SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP INC - Quarter Report: 2018 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended: September 30, 2018

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from_____________________________to_____________________________

Commission File Number: 001-33067

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)



New Jersey		22-2168890
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

40 Wantage Avenue
Branchville, New Jersey		07890
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

(973) 948-3000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer x		Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o		Smaller reporting company o
		Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

As of October 15, 2018, there were 58,888,985 shares of common stock, par value $2.00 per share, outstanding.

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	SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.
	Table of Contents
		Page No.
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2018 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2017	1

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income for the Quarter and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	2

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Quarter and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	3

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	4

	Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	5

	Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

	Forward-Looking Statements	23

	Introduction	23

	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	24

	Financial Highlights of Results for Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 and Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017	25

	Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment	30

	Federal Income Taxes	39

	Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources	39

	Ratings	42

	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	43

	Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments	43

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	43

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	43

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	43

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	44

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	45

Item 6.	Exhibits	45

Signatures		45

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION



ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.



SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS	Unaudited
($ in thousands, except share amounts)	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
ASSETS
Investments:
Fixed income securities, held-to-maturity – at carrying value (fair value: $46,240 – 2018; $44,100 – 2017)	$	44,582		42,129
Fixed income securities, available-for-sale – at fair value (amortized cost: $5,216,964 – 2018; $5,076,716 – 2017)	5,190,156			5,162,522
Equity securities – at fair value (cost: $134,530 – 2018; $143,811 – 2017)	157,867			182,705
Short-term investments (at cost which approximates fair value)	304,572			165,555
Other investments	163,930			132,268
Total investments (Note 4 and 6)	5,861,107			5,685,179
Cash	446			534
Restricted cash	12,386			44,176
Interest and dividends due or accrued	41,016			40,897
Premiums receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible accounts of: $10,100 – 2018; $10,000 – 2017	826,923			747,029
Reinsurance recoverable, net of allowance for uncollectible accounts of: $4,500 – 2018; $4,600 – 2017	603,827			594,832
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	167,108			153,493
Current federal income tax	—			3,243
Deferred federal income tax	52,347			31,990
Property and equipment – at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of: $227,639 – 2018; $213,227 – 2017	64,225			63,959
Deferred policy acquisition costs	258,033			235,055
Goodwill	7,849			7,849
Other assets	91,485			78,195
Total assets	$	7,986,752		7,686,431

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Liabilities:
Reserve for loss and loss expense (Note 8)	$	3,925,155		3,771,240
Unearned premiums	1,483,794			1,349,644
Long-term debt	439,436			439,116
Current federal income tax	12,133			—
Accrued salaries and benefits	95,352			131,850
Other liabilities	292,362			281,624
Total liabilities	$	6,248,232		5,973,474

Stockholders’ Equity:
Preferred stock of $0 par value per share:	$	—		—
Authorized shares 5,000,000; no shares issued or outstanding
Common stock of $2 par value per share:
Authorized shares 360,000,000
Issued: 102,786,738 – 2018; 102,284,564 – 2017	205,573			204,569
Additional paid-in capital	385,451			367,717
Retained earnings	1,824,607			1,698,613
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income (Note 11)	(92,576		)	20,170
Treasury stock – at cost (shares: 43,897,753 – 2018; 43,789,442 – 2017)	(584,535		)	(578,112	)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	1,738,520		1,712,957
Commitments and contingencies
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	7,986,752		7,686,431

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Revenues:
Net premiums earned	$	614,277		572,055		1,810,941		1,700,939
Net investment income earned	52,443			40,446		141,227		119,295
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains:
Net realized investment (losses) gains on disposals	(751		)	6,871		4,034		12,252
Other-than-temporary impairments	(1,426		)	(43	)	(5,459	)	(4,729	)
Other-than-temporary impairments on fixed income securities recognized in other comprehensive income	—			(30	)	—		(36	)
Unrealized losses on equity securities	(2,610		)	—		(15,563	)	—
Total net realized and unrealized (losses) gains	(4,787		)	6,798		(16,988	)	7,487
Other income	2,538			1,994		7,896		8,526
Total revenues	664,471			621,293		1,943,076		1,836,247

Expenses:
Loss and loss expense incurred	379,199			344,587		1,130,468		1,003,618
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs	124,511			118,143		368,265		350,071
Other insurance expenses	80,108			78,874		244,342		243,799
Interest expense	6,073			6,085		18,350		18,272
Corporate expenses	7,450			6,289		22,065		26,669
Total expenses	597,341			553,978		1,783,490		1,642,429

Income before federal income tax	67,130			67,315		159,586		193,818

Federal income tax expense:
Current	10,314			16,859		23,529		48,917
Deferred	1,381			3,738		2,878		6,317
Total federal income tax expense	11,695			20,597		26,407		55,234

Net income	$	55,435		46,718		133,179		138,584

Earnings per share:
Basic net income	$	0.94		0.80		2.26		2.37

Diluted net income	$	0.93		0.79		2.23		2.34

Dividends to stockholders	$	0.18		0.16		0.54		0.48

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Net income	$	55,435		46,718		133,179		138,584

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:
Unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities:
Unrealized holding (losses) gains arising during period	(17,036		)	10,874		(103,389	)	50,961
Non-credit portion of other-than-temporary impairments recognized in other comprehensive income	—			19		—		23
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Held-to-maturity securities	(6		)	(35	)	(22	)	(95	)
Non-credit other-than-temporary impairments	—			25		—		25
Realized losses (gains) on disposals of available-for-sale securities	8,563			(4,394	)	14,424		(4,638	)
Total unrealized (losses) gains on investment securities	(8,479		)	6,489		(88,987	)	46,276

Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	420			329		1,260		989
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	420			329		1,260		989
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(8,059		)	6,818		(87,727	)	47,265
Comprehensive income	$	47,376		53,536		45,452		185,849

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands, except per share amounts)	2018			2017
Common stock:
Beginning of year	$	204,569		203,241
Dividend reinvestment plan (shares: 17,683 – 2018; 22,278 – 2017)	35			45
Stock purchase and compensation plans (shares: 484,491 – 2018; 537,588 – 2017)	969			1,075
End of period	205,573			204,361

Additional paid-in capital:
Beginning of year	367,717			347,295
Dividend reinvestment plan	1,013			1,025
Stock purchase and compensation plans	16,721			14,417
End of period	385,451			362,737

Retained earnings:
Beginning of year, as previously reported	1,698,613			1,568,881
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax (Note 2)	30,726			—
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance (Note 2)	(5,707		)	—
Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted	1,723,632			1,568,881
Net income	133,179			138,584
Dividends to stockholders ($0.54 per share – 2018; $0.48 per share – 2017)	(32,204		)	(28,424	)
End of period	1,824,607			1,679,041

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income:
Beginning of year, as previously reported	20,170			(15,950	)
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of equity security guidance, net of tax (Note 2)	(30,726		)	—
Cumulative effect adjustment due to adoption of stranded deferred tax guidance (Note 2)	5,707			—
Balance at beginning of year, as adjusted	(4,849		)	(15,950	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income	(87,727		)	47,265
End of period	(92,576		)	31,315

Treasury stock:
Beginning of year	(578,112		)	(572,097	)
Acquisition of treasury stock (shares: 108,311 – 2018; 136,012 – 2017)	(6,423		)	(6,005	)
End of period	(584,535		)	(578,102	)
Total stockholders’ equity	$	1,738,520		1,699,352

Selective Insurance Group, Inc. also has authorized, but not issued, 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, without par value, of which 300,000 shares have been

designated Series A junior preferred stock, without par value.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC. UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017
Operating Activities
Net income	$	133,179		138,584

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	34,961			38,163
Stock-based compensation expense	12,150			10,139
Undistributed gains of equity method investments	(4,243		)	(4,247	)
Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments	3,210			552
Loss on disposal of fixed assets	62			998
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	16,988			(7,487	)

Changes in assets and liabilities:
Increase in reserve for loss and loss expense, net of reinsurance recoverable	144,920			104,429
Increase in unearned premiums, net of prepaid reinsurance	120,535			115,855
Decrease in net federal income taxes	18,339			15,674
Increase in premiums receivable	(79,894		)	(88,175	)
Increase in deferred policy acquisition costs	(22,978		)	(19,592	)
Decrease (increase) in interest and dividends due or accrued	72			(1,088	)
Decrease in accrued salaries and benefits	(36,498		)	(19,804	)
Increase in other assets	(13,881		)	(6,304	)
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities	(34,437		)	12,621
Net cash provided by operating activities	292,485			290,318

Investing Activities
Purchase of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity	(7,150		)	—
Purchase of fixed income securities, available-for-sale	(1,974,253		)	(1,517,474	)
Purchase of equity securities	(57,834		)	(44,480	)
Purchase of other investments	(47,238		)	(34,586	)
Purchase of short-term investments	(2,711,360		)	(3,025,824	)
Sale of fixed income securities, available-for-sale	1,382,677			811,991
Sale of short-term investments	2,572,399			3,032,802
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, held-to-maturity	3,923			36,092
Redemption and maturities of fixed income securities, available-for-sale	456,037			439,616
Sale of equity securities	79,676			19,007
Sale of other investments	3,497			—
Distributions from other investments	23,420			17,041
Purchase of property and equipment	(11,150		)	(11,806	)
Net cash used in investing activities	(287,356		)	(277,621	)

Financing Activities
Dividends to stockholders	(30,694		)	(26,915	)
Acquisition of treasury stock	(6,423		)	(6,005	)
Net proceeds from stock purchase and compensation plans	5,001			4,744
Proceeds from borrowings	130,000			64,000
Repayments of borrowings	(130,000		)	(64,000	)
Repayments of capital lease obligations	(4,891		)	(3,267	)
Net cash used in financing activities	(37,007		)	(31,443	)
Net decrease in cash and restricted cash	(31,878		)	(18,746	)
Cash and restricted cash, beginning of year	44,710			37,405
Cash and restricted cash, end of period	$	12,832		18,659

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1. Basis of Presentation

As used herein, the "Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent"), and its subsidiaries, except as expressly indicated or unless the context otherwise requires. Our interim unaudited consolidated financial statements (“Financial Statements”) have been prepared by us in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding interim financial reporting. The preparation of the Financial Statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported financial statement balances, as well as the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions between the Parent and its subsidiaries are eliminated in consolidation.

Certain amounts in our prior years' Financial Statements and related notes have been reclassified to conform to the 2018 presentation. Specifically, we reclassified restricted cash balances related to our participation in the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP") from other assets in our consolidated balance sheet into a separate line item on the face of that statement. Additionally, refer to Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" below for a discussion of the retroactive restatements that are included in these financial statements in relation to the adoption of new accounting pronouncements for the treatment of restricted cash and distributions from equity method investments on the consolidated statements of cash flows.

Our Financial Statements reflect all adjustments that, in our opinion, are normal, recurring, and necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations and financial condition. Our Financial Statements cover the third quarters ended September 30, 2018 (“Third Quarter 2018”) and September 30, 2017 (“Third Quarter 2017”) and the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 ("Nine Months 2018") and September 30, 2017 ("Nine Months 2017"). The Financial Statements do not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP and the SEC for audited annual financial statements. Results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. Consequently, our Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (“2017 Annual Report”) filed with the SEC.

NOTE 2. Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements

In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-01, Financial Instruments - Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“ASU 2016-01”). ASU 2016-01 provides guidance to improve certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. Specifically the guidance: (i) requires equity securities held in our investment portfolio to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings; (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; (iii) eliminates the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost; (iv) requires the use of the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; and (v) clarifies that the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to an available-for-sale ("AFS") security should be evaluated with other deferred tax assets.

We adopted ASU 2016-01 in the first quarter of 2018 and recognized a $30.7 million cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balances of accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") and retained earnings, which represents the after-tax net unrealized gain on our equity portfolio as of December 31, 2017. Additionally, beginning in the first quarter of 2018, changes in unrealized gains or losses on this portfolio are no longer recorded to AOCI, but are instead recognized in income through "Unrealized losses on equity securities" on our Consolidated Statements of Income. See Note 4 (j) below for information regarding unrealized equity losses recognized in income in Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018.

There were two accounting updates that we adopted with a retrospective transition in the first quarter of 2018 that related to our statements of cash flows. These accounting updates impacted our categorization of distributions from equity method investees (ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments ("ASU 2016-15")) and the presentation of restricted cash (ASU 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash ("ASU 2016-18")). These ASUs are discussed below and the discussions are followed with a table presenting the impact of the prior period restatements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15. As mentioned above, this ASU adds guidance on the categorization of distributions from equity method investees within the statement of cash flows. In accordance with this guidance, we made an accounting policy election to classify these distributions using the cumulative earnings approach. This election resulted in a restatement to operating and investing cash flows as outlined in the table below. ASU 2016-15 also added or clarified guidance on the cash flow classification of certain cash receipts and payments, including, but not limited to: (i) debt prepayment or debt

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extinguishment costs; (ii) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; and (iii) separately identifiable cash flows and application of the predominance principle. The updated guidance for these topics did not impact our statement of cash flows.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18. ASU 2016-18 requires restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents to be included with cash and cash equivalents in the reconciliation of beginning and ending cash on the statements of cash flows. This update also requires a reconciliation of the statement of the cash flows to the balance sheet if the balance sheet includes more than one line item containing cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash. We have restricted cash related to our participation in the NFIP, which we had previously reported as part of "Other assets" on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Beginning in the first quarter of 2018, we are reporting restricted cash in its own line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets to aid in the reconciliation of the amounts presented on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We have also restated prior year balances on the Consolidated Balance Sheets to conform to the current year presentation.

The adoption of this guidance resulted in a restatement of operating cash flows in Nine Months 2017 to remove the impact of the change in restricted cash from operating activities and include the restricted cash balance in the reconciliation of beginning and ending cash balances on the Statements of Cash Flows. In addition, we have included the required reconciliation in Note 3. "Statements of Cash Flows" below.

ASU 2016-15 and ASU 2016-18 resulted in the following line item restatements within operating and investing cash flows on the Statements of Cash Flows:



	September 30, 2017
($ in thousands)	Prior to Adoption			After Adoption
Undistributed gains of equity method investments	$	(5,157	)	(4,247	)
Distributions in excess of current year income of equity method investments	—			552
Decrease (increase) in other assets	12,678			(6,304	)
Net cash provided by operating activities	307,838			290,318

Distributions from other investments	18,503			17,041
Net cash used in investing activities	(276,159		)	(277,621	)

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-04 eliminates the second step of the two part goodwill impairment test, which required entities to determine the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure the goodwill impairment. Under the new guidance, a goodwill impairment is calculated as the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. We adopted ASU 2017-04 in the first quarter of 2018 and it had no impact on us.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income ("ASU 2018-02"). ASU 2018-02 allows a one-time reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for the stranded tax assets that were created in AOCI from the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Reform"). We adopted ASU 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018 and recognized a $5.7 million cumulative-effect adjustment for the deferred tax charge to income in the fourth quarter of 2017 that was associated with net unrealized gains on our investment portfolio and pension plan resulting from the enactment of Tax Reform.

Pronouncements to be effective in the future

The FASB has issued new leasing guidance through ASU 2016-02, Leases, which was issued in February 2016, as well as additional implementation guidance that was issued in 2018 (collectively referred to as "ASU 2016-02"). ASU 2016-02 requires all lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on their balance sheets for the rights and obligations created by leases with terms longer than 12 months. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, an accounting policy election is allowed to recognize lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Under the new lease guidance, we expect an increase in assets and liabilities as we will recognize operating leases for office space, fleet vehicles, and equipment on our balance sheet for the first time. However, these increases will not have a material impact to our financial condition. ASU 2016-02 allows for certain practical expedients, accounting policy elections, and a transition method election. We currently plan to adopt practical expedients related to reassessing: (i) whether our existing contracts are, or contain, leases; (ii) lease classification for existing leases; and (iii) initial direct costs for existing leases. Additionally, we plan to adopt accounting policy elections to: (i)

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aggregate lease and non-lease components of a contract into a single lease component; and (ii) expense short-term leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. We will be adopting ASU 2016-02 on January 1, 2019 with a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of that date. We do not anticipate the impact of this guidance to be material to our financial condition or results of operations.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting ("ASU 2018-07"). The amendments in ASU 2018-07 expand the scope of Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. ASU 2018-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We do not anticipate the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 modifies the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The modifications removed the following disclosure requirements: (i) the amount of, and reasons for, transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (ii) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; and (iii) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements. This ASU added the following disclosure requirements: (i) the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income ("OCI") for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (ii) the range and weighted average of significant observable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. This update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. As the requirements of this literature are disclosure only, ASU 2018-13 will not impact our financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans (“ASU 2018-14”). ASU 2018-14 modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. These modifications include: (i) removing the requirement to disclose the amount in AOCI expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year; and (ii) adding the requirement to disclose an explanation of the reasons for significant gains or losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. This update is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. As the requirements of this literature are disclosure only, ASU 2018-14 will not impact our financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 aligns the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. This update is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our financial condition or results of operations.

NOTE 3. Statements of Cash Flows

Supplemental cash flow information was as follows:



	Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018		2017
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	15,449	15,356
Federal income tax	7,193		39,000

Non-cash items:
Corporate actions related to fixed income securities, AFS¹	32,757		6,192
Corporate actions related to equity securities¹	944		4,725
Assets acquired under capital lease arrangements	4,114		278

¹Examples of such corporate actions include exchanges, non-cash acquisitions, and stock splits.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and restricted cash reported within the Consolidated Balance Sheets that equate to the amount reported in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:



($ in thousands)	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
Cash	$	446	534
Restricted cash	12,386		44,176
Total cash and restricted cash shown in the Statements of Cash Flows	$	12,832	44,710

Amounts included in restricted cash represent cash received from the NFIP, which is restricted to pay flood claims under the Write Your Own Program.

NOTE 4. Investments

(a) Information regarding our held-to-maturity ("HTM") fixed income securities as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows:



September 30, 2018
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Carrying Value	Unrecognized Holding Gains	Unrecognized Holding Losses	Fair Value
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	21,834	36		21,870	526	—	22,396
Corporate securities	22,798		(86	)	22,712	1,132	—	23,844
Total HTM fixed income securities	$	44,632	(50	)	44,582	1,658	—	46,240



December 31, 2017
($ in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Net Unrealized Gains (Losses)		Carrying Value	Unrecognized Holding Gains	Unrecognized Holding Losses		Fair Value
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	25,154	84		25,238	1,023	—		26,261
Corporate securities	16,996		(105	)	16,891	1,003	(55	)	17,839
Total HTM fixed income securities	$	42,150	(21	)	42,129	2,026	(55	)	44,100

Unrecognized holding gains and losses of HTM securities are not reflected in the Financial Statements, as they represent fair value fluctuations from the date a security is designated as HTM through the date of the balance sheet.

(b) Information regarding our AFS securities as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows:



September 30, 2018
($ in thousands)	Cost/ Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	97,304	306	(1,148	)	96,462
Foreign government	18,015		88	(120	)	17,983
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,161,322		10,848	(7,261	)	1,164,909
Corporate securities	1,662,613		6,342	(19,302	)	1,649,653
Collateralized loan obligations and other asset-backed securities ("CLO and other ABS")	772,738		4,571	(2,540	)	774,769
Commercial mortgage-backed securities ("CMBS")	495,208		328	(5,987	)	489,549
Residential mortgage-backed securities (“RMBS”)	1,009,764		2,670	(15,603	)	996,831
Total AFS securities	$	5,216,964	25,153	(51,961	)	5,190,156

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December 31, 2017
($ in thousands)	Cost/ Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	49,326	647	(233	)	49,740
Foreign government	18,040		526	(11	)	18,555
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,539,307		44,245	(582	)	1,582,970
Corporate securities	1,588,339		30,891	(1,762	)	1,617,468
CLO and other ABS	789,152		6,508	(202	)	795,458
CMBS	382,727		1,563	(841	)	383,449
RMBS	709,825		6,487	(1,430	)	714,882
Total AFS fixed income securities	5,076,716		90,867	(5,061	)	5,162,522
AFS equity securities:
Common stock	129,696		38,287	(226	)	167,757
Preferred stock	14,115		904	(71	)	14,948
Total AFS equity securities	143,811		39,191	(297	)	182,705
Total AFS securities	$	5,220,527	130,058	(5,358	)	5,345,227

Unrealized gains and losses of AFS securities represent fair value fluctuations from the later of: (i) the date a security is designated as AFS; or (ii) the date that an other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") charge is recognized on an AFS security, through the date of the balance sheet. These unrealized gains and losses are recorded in AOCI on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of the first quarter of 2018, equity securities are no longer required to be included in the table above with the adoption of new accounting guidance through which unrealized gains and losses on equity securities are no longer recognized in AOCI, but are instead recognized through income. Refer to Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" for additional information regarding the adoption of ASU 2016-01.

(c) The severity of impairment on securities in an unrealized/unrecognized loss position averaged approximately 2% of amortized cost at September 30, 2018 and approximately 1% at December 31, 2017. Quantitative information regarding unrealized losses on our AFS portfolio is provided below. Our HTM portfolio had $0.2 million of unrealized/unrecognized losses at September 30, 2018, and $0.1 million of unrealized/unrecognized losses at December 31, 2017.



September 30, 2018	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer			Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses¹
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	26,414	(843	)	8,497	(305	)	34,911	(1,148	)
Foreign government	7,281		(120	)	—	—		7,281	(120	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	411,980		(7,008	)	6,397	(253	)	418,377	(7,261	)
Corporate securities	1,140,349		(19,052	)	6,373	(250	)	1,146,722	(19,302	)
CLO and other ABS	497,809		(2,479	)	4,335	(61	)	502,144	(2,540	)
CMBS	376,359		(5,940	)	2,340	(47	)	378,699	(5,987	)
RMBS	699,336		(14,727	)	19,183	(876	)	718,519	(15,603	)
Total AFS securities	$	3,159,528	(50,169	)	47,125	(1,792	)	3,206,653	(51,961	)

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December 31, 2017	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer			Total
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses¹		Fair Value	Unrealized Losses¹
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	23,516	(233	)	250	—		23,766	(233	)
Foreign government	1,481		(11	)	—	—		1,481	(11	)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	107,514		(422	)	14,139	(160	)	121,653	(582	)
Corporate securities	238,326		(1,744	)	3,228	(18	)	241,554	(1,762	)
CLO and other ABS	74,977		(196	)	1,655	(6	)	76,632	(202	)
CMBS	154,267		(773	)	5,214	(68	)	159,481	(841	)
RMBS	269,485		(1,285	)	11,200	(145	)	280,685	(1,430	)
Total AFS fixed income securities	869,566		(4,664	)	35,686	(397	)	905,252	(5,061	)
AFS equity securities:
Common stock	4,727		(226	)	—	—		4,727	(226	)
Preferred stock	3,833		(71	)	—	—		3,833	(71	)
Total AFS equity securities	8,560		(297	)	—	—		8,560	(297	)
Total AFS	$	878,126	(4,961	)	35,686	(397	)	913,812	(5,358	)

¹Gross unrealized losses include non-OTTI unrealized amounts and OTTI losses recognized in AOCI.

The increase in the less than 12 months unrealized loss position was due to higher interest rates, with a 94-basis point increase in 2-year U.S. Treasury Note yields and a 66-basis point increase in 10-year U.S. Treasury Note yields during the nine-month period ending September 30, 2018. We do not currently intend to sell any of the securities in the tables above, nor will we be required to sell any of these securities. Considering these factors, and in accordance with our review of these securities under our OTTI policy, as described in Note 2. “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” within Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2017 Annual Report, we have concluded that they are temporarily impaired as we believe: (i) they will mature at par value; (ii) they have not incurred a credit impairment; and (iii) future values of these securities will fluctuate with changes in interest rates. This conclusion reflects our current judgment as to the financial position and future prospects of the entity that issued the investment security and underlying collateral.

(d) Fixed income securities at September 30, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities are included in the maturity tables using the estimated average life of each security. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations, with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Listed below are the contractual maturities of fixed income securities at September 30, 2018:



	AFS		HTM
($ in thousands)	Fair Value		Carrying Value	Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	176,545	14,017	14,150
Due after one year through five years	2,107,663		20,518	21,926
Due after five years through 10 years	2,759,167		10,047	10,164
Due after 10 years	146,781		—	—
Total fixed income securities	$	5,190,156	44,582	46,240

(e) The following table summarizes our other investment portfolio by strategy:



Other Investments	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		Remaining Commitment	Maximum Exposure to Loss¹	Carrying Value	Remaining Commitment	Maximum Exposure to Loss¹
Alternative Investments
Private equity	$	75,508	99,346	174,854	52,251	99,026	151,277
Private credit	37,525		85,747	123,272	37,743	94,959	132,702
Real assets	25,214		33,088	58,302	25,379	27,014	52,393
Total alternative investments	138,247		218,181	356,428	115,373	220,999	336,372
Other securities	25,683		—	25,683	16,895	—	16,895
Total other investments	$	163,930	218,181	382,111	132,268	220,999	353,267

¹The maximum exposure to loss includes both the carry value of these investments and the related unfunded commitments. In addition, tax credits that have been previously recognized in Other securities are subject to the risk of recapture, which we do not consider significant.

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We do not have a future obligation to fund losses or debts on behalf of the investments above; however, we are contractually committed to make additional investments up to the remaining commitment outlined above. We have not provided any non-contractual financial support at any time during 2018 or 2017.

The following table sets forth gross summarized financial information for our other investments portfolio, including the portion not owned by us. The majority of these investments are carried under the equity method of accounting. The last line of the table below reflects our share of the aggregate income or loss, which is the portion included in our Financial Statements. As the majority of these investments report results to us on a one quarter lag, the summarized financial statement information for the three- and nine-month periods ended June 30 is included in our Third Quarter and Nine Months results. This information is as follows:



Income Statement Information	Quarter ended September 30,			Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in millions)	2018		2017	2018		2017
Net investment income (loss)	$	11.9	0.6	(29.9	)	(61.8	)
Realized gains (losses)	124.8		43.3	1,348.3		(261.0	)
Net change in unrealized appreciation	1,434.3		1,296.3	695.8		3,186.3
Net gain	$	1,571.0	1,340.2	2,014.2		2,863.5
Selective’s insurance subsidiaries’ alternative investments gain	$	7.1	2.7	10.6		9.5

(f) We have pledged certain AFS fixed income securities as collateral related to our relationships with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI") and the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY"). In addition, certain securities were on deposit with various state and regulatory agencies at September 30, 2018 to comply with insurance laws. We retain all rights regarding all securities pledged as collateral.

The following table summarizes the market value of these securities at September 30, 2018:



($ in millions)	FHLBI Collateral		FHLBNY Collateral	State and Regulatory Deposits	Total
U.S. government and government agencies	$	—	—	22.2	22.2
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	—		—	3.8	3.8
CMBS	7.2		9.4	—	16.6
RMBS	57.8		76.3	—	134.1
Total pledged as collateral	$	65.0	85.7	26.0	176.7

(g) We did not have exposure to any credit concentration risk of a single issuer greater than 10% of our stockholders' equity, other than certain U.S. government-backed investments, as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.

(h) The components of pre-tax net investment income earned were as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Fixed income securities	$	45,088		38,865		130,903		113,424
Equity securities	2,079			1,605		5,876		4,492
Short-term investments	867			396		2,001		1,023
Other investments	7,211			2,659		10,868		9,493
Investment expenses	(2,802		)	(3,079	)	(8,421	)	(9,137	)
Net investment income earned	$	52,443		40,446		141,227		119,295

(i) OTTI charges were $1.4 million and $0.1 million in Third Quarter 2018 and Third Quarter 2017, respectively, and $5.5 million and $4.8 million in Nine Months 2018 and Nine Months 2017, respectively. All of the OTTI charges in 2018 and a majority of the charges in 2017 were related to securities for which we had the intent to sell, with each security type's charge not exceeding 1% of its amortized cost. For a discussion of our evaluation for OTTI, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2017 Annual Report.

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(j) Net realized and unrealized gains and losses (excluding OTTI charges) for Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 and 2017 included the following:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018			2017
Net realized (losses) gains on the disposals of securities:
Fixed income securities	$	(9,413	)	1,996		(13,922		)	6,566
Equity securities	8,665			4,875		17,960			5,225
Short-term investments	2			—		1			—
Other investments	(5		)	—		(5		)	461
Net realized gains on the disposal of securities	(751		)	6,871		4,034			12,252
OTTI charges	(1,426		)	(73	)	(5,459		)	(4,765	)
Net realized (losses) gains	(2,177		)	6,798		(1,425		)	7,487
Unrealized (losses) recognized in income on equity securities¹	(2,610		)	—		(15,563		)	—
Total net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains	$	(4,787	)	6,798		$	(16,988	)	7,487

¹Includes unrealized holding gains (losses) of: (i) $5.5 million in Third Quarter 2018 and $4.2 million in Nine Months 2018 on equity securities remaining in our portfolio as of September 30, 2018; and (ii) $(8.1) million in Third Quarter 2018 and $(19.8) million in Nine Months 2018 on equity securities sold during the respective periods.

The components of net realized gains on disposals of securities for the periods indicated were as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
HTM fixed income securities
Gains	$	—		—		2		44
Losses	—			—		—		(1	)
AFS fixed income securities
Gains	462			2,070		5,056		8,337
Losses	(9,875		)	(74	)	(18,980	)	(1,814	)
Equity securities
Gains	10,584			4,875		20,209		5,225
Losses	(1,919		)	—		(2,249	)	—
Short-term investments
Gains	3			—		6		2
Losses	(1		)	—		(5	)	(2	)
Other investments
Gains	—			—		—		480
Losses	(5		)	—		(5	)	(19	)
Total net realized gains (losses) on disposals of securities	$	(751	)	6,871		4,034		12,252

Realized gains and losses on the sale of investments are determined on the basis of the cost of the specific investments sold.

Proceeds from the sales of AFS fixed income securities were $444.4 million and $94.9 million in Third Quarter 2018 and Third Quarter 2017, respectively, and $1,382.7 million and $812.0 million in Nine Months 2018 and Nine Months 2017, respectively. Proceeds from the sales of equity securities were $36.1 million and $12.7 million in Third Quarter 2018 and Third Quarter 2017, respectively, and $79.7 million and $19.0 million in Nine Months 2018 and Nine Months 2017, respectively.

NOTE 5. Indebtedness

Our long-term debt balance has not changed materially since December 31, 2017. However, Selective Insurance Company of America ("SICA") borrowed the following short-term funds in the first quarter of 2018 from the FHLBNY:


•	On February 27, 2018, SICA borrowed $75 million at an interest rate of 1.75%. This borrowing was repaid on March 20, 2018; and


•	On March 28, 2018, SICA borrowed $55 million at an interest rate of 1.98%. This borrowing was repaid on April 18, 2018.

For detailed information on our indebtedness, see Note 10. "Indebtedness" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2017 Annual Report.

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NOTE 6. Fair Value Measurements

Our financial assets are measured at fair value as disclosed on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The fair values of our long-term debt are provided in this footnote and the related carry values have changed by less than 1% during Nine Months 2018. For a discussion of the fair value and hierarchy of the techniques used to value our financial assets and liabilities, refer to Note 2. "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2017 Annual Report.

The following tables provide quantitative disclosures of our financial assets that were measured and recorded at fair value at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



September 30, 2018			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)¹	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)¹	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description
Measured on a recurring basis:
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	96,462	76,760	19,702	—
Foreign government	17,983		—	17,983	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,164,909		—	1,164,909	—
Corporate securities	1,649,653		—	1,649,653	—
CLO and other ABS	774,769		—	770,628	4,141
CMBS	489,549		—	489,549	—
RMBS	996,831		—	996,831	—
Total AFS fixed income securities	5,190,156		76,760	5,109,255	4,141
Equity securities:
Common stock²	154,845		124,445	—	—
Preferred stock	3,022		3,022	—	—
Total equity securities	157,867		127,467	—	—
Short-term investments	304,572		303,572	1,000	—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	5,652,595	507,799	5,110,255	4,141



December 31, 2017			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets Measured at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/Liabilities (Level 1)¹	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)¹	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Description
Measured on a recurring basis:
AFS fixed income securities:
U.S. government and government agencies	$	49,740	24,652	25,088	—
Foreign government	18,555		—	18,555	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	1,582,970		—	1,582,970	—
Corporate securities	1,617,468		—	1,617,468	—
CLO and other ABS	795,458		—	795,458	—
CMBS	383,449		—	376,895	6,554
RMBS	714,882		—	714,882	—
Total AFS fixed income securities	5,162,522		24,652	5,131,316	6,554
AFS equity securities:
Common stock²	167,757		138,640	—	5,398
Preferred stock	14,948		14,948	—	—
Total AFS equity securities	182,705		153,588	—	5,398
Total AFS securities	5,345,227		178,240	5,131,316	11,952
Short-term investments	165,555		165,555	—	—
Total assets measured at fair value	$	5,510,782	343,795	5,131,316	11,952


¹	There were no transfers of securities between Level 1 and Level 2.

Investments amounting to $30.4 million at September 30, 2018, and $23.7 million at December 31, 2017, were measured at fair value using net asset value per share (or its practical expedient) and have not been classified in the fair value hierarchy. The fair value amounts presented in this table are intended to permit reconciliation of the fair value hierarchy to total assets measured at fair value.

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There were no material changes in the fair value of securities measured using Level 3 prices in Nine Months 2017. The following table provides a summary of Level 3 changes in Nine Months 2018:



September 30, 2018
($ in thousands)	CMBS			Common Stock		CLO and Other ABS
Fair value, December 31, 2017	$	6,554		5,398		—
Total net (losses) gains for the period included in:
OCI	—			—		—
Net income	—			—		—
Purchases	—			—		4,141
Sales	—			—		—
Issuances	—			—		—
Settlements	—			—		—
Transfers into Level 3	—			—		—
Transfers out of Level 3	(6,554		)	(5,398	)	—
Fair value, September 30, 2018	$	—		—		4,141

The following tables provide quantitative information regarding our financial assets and liabilities that were disclosed at fair value at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



September 30, 2018			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets/ Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
HTM:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	22,396	—	22,396	—
Corporate securities	23,844		—	11,583	12,261
Total HTM fixed income securities	$	46,240	—	33,979	12,261

Financial Liabilities
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes	$	57,733	—	57,733	—
6.70% Senior Notes	106,760		—	106,760	—
5.875% Senior Notes	184,778		184,778	—	—
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY	23,936		—	23,936	—
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY	23,871		—	23,871	—
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI	57,795		—	57,795	—
Total long-term debt	$	454,873	184,778	270,095	—

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December 31, 2017			Fair Value Measurements Using
($ in thousands)	Assets/ Liabilities Disclosed at Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets/ Liabilities (Level 1)	Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)	Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Financial Assets
HTM:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	26,261	—	26,261	—
Corporate securities	17,839		—	12,306	5,533
Total HTM fixed income securities	$	44,100	—	38,567	5,533

Financial Liabilities
Long-term debt:
7.25% Senior Notes	$	61,391	—	61,391	—
6.70% Senior Notes	116,597		—	116,597	—
5.875% Senior Notes	186,332		186,332	—	—
1.61% borrowings from FHLBNY	24,270		—	24,270	—
1.56% borrowings from FHLBNY	24,210		—	24,210	—
3.03% borrowings from FHLBI	60,334		—	60,334	—
Total long-term debt	$	473,134	186,332	286,802	—

NOTE 7. Reinsurance

The following table contains a listing of direct, assumed, and ceded reinsurance amounts for premiums written, premiums earned, and loss and loss expenses incurred for the periods indicated. For more information concerning reinsurance, refer to

Note 8. “Reinsurance” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2017 Annual Report.



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018			2017
Premiums written:
Direct	$	752,834		706,918		$	2,220,431		2,097,146
Assumed	7,084			8,506		19,891			20,685
Ceded	(108,250		)	(111,147	)	(308,846		)	(301,036	)
Net	$	651,668		604,277		$	1,931,476		1,816,795
Premiums earned:
Direct	$	706,497		666,048		$	2,086,953		1,967,364
Assumed	6,484			7,623		19,220			19,465
Ceded	(98,704		)	(101,616	)	(295,232		)	(285,890	)
Net	$	614,277		572,055		$	1,810,941		1,700,939
Loss and loss expenses incurred:
Direct	$	477,427		455,728		$	1,289,357		1,187,400
Assumed	6,529			5,420		16,897			17,623
Ceded	(104,757		)	(116,561	)	(175,786		)	(201,405	)
Net	$	379,199		344,587		$	1,130,468		1,003,618

Ceded premiums and losses related to our participation in the NFIP, under which 100% of our flood premiums, losses, and loss expenses are ceded to the NFIP, are as follows:



Ceded to NFIP	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018			2017
Ceded premiums written	$	(70,100	)	(68,132	)	$	(193,110	)	(188,274	)
Ceded premiums earned	(61,448		)	(59,847	)	(180,582		)	(174,779	)
Ceded loss and loss expenses incurred	(89,396		)	(112,994	)	(115,376		)	(134,675	)

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NOTE 8. Reserve for Loss and Loss Expense

The table below provides a roll forward of reserve for loss and loss expense balances:



	Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year	$	3,771,240		3,691,719
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at beginning of year	585,855			611,200
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at beginning of year	3,185,385			3,080,519
Incurred loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:
Current year	1,148,032			1,037,079
Prior years	(17,564		)	(33,461	)
Total incurred loss and loss expense	1,130,468			1,003,618
Paid loss and loss expense for claims occurring in the:
Current year	369,036			314,686
Prior years	610,734			581,186
Total paid loss and loss expense	979,770			895,872
Net reserve for loss and loss expense, at end of period	3,336,083			3,188,265
Add: Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid loss and loss expense, at end of period	589,072			647,535
Gross reserve for loss and loss expense at end of period	$	3,925,155		3,835,800

The $111.0 million increase in current year loss and loss expense incurred illustrated in the table above was primarily driven by: (i) non-catastrophe property losses; (ii) an increase in current year loss costs on our commercial automobile line of business; and (iii) an increase in exposure due to premium growth. Non-catastrophe property losses, which increased $61.9 million, to $278.5 million, in Nine Months 2018, were partially related to the early January 2018 deep freeze in our footprint states and a relatively large number of fire losses over the course of the year.

Prior year development in Nine Months 2018 of $17.6 million included $24.0 million of favorable casualty development, partially offset by $6.4 million of unfavorable property development. The favorable casualty development included $53.0 million of development in our workers compensation line of business and $8.0 million in our general liability line of business, partially offset by unfavorable development of $25.0 million in our commercial automobile line of business and $12.0 million in our excess and surplus ("E&S") casualty lines.

Prior year development in Nine Months 2017 of $33.5 million was primarily driven by favorable prior year casualty reserve development of $48.3 million in our general liability line of business and $29.3 million in our workers compensation line of business. This was partially offset by unfavorable development of $26.0 million in our commercial automobile line of business, $10.0 million in our E&S segment, and $4.0 million in our personal automobile line of business.

For a discussion of the trends and recent developments impacting these lines, refer to the "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" section of Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." in our 2017 Annual Report.

NOTE 9. Segment Information

The disaggregated results of our four reportable segments are used by senior management to manage our operations. These reportable segments are evaluated as follows:


•	Our Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines are evaluated based on before and after-tax underwriting results (net premiums earned, incurred loss and loss expense, policyholder dividends, policy acquisition costs, and other underwriting expenses), and combined ratios.


•	Our Investments segment is evaluated based on after-tax net investment income and net realized gains and losses.

In computing the results of each segment, we do not make adjustments for interest expense or corporate expenses. We do not maintain separate investment portfolios for the segments and therefore, do not allocate assets to the segments.

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The following summaries present revenues (net investment income and net realized and unrealized gains on investments in the case of the Investments segment) and pre-tax income for the individual segments:



Revenue by Segment	Quarter ended September 30,				Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017	2018		2017
Standard Commercial Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Commercial automobile	$	124,862		111,711	365,197		327,156
Workers compensation	78,784			77,580	237,628		236,366
General liability	154,974			141,059	457,805		422,546
Commercial property	83,056			78,151	245,544		232,594
Businessowners’ policies	25,994			25,019	77,414		74,853
Bonds	8,778			7,420	25,247		20,904
Other	4,608			4,310	13,597		12,839
Miscellaneous income	2,228			1,712	6,936		7,588
Total Standard Commercial Lines revenue	483,284			446,962	1,429,368		1,334,846
Standard Personal Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Personal automobile	42,772			38,612	125,024		113,225
Homeowners	32,293			32,215	96,717		97,382
Other	2,092			1,774	5,349		4,867
Miscellaneous income	310			282	959		938
Total Standard Personal Lines revenue	77,467			72,883	228,049		216,412
E&S Lines:
Net premiums earned:
Casualty lines	42,179			40,090	120,098		117,056
Property lines	13,885			14,114	41,321		41,151
Miscellaneous income	—			—	1		—
Total E&S Lines revenue	56,064			54,204	161,420		158,207
Investments:
Net investment income	52,443			40,446	141,227		119,295
Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains	(4,787		)	6,798	(16,988	)	7,487
Total Investments revenue	47,656			47,244	124,239		126,782
Total revenues	$	664,471		621,293	1,943,076		1,836,247



Income Before and After Federal Income Tax	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Standard Commercial Lines:
Underwriting gain, before federal income tax	$	26,333		35,329		74,153		112,634
Underwriting gain, after federal income tax	20,803			22,964		58,581		73,212
Combined ratio	94.5		%	92.1		94.8		91.5

Standard Personal Lines:
Underwriting gain, before federal income tax	$	3,158		8,179		6,457		7,517
Underwriting gain, after federal income tax	2,495			5,316		5,101		4,886
Combined ratio	95.9		%	88.7		97.2		96.5

E&S Lines:
Underwriting gain (loss), before federal income tax	$	3,506		(11,063	)	(4,848	)	(8,174	)
Underwriting gain (loss), after federal income tax	2,770			(7,191	)	(3,830	)	(5,313	)
Combined ratio	93.7		%	120.4		103.0		105.2

Investments:
Net investment income	$	52,443		40,446		141,227		119,295
Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains	(4,787		)	6,798		(16,988	)	7,487
Total investment income, before federal income tax	47,656			47,244		124,239		126,782
Tax on investment income	8,562			13,236		21,405		34,572
Total investment income, after federal income tax	$	39,094		34,008		102,834		92,210

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Reconciliation of Segment Results to Income Before Federal Income Tax	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Underwriting gain (loss)
Standard Commercial Lines	$	26,333		35,329		74,153		112,634
Standard Personal Lines	3,158			8,179		6,457		7,517
E&S Lines	3,506			(11,063	)	(4,848	)	(8,174	)
Investment income	47,656			47,244		124,239		126,782
Total all segments	80,653			79,689		200,001		238,759
Interest expense	(6,073		)	(6,085	)	(18,350	)	(18,272	)
Corporate expenses	(7,450		)	(6,289	)	(22,065	)	(26,669	)
Income, before federal income tax	$	67,130		67,315		159,586		193,818

NOTE 10. Retirement Plans

SICA's primary pension plan is the Retirement Income Plan for Selective Insurance Company of America (the “Pension Plan”). SICA also sponsors the Supplemental Excess Retirement Plan (the “Excess Plan”) and a life insurance benefit plan. All plans are closed to new entrants and benefits ceased accruing under the Pension Plan and the Excess Plan after March 31, 2016. For more information concerning SICA's retirement plans, refer to Note 14. “Retirement Plans” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2017 Annual Report.

The following tables provide information regarding the Pension Plan:



	Pension Plan					Pension Plan
	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Net Periodic Benefit Cost:
Interest cost	$	3,095		3,111		9,285		9,332
Expected return on plan assets	(5,681		)	(4,854	)	(17,044	)	(14,563	)
Amortization of unrecognized net actuarial loss	494			481		1,481		1,444
Total net periodic benefit cost¹	$	(2,092	)	(1,262	)	(6,278	)	(3,787	)

¹ The components of net periodic benefit cost are included within "Loss and loss expense incurred" and "Other insurance expenses" on the Consolidated Statements of Income.



	Pension Plan
	Nine Months ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Weighted-Average Expense Assumptions:
Discount rate	3.78	%	4.41	%
Effective interest rate for calculation of interest cost	3.46		3.83
Expected return on plan assets	6.36		6.24

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NOTE 11. Comprehensive Income

The components of comprehensive income, both gross and net of tax, for Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 and 2017 are as follows:



Third Quarter 2018
($ in thousands)	Gross			Tax		Net
Net income	$	67,130		11,695		55,435
Components of other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on investment securities:
Unrealized holding losses during period	(21,565		)	(4,529	)	(17,036	)
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities	(8		)	(2	)	(6	)
Realized losses on disposals of AFS securities	10,839			2,276		8,563
Total unrealized losses on investment securities	(10,734		)	(2,255	)	(8,479	)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	532			112		420
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	532			112		420
Other comprehensive loss	(10,202		)	(2,143	)	(8,059	)
Comprehensive income	$	56,928		9,552		47,376


Third Quarter 2017
($ in thousands)	Gross			Tax		Net
Net income	$	67,315		20,597		46,718
Components of OCI:
Unrealized gains on investment securities:
Unrealized holding gains during period	16,729			5,855		10,874
Non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in OCI	30			11		19
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities	(54		)	(19	)	(35	)
Non-credit OTTI	38			13		25
Realized gains on disposals of AFS securities	(6,760		)	(2,366	)	(4,394	)
Total unrealized gains on investment securities	9,983			3,494		6,489
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	507			178		329
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	507			178		329
Other comprehensive income	10,490			3,672		6,818
Comprehensive income	$	77,805		24,269		53,536

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Nine Months 2018
($ in thousands)	Gross			Tax		Net
Net income	$	159,586		26,407		133,179
Components of other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized losses on investment securities:
Unrealized holding losses during period	(130,873		)	(27,484	)	(103,389	)
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities	(28		)	(6	)	(22	)
Realized losses on disposals of AFS securities	18,258			3,834		14,424
Total unrealized losses on investment securities	(112,643		)	(23,656	)	(88,987	)
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	1,595			335		1,260
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	1,595			335		1,260
Other comprehensive loss	(111,048		)	(23,321	)	(87,727	)
Comprehensive income	$	48,538		3,086		45,452


Nine Months 2017
($ in thousands)	Gross			Tax		Net
Net income	$	193,818		55,234		138,584
Components of OCI:
Unrealized gains on investment securities:
Unrealized holding gains during period	78,401			27,440		50,961
Non-credit portion of OTTI recognized in OCI	36			13		23
Amounts reclassified into net income:
HTM securities	(146		)	(51	)	(95	)
Non-credit OTTI	38			13		25
Realized gains on disposals of AFS securities	(7,135		)	(2,497	)	(4,638	)
Total unrealized gains on investment securities	71,194			24,918		46,276
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans:
Amounts reclassified into net income:
Net actuarial loss	1,522			533		989
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement plans	1,522			533		989
Other comprehensive income	72,716			25,451		47,265
Comprehensive income	$	266,534		80,685		185,849

The balances of, and changes in, each component of AOCI (net of taxes) as of September 30, 2018 were as follows:



September 30, 2018										Defined Benefit Pension and Post-Retirement Plans
	Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) on Investment Securities											Total AOCI
($ in thousands)	OTTI Related			HTM Related		All Other		Investments Subtotal				Total AOCI
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(59	)	(14	)	80,648		80,575		(60,405	)	20,170
Cumulative effect adjustments	(12		)	(2	)	(12,792	)	(12,806	)	(12,213	)	(25,019	)
Balance, December 31, 2017 as adjusted	(71		)	(16	)	67,856		67,769		(72,618	)	(4,849	)
OCI before reclassifications	—			—		(103,389	)	(103,389	)	—		(103,389	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—			(22	)	14,424		14,402		1,260		15,662
Net current period OCI	—			(22	)	(88,965	)	(88,987	)	1,260		(87,727	)
Balance, September 30, 2018	$	(71	)	(38	)	(21,109	)	(21,218	)	(71,358	)	(92,576	)

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The reclassifications out of AOCI were as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,				Affected Line Item in the Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Income
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
OTTI related
Non-credit OTTI on disposed securities	$	—		38		—		38		Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
	—			38		—		38		Income before federal income tax
	—			(13	)	—		(13	)	Total federal income tax expense
	—			25		—		25		Net income
HTM related
Unrealized losses on HTM disposals	$	11		11		5		41		Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
Amortization of net unrealized gains on HTM securities	(19		)	(65	)	(33	)	(187	)	Net investment income earned
	(8		)	(54	)	(28	)	(146	)	Income before federal income tax
	2			19		6		51		Total federal income tax expense
	(6		)	(35	)	(22	)	(95	)	Net income
Realized losses (gains) on AFS and OTTI
Realized losses (gains) on AFS disposals and OTTI	10,839			(6,760	)	18,258		(7,135	)	Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains
	10,839			(6,760	)	18,258		(7,135	)	Income before federal income tax
	(2,276		)	2,366		(3,834	)	2,497		Total federal income tax expense
	8,563			(4,394	)	14,424		(4,638	)	Net income
Defined benefit pension and post-retirement life plans
Net actuarial loss	112			110		337		331		Loss and loss expense incurred
	420			397		1,258		1,191		Other insurance expenses
Total defined benefit pension and post-retirement life	532			507		1,595		1,522		Income before federal income tax
	(112		)	(178	)	(335	)	(533	)	Total federal income tax expense
	420			329		1,260		989		Net income

Total reclassifications for the period	$	8,977		(4,075	)	15,662		(3,719	)	Net income

NOTE 12. Federal Income Taxes

(a) On December 22, 2017, Tax Reform was signed into law, which among other implications, reduced our statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning with our 2018 tax year.

We continue to provide provisional amounts for loss reserve discounting because the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") has not yet issued guidance with regard to the discount rates to be used under Tax Reform. For additional information, refer to Note 13. "Federal Income Taxes" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our 2017 Annual Report.

We will continue to monitor IRS guidance to complete the analysis of loss reserve discounting.

(b) A reconciliation of federal income tax on income at the corporate rate to the effective tax rate is as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Statutory tax rate	21		%	35		21		35
Tax at statutory rate	$	14,097		23,560		33,513		67,836
Tax-advantaged interest	(1,338		)	(2,915	)	(4,242	)	(8,479	)
Dividends received deduction	(107		)	(382	)	(443	)	(1,338	)
Stock-based compensation	(415		)	(86	)	(2,963	)	(3,409	)
Other	(542		)	420		542		624
Federal income tax expense	$	11,695		20,597		26,407		55,234

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NOTE 13. Litigation

In the ordinary course of conducting business, we are named as defendants in various legal proceedings. Most of these proceedings are claims litigation involving our ten insurance subsidiaries ("Insurance Subsidiaries") as either: (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers; or (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against them. We account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid loss and loss expense reserves. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in such ordinary course claims litigation will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense.

From time to time, our Insurance Subsidiaries also are named as defendants in other legal actions, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a state or national class. Such putative class actions have alleged, for example, improper reimbursement of medical providers paid under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance policies. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiaries are also named from time-to-time in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, some of which allege bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these cases. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in any such lawsuit will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses. Nonetheless, given the inherent unpredictability of litigation and the large or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these actions, an adverse outcome in certain matters could possibly have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

As of September 30, 2018, we do not believe the Company was involved in any legal action that could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

NOTE 14. Subsequent Events

Hurricane Michael made landfall on October 10, 2018 in the Florida Panhandle as a powerful Category 4 hurricane and continued into Georgia and other southeastern states. While relatively early given the complexity of losses involved, we currently estimate our losses from this event to be approximately $10 million.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Forward-Looking Statements

As used herein, the "Company," "we," "us," or "our" refers to Selective Insurance Group, Inc. (the "Parent"), and its subsidiaries, except as expressly indicated or unless the context otherwise requires. In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we discuss and make statements regarding our intentions, beliefs, current expectations, and projections regarding our company’s future operations and performance. Such statements are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are often identified by words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “will,” “should,” and “intends” and their negatives. We caution prospective investors that such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance. Risks and uncertainties are inherent in our future performance. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A. “Risk Factors” below in Part II. “Other Information.” These risk factors may not be exhaustive. We operate in a continually changing business environment and new risk factors emerge from time to time. We can neither predict such new risk factors nor can we assess the impact, if any, of such new risk factors on our businesses or the extent to which any factor or combination of factors may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statements in this report. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the forward-looking events discussed in this report might not occur. We make forward-looking statements based on currently available information and assume no obligation to update these statements due to changes in underlying factors, new information, future developments, or otherwise.

Introduction

The Parent, through its ten insurance subsidiaries, collectively referred to as the "Insurance Subsidiaries," offers property and casualty insurance products in the standard and excess and surplus ("E&S") marketplaces. We classify our business into four reportable segments, which are as follows:


•	Standard Commercial Lines;


•	Standard Personal Lines;


•	E&S Lines; and


•	Investments.

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For further details regarding these segments, refer to Note 9. "Segment Information" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and Note 11. "Segment Information" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 ("2017 Annual Report").

Our Standard Commercial and Standard Personal Lines products and services are written through nine of our Insurance Subsidiaries, some of which write flood business through the Write Your Own ("WYO") program of the National Flood Insurance Program ("NFIP"). Our E&S products and services are written through one subsidiary, Mesa Underwriters Specialty Insurance Company ("MUSIC"). This subsidiary provides us with a nationally-authorized non-admitted platform to offer insurance products and services to customers who have not obtained coverage in the standard marketplace.

The following is Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) of the consolidated results of operations and financial condition, as well as known trends and uncertainties, that may have a material impact in future periods. Consequently, investors should read the MD&A in conjunction with Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements in our 2017 Annual Report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.

In the MD&A, we will discuss and analyze the following:


•	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates;


•	Financial Highlights of Results for the third quarters ended September 30, 2018 (“Third Quarter 2018”) and September 30, 2017 (“Third Quarter 2017”) and the nine-month periods ended September 30, 2018 ("Nine Months 2018") and September 30, 2017 ("Nine Months 2017");


•	Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment;


•	Federal Income Taxes;


•	Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources;


•	Ratings;


•	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements; and


•	Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our unaudited interim consolidated financial statements include amounts based on our informed estimates and judgments for those transactions that are not yet complete. Such estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Those estimates and judgments that were most critical to the preparation of the consolidated financial statements involved the following: (i) reserves for loss and loss expense; (ii) pension and post-retirement benefit plan actuarial assumptions; (iii) investment valuation and other-than-temporary-impairments ("OTTI"); and (iv) reinsurance. These estimates and judgments require the use of assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain and, therefore, are subject to change as facts and circumstances develop. If different estimates and judgments had been applied, materially different amounts might have been reported in the financial statements. For additional information regarding our critical accounting policies, refer to pages 36 through 44 of our 2017 Annual Report.

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Financial Highlights of Results for Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 and Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017¹



($ and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points		Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ and shares in thousands, except per share amounts)	2018			2017	Change % or Points		2018			2017	Change % or Points
Revenues	$	664,471		621,293	7	%	$	1,943,076		1,836,247	6		%
After-tax net investment income	42,875			29,590	45		116,254			87,344	33
After-tax underwriting income	26,068			21,089	24		59,852			72,785	(18	)
Net income before federal income tax	67,130			67,315	—		159,586			193,818	(18	)
Net income	55,435			46,718	19		133,179			138,584	(4	)
Diluted net income per share	0.93			0.79	18		2.23			2.34	(5	)
Diluted weighted-average outstanding shares	59,711			59,323	1		59,626			59,232	1
Combined ratio	94.6		%	94.3	0.3	pts	95.8		%	93.4	2.4		pts
Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity	$	3.37		3.36	—	%	$	3.37		3.36	—		%
After-tax yield on investments	3.0		%	2.1	0.9	pts	2.7		%	2.1	0.6		pts
Annualized return on average equity ("ROE")	12.9			11.2	1.7		10.3			11.4	(1.1	)

Non-Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") operating income²	$	59,216		42,300	40	%	$	146,599		133,718	10		%
Diluted non-GAAP operating income per share²	0.99			0.72	38		2.46			2.26	9
Annualized non-GAAP operating ROE²	13.8		%	10.1	3.7	pts	11.3		%	11.0	0.3		pts


¹	Refer to the Glossary of Terms attached to our 2017 Annual Report as Exhibit 99.1 for definitions of terms used in this Form 10-Q.

Non-GAAP operating income is used as an important financial measure by us, analysts, and investors, because the realization of investment gains and losses on sales of securities in any given period is largely discretionary as to timing. In addition, these net realized investment gains and losses, as well as OTTI that are charged to earnings, and unrealized gains and losses on equity securities, could distort the analysis of trends.

Reconciliations of net income, net income per share, and annualized ROE to non-GAAP operating income, non-GAAP operating income per share, and annualized non-GAAP operating ROE, respectively, are provided in the tables below:



Reconciliation of net income to non-GAAP operating income	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Net income	$	55,435		46,718		133,179		138,584

Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax	4,787			(6,798	)	16,988		(7,487	)
Tax on net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	(1,006		)	2,380		(3,568	)	2,621
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	3,781			(4,418	)	13,420		(4,866	)

Non-GAAP operating income	$	59,216		42,300		146,599		133,718



Reconciliation of net income per share to non-GAAP operating income per share	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
	2018			2017		2018		2017
Diluted net income per share	$	0.93		0.79		2.23		2.34

Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax	0.08			(0.11	)	0.28		(0.13	)
Tax on net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	(0.02		)	0.04		(0.05	)	0.05
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	0.06			(0.07	)	0.23		(0.08	)

Diluted non-GAAP operating income per share	$	0.99		0.72		2.46		2.26



Reconciliation of annualized ROE to annualized non-GAAP operating ROE	Quarter ended September 30,				Nine Months ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Annualized ROE	12.9	%	11.2		10.3		11.4

Net realized and unrealized losses (gains), before tax	1.1		(1.6	)	1.3		(0.6	)
Tax on net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	(0.2	)	0.5		(0.3	)	0.2
Net realized and unrealized losses (gains)	0.9		(1.1	)	1.0		(0.4	)

Annualized non-GAAP operating ROE	13.8	%	10.1		11.3		11.0

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The components of our annualized ROE are as follows:



Annualized ROE Components	Quarter ended September 30,				Change Points		Nine Months ended September 30,				Change Points
	2018		2017		Change Points		2018		2017		Change Points
Standard Commercial Lines Segment	4.9	%	5.4		(0.5	)	4.5		6.0		(1.5	)
Standard Personal Lines Segment	0.6		1.3		(0.7	)	0.4		0.4		—
E&S Lines Segment	0.6		(1.7	)	2.3		(0.3	)	(0.4	)	0.1
Total Insurance operations	6.1		5.0		1.1		4.6		6.0		(1.4	)

Investment income	10.0		7.1		2.9		9.0		7.2		1.8
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains	(0.9	)	1.1		(2.0	)	(1.0	)	0.4		(1.4	)
Total Investments segment	9.1		8.2		0.9		8.0		7.6		0.4

Other	(2.3	)	(2.0	)	(0.3	)	(2.3	)	(2.2	)	(0.1	)

Annualized ROE	12.9	%	11.2		1.7		10.3		11.4		(1.1	)

Insurance Operations

Our insurance operations' ROE improved by 1.1 points for the quarter, primarily reflecting the lower corporate tax rate provided under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“Tax Reform”). Our pre-tax profitability in our overall insurance operations remained consistent with last year, with a combined ratio of 94.6% in Third Quarter 2018 compared to 94.3% in Third Quarter 2017. Despite the benefits from Tax Reform, the insurance operations' non-GAAP operating ROE declined 1.4 points for Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017, reflecting an increase in our combined ratio to 95.8% in Nine Months 2018, compared to 93.4% in Nine Months 2017, principally driven by a higher level of non-catastrophe property losses and a lower level of favorable prior year casualty reserve development.

The following table provides quantitative information for analyzing the combined ratio:



All Lines	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017	Change % or Points			2018			2017	Change % or Points
Insurance Operations Results:
Net premiums written ("NPW")	$	651,668		604,277	8		%	$	1,931,476		1,816,795	6		%
Net premiums earned (“NPE”)	614,277			572,055	7			1,810,941			1,700,939	6
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	379,199			344,587	10			1,130,468			1,003,618	13
Net underwriting expenses incurred	199,791			193,975	3			598,437			582,469	3
Dividends to policyholders	2,290			1,048	119			6,274			2,875	118
Underwriting income	$	32,997		32,445	2		%	$	75,762		111,977	(32	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	61.7		%	60.2	1.5		pts	62.5		%	59.0	3.5		pts
Underwriting expense ratio	32.5			33.9	(1.4	)		33.0			34.2	(1.2	)
Dividends to policyholders ratio	0.4			0.2	0.2			0.3			0.2	0.1
Combined ratio	94.6			94.3	0.3			95.8			93.4	2.4

Our Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 results continue to reflect our efforts to: (i) achieve meaningful overall renewal rate level increases at levels that we believe exceed expected loss cost inflation; (ii) generate new business; and (iii) improve the underlying profitability of our business through various underwriting and claims initiatives. Our NPW growth of 8% for Third Quarter 2018 and 6% for Nine Months 2018, compared to the prior year periods, was aided by the net appointment of 76 retail agents in Nine Months 2018 and 109 retail agents in 2017, excluding agency consolidations. Included in these net appointments were 38 agents appointed in our new states of Arizona, New Hampshire, and Colorado.

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Loss and Loss Expenses

The loss and loss expense ratio increased 1.5 points in Third Quarter 2018 and 3.5 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to the same prior year periods, driven by the following:



	Third Quarter 2018						Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses¹	$	28.1		4.6		pts	$	23.7		4.1		pts	0.5		pts
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	(12.0		)	(2.0	)		(9.9		)	(1.7	)		(0.3	)
Non-catastrophe property losses	89.8			14.6			71.8			12.6			2.0
Total	105.9			17.2			85.6			15.0			2.2
¹Included in these catastrophe losses were $15.0 million, or 2.4 combined ratio points, in Third Quarter 2018 related to Hurricane Florence and $14.4 million, or 2.5 combined ratio points, in Third Quarter 2017 related to Hurricanes Harvey and Irma.

	Nine Months 2018						Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	$	72.9		4.0		pts	$	65.3		3.8		pts	0.2		pts
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	(24.0		)	(1.3	)		(38.6		)	(2.3	)		1.0
Non-catastrophe property losses	278.5			15.4			216.5			12.7			2.7
Total	327.4			18.1			243.2			14.2			3.9

Details of the prior year casualty reserve development were as follows:



(Favorable)/Unfavorable Prior Year Casualty Reserve Development	Quarter ended September 30,						Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in millions)	2018				2017		2018		2017
General liability	$	(8.0	)		(10.9	)	(8.0	)	(48.3	)
Commercial automobile	10.0				5.0		25.0		26.0
Workers compensation	(20.0		)		(14.0	)	(53.0	)	(29.3	)
Bonds	—				—		—		(2.0	)
Total Standard Commercial Lines	(18.0		)		(19.9	)	(36.0	)	(53.6	)

Homeowners	—				—		—		1.0
Personal automobile	—				—		—		4.0
Total Standard Personal Lines	—				—		—		5.0

E&S	6.0				10.0		12.0		10.0

Total (favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(12.0	)		(9.9	)	(24.0	)	(38.6	)

(Favorable) impact on loss ratio	(2.0		)	pts	(1.7	)	(1.3	)	(2.3	)

As illustrated in the table above, we have seen the most significant favorable prior year casualty reserve development in our workers compensation and general liability lines of business and the most significant unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in our commercial automobile and E&S lines of business. The following provides some qualitative discussion around the actions we have taken regarding these lines of business:

Workers Compensation

We continue to execute on various claims process enhancements and underwriting initiatives to improve our mix of business based on expected profitability. Our workers compensation book of business, which represents approximately 16% of our Standard Commercial Lines business, continues to benefit from: (i) claims initiatives, such as reducing workers compensation medical costs through more favorable Preferred Provider Organization ("PPO") contracts and greater PPO penetration; (ii) better outcomes driven by our workers compensation strategic case unit; and (iii) an improved mix of business in this line that shifts towards lower hazard and smaller accounts from higher hazard and larger accounts. In addition, this line has benefited in recent years from lower than anticipated medical inflation. For a full discussion of the claims initiatives we have deployed, refer to the “Reserves for Loss and Loss Expense” section within Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates in Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” of our 2017 Annual Report.

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Commercial Automobile

Our commercial automobile line of business has been unprofitable in recent years and remains a significant area of focus for both the industry and us, as we continue to drive various initiatives to improve profitability in this line of business. For Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018, we recorded unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development of $10 million and $25 million, respectively, on this line, mainly for accident years 2016 and 2017. The industry-wide statutory combined ratio for 2018 is expected to average approximately 114%, and our combined ratio was 118.2% for Third Quarter 2018 and 112.8% for Nine Months 2018. We achieved renewal pure price increases on this line of 7.5% in Third Quarter 2018 and 7.4% in Nine Months 2018. We expect on-going industry-wide profitability issues to drive new and renewal pricing higher for this line of business. We have also been managing our commercial automobile in-force book of business in targeted industry segments, and reducing our relative exposure in higher hazard classes to improve the underlying profitability of this business.

General Liability

Our general liability line continues to be a profitable book of business for us. This business includes a diverse set of exposures, and therefore can be influenced by a variety of factors. In recent years, we have been favorably impacted by decreasing frequencies and relatively benign severity trends within this line, although this favorable development has moderated in Nine Months 2018, with the $8 million of development being reflective of favorable development on loss adjustment expenses.

E&S

Our E&S segment continues to perform below our target level and remains an area of focus for us as we continue to experience unfavorable development on prior accident years. We have been taking steps to address profitability in this segment through targeted price increases, shifts in business mix, and improved underwriting standards. We believe our current in-force book of business is priced adequately and is positioned well for future profitability.

For additional qualitative discussions regarding reserve development, please refer to the insurance segment sections below in "Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment."

Underwriting Expenses

The underwriting expense ratio decreased 1.4 points in Third Quarter 2018 and 1.2 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to the respective prior year periods due to the following:


•	A 0.5-point and 0.6-point decrease in employee-related expenses in Third Quarter 2018 and Nine Months 2018, respectively, reflecting reductions in both periods of 0.2 points for profit-based compensation to employees, driven by the higher combined ratio resulting in a reduced level of underwriting income for both periods, and 0.2-points for pension and medical benefit costs.


•	A 0.4-point and 0.3-point decrease in supplemental commissions to our distribution partners in Third Quarter 2018 and Nine Months 2018, respectively, compared to Third Quarter 2017 and Nine Months 2017, driven by the higher combined ratio resulting in a reduced level of underwriting income for both periods.

Investments Segment

In total, our Investments segment contributed 9.1 points to our overall annualized ROE in Third Quarter 2018, compared to 8.2 points in Third Quarter 2017, and 8.0 points in Nine Months 2018, compared to 7.6 points in Nine Months 2017. Excluding the impact of net realized and unrealized losses, the Investment segment's contribution to non-GAAP operating ROE improved by 2.9 points in the quarter and 1.8 points in the year-to-date period compared to the respective prior year periods.

The investment income improvement included 1.4 points of benefit from Tax Reform in Third Quarter 2018 and 1.2 points in Nine Months 2018. The remaining improvement in both periods reflected pre-tax net investment income growth of 30% in Third Quarter 2018 and 18% in Nine Months 2018 compared to the same prior year periods, driven by higher yields on our fixed income securities portfolio during the year and improved returns on our alternative investment portfolio in the quarter. Yields on our fixed income portfolio improved due to active investment management and security selection, coupled with the year-to-date increase in the 90-day LIBOR of approximately 70 points, as 17% of our fixed income portfolio is invested in floating rate securities that reset based principally on this rate.

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Outlook

Despite our strong financial performance in 2017 and expectations for 2018, the U.S. property and casualty insurance industry continues to be characterized by an abundance of capital, intense competition, and low overall premium growth. According to A.M. Best Company's ("A.M. Best") "US Property/Casualty: 2018 Review & Preview," for 2018, rate increases are expected to remain in the low single digits for most lines of business. A.M. Best is estimating an overall statutory combined ratio for the industry for 2018 of 100.0%, and an estimated after-tax return on surplus of 5.8%. Industry results through six-months 2018, as reported by A.M. Best in an August 2018 report, reflected an industry combined ratio of 96.4%, including 4.2-points of catastrophe losses. In their Review & Preview, A.M. Best also estimated that property and casualty insurance industry loss and loss expense reserve adequacy peaked several years ago, and has been declining since that time. In addition, changes in economic conditions, including changes in U.S. trade policies and the imposition of tariffs on imports, may lead to higher inflation and increased loss costs above expected trends, which would negatively impact our profitability and the property and casualty insurance industry profitability as a whole. Unanticipated inflation would impact both claim payments made during the current year, as well as estimates of loss and loss expense reserves for claims to be paid in the future. For a further discussion, please refer to Item 1A. "Risk Factors" in our 2017 Annual Report, under the subsection entitled, "Risks Related to Our Insurance Operations."

Our long-term growth plans include: (i) building our "ivy league" distribution partnerships to be representative of at least 25% of the available market share in each of our Standard Commercial Lines states; (ii) increasing our share of the business within these distribution partners, which we refer to as our "share of wallet," to 12%, which translates into a 3% market share in each state in which we write Standard Commercial Lines business; and (iii) geographic expansion. To date, we write Standard Commercial Lines business in 27 states and the District of Columbia, which, at a 3% market share, would create a corporate Standard Commercial Lines profile of approximately $5 billion of NPW.

Effective July 1, 2017, we opened Arizona and New Hampshire for Standard Commercial Lines business. Effective January 1, 2018, we started writing Standard Commercial Lines business in Colorado, and on October 1, 2018, we began writing Standard Commercial Lines business in New Mexico and Utah. We have appointed an aggregate of 52 agents in these states, with appointments controlling approximately 10-20% of these states' available Standard Commercial Lines premium. We expect to open Arizona and Utah for Standard Personal Lines business in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Investing in the development and implementation of leading technologies to enhance our underwriting is integral to our overall strategy. The ability to segment our business and present specific account-level pricing guidance to our underwriters based on expected future profitability has positioned us to achieve strong renewal pure price without negatively impacting retention. We deployed our newest underwriting tool that provides real-time insights into how each prospective new business account compares with similar accounts already in our portfolio. We believe this tool positions us better to profitably grow the business regardless of overall market dynamics.

As an organization, we are making significant investments focused on enhancing the overall customer experience in an omni-channel environment, including efforts to obtain: (i) stronger customer engagement through multiple communication touch points, such as mobile notifications and billing alerts; (ii) a 360-degree view of our customers to provide a more integrated service experience; (iii) increased capabilities to allow customers to interact with us in a 24x7 environment in a manner of their choosing; and (iv) deeper insight into metrics regarding customer satisfaction. To that end, we have recently deployed a new customer experience desktop to our contact center employees, and are working closely with our distribution partners and their primary agency management system vendors to ensure we present our customers with a seamless experience. We recognize that our customers' expectations on how they engage with us and our agents are rapidly evolving, and we continue to strive towards providing "best-in-class" customer service in a 24-hour, 365-day environment. Our goals in this area are centered around leveraging technology to improve customer retention rates, which should, over time, enhance the quality of our business.

Our investment portfolio generated pre-tax net investment income of $141.2 million in Nine Months 2018, which was an 18% increase over the same period in 2017. We have generated strong investment returns, while maintaining a similar level of credit quality and duration risk on the portfolio, as a result of: (i) active investment management and security selection, principally in our core fixed income portfolio; and (ii) the 70-point increase in 90-day LIBOR in 2018, as 17% of our fixed income portfolio is invested in floating rate securities that reset based principally on this rate. Additionally, risk assets, which principally include high-yield fixed income securities, equities, and our alternative investments portfolio, were 7.3% of our overall portfolio as of September 30, 2018, which was slightly down from year-end 2017. During 2018, we have been actively managing our risk asset portfolio and trimmed our exposure to public equities and high-yield fixed income securities as a result of market conditions during the year. Overall, we have been gradually diversifying our portfolio, and will work towards modestly increasing our risk asset allocation over time, up to approximately 10% of our invested assets, depending on market conditions.

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After three quarters of results, we are increasing our full-year 2018 after-tax net investment income guidance by $6 million, to $156 million, as well as increasing catastrophe losses by 0.5 points, to 4.0 points. All other assumptions remain the same. Our full-year expectations are as follows:


•	A GAAP combined ratio, excluding catastrophe losses, of 92.0%, which is unchanged from prior guidance. This assumes no fourth quarter 2018 prior year casualty reserve development;


•	Catastrophe losses of 4.0 points reflecting two hurricanes;


•	After-tax net investment income of $156 million;


•	An overall effective tax rate of approximately 18%, which includes an effective tax rate of 17% for net investment income, reflecting a tax rate of 5.25% for tax-advantaged municipal bonds and a tax rate of 21% for all other investments; and


•	Weighted average shares of 59.6 million.

Results of Operations and Related Information by Segment

Standard Commercial Lines Segment



	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017	Change % or Points			2018			2017	Change % or Points
Insurance Segments Results:
NPW	$	502,312		472,051	6		%	$	1,526,318		1,434,516	6		%
NPE	481,056			445,250	8			1,422,432			1,327,258	7
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	291,110			254,870	14			858,550			749,310	15
Net underwriting expenses incurred	161,323			154,003	5			483,455			462,439	5
Dividends to policyholders	2,290			1,048	119			6,274			2,875	118
Underwriting income	$	26,333		35,329	(25	)	%	$	74,153		112,634	(34	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	60.5		%	57.3	3.2		pts	60.4		%	56.5	3.9		pts
Underwriting expense ratio	33.5			34.6	(1.1	)		34.0			34.8	(0.8	)
Dividends to policyholders ratio	0.5			0.2	0.3			0.4			0.2	0.2
Combined ratio	94.5			92.1	2.4			94.8			91.5	3.3

NPW in this segment of our business increased 6% in both the current quarter and year-to-date periods driven by renewal pure price increases and strong retention. However, we are experiencing heightened competition in this segment, particularly related to new business, which decreased 7% in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, as illustrated in the table below.



	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in millions)	2018			2017	Change % or Points			2018			2017	Change % or Points
Retention	84		%	85	(1	)	pts	83		%	84	(1	)	pts
Renewal pure price increases	3.7			2.7	1.0			3.5			2.9	0.6
Direct new business	$	90.4		96.9	(7	)	%	$	289.5		284.4	2		%

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The loss and loss expense ratio increased 3.2 points in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and 3.9 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017. These increases were driven by the following:



	Third Quarter 2018						Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	$	22.1		4.6		pts	$	14.3		3.2		pts	1.4	pts
Non-catastrophe property losses	60.1			12.5			49.1			11.0			1.5
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	(18.0		)	(3.7	)		(19.9		)	(4.5	)		0.8
Total	64.2			13.4			43.5			9.7			3.7


	Nine Months 2018						Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio			Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	$	52.0		3.7		pts	$	38.1		2.9		pts	0.8	pts
Non-catastrophe property losses	187.9			13.2			147.0			11.1			2.1
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	(36.0		)	(2.5	)		(53.6		)	(4.0	)		1.5
Total	203.9			14.4			131.5			10.0			4.4

For additional information regarding the favorable prior year casualty reserve development by line of business, see the "Financial Highlights of Results for Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 and Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017" section above and the line of business discussions below.

There was a 1.1-point decrease in the underwriting expense ratio in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and a 0.8-point decrease in the underwriting expense ratio in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017. The significant drivers of these variances were as follows:

•

A reduction in employee-related expenses of 0.4 points in the quarter and 0.5 points year to date. These decreases included: (i) lower profit-based compensation to our employees of 0.2 points in the quarter and year to date, driven by the higher combined ratio resulting in a reduced level of underwriting income for both periods; and (ii) lower pension and medical benefit costs of 0.2 points in the quarter and year to date.


•	A reduction in profit-based compensation to our distribution partners of 0.3 points in the quarter and 0.2 points year to date, driven by the higher combined ratio resulting in a reduced level of underwriting income for both periods.

The following is a discussion of our most significant Standard Commercial Lines of business:



General Liability
	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,					Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017	Change % or Points			2018			2017		Change % or Points
NPW	$	160,105		147,858	8		%	$	494,984		461,716		7		%
Direct new business	26,768			28,067	(100	)		86,210			84,986		1
Retention	85		%	85	—		pts	84		%	83		1		pts
Renewal pure price increases	2.9			2.4	0.5			2.7			2.5		0.2
NPE	$	154,974		141,059	10		%	$	457,805		422,546		8		%
Underwriting income	24,374			24,003	2			54,074			85,326		(37	)
Combined ratio	84.3		%	83.0	1.3		pts	88.2		%	79.8	%	8.4		pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	32			31				32			32

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The combined ratio increases in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017, were driven primarily by lower favorable prior year casualty reserve development, as illustrated in the table below.



	Third Quarter 2018						Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(8.0	)	(5.2	)	pts	$	(10.9	)	(7.7	)	pts	2.5	pts


	Nine Months 2018						Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(8.0	)	(1.7	)	pts	$	(48.3	)	(11.4	)	pts	9.7	pts

The Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 development was primarily attributable to favorable development on loss adjustment expenses in accident years 2014 through 2017.

The Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017 development was primarily attributable to lower claims frequencies and severities primarily in accident years 2015 and prior, particularly in the products liability and excess liability segments.

In addition, the lower combined ratio benefited from a lower underwriting expense ratio, which decreased by 0.3 points in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and by 1.1 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017, primarily attributable to the aforementioned items discussed in the overall Commercial Lines Segment above.



Commercial Automobile
	Quarter ended September 30,						Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,						Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018				2017		Change % or Points			2018				2017		Change % or Points
NPW	$	135,579			121,749		11		%	$	399,506			358,198		12		%
Direct new business	23,363				21,906		7			70,668				61,456		15
Retention	82			%	86		(4	)	pts	83			%	84		(1	)	pts
Renewal pure price increases	7.5				6.5		1.0			7.4				6.7		0.7
NPE	$	124,862			111,711		12		%	$	365,197			327,156		12		%
Underwriting loss	(22,785		)		(16,098	)	42			(46,922		)		(41,621	)	13
Combined ratio	118.2			%	114.4		3.8		pts	112.8			%	112.7		0.1		pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	27				26					26				25

The increase in the combined ratio of 3.8 points in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and 0.1 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017, was driven by the following:



	Third Quarter 2018				Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Non-catastrophe property losses	$	20.5	16.4	pts	$	18.5	16.6	pts	(0.2	)	pts
Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development	10.0		8.0		5.0		4.5		3.5
Catastrophe losses	0.4		0.3		0.5		0.5		(0.2	)
Total	30.9		24.7		24.0		21.6		3.1

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	Nine Months 2018				Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change in Ratio
Non-catastrophe property losses	$	61.4	16.8	pts	$	48.9	14.9	pts	1.9		pts
Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development	25.0		6.8		26.0		7.9		(1.1	)
Catastrophe losses	1.9		0.5		1.6		0.5		—
Total	88.3		24.1		76.5		23.3		0.8

The significant drivers of the development were as follows:


•	Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018: Development was primarily due to higher casualty claims frequencies, as well as increases in claim severities, primarily in accident years 2016 and 2017.


•	Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017: Development was mainly due to higher casualty claim frequencies, and some increases in claim severities, in accident years 2015 and 2016.

In addition to the items described above, the combined ratio in this line of business was adversely impacted by higher current year loss costs of 4.4 points for the quarter, and 2.2 points for the year-to-date period, driven by continued elevated frequencies and to some extent severities.



Workers Compensation
	Quarter ended September 30,					Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		Change % or Points			2018			2017	Change % or Points
NPW	$	77,827		80,252		(3	)	%	$	248,728		253,446	(2	)	%
Direct new business	12,582			18,617		(32	)		46,000			52,923	(13	)
Retention	84		%	85		(1	)	pts	84		%	84	—		pts
Renewal pure price (decreases) increases	—			(0.4	)	0.4			0.1			0.3	(0.2	)
NPE	$	78,784		77,580		2		%	$	237,628		236,366	1		%
Underwriting income	23,380			14,661		59			61,601			32,553	89
Combined ratio	70.3		%	81.1		(10.8	)	pts	74.1		%	86.2	(12.1	)	pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	16			17					16			18

The decreases in the combined ratio in Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 compared to the same prior year periods were driven by favorable prior year casualty reserve development, as well as a 1.5-point reduction in current year loss costs in both the quarter and year-to-date periods. Favorable prior year development, which was primarily due to lower severities in accident years 2016 and prior, was as follows:



	Third Quarter 2018						Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(20.0	)	(25.4	)	pts	$	(14.0	)	(18.0	)	pts	(7.4	)	pts


	Nine Months 2018						Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Loss and Loss Expense Incurred			Impact on Combined Ratio			Change Points
(Favorable) prior year casualty reserve development	$	(53.0	)	(22.3	)	pts	$	(29.3	)	(12.4	)	pts	(9.9	)	pts

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Commercial Property
	Quarter ended September 30,					Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,					Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018				2017	Change % or Points			2018				2017	Change % or Points
NPW	$	89,737			84,664	6		%	$	263,318			247,138	7		%
Direct new business	18,073				18,451	(2	)		57,485				55,614	3
Retention	83			%	83	—		pts	82			%	82	—		pts
Renewal pure price increases	3.3				1.4	1.9			3.1				1.7	1.4
NPE	$	83,056			78,151	6		%	$	245,544			232,594	6		%
Underwriting (loss) income	(6,768		)		7,824	(187	)		(9,266		)		16,917	(155	)
Combined ratio	108.1			%	90.0	18.1		pts	103.8			%	92.7	11.1		pts
% of total Standard Commercial Lines NPW	18				18				17				17

The increase in the combined ratio in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and the increase in the combined ratio in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017, were driven by the following:



	Third Quarter 2018				Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change % or Points
Catastrophe losses	$	20.1	24.2	pts	$	12.6	16.1	pts	8.1	pts
Non-catastrophe property losses	33.9		40.8		24.1		30.9		9.9
Total	54.0		65.0		36.7		47.0		18.0


	Nine Months 2018				Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Combined Ratio		Change % or Points
Catastrophe losses	$	42.6	17.4	pts	$	33.1	14.2	pts	3.2	pts
Non-catastrophe property losses	106.3		43.3		82.2		35.3		8.0
Total	148.9		60.7		115.3		49.5		11.2

Higher catastrophe losses in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017 included the impact of Hurricane Florence in the current quarter, while the increase in non-catastrophe property losses reflected a higher number of fire losses compared to last year. On a year-to-date-basis, the increase in non-catastrophe property losses continued to reflect the higher property losses from the first quarter of 2018, which were principally related to the January deep freeze in our footprint states coupled with the relatively large number of fire losses during the year.

Standard Personal Lines Segment



	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017	Change % or Points			2018			2017	Change % or Points
Insurance Segments Results:
NPW	$	84,735		81,195	4		%	$	236,530		223,998	6		%
NPE	77,157			72,601	6			227,090			215,474	5
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	52,631			42,120	25			157,330			141,135	11
Net underwriting expenses incurred	21,368			22,302	(4	)		63,303			66,822	(5	)
Underwriting income	$	3,158		8,179	(61	)	%	$	6,457		7,517	(14	)	%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	68.2		%	58.0	10.2		pts	69.3		%	65.5	3.8		pts
Underwriting expense ratio	27.7			30.7	(3.0	)		27.9			31.0	(3.1	)
Combined ratio	95.9			88.7	7.2			97.2			96.5	0.7

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The increases in NPW reflected in the table above were driven by the following:



	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in millions)	2018			2017	Change % or Points			2018			2017	Change % or Points
New business	$	13.1		13.6	(4	)	%	$	40.8		38.2	7	%
Retention	85		%	84	1		pts	85		%	84	1	pts
Renewal pure price increases	3.8			3.1	0.7			3.6			2.8	0.8

The loss and loss expense ratio increased 10.2 points in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and 3.8 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017. Quantitative information on the drivers of these fluctuations is as follows:



	Third Quarter 2018				Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Non-catastrophe property losses	$	24.7	32.1	pts	$	19.1	26.3	pts	5.8		pts
Catastrophe losses	5.4		7.1		2.2		3.0		4.1
Total	30.1		39.2		21.3		29.3		9.9


	Nine Months 2018				Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Catastrophe losses	$	18.1	8.0	pts	$	15.4	7.2	pts	0.8		pts
Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development	—		—		5.0		2.3		(2.3	)
Non-catastrophe property losses	70.2		30.9		55.4		25.7		5.2
Total	88.3		38.9		75.8		35.2		3.7

Non-catastrophe property losses increased in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017 driven primarily by an increase in the number of fire and weather-related losses. Additionally, on a year-to-date basis, the increase in non-catastrophe property losses was partially related to the January 2018 deep freeze in our footprint states.

Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development in Nine Months 2017 was primarily driven by increased frequency and severity in the personal automobile liability line for accident 2016.

The underwriting expense ratio decreased 3.0 points in Third Quarter 2018 compared to Third Quarter 2017, and 3.1

points in Nine Months 2018 compared to Nine Months 2017. The significant drivers of these variances were as follows:


•	A reduction in costs of 1.3 points in the quarter and 1.1 points year to date associated with the internally-developed software platform used in this segment of our business, which was fully amortized in the fourth quarter of 2017.


•	A reduction in employee-related expenses of 0.7 points in the quarter and 0.8 points year to date. Similar to our Standard Commercial Lines Segment these decreases included: (i) lower profit-based compensation to our employees; and (ii) lower pension and medical benefit costs.


•	A reduction in profit-based commissions of 0.3 points in both the quarter and year-to-date periods this year compared to the prior year periods.

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E&S Lines Segment



	Quarter ended September 30,					Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,						Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		Change % or Points			2018				2017		Change % or Points
Insurance Segments Results:
NPW	$	64,621		51,031		27		%	$	168,628			158,281		7		%
NPE	56,064			54,204		3			161,419				158,207		2
Less:
Loss and loss expense incurred	35,458			47,597		(26	)		114,588				113,173		1
Net underwriting expenses incurred	17,100			17,670		(3	)		51,679				53,208		(3	)
Underwriting (loss) income	$	3,506		(11,063	)	132		%	$	(4,848	)		(8,174	)	41		%
Combined Ratios:
Loss and loss expense ratio	63.2		%	87.8		(24.6	)	pts	71.0			%	71.6		(0.6	)	pts
Underwriting expense ratio	30.5			32.6		(2.1	)		32.0				33.6		(1.6	)
Combined ratio	93.7			120.4		(26.7	)		103.0				105.2		(2.2	)

While this segment experienced an improved third quarter, partially driven by better than expected property losses, we continue to address profitability through targeted price increases, business mix shifts, and improved underwriting standards. Pricing on our in-force book of business is essentially at our targeted levels and our strategy in this segment is to pursue growth opportunistically if market conditions allow. Over the past year, we have taken steps to exit some underperforming classes of E&S business, while entering into new distribution relationships. The NPW growth in Third Quarter 2018 reflects the impact of one particularly large relationship that we established in the second quarter of 2018. Quantitative information regarding new business and price increases is as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,				Change % or Points		Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in millions)	2018			2017	Change % or Points		2018			2017	Change % or Points
Direct new business	$	32.2		20.6	56	%	$	70.8		69.3	2		%
Overall new/renewal price increases¹	3.9		%	3.2	0.7	pts	5.2		%	5.5	(0.3	)	pts

¹The E&S casualty new/renewal price increases were 2.9% and 5.4% in Third Quarter 2018 and Third Quarter 2017, respectively, and 5.4% and 8.0% in Nine Months 2018 and Nine Months 2017, respectively.

The NPE increases in Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 compared to Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017 were consistent with the fluctuation in NPW for the twelve-month period ended September 30, 2018 compared with the twelve-month period ended September 30, 2017.

The loss and loss expense ratio decreased 24.6 points in Third Quarter 2018 and 0.6 points in Nine Months 2018 compared to the same prior year periods, driven primarily by the following:



	Third Quarter 2018				Third Quarter 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development	$	6.0	10.7	pts	$	10.0	18.4	pts	(7.7	)	pts
Non-catastrophe property losses	5.0		8.9		3.7		6.8		2.1
Catastrophe losses	0.6		1.0		7.3		13.5		(12.5	)
Total	11.6		20.6		21.0		38.7		(18.1	)


	Nine Months 2018				Nine Months 2017
($ in millions)	Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Loss and Loss Expense Incurred		Impact on Loss and Loss Expense Ratio		Change in Ratio
Unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development	$	12.0	7.4	pts	$	10.0	6.3	pts	1.1		pts
Non-catastrophe property losses	20.4		12.6		14.1		8.9		3.7
Catastrophe losses	2.7		1.7		11.7		7.4		(5.7	)
Total	35.1		21.7		35.8		22.6		(0.9	)

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The unfavorable prior year casualty reserve development outlined above in Third Quarter 2018 was primarily driven by increased severities in accident year 2015. The Nine Months 2018 development was primarily driven by increased frequencies and severities in accident years 2015 and 2016.

There was a 2.1-point decrease in the underwriting expense ratio in Third Quarter 2018 and 1.6-point decrease in Nine Months 2018 compared to the same prior year periods, which was driven by the following: (i) profit-based compensation to our distribution partners of 0.9 points in the quarter and 0.8 points in the year-to-date period; and (ii) labor related expenses of 1.0 points in the quarter and 1.6 points in the year-to-date period.

Reinsurance

We have successfully completed negotiations of our July 1, 2018 excess of loss treaties, which provide coverage for our Standard Commercial Lines, Standard Personal Lines, and E&S Lines. These treaties were renewed with the same structure as the expiring treaties as follows:

Property Excess of Loss

Our property excess of loss treaty ("Property Treaty") provides protection against large individual property losses with $58.0 million of coverage in excess of a $2.0 million retention:


•	The per occurrence cap on the first and second layers is $84.0 million.


•	The first layer has unlimited reinstatements and a limit of $8.0 million in excess of $2.0 million.


•	The annual aggregate limit, for the $30.0 million in excess of $10.0 million second layer, is $120.0 million.


•	A third layer has a limit of $20.0 million in excess of $40.0 million, with an annual aggregate limit of approximately $75.0 million.


•	The Property Treaty excludes nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological ("NBCR") terrorism losses.

Casualty Excess of Loss

Our casualty excess of loss treaty (“Casualty Treaty”) provides protection against large individual casualty losses with $88.0 million of coverage in excess of a $2.0 million retention:


•	The first through sixth layers provide coverage for 100% of up to $88.0 million in excess of a $2.0 million retention.


•	The Casualty Treaty includes a $25.0 million limit, per life, on our workers compensation business, which remains unchanged from the prior treaty.


•	The Casualty Treaty excludes NBCR terrorism losses and has annual aggregate non-NBCR terrorism limits of $208.0 million.

Investments

The primary objective of the investment portfolio is to maximize after-tax net investment income and the overall total return of the portfolio, while maintaining a high credit quality core fixed income portfolio and managing our duration risk profile. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio as of September 30, 2018 was 3.9 years, compared to the Insurance Subsidiaries’ liability duration as of December 31, 2017 of approximately 3.8 years. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio is monitored and managed to maximize yield while managing interest rate risk and credit risk at an acceptable level. We maintain a well-diversified portfolio across sectors, credit quality, and maturities that affords us ample liquidity. Purchases and sales are made with the intent of maximizing investment returns in the current market environment while balancing capital preservation. Over time, we may seek to increase or decrease the duration and overall credit quality of the portfolio based on market conditions.

Our investment philosophy includes certain return and risk objectives for the fixed income, equity, and other investment portfolios. After-tax yield and net investment income generation are key drivers to our investment strategy, which we believe will be obtained through active management of the portfolio.



Total Invested Assets
($ in thousands)	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017	Change % or Points
Total invested assets	$	5,861,107		5,685,179	3		%
Invested assets per dollar of stockholders' equity	3.37			3.32	2
Unrealized (loss) gain – before tax¹	(3,528		)	124,679	(103	)
Unrealized (loss) gain – after tax¹	(2,787		)	80,575	(103	)

¹Includes unrealized gains on fixed income securities and equity securities.

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The increase in invested assets at September 30, 2018 compared to December 31, 2017 was driven by operating cash flow generated in Nine Months 2018 of $292 million, partially offset by pre-tax unrealized losses on our fixed income securities portfolio of $113 million. These unrealized losses reflect the unfavorable impact of rising interest rates in 2018.

At September 30, 2018, our fixed income securities portfolio represented 89% of our total invested assets, largely unchanged compared to December 31, 2017. Our fixed income securities portfolio had a weighted average credit rating of “ AA- ,” with 97% of the securities in the portfolio being investment grade quality, at both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. Within our fixed income securities portfolio, we maintained an allocation of non-investment grade high-yield securities, which represented 3% of our fixed income securities portfolio as of both September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The sector composition and credit quality of our major asset categories within our fixed income securities portfolio did not significantly change from December 31, 2017.

For details regarding the credit quality of our portfolio, see Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” of our 2017 Annual Report.

Net Investment Income

The components of net investment income earned for the indicated periods were as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Change % or Points			Nine Months ended September 30,				Change % or Points
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		Change % or Points			2018		2017		Change % or Points
Fixed income securities	$	45,088		38,865		16	%		130,903		113,424		15	%
Equity securities	2,079			1,605		30			5,876		4,492		31
Short-term investments	867			396		119			2,001		1,023		96
Other investments	7,211			2,659		171			10,868		9,493		14
Investment expenses	(2,802		)	(3,079	)	(9	)		(8,421	)	(9,137	)	(8	)
Net investment income earned – before tax	52,443			40,446		30			141,227		119,295		18
Net investment income tax expense	(9,568		)	(10,856	)	(12	)		(24,973	)	(31,951	)	(22	)
Net investment income earned – after tax	$	42,875		29,590		45			116,254		87,344		33
Effective tax rate	18.2		%	26.8		(8.6	)	pts	17.7		26.8		(9.1	)	pts
Annualized after-tax yield on fixed income securities	2.8			2.2		0.6			2.8		2.2		0.6
Annualized after-tax yield on investment portfolio	3.0			2.1		0.9			2.7		2.1		0.6

The increase in pre-tax net investment income in Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 compared to Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017 was driven primarily by our fixed income securities portfolio, which benefited from improved new money reinvestment yields and repositioning of investment grade securities as a result of active investment management and security selection, principally in our core fixed income portfolio. In addition, with approximately 17% of our fixed income portfolio invested in floating rate securities that reset based principally on the 90-day LIBOR, we have benefited from the 70-point rise in LIBOR in Nine Months 2018. Strong returns on our alternative investments within our other investments portfolio also contributed to the higher pre-tax net investment income in Third Quarter 2018. On an after-tax basis, we benefited from a decrease in the effective tax rate as a result of Tax Reform. See the "Federal Income Taxes" discussion below for additional information regarding the impact of this legislation.

Realized and Unrealized Gains and Losses

Our general philosophy for sales of securities is to reduce our exposure to securities and sectors based on economic evaluations and when the fundamentals for that security or sector have deteriorated, or to opportunistically trade out of securities to other securities with better economic return characteristics. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses for the indicated periods were as follows:



	Quarter ended September 30,					Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in thousands)	2018			2017		2018		2017
Net realized (losses) gains on disposals, excluding OTTI	$	(751	)	6,871		4,034		12,252
OTTI charges	(1,426		)	(73	)	(5,459	)	(4,765	)
Unrealized losses recognized in income on equity securities	(2,610		)	—		(15,563	)	—
Total net realized and unrealized (losses) gains	$	(4,787	)	6,798		(16,988	)	7,487

The decrease in net realized and unrealized losses in Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 compared to the same periods last year were primarily driven by market value fluctuations on our equity portfolio, which are recorded through income due to an

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accounting change in the first quarter of 2018. For information on this accounting change, see Note 2. "Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Federal Income Taxes

The following table provides information regarding federal income taxes:



	Quarter ended September 30,				Nine Months ended September 30,
($ in millions)	2018			2017	2018	2017
Federal income tax expense	$	11.7		20.6	26.4	55.2
Effective tax rate	17.4		%	30.6	16.5	28.5

On December 22, 2017, Tax Reform was signed into law, which among other provisions, reduced our statutory corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% beginning on January 1, 2018. The reduction in the effective tax rate in the table above for Third Quarter and Nine Months 2018 compared to Third Quarter and Nine Months 2017 reflects: (i) the lower statutory rate; and (ii) the contribution of tax-advantaged interest and dividend income in relation to overall pre-tax income this year compared to last.

In general, our effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate principally due to the benefit of tax-advantaged interest and dividend income, which are taxed at lower rates. For a reconciliation of tax expense at the statutory rate to tax expense on our Consolidated Statements of Income, refer to Note 12. "Federal Income Taxes" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Our future effective tax rate will continue to be impacted by similar items, assuming no significant changes to tax laws. However, for full-year 2018, we expect an overall effective tax rate of approximately 18%, which is higher than our effective tax rate for Nine Months 2018, as we expect a greater income contribution from our insurance operations for the remainder of the year compared to the relative contribution during Nine Months 2018.

Financial Condition, Liquidity, and Capital Resources

Capital resources and liquidity reflect our ability to generate cash flows from business operations, borrow funds at competitive rates, and raise new capital to meet operating and growth needs.

Liquidity

We manage liquidity with a focus on generating sufficient cash flows to meet the short-term and long-term cash requirements of our business operations. Our cash, excluding restricted cash, and short-term investment position of $305 million at September 30, 2018 was comprised of $28 million at the Parent and $277 million at the Insurance Subsidiaries. Short-term investments are generally maintained in "AAA" rated money market funds approved by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. The Parent maintains a fixed income security investment portfolio containing high-quality, highly-liquid government and corporate fixed income securities. This portfolio amounted to $113 million at September 30, 2018 and $90 million at December 31, 2017. The Parent had a total of $141 million of cash and liquid investments at September 30, 2018, compared to $114 million at December 31, 2017. We expect fluctuations in these balances over time based on various factors, including the amount and availability of dividends from our Insurance Subsidiaries, investment income, expenses, and other liquidity needs of the Parent. Our target is to hold cash and other liquid assets at the Parent sufficient to meet or exceed two years of its expected annual needs.

Sources of Liquidity

Sources of cash for the Parent have historically consisted of dividends from the Insurance Subsidiaries, the investment portfolio discussed above, borrowings under lines of credit and loan agreements with certain Insurance Subsidiaries, and the issuance of stock and debt securities. We continue to monitor these sources, giving consideration to our long-term liquidity and capital preservation strategies.

Insurance Subsidiary Dividends

We currently anticipate that the Insurance Subsidiaries will pay $100 million in total dividends to the Parent in 2018, a $20 million increase from $80 million paid in 2017, of which $75 million was paid during Nine Months 2018. As of December 31, 2017, our allowable ordinary maximum dividend was $211 million for 2018.

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Any dividends to the Parent are subject to the approval and/or review of the insurance regulators in the respective Insurance Subsidiaries' domiciliary states and are generally payable only from earned surplus as reported in the statutory annual statements of those subsidiaries as of the preceding December 31. Although past dividends have historically been met with regulatory approval, there is no assurance that future dividends that may be declared will be approved. For additional information regarding dividend restrictions, refer to Note 19. “Statutory Financial Information, Capital Requirements, and Restrictions on Dividends and Transfers of Funds” in Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” of our 2017 Annual Report.

The Insurance Subsidiaries generate liquidity through insurance float, which is created by collecting premiums and earning investment income before losses are paid. The period of the float can extend over many years. Our investment portfolio consists of maturity dates that continually provide a source of cash flows for claims payments in the ordinary course of business. The effective duration of the fixed income securities portfolio was 3.9 years as of September 30, 2018, while the liabilities of the Insurance Subsidiaries had a duration as of December 31, 2017 of 3.8 years. As protection for the capital resources of the Insurance Subsidiaries, we purchase reinsurance coverage for significantly large claims or catastrophes that may occur during the year.

Line of Credit

The Parent's line of credit with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, and Branch Banking and Trust Company (BB&T) (referred to as our "Line of Credit"), was renewed effective December 1, 2015 with a borrowing capacity of $30 million, which can be increased to $50 million with the approval of both lending partners. This Line of Credit expires on December 1, 2020 and has an interest rate that varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent's debt ratings. There were no balances outstanding under the Line of Credit at September 30, 2018 or at any time during 2018.

The Line of Credit agreement contains representations, warranties, and covenants that are customary for credit facilities of this type, including, without limitation, financial covenants under which we are obligated to maintain a minimum consolidated net worth, a minimum combined statutory surplus, and a maximum ratio of consolidated debt to total capitalization, as well as covenants limiting our ability to: (i) merge or liquidate; (ii) incur debt or liens; (iii) dispose of assets; (iv) make certain investments and acquisitions; and (v) engage in transactions with affiliates.

The table below outlines information regarding certain of the covenants in the Line of Credit:



	Required as of September 30, 2018	Actual as of September 30, 2018
Consolidated net worth	Not less than $1.2 billion	$1.7 billion
Statutory surplus	Not less than $750 million	$1.7 billion
Debt-to-capitalization ratio¹	Not to exceed 35%	20.2%
A.M. Best financial strength rating	Minimum of A-	A


¹	Calculated in accordance with the Line of Credit agreement.

Several of our Insurance Subsidiaries are members of certain branches of the Federal Home Loan Bank, which provides those subsidiaries with additional access to liquidity. Membership is as follows:



Branch	Insurance Subsidiary Member
Federal Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis ("FHLBI")	Selective Insurance Company of South Carolina ("SICSC")¹ Selective Insurance Company of the Southeast ("SICSE")¹
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLBNY")	Selective Insurance Company of America ("SICA") Selective Insurance Company of New York ("SICNY")

¹These subsidiaries are jointly referred to as the "Indiana Subsidiaries" as they are domiciled in Indiana.

The Line of Credit permits aggregate borrowings from the FHLBI and the FHLBNY up to 10% of the respective member company’s admitted assets for the previous year end. Additionally, as SICNY is domiciled in New York, this company's borrowings from the FHLBNY are limited to the lower of 5% of admitted assets for the most recently completed fiscal quarter or 10% of admitted assets for the previous year end.

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All borrowings from both the FHLBI and the FHLBNY are required to be secured by investments pledged as collateral. For additional information regarding collateral outstanding, refer to Note 4. "Investments" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q. The following table provides information on the remaining capacity for Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings based on these restrictions, as well as the amount of additional stock that would need to be purchased to allow these member companies to borrow their remaining capacity:



($ in millions)	Admitted Assets		Borrowing Limitation		Amount Borrowed	Remaining Capacity	Additional Stock Requirements
	Admitted Assets		Borrowing Limitation		Amount Borrowed	Remaining Capacity	Additional Stock Requirements
SICSC	$	648.0	$	64.8	32.0	32.8	1.4
SICSE	507.5		50.8		28.0	22.8	1.0
SICA	2,434.9		243.5		50.0	193.5	8.7
SICNY	454.5		22.7		—	22.7	1.0
Total			$	381.8	110.0	271.8	12.1

Short-term Borrowings

In Nine Months 2018, SICA borrowed: (i) $75 million from the FHLBNY, which was repaid on March 20, 2018; and (ii) $55 million from the FHLBNY, which was repaid on April 18, 2018. For further information regarding this borrowing, see Note 5. "Indebtedness" in Item 1. "Financial Statements." of this Form 10-Q.

Intercompany Loan Agreements

The Parent has lending agreements with the Indiana Subsidiaries that have been approved by the Indiana Department of Insurance, which provide additional liquidity to the Parent. Similar to the Line of Credit agreement, these lending agreements limit borrowings by the Parent from the Indiana Subsidiaries to 10% of the admitted assets of the respective Indiana Subsidiary. The following table provides information on the Parent’s borrowings and remaining borrowing capacity from the Indiana Subsidiaries:



($ in millions)	Admitted Assets as of December 31, 2017		Borrowing Limitation		Amount Borrowed	Remaining Capacity
As of June 30, 2018	Admitted Assets as of December 31, 2017		Borrowing Limitation		Amount Borrowed	Remaining Capacity
SICSC	$	648.0	$	64.8	27.0	37.8
SICSE	507.5		50.8		18.0	32.8
Total			$	115.6	45.0	70.6

Capital Market Activities

The Parent had no private or public issuances of stock or debt instruments during Nine Months 2018.

Uses of Liquidity

The liquidity generated from the sources discussed above is used, among other things, to pay dividends to our shareholders. Dividends on shares of the Parent's common stock are declared and paid at the discretion of the Board of Directors based on our operating results, financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other relevant factors.

On October 25, 2018, our Board of Directors declared, for stockholders of record as of November 15, 2018, a $0.20 per share dividend to be paid on December 3, 2018. This is an 11% increase compared to the dividend declared on August 1, 2018.

Our ability to meet our interest and principal repayment obligations on our debt, as well as our ability to continue to pay dividends to our stockholders, is dependent on liquidity at the Parent coupled with the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to pay dividends, if necessary, and/or the availability of other sources of liquidity to the Parent. Our next two principal

repayments, each in the amount of $25 million, are due in 2021, with the next following principal payment due in 2026. We

have $185 million of Senior Notes due February 9, 2043 that became callable on February 8, 2018, which we may elect to call, in whole or in part, at any time. If we were to call and redeem these Senior Notes, we would expense the associated unamortized debt issuance costs. The balance of the unamortized debt issuance costs associated with our $185 million of Senior Notes was $4.3 million at September 30, 2018.

Restrictions on the ability of the Insurance Subsidiaries to declare and pay dividends, without alternative liquidity options, could materially affect our ability to service debt and pay dividends on common stock.

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Capital Resources

Capital resources provide protection for policyholders, furnish the financial strength to support the business of underwriting insurance risks, and facilitate continued business growth. At September 30, 2018, we had GAAP stockholders' equity and statutory surplus of $1.7 billion. With total debt of $439.4 million, our debt-to-capital ratio was approximately 20.2% at September 30, 2018.

Our cash requirements include, but are not limited to, principal and interest payments on various notes payable, dividends to stockholders, payment of claims, payment of commitments under limited partnership agreements and capital expenditures, as well as other operating expenses, which include commissions to our distribution partners, labor costs, premium taxes, general and administrative expenses, and income taxes. For further details regarding our cash requirements, refer to the section below entitled, “Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments.”

We continually monitor our cash requirements and the amount of capital resources that we maintain at the holding company and operating subsidiary levels. As part of our long-term capital strategy, we strive to maintain capital metrics, relative to the macroeconomic environment, that support our targeted financial strength. Based on our analysis and market conditions, we may take a variety of actions, including, but not limited to, contributing capital to the Insurance Subsidiaries in our insurance operations, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, calling existing debt, repurchasing shares of the Parent’s common stock, and increasing stockholders’ dividends.

Our capital management strategy is intended to protect the interests of the policyholders of the Insurance Subsidiaries and our stockholders, while enhancing our financial strength and underwriting capacity.

Book value per share increased to $29.52 as of September 30, 2018, from $29.28 as of December 31, 2017, due to $2.23 in net income per share, partially offset by $1.51 in unrealized losses on our investment portfolio and $0.54 in dividends to our shareholders.

Ratings

We are rated by major rating agencies that issue opinions on our financial strength, operating performance, strategic position, and ability to meet policyholder obligations. We believe that our ability to write insurance business is most influenced by our rating from A.M. Best. We have been rated “A” or higher by A.M. Best for the past 88 years. A downgrade from A.M. Best to a rating below “A-” is an event of default under our Line of Credit and could affect our ability to write new business with customers and/or distribution partners, some of whom are required (under various third-party agreements) to maintain insurance with a carrier that maintains a specified A.M. Best minimum rating.

Our ratings have not changed from those reported in our "Ratings" section of Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." in our 2017 Annual Report and continue to be as follows:



NRSRO	Financial Strength Rating	Outlook
A.M. Best	A	Stable
Moody's Investor Services ("Moody's")	A2	Stable
Fitch Ratings ("Fitch")	A+	Stable
Standard & Poor's Global Ratings ("S&P")	A	Stable

In the first quarter of 2018, Moody’s reaffirmed our "A2" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this action, Moody’s cited our solid risk-adjusted capitalization, strong asset quality, and underwriting profitability, as well as our good regional presence and established independent agency support.

In the second quarter of 2018, Fitch reaffirmed our "A+" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this action, Fitch cited our strong underwriting results, solid capitalization with growth in stockholders' equity, strong business profile, and stable interest coverage metrics.

On October 1, 2018, S&P reaffirmed our "A" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this action, S&P cited our improved operating performance in standard lines supported by sophisticated underwriting tools, a strong network of independent agents, and strong capital adequacy.

On October 3, 2018, A.M. Best reaffirmed our "A" rating with a "stable" outlook. In taking this action, A.M. Best cited our strong balance sheet, sustained profitability, favorable business profile, and appropriate enterprise risk management.

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Our S&P, Moody's, and Fitch financial strength and associated credit ratings affect our ability to access capital markets. The interest rate on our Line of Credit varies and is based on, among other factors, the Parent's debt ratings. There can be no assurance that our ratings will continue for any given period of time or that they will not be changed. It is possible that positive or negative ratings actions by one or more of the rating agencies may occur in the future.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we did not have any material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or for other contractually narrow or limited purposes. As such, we are not exposed to any material financing, liquidity, market, or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such relationships.

Contractual Obligations, Contingent Liabilities, and Commitments

Our future cash payments associated with: (i) loss and loss expense reserves; (ii) contractual obligations pursuant to operating leases for office space and equipment; and (iii) debt have not materially changed since December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, we had contractual obligations that expire at various dates through 2036 that may require us to invest up to $218.2 million in alternative investments. There is no certainty that any such additional investment will be required. Additionally, as of September 30, 2018, we had the following contractual obligations: (i) $25.8 million to further invest in non-publicly traded common stock within our equity portfolio that expire through 2023; and (ii) $45.9 million to further invest in non-publicly traded collateralized loan obligations in our fixed income securities portfolio that expire through 2030. We expect to have the capacity to repay and/or refinance these obligations as they come due.

We have issued no material guarantees on behalf of others and have no trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts accounted for at fair value. For additional details on transactions with related parties, see Note 16. "Related Party Transactions" in Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." in our 2017 Annual Report.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

There have been no material changes in the information about market risk set forth in our 2017 Annual Report.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of the end of the period covered by this report. In performing this evaluation, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control – Integrated Framework ("COSO Framework") in 2013. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, our disclosure controls and procedures are: (i) effective in recording, processing, summarizing, and reporting information on a timely basis that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act; and (ii) effective in ensuring that information that we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Except for internal controls over financial reporting related to the implementation of a new investment accounting platform, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during Nine Months 2018 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management reviewed and tested the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting related to the new investment accounting platform and concluded they were effective.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

In the ordinary course of conducting business, we are named as defendants in various legal proceedings. Most of these proceedings are claims litigation involving our Insurance Subsidiaries as either: (i) liability insurers defending or providing indemnity for third-party claims brought against our customers; or (ii) insurers defending first-party coverage claims brought against them. We account for such activity through the establishment of unpaid losses and loss expense reserves. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in such ordinary course claims litigation will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows after consideration of provisions made for potential losses and costs of defense.

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From time to time, our insurance subsidiaries also are named as defendants in other legal actions, some of which assert claims for substantial amounts. These actions include, among others, putative class actions seeking certification of a state or national class. Such putative class actions have alleged, for example, improper reimbursement of medical providers paid under workers compensation and personal and commercial automobile insurance policies. Similarly, our Insurance Subsidiaries are also named from time-to-time in individual actions seeking extra-contractual damages, punitive damages, or penalties, some of which allege bad faith in the handling of insurance claims. We believe that we have valid defenses to these cases. We expect that any potential ultimate liability in any such lawsuit will not be material to our consolidated financial condition, after consideration of provisions made for estimated losses. Nonetheless, given the inherent unpredictability of litigation and the large or indeterminate amounts sought in certain of these actions, an adverse outcome in certain matters could possibly have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations or cash flows in particular quarterly or annual periods.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Certain risk factors exist that can have a significant impact on our business, liquidity, capital resources, results of operations, financial condition, and debt ratings. These risk factors might affect, alter, or change actions that we might take in executing our long-term capital strategy, including but not limited to, contributing capital to any or all of the Insurance Subsidiaries, issuing additional debt and/or equity securities, repurchasing our equity securities, redeeming our fixed income securities, or increasing or decreasing stockholders' dividends. We operate in a continually changing business environment and new risk factors emerge from time to time. Consequently, we can neither predict such new risk factors nor assess the potential future impact, if any, they might have on our business. There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in Item 1A. “Risk Factors.” in our 2017 Annual Report other than as discussed below.

We face risks regarding our flood business because of uncertainties regarding the NFIP.

We are the fifth largest insurance group participating in the WYO arrangement of the NFIP, which is managed by the Mitigation Division of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”) in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Under the arrangement, we receive an expense allowance for policies written and a servicing fee for claims administered, and all losses are 100% reinsured by the Federal Government. Effective October 1, 2018, the expense allowance was reduced to 30.0%, from 30.9%, of direct premium written. The servicing fee remains the combination of 0.9% of direct premium written and 1.5% of incurred losses.

As a WYO carrier, we are required to follow certain NFIP procedures in the administration of flood policies and claims. Some of these requirements may differ from our normal business practices and may present a reputational risk to our brand. While insurance companies are regulated by the states and the NFIP requires WYO carriers to be licensed in the states in which they operate, the NFIP is a federal program and WYO carriers are fiscal agents of the U.S. Government and must follow the NFIP's directives. Consequently, we have the risk that directives from the NFIP and a state regulator on the same issue may conflict.

The NFIP was authorized until November 30, 2018 as a short-term solution while Congress continues to debate a more comprehensive proposal. There continues to be significant public policy and political debate in Congress about an extension of the NFIP and solutions for flood risk throughout the country. In November 2017, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the 21st Century Flood Reform Act, which would extend the NFIP for five years but reduce the WYO expense allowance over a three-year period to 27.9%. The bill also proposes changes in certain operational processes and provides incentives for the private flood insurance market. The U.S. Senate has yet to consider this bill. FEMA, on its own initiative however, revised the arrangement by: (i) reducing the WYO’s expense allowance by 0.9 points, from 30.9% to 30.0% effective October 2018; and (ii) eliminating the provision allowing FEMA to increase a WYO’s expense allowance by one percentage point to cover additional incurred expenses.

Our flood business could be impacted by: (i) a lapse in program authorization; (ii) any mandate for primary insurance carriers to provide flood insurance; or (iii) private writers becoming more prevalent in the marketplace. The uncertainty created by the public policy debate and politics of flood insurance reform make it difficult for us to predict the future of the NFIP and our continued participation in the program.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

The following table provides information regarding our purchases of our common stock in Third Quarter 2018:



Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased¹	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Programs	Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Announced Programs
July 1 – 31, 2018	129	$	56.50	—	—
August 1 - 31, 2018	2,717	62.38		—	—
September 1 - 30, 2018	13	65.60		—	—
Total	2,859	$	62.13	—	—

¹During Third Quarter 2018, 142 shares were purchased from employees in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units and 2,717 shares were purchased from employees in connection with option exercises. These repurchases were made to satisfy tax withholding obligations and/or option costs with respect to those individuals. These shares were not purchased as part of any publicly announced program. The shares that were purchased in connection with the vesting of restricted stock units were purchased at fair market value as defined in the Selective Insurance Group, Inc. 2014 Omnibus Stock Plan. The shares purchased in connection with the option exercises were purchased at the current market prices of our common stock on the dates the options were exercised.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.



Exhibit No.
* 11		Statement Re: Computation of Per Share Earnings.
* 31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* 31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
** 32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
** 32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer in accordance with Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
* 101.INS		XBRL Instance Document.
* 101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
* 101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
* 101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
* 101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
* 101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished and not filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

SELECTIVE INSURANCE GROUP, INC.

Registrant



Date:	October 26, 2018	By: /s/ Gregory E. Murphy
		Gregory E. Murphy
		Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer

Date:	October 26, 2018	By: /s/ Mark A. Wilcox
		Mark A. Wilcox
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(principal financial officer)