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts or grant to others rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected as a result of any of these events.

On May 13, 2021, we entered into a loan payable with Hercules, as administrative agent and collateral agent (in such capacity, the Agent) and a lender, and Silicon Valley Bank, as a lender (SVB, and collectively with Hercules in such capacity, the Lenders) for an aggregate principal amount of up to $60.0 million.  Until we have repaid such indebtedness, the loan payable and security agreement subjects us to various customary covenants, including requirements as to financial reporting and insurance, and restrictions on our ability to dispose of our business or property, to change our line of business, to liquidate or dissolve, to merge or consolidate with any other entity or to acquire all or substantially all the capital stock or property of another entity, to incur additional indebtedness, to incur liens on our property, to pay any dividends or other distributions on capital stock other than dividends payable solely in capital stock, to redeem capital stock, to enter into licensing agreements, to engage in transactions with affiliates, or to encumber our intellectual property.  Additionally, there is a financial covenant requiring us to maintain certain levels of trailing three-month net product revenue solely from the sale of ibrexafungerp commencing on June 30, 2022. The financial covenant will be waived at any time in which we maintain unrestricted and unencumbered cash in accounts maintained with SVB equal to at least 50.0% of the total outstanding loan payable amount, subject to certain requirements. Our business may be adversely affected by these restrictions on our ability to operate our business.  

Additionally, we may be required to repay the outstanding indebtedness under the loan if an event of default occurs under the loan and security agreement. Under the loan and security agreement, an event of default will occur if, among other things: we fail to make payments under the loan and security agreement; we breach any of our covenants under the loan and security agreement, subject to specified cure periods with respect to certain breaches; the Lender determines that a material adverse change has occurred; we or our assets become subject to certain legal proceedings, such as bankruptcy proceedings; we are unable to pay our debts as they become due; or we default on contracts with third parties which would permit the holder of indebtedness to accelerate the maturity of such indebtedness or that could have a material adverse change on us. We may not

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have enough available cash or be able to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings to repay such indebtedness at the time any such event of default occurs. In this case, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or commercialization efforts or grant to others rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected as a result of any of these events.

Risks Relating to the Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization of Our Product Candidates For Human Use

We cannot be certain that ibrexafungerp will receive regulatory approval in the additional indications we are pursuing, and without regulatory approval we will not be able to market ibrexafungerp for these indications. Regulatory approval is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process and there is no guarantee that ibrexafungerp will be approved by the FDA for the additional indications we are pursuing.  

Our ability to generate additional significant revenue related to ibrexafungerp sales will depend on the successful development and regulatory approval of ibrexafungerp for indications in addition to the treatment of VVC.  

We currently have one product approved for sale, BREXAFEMME, which is approved for the treatment of VVC, and we cannot guarantee that we will obtain more marketable products. The development and commercialization of a product candidate, including preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, quality systems, labeling, approval, record-keeping, selling, promotion, marketing and distribution of products, is subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States and regulatory authorities in other countries, with regulations differing from country to country. We are not permitted to market product candidates in the United States until and unless we receive approval of an NDA or NDA supplement from the FDA. We have not submitted an NDA supplement for ibrexafungerp for the prevention of recurrent VVC or for the treatment of refractory invasive fungal infections, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis or any other indications. Obtaining approval of an NDA is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. An NDA must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish the product candidate’s safety and effectiveness for each indication. The approval application must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product. The product development and regulatory review process typically takes years to complete, involves numerous uncertainties and the potential for concerns to emerge late in the development process, and approval is never guaranteed. Even if a product is approved, the FDA may limit the indications for which the product may be used, require extensive warnings on the product labeling or require costly ongoing requirements for post-marketing clinical studies and surveillance or other risk management measures to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product candidate, including the imposition of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS. Markets outside of the United States also have requirements for approval of drug candidates with which we must comply prior to marketing. Obtaining regulatory approval for marketing of a product candidate in one country does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries. Also, any regulatory approval of a product candidate, once obtained, may be withdrawn. If ibrexafungerp or any of our other wholly-owned or partnered product candidates do not receive timely regulatory approval, or fail to maintain that regulatory approval, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become profitable or to continue our operations. Moreover, the submission of our NDA or the receipt of regulatory approval does not assure commercial success of any approved product.

Although both the oral and IV formulations of ibrexafungerp have been granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product status and Fast Track designation, this does not guarantee that the length of the FDA review process will be significantly shorter than otherwise, or that ibrexafungerp will ultimately be approved by the FDA.

We applied to the FDA for, and received, the designation of the oral tablet and the IV formulations of ibrexafungerp for vulvovaginal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis as Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) under the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now Act (GAIN Act). We also applied to the FDA for, and were granted, Fast Track designation for ibrexafungerp for these indications.  Receipt of QIDP status and Fast Track designation in practice may not result in a faster development process, review or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA or related GAIN Act exclusivity benefits.

Delays in the commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials could result in increased costs to us and delay or limit our ability to obtain regulatory approval for ibrexafungerp or any future product candidates.

We do not know whether our current clinical trials of ibrexafungerp will be completed on schedule or at all, or whether any future clinical trials of ibrexafungerp or any future product candidates we may seek to develop will be allowed to commence or, if commenced, will be completed on schedule or at all. The commencement, enrollment and completion of clinical trials can be delayed for a variety of reasons, including:

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In addition, a clinical trial may be suspended or terminated by us, our current or any future partners, an institutional review board, the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:

If we are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of ibrexafungerp or any future product candidates we may seek to develop, we may be delayed in obtaining, or may not be able to obtain, marketing approval for these product candidates.

In addition, if our current or any future partners have rights to and responsibility for development of ibrexafungerp or any future product candidates, they may fail to meet their obligations to develop and commercialize the product candidates, including clinical trials for these product candidates.

Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur and we or any of our partners may be required by appropriate regulatory authorities to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us or any of our partners to resubmit clinical trial protocols to independent review boards for re-examination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial. If we or any of our partners experience delays in the completion of, or if we or our partners terminate, clinical trials, the commercial prospects for ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop will be harmed, and our ability to generate revenue from sales of these product candidates will be prevented or delayed. In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of a product candidate.

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Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. Because the results of earlier clinical trials are not necessarily predictive of future results, any product candidate we or our current or potential future partners advance through clinical trials may not have favorable results in later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.

Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. Clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we or our partners may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical or preclinical testing. In addition, data obtained from tests are susceptible to varying interpretations, and regulators may not interpret data as favorably as we do, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate the same results or otherwise provide adequate data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a product candidate. Frequently, product candidates that have shown promising results in early clinical trials have subsequently suffered significant setbacks in later clinical trials. In addition, the design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product application, or approval of a supplemental application to add a new indication or other changes, and flaws or shortcomings in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. We may be unable to design and execute a clinical trial to support regulatory approval, or approval of supplemental applications for new indications or other changes. Further, clinical trials of potential products often reveal that it is not practical or feasible to continue development efforts. If ibrexafungerp or any future product candidates are found to be unsafe or lack efficacy, we or our collaborators will not be able to obtain regulatory approval for them and our business would be harmed. For example, if the results of our completed, ongoing or planned Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials of ibrexafungerp do not achieve, to the satisfaction of regulators, the primary efficacy endpoints and demonstrate an acceptable level of safety, the prospects for approval of ibrexafungerp would be materially and adversely affected. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry, including those with greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials.

In some instances, there can be significant variability in safety and/or efficacy results between different trials of the same product candidate due to numerous factors, including differences in trial protocols and design, differences in size and type of the patient populations, adherence to the dosing regimen and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. Further, the patients taking ibrexafungerp often have other significant medical issues, such as organ transplants, cancer or other conditions in which their immune systems are suppressed, which makes it difficult to measure the effect of ibrexafungerp in the presence of these medical issues. We do not know whether any Phase 2, Phase 3 or other clinical trials we or any partners may conduct will demonstrate consistent and/or adequate efficacy and safety to obtain regulatory approval to market ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop.

We have only submitted one NDA before, and we may be unable to do so for ibrexafungerp in additional indications or any future product candidate we may seek to develop.

Merck completed seven Phase 1 clinical trials of ibrexafungerp and we have completed 13 Phase 1 clinical trials, four Phase 2 trials, and have initiated five Phase 3 trials, three of which have been completed and two of which are ongoing. We are planning to conduct additional Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 clinical trials of ibrexafungerp. The conduct of successful Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials is essential in obtaining regulatory approval, and the submission of a successful NDA is a complicated process. We have limited experience in preparing and submitting regulatory filings, have previously only sponsored four Phase 2 clinical trials and five Phase 3 clinical trials, and we have only submitted one NDA. Consequently, we may be unable to successfully and efficiently execute and complete our ongoing and planned clinical trials in a way that is acceptable to the FDA and leads to an approval of ibrexafungerp or any future product candidate we may seek to develop. We may require more time and incur greater costs than our competitors and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approvals of product candidates that we may seek to develop. In addition, failure to commence or complete, or delays in, our planned clinical trials would prevent us from or delay us in commercializing ibrexafungerp or any future product candidate we may develop.

The environment in which our regulatory submissions may be reviewed changes over time, which may make it more difficult to obtain regulatory approval of any of our product candidates we may seek to develop or commercialize.

The environment in which regulatory submissions are reviewed changes over time. For example, average review times at the FDA for NDAs have fluctuated over the last ten years, and we cannot predict the review time for any submission with any regulatory authorities. Review times can be affected by a variety of factors, including budget and funding levels and statutory, regulatory and policy changes. Moreover, in light of widely publicized events concerning the safety risks of certain drug products, regulatory authorities, members of Congress, the Government Accountability Office, medical professionals and the general public have raised concerns about potential drug safety issues. These events have resulted in the withdrawal of drug products, revisions to drug labeling that further limit use of the drug products and establishment of risk evaluation and mitigation strategies that may, for instance, restrict distribution of drug products. The increased attention to drug safety issues may result in a more cautious approach by the FDA to clinical trials. Data from preclinical studies and clinical trials may receive greater scrutiny with respect to safety, which may make the FDA or other regulatory authorities more likely to terminate clinical trials before completion, or require longer or additional clinical trials that may result in substantial additional

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expense, a delay or failure in obtaining approval or approval for a more limited indication or conditions of use than originally sought.

In addition, data obtained from preclinical studies and clinical trials are subject to different interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory review or approval of product candidates. Changes in FDA personnel responsible for review of our submissions could also impact the manner in which our data are viewed. Furthermore, regulatory attitudes towards the data and results required to demonstrate safety and efficacy can change over time and can be affected by many factors, such as the emergence of new information, including information on other products, policy changes and agency funding, staffing and leadership. We do not know whether future changes to the regulatory environment will be favorable or unfavorable to our business prospects.

If BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp for other indications or any other future product candidates for which we receive regulatory approval do not achieve broad market acceptance, the revenue that is generated from their sales will be limited.

The commercial success of BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp for other indications or any other product candidates we may seek to develop will depend upon the acceptance of these product candidates among physicians, patients, the medical community and healthcare payors. The degree of market acceptance of product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

If BREXAFEMME, or ibrexafungerp for other indications or any future product candidates we may seek to develop are approved, but do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, healthcare payors and patients, sufficient revenue may not be generated from these product candidates, and we may not become or remain profitable. In addition, efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of our product candidates may require significant resources and may never be successful.

A significant use of antifungal drugs consists of treatment due to the presence of symptoms before diagnosis of the invasive fungal infections, and if recently approved diagnostic tools, or additional tools currently under development, for the quick diagnosis of invasive fungal infections are broadly used in the marketplace, the number of treatments using antifungal drugs may decrease significantly, decreasing the potential market for ibrexafungerp.

We believe that a large portion of the treatments using antifungal drugs are administered when symptoms of invasive fungal infections are present but a diagnosis of the infection has not yet been made, due to the rapid and potentially fatal progression of invasive fungal infections. Diagnostic tools recently approved by the FDA, or currently under development, for the rapid diagnosis of invasive fungal infections may significantly diminish the need to treat patients in advance of diagnosis of invasive fungal infections, which will reduce the potential market for ibrexafungerp in the event that we are able to obtain FDA approval of ibrexafungerp. Moreover, if a rapid and accurate test of the susceptibility of a fungal infection to generically available treatments is developed and widely adopted, the market for ibrexafungerp may suffer.

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If resistance to ibrexafungerp develops quickly or cross-resistance with echinocandins becomes more common, our business will be harmed.

We recognize that, over time, resistance develops against every antibacterial and antifungal drug. One or more strains of fungal pathogens may develop resistance to ibrexafungerp more rapidly than we currently expect, either because our hypothesis of the mechanism of action is incorrect or because a strain of fungi undergoes some unforeseen genetic mutation that permits it to survive. Since we expect lower resistance relative to other antifungal drug classes to be a major factor in the commercialization of ibrexafungerp, rapid development of such resistance or development of cross resistance with echinocandins would have a major adverse impact on the acceptability and sales of ibrexafungerp.

If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval of the IV formulation of ibrexafungerp, ibrexafungerp may not achieve broad market acceptance and sales will be limited.

On March 2, 2017, we announced that the FDA had placed a clinical hold on our IV formulation, instructing us to hold the initiation of any new clinical studies with our IV formulation until the FDA completes a review of all available pre-clinical and clinical data of the IV formulation of ibrexafungerp.  In January 2018, we announced encouraging pre-clinical results for the prototype liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp, showing improved local tolerability profile at the infusion site in head-to-head pre-clinical evaluations with the cyclodextrin-based IV formulation. In August 2018, we announced that as part of our development plans, the process for the liposomal formulation was transferred for scale-up purposes at a manufacturing site intended to provide clinical supplies. Additional preclinical evaluations were performed with the scaled-up formulation, which unexpectedly revealed differences in tolerability at the injection site, delaying advancement of the IV product into human trials. As it is generally recognized that changes to manufacturing processes and/or scale-up can impact the characteristics of drug products, particularly for more technically complex formulations such as liposomal products, we are currently working with our vendors and CMC experts to enable us to resume the pre-IND pre-clinical activities for the IV formulation of ibrexafungerp in the U.S.  If the FDA does not permit us to initiate new clinical studies with our IV formulation, we will not be able to develop and commercialize an IV formulation of ibrexafungerp, which would harm our business prospects.  We completed our Phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single and multiple ascending dose study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp in 64 healthy subjects with treatment durations of up to seven days. The study was conducted in South Africa and dosing began in March 2021 and the last cohort was completed in October 2021. The liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events reported. The most common adverse events were mostly mild (few moderate) reactions at the infusion site. The dosing was successfully progressed until the target exposure was achieved (i.e., exposure associated with efficacy from animal models).  We are evaluating next steps toward the registrational program for this formulation.

Current treatment regimens for invasive fungal infections typically involve initial administration of treatments as an IV infusion, with a switch to an oral formulation of the same or a similar medication to complete the course of treatment on an out-patient basis. We believe that providing both the IV and oral formulations will be beneficial to doctors who prefer to start treatment of patients in a hospital setting with an IV therapy and then switch them to an oral formulation of the same medication. If we are unable to successfully develop and achieve regulatory approval for the IV formulation of ibrexafungerp, our lead product may not achieve, or may be delayed in achieving, broad market acceptance and sales will be limited.

Our approved product and product candidates may have undesirable side effects that may delay or prevent marketing approval, or, if approval is received, require them to be taken off the market or otherwise limit their sales.

It is impossible to predict when or if ibrexafungerp for indications other than VVC or any other product candidate we may seek to develop will prove effective or safe, or whether we will receive marketing approval for ibrexafungerp for the treatment of indications other than VVC, or for any other products we may seek to develop. Unforeseen side effects from any product candidates could arise either during clinical development or, if approved, after the product has been marketed. The most commonly reported adverse events after oral administration of ibrexafungerp have been gastrointestinal (GI) events (i.e., nausea, diarrhea, vomiting).  The gastrointestinal events reported have typically been transient (i.e., short duration), mild or moderate and not leading to discontinuation.  The most commonly reported adverse events after IV administration of ibrexafungerp have been local reactions at the site of infusion.  During our Phase 1 IV program in healthy volunteers, aimed to expand the safety margin that would allow greater flexibility of dosing options in patients, we observed three mild-to-moderate thrombotic events in healthy volunteers receiving the IV formulation of ibrexafungerp at the highest doses and highest concentrations in a Phase 1 study.  These events were reported to FDA as 15-day alert reports because they were unexpected and required anticoagulant therapy.  The potential contribution of the IV formulation of ibrexafungerp to these events cannot be ruled out even though rates of thrombotic events due to intravenous catheters reported in the literature are comparable to those observed in the Phase 1 study.  

Serious adverse events (SAEs) are common when conducting clinical trials in a seriously ill population such as patients experiencing invasive candidiasis. Several SAEs have been reported in our clinical trials but only four of the events have been deemed by the investigator to be potentially related to ibrexafungerp, although other contributing factors could not be ruled out.  These four serious adverse events include: one event of elevation of liver function tests in a subject who received a single dose

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of oral ibrexafungerp (resolved) and three events secondary to thrombi formation at site of IV infusion with the cyclodextrin-based IV formulation.

Preclinical findings in the future could trigger the need to evaluate or monitor for specific potential safety concerns in clinical trials. The results of our clinical trials may show that ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop cause undesirable or unacceptable side effects, which could interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials, resulting in delay of, or failure to obtain, marketing approval from the FDA and other regulatory authorities, or may lead us to abandon their development altogether.

We or others may subsequently identify undesirable or unacceptable side effects caused by BREXAFEMME or any future product candidate we may seek to develop, in which case:

Any of these events could prevent us or our current or potential future partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenue from the sale of products.

We have one marketed drug, and if we are unable to establish an effective sales force and marketing infrastructure or enter into acceptable third-party sales and marketing or licensing arrangements, we may not be able to successfully commercialize ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop.

We currently do not have any sales, distribution and marketing capabilities, the development of which will require substantial resources and will be time consuming. The costs incurred in the development of these capabilities, either internally or through a third-party contract sales organization, would be incurred in advance of any approval of a product candidate. In addition, we may not be able to hire a sales force in the United States that is sufficient in size or has adequate expertise in the medical markets that we intend to target. If we are unable to establish our sales force and marketing capability, our operating results may be adversely affected. In addition, in February 2021 we entered into an agreement with Amplity, Inc., for the commercial launch of BREXAFEMME for the treatment of VVC in the U.S., and are utilizing and will utilize Amplity’s commercial execution expertise and resources for sales force, remote engagement, training, market access and select operation services.  However, if Amplity does not perform under this agreement in the manner we expect, or Amplity were to terminate this agreement, this would significantly impair our ability to commercialize BREXAFEMME for the treatment of VVC in the U.S.  Further, we currently have a development license and supply agreement with R-Pharm, a leading supplier of hospital drugs in Russia, pursuant to which we license to R-Pharm rights to develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the field of human health in Russia and certain smaller non-core markets. We plan to enter into additional sales and marketing or licensing arrangements with third parties for international sales of any approved products. If we are unable to enter into or maintain any such arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, or these entities fail to perform as we intend under these agreements, we may be unable to market and sell ibrexafungerp or any future product candidates we may seek to develop in these markets.

We expect that BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp for the treatment of other indications, and any future product candidates we may seek to develop will face competition, and most of our competitors have significantly greater resources than we do.

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, with a number of established, large pharmaceutical companies, as well as many smaller companies. There are many foreign and domestic pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, public and private universities, government agencies and research organizations actively engaged in research and development of products that may target the same markets as ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop. We expect any products we develop to compete on the basis of, among other things, product efficacy, lack of significant adverse side effects and convenience and ease of treatment. For example, BREXAFEMME competes, and ibrexafungerp for other indications will compete, against current leading antifungal drugs, including voriconazole from the azole class, caspofungin from the echinocandin class, and liposomal amphotericin B from the polyenes class, many of which are currently available in generic form, or expected to be available in generic form at the time IV ibrexafungerp might be approved.

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Compared to us, many of our competitors in the antifungal market have, and potential competitors for any future product candidates we may seek to develop may have, substantially greater:

As a result of these factors, our competitors and potential competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we do. Our competitors and potential competitors may also develop drugs that are more effective, more widely used and less costly than ours and may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products and maintaining compliance with ongoing regulatory requirements.

Reimbursement decisions by third-party payors may have an adverse effect on pricing and market acceptance in the United States. If there is not sufficient reimbursement for our products, it is less likely that our products will be purchased by patients and/or providers.

Successful commercialization of pharmaceutical products usually depends on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, including commercial insurers and federal and state healthcare programs. Patients and/or healthcare providers who purchase drugs generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with such products. As such, coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors can be essential to new product acceptance and may have an effect on pricing.

We do not know the extent to which BREXAFEMME will be able to obtain favorable coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors. If we choose to bring other product candidates to market, they will be subject to similar uncertainty. We believe that ibrexafungerp and any other product candidates that are brought to market are less likely to be purchased by patients and/or providers if they are not adequately reimbursed by third-party payors.

In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and reimbursement for drug products exists among third-party payors.  As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be obtained. Furthermore, the market for our product candidates may depend on access to third-party payors’ drug formularies, or lists of medications for which third-party payors provide coverage and reimbursement. Industry competition to be included in such formularies results in downward pricing pressures on pharmaceutical companies. Third-party payors may refuse to include a particular branded drug in their formularies when a competing generic product is available. The adoption of certain payment methodologies by third-party payors may limit our ability to profit from the sale of ibrexafungerp. For example, under Medicare, hospitals are reimbursed under an inpatient prospective payment system. This pricing methodology provides a single payment amount to hospitals based on a given diagnosis-related group. As a result, with respect to Medicare reimbursement for services in the hospital inpatient setting, hospitals could have a financial incentive to use the least expensive drugs for the treatment of invasive fungal infections, particularly the IV formulations of these drugs, as they are typically administered in the hospital, which may significantly impact our ability to charge a premium for ibrexafungerp. Coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and reimbursement status is attained for BREXAFEMME or other products for which the Company receives regulatory approval, less favorable coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

All third-party payors, whether governmental or commercial, are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs, including mechanisms to encourage the use of generic drugs. Congress has also considered policies to lower the reimbursement formulas in federal and state healthcare programs. Furthermore, coverage of, and reimbursement for, drugs can differ significantly from payor to payor and may require significant time and resources to obtain. In addition, new laws or regulations could impact future coverage and reimbursement.

Healthcare policy changes, including the Affordable Care Act, or changes or repeal of the Affordable Care Act, may have a material adverse effect on us.

In recent years, there have been numerous initiatives on the federal and state levels for comprehensive reforms affecting healthcare industry, including reforms related to the payment for, the availability of and reimbursement for healthcare services in the United States, including pharmaceutical products. These initiatives have ranged from proposals to fundamentally change

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federal and state healthcare reimbursement programs, including providing comprehensive healthcare coverage to the public under governmental funded programs, to minor modifications to existing programs.

In March 2010, Congress enacted the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or the Affordable Care Act. The Affordable Care Act is designed to expand access to affordable health insurance, control healthcare spending, and improve healthcare quality. The law included provisions to, among other things, tie Medicare provider reimbursement to healthcare quality and incentives, mandatory compliance programs, enhanced transparency disclosure requirements, increased funding and initiatives to address fraud and abuse, and incentives to state Medicaid programs to expand their coverage and services. It also imposed an annual tax on pharmaceutical manufacturers or importers who sell “branded prescription drugs.” There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act.  For example, President Trump signed several executive orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the Affordable Care Act or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the Affordable Care Act.  Concurrently, Congress considered legislation to replace or repeal and replace all or part of the Affordable Care Act.  While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the Affordable Care Act have been signed into law. For example, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 included a provision repealing, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the Affordable Care Act on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the Affordable Care Act-mandated “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminated the health insurer tax. Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 (BBA) among other things, amended the Affordable Care Act, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50 percent to 70 percent the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the “donut hole”.

On June 17, 2021 the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed a challenge on procedural grounds that argued the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress. Thus, the Affordable Care Act will remain in effect in its current form. Prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment period for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the Affordable Care Act marketplace. The executive order also instructed certain governmental agencies to review and reconsider their existing policies and rules that limit access to healthcare, including among others, reexamining Medicaid demonstration projects and waiver programs that include work requirements, and policies that create unnecessary barriers to obtaining access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the Affordable Care Act. It is possible that the Affordable Care Act will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is unclear how such challenges and the healthcare reform measures of the Biden Administration will impact the Affordable Care Act and our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. These changes included aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, effective April 1, 2013, which, due to subsequent legislative amendments, including the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, will stay in effect through 2031 unless additional Congressional action is taken. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and other COVID-19 relief legislation suspended the 2% Medicare sequester from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022. Under current legislation the actual reduction in Medicare payments will vary from 1% in 2022 to up to 3% in the final fiscal year of this sequester.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent congressional inquiries, Presidential executive orders,  and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products.  For example, at the federal level, the Trump administration used several means to propose or implement drug pricing reform, including through federal budget proposals, executive orders and policy initiatives. For example, on July 24, 2020 and September 13, 2020, the Trump administration announced several executive orders related to prescription drug pricing that attempt to implement several of the administration’s proposals. The FDA concurrently released a final rule and guidance in September 2020 implementing a portion of the importation executive order providing pathways for states to build and submit importation plans for drugs from Canada. Further, on November 20, 2020, HHS finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law. The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a new safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers. The implementation of this rule has been delayed  until January 1, 2026. On November 20, 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, issued an interim final rule implementing President Trump’s Most Favored Nation executive order, which would tie Medicare Part B payments for certain physician-administered drugs to the lowest price paid in other economically advanced countries, effective January 1, 2021. As a result of litigation challenging the Most Favored Nation model, on December 27, 2021, CMS published a final rule that rescinded the Most Favored Nation model interim final rule. In July 2021, the Biden administration released an

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executive order, “Promoting Competition in the American Economy,” with multiple provisions aimed at prescription drugs. In response to Biden’s executive order, on September 9, 2021, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS, released a Comprehensive Plan for Addressing High Drug Prices that outlines principles for drug pricing reform and sets out a variety of potential legislative policies that Congress could pursue as well as potential administrative actions HHS can take to advance these principles. No legislation or administrative actions have been finalized to implement these principles. In addition, Congress is considering drug pricing as part of other reform initiatives.  It is unclear whether these or similar policy initiatives will be implemented in the future.

We cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future, particularly in light of the new presidential administration. Further federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory developments are likely, and we expect ongoing initiatives to increase pressure on drug pricing, which could have a negative impact on our sales of any future approved products. Further, it is possible that additional governmental action is taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

We expect that a portion of the market for BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp for other indications and any other product candidates we may seek to develop will be outside the United States. However, our product candidates may never receive approval or be commercialized outside of the United States.

Before we or any commercial partners can market and commercialize any product candidates outside of the United States, there are numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries that will apply. Research and marketing authorization procedures vary among countries and can involve additional product testing and administrative review periods. The marketing authorization process in other countries may include all of the risks detailed above regarding failure to obtain FDA approval in the United States as well as other risks. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country, or identification of potential safety concerns in one country, may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approval in other countries or any delay or setback in obtaining such approval could have the same adverse effects detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States. As described above, such effects include the risks that:

Foreign countries may have requirements for marketing authorization holders or distributors to have a legal or physical presence in that country, and consideration of and compliance with these requirements may result in additional time and expense before we can pursue or obtain marketing authorization in foreign jurisdictions. If we do receive approval in other countries, we may enter into sales and marketing arrangements with third parties for international sales of any approved products.

BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp, or any other future product candidates we may seek to develop, may still face future development and regulatory difficulties.

For BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp, or any other future product candidates we may seek to develop, regulatory authorities may still impose significant restrictions on a product’s indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies. Given the number of high profile adverse events with certain drug products, regulatory authorities may require, as a condition of approval, costly risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, which may include safety surveillance, restricted distribution and use, patient education, enhanced labeling, expedited reporting of certain adverse events, pre-approval of promotional materials and restrictions on direct-to-consumer advertising. For example, any labeling approved for any of our product candidates may include a restriction on the term of its use, or it may not include one or more intended indications. Furthermore, any new legislation addressing drug safety issues could result in delays or increased costs during the period of product development, clinical trials and regulatory review and approval, as well as increased costs to assure compliance with any new post-approval regulatory requirements. Any of these restrictions or requirements could force us or our partners to conduct costly studies.

BREXAFEMME, ibrexafungerp, and any other future product candidates we may seek to develop will also be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements for the packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, record-keeping and submission of safety and other post-market information on the drug. In addition, approved products, manufacturers and manufacturers’ facilities are required to comply with extensive FDA requirements, including ensuring that quality control and manufacturing procedures conform to current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). As such, we and our contract manufacturers, which we will be responsible for overseeing and monitoring for compliance, are subject to continual review and periodic inspections to assess compliance with cGMP. Accordingly, we and others with whom we work must continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance, including manufacturing, production and quality control. The FDA may hold us responsible

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for any deficiencies or noncompliance of our contract manufacturers in relation to ibrexafungerp and any other future product candidates we may seek to develop. Failure to follow cGMP can result in products being deemed adulterated, which carries significant legal implications. We will also be required to engage in pharmacovigilance activities and report certain adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA and to comply with certain requirements concerning advertising and promotion for products. Promotional communications with respect to prescription drugs are subject to a variety of legal and regulatory restrictions and must be consistent with the information in the product’s approved label. As such, we may not promote products for indications or uses for which they do not have approval. Failure to comply with FDA advertising and promotion standards, which are often subject to interpretation by regulators, may result in a wide range of exposure and liability for us.

If a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured or disagrees with the promotion, marketing or labeling of a product, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions on that product or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market. If the manufacturing or marketing of products fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory agency may:

Non-compliance may also open a company to potential whistleblower lawsuits and the potential for liability under the False Claims Act.

Pharmaceutical companies are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our ability to commercialize our products.

We are subject to regulation by other regional, national, state and local agencies, including the Department of Justice, the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other regulatory bodies. Violations of any of such laws and regulations could result in significant penalties being assessed against us.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. The Affordable Care Act, among other things, clarified that a person or entity need not have actual knowledge of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute or specific intent to violate it, in order to have committed a violation.  In addition, the Affordable Care Act amended the federal civil False Claims Act to provide that a claim that includes items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions, however, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do not fit squarely within an exception or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny.

The federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the federal civil False Claims Act, and civil monetary penalties law, prohibit any person from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment of government funds that are false or fraudulent or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been investigated and have reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under these laws for a variety of alleged marketing activities, including providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees, grants, free travel, and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe the company’s products; and inflating prices reported to private price publication services, which are used to set drug payment rates under government healthcare programs.

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Companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the marketing of their products for unapproved uses and have also been prosecuted on other legal theories of Medicare and Medicaid fraud.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) which prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, regardless of the payor (e.g., public or private). Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity need not have actual knowledge the statute or specific intent to violate it, in order to have committed a violation.

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, and their implementing regulations, which impose certain obligations with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on “covered entities,” such as certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses and their respective “business associates,” as well as their covered subcontractors, that perform services for them, which involve the creation, receipt, use, maintenance, transmission or disclosure of, individually identifiable health information for or on behalf of a covered entity.

The Physician Payments Sunshine Act, created under the Affordable Care Act, which require certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (with certain exceptions) to report annually to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), other healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to these laws, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Some of these states also prohibit certain marketing related activities including the provision of gifts, meals, or other items to certain health care providers. In addition, certain states, including California, Connecticut, Nevada, and Massachusetts, require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs or marketing codes.  Certain states also require pharmaceutical companies to file periodic reports with the state on sales, marketing, pricing, clinical trials and/or other activities, and/or register their sales and medical representatives.

Compliance with various federal and state laws is difficult and time consuming, and companies that violate them may face substantial penalties. The potential sanctions include significant administrative, civil and criminal penalties, including monetary fines, exclusion from participation in federal health care programs, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, disgorgement, criminal fines, imprisonment, contractual damage, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. Because of the breadth of these laws and the lack of extensive legal guidance in the form of regulations or court decisions, it is possible that some of our business activities or those of our commercial partners could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws. Such a challenge could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and growth prospects.

We could become subject to government investigations and related subpoenas. Such subpoenas are often associated with previously filed qui tam actions, or lawsuits filed under seal under the federal civil False Claims Act. Qui tam actions are brought by private plaintiffs suing on behalf of the federal government for alleged federal civil False Claims Act violations. The time and expense associated with responding to such subpoenas, and any related qui tam or other actions may be extensive, and we cannot predict the results of our review of the responsive documents and underlying facts or the results of such actions. Responding to government investigations, defending any claims raised, and any resulting fines, restitution, damages and penalties, settlement payments or administrative actions, as well as any related actions brought by stockholders or other third parties, could have a material impact on our reputation, business and financial condition and divert the attention of our management from operating our business.

The number and complexity of both federal and state laws continues to increase, and additional governmental resources are being added to enforce these laws and to prosecute companies and individuals who are believed to be violating them. In particular, the Affordable Care Act includes a number of provisions aimed at strengthening the government’s ability to pursue federal Anti-Kickback Statute and federal False Claims Act cases against pharmaceutical manufacturers and other healthcare entities, including substantially increased funding for healthcare fraud enforcement activities, enhanced investigative powers, and amendments to the federal civil False Claims Act that make it easier for the government and whistleblowers to pursue cases for alleged kickback and false claim violations. Responding to a government investigation or enforcement action would be expensive and time-consuming and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and growth prospects.

If we fail to comply with applicable federal, state, or local regulatory requirements, we could be subject to a range of regulatory actions that could affect our ability to commercialize our products and could harm or prevent sales of any affected products that we are able to commercialize, or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing our products. Any threatened or actual government enforcement action could also generate adverse publicity and require that we devote substantial resources that could otherwise be used in other aspects of our business.

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Regulations, guidelines and recommendations published by various government agencies and organizations may affect the use of ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop.

Government agencies may issue regulations and guidelines directly applicable to us, our partners or our potential future partners and our product candidates. In addition, professional societies, practice management groups, private health/science foundations and organizations involved in various diseases from time to time publish guidelines or recommendations to the healthcare and patient communities. These various sorts of recommendations may relate to such matters as product usage, dosage, and route of administration and use of related or competing therapies. Changes to these recommendations or other guidelines advocating alternative therapies could result in decreased use of ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Dependence on Third Parties

We are dependent on our existing third-party collaboration with Amplity, Inc. to commercialize ibrexafungerp for the treatment of VVC in the U.S., and if Amplity is not successful in commercializing ibrexafungerp in the U.S., we may not be successful in commercializing ibrexafungerp in the U.S.

In February 2021, we entered into an agreement with Amplity, Inc., for the commercial launch of BREXAFEMME for the treatment of VVC in the U.S., and will utilize Amplity’s commercial execution expertise and resources for sales force, remote engagement, training, market access and select operation services.  However, if Amplity does not perform under this agreement in the manner we expect, or Amplity were to terminate this agreement, this would significantly impair our ability to commercialize ibrexafungerp for the treatment of VVC in the U.S.  

We are dependent on our existing third-party collaboration with Hansoh to commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Greater China region, and if Hansoh is not successful in commercializing ibrexafungerp in these areas, we will lose a significant source of potential revenue.

We currently have an exclusive license and collaboration agreement with Hansoh who will pay us milestone payments upon the achievement of specified development and commercial milestones.  In addition, Hansoh will pay us royalties upon sales of ibrexafungerp by Hansoh. We are relying on Hansoh to commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Greater China area, including mainland chaina, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan, and if Hansoh is not able to commercialize ibrexafungerp in those countries, or determines not to pursue commercialization of ibrexafungerp in those countries, we will not receive any milestone or royalty payments under the agreement.

We are dependent on our existing third-party collaboration with R-Pharm to commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Russian Federation and certain other countries, and if R-Pharm is not successful in commercializing ibrexafungerp in those countries, we will lose a significant source of potential revenue.

We currently have a development license and supply agreement with R-Pharm, a leading supplier of hospital drugs in Russia, pursuant to which we license to R-Pharm rights to develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the field of human health in Russia and certain smaller non-core markets. R-Pharm will pay us milestone payments upon the achievement of specified milestones, including registration of ibrexafungerp in a country and upon the achievement of specified levels of sales. In addition, R-Pharm will pay us royalties upon sales of ibrexafungerp by R-Pharm. We are relying on R-Pharm to commercialize ibrexafungerp in the countries covered by our agreement with it, and if R-Pharm is not able to commercialize ibrexafungerp in those countries, or determines not to pursue commercialization of ibrexafungerp in those countries, we will not receive any milestone or royalty payments under the agreement.

On February 24, 2022, Russia launched an invasion of Ukraine which has resulted in increased volatility in various financial markets and across various sectors. The U.S. and other countries, along with certain international organizations, have imposed economic sanctions on Russia and certain Russian individuals, banking entities and corporations as a response to the invasion. The extent and duration of the military action, resulting sanctions and future market disruptions in the region are impossible to predict. Moreover, the ongoing effects of the hostilities and sanctions may not be limited to Russia and Russian companies and may spill over to and negatively impact other regional and global economic markets of the world, including Europe and the U.S. The ongoing military action along with the potential for a wider conflict could further increase financial market volatility and cause negative effects on regional and global economic markets, industries, and companies. It is not currently possible to determine the severity of any potential adverse impact of this event on our financial condition, or more broadly, upon the global economy.

We may not be successful in establishing and maintaining development and commercialization collaborations, which could adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize product candidates.

Developing pharmaceutical products, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approval, establishing manufacturing capabilities and marketing approved products is expensive. Consequently, a portion of our strategy is to license to third parties rights to develop and commercialize product candidates, including candidates we have discovered other than ibrexafungerp, and if these third parties do not perform under our agreements with them, we will not receive any revenue from these collaborations. For example, we currently have a development license and supply agreement with R-Pharm, pursuant to which

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we license to R-Pharm rights to develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the field of human health in Russia and certain smaller non-core markets, and if ibrexafungerp receives marketing approval, we may enter into additional sales and marketing arrangements with third parties for international sales. If we are unable to enter into any of these arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, we may be unable to market and sell ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop in certain markets. We expect to face competition in seeking appropriate collaborators. Moreover, collaboration arrangements are complex and time consuming to negotiate, document and implement and they may require substantial resources to maintain. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish and implement collaborations or other alternative arrangements for the development of product candidates. When we partner with a third party for development and commercialization of a product candidate, we can expect to relinquish to the third party some or all of the control over the future success of that product candidate. Our collaboration partner may not devote sufficient resources to the commercialization of product candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization. The terms of any collaboration or other arrangement that we establish may not be favorable to us. In addition, any collaboration that we enter into may be unsuccessful in the development and commercialization of product candidates. In some cases, we may be responsible for continuing preclinical and initial clinical development of a partnered product candidate or research program, and the payment we receive from our collaboration partner may be insufficient to cover the cost of this development. If we are unable to reach agreements with suitable collaborators for product candidates, we could face increased costs, we may be forced to limit the number of product candidates we can commercially develop or the territories in which we commercialize them and we might fail to commercialize products or programs for which a suitable collaborator cannot be found. If we fail to achieve successful collaborations, our operating results and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

We depend on third-party contractors for a substantial portion of our drug development activities and may not be able to control their work as effectively as if we performed these functions ourselves.

We outsource, and intend to continue to outsource, substantial portions of our drug development activities to third-party service providers, including manufacturing and the conduct of our clinical trials and various preclinical studies. Our agreements with third-party service providers and CROs are and will be on a study-by-study basis and typically short-term. In all cases, we expect to be able to terminate the agreements with notice and be responsible for the supplier’s previously incurred costs.

Because we rely on third parties, our internal capacity to perform these functions is limited. Outsourcing these functions involves risk that third parties may not perform to our standards, may not produce results in a timely manner or may fail to perform at all. Even if we outsource activities, in most cases regulators will hold us responsible for the compliance of the activities performed, and hold us responsible for oversight and monitoring of the activities. In addition, the use of third-party service providers requires us to disclose our proprietary information to these parties, which could increase the risk that this information will be misappropriated. There are a limited number of third-party service providers that have the expertise required to achieve our business objectives. Identifying, qualifying and managing performance of third-party service providers can be difficult and time consuming and could cause delays in our development programs. We currently have a small number of employees devoted to clinical development activities, which limits the internal resources we have available to identify and monitor our third-party providers. To the extent we are unable to identify, retain and successfully manage the performance of third-party service providers in the future, our business may be adversely affected.

As we do not intend to own or operate facilities for manufacturing, storage and distribution of drug substance or drug product we are and will be dependent on third parties for the manufacture of ibrexafungerp. If we experience problems with any of these third parties, the commercial manufacturing of ibrexafungerp could be delayed.

The inability to manufacture sufficient commercial supplies of ibrexafungerp could adversely affect product commercialization. We do not currently have any agreements with third-party manufacturers for the long-term commercial supply of ibrexafungerp. We may encounter technical difficulties or delays in the transfer of ibrexafungerp manufacturing on a commercial scale to a third-party manufacturer, or may be unable to enter into agreements for commercial supply with third-party manufacturers, or may be unable to do so on acceptable terms.  

We may not be able to establish additional sources of supply for ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop. These suppliers are subject to regulatory requirements covering manufacturing, testing, quality control and record keeping relating to product candidates and are also subject to ongoing inspections by the regulatory agencies. Failure by any of our suppliers to comply with applicable regulations may result in long delays and interruptions to our product candidate supply while we seek to secure another supplier that meets all regulatory requirements.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured product candidates ourselves, including:

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Any of these factors could result in delays or higher costs in connection with our clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop.

If we fail to establish or lose our relationships with CROs, our drug development efforts could be delayed.

We are substantially dependent on third-party vendors and CROs for preclinical studies and clinical trials related to our drug discovery and development efforts. If we fail to establish or lose our relationship with any one or more of these providers, we could experience a significant delay in both identifying another comparable provider and then contracting for its services, which could adversely affect our development efforts. We may be unable to retain an alternative provider on reasonable terms, or at all. Even if we locate an alternative provider, it is likely that this provider will need additional time to respond to our needs and may not provide the same type or level of services as the original provider. In addition, any contract research organization that we retain will be subject to the FDA’s regulatory requirements and similar foreign standards and we do not have control over compliance with these regulations by these providers. Consequently, if these practices and standards are not adhered to by these providers, the development and commercialization of ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop could be delayed, which could severely harm our business and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Our Intellectual Property

We were dependent on Merck for the establishment of our intellectual property rights related to ibrexafungerp, and if Merck did not establish our intellectual property rights with sufficient scope to protect ibrexafungerp, we may have limited or no ability to assert intellectual property rights to ibrexafungerp.

Under our agreement with Merck, Merck was responsible for establishing the intellectual property rights to ibrexafungerp. As we were not responsible for the establishment of our intellectual property rights to ibrexafungerp, we have less visibility into the strength of our intellectual property rights to ibrexafungerp than if we had been responsible for the establishment of these rights. If Merck did not establish those rights such that they are of sufficient scope to protect ibrexafungerp, then we may not be able to prevent others from using or commercializing ibrexafungerp, and others may be able to assert intellectual property rights in ibrexafungerp and prevent us from further pursuing the development and commercialization of ibrexafungerp.

It is difficult and costly to protect our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to ensure their protection.

Our commercial success will depend in part on obtaining and maintaining patent protection and trade secret protection of ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop and the methods used to manufacture them, as well as successfully defending these patents against third-party challenges. Our ability to stop third parties from making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop is dependent upon the extent to which we have rights under valid and enforceable patents or trade secrets that cover these activities.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions for which important legal principles remain unresolved. No absolute policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed in pharmaceutical patents has emerged to date in the United States or in many foreign jurisdictions. Changes in either the patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and foreign jurisdictions may diminish the value of our intellectual property. Accordingly, we cannot predict the breadth of claims that may be enforced in the patents that we currently own or that may be issued from the applications we have filed or may file in the future or that we have licensed or may license from third parties, including Merck for ibrexafungerp. Further, if any patents we obtain or license are deemed invalid or unenforceable, it could impact our ability to commercialize or license our technology.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

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Due to the patent laws of a country, or the decisions of a patent examiner in a country, or our own filing strategies, we may not obtain patent coverage for all of the product candidates that may be disclosed or methods involving these candidates that may be disclosed in the parent patent application. We plan to pursue divisional patent applications and/or continuation patent applications in the United States and many other countries to obtain claim coverage for inventions that were disclosed but not claimed in the parent patent application, but may not succeed in these efforts.

Composition of matter patents on the active pharmaceutical ingredient are generally considered to be the strongest form of intellectual property protection for pharmaceutical products, as such patents generally provide protection without regard to any method of use. We cannot be certain that the claims in our patent applications covering composition-of-matter of our drug candidates will be considered patentable by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) courts in the United States or by the patent offices and courts in foreign countries. Method of use patents protect the use of a product for the method recited in the claims. This type of patent does not prevent a competitor from making and marketing a product that is identical to our product for an indication that is outside the scope of the patented method. Moreover, even if competitors do not actively promote their product for our targeted indications, physicians may prescribe these products “off-label.” Although off-label prescriptions may infringe or contribute to or induce the infringement of method of use patents, the practice is common and such infringement is difficult to prevent or prosecute. Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our collaborators or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Litigation, interference, or derivation proceedings may fail, resulting in harm to our business, and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

We also rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors, licensees, licensors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our information such that our competitors may obtain it. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Moreover, our competitors may independently develop equivalent knowledge, methods and know-how, such as new therapies, including therapies for the indications we are targeting. If others seek to develop similar therapies, their research and development efforts may inhibit our ability to conduct research in certain areas and to expand our intellectual property portfolio, and also have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may incur substantial costs as a result of litigation or other proceedings relating to patent and other intellectual property rights and we may be unable to enforce or protect our rights to, or use, our technology.

If we choose to go to court to stop another party from using the inventions claimed in any patents we obtain, that individual or company has the right to ask the court to rule that such patents are invalid or should not be enforced. These lawsuits are expensive and would consume time and resources and divert the attention of managerial and scientific personnel even if we were successful in stopping the infringement of such patents or sustaining their validity and enforceability. In addition, there is a risk that the court will decide that such patents are not valid or that we do not have the right to enforce them. There is also the risk that, even if the validity of such patents is upheld, the court will refuse to stop the other party on the grounds that such other party’s activities do not infringe such patents. In addition, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit and the Supreme Court of the United States continue to address issues under the United States patent laws, and the decisions of those and other courts could adversely affect our ability to sustain the validity of our issued or licensed patents and obtain new patents.

Furthermore, a third party may claim that we or our manufacturing or commercialization partners or customers are using inventions covered by the third party’s patent rights and may go to court to stop us or our partners and/or customers from engaging in our operations and activities, including making or selling ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop. These lawsuits are costly and could affect our results of operations and divert the attention of managerial and scientific personnel. There is a risk that a court would decide that we or our commercialization partners or customers are infringing the third party’s patents and would order us or our partners or customers to stop the activities covered by the patents. In that event, we or our commercialization partners or customers may not have a viable way around the patent and may need to halt commercialization or use of the relevant product. In addition, there is a risk that a court will order us or our partners or customers to pay the other party damages for having violated the other party’s patents or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and expense. We cannot predict whether any license would be available at all or whether it would be available on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, even in the absence of litigation, we may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our drug candidates, and we have done so from time to time. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on reasonable terms, if at all. In such events, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our drug

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candidates, which could harm our business significantly. In the future, we may agree to indemnify our commercial partners and/or customers against certain intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties which could increase our financial expense, increase our involvement in litigation and/or otherwise materially adversely affect our business.

Because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation, which could adversely affect our intellectual property rights and our business. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have produced a proliferation of patents, and it is not always clear to industry participants, including us, which patents cover various types of products or methods of use. The coverage of patents is subject to interpretation by the courts, and the interpretation is not always uniform.  If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our products or methods either do not infringe the patent claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, and we may not be able to do this. Proving invalidity or unenforceability is difficult. For example, in the United States, proving invalidity requires a showing of clear and convincing evidence to overcome the presumption of validity enjoyed by issued patents.

Because some patent applications in the United States may be maintained in secrecy until the patents are issued, because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until eighteen months after filing, because searches and examinations of patent applications by the USPTO and other patent offices may not be comprehensive, and because publications in the scientific literature often lag behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology covered by our patents or pending applications. Our competitors may have filed, and may in the future file, patent applications and may have obtained patents covering technology similar to ours. Any such patents or patent application may have priority over our patent applications, which could further require us to obtain or license rights to issued patents covering such technologies. If another party has obtained a U.S. patent or filed a U.S. patent application on inventions similar to ours, we may have to participate in a proceeding before the USPTO or in the courts to determine which patent or application has priority. The costs of these proceedings could be substantial, and it is possible that our application or patent could be determined not to have priority, which could adversely affect our intellectual property rights and business.

We have received confidential and proprietary information from collaborators, prospective licensees and other third parties. In addition, we employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have improperly used or disclosed confidential information of these third parties or our employees’ former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and employees. If we are not successful, our ability to continue our operations and our business could be materially, adversely affected.

Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex intellectual property litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. In addition, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations, on our ability to hire or retain employees, or otherwise on our business.

Risks Related to Employee Matters and Managing Growth

We may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel.

We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management, finance, scientific and clinical personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses.  Stock-based awards are critical to our ability to recruit, retain and motivate highly skilled talent. However, the trading price of our common stock as listed on the Nasdaq Global Market has traded at or below the exercise price of a significant portion of the stock options currently held by our executive officers and key employees. This may reduce the retention value of these options and we may need to grant additional stock options, make further amendments to the terms of existing option awards, or provide alternative compensation and retention programs to continue to retain our employees, especially our key employees and executive officers. If we are not able to attract and retain necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our development objectives, our ability to raise additional capital and our ability to implement our business strategy.  If we are unable to retain our current executive officers and key employees our ability to implement our business strategy successfully could be seriously harmed.

We may need to expand our operations and increase the size of our company, and we may experience difficulties in managing growth.

As of March 1, 2022, we had 56 employees.  We will need to increase our marketing, sales and administrative headcount to manage the commercialization of BREXAFEMME for the treatment of VVC. Further, as we advance ibrexafungerp through

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preclinical studies, clinical trials and commercialization for other indications, we will need to increase our product development, scientific, marketing, sales and administrative headcount to manage these efforts. Our management, personnel and systems currently in place may not be adequate to support this future growth. Our need to effectively manage our operations, growth and various projects requires that we:

If we are unable to successfully manage this growth, our business may be adversely affected.

Other Risks Relating to Our Business

We may face potential product liability exposure, and if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability for a product candidate and may have to limit its commercialization.

The use of product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we may obtain marketing approval expose us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims may be brought against us or our partners by participants enrolled in our clinical trials, patients, healthcare providers or others using, administering or selling products. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against any such claims, we would incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

We have obtained limited product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials domestically and in selected foreign countries where we are conducting clinical trials. Our coverage is currently limited to $10.0 million per occurrence and $10.0 million in the aggregate per year, as well as additional local country product liability coverage for trials conducted outside of the United States as required by the local country regulations. As such, our insurance coverage may not reimburse us or may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to product liability. We intend to expand our insurance coverage for products to include the sale of commercial products if we obtain marketing approval for product candidates, but we may be unable to obtain commercially reasonable product liability insurance for any products approved for marketing. Large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us, particularly if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash available to develop ibrexafungerp and any future product candidates we may seek to develop and adversely affect our business.

Our internal computer systems, or those used by our contract research organizations or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our contract research organizations and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage, data leakage and security breaches from computer viruses, unauthorized access, social engineering, the acts or omissions of our workforce or others with authorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we are not aware of the occurrence of any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our or other contractors or consultants’ operations, it could result in a material disruption of our product candidate development programs. For example, the loss of clinical study data from completed or ongoing clinical studies for a product candidate could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach was to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of any product candidates could be delayed.

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Our insurance policies are expensive and protect us only from some business risks, which will leave us exposed to significant uninsured liabilities.

We do not carry insurance for all categories of risk that our business may encounter. Some of the policies we currently maintain include general liability, employment practices liability, property, auto, workers’ compensation, products liability and directors’ and officers’ insurance. We do not know, however, if we will be able to maintain existing insurance with adequate levels of coverage. Any significant uninsured liability may require us to pay substantial amounts, which would adversely affect our cash position and results of operations.

Our research and development activities could be affected or delayed as a result of possible restrictions on animal testing.

Certain laws and regulations require us to test our product candidates on animals before initiating clinical trials involving humans. Animal testing activities have been the subject of controversy and adverse publicity. Animal rights groups and other organizations and individuals have attempted to stop animal testing activities by pressing for legislation and regulation in these areas and by disrupting these activities through protests and other means. To the extent the activities of these groups are successful, our research and development activities may be interrupted, delayed or become more expensive.

U.S. and foreign privacy and data protection laws and regulations may impose additional liabilities on us.

U.S. federal and state privacy and data security laws and regulations regulate how we and our partners collect, use and share certain information.  For example, HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, and its implementing regulations, impose certain obligations with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information on “covered entities,” such as certain healthcare providers, health plans, and healthcare clearinghouses and their respective “business associates” that perform services for them.  State security breach notification laws, state health information privacy laws, and other state privacy laws also impose requirements regarding the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of personal information.  In addition, in June 2018, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA) which became effective January 1, 2020. The CCPA gives California residents the right to access and require deletion of their personal information, the right to opt out of certain personal information sharing, and the right to detailed information about how their personal information is collected, used, and disclosed. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Although the CCPA includes exemptions for certain clinical trials data and data collected pursuant to HIPAA, the law may increase our compliance costs and potential liability with respect to other personal information we collect about California residents. The CCPA has prompted a wave of proposals for new federal and state privacy legislation that, if passed, could increase our potential liability, increase our compliance costs, and adversely affect our business.

We may also be subject to or affected by foreign laws and regulations, including regulatory guidance, governing the collection, use, disclosure, security, transfer, and storage of personal data, such as information that we collect about patients in connection with clinical trials and our other operations abroad. The global legislative and regulatory landscape for privacy and data protection continues to evolve, and implementation standards and enforcement practices are likely to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. This evolution may create uncertainty in our business, result in liability, or impose additional costs on us. The cost of compliance with these laws, regulations and standards is high and is likely to increase in the future.

For example, the EU implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) a broad data protection framework that expands the scope of EU data protection law to include certain non-European Union entities that process the personal data of EU residents, including clinical trial data. The GDPR increases our compliance burden with respect to data protection, including by mandating potentially burdensome documentation requirements and granting certain rights to individuals to control how we collect, use, disclose, retain and protect information about them. The processing of sensitive personal data, such as information about health conditions, leads to heightened compliance burdens under the GDPR and is a topic of active interest among EU regulators. In addition, the GDPR provides for breach reporting requirements, more robust regulatory enforcement and fines of up to the greater of 20 million euros or 4% of annual global revenue. The GDPR increases our responsibility and liability in relation to personal data that we process, including in clinical trials, and we may be required to put in place additional mechanisms to ensure compliance with the GDPR, which could divert management’s attention and increase our cost of doing business.  

A data security breach or other privacy violation that compromises the confidentiality, integrity or availability of the personal information of our clinical trials participants, collaborators or employees could harm our reputation, compel us to comply with U.S. or international breach notification laws, subject us to mandatory corrective action, and otherwise subject us to liability under U.S. or foreign laws and regulations.  Data breaches or other security incidents could also compromise our trade secrets or other intellectual property.  If we are unable to prevent such data security breaches and security incidents or implement satisfactory remedial measures, our operations could be disrupted, and we may suffer reputational harm, financial loss or other regulatory penalties. In addition, such events can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying them may lead

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to increased harm. While we have implemented security measures designed to protect our information technology systems, such measures may not prevent such events.

Finally, it is possible that these privacy laws may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with federal, state, or foreign laws or self-regulatory standards could result in negative publicity, diversion of management time and effort, and proceedings against us by governmental entities or others. If we expand into other foreign countries and jurisdictions, we may be subject to additional privacy and data protection laws and regulations that may affect how we conduct business.

Risks Relating to Owning Our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile.

The trading price of our common stock may be volatile. The following factors, in addition to other factors described in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this report, may have a significant impact on the market price of our common stock:

In addition, companies trading in the stock market in general, and the Nasdaq Global Market in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating

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performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. These sales may also result in new investors gaining rights superior to our existing stockholders.  For example, in March 2019, we issued and sold $16 million of 6.0% convertible senior notes. The holders may convert their convertible notes at their option at any time prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding March 15, 2025.  Upon conversion of the convertible notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock, together, if applicable, with cash in lieu of any fractional share. Holders who convert may also be entitled to receive, under certain circumstances, an interest make-whole payment payable in shares of common stock.  In addition, following certain corporate events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will, in certain circumstances, increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its convertible notes in connection with such a corporate event.  To the extent holders of these notes convert the notes, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution.  Additionally, the holders of our outstanding warrants also may exercise their right to buy our common stock which could result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us, including the ability of our board of directors to establish new series of preferred stock and issue shares of these new series, which could be used by our board of directors to oppose a hostile takeover attempt, which some stockholders may believe would be in the best interests of stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management, including the elimination of cumulative voting, inability of our stockholders to call special meetings or take action by written consent, ability of our board of directors to fill board vacancies, and ability of our board of directors to determine the size of the board of directors. In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Finally, our charter documents establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our board of directors and for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings. Although we believe these provisions together provide for an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

Sales of our common stock to Aspire Capital may cause substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and the sale of the shares of our common stock acquired by Aspire Capital could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

We may issue and sell to Aspire Capital from time to time pursuant to the common stock purchase agreement an aggregate amount of up to $20.0 million of shares of common stock. It is anticipated that shares offered to Aspire Capital will be sold over a period of up to 30 months from April 2020. The number of shares ultimately offered for sale to Aspire Capital is dependent upon the number of shares we elect to sell to Aspire Capital under the common stock purchase agreement. Depending upon market liquidity at the time, sales of shares of our common stock under the common stock purchase agreement may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline.

Aspire Capital may ultimately purchase all or some of the shares of common stock.  After Aspire Capital has acquired shares under the common stock purchase agreement, it may sell all, some or none of those shares. Sales to Aspire Capital by us pursuant to the common stock purchase agreement may result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital in this offering, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales. However, we have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Aspire Capital and the common stock purchase agreement may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any cost to us.

We have a right to sell up to 25,000 purchase shares per day under our common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital, which total may be increased by mutual agreement up to an additional 200,000 purchase shares per day. The extent to which we rely on Aspire Capital as a source of funding will depend on a number of factors, including the prevailing market price of our common stock and the extent to which we are able to secure working capital from other sources. The aggregate number of shares that we can sell to Aspire Capital under the common stock purchase agreement may in no case exceed 1,956,547 shares of our common stock (which is equal to approximately 19.99% of the common stock outstanding on the date

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of the common stock purchase agreement), including the 70,910 commitment shares (the Exchange Cap), unless either (a) shareholder approval is obtained to issue more, in which case the Exchange Cap will not apply, or (b) the average purchase price of all shares sold under the common stock purchase agreement exceeds $8.461; provided that at no time shall Aspire Capital (together with its affiliates) beneficially own more than 19.99% of our common stock.

Our business could be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we or third parties on which we rely have significant concentrations of clinical trial sites, manufacturing facilities, or other business operations.

Our business could be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we or third parties on which we rely have significant concentrations of clinical trial sites, manufacturing facilities, or other business operations. We have a significant number of clinical trial sites in countries that have been directly affected by COVID-19, and depend on manufacturing operations for various stages of our supply chain in countries affected by COVID-19.  The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our clinical trials, our activities dependent on regulatory authorities, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.

None.

On March 1, 2018, we entered into a long-term lease agreement for approximately 19,275 square feet of office space in Jersey City, New Jersey.  The lease term is until July 2029, and we have the option to renew for two consecutive five-year periods from the end of the first term. We believe that our facilities under this lease are adequate for our purposes for the foreseeable future.  

We are not party to any legal proceedings for which disclosure is required under this item.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market Information

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “SCYX.”  

Stockholders

As of March 1, 2022, there were approximately 51 stockholders of record of our common stock, which excludes stockholders whose shares were held in nominee or street name by brokers. The actual number of common stockholders is greater than the number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to support our operations and finance the growth and development of our business. We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.  Further, we are restricted from paying cash dividends under the terms of our Loan and Security Agreement with Hercules and Silicon Valley Bank.  Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon, among other factors, our results of operations, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.  

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We did not purchase any of our securities during the fourth quarter of 2021.

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Operating results for the year ended December 31, 2021, are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future fiscal years. Some of the statements in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management and involve significant elements of subjective judgment and analysis. Words such as “expects,” “will,” “anticipates,” “targets,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “potential,” “should,” “could,” variations of such words, and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such a difference include those discussed under the caption “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements” and in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These and many other factors could affect our future financial and operating results. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events after the date of this Annual Report.

Overview

SCYNEXIS, Inc. is pioneering innovative medicines to potentially help millions of patients worldwide in need of new options to overcome and prevent difficult-to-treat and drug-resistant infections.  We are developing our lead product candidate, ibrexafungerp, as a broad-spectrum, intravenous (IV)/oral agent for multiple fungal indications in both the community and hospital settings. In June 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved BREXAFEMME (ibrexafungerp tablets) for treatment of patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), also known as vaginal yeast infection, and we have commenced the commercialization of BREXAFEMME in the U.S.  We also are continuing late-stage clinical development of ibrexafungerp for multiple indications, including the treatment of life-threatening invasive fungal infections caused primarily by Candida (including C. auris) and Aspergillus genera in hospitalized patients.

Ibrexafungerp, the first representative of a novel class of antifungal agents called triterpenoids, is a structurally distinct glucan synthase inhibitor and has shown in vitro and in vivo activity against a broad range of human fungal pathogens such as Candida and Aspergillus genera, including multidrug-resistant strains, as well as Pneumocystis, Coccidioides, Histoplasma and Blastomyces genera. Candida and Aspergillus genera are the fungi responsible for approximately 85% of all invasive fungal infections in the United States (U.S.) and Europe. To date, we have characterized the antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics, and safety profile of the oral and IV formulations of ibrexafungerp in multiple in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The FDA has granted Qualified Infectious Disease Product (QIDP) and Fast Track designations to ibrexafungerp for the indications of VVC (including the prevention of recurrent VVC), invasive candidiasis (IC) (including candidemia), and invasive aspergillosis (IA), and has granted Orphan Drug designations for the IC and IA indications. These designations may provide us with additional market exclusivity and expedited regulatory paths.

BREXAFEMME Update

In June 2021, the FDA approved BREXAFEMME for use in patients with VVC.  This approval was based on positive results from two Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center studies (VANISH-303 and VANISH-306), in which oral ibrexafungerp demonstrated statistically superior efficacy compared to placebo and a favorable tolerability profile in women with VVC.  The FDA granted BREXAFEMME five years of exclusivity extension under the Generating Antibiotic Incentives Now (GAIN) Act, which will be added to any other applicable exclusivity periods, such as the five years of new chemical entity (NCE) exclusivity, for a combined ten-year period of regulatory exclusivity. BREXAFEMME also is protected by multiple patents, including a composition-of-matter patent covering the ibrexafungerp molecule. With patent term extension, this patent is expected to expire in 2035, providing an expected 13 years of protection from generic competitors in the U.S. 

Following approval of BREXAFEMME in June 2021, by August the product had been manufactured, packaged, and distributed to pharmacies and our sales force had been hired and trained with the commercial launch formally announced in September 2021.  According to IQVIA data, there were approximately 3,600 total prescriptions for BREXAFEMME written in the fourth quarter of 2021, and approximately 4,600 total prescriptions written in the full year 2021.  BREXAFEMME is now covered by commercial insurance plans that represent more than 54% of commercially covered lives in the U.S.  

We have partnered with Amplity Inc. (Amplity), a leading global contract commercialization organization, to support the ongoing U.S. commercialization of BREXAFEMME.  We are utilizing Amplity’s commercial execution expertise and resources for sales force, remote engagement, training, market access and select operations services.  BREXAFEMME is now available at pharmacies and our full sales team is in the field actively engaging healthcare providers (HCPs). An Early Experience Program was successfully implemented with key HCPs in July 2021, confirming the need for a new treatment option and their willingness to prescribe BREXAFEMME. Progress with payors has yielded scheduled Pharmacy and Therapeutic (P&T) reviews and contract discussions and negotiations.

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Ibrexafungerp Update

In February 2022, we announced positive results from our global Phase 3 CANDLE study investigating the safety and efficacy of oral ibrexafungerp for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (rVVC), also known as vaginal yeast infection. We plan to submit the results to the FDA in an NDA supplement in the second quarter of 2022 and anticipate receiving a potential approval by year-end.

In the fourth quarter of 2021, we initiated a global Phase 3 study to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of oral ibrexafungerp as a step-down therapy for patients with invasive candidiasis and/or candidemia following IV echinocandin therapy in the hospital compared to currently-available outpatient therapies (the MARIO study).  The global Phase 3 multi-center, prospective, randomized, double-blind study of two treatment regimens will evaluate oral ibrexafungerp as a step-down treatment in patients suffering from invasive candidiasis (IC) compared to oral fluconazole. Eligible hospital patients with IC will receive treatment with IV echinocandin and will then be switched to either oral ibrexafungerp or oral fluconazole once step-down criteria are met. Approximately 220 patients will be enrolled and randomized in the study.

Enrollment is ongoing in our refractory and difficult-to-treat invasive fungal infections (rIFI) program, which comprises two open-label Phase 3 studies (FURI and CARES) designed to support a potential future NDA submission for ibrexafungerp through the Limited Population Pathway for Antibacterial and Antifungal Drugs (LPAD).  We intend to continue to enroll and analyze the data of patients that have completed the treatment course in our FURI and CARES studies.  

Enrollment is ongoing in our Phase 2 SCYNERGIA study for patients with invasive aspergillosis and will be extended into 2022 to enable investigators impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic additional time to secure patients for this important trial. SCYNERGIA, which is evaluating oral ibrexafungerp in combination with voriconazole for the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, has not enrolled as rapidly as initially projected. The prioritization of hospital resources toward addressing the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the ability of many institutions to focus on screening and enrolling patients into some clinical trials, including SCYNERGIA. With recent decreases in COVID-19 hospitalizations in some regions, we expect enrollment to accelerate over the next two quarters and anticipate top-line results in the second half of 2022.  

We completed our Phase 1 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single and multiple ascending dose study evaluating the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of the liposomal IV formulation of ibrexafungerp in 64 healthy subjects with treatment durations of up to seven days. Dosing began in March 2021, and the last cohort was completed in October 2021.

Corporate Update

In May 2021, we entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the Loan Agreement) with Hercules Capital, Inc. (Hercules), as administrative agent and collateral agent (in such capacity, the Agent) and a lender, and Silicon Valley Bank, as a lender (SVB), for an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million (the Term Loan).  We received $20.0 million upon closing of the Loan Agreement and $10.0 million upon the FDA approval of BREXAFEMME for oral use in patients with VVC. Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Term Loan is now available to us in two additional tranches, subject to certain terms and conditions.

In May 2021 and February 2022, we entered into an agreement with a third party to sell a portion of our unused New Jersey NOLs and research and development credits for approximately $4.1 million and $4.7 million, respectively.

In February 2021, we partnered with Amplity Inc. (Amplity) for the commercial launch of BREXAFEMME for the treatment of VVC.  Under the terms of the 5-year agreement, we are utilizing Amplity’s commercial execution expertise and resources for sales force, remote engagement, training, market access and select operations services.  We maintain full ownership of ibrexafungerp and control of all strategic aspects of the launch. Amplity is deferring a portion of its direct service costs in the first two years (2021 and 2022), which we will repay over three years starting in 2023.  Amplity has the potential to earn a performance-based success fee in the 2023-2025 time frame by exceeding certain revenue targets.

On February 11, 2021, we entered into an Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement (the Agreement) with Hansoh (Shanghai) Health Technology Co., Ltd., and Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited (collectively, Hansoh), pursuant to which Hansoh obtains an exclusive license from us to research, develop and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Greater China region, including mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. Under the terms of the Agreement, Hansoh shall be responsible for the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of ibrexafungerp in Greater China. We received a $10.0 million upfront payment in the first quarter of 2021 and will also be eligible to receive up to $112.0 million in development and commercial milestones, plus low double-digit royalties on net product sales. The obligation to pay royalties with respect to sales in a specified region will continue until the later of the date of expiration of all intellectual property and regulatory exclusivity for the product in the region and ten years from the first commercial sale, unless earlier terminated by Hansoh with advanced notice for convenience or under other specified circumstances.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Our Business

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The full extent of the future impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on our operations is uncertain and a prolonged outbreak could have an adverse effect on our business. 

We continue to see enrollment across our ongoing studies but have observed that the pandemic has resulted in some delays to some of our clinical studies as the initiation of new investigational sites can be delayed due to the diversion of their resources away from necessary start-up activities, and by limiting the ability of investigational sites to conduct all activities associated with our ongoing studies. For example, the circumstances can hinder the investigational sites’ ability to screen patients for enrollment. We are collaborating with our investigational sites to implement measures to minimize disruptions to patients and ensure continued access to treatment, in accordance with health authority guidance.

With respect to manufacturing and supply, we currently have sufficient drug supply for our ongoing commercialization of BREXAFEMME and clinical studies. Our third-party contract manufacturers continue to operate at or near normal levels and, at this time and subject to further COVID-19 implications, we do not anticipate any disruptions to our drug supply chain.  Additionally, our employees have been transitioned to a work-from-home policy and this has not had any material impact on our internal operating abilities.

The extent of the impact of COVID-19 on our business, financial results, liquidity and cash flows will depend largely on future developments.  Any potential delays in clinical studies as a result of the impact of COVID-19 could result in the recognition of research and development expense for these studies in periods later than originally anticipated.  As of December 31, 2021, we had $104.5 million in cash and cash equivalents.  Our ability to acquire necessary capital may be negatively impacted by the economic environment if the pandemic is prolonged. 

The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 health pandemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential impacts on our business, our clinical trials, our activities dependent on regulatory authorities, healthcare systems or the global economy as a whole. We will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely. 

Liquidity

We have operated as a public entity since we completed our initial public offering in May 2014, which we refer to as our IPO. We also completed a follow-on public offering of our common stock in April 2015 and public offerings of our common stock and warrants in June 2016, March 2018, December 2019, and December 2020.  We have received an aggregate of $253.2 million in net proceeds from the issuance of our common stock in these six offerings.  Our principal source of liquidity is cash and cash equivalents, which totaled $104.5 million as of December 31, 2021 and we have the availability to issue up to $46.9 million of our common stock under our at-the-market facility with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. (Cantor) and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (Ladenburg) and we have the availability to issue up to $16.8 million of our common stock under our purchase agreement with Aspire Capital.  We received $30.0 million under our Term Loan in 2021, received $5.0 million in March 2022, and could potentially be eligible to receive up to an additional $25.0 million, subject to certain terms and conditions.  During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 494,406 shares of our common stock and received net proceeds of $3.1 million under our at-the-market (ATM) facility, sold 400,000 shares of our common stock and received net proceeds of $2.6 million under our common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital, and in May 2021 and February 2022, we received cash receipts of $4.1 million and $4.7 million from a third party for the sale of a portion of our unused New Jersey Net Operating Losses (NOLs) and research and development credits.  During the year ended December 31, 2021, 5,113,156 of our outstanding warrants were exercised for proceeds of $32.8 million.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, including the year ended December 31, 2021.  As of December 31, 2021, our accumulated deficit was $359.5 million. We expect we will continue to incur significant research and development expense as we continue to execute our research and drug development strategy, but that our research and development expenses will decrease primarily given the completion of the VANISH Phase 3 registration program and the CANDLE study.  Consistent with our operating plan, we also expect that we will continue to incur significant selling, general and administrative expenses to support our public reporting company operations, and that our selling, general and administrative expenses will increase to support the ongoing commercial launch of BREXAFEMME for the VVC indication and our ongoing operations. As a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain through one or more of equity offerings, debt financings, other non-dilutive third-party funding (e.g., grants, and New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer (NOL) Program), strategic alliances and licensing or collaboration arrangements. We may offer shares of our common stock pursuant to our effective shelf registration statements, including under our ATM and the common stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital.

Components of Operating Results

Revenue

Revenue primarily consists of a non-refundable upfront payment received under our license agreement with Hansoh and product sales of BREXAFEMME.

Cost of Product Revenue

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Cost of product revenue consists primarily of distribution and freight expenses and other manufacturing costs associated with BREXAFEMME.  Prior to the regulatory approval of BREXAFEMME on June 1, 2021, we expensed as research and development the costs associated with the third-party manufacture of BREXAFEMME.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists of expenses incurred while performing research and development activities to discover, develop, or improve potential product candidates we seek to develop. This includes conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, manufacturing and other development efforts, and activities related to regulatory filings for product candidates. We recognize research and development expenses as they are incurred. Our research and development expense primarily consists of:

Ibrexafungerp was the only key research and development project during the periods presented. We expect to continue to incur significant research and development expense for the foreseeable future as we continue our effort to develop ibrexafungerp, and to potentially develop our other product candidates, subject to the availability of additional funding.  

The successful development of product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate the nature, timing or costs required to complete the remaining development of any product candidates. This is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of product candidates.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of salaries and personnel-related costs, including employee benefits and any stock-based compensation. This includes personnel in executive, accounting and finance, commercial, human resources, business development, medical affairs, and administrative support functions. Other expenses include facility-related costs not otherwise allocated to research and development expense, professional fees for accounting, auditing, tax and legal services, consulting costs for general and administrative purposes, information systems maintenance and marketing efforts.

Other Expense (Income)

Substantially all of our other expense (income) during the periods reported consists of costs associated with:

Income Tax Benefit

To date, we have not been required to pay U.S. federal income taxes because of our current and accumulated net operating losses.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, our income tax benefit recognized consists primarily of an income tax benefit associated with the sale of our NOLs and research and development credits offset by tax withholding expense associated with the upfront payment received from Hansoh.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, and period-to-period percentage change (dollars in thousands):

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Revenue. For the year ended December 31, 2021, revenue consists primarily of a non-refundable upfront cash payment of $10.0 million received under our license agreement with Hansoh and product sales of BREXAFEMME.

Cost of Product Revenues.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, cost of product revenue consists primarily of distribution and freight expenses and other manufacturing costs associated with BREXAFEMME.  Prior to the regulatory approval of BREXAFEMME on June 1, 2021, we expensed $3.4 million as research and development expense the costs associated with the third-party manufacture of BREXAFEMME which was recognized primarily in 2020.  We expect that these initial quantities of BREXAFEMME previously expensed prior to June 1, 2021, will be sold over approximately the next 12 months.

Research and Development. For the year ended December 31, 2021, research and development expenses decreased to $23.8 million from $36.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease of $12.7 million, or 34.9%, was primarily driven by a decrease of $5.5 million in chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC), a decrease of $5.2 million in clinical development expense, a decrease of $0.9 million in preclinical expense, a decrease of $0.5 million in regulatory expense, and a net decrease in other research and development expense of $0.5 million.

The $5.5 million decrease in CMC for the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily driven by the expense recognized in 2020 associated with the production and manufacture of ibrexafungerp for commercial batches necessary for the launch of BREXAFEMME in the second half of 2021 as well as ongoing and planned clinical studies.  Prior to regulatory approval of BREXAFEMME on June 1, 2021, we expensed as research and development the production and manufacture costs associated with ibrexafungerp.  The $5.2 million decrease in clinical development expense for the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily driven by a decrease of $2.0 million in costs associated with the CANDLE study, a decrease of $1.9 million associated with the VANISH Phase 3 VVC program that was substantially complete by the beginning of the third quarter of 2020, a decrease of $2.1 million in expense associated with two drug-drug interaction and certain Phase 1 clinical studies to support the NDA submission for BREXAFEMME, a decrease of $0.4 million in expense associated with the SCYNERGIA study, offset in part by an increase of $0.3 million in costs associated with the Phase 1 IV formulation study in South Africa, a $0.3 million increase in costs associated with the MARIO study, a $0.1 million increase in expense associated with the FURI and CARES studies, and a net increase in other clinical expenses of $0.2 million.  The $0.9 million decrease in preclinical expenses was primarily driven by a $0.8 million decrease in certain pharmacokinetic and preclinical expenses incurred during the prior comparable period.  The $0.5 million decrease in regulatory expense was primarily due to the additional costs incurred during 2020 for the preparation and filing of the NDA submission for the treatment of VVC.

Selling, General and Administrative. For the year ended December 31, 2021, selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $49.9 million from $14.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.  The increase of $35.3 million, or

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241.3%, was primarily driven by a $23.1 million increase in commercial expense, a $3.5 million increase in salary and other compensation related costs, a $2.6 million increase in medical affairs expense, and a $2.2 million increase in information technology costs, all primarily due to the costs recognized to support the ongoing commercialization of BREXAFEMME.  The increase for the year ended December 31, 2021, was also driven by an increase of $1.7 million increase in certain professional fees, a $1.2 million increase in business development expense associated with the licensing agreement entered into with Hansoh in February 2021, and a net increase of $1.0 million in other selling, general and administrative expense.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt.  For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized a $2.7 million and a $1.8 million loss on extinguishment of debt associated with the conversions of our April 2020 6.0% Convertible Senior Notes (April 2020 Notes), respectively.

Amortization of Debt Issuance Costs and Discount. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, amortization of debt issuance costs and discount was $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively.  The 2021 and 2020 debt issuance costs and discount for both the April 2020 and March 2019 convertible notes primarily consisted of an allocated portion of advisory fees and other issuance costs.  The 2021 debt issuance costs and discount for the Loan Agreement comprised issuance and commitment costs, customary closing and final fees, and the fair value of the warrants issued in conjunction with the Loan Agreement.

Interest Income.  For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $24,000 and $0.2 million, respectively, in interest income associated with our money market account and short-term investments.  The decrease in interest income was primarily due to the maturity of all our short-term investments during 2020.

Interest Expense.  For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $2.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively, in interest expense associated with our Loan Agreement and convertible debt.  The increase from the prior comparable period is primarily due to the additional interest expense recognized in the period due to the Loan Agreement which was entered into in May 2021.  

Other Income.  For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $13,000 and $0.3 million in other income associated with certain research and development tax credits.

Other Expense.  For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized $0.6 million in expense associated with the noncash consideration associated with the common stock purchase agreement entered into with Aspire Capital in April 2020.

Warrant Liabilities Fair Value Adjustment.  For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized a gain of $30.4 million and a loss $5.2 million, respectively, for the fair value adjustment for warrant liabilities primarily due to the decrease and increase in our stock price during the periods, respectively.

Derivative Liabilities Fair Value Adjustment.  For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized gains of $1.2 million and $2.3 million, respectively, in the fair value adjustment related to the derivative liabilities primarily due to the decrease in our stock price during the period.  

Income Tax Benefit.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a $4.1 million income tax benefit associated with the sale of a portion of our NOLs and research and development credits and $1.1 million of tax withholding expense primarily associated with the upfront payment received from Hansoh.  For the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a $3.1 million income tax benefit associated with the sale of a portion of our NOLs and research and development credits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $104.5 million, compared to cash and cash equivalents of $93.0 million as of December 31, 2020. The increase in our cash and cash equivalents was primarily due to the funds received for warrants exercised in 2021 and through our ATM and Aspire facilities, the cash receipt of $4.1 million received in 2021 for the sale of a portion of our New Jersey NOLs, offset in part by the ongoing costs for the commercialization of BREXAFEMME and the continued development costs associated with our lead product candidate, ibrexafungerp.

We have incurred net losses since our inception, including the year ended December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, our accumulated deficit was $359.5 million. We anticipate that we will continue to incur losses for at least the next several years.  As a result, we will need additional capital to fund our operations, which we may obtain through one or more of equity offerings, debt financings, or other non-dilutive third-party funding (e.g., grants, New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer (NOL) Program), strategic alliances and licensing or collaboration arrangements. We may offer shares of our common stock pursuant to our Form S-3 shelf registration statements.  For the year ended December 31, 2021, we received net proceeds of $3.0 million and $2.6 million under our ATM and Aspire facilities, respectively.

Cash Flows

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The following table sets forth the significant sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):

Operating Activities

The $5.2 million increase in net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2020, was primarily due to increases in costs associated with the ongoing commercial launch of BREXAFEMME for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections and ibrexafungerp development efforts, offset in part due to the cash receipt of $10.0 million from Hansoh received during 2021. Consistent with our operating plan, we expect our selling, general and administrative expenses to increase to support the ongoing commercial launch of BREXAFEMME and our ongoing operations and that our research and development expenses will decrease primarily given the completion of the VANISH Phase 3 registration program and the CANDLE study.

Net cash used in operating activities of $54.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily consisted of the  $32.9 million net loss adjusted for non-cash charges that included the gain on change in fair value of the warrant liabilities of $30.4 million and stock-based compensation expense of $2.1 million, the gain on change in fair value of the derivative liabilities of $1.2 million, the loss on extinguishment of debt of $2.7 million, and the amortization of debt issuance costs and discount of $1.3 million, plus a net favorable change in operating assets and liabilities of $3.1 million.  The net favorable change in operating assets and liabilities consisted of an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $7.7 million, offset in part by an increase in prepaid expenses, other assets, and deferred costs, accounts receivable, and inventory of $4.6 million.  The $7.7 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses was primarily due to the increase in accounts payable of $2.6 million as of December 31, 2021 and an increase of $3.4 million for other liabilities associated with the long term deferred fees due to Amplity.  The $4.6 million increase in prepaid expenses, other assets, and deferred costs, accounts receivable, and inventory is primarily due to an increase in inventory of $5.3 million, and an increase in accounts receivable of $0.9 million, offset in part by a decrease of $2.9 million in other assets for a receivable that was fully collected in February 2021.

Net cash used in operating activities of $49.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily consisted of the  $55.2 million net loss adjusted for non-cash charges that included the loss on change in fair value of the warrant liabilities of $5.2 million and stock-based compensation expense of $2.2 million, the gain on change in fair value of the derivative liabilities of $2.3 million, the loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.8 million, and the amortization of debt issuance costs and discount of $1.2 million, plus a net unfavorable change in operating assets and liabilities of $3.2 million.  The net unfavorable change in operating assets and liabilities included a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $2.3 million and an increase in prepaid expenses, other assets, and deferred costs of $0.9 million.  The $2.3 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses was primarily due to the decrease in accounts payable of $2.5 million as of December 31, 2020.  The $0.9 million increase in prepaid expenses, other assets, and deferred costs is primarily due to a $2.9 million increase for a receivable that was fully collected in February 2021, offset in part by a $1.2 million decrease in prepaid research and development costs associated with drug product shipped during the period.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities of $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, consisted solely of purchases of intangible assets associated with implementation costs for internal use software.  

Net cash provided by investing activities of $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, consisted primarily of purchases and maturities of short-term investments of $14.2 million and $20.7 million, respectively. 

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $67.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, consisted primarily of (a) gross proceeds from common stock of $32.8 million from the exercise of outstanding warrants in addition to $5.7 million in gross proceeds from common stock sold under our ATM and Aspire facilities, partially offset by related underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses totaling $0.2 million, and (b) during the period we received $30.0 million under our Loan Agreement, offset by $1.3 million in payments of loan payable issuance costs associated with the Loan Agreement.  

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Net cash provided by financing activities of $94.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, consisted primarily of gross proceeds from common stock of $90.6 million, primarily as a result of our December 2020 public offering of common stock and warrants in addition to the gross proceeds from common stock sold under our ATM and Aspire facilities, partially offset by related underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses totaling $5.9 million.  Additionally, pursuant to the April 2020 Notes, we issued and sold to Puissance $10.0 million aggregate principal amount of our April 2020 Notes, resulting in $9.5 million in net proceeds after deducting an advisory fee and other issuance costs. 

Future Cash Needs and Funding Requirements

To date, we have generated minimal revenue from product sales. We do not know if or when we will be able to generate significant revenue from product sales. In addition, we expect to incur expenses in connection with our ongoing development activities, particularly as we continue the research, development and clinical trials of, and seek regulatory approval for, our product candidates. We anticipate that we will need substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing future operations.

Based upon our existing operating plan, we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, the $4.7 million sale of a portion of our New Jersey NOLs, the funding of $5.0 million under our Loan Agreement for positive CANDLE study top-line data, and the anticipated sales of BREXAFEMME will enable us to fund our operating requirements into the second quarter of 2023.  These funds will also be sufficient to enable us to continue to commercially launch BREXAFEMME for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections and complete the development activities for the CANDLE study.  However, we are continually evaluating our operating plan and assessing the optimal cash utilization for our ibrexafungerp development strategy. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses necessary to complete the development of product candidates.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from product sales, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of net proceeds from equity offerings, debt financings, or other non-dilutive third-party funding (e.g., grants, New Jersey Technology Business Tax Certificate Transfer (NOL) Program), strategic alliances and licensing arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interests of our common stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing, similar to our previous loan agreement with Solar or the convertible senior notes we sold in March 2019 and April 2020, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through sales of assets, other third-party funding, strategic alliances and licensing or collaboration arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

Critical Accounting Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the

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United States, or GAAP. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of our consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our assumptions and estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, included in this Annual Report, we believe that the following accounting policies are critical to the process of making significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Revenue Recognition

Product Revenue, Net

We account for revenue in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). Under ASC Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of goods and services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. We perform the following five steps to recognize revenue under ASC Topic 606: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We only recognize revenue when it is probable that we will collect the consideration to which we are entitled in exchange for the goods or services that will be transferred to the customer.  The transaction price for product sales is reduced by variable consideration related to certain gross to net (GTN) adjustments, including chargebacks, rebates, discounts, incentives, and returns, and we will estimate the amount of this variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price using the expected value method.

Information from external sources is used to estimate GTN adjustments. Our estimate of inventory at the wholesalers is based on the projected prescription demand-based sales for our products, as well as our analysis of third-party information, including written and oral information obtained from certain wholesalers with respect to their inventory levels and sell-through to customers and third-party market research data, and our internal information. The inventory information received from wholesalers is a product of their recordkeeping process and excludes inventory held by intermediaries to whom they sell, such as retailers.

We also use information from external sources to identify prescription trends, patient demand and average selling prices. Our estimates are subject to inherent limitations of estimates that rely on third-party information, as certain third-party information was itself in the form of estimates, and reflect other limitations including lags between the date as of which third-party information is generated and the date on which we receive third-party information.  Our significant GTN adjustments are further described below:

License Agreement Revenue

We have entered into arrangements involving the sale or license of intellectual property and the provision of other services.  When entering into any arrangement involving the sale or license of intellectual property rights and other services, we determine whether the arrangement is subject to accounting guidance in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as well as ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808). If we determine that an arrangement includes goods or services that are central to our business operations for consideration, we will then identify the performance obligations in the contract using the unit-of-account guidance in Topic 606.  For a distinct unit-of-account that is within the scope of Topic 606, we will apply all of the accounting requirements in Topic 606 to that unit-of-account, including the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure requirements.  For a distinct unit-of-account that is not within the scope of Topic 606, we will recognize and

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measure the distinct unit-of-account based on other authoritative ASC Topics or on a reasonable, rational, and consistently applied policy election.

In arrangements that include the sale or license of intellectual property and other promised services, we first identify if the licenses are distinct from the other promises in the arrangement.  If the license is not distinct, the license is combined with other services into a single performance obligation. For the sale of intellectual property that is distinct, fixed consideration and variable consideration are included in the transaction price and recognized in revenue immediately to the extent that it is probable that there would not be a significant reversal of cumulative revenue in the future. If the sale or license of intellectual property is not distinct, revenue is deferred and recognized over the estimated period of our combined performance obligation.

Research and Development Accruals

We are required to estimate our expenses resulting from our obligations under contracts with CROs, clinical site agreements, vendors, and consultants in connection with conducting ibrexafungerp clinical trials and preclinical studies and other development activities. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations which vary from contract to contract and may result in payment flows that do not match the periods over which materials or services are provided to us under such contracts. Our objective is to reflect the appropriate development and trial expenses in our consolidated financial statements by matching those expenses with the period in which the services and efforts are expended by our service providers.

For clinical trials, we account for these expenses according to the progress of the trial as measured by actual hours expended by CRO personnel, investigator performance or completion of specific tasks, patient progression, or timing of various aspects of the trial. For preclinical development services performed by outside service providers, we determine accrual estimates through financial models, taking into account development progress data received from outside service providers and discussions with our knowledgeable internal personnel and service provider personnel. During the course of a clinical trial or preclinical study or development project, we adjust our rate of trial or project expense recognition if actual results differ from our estimates. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date within our consolidated financial statements based on the facts and circumstances known to us at that time. Our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in our reporting changes in estimates in any particular period. We have not experienced any significant adjustments to our estimates to date.

Stock-Based Compensation

We record the fair value of stock options issued as of the grant date as compensation expense. We recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period, which is equal to the vesting period.

Stock-based compensation expense has been reported in our statements of operations as follows (dollars in thousands):

On December 31, 2021, the aggregate intrinsic value of outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock was $0.1 million, based upon the $6.10 closing sales price per share of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market on that date.

Determination of the Fair Value of Stock-based Compensation Grants

We calculate the fair value of stock-based compensation arrangements using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions, including volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock options, the risk free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock options, and the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant. In applying these assumptions, we considered the following factors:

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The assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are set forth below:

Warrant Liabilities

We account for the outstanding warrants associated with the June 2016, March 2018, December 2019, December 2020 public offerings as well as the Loan Agreement warrants associated with the remaining unfunded tranches as liabilities measured at fair value.  The fair values of these warrants have been determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model.  We determine the risk-free interest rate by reference to implied yields available from U.S. Treasury securities and utilize the remaining term of the warrant as the expected term.  We estimate expected volatility using the historical volatility of our common stock given we have sufficient history to support the expected terms of the warrants and implied volatility.  See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements on this Annual Report for further details.

Convertible Debt and Derivative Liabilities

For the convertible notes, we account for the bifurcated embedded conversion option, inclusive of the interest make-whole provision and make-whole fundamental change provision, as long-term derivative liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. The derivative liabilities are remeasured at each reporting period using the binomial lattice model with changes in fair value recorded in the consolidated statements of operations in other (income) expense.  We used the binomial lattice valuation model to value the derivative liabilities at inception and on subsequent valuation dates.  This model incorporates transaction details such as stock price, contractual terms, dividend yield, risk-free rate, adjusted equity volatility, credit rating, market credit spread, and estimated yield.  See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements on this Annual Report for further details.

This item is not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of SCYNEXIS, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SCYNEXIS, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2021, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Gross-to-net rebate accruals — Refer to “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 11 – Revenue” to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

As more fully disclosed in Note 2 and Note 11 of the financial statements, the Company’s product revenue is recognized in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 ("ASC 606") upon the transfer of control of the Company’s product to a customer and is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring the product to a customer (“transaction price”). The transaction price for product sales is reduced by variable consideration related to certain gross-to-net (“GTN”) adjustments, including chargebacks, rebates, discounts, incentives, and returns, and the Company will estimate the amount of this variable consideration that should be included in the transaction price using the expected value method. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in net sales only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period. These estimates take into consideration prescription demand

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from commercial providers, current contractual and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends, industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns, and historical trends. 

We identified management’s estimation of certain GTN adjustments, specifically co-pay and managed care rebates (“GTN rebates”) as a critical audit matter, given the complexity involved in determining the significant assumptions used in estimating the transaction price. Auditing these estimates involved especially subjective judgment and audit effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the accounting for the Company’s GTN rebates included the following, among others:

•      We evaluated management's significant accounting policies related to revenue recognition and GTN rebates for reasonableness and consistency.

•      We evaluated the appropriateness and consistency of the Company’s methods and assumptions used to calculate GTN rebates.

•      We tested the mathematical accuracy of GTN rebates.

•      We tested the overall reasonableness of GTN rebates recorded at period end by developing an expectation for comparison to actual recorded balances.

•      We tested co-pay rebate claims processed by the Company, including evaluating those claims for consistency with the conditions and terms of the Company’s contractual arrangements.

License Agreement Revenue — Refer to “Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” and “Note 11 – Revenue” to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

As more fully disclosed in Note 2 and Note 11 to the financial statements, in February 2021, the Company entered into an Exclusive License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Hansoh Health Technology Co., Ltd., and Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Group Company Limited (collectively, “Hansoh”), pursuant to which the Company granted to Hansoh licenses to research, develop, manufacture, and commercialize ibrexafungerp in the Greater China region. The Company determined the accounting for the Agreement was subject to ASC 606 as the Company viewed the Agreement as a contract with a customer as the activities were central to its business operations. The Company evaluated the Agreement and concluded that the transfer of the licenses represented a distinct performance obligation, and revenue of $12.1 million was recorded in 2021 at a point in time upon control of the licenses being transferred to Hansoh. 

We identified the initial accounting for the Agreement as a critical audit matter, given the complexity involved with the identification of performance obligations and in the evaluation of whether the identified performance obligation related to the license was distinct. Auditing these conclusions involved especially subjective judgment and audit effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the accounting for license revenue recorded for the Agreement included the following, among others:

•      We evaluated management's significant accounting policies related to revenue recognition for reasonableness.

•      We evaluated management’s determination that the agreement was within the scope of ASC 606.

•      We obtained and read the Agreement between the Company and Hansoh.

•      With the assistance of professionals in our firm having expertise in the accounting treatment for revenue arrangements, we evaluated the Company's assessment of the accounting treatment of this transaction, including the identification of distinct performance obligations.

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Loan and Security Agreement — Refer to “Note 8 – Borrowings” to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

As more fully disclosed in Note 8 to the financial statements, in May 2021, the Company entered into a Loan and Security Agreement (the “Loan Agreement”) for an aggregate principal amount of $60.0 million (the “Term Loan”). Pursuant to the Loan Agreement, the Term Loan is available to the Company in four tranches. The first two tranches became available to the Company in 2021 and the remaining two tranches may become available to the Company in the future subject to the achievement of certain contingent events described within in Note 8. The Company also issued warrants to purchase shares of its common stock to the counterparties of the Loan Agreement that become exercisable upon the drawing of each tranche of the Term Loan. 

We identified the initial accounting for the Loan Agreement and valuation of the related warrants as a critical audit matter because of the complexity in applying the accounting framework and the significant estimates and judgments made by management in the determination of the fair value of the warrants. Auditing these conclusions and estimates involved especially subjective judgment and audit effort.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the initial accounting for the Loan Agreement and valuation of the related warrants included the following, among others:

•      We evaluated management's significant accounting policies related to the Loan Agreement and warrants for reasonableness.

•      We obtained and read the Loan Agreement and related warrant agreements.

•      With the assistance of professionals in our firm having expertise in the accounting treatment for financial instruments, we evaluated the Company’s conclusions regarding the initial accounting treatment applied to the Loan Agreement, including the accounting for the related warrants.

•      With the assistance of our fair value specialists, we evaluated the reasonableness of the valuation methodology and the significant assumptions used to determine the fair value of the warrants by:

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Parsippany, New Jersey  

March 29, 2022

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2000.

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SCYNEXIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

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SCYNEXIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

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SCYNEXIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(in thousands, except share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements.

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SCYNEXIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)