Sensata Technologies Holding plc - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
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| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022
OR
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
Commission File Number 001-34652
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
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England and Wales | 98-1386780 | |||||||||||||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||||||||
529 Pleasant Street, Attleboro, Massachusetts, 02703, United States
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code))
+1 (508) 236 3800
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Ordinary Shares - nominal value €0.01 per share | ST | New York Stock Exchange | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | o | |||||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | o | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | |||||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ☐ | |||||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
The aggregate market value of the registrant’s ordinary shares held by non-affiliates at June 30, 2022 was approximately $6.4 billion based on the New York Stock Exchange closing price for such shares on that date.
As of January 27, 2023, 152,490,853 ordinary shares were outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Part III of this Report incorporates information from certain portions of the registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report") includes "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements may be identified by terminology such as "may," "will," "could," "should," "expect," "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "predict," "project," "forecast," "continue," "intend," "plan," "potential," "opportunity," "guidance," and similar terms or phrases. Forward-looking statements involve, among other things, expectations, projections, and assumptions about future financial and operating results, objectives, business and market outlook, megatrends, priorities, growth, shareholder value, capital expenditures, cash flows, demand for products and services, share repurchases, and Sensata’s strategic initiatives, including those relating to acquisitions and dispositions and the impact of such transactions on our strategic and operational plans and financial results. These statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and other important factors relating to our operations and business environment, and we can give no assurances that these forward-looking statements will prove to be correct.
A wide variety of potential risks, uncertainties, and other factors could materially affect our ability to achieve the results either expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, risks related to public health crises, instability and changes in the global markets, supplier interruption or non-performance, the acquisition or disposition of businesses, adverse conditions or competition in the industries upon which we are dependent, intellectual property, product liability, warranty, and recall claims, market acceptance of new product introductions and product innovations, labor disruptions or increased labor costs, and changes in existing environmental or safety laws, regulations, and programs.
Investors and others should carefully consider the foregoing factors and other uncertainties, risks, and potential events including, but not limited to, those described in Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report and as may be updated from time to time in Item 1A: Risk Factors included in our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or other subsequent filings with the United States ("U.S.") Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). All such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update these statements other than as required by law.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
The Company
The reporting company is Sensata Technologies Holding plc, a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, and its consolidated subsidiaries, collectively referred to as the "Company," "Sensata," "we," "our," and "us." We are a global industrial technology company that strives to create a safer, cleaner, and more efficient, electrified, and connected world. We develop, manufacture, and sell sensors and sensor-rich solutions, electrical protection components and systems, and other products used in mission-critical systems and applications that create valuable business insights for our customers and end users. For more than 100 years, we have been providing a wide range of customized solutions that address increasingly complex engineering and operating performance requirements to help our customers solve their most difficult challenges. We serve customers in the automotive, heavy vehicle and off-road ("HVOR"), fleet management, industrial, clean energy, and aerospace industries. We present financial information for two reportable segments, Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions.
Our sensors are used by our customers to translate a physical parameter, such as pressure, temperature, position, or location of an object, into electronic signals that our customers’ products and solutions can act upon. Our electrical protection portfolio (which includes both components and systems) is comprised of various switches, fuses, battery management systems, inverters, energy storage systems, high-voltage distribution units, controllers, and software, and includes high-voltage contactors and other products embedded within systems to maximize their efficiency and performance and ensure safety. Other products and services we provide include vehicle area networks and data collection devices and software, battery storage systems, and power conversion systems, the latter of which include inverters, converters, and rectifiers for renewable energy generation, green hydrogen production, electric vehicle charging stations, and microgrid applications, as well as industrial and defense applications.
Original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") are facing ever-increasing mandates, due to regulation and consumer demand, to make their products safer, cleaner, and more efficient, electrified, and connected. Our products and solutions are being used by our customers in applications to address these demands, including those that help: industrial customers introduce new energy-efficient and environmentally friendly motors, compressors, and heating, ventilation and air conditioning ("HVAC") systems; transportation customers to meet the standards of emissions and pollution-control legislation; and fleet managers to proactively monitor the location and performance of their vehicles and to operate more efficiently. We consider these capabilities to be core to our historical success and will continue to be significant drivers of market outgrowth in the future. We use the term "market outgrowth" to describe the impact of an increasing quantity and value of our products used in customer systems and applications above external market growth. It is only loosely correlated to normal unit demand fluctuations in the markets we serve.
We have long-standing relationships with a geographically-diverse base of leading OEMs and other multinational companies. In certain geographic and product markets, where it is more effective and efficient for us and our customers, we use third-party distributors to sell our products. We have had relationships with our top ten customers for an average of 27 years. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 6% of our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Business Strategy
Our business strategy involves leveraging certain material growth drivers to deliver products used in mission-critical systems and applications that create valuable business insights for our customers and end users. These growth drivers include (1) the overarching trend related to our core historical business that enables vehicles, industrial equipment, aircraft, and other systems to be safer and more energy-efficient (a trend which we refer to as “Safe & Efficient”) and (2) certain new and emerging technology trends that complement or enhance our existing product offerings (which we refer to as “megatrends”). These megatrends, which are described more fully under the heading Growth Drivers included elsewhere in this Item 1: Business, are significantly transforming the industries in which we operate and are creating greater secular demand for our current and new innovative products, resulting in growth that exceeds end market production growth in many of the markets we serve, a defining characteristic of our company.
We believe the medium- to long-term outlook for internal combustion engine powertrains and industrial equipment will evolve with, and be impacted by, Electrification and other adjacent technologies. Accordingly, we are focusing on expanding our market share on electrified platforms, including sensors, electrical protection components and systems, and battery-energy management systems as full solutions. Many of the components and subsystems we have historically developed and produced will play a significant role in this expansion, but we have and will continue to consider strategic partnerships and acquisitions to
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accelerate the growth and transformation of our product portfolio. By entering such relationships, we obtain access to new technologies, expertise, processes, and solutions, which we can leverage with our existing expertise to optimize and expand our product portfolio.
We are seeking to expand our business and accelerate market share in other areas that we believe will experience high growth in the future, such as the deployment of Internet of Things (“IoT”) solutions for light- through heavy-duty vehicles, particularly in fleets. This is driven by the need for smarter and more connected sensors and equipment that collect, analyze, and provide insights into the operations of light- through heavy-duty vehicles to improve its operations, making it more productive and efficient. Within IoT, our principal area of focus is the Sensata INSIGHTS business, in which we deliver data insights across heavy, medium, and light vehicle fleets. Our data-driven insight, connectivity, and prognostics provide solutions that increase overall productivity and operational efficiency.
The table below sets forth the amount of net revenue generated by our end markets, reconciled to total net revenue, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| Automotive | $ | 2,107,651 | $ | 2,062,407 | $ | 1,751,370 | |||||||||||
| HVOR | 904,877 | 829,852 | 508,061 | ||||||||||||||
| Industrial, HVAC, and other | 863,854 | 793,812 | 649,980 | ||||||||||||||
| Aerospace | 152,880 | 134,735 | 136,167 | ||||||||||||||
Total net revenue (1) | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||
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(1) Total revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 includes approximately $460 million, $261 million, and $165 million, respectively, of revenue related to the Electrification megatrend, portions of which are derived in each of the industries presented above.
Our strategies of leveraging core technology platforms and focusing on high-volume applications enable us to provide our customers with highly customized products at a relatively low cost compared to the systems in which our products are embedded. We have achieved our current cost position through a continual process of migration and transformation to best-cost manufacturing locations, global best-cost sourcing, product design improvements, and ongoing productivity-enhancing initiatives.
Growth drivers
Significant drivers of growth in our business, which are expected to significantly impact our customers and business strategy, include the Electrification and Insights/IoT megatrends, as well as the Safe & Efficient growth trend, each described in more detail below.
Electrification megatrend
Our objective with the Electrification megatrend initiative is to become a leading and foundational player in electrification components and sub-systems across broad industrial, transportation, aerospace, and stationary infrastructure recharging and energy storage end markets and to be a comprehensive solutions provider in select end market segments. These components and solutions will support a future that is more environmentally sustainable and efficient and include (1) clean energy transportation components for electric vehicles, charging stations, and chargers and (2) mission-critical high-voltage components and subsystems combined into high-value energy management or energy storage solutions. Throughout this Report, we use the term “electric vehicles” holistically to reference plug-in hybrid and battery-electric vehicles of all kinds, unless otherwise specified. The Electrification megatrend initiative provides a significant opportunity for us to expand our market share on electrified platforms, including sensors, electrical protection components and systems, and battery-energy power conversion and storage systems as full solutions within all of our end markets in the automotive, HVOR, industrial, material handling, and aerospace industries.
Our transportation addressable markets (automotive and HVOR) are large today and growing, with expectations that they will continue to grow over the next ten years. In addition to transportation applications, manufacturers of material handling equipment, marine vessels, aircraft, and industrial systems are also addressing ever-tightening greenhouse gas emissions regulations and taking advantage of falling battery costs and increasing energy capacities of lithium-ion battery cells to provide electrified solutions to their customers.
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Because of the prevalence of internal combustion engine vehicles today, applications in these vehicles make up most of our current transportation addressable markets. As the demand and production of electric vehicles increase in the coming years, we expect our automotive revenue mix to shift more towards electric vehicles. Our average U.S. dollar content in an electric vehicle is expected to expand over the next several years to approximately two times the content that we currently realize on average for internal combustion vehicles, resulting from the broad array of sensors and other components designed into electric vehicles.
We provide many of our innovative and differentiated components, such as those used in braking, tires, and environmental control, from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles for use in electric vehicle applications. Specific to electric vehicles, we also provide and are developing several components that enable the safe and efficient operation of electrified platforms, such as high-voltage electrical protection, advanced temperature and thermal management sensing, highly-sensitive electric motor position, and next-generation current sensing. Thanks to products and services we have added via acquisition, we have expanded our capabilities and reach to provide our customers with not only components but also either the subsystem of assembled components to manage battery charging in the form of a power distribution unit for renewable energy systems and applications or, in certain specialty transportation markets like marine, the full energy storage system, including battery management and a customized battery pack.
Within Electrification, we address the needs of the charging infrastructure necessary to support the electrification ecosystem. In addition, we see opportunities in industrial and grid applications, some of which are nascent today. Sensata is a leading provider of high-voltage electrical protection on electric vehicles and charging infrastructure and we seek to be the partner of choice for HVOR, industrial, marine, and aerospace OEMs transitioning to electrified solutions. We also intend to participate in other areas of the evolving market that enable electrification to become more widespread.
To better pursue clean energy components and system opportunities, in fiscal year 2021, we organized a new business unit in our Sensing Solutions reportable segment, Clean Energy Solutions, which includes products and solutions such as high-voltage contactors, inverters, rectifiers, and battery management systems, that serve the industrial, stationary, and commercial energy conversion and storage end markets. With the fiscal year 2021 acquisitions of Spear Power Systems ("Spear") and Sendyne Corp. ("Sendyne"), we expanded our portfolio to include energy storage systems and electrical sensing products, augmenting our offerings to our existing end markets as well as providing access to new end markets and applications. In addition, our fiscal year 2022 acquisition of Dynapower is a foundational addition to our Clean Energy Solutions strategy. Refer to the discussion under the heading Business Combinations below and in Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto (the "Financial Statements") included elsewhere in this Report for additional discussion of this acquisition.
Insights/IoT megatrend
Our objective within the Insights/IoT megatrend initiative is to become a leader in delivering data-driven insight, connectivity, and prognostics to commercial fleet operators and asset managers, by providing solutions that increase overall operational productivity and efficiency for these customers. The Insights/IoT megatrend initiative addresses a large and fast-growing market opportunity to deliver data insights across heavy, medium, and light vehicle fleets, which require data on the location and operation of their assets to monitor equipment health, lower maintenance costs, optimize operations, and improve safety and performance.
Leveraging Sensata’s long history and expertise in sensor development, Sensata INSIGHTS’ portfolio includes a full-stack offering of sensors, cameras, vehicle area networks, telematics gateways, cloud solutions, and data services. We collect data from cameras and wireless sensors measuring information such as video telematics, tire pressure, cargo capacity, and a variety of other sensing parameters, along with related vehicle system information. We then communicate this valuable data from our telematics and video telematics devices to the cloud via Application Programming Interfaces for integration into our customers’ enterprise systems. Through cloud-based mobile applications and web portals, this data delivers actionable insight to drivers, maintenance workers, and back-office personnel – allowing participants in the ecosystem to proactively monitor the health of their vehicles, conduct proactive maintenance, optimize fleet operations, and enhance driver safety. As an independent third-party technology provider, we serve multiple channels to market, including partnering with telematics service providers, resellers and carriers, and serving fleet operators directly.
With the fiscal year 2021 acquisitions of Xirgo Technologies, LLC and SmartWitness Holdings, Inc. ("SmartWitness"), we expanded our capabilities to provide data insights to transportation and logistics customers through telematics, video telematics, asset tracking devices, and other cloud-based solutions. In addition, the fiscal year 2022 acquisition of Elastic M2M, Inc. ("Elastic M2M") augments our cloud capabilities critical to delivering actionable sensor-based insights, an increasingly important capability in this fast-growing industry segment. Refer to the discussion under the heading Business Combinations
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below and in Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional discussion of the acquisition of Elastic M2M.
Safe & Efficient
Due to global regulation and societal forces, our customers are facing increasing mandates to make higher-performance products that are more reliable, safe, and efficient. Many customers are shifting their designs to meet these evolving requirements. We will continue to design and manufacture products and solutions for mission-critical, hard-to-do applications that enable our customers to protect the environment and improve quality of life. Examples of applications that fall within this trend include next-generation powertrains, tire pressure monitoring systems ("TPMS”), safety and environmental systems, operator sensing systems, and HVAC variable speed, flow, and air systems.
For example, responding to tightening legislation requirements and proliferating content, we enable vehicle OEMs to improve combustion, reduce tailpipe emissions, and increase fuel economy in both traditional and hybrid vehicles with a combination of sensors, such as pressure, high-temperature, and speed, in next-generation powertrains. In addition, tightening HVOR emissions regulations in the United States, Europe, and China have resulted in increased sensor content in engines and after-treatment. Our differentiated operator controls and systems improve operator productivity and enable simplified, improved, and safer operation, even in harsh conditions. Our TPMS is used in automotive and HVOR OEMs and fleets to eliminate downtime, reduce operating costs, improve fuel efficiency, and create safer driving conditions. Also, HVAC variable systems are the preferred method to meet stringent energy efficiency and environmental regulations. Our pressure and temperature sensors are critical to optimize these systems and enable them to achieve higher levels of efficiency.
Business Combinations
We completed two notable acquisitions in fiscal year 2022, summarized in the table below:
| (In millions) | Segment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquisition | Date | Performance Sensing | Sensing Solutions | Purchase Price | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Elastic M2M (1) | February 11, 2022 | X | $ | 51.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dynapower (1) | July 12, 2022 | X | $ | 577.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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(1) Purchase price accounting is preliminary.
Elastic M2M
On February 11, 2022, we acquired all of the equity interests of Elastic M2M, an innovator of connected intelligence for operational assets across heavy-duty transport, warehouse, supply chain and logistics, industrial, light-duty passenger car, and a variety of other industry segments. Elastic M2M primarily serves telematics service providers and resellers, enabling them to leverage Elastic M2M’s cloud platform and analytics capabilities to deliver sensor-based operational insights to their end users. This acquisition augments our cloud capabilities critical to delivering actionable sensor-based insights, an increasingly important capability in this fast-growing industry segment.
Dynapower
On July 12, 2022, we completed the acquisition of all of the outstanding equity interests of DP Acquisition Corp ("Dynapower"), a leader in power conversion systems, including inverters, converters, and rectifiers for renewable energy generation, green hydrogen production, electric vehicle charging stations, and microgrid applications, as well as industrial and defense applications. Dynapower also provides aftermarket sales and service to maintain its equipment in the field. Dynapower is a foundational addition to our Clean Energy Solutions strategy and will complement our recent acquisitions of GIGAVAC, Lithium Balance, Sendyne, and Spear.
Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our acquisitions.
Performance Sensing
The Performance Sensing reportable segment, which accounted for approximately 74% of our net revenue in fiscal year 2022, represents an aggregation of two operating segments, Automotive and HVOR. It primarily serves the Automotive and HVOR industries through the development and manufacture of sensors, high-voltage solutions (i.e., electrical protection components), and other solutions that are used in mission-critical systems and applications. Examples include those used in subsystems of
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automobiles, on-road trucks, and off-road equipment, such as tire pressure monitoring, thermal management, electrical protection, regenerative braking, powertrain (engine/transmission), exhaust management, and operator controls. Our products are used in subsystems that, among other things, improve operating performance and efficiency, contribute to environmentally sustainable and safe solutions, and provide data-driven insight, connectivity, and prognostics to commercial fleet operators and asset managers.
For fleet transportation and logistics customers and end users, we provide hardware and services that enable a variety of end-use applications, including vehicle tracking and on-board vehicle diagnostic data to monitor vehicle health; the provision of vehicle data to enable usage-based insurance offerings; cargo capacity data for trailers that increase the operational efficiency of fleets; video telematics offerings that provide event analysis and in-cab monitoring to prevent and lower the cost of incidents; and visibility to where assets are located across the supply chain.
Customers
Our customers include leading global automotive, on-road truck, construction, and agriculture OEMs, the companies that supply parts directly to these OEMs, known as Tier 1 suppliers, various aftermarket distributors, fleet transportation, and logistics customers. We believe large OEMs and other multinational companies are increasingly demanding a global presence to supply sensors and electrical protection components for their key platforms worldwide. As our customers develop common global electrified platforms to drive scale and efficiency across their global markets, we are well-positioned to serve them with our global manufacturing and technical centers. We also see the growing importance of new ‘startup’ OEMs as market disruptors, and Sensata’s flexibility, speed, expertise, and global footprint provide these new entrants with a supplier/partner capable of meeting their demanding requirements. Fleet transportation and logistics customers demand data-driven insight, connectivity, and prognostics to increase productivity and operational efficiency. We provide all our customers with a worldwide technical, manufacturing presence and service support to enable their success globally.
Markets
The global sensor market is characterized by a broad range of products and applications across a diverse set of market segments. According to third-party data, the global automotive sensor market was $24.4 billion in 2022, compared to $21.3 billion in 2021.
The markets we serve are seeking to provide cleaner, safer, more electrified, and connected solutions. Our solutions are present in a wide variety of transportation systems and subsystems, playing a critical role in ensuring the functionality and safety of a vehicle’s operation. Within the combustion and electrified propulsion architecture, we provide various sensor solutions (e.g., electric motor position, gasoline direct injection, oil pressure monitoring, fuel delivery, and various others) that enable superior functionality, efficiency, and optimized performance while reducing environmental impact. As electrification proliferates, the ability to protect the vehicle systems/sub-systems from high-voltage power sources becomes critical, a need that our electrical protection portfolio (e.g., high-voltage contactors, fuses, high-voltage junction boxes) addresses. Our chassis (e.g., tire management solutions), thermal management (e.g., pressure plus temperature sensing), and safety (e.g., braking and electronic stability control) sensor/product solutions all play critical roles in enabling the safety, improved performance, and increased efficiency and range of both electrified vehicles and internal combustion engine powertrains.
Applications we serve require close engineering collaboration between us and the OEM or their Tier 1 suppliers. Solutions are designed to meet application-specific requirements with customer-specific fit, form, and function. As a result, OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers make significant investments in selecting, integrating, and testing sensors as part of their product development. Once our solutions are designed into an application, we are well positioned as the incumbent supplier due to the high degree of sensor customization and application/vehicle platform certification. This results in high switching costs for automotive and HVOR manufacturers once a sensor is designed into a particular system or platform. We believe this is one of the reasons that sensors are rarely changed during a platform life cycle, which in the case of the automotive industry typically lasts four to six years. OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers seek to partner with suppliers with a proven record of quality, on-time delivery, and performance, as well as the engineering and manufacturing scale/resources to meet their needs over the multi-year lifecycle of these highly engineered vehicles and systems. As electrified transportation platforms continue to evolve and grow, we expect OEM and Tier 1 suppliers to continue to require sensing partners that can continue to meet their increasing needs for mission-critical sensors and solutions, enabling their global vehicle strategies. We continue to drive investments in innovative technologies, competencies, and solutions to enable our customers' success as they pivot toward an electrified world. Transportation industries provide some of the largest markets for sensors, giving participants with a presence in these markets significant scale advantages over those participating only in smaller, more niche industrial and medical markets.
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Market Trends
We believe that net revenue growth from the automotive and HVOR sensor markets served by Performance Sensing has historically been driven by three principal trends, including (1) growth in the number of vehicles produced globally, (2) expansion in the number and type of sensors per vehicle, and (3) efforts toward commercializing higher value sensors. In addition, we believe that the automotive and HVOR sensor markets are, and will continue to be, substantially impacted in the near term by current megatrends, including Electrification and Insights/IoT.
Light vehicle production: Global production of light vehicles had consistently demonstrated steady annual growth for most of the decade up to 2019 when it started to decline. Fiscal years 2020 and 2021 were depressed production years due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global markets. Fiscal year 2020 was hardest hit, with global production of light vehicles declining approximately 16% from fiscal year 2019. In fiscal year 2022, global production of light vehicles increased about 6% from fiscal year 2021, according to third-party data.
On-Road Truck Production: Global production of heavy-duty trucks had also demonstrated consistent growth until fiscal year 2020, which declined as a result of the economic impacts of COVID-19. Global production of heavy- and medium-duty trucks in the markets we serve rebounded to increase approximately 20% in fiscal year 2021, but decreased approximately 12% in fiscal year 2022.
Number of sensors per vehicle: We believe that the number of sensors used in vehicles of all classes will continue to be driven by increasing requirements in vehicle emissions, efficiency, safety, electrification, and comfort-related control systems that depend on sensors for proper functioning, such as electronic stability control, tire pressure monitoring, advanced driver assistance, advanced combustion and exhaust after-treatment applications, and operator controls in heavy off-road equipment. For example, government regulation of emissions, including fuel economy standards such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Corporate Average Fuel Economy requirements in the U.S. and emissions requirements such as "Euro 6d" in Europe, "China National 6" in China, and "Bharat Stage VI" in India, require advanced sensors to achieve these performance metrics. Sensors are crucial enablers for a vehicle’s systems and sub-systems to meet the ever-increasing requirements in a vehicle’s operation.
Higher value sensors: We believe that our revenue growth has been augmented by a continuing shift away from legacy sensors to next-generation, value-rich sensors and related solutions that include controllers, receivers, and software and will continue to grow as our sensors get "smarter" with more embedded algorithms. As we strive to increase the value we bring to the market and our customers, we are continually looking to bring solutions to our customers that drive the next-generation vehicle enhancement in electrification, safety, and reliability through our engineering solutions combined with increased data insights that are derived from these sensing solutions. Our ability to provide our customers with not only solutions in sensing and electrical protection components and systems but also insights into the systems/sub-systems we serve increases the value of our offering and enables improved performance, safety, efficiency, and environmental impacts. Our focus on delivering enhanced value through our mission-critical solutions to the market positions us to drive profitable revenue growth as the market demands continue to evolve.
New Technology: Automobiles and heavy vehicles continue to evolve, with new alternative technologies being developed to make these vehicles more efficient, reliable, financially viable, and safe. We believe this trend will drive growth in our business for the foreseeable future, particularly in the areas of Electrification and Insights/IoT. Moreover, we believe our broad customer base, global diversification, and evolving portfolio provide the foundation that will allow us to grow with these megatrends across a diverse set of markets.
Our GIGAVAC-branded high-voltage electrical protection products augment our electrical protection portfolio to address many of the needs in electric vehicles as voltage systems continue to increase. As system voltages increase, the burden on the systems and subsystems to properly control and protect the vehicle from electrical failure becomes mission-critical, and is where our solutions play a critical role. Our electrical protection solutions safeguard the expensive electronics used to power the vehicle and allow for an increase in power levels to improve charging times. The joint venture created with Churod Electronics in early fiscal year 2021 expanded our contactor offering by making available new technology applicable to lower voltage ranges than GIGAVAC's solutions.
The adoption of more advanced sensing technologies is also a key market trend, as fleet operators and owners demand more sophisticated information about trucks and trailers, driving demand for cargo capacity, video telematics, and other sensing applications. Also, participants across the supply chain ecosystem are increasingly adopting IoT solutions to provide them with (1) tracking/visibility to where assets or goods are in the supply chain, (2) more advanced applications such as predictive algorithms on the estimated time of arrival and sensors that can provide information on the condition of the goods (temperature,
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humidity, etc.), and (3) event analysis and in-cab monitoring through video telematics to help prevent and lower the cost of incidents.
Product Categories
The following table presents the significant product categories offered by Performance Sensing and the corresponding key products, solutions, applications, systems, and end markets:
| Key Products/Solutions | Key Applications/Systems | Key End Markets | ||||||||||||
| Product category: Sensors | ||||||||||||||
| Pressure sensors Speed and position sensors High-temperature sensors | Thermal management and air conditioning systems Powertrain Exhaust after-treatment Suspension Braking Tire management solutions Operator controls Radar solutions Battery packs | Automotive HVOR | ||||||||||||
| Product category: Electrical protection | ||||||||||||||
High-voltage contactors/fuses Battery management system Charging inlet modules High-voltage distribution units | Electrical protection Electrical powertrain Battery management Charging systems | Automotive HVOR | ||||||||||||
| Product category: Other | ||||||||||||||
| Vehicle area networks Data collection devices and software | Data insights (asset tracking and vehicle telematics) Usage-based insurance | HVOR | ||||||||||||
The table below sets forth the amount of net revenue generated by our product categories in Performance Sensing, reconciled to total segment net revenue, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
Sensors (1) | $ | 2,627,788 | $ | 2,722,121 | $ | 2,171,364 | |||||||||||
| Electrical protection | 85,167 | 41,882 | 35,366 | ||||||||||||||
Other (1) | 263,801 | 83,905 | 17,080 | ||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing net revenue | $ | 2,976,756 | $ | 2,847,908 | $ | 2,223,810 | |||||||||||
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(1) Beginning in the year ended December 31, 2022, we adjusted our product categories to better reflect how we currently view our products. Vehicle area networks and data collection devices and software, products used in our Sensata INSIGHTS business, have been recast from the sensors product category to the other product category. As a result, approximately $74.7 million of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2021 has been recast in the table above from the sensors product category to other. There was no revenue related to these products in the year ended December 31, 2020. The other product category in the year ended December 31, 2022 includes $173.3 million of revenue related to the Sensata INSIGHTS business.
Competitors
Within each of the principal product categories in Performance Sensing, we compete with a variety of independent suppliers. We believe that the key competitive factors in the markets served by this segment are product performance in mission-critical operating environments, quality, service, reliability, manufacturing footprint, and commercial competitiveness. We believe that our ability to design and produce customized solutions globally, breadth and scale of product offerings, technical expertise and development capability, product service and responsiveness, and a commercially competitive offering position us well to succeed in these markets. We are experts in the applications we serve, enabling us to provide industry-leading solutions to our customers.
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Sensing Solutions
Sensing Solutions, which accounted for approximately 26% of our net revenue in fiscal year 2022, primarily serves the industrial and aerospace industries through the development and manufacture of a broad portfolio of application-specific sensor and electrical protection products used in a diverse range of industrial markets, including the appliance, HVAC, water management, operator controls, charging infrastructure, renewable energy generation, green hydrogen production, and microgrid applications and markets, as well as the aerospace market, including commercial aircraft, defense, and aftermarket markets.
Some of the products and solutions the segment sells include pressure, temperature, and position sensors, motor and compressor protectors, high-voltage contactors, solid state relays, bimetal electromechanical controls, power inverters, charge controllers, battery management systems, operator controls, and power conversion systems. Our products perform many functions, including prevention of damage from excess heat or electrical current, optimization of system performance, low-power circuit control, renewable energy generation, and power conversion from direct current ("DC") power to alternating current ("AC") power.
Our Clean Energy Solutions business includes products such as high-voltage contactors, inverters, rectifiers, and battery management systems and focuses on the industrial, stationary, and commercial energy storage end markets. Applications include those in battery-energy storage and renewable energy. With the acquisition of Spear and Sendyne, we expanded our portfolio to include energy storage systems and electrical sensing products, augmenting our offerings to our existing end markets as well as providing access to new end markets and applications. In addition, our acquisition of Dynapower is a foundational addition to our Clean Energy Solutions strategy. Refer to the discussion under the heading Business Combinations above and in Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional discussion of this acquisition.
Customers
Overall, our customers include a wide range of industrial and commercial manufacturers and suppliers across multiple end markets, primarily OEMs in the climate control, appliance, medical, energy and charging infrastructure, data/telecom, aerospace and defense industries, as well as systems integrators and aerospace and motor and compressor distributors.
Markets
Demand for our sensor products is driven by many of the same factors as in the transportation sensor markets: regulation of emissions, greater energy efficiency and safety, and consumer demand for new features. Gross Domestic Product growth is a broad indicator of demand for our consolidated industrial markets over the long term. We use Purchasing Managers' Index to gauge short-term trends in the industrial, appliance, and HVAC markets we serve. For instance, the growing consumer demand for cleaner heat sources, like heat pumps, which utilize our content, is being driven by government initiatives to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2050.
We continue to focus our efforts on expanding our presence in all global geographies and serving our global customers in a highly efficient and cost-effective manner. Our customers include established multinationals as well as local producers in markets such as China, India, Eastern Europe, and Turkey. China remains a priority for us because of its export focus and the increasing domestic consumption of products that use our devices.
Clean Energy Solutions serves a broad range of industrial, transportation, and stationary energy storage end markets with applications such as battery-energy storage, microgrids, and renewable energy generation and storage applications. Our go-to-market approach leverages existing channels and also includes new channels.
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Product Categories
The following table presents the significant product categories offered by Sensing Solutions and the corresponding key products, solutions, applications, systems, and end markets:
| Key Products/Solutions | Key Applications/Systems | Key End Markets | ||||||||||||
| Product category: Electrical protection | ||||||||||||||
Bimetal electromechanical controls Circuit breakers High-voltage contactors/fuses Battery management systems Energy storage systems Switches and relays | Motors, compressors, pumps Home appliances Lighting Commercial and military aircraft Marine/industrial Data and telecom equipment Medical equipment Recreational vehicles | Aerospace and defense Industrial Appliance and HVAC Marine Medical Energy/solar | ||||||||||||
| Product category: Sensors | ||||||||||||||
| Position sensors Pressure sensors Temperature sensors Gas leak detection sensors | Motors, compressors, pumps Hydraulic machinery Motion control systems Commercial and military aircraft Motor/platform controllers | Aerospace and defense Industrial automation Appliance and HVAC Marine Energy | ||||||||||||
| Product category: Other | ||||||||||||||
| Inverters Brushless DC motors Current sensors Rectifiers and frequency converters Power conversion systems | Recreational vehicles Grid harmonics and power delivery | Mobile power Renewable power generation Energy storage Aerospace and defense | ||||||||||||
The table below sets forth the amount of net revenue generated by our sensors and electrical protection product categories in Sensing Solutions, reconciled to total segment net revenue, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| Electrical protection | $ | 625,316 | $ | 593,259 | $ | 468,635 | |||||||||||
| Sensors | 259,275 | 230,364 | 209,244 | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 167,915 | 149,275 | 143,889 | ||||||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions net revenue | $ | 1,052,506 | $ | 972,898 | $ | 821,768 | |||||||||||
Competitors
Within each of the principal product categories in Sensing Solutions, we compete with divisions of large multinational industrial corporations and companies with smaller market share that compete primarily in specific markets, applications, systems, or products. We believe that the key competitive factors in these markets are product performance, quality, and reliability.
Technology and Intellectual Property
We develop products that address increasingly complex engineering and operating performance requirements to help our customers solve their most difficult engineering challenges in the automotive, HVOR, fleet management, industrial, clean energy, and aerospace industries. We believe that continued focused investment in research and development ("R&D") is critical to our future growth and maintaining our leadership positions in the markets we serve. Our R&D efforts are directly related to the timely development of new and enhanced products that are central to our business strategy. We continually develop our technologies to meet an evolving set of customer requirements and new product introductions. We conduct such activities in areas we believe will increase our long-term revenue growth. Our development expense is typically associated with engineering core technology platforms to specific applications and engineering major upgrades that improve functionality or reduce the cost of existing products.
A large portion of our R&D activities is directed towards technologies and megatrends that we believe have the potential for significant future growth but relate to products that are not currently within our core business or include new features and capabilities for existing products. Expenses related to these activities are less likely than our more mainstream development activities to result in increased near-term revenue.
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We benefit from many development opportunities at an early stage for several reasons: (1) we are the incumbent in many systems for our key customers; (2) we have robust design and service capability; and (3) our global engineering teams are located close to key customers in regional business centers. We work closely with our customers to deliver solutions that meet their needs today and in the future. As a result of development lead times and the embedded nature of our products, we collaborate closely with our customers throughout the design and development phase of their products. Systems development by our customers typically requires significant multi-year investment for certification and qualification, which are often government or customer mandated. We believe the capital commitment and time required for this process significantly increase the switching costs once a customer has designed and installed a particular sensor into a system.
We rely primarily on patents, trade secrets, manufacturing know-how, confidentiality procedures, and licensing arrangements to maintain and protect our intellectual property rights. While we consider our patents to be valuable assets, we do not believe that our overall competitive position is dependent on patent protection or that our overall business is dependent upon any single patent or group of related patents. Many of our patents protect specific functionality in our products, and others consist of processes or techniques that result in reduced manufacturing costs.
The following table presents information on our patents and patent applications as of December 31, 2022:
U.S. | Non-U.S. | ||||||||||
| Patents | 341 | 587 | |||||||||
| Pending patent applications filed within the last five years | 105 | 340 | |||||||||
Our patents have expiration dates ranging from 2023 to 2045. We also own a portfolio of trademarks and license various patents and trademarks. "Sensata" and our logo are trademarks.
We use licensing arrangements with respect to certain technology provided in our sensor and electrical protection products. In 2006, we entered into a perpetual, royalty-free cross-license agreement with our former owner, Texas Instruments Incorporated, which permits each party to use specified technology owned by the other party in its business. No license may be terminated under the agreement, even in the event of a material breach.
Raw Materials
We use a broad range of manufactured components, subassemblies, and raw materials in the manufacture of our products in both our Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions segments, including those containing certain commodities (e.g., semiconductors, resins, and metals), which may experience significant volatility in their price and availability due to, among other things: new laws or regulations, including labor laws and the impact of tariffs; trade barriers and disputes; global economic or political events, including government actions and labor strikes; suppliers' allocations to other purchasers; interruptions in production by suppliers; increased logistics costs; changes in foreign currency exchange rates; and prevailing price levels.
It has historically been difficult to pass increased prices for manufactured components and raw materials to our customers through price increases. Therefore, a significant increase in the price or decrease in the availability of these items could materially increase our operating costs and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. However, the impact of the global supply chain shortages, including production delays on a vast and varied number of products across industries and geographies and increased procurement and logistics costs, is unprecedented. Accordingly, we are actively working with our customers to share the inflationary burden of these factors. In addition, where possible, we are working to adjust our long-term supply agreements, strengthen our relationships with our suppliers, increase inventories on hand, increase visibility into long-term supply and demand, and accelerate the use of alternate materials to improve supply chain visibility.
Seasonality
Because of the diverse global nature of the markets in which we operate, our net revenue is only moderately impacted by seasonality. Sensing Solutions experiences some seasonality, specifically in its air conditioning and refrigeration products, which tend to peak in the first two quarters of the year as inventories are built up for spring and summer sales. In addition, Performance Sensing's net revenue tends to be weaker in the third quarter of the year as automotive OEMs retool production lines for the coming model year. Our Sensata INSIGHTS business within Performance Sensing tends to peak in the last quarter of the calendar year as customers exhaust their annual capital budgets.
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Human Capital Resources
Our employees, whom we refer to as Team Sensata, are responsible for upholding our purpose – to help our customers and partners safely deliver a safer, cleaner, more efficient, more electrified, and increasingly more connected world – and they embody our values in all aspects of daily work. Our corporate values are the essence of our identity, provide a level-set foundation, and are an important way for us to improve our culture. Our values include passion, excellence, integrity, flexibility, and teamwork—working together towards common goals, the latter of which we refer to as "OneSensata." In various countries, local law requires our participation in works councils. We believe that our relations with our employees are good.
The following table presents a summary of our employee population as of December 31, 2022:
| (in thousands) | Total | U.S. Based | Female | Covered by Collective Bargaining | |||||||||||||||||||
| Employees | 20.8 | 1.7 | 11.6 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
Contractors (1) | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.1 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
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(1) We engage contract workers in multiple locations, primarily to cost-effectively manage variations in manufacturing volume, but also to perform engineering and other general services. Includes approximately 1,800 direct labor contract workers worldwide.
In June 2022, we published our second Sustainability Report, which shares our environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") strategies, performance, and goals. One of our key areas of prioritization as identified in the Sustainability Report is to empower our workforce through promotion of a culture that values inclusion and diversity and prioritizes employee well-being and safety. A summary of additional content in the Sustainability Report can be found under the heading Sustainability Report included elsewhere in this Item 1: Business. The full report can be found on our website at www.sensata.com/sustainability.
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion ("DEI")
We believe in treating all people with respect and dignity. Each person brings unique value through their varying backgrounds and life experiences, no matter their age, race, color, disability, ethnicity, family or marital status, gender identity or expression, language, national origin, physical or mental ability, political affiliation, religion, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, veteran status, and other characteristics that make our employees unique. It is our policy and practice to hire and employ qualified individuals without regard to these characteristics. Our DEI policy can be found at www.sensata.com/diversity-equity-and-inclusion. This policy applies to all terms and conditions of employment, including recruitment and selection; compensation and benefits; professional development and training; promotions; transfers; social and recreational programs; reductions in force; terminations; and the ongoing development of a work environment built on the premise of diversity, equity, and inclusion.
We provide regular training to all employees regarding our diversity policies and practices through which we communicate our expectations that each employee is responsible for maintaining a respectful and inclusive workplace. We strive to create and foster a supportive and understanding environment in which ideas are shared freely, helping all individuals realize their maximum potential within Sensata, regardless of their differences. An inclusive culture is fundamental to innovation and problem-solving, improving our ability to innovate, and is vital to our business.
We sponsor various employee resource groups (“ERGs”), groups of employees that come together to work strategically, both internally and externally, to benefit and advance their group members by fostering awareness, respect, and inclusion within the workplace. Our ERGs support our commitment to creating and sustaining a diverse workforce and a culture of inclusion where everyone can thrive, encouraging different perspectives, thoughts, and ideas — creating a sense of community. Our ERGs provide our employees meaningful community and global engagement, networking and mentoring opportunities, and an inclusive workplace culture. Through interaction with these groups, senior leadership can identify emerging and high-potential talent, acquire cultural knowledge, hear directly from employees who face challenges inherent in underrepresented groups, and strengthen diversity management skills. Our ERGs contribute to our market success by actively contributing to our broader DEI strategy. As of December 31, 2022, we had eleven ERGs globally focused on the following areas — gender equity, generational diversity, cross-cultural appreciation, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, Asian/ Asian-American & Pacific Islander heritage, and LGBTQIA+ Pride.
We have published our diversity goals in our Sustainability Report as discussed under the heading Sustainability Report included elsewhere in this Item 1: Business.
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Social and Human Rights Matters
We have policies related to our position on various social and human rights matters, including child labor, forced labor, human trafficking, health and safety, non-discrimination, and environmental matters. Each of these policies can be found on our website at www.sensata.com. Our human rights expectations apply to all our personnel, business partners, and other parties involved directly in our operations, products, or services.
We are committed to responsible corporate practices in the area of human rights and working conditions and we respect the United Nations Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights (2011) and its principles within our operations and supply chains. We also align with practices recommended by industry standards such as the Global Automotive Sustainability Practical Guidance and the RBA Code of Conduct, which incorporate the International Bill of Human Rights, namely the Universal Convention of Human Rights (1948), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols (1966).
We also adhere to the principles set forth in the fundamental International Labor Organization ("ILO") Conventions, namely the Forced Labor Convention (1930), the Minimum Age Convention (1973), the Worst Forms of Child Labor Convention (1999), and the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work (1998). The working conditions of our employees are, at minimum, in compliance with internationally recognized labor standards and the laws of the countries we operate in. When national law directly conflicts with international human rights standards or does not fully comply with them, we seek ways to respect internationally recognized human rights.
Employee Engagement
Our long-term success depends on hiring, retaining, training, rewarding, and engaging employees. We strive to retain and engage employees by providing competitive pay and benefits packages, a challenging and rewarding work experience, and by consistently connecting how integral their work is to Sensata's larger purpose and to the work we do as a company.
We focus our employee communications on continual engagement, providing updates on our business, technology, and workforce, including learning opportunities. We work to provide our employees with information to help them feel connected to the business and company strategy and purpose, what we are doing to be a responsible corporate citizen and community neighbor, and how we add value to our customers and investors.
We recognize the importance of supporting our employees’ health and well-being. Accordingly, we regularly review our benefit offerings with external advisers with deep industry expertise in risk insurance, health insurance, and other employee benefits for advice and market expertise. We are committed to providing comprehensive and competitive benefits packages that attract, retain, and enhance the well-being of our employees by supporting their physical, financial, and emotional wellness. Our benefits include an array of quality health and income protection benefits. Some benefits are provided automatically at no cost to employees, while the cost of other benefits is shared between the employee and Sensata.
Our employees' health, safety, and well-being are a high priority and integral to our values. We consider safety a core value embedded in the decisions we make across the company to protect our employees, business partners, and local communities.
Learning and Development
We believe that continued success in executing our business strategy requires us to provide a broad range of learning and development programs and opportunities to our employees. We offer our employees an online global learning management system ("Sensata Learning") that enables them to access live virtual and on-demand training. In fiscal year 2022, we delivered approximately 85,650 hours of training spanning various required learning and professional development topics, including a range of courses on diversity, inclusion, and ethics.
We have an integrated performance management process containing annual goal setting and periodic formal and informal reviews and check-ins, ensuring that our employees are provided continual feedback on their performance regarding goals and competencies. We also have templates for giving feedback anytime to employees, typically tied to performance as part of their role, projects, and deliverables which helps foster transparency and delivery of real-time feedback.
In addition, we have a robust talent and succession planning process and have established programs to support the development of our talent pipeline for critical roles in management, engineering, and operations. On an annual basis, we conduct a leadership review process with our chief executive officer, chief human resources officer, and business and functional leaders to identify key talent for additional development opportunities. This helps ensure optimal use of the talent for the benefit of both the employee and Sensata.
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Ethics
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing the conduct of our personnel, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, and controller, and persons performing similar functions. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is modified from time to time and is available on the investor relations page of our website at www.sensata.com under Corporate Governance. We have a three-part annual training covering the topics discussed in the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics on Sensata Learning, our online global learning management system.
We hold an annual "Integrity Week," which focuses on integrity as a core value of the organization and underscores our commitment to operating responsibly, one of the four key priority areas outlined in our Sustainability Report. Integrity is at the core of what we do—from how we govern ourselves to how we conduct our business and manage relationships with our stakeholders. The most recent Integrity Week, in fiscal year 2022, focused on “Doing What’s Right – Every Day, Every Site.” By sharing best practices and stories from their professional journeys, various executives and site leaders at Sensata illustrated how integrity is not just about doing the right thing but how it is intrinsic to delivering value and sustainability for our company, environment, and communities.
We believe our management team has the experience necessary to effectively execute our strategy and advance our product and technology leadership. Our chief executive officer and business leaders average approximately 25 years of industry experience. They are supported by an experienced and talented management team dedicated to maintaining and expanding our position as a global leader in the industry. For a discussion of the risks relating to the attraction and retention of management and executive management employees, see Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report.
Sustainability Report
In June 2022, we published our second annual Sustainability Report, which shares our ESG strategies, performance, and goals that support our vision of creating a safer, cleaner, more efficient, more electrified, and increasingly more connected world.
Our sustainability efforts focus on four key areas of prioritization against which we measure progress:
•Empowering our workforce: We nurture a culture that promotes diversity and inclusion and prioritizes employee health, safety, and well-being while supporting our communities and suppliers;
•Innovating for Sustainability: We develop products and technology solutions that help create a safer, cleaner, more efficient, electrified, and connected world;
•Protecting Our Environment: We focus on building products that reduce environmental impact and improve technological efficiencies while optimizing and reducing our operational footprint through energy, water, and waste reduction;
•Operating Responsibly: We consider transparency and accountability fundamental in everything we do, guiding our approach to governance, risk management, and ESG management.
As described in the Sustainability Report, we conducted a materiality assessment to identify the ESG issues that were most important to our business and stakeholders. We identified the following key issues and set corresponding goals as follows:
◦DEI: Our goals in this area are by 2026 to reach (1) 30% female representation in manager and above roles worldwide and (2) 25% racial/ethnic diversity representation in manager and above roles in the U.S.;
◦Energy and Emissions: Our goals in this area are (1) to achieve carbon neutrality in our operations by 2050 and (2) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions intensity by 10% by 2026, from a 2021 baseline;
◦Responsible Sourcing: Our goals in this area are by 2026 to (1) achieve a 75% response rate on our responsible sourcing campaigns and (2) achieve 100% sourcing of conflict minerals and cobalt from smelters that are conformant with the Responsible Minerals Assurance Process or equivalent standard.
Environmental and Governmental Regulations
Our operations and facilities are subject to numerous environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, both domestic and foreign, including those governing air emissions, chemical usage, water discharges, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We are not aware of any threatened or pending material environmental investigations, lawsuits, or claims involving us or our operations.
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Many of our products are governed by material content restrictions and reporting requirements, examples of which include: European Union ("EU") regulations, such as Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals ("REACH"), Restriction of Hazardous Substances ("RoHS"), and End of Life Vehicle ("ELV"); U.S. regulations, such as the conflict minerals requirements of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; and similar regulations in other countries, such as the German Explosives Act. Further, numerous customers across all end markets require us to provide declarations of compliance or, in some cases, extra material content documentation as a requirement of doing business with them.
We are subject to compliance with laws and regulations controlling the import and export of goods, services, software, and technical data. Certain of our products are subject to export regulations of the various jurisdictions in which we operate (“Controlled Items”). The export of many such Controlled Items requires a license from the applicable government agency. Licensing decisions are made based on the type of product, its destination, end use, end user, the parties involved in the transaction, national security, and foreign policy. As a result, export license approvals are not guaranteed. We have a trade compliance team and other systems in place to apply for licenses and otherwise comply with import and export regulations. Any failure to maintain compliance with such regulations could limit our ability to import or export raw materials and finished goods. These laws and regulations are subject to change, and any such change may limit or exclude existing or future business opportunities, require us to change technology, or incur expenditures to comply with such laws and regulations.
Compliance with environmental and governmental regulations and meeting customer requirements have increased our cost of doing business in various ways and may continue to do so in the future. We do not currently anticipate material capital expenditures during fiscal year 2023 for environmental control facilities. We also do not believe that existing or pending legislation, regulation, or international treaties or accords, whether related to environmental or other government regulations, are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect in the foreseeable future on our business or the markets we serve, nor on our results of operations, capital expenditures, earnings, competitive position, or financial standing.
Available Information
We make available free of charge on our Internet website (www.sensata.com) our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Our website and the information contained or incorporated therein are not intended to be incorporated into this Report.
The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The contents on, or accessible through, this website or our website are not incorporated into this filing. Further, our references to the URLs for the SEC's website and our website are intended to be inactive textual references only.
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
The following are important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. Investors should carefully consider these risks and all other information in this Report before investing in our securities. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Our business is also subject to general risks that affect many other companies. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business, operations, liquidity, and financial condition.
If actions taken by management to limit, monitor, or control enterprise risk exposures are not successful, our business and consolidated financial statements could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common stock and debt securities could decline and investors may lose all or part of their investment.
Business and Operational Risks
We are subject to various risks related to public health crises, including the COVID-19 pandemic, which have had, and may in the future have, material and adverse impacts on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.
Any outbreaks of contagious diseases and other adverse public health developments in countries where we operate could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations. As has occurred with the COVID-19 pandemic, a global pandemic could cause significant disruption to the global economy, including in all of the regions in which we, our suppliers, distributors, business partners, and customers do business and in which our workforce is
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located. A global pandemic and efforts to manage it, including those by governmental authorities, could have significant impacts on global markets, and could have a significant, negative impact on our sales and operating results. Disruptions could include: partial shutdowns of our facilities as mandated by government decree; government actions limiting our ability to adjust certain costs; significant travel restrictions; “work-from-home” orders; limited availability of our workforce; supplier constraints; supply chain interruptions; logistics challenges and limitations; and reduced demand from certain customers. The COVID-19 pandemic has had, and could continue to have, these effects on the economy and our business.
As of December 31, 2022, we were still experiencing lingering disruptions of these types. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to impact our business and financial results going forward will be dependent on future developments such as the length and severity of the crisis, the potential resurgence of the crisis, variant strains of the virus, vaccine availability and effectiveness, future government actions in response to the crisis and the overall impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and capital markets, among many other factors, all of which remain highly uncertain and unpredictable. This unpredictability could limit our ability to respond to future developments quickly. Additionally, the impacts described above and other impacts of a global pandemic, including the COVID-19 pandemic and responses to it, could substantially increase the risk to us from the other risks described in this Item 1A: Risk Factors.
Our business is subject to numerous global risks, including regulatory, political, economic, governmental, and military concerns and instability.
Our business, including our employees, customers, and suppliers, is located throughout the world. We employ approximately 92% of our workforce outside of the U.S. We have many manufacturing, administrative, and sales facilities outside of the U.S. Our subsidiaries located outside of the U.S. generated approximately 61% of our net revenue in fiscal year 2022 (including approximately 20% in China) and we expect sales from non-U.S. markets to continue to represent a significant portion of our total net revenue. International sales and operations are subject to changes in local government regulations and policies, including those related to tariffs and trade barriers, economic sanctions, investments, taxation, exchange controls, and repatriation of earnings.
As a result, we are exposed to numerous global, regional, and local risks that could decrease revenue and/or increase expenses, and therefore decrease our profitability. Such risks may result from instability in economic or political conditions, inflation, recession, and/or actual or anticipated military or political conflicts, and include, without limitation: trade regulations, including customs, import, export, and sourcing restrictions, tariffs, trade barriers, trade disputes, and economic sanctions; changes in local employment costs, laws, regulations, and conditions; difficulties with, and costs for, protecting our intellectual property; challenges in collecting accounts receivable; tax laws and regulatory changes, including examinations by taxing authorities, variations in tax laws from country to country, changes to the terms of income tax treaties, and difficulties in the tax-efficient repatriation of earnings generated or held in a number of jurisdictions; natural disasters; and the impact of each of the foregoing on our business operations, manufacturing, and supply chain.
Other risks are inherent in our non-U.S. operations, including: the potential for changes in socio-economic conditions and/or monetary and fiscal policies; intellectual property protection difficulties and disputes; the settlement of legal disputes through certain foreign legal systems; the collection of receivables; exposure to possible expropriation or other government actions; unsettled political conditions; and possible terrorist attacks. These and other factors may have a material adverse effect on our non-U.S. operations and, therefore, on our business and results of operations. In addition, a scarcity of resources or other hardships caused by a global pandemic may result in increased nationalism, protectionism, and political tensions which may cause governments and/or other entities to take actions that may have a significant negative impact on our ability – and the ability of our suppliers and customers – to conduct business.
We have sizable operations in China, including two principal manufacturing sites. Economic and political conditions in China have been and may continue to be volatile and uncertain, especially as the U.S. and China continue to discuss and have differences in trade policies and the U.S. continues to add restrictions on both exports to China and use of materials from certain regions within China. In addition, the legal and regulatory system in China is still developing and is subject to change. Our operations and transactions with customers in China could continue to be adversely affected by increased tariffs and export restrictions and could be otherwise adversely affected by other changes to market conditions, changes to the regulatory environment, or interpretation of Chinese law.
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Adverse conditions in the industries upon which we are dependent, including the automotive industry, have had, and may in the future have, adverse effects on our business.
We are dependent on market dynamics to sell our products, and our operating results could be adversely affected by cyclical and reduced demand in these markets. Periodic downturns in our customers’ industries could significantly reduce demand for certain of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
Much of our business depends on, and is directly affected by, the global automobile industry. Sales in our automotive end markets accounted for approximately 52% of our total net revenue in fiscal year 2022. Declines in demand such as experienced as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and other adverse developments like those we have seen in past years in the automotive industry, including but not limited to customer bankruptcies and increased demands on us for lower prices, could have adverse effects on our results of operations and could impact our liquidity and our ability to meet restrictive debt covenants. In addition, these same conditions could adversely impact certain of our vendors’ financial solvency, resulting in potential liabilities or additional costs to us to ensure uninterrupted supply to our customers.
We may incur material losses and costs as a result of product liability, warranty, and recall claims that may be brought against us.
We have been, and will continue to be, exposed to product liability and warranty claims in the event that our products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected, or the use of our products results, or is alleged to result, in death, bodily injury, and/or property damage. Accordingly, we could experience material warranty or product liability losses in the future and incur significant costs to defend these claims. In addition, if any of our products are, or are alleged to be, defective, we may be required to participate in a recall of the underlying end product, particularly if the defect or the alleged defect relates to product safety and/or regulatory non-compliance. Depending on the terms under which we supply products, an OEM may hold us responsible for some or all of the repair or replacement costs of these products under warranty when the product supplied did not perform as represented.
The impact of the current global supply chain shortages includes various factors that could impact our actual or perceived liability due to quality issues, whether at a supplier or customer. Shortages of materials at our suppliers or customers could cause them to work longer production hours to meet demand, resulting in fatigue on manufacturing workers, delays in planned maintenance, and other factors that could impact the actual or perceived quality of our products. In addition, customers may be forced to assemble parts into the end product in an order not anticipated by design, or to assemble parts in a location without proper environmental controls (e.g. a parking lot), increasing the potential that our part fails through no fault of our own. While we would defend ourselves from warranty claims in these circumstances, there is no guarantee that we would prevail.
As we continue to develop products containing complex information technology (“IT”) systems designed to support today’s increasingly connected vehicles, these systems result in potential increases to our risks in product safety, regulatory compliance, product liability, warranty, and recall claims. In addition, the warranty period for certain electric vehicle components is generally eight to ten years, which increases our risk for warranty claims over the life of a product.
In addition, a product recall could generate substantial negative publicity about our business and interfere with our manufacturing plans and product delivery obligations as we seek to repair affected products. Our costs associated with product liability, warranty, and recall claims could be material.
We are dependent on market acceptance of our new product introductions and product innovations for future revenue and we may not realize all of the revenue or achieve anticipated gross margins from products subject to existing awards or for which we are currently engaged in development.
Substantially all markets in which we operate are impacted by technological change or change in consumer tastes and preferences, which are rapid in certain markets. Our operating results depend substantially upon our ability to continually design, develop, introduce, and sell new and innovative products; to modify existing products; and to customize products to meet customer requirements driven by such change. There are numerous risks inherent in these processes, including the risk that we will be unable to anticipate the direction of technological change; that we will be unable to develop and market profitable new products and applications before our competitors or in time to satisfy customer demands; the possibility that investment of significant time and resources will not be successful; the possibility that the marketplace does not accept our products or services; that we are unable to retain customers that adopt our new products or services; and the risk of additional liabilities associated with these efforts.
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Our ability to generate revenue from products pending customer awards is subject to a number of important risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, including the number of products our customers will actually produce, as well as the timing of such production. Many of our customer agreements provide for the supply of a certain share of the customer’s requirements for a particular application or platform, rather than for a specific quantity of products. In some cases, we have no remedy if a customer chooses to purchase less than we expect. In cases where customers do make minimum volume commitments to us, our remedy for their failure to meet those minimum volumes may be limited to increased pricing on those products that the customer does purchase from us or renegotiating other contract terms. There is no assurance that such price increases or new terms will offset a shortfall in expected revenue. In addition, some of our customers may have the right to discontinue a program or replace us with another supplier under certain circumstances. As a result, products for which we are currently incurring development expenses may not be manufactured by our customers at all, or they may be manufactured in smaller amounts than currently anticipated. Therefore, our anticipated future revenue from products relating to existing customer awards or product development relationships may not result in firm orders from customers for the originally contracted amount.
We also incur capital expenditures and other costs and price our products based on estimated production volumes. If actual production volumes were significantly lower than estimated, our anticipated revenue and gross margin from those new products would be adversely affected. We cannot predict the ultimate demand for our customers’ products, nor can we predict the extent to which we would be able to pass through unanticipated per-unit cost increases to our customers.
Increasing costs for, or limitations on the supply of or access to, manufactured components and raw materials may adversely affect our business and results of operations.
We use a broad range of manufactured components, subassemblies, and raw materials in the manufacture of our products in both our Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions segments, including those containing certain commodities (e.g. semiconductors, resins, and metals), which may experience significant volatility in their price and availability due to, among other things, new laws or regulations, including the impact of tariffs, trade barriers, trade disputes, export or sourcing restrictions, economic sanctions, and global economic or political events including government actions, labor strikes, suppliers' allocations to other purchasers, interruptions in production by suppliers, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and prevailing price levels.
It has historically been difficult to pass increased prices for manufactured components and raw materials through to our customers in the form of price increases. Therefore, a significant increase in the price or a decrease in the availability of these items could materially increase our operating costs and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. However, the impact of the current global supply chain shortages, including production delays on a vast and varied number of products across industries and geographies and increased procurement and logistics costs, are unprecedented. Accordingly, we are actively working with our customers to share the inflationary burden of these factors. In addition, where possible, we are working to adjust our long-term supply agreements, strengthen our relationships with our suppliers, increase inventory on hand, increase visibility into long-term supply and demand, and accelerate the use of alternate materials to increase supply chain visibility. If the impacts of these shortages are more severe than we currently expect, it could result in further deterioration of our results, potentially for a longer period than currently anticipated. In addition, the impact of the current global supply chain shortages on one or more of our key suppliers could adversely impact our profitability.
We have entered into hedge arrangements for certain metals used in our products in an attempt to minimize commodity pricing volatility and may continue to do so from time to time in the future. Such hedges might not be economically successful. In addition, these hedges do not qualify as accounting hedges in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Accordingly, the change in fair value of these hedges is recognized in earnings immediately, which could cause volatility in our results of operations from quarter to quarter.
In connection with the implementation of our corporate strategies, we face risks associated with the acquisition of businesses, the integration of acquired businesses, and the growth and development of these businesses.
In pursuing our corporate strategy, we often acquire other businesses. The success of this strategy is dependent upon our ability to identify appropriate acquisition targets, negotiate transactions on favorable terms, complete transactions, and successfully integrate them into our existing businesses. There can be no assurance that we will realize the anticipated synergies or cost savings related to acquisitions, including, but not limited to, revenue growth and operational efficiencies, or that they will be achieved in our estimated timeframe. We may not be able to successfully integrate and streamline overlapping functions from future acquisitions, and integration may be more costly to accomplish than we expect. In addition, we could encounter difficulties in managing our combined company due to its increased size and scope.
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Subject to the terms of our indebtedness, we may finance future acquisitions with cash from operations, additional indebtedness, and/or by issuing additional equity securities. In addition, we could face financial risks associated with incurring additional indebtedness such as reducing our liquidity, limiting our access to financing markets, and increasing the amount of service on our debt. The availability of debt to finance future acquisitions may be restricted, and our ability to make future acquisitions may be limited. Refer to separate risk factor for additional information related to risks regarding our level of indebtedness.
In addition, many of the businesses that we acquire and develop will likely have significantly smaller scales of operations prior to the implementation of our growth strategy. If we are not able to manage the growing complexity of these businesses, including improving, refining, or revising our systems and operational practices, and enlarging the scale and scope of the businesses, our business may be adversely affected. Other risks include developing knowledge of and experience in the new business, integrating the acquired business into our systems and culture, recruiting professionals, and developing and capitalizing on new relationships with experienced market participants. External factors, such as compliance with new or revised regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business. Failure to manage these risks in the acquisition or development of new businesses could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
Restructuring our business or divesting some of our businesses or product lines in the future may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
In pursuing our corporate strategy, we continue to evaluate the strategic fit of specific businesses and products and occasionally dispose of or exit businesses and products. The success of this strategy is dependent upon our ability to identify appropriate disposition targets, negotiate transactions on favorable terms, and complete transactions. Any divestitures may result in significant write-offs, including those related to goodwill and other intangible assets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Divestitures could involve additional risks, including difficulties in the separation of operations, services, products, and personnel; the diversion of management's attention from other business concerns; the disruption of our business; and the potential loss of key employees. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in addressing these or any other significant risks encountered. In the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold various assets and liabilities comprising our semiconductor test and thermal business (collectively, the "Qinex Business"). Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information
We also may seek to restructure our business in the future by relocating operations, disposing of certain assets, or consolidating operations. There can be no assurance that any restructuring of our business will not adversely affect our financial condition, leverage, or results of operations. In addition, any significant restructuring of our business will require significant managerial attention, which may be diverted from our other operations.
Labor disruptions or increased labor costs have had, and may in the future have, adverse impacts on our business.
A material labor disruption or work stoppage at one or more of our manufacturing or business facilities could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, work stoppages occur relatively frequently in the industries in which many of our customers operate, such as the transportation industry. If one or more of our larger customers were to experience a material work stoppage for any reason, that customer may halt or limit the purchase of our products. This could cause us to reduce production levels or shut down production facilities relating to those products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.
We operate in markets that are highly competitive and competitive pressures could require us to lower our prices or result in reduced demand for our products.
We operate in markets that are highly competitive, and we compete on the basis of product performance in mission-critical operating environments, quality, service, reliability, manufacturing footprint, and commercial competitiveness across the industries and end markets we serve. A significant element of our competitive strategy is to design and manufacture high-quality products that meet the needs of our customers at a commercially competitive price, particularly in markets where low-cost, country-based suppliers, primarily in China with respect to the Sensing Solutions segment, have entered the markets or increased their per-unit sales in these markets by delivering products at low cost to local OEMs. In addition, certain of our competitors in the transportation sensor market are influenced or controlled by major OEMs or suppliers, thereby limiting our access to these customers. Many of our customers also rely on us as their sole source of supply for many of the products that we have historically sold to them. These customers may choose to develop relationships with additional suppliers or elect to produce some or all of these products internally, primarily to reduce risk of delivery interruptions or as a means of extracting more value from us. Certain of our customers currently have, or may develop in the future, the capability to internally produce
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the products that we sell to them and may compete with us with respect to those and other products and with respect to other customers.
Many of our customers, including transportation manufacturers and other industrial and commercial OEMs, demand annual price reductions. If we are not able to offset continued price reductions through improved operating efficiencies and reduced expenditures, these price reductions may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, our customers occasionally require engineering, design, or production changes. In some circumstances, we may be unable to cover the costs of these changes with price increases. Further, as our customers grow larger, they may increasingly require us to provide them with our products on an exclusive basis, which could limit sales, cause an increase in the number of products we must carry and, consequently, increase our inventory levels and working capital requirements. Certain of our customers, particularly in the automotive industry, are increasingly requiring their suppliers to agree to their standard purchasing terms without deviation as a condition to engage in future business transactions, many of which are increasing warranty requirements. As a result, we may find it difficult to enter into agreements with such customers on terms that are commercially reasonable to us.
Security breaches and other disruptions to our IT infrastructure could interfere with our operations, compromise confidential information, and expose us to liability, which could have a material adverse impact our business and reputation.
In the ordinary course of business, we rely on IT networks and systems, some of which are managed by third parties, to process, transmit, and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes and activities.
We are at risk of attack by a growing list of adversaries through increasingly sophisticated methods. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or sabotage systems change frequently, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures. In addition, we may not be able to detect breaches in our IT systems or assess the severity or impact of a breach in a timely manner. We have experienced attacks to our systems and networks and have from time to time experienced cybersecurity breaches, such as computer viruses and malware, unauthorized parties gaining access to our IT systems, and similar incidents, which to date have not had a material impact on our business. If we are unable to efficiently and effectively maintain and upgrade our system safeguards, we may incur unexpected costs and certain of our systems may become more vulnerable to unauthorized access. Additionally, we are an acquisitive organization and the process of integrating the information systems of the businesses we acquire is complex and exposes us to additional risk as we might not adequately identify weaknesses in the targets’ information systems, which could expose us to unexpected liabilities or make our own systems more vulnerable to attack.
Despite our cybersecurity measures (including employee and third-party training, monitoring of networks and systems, maintenance of backup and protective systems, and maintenance of cybersecurity insurance), our IT networks and infrastructure may still be vulnerable to damage, disruptions, or shutdowns due to attacks by hackers, breaches, employee error or malfeasance, power outages, computer viruses, malware and ransomware, telecommunication or utility failures, systems failures, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events. We also face the challenge of supporting our older systems and implementing necessary upgrades.
Moreover, as we continue to develop products containing complex IT systems designed to support today’s increasingly connected world, these systems also could be susceptible to similar interruptions, including the possibility of unauthorized access. Further, as we transition to offering more cloud-based solutions that are dependent on the internet or other networks to operate with increased users, we may become a greater target for cyber threats, such as malware, denial of service, external adversaries, or insider threats.
These types of incidents affecting us or our third-party vendors could result in intellectual property or other confidential information being lost or stolen, including client, employee, or company data. Any such events could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or penalties under privacy laws and/or export control laws, disruption in operations, and damage to our reputation, which could materially adversely affect our business. Further, to the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of, or damage to, our data, or an inappropriate disclosure of confidential information, it could cause significant damage to our reputation, affect our relationships with our customers, lead to claims against us, and ultimately harm our business, financial condition, and/or results of operations.
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Improper disclosure of confidential, personal, or proprietary data could result in regulatory scrutiny, legal liability, or harm to our reputation. Changes to data protection laws, new customer requirements, and changes to international data transfer rules could impose new burdens.
One of our significant responsibilities is to maintain the security and privacy of our employees’ and customers’ confidential and proprietary information. We maintain policies, procedures, and technological safeguards designed to protect the security and privacy of this information and regularly review compliance changes in the jurisdictions where Sensata operates. Nevertheless, we cannot eliminate the risk of human error, employee or vendor malfeasance, or cyber-attacks that could result in improper access to or disclosure or transfer of confidential, personal, or proprietary information by Sensata or our supply chain. Such access transfers could harm our reputation and subject us to liability under our contracts and the laws and regulations that protect personal and export-controlled data, resulting in increased costs, loss of revenue, and loss of customers. The release of confidential information could also lead to litigation or other proceedings against us by affected individuals, business partners, or by regulators, and the outcome of such proceedings, which could include penalties or fines, could have a significant negative impact on our business.
In many jurisdictions we are subject to laws and regulations relating to the use of this information. These laws and regulations are changing rapidly, are becoming increasingly complex, and can conflict across the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our failure to adhere to processes in response to changing regulatory requirements could result in legal liability, significant regulator penalties and fines, or impair our reputation in the marketplace.
The technological capabilities we are developing in the Sensata INSIGHTS business bring new risks to our company. Laws and regulations for smart vehicles are expected to continue to evolve in numerous jurisdictions globally, which could affect our product portfolio and operations. Further, managing and securing personal and customer data that our products, as well as our partners’ products, gather is a new and evolving risk for us. We must also prepare and adjust for rapid design philosophies associated with building these new solutions.
Our future success depends in part on our ability to attract and retain key senior management and qualified technical, sales, and other personnel.
Our future success depends in part on our continued ability to retain key executives and our ability to attract and retain qualified technical, sales, and other personnel. Significant competition exists for such personnel and we cannot assure the retention of our key executives, technical, and sales personnel or our ability to attract, integrate, and retain other such personnel that may be required in the future. We cannot assure that employees will not leave and subsequently compete against us. If we are unable to attract and retain key personnel, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Financial Risks
We are exposed to fluctuations in currency exchange rates that could negatively impact our financial results and cash flows.
A portion of our net revenue, expenses, receivables, and payables are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (the "USD"). We, therefore, face exposure to adverse movements in exchange rates of currencies other than the USD, which may change over time and could affect our financial results and cash flows. For financial reporting purposes, we, and most of our subsidiaries, operate under a USD functional currency because of the significant influence of the USD on our operations. In certain instances, we enter into transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the USD. At the date that such transaction is recognized, each asset, liability, revenue, expense, gain, or loss arising from the transaction is measured and recorded in USD using the exchange rate in effect at that date. At each balance sheet date, recorded monetary balances denominated in a currency other than the USD are adjusted to USD using the exchange rate at the balance sheet date, with gains or losses recognized in other, net in the consolidated statements of operations. During times of a weakening USD, our revenue recognized in currencies other than the USD may increase because the non-U.S. currency will translate into more USD. Conversely, during times of a strengthening USD, our revenue recognized in currencies other than the USD may decrease because the local currency will translate into fewer USD.
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Our level of indebtedness could adversely affect our financial condition and our ability to operate our business, including our ability to service our debt and/or comply with the related covenants.
The credit agreement governing our secured credit facility (as amended, the "Credit Agreement") provides for senior secured credit facilities (the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities") consisting of a term loan facility (the "Term Loan"), a $750.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), and incremental availability (the "Accordion") under which additional secured credit facilities could be issued under certain circumstances. As of December 31, 2022, we had $4,273.4 million of gross outstanding indebtedness, including various tranches of senior unsecured notes (the “Senior Notes”). Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our outstanding indebtedness.
Our substantial indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could make it more difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations; restrict us from making strategic acquisitions; limit our ability to repurchase shares; limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and future business opportunities, thereby placing us at a competitive disadvantage if our competitors are not as highly-leveraged; increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and market conditions; or require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flows from operations to payments on our indebtedness if we do not maintain specified financial ratios or are not able to refinance our indebtedness as it comes due, thereby reducing the availability of our cash flows for other purposes. In addition, the Accordion permits us to incur additional secured credit facilities in certain circumstances in the future, subject to certain limitations as defined in the indentures under which the Senior Notes were issued. This could allow us to issue additional secured debt or increase the capacity of the Revolving Credit Facility. If we increase our indebtedness by borrowing under the Revolving Credit Facility or incur other new indebtedness under the Accordion, the risks described above would increase.
We cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain enough capital to service our debt and fund our planned capital expenditures and business plan. If we complete additional acquisitions, our debt service requirements could also increase. If we cannot service our indebtedness, we may have to take actions such as selling assets, seeking additional equity investments, or reducing or delaying capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, investments, and alliances, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Additionally, we may not be able to complete such actions, if necessary, on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
If we experience an event of default under any of our debt instruments that is not cured or waived, the holders of the defaulted debt could cause all amounts outstanding with respect to the debt to become due and payable immediately, which, in turn, would result in cross-defaults under our other debt instruments. Our assets and cash flows may not be sufficient to fully repay borrowings if accelerated upon an event of default. If, when required, we are unable to repay, refinance, or restructure our indebtedness under, or amend the covenants contained in, the Credit Agreement, or if a default otherwise occurs, the lenders under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities could: elect to terminate their commitments thereunder; cease making further loans; declare all borrowings outstanding, together with accrued interest and other fees, to be immediately due and payable; institute foreclosure proceedings against those assets that secure the borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities; and prevent us from making payments on the Senior Notes. Any such actions could force us into bankruptcy or liquidation, and we might not be able to repay our obligations in such an event.
Changes in government trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs, may have a material impact on our results of operations.
We evaluate all trade policies that impact us, and we adjust our operational strategies to mitigate the impact of these policies. However, trade policies, including quotas, duties, tariffs, taxes, or other restrictions on the import or export of our products, are subject to change, and we cannot ensure that any mitigation strategies employed will remain available in the future or that we will be able to offset tariff-related costs or maintain competitive pricing of our products. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs or trade agreements or policies has the potential to adversely impact demand for our products, our costs, our customers, our suppliers, and the global economy, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.
Existing duty reduction and deferral programs, such as free-trade agreements, duty drawback, and inward processing relief, provide beneficial impacts to our duties and tariffs for qualifying imports and exports, subject to compliance with each program’s unique requirements. Changes in laws or policies governing the terms of these duty reduction and deferral programs could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results. In addition, most of our facilities in Mexico operate under the Mexican Maquiladora program. This program provides for reduced tariffs and eased import regulations; we could be adversely affected by changes in such program, or by our failure to comply with its requirements.
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Further tariffs may be imposed on other imports of our products or our business may be further impacted by retaliatory trade measures taken by China or other countries in response to existing or future U.S. tariffs or other measures (e.g., subsidies). We may raise our prices on products subject to such tariffs to share the cost with our customers, which could harm our operating performance or cause our customers to seek alternative suppliers. In addition, we may seek to shift some of our China manufacturing to other countries, which could result in additional costs and disruption to our operations. We also sell our products globally and, therefore, our export sales could be impacted by the tariffs. Any material reduction in sales may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, and we may be required to recognize goodwill or intangible asset impairments, which would reduce our earnings.
We have recorded a significant amount of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. Goodwill and other intangible assets, net totaled approximately $4.9 billion as of December 31, 2022, or 56% of our total assets. Goodwill, which represents the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized, was approximately $3.9 billion as of December 31, 2022, or 45% of our total assets. Goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets were recognized at fair value as of the corresponding acquisition date. Impairment of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets may result from, among other things, deterioration in our performance, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in laws or regulations, significant unexpected or planned changes in the use of assets, and a variety of other factors. We consider a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors to determine whether a reporting unit is at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test, including: the timing of our most recent quantitative impairment tests and the relative amount by which a reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its then carrying value, the inputs and assumptions underlying our valuation models and the sensitivity of our fair value measurements to those inputs and assumptions, the impact that adverse economic or market conditions may have on the degree of uncertainty inherent in our long-term operating forecasts, and changes in the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets from the time of our most recent goodwill impairment test.
The amount of any quantified impairment must be expensed immediately as a charge that is included in operating income, which may impact our ability to raise capital. Should certain assumptions used in the development of the fair value of our reporting units change, we may be required to recognize goodwill or other intangible asset impairments. Refer to Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets. Refer to Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates, in Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the assumptions used in the development of the fair value of our reporting units.
Our global effective tax rate is subject to a variety of different factors that could create volatility in that tax rate, expose us to greater than anticipated tax liabilities, or cause us to adjust previously recognized tax assets and liabilities.
We are subject to income taxes in the United Kingdom (the "U.K."), China, Mexico, the U.S., and many other jurisdictions. As a result, our global effective tax rate from period to period can be affected by many factors, including changes in tax legislation, changes in tax rates and tax laws, our jurisdictional mix of earnings, the use of global funding structures, the tax characteristics of our income, the effects on our revenues and costs of complying with transfer pricing requirements under differing laws of various countries, consequences of acquisitions and dispositions of businesses and business segments, the generation of sufficient future taxable income to realize our deferred tax assets, and the taxation of subsidiary income in the jurisdiction of its parent company regardless of whether or not distributed. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for (or benefit from) income taxes, and our determination of the amount of our tax liability is always subject to review by applicable tax authorities. Refer to Note 7: Income Taxes of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our accounting for income taxes.
We cannot provide any assurances as to what our tax rate will be in any period because of, among other things, uncertainty regarding the nature and extent of our business activities in any particular jurisdiction in the future and the tax laws of such jurisdictions, as well as changes in U.S. and other tax laws, treaties, and regulations, in particular related to proposed tax laws by the U.S. government as a result of a new administration, which could increase our tax liabilities. Our actual global tax rate may vary from our expectation and that variance may be material. We continually monitor all global regulatory developments and consider alternatives to limit their detrimental impacts. However, not all unfavorable developments can be moderated, and we may consequently experience adverse effects on our effective tax rate and cash flows.
For example, the European Commission (the "EC") has been conducting investigations of state aid and have focused on whether EU sovereign country laws or rulings provide favorable treatment to taxpayers conflicting with its interpretation of EU law. EC findings may have retroactive effect and can cause increases in tax liabilities where we considered ourselves in full compliance with local legislation.
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Furthermore, on October 8, 2021, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (the "OECD") announced most of its member jurisdictions agreed to the OECD’s Inclusive Framework of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project, which establishes global minimum tax rules. These rules have begun to be reflected in local country laws where we do business and are expected to apply beginning in calendar 2024. The precise impact of these laws is not yet known, and we cannot provide assurances that Sensata can mitigate any increases in tax liabilities under these new rules. We continue to monitor developments and will react accordingly.
We could be subject to future audits conducted by both foreign and domestic tax authorities, and the resolution of such audits could impact our tax rate in future periods, as would any reclassification or other changes (such as those in applicable accounting rules) that increases the amounts we have provided for income taxes in our consolidated financial statements. There can be no assurance that we would be successful in attempting to mitigate the adverse impacts resulting from any changes in law, audits, and other matters. Our inability to mitigate the negative consequences of any changes in the law, audits, and other matters could cause our global tax rate to increase, our use of cash to increase, and our financial condition and results of operations to suffer.
We are a holding company and, therefore, may not be able to receive dividends or other payments in needed amounts from our subsidiaries.
We are organized as a holding company, a legal entity that is separate and distinct from our operating entities. As a holding company without significant operations of its own, our principal assets are the shares of capital stock of our subsidiaries. We rely on dividends, interest, and other payments from these subsidiaries to meet our obligations for paying principal and interest on outstanding debt, repurchasing ordinary shares, and corporate expenses. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to regulatory requirements of the jurisdictions in which they operate or other restrictions that may limit the amounts that subsidiaries can pay in dividends or other payments to us. No assurance can be given that there will not be further changes in law, regulatory actions, or other circumstances that could restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or otherwise make payments to us. Furthermore, no assurance can be given that our subsidiaries may be able to make timely payments to us in order for us to meet our obligations.
Legal and Regulatory Risks
We could be adversely affected by violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the "U.S. FCPA"), the U.K.'s Bribery Act, and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws.
The U.S. FCPA, the U.K.'s Bribery Act, and similar worldwide anti-bribery laws generally prohibit companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws. We operate in many parts of the world that have experienced governmental corruption to some degree, and in certain circumstances, strict compliance with anti-bribery laws may conflict with local customs and practices. Despite our training and compliance program, we cannot provide assurance that our internal control policies and procedures will protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. Violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt our business and result in a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows.
Export of our products is subject to various export control regulations and may require a license for export. Any failure to comply with such regulations could result in governmental enforcement actions, fines, penalties, loss of export privileges, or other remedies, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.
We are subject to compliance with laws and regulations controlling the import and export of goods, services, software, and technical data. Certain of our products are subject to export regulations of the various jurisdictions in which we operate (“Controlled Items”). The export of many such Controlled Items requires a license from the applicable government agency. Licensing decisions are made based on type of product, its destination, end use, end user, the parties involved in the transaction, national security, and foreign policy. As a result, export license approvals are not guaranteed. We have a trade compliance team and other systems in place to apply for licenses and otherwise comply with import and export regulations. Any failure to maintain compliance with such regulations could limit our ability to import or export raw material and finished goods. These laws and regulations are subject to change, and any such change may limit or exclude existing or future business opportunities, require us to change technology, or incur expenditures to comply with such laws and regulations.
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We have discovered in the past, and may discover in the future, deficiencies in our trade compliance program. Although we continue to enhance our trade compliance program, we cannot guarantee that any such enhancements will ensure full compliance with applicable laws and regulations at all times, or that applicable authorities will not raise compliance concerns or perform audits to confirm our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. Any failure by us to comply with applicable laws and regulations could result in governmental enforcement actions, fines, penalties, criminal and/or civil proceedings, or other remedies, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and/or financial condition.
Changes in existing environmental or safety laws, regulations, and programs could reduce demand for our products, which could cause our revenue to decline.
A significant amount of our business is generated either directly or indirectly as a result of existing laws, regulations, and programs related to environmental protection, fuel economy, energy efficiency, and safety regulation. Accordingly, a relaxation or repeal of these laws and regulations, or changes in governmental policies regarding the funding, implementation, or enforcement of these programs, could result in a decline in demand for environmental and/or safety products, which may have a material adverse effect on our revenue.
Our operations expose us to the risk of material environmental liabilities, litigation, government enforcement actions, and reputational risk.
We are subject to numerous federal, state, and local environmental protection and health and safety laws and regulations in the various countries where we operate and where our products are sold. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, the generation, storage, use, and transportation of hazardous materials; emissions or discharges of substances into the environment; investigation and remediation of hazardous substances or materials at various sites; greenhouse gas emissions; product hazardous material content; and the health and safety of our employees.
We may not have been, or we may not always be, in compliance with all environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. If we violate these laws, we could be fined, criminally charged, or otherwise sanctioned by regulators. In addition, environmental and health and safety laws are becoming more stringent, resulting in increased costs and compliance burdens.
Certain environmental laws assess liability on current or previous owners or operators of real property for the costs of investigation, removal, and remediation of hazardous substances or materials at their properties or properties at which they have disposed of hazardous substances. Liability for investigation, removal, and remediation costs under certain federal and state laws is retroactive, strict, and joint and several. In addition to cleanup actions brought by governmental authorities, private parties could bring personal injury or other claims due to the presence of, or exposure to, hazardous substances.
We cannot provide assurance that our costs of complying with current or future environmental protection and health and safety laws, or our liabilities arising from past or future releases of, or exposures to, hazardous substances will not exceed our estimates or adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows, or that we will not be subject to additional environmental claims for personal injury, property damage, and/or cleanup in the future based on our past, present, or future business activities.
In addition, our products are subject to various requirements related to chemical usage, hazardous material content, and recycling. The EU, China, and other jurisdictions in which our products are sold have enacted, or are proposing to enact, laws addressing environmental and other impacts from product disposal, use of hazardous materials in products, use of chemicals in manufacturing, recycling of products at the end of their useful life, and other related matters. These laws include but are not limited to the EU RoHS, ELV, and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directives; the EU REACH regulation; the German Explosives Act; and the China law on Management Methods for Controlling Pollution by Electronic Information Products. These laws prohibit the use of certain substances in the manufacture of our products and directly and indirectly impose a variety of requirements for modification of manufacturing processes, registration, chemical testing, labeling, and other matters. These laws continue to proliferate and expand in these and other jurisdictions to address other materials and aspects of our product manufacturing and sale. These laws could make the manufacture or sale of our products more expensive or impossible, could limit our ability to sell our products in certain jurisdictions, and could result in liability for product recalls, penalties, or other claims.
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Our ability to compete effectively depends, in part, on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our products and technology.
The electronics industry is characterized by litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Within this industry, companies have become more aggressive in asserting and defending patent claims against competitors. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to future litigation alleging infringement or invalidity of certain of our intellectual property rights, or that we will not have to pursue litigation to protect our property rights. Depending on the importance of the technology, product, patent, trademark, or trade secret in question, an unfavorable outcome regarding one of these matters may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows.
We may be subject to claims that our products or processes infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, which may cause us to pay unexpected litigation costs or damages, modify our products or processes, or prevent us from selling our products.
Third parties may claim that our processes and products infringe their intellectual property rights. Whether or not these claims have merit, we may be subject to costly and time-consuming legal proceedings, and this could divert management’s attention from operating our business. If these claims are successfully asserted against us, we could be required to pay substantial damages, make future royalty payments, and/or could be prevented from selling some or all of our products. We also may be obligated to indemnify our business partners or customers in any such litigation. Furthermore, we may need to obtain licenses from these third parties or substantially re-engineer or rename our products in order to avoid infringement. In addition, we might not be able to obtain the necessary licenses on acceptable terms, or at all, or be able to re-engineer or rename our products successfully. If we are prevented from selling some or all of our products, our sales could be materially adversely affected.
We are a defendant to a variety of litigation in the course of our business that could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows.
In the normal course of business, we are, from time to time, a defendant in litigation, including litigation alleging the infringement of intellectual property rights, anti-competitive behavior, product liability, breach of contract, and employment-related claims. In certain circumstances, patent infringement and antitrust laws permit successful plaintiffs to recover treble damages. The defense of these lawsuits may divert our management's attention, and we may incur significant expenses in defending these lawsuits. In addition, we may be required to pay damage awards or settlements, or become subject to injunctions or other equitable remedies, that could cause a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and/or cash flows.
U.K. Domicile Risks
As a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, we may have less flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management.
English law imposes additional restrictions on certain corporate actions. For example, English law provides that a board of directors may only allot, or issue, securities with the prior authorization of shareholders, such authorization being up to the aggregate nominal amount of shares and for a maximum period of five years, each as specified in the articles of association or relevant shareholder resolution. English law also generally provides shareholders with preemptive rights when new shares are issued for cash; however, it is possible for the articles of association, or shareholders at a general meeting, to exclude preemptive rights. Such an exclusion of preemptive rights may be for a maximum period of up to five years as specified in the articles of association or relevant shareholder resolution. We currently only have authorization to issue shares under our equity plan excluding preemptive rights until our next annual general meeting. This authorization and exclusion needs to be renewed by our shareholders periodically and we intend to renew the authorization and exclusion at each annual general meeting.
English law also requires us to have available "distributable reserves" to make share repurchases or pay dividends to shareholders. Distributable reserves may be created through the earnings of the U.K. parent company or other actions. While we intend to maintain a sufficient level of distributable reserves, there is no assurance that we will continue to generate sufficient earnings in order to maintain the necessary level of distributable reserves to make share repurchases or pay dividends.
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English law also generally prohibits a company from repurchasing its own shares by way of "off-market purchases" without the prior approval of our shareholders. Such approval lasts for a maximum period of up to five years. Our shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange, which is not a recognized investment exchange in the U.K. Consequently, any repurchase of our shares is currently considered an "off-market purchase." Our current authorization expires on May 28, 2025, and we intend to renew this authorization periodically.
As a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, the enforcement of civil liabilities against us may be more difficult.
Because we are a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, investors could experience more difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us in U.S. courts than would have been the case for a U.S. company. In addition, it may be more difficult (or impossible) to bring some types of claims against us in courts in England than it would be to bring similar claims against a U.S. company in a U.S. court.
As a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, it may not be possible to effect service of process upon us within the U.S. to enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.
There is doubt as to the enforceability in England and Wales, in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of civil liabilities solely based on the U.S. federal securities laws. The English courts will, however, treat any amount payable by us under U.S. judgment as a debt and new proceedings can be commenced in the English courts to enforce this debt against us. The following criteria must be satisfied for the English court to enforce the debt created by the U.S. judgment: (1) the U.S. court having had jurisdiction over the original proceedings according to English conflicts of laws principles and rules of English private international law at the time when proceedings were initiated; (2) the U.S. proceedings not having been brought in breach of a jurisdiction or arbitration clause except with the agreement of the defendant or the defendant’s subsequent submission to the jurisdiction of the court; (3) the U.S. judgment being final and conclusive on the merits in the sense of being final and unalterable in the court which pronounced it and being for a definite sum of money; (4) the recognition or enforcement, as the case may be, of the U.S. judgment not contravening English public policy in a sufficiently significant way or contravening the Human Rights Act 1998 (or any subordinate legislation made thereunder, to the extent applicable); (5) the U.S. judgment not being for a sum payable in respect of taxes, or other charges of a like nature, or in respect of a penalty or fine, or otherwise based on a U.S. law that an English court considers to be a penal or revenue law; (6) the U.S. judgment not having been arrived at by doubling, trebling or otherwise multiplying a sum assessed as compensation for the loss or damages sustained, and not otherwise being a judgment contrary to section 5 of the Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980 or is a judgment based on measures designated by the Secretary of State under Section 1 of that Act; (7) the U.S. judgment not having been obtained by fraud or in breach of English principles of natural justice; (8) the U.S. judgment not being a judgment on a matter previously determined by an English court, or another court whose judgment is entitled to recognition (or enforcement as the case may be) in England, in proceedings involving the same parties that conflicts with an earlier judgment of such court; (9) the party seeking enforcement (being a party who is not ordinarily resident in some part of the U.K. or resident in an EU Member State) providing security for costs, if ordered to do so by the English courts; and (10) the English enforcement proceedings being commenced within the relevant limitation period.
If an English court gives judgment for the sum payable under a U.S. judgment, the English judgment will be enforceable by methods generally available for this purpose. These methods generally permit the English court discretion to prescribe the manner of enforcement. In addition, in any enforcement proceedings, the judgment debtor may raise any counterclaim that could have been brought if the action had been originally brought in England unless the subject of the counterclaim was in issue and denied in the U.S. proceedings.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
As of December 31, 2022, we occupied principal manufacturing facilities and business centers in the following locations:
| Reportable Segment | Approximate Square Footage (in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | Sensing Solutions | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country | Location | Owned | Leased | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulgaria | Botevgrad | X | 169 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulgaria | Plovdiv | X | 125 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulgaria | Sofia | X | — | 121 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | Baoying (1) | X | X | 301 | 385 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | Changzhou | X | X | 362 | 256 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| India | Pune | X | X | — | 32 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Malaysia | Subang Jaya | X | 138 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mexico | Aguascalientes | X | X | 489 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mexico | Mexicali | X | X | 41 | 116 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mexico | Tijuana | X | X | — | 235 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Netherlands | Hengelo | X | X | — | 94 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | Antrim | X | — | 137 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | Swindon (2) | X | — | 34 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | Attleboro, MA (3) | X | X | — | 443 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | Carpinteria, CA | X | X | — | 51 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | Grandview, MO | X | — | 47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | Thousand Oaks, CA | X | X | — | 115 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | Burlington, VT (4) | X | — | 133 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1,625 | 2,199 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) The owned portion of the properties in this location serves the Sensing Solutions segment only.
(2) Our U.K. headquarters is located in this facility.
(3) Our U.S. headquarters is located in this facility.
(4) This facility was added with the acquisition of Dynapower.
These facilities are primarily devoted to research, development, engineering, manufacturing, and assembly. In addition to these principal facilities, we occupy other manufacturing, engineering, warehousing, administrative, and sales facilities worldwide, which are primarily leased.
We consider our manufacturing facilities sufficient to meet our current operational requirements. An increase in demand for our products may require us to expand our production capacity, which could require us to identify and acquire or lease additional manufacturing facilities. We believe that suitable additional or substitute facilities will be available as required; however, if we are unable to acquire, integrate, and move into production the facilities, equipment, and personnel necessary to meet such an increase in demand, our customer relationships, results of operations, and/or financial condition may suffer materially. Leases covering our currently occupied principal leased facilities expire at varying dates within the next 14 years. We do not anticipate difficulty in retaining occupancy through lease renewals, month-to-month occupancy, or by replacing the leased facilities with equivalent facilities.
A significant portion of our owned properties and equipment is subject to a lien under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are regularly involved in a number of claims and litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although it is not feasible to predict the outcome of these matters, based upon our experience and current information known to us, we do not expect the outcome of these matters, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or cash flows.
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ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Market Information
Our ordinary shares trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "ST."
Performance Graph
The following graph compares the total shareholder return of our ordinary shares since December 31, 2017 to the total shareholder return since that date of the Standard & Poor’s ("S&P") 500 Stock Index and the S&P 500 Industrial Index. The graph assumes that the value of the investment in our ordinary shares and each index was $100.00 on December 31, 2017.
| Total Shareholder Return of $100.00 Investment from December 31, 2017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sensata | $ | 100.00 | $ | 87.73 | $ | 105.40 | $ | 103.19 | $ | 120.70 | $ | 79.61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
S&P 500 | $ | 100.00 | $ | 95.62 | $ | 125.72 | $ | 148.85 | $ | 191.58 | $ | 156.88 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
S&P 500 Industrial | $ | 100.00 | $ | 85.00 | $ | 107.81 | $ | 117.52 | $ | 140.32 | $ | 130.35 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The information in the graph and table above is not "soliciting material," is not deemed "filed" with the United States (the "U.S.") Securities and Exchange Commission, and is not to be incorporated by reference in any of our filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report"), except to the extent that we specifically incorporate such information by reference. The total shareholder return shown on the graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future price performance.
Stockholders
As of January 27, 2023, there were three holders of record of our ordinary shares, primarily Cede & Co. (which acts as nominee shareholder for the Depository Trust Company).
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Dividends
In April 2022, our Board of Directors approved our first quarterly dividend of $0.11 per share, paid in May 2022. Subsequent to this payment, we made additional quarterly payments in August 2022 and November 2022, each at $0.11 per share. Because we are a holding company, our ability to continue to pay cash dividends on our ordinary shares may be limited by restrictions on our ability to obtain sufficient funds through dividends from our subsidiaries, including restrictions under the terms of the agreements governing our indebtedness. In that regard, our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, Sensata Technologies B.V. ("STBV"), may be limited in its ability to pay dividends or otherwise make distributions to its immediate parent company and, ultimately, to us. Refer to Note 14: Debt of our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our dividend restrictions.
Additionally, certain of our subsidiaries may be limited in their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to the extent that the shareholders' equity of such subsidiary exceeds the reserves required to be maintained by law or under its articles of association. Under the laws of England and Wales, we are able to declare dividends, make distributions, or repurchase shares only out of distributable reserves on our statutory balance sheet. Distributable reserves are a company’s accumulated, realized profits, so far as not previously utilized by distribution or capitalization, less its accumulated, realized losses, so far as not previously written off in a reduction or reorganization of capital duly made. Realized reserves are determined in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards at the time the relevant accounts are prepared. We are not permitted to make a distribution if, at the time, the amount of our net assets is less than the aggregate of our issued and paid-up share capital and undistributable reserves or to the extent that the distribution will reduce our net assets below such amount. Subject to these limitations, the payment of future cash dividends will depend upon such factors as earnings levels, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, our overall financial condition, and any other factors deemed relevant by our shareholders and Board of Directors.
Under current United Kingdom ("U.K.") tax legislation, any future dividends paid by us will not be subject to withholding or deduction on account of U.K. tax, irrespective of the tax residence or the individual circumstances of the recipient shareholder. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding their particular tax situation and the income tax consequences on any potential dividend income received from us.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased (in shares) (1) | Weighted-Average Price Paid per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plan or Programs (in shares)(2) | Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plan or Programs (in millions) (2) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 1 through October 31, 2022 | 713,766 | $ | 39.67 | 708,904 | $ | 244.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| November 1 through November 30, 2022 | 458,510 | $ | 42.75 | 457,187 | $ | 224.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| December 1 through December 31, 2022 | 10,893 | $ | 41.16 | — | $ | 224.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Quarter total | 1,183,169 | $ | 40.88 | 1,166,091 | $ | 224.5 | ||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) The number of ordinary shares presented includes ordinary shares that were withheld to cover payment of employee withholding tax upon the vesting of restricted securities. These withholdings took place outside of a publicly announced repurchase plan. There were 4,862, 1,323, and 10,893 ordinary shares withheld in October 2022, November 2022, and December 2022, respectively, representing a total aggregate fair value of $0.7 million based on the closing price of our ordinary shares on the date of withholdings.
(2) All purchases during the three months ended December 31, 2022 were conducted pursuant to a $500.0 million share repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors and publicly announced on January 20, 2022 (the “January 2022 Program”). The January 2022 Program does not have an established expiration date.
ITEM 6. RESERVED
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity and capital resources. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with Item 1: Business and our audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto (the "Financial Statements"), each included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report").
The statements in this discussion regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding our future performance, liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.
Overview
We innovate on behalf of our broad array of customers, solving some of their most difficult engineering challenges by providing our products and solutions in the areas that we consider our most significant growth drivers, Electrification, Insights/IoT, and Safe & Efficient. Solving these mission-critical challenges enables us to deliver differentiated value for both our customers and shareholders while also investing in our growth opportunities and our people. Refer to Item 1: Business, included elsewhere in this Report, for additional discussion on our growth drivers, including megatrends.
In fiscal year 2022, we completed two notable acquisitions in Electrification and Insights/IoT, Dynapower and Elastic M2M, Inc. ("Elastic M2M"), respectively. Refer to Item 1: Business – Business Combinations and Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements, each included elsewhere in this Report, for additional information related to these acquisitions.
We anticipate significant change in the markets that we serve over the next 10 years, as our customers transform their businesses and product portfolios to adjust to decarbonization trends. Many equipment categories are electrifying, and significant investment is being made in global infrastructure to support this trend. During fiscal year 2022, we recognized approximately $460 million of revenue in Electrification. In addition, new business wins ("NBOs") exceeded $1.0 billion in fiscal year 2022, an increase from NBOs of $640 million in fiscal year 2021. We define NBOs as incremental revenue to our current base of business that is expected to be recognized on average in the fifth year after entry into the agreement, when programs typically reach their normal volume. Accordingly, NBOs are an indicator of future revenue potential. Approximately 70% of those NBOs in fiscal year 2022 were in Electrification, which will help drive future revenue outgrowth in this megatrend.
Within our Insights/IoT megatrend initiative, we see a large and fast-growing market opportunity to deliver data insights across heavy, medium, and light vehicle fleets. The Sensata INSIGHTS business addresses this opportunity by providing data and video telematics, asset tracking devices, and other cloud-based solutions. In February 2022, we acquired Elastic M2M, which augments our cloud capabilities critical to delivering actionable sensor-based insights, continuing the expansion of Sensata INSIGHTS begun with the fiscal year 2021 acquisitions of Xirgo Technologies, LLC ("Xirgo") and SmartWitness Holdings, Inc. ("SmartWitness"). Refer to Item 1: Business, included elsewhere in this Report, for additional discussion of the acquisition of Elastic M2M. Sensata INSIGHTS revenue in fiscal year 2022 was approximately $173.3 million.
We believe regulatory requirements for safer vehicles, higher fuel efficiency, and lower emissions, as well as customer demand for operator productivity and convenience, drive the need for advancements in powertrain management, efficiency, safety, and operator controls. These advancements lead to sensor growth rates that we expect to exceed underlying production growth in many of our key end markets, which we expect will continue to offer us significant growth opportunities. In fiscal year 2022, according to third party data, global production of light vehicles increased approximately 6% from fiscal year 2021. Global production in the heavy vehicle and off-road ("HVOR") markets we serve decreased approximately 12% from fiscal year 2021.
Our consolidated revenue increased 5.5% in fiscal year 2022 from the prior year. Excluding a decrease of 2.4% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 3.1% due to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, consolidated net revenue increased 4.8% on an organic basis. This reflects organic revenue growth of 3.9% in Performance Sensing and 7.5% in Sensing Solutions. Organic revenue growth (or decline), discussed throughout this Item 7: Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (this "MD&A"), is a financial measure not presented in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Refer to Non-GAAP Financial Measures included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional information related to our use of organic revenue growth (or decline).
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While our underlying markets were pressured by continuing supply chain disruptions, we produced 820 basis points of market outgrowth in fiscal year 2022, which includes higher pricing, content growth in the automotive and aerospace businesses, and new Electrification launches in our Industrial business. We use the term "market outgrowth" to describe the impact of an increasing quantity and value of our products used in customer systems and applications, above normal market growth. It is only loosely correlated to normal unit demand fluctuations in the markets we serve. We believe we can continue to deliver end market outgrowth based on our high levels of new business awards and our large and expanding pipeline of new opportunities.
Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $36.9 million, or 5.8%, to $670.1 million (16.6% of net revenue) compared to $633.2 million (16.6% of net revenue) in the prior year. This increase was primarily due to higher volumes, improved pricing to offset inflationary material and logistics costs, partially offset by unfavorable movements in foreign currency, the impact from investments in the growth vectors of Electrification and Insights/IoT, and the divestiture of various assets and liabilities comprising our semiconductor test and thermal business (collectively, the "Qinex Business"). Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional discussion of our earnings results for the year ended December 31, 2022.
We have sufficient cash to take advantage of strategic opportunities as they arise. We generated $460.6 million of operating cash flow in fiscal year 2022, ending the year with $1.2 billion in cash. In fiscal year 2022, we used approximately $631.5 million in cash for acquisitions and approximately $292.3 million for share repurchases. We also paid approximately $51.1 million in cash dividends. In fiscal year 2023, we will continue to return capital to shareholders through our dividend and opportunistic share repurchases. We expect improving free cash flow will naturally allow leverage to decline and returns on invested capital to improve over time. On January 31, 2023, we announced that we intended to pay down $250.0 million of principal on the balance outstanding of the term loan facility (the “Term Loan”) under the senior secured credit facilities (the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities"). That payment was completed on February 6, 2023.
Our long-standing mission is to help create a cleaner, safer, and more connected world, not just for our customer's products but also through our own operations. We reduced our greenhouse gas emission intensity by more than 10% in fiscal year 2022, reaching our fiscal year 2026 target four years earlier than anticipated. In addition, we're on our way to achieving the other targets laid out in our Sustainability Report, bolstering the long-term sustainability and success of the company for all of its stakeholders.
Selected Segment Information
We present financial information for two reportable segments, Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions. Set forth below is selected information for each of these segments for the periods presented. Amounts and percentages in the tables below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.
The following table presents net revenue by segment for the identified periods:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | Amount | Percent of Total | Amount | Percent of Total | Amount | Percent of Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 2,976.8 | 73.9 | % | $ | 2,847.9 | 74.5 | % | $ | 2,223.8 | 73.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 1,052.5 | 26.1 | 972.9 | 25.5 | 821.8 | 27.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net revenue | $ | 4,029.3 | 100.0 | % | $ | 3,820.8 | 100.0 | % | $ | 3,045.6 | 100.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following table presents segment operating income in U.S. dollars ("USD") and as a percentage of segment net revenue for the identified periods:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | Amount | Percent of Segment Net Revenue | Amount | Percent of Segment Net Revenue | Amount | Percent of Segment Net Revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Segment operating income: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 751.6 | 25.2 | % | $ | 777.2 | 27.3 | % | $ | 532.5 | 23.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 300.0 | 28.5 | % | 293.2 | 30.1 | % | 241.2 | 29.4 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total segment operating income | $ | 1,051.7 | $ | 1,070.4 | $ | 773.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
For a reconciliation of total segment operating income to consolidated operating income, refer to Note 20: Segment Reporting of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.
Selected Geographic Information
We are a global business with significant operations around the world and a diverse revenue mix by geography, customer, and end market. The following table presents (as a percentage of total) property, plant and equipment ("PP&E") and net revenue by geographic region for the identified periods:
PP&E, net as of December 31, | Net revenue for the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Americas | 33.7 | % | 32.3 | % | 42.3 | % | 38.0 | % | 39.3 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Europe | 20.0 | % | 22.0 | % | 25.9 | % | 26.2 | % | 26.8 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
| Asia and rest of world | 46.3 | % | 45.7 | % | 31.8 | % | 35.8 | % | 33.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||
Refer to Note 20: Segment Reporting of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our PP&E, net balances by selected geographic area as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and net revenue by selected geographic area for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
Net Revenue by End Market
Our net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was derived from the following end markets:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (Percentage of total) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Automotive | 52.3 | % | 54.0 | % | 57.5 | % | |||||||||||
| HVOR | 22.5 | % | 21.7 | % | 16.7 | % | |||||||||||
| Industrial | 13.0 | % | 10.8 | % | 11.0 | % | |||||||||||
Appliance and HVAC (1) | 5.4 | % | 6.4 | % | 6.2 | % | |||||||||||
| Aerospace | 3.8 | % | 3.5 | % | 4.5 | % | |||||||||||
| Other | 3.0 | % | 3.6 | % | 4.1 | % | |||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
We are a significant supplier to multiple original equipment manufacturers within many of these end markets, thereby reducing customer concentration risk.
Factors Affecting Our Operating Results
The following discussion describes components of the consolidated statements of operations as well as factors that impact those components. Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, and Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates included elsewhere in this MD&A for additional information related to the accounting policies and estimates made related to these components. Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for discussion of the actual impact on our financial statements of these factors.
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Net revenue
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from sales into the automotive end market, and conditions in the automotive industry can have a significant impact on the amount of revenue that we recognize. Outside of the automotive industry, we sell our products and solutions to end-users in a wide range of industries, end markets, and geographic regions, and the drivers of demand for these products and solutions vary considerably and are influenced by industry, market, or geographic conditions. Changes in demand for these products and solutions could impact our revenue materially. Our overall net revenue is impacted by various factors, which we characterize as "organic" or "inorganic." Inorganic factors include fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures.
Organic factors include fluctuations in overall economic activity within the industries, end markets, and geographic regions in which we operate, which we term market growth. Other organic factors combine to reflect what we refer to as market outgrowth. Such factors include (but are not limited to): (a) the number of our products used within existing applications, or the development of new applications requiring these products, due to regulations or other factors; (b) the "mix" of products sold, including the proportion of new or upgraded products and their pricing relative to existing products; (c) changes in product sales prices (including quantity discounts, rebates, and cash discounts for prompt payment); (d) changes in the level of competition faced by our products, including the launch of new products by competitors; (e) our ability to successfully develop, launch, and sell new products and applications; and (f) the evolution of the markets we serve to safer, cleaner, and more efficient, electrified, and connected technologies.
While the factors described above may impact net revenue in each of our reportable segments, the magnitude of that impact can differ. For more information about revenue risks relating to our business, refer to Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report.
Cost of revenue
We manufacture most of our products, subcontracting only a limited number to third parties. As such, our cost of revenue consists principally of the following:
•Production Materials Costs. We source production materials globally to ensure a highly effective and efficient supply chain. However, we are still impacted by local market conditions, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. A portion of our production materials contains certain commodities, resins, and metals, the cost of which may vary with underlying pricing and foreign currency exchange rates. We use forward contracts to economically hedge a portion of our exposure to the potential change in prices associated with certain of these commodities, including the impact of exchange rate fluctuations. The terms of these forward contracts fix the price of these commodities at a future date for various notional amounts. Gains and losses recognized on these derivatives are recorded in other, net and are not included in cost of revenue. Refer to Note 6: Other, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.
•Employee Costs. Wages and benefits, including variable incentive compensation, for employees involved in our manufacturing operations and certain customer service and engineering activities is reflected in cost of revenue. A substantial portion of these costs can fluctuate on an aggregate basis in direct correlation with changes in production volumes. These costs may decline as a percentage of net revenue due to economies of scale associated with higher production volumes, and conversely, may increase with lower production volumes. These costs also fluctuate based on local labor market conditions. We rely on contract workers for direct labor in certain geographies. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 1,800 direct labor contract workers worldwide.
•Sustaining Engineering Activity Costs. Modifications of existing products for use by new and existing customers in familiar applications are included in cost of revenue, as are costs related to improvements in our manufacturing processes.
•Other. Our remaining cost of revenue primarily consists of: gains and losses on certain foreign currency forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges; material yields; costs to import raw materials, such as tariffs; depreciation of fixed assets used in the manufacturing process; freight costs; warehousing expenses; maintenance and repair expenses; costs of quality assurance; operating supplies; and other general manufacturing expenses, such as expenses for energy consumption and operating lease expense.
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Changes in cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue have historically been impacted by several factors, including:
•changes in the price of raw materials, including the impact of changes in costs to import such raw materials, such as tariffs;
•changes in customer prices and surcharges;
•implementation of cost improvement measures aimed at increasing productivity, including reduction of fixed production costs, refinements in inventory management, design and process driven changes, and the coordination of procurement within each subsidiary and at the business level;
•product lifecycles, as we typically incur higher costs associated with new product development (related to excess manufacturing capacity and higher production costs during the initial stages of product launches) and during the phase-out of discontinued products;
•changes in production volumes, as a portion of production costs are fixed;
•transfer of production to our lower-cost manufacturing facilities;
•changes in depreciation expense, including those arising from the adjustment of PP&E to fair value associated with acquisitions;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;
•changes in product mix;
•changes in logistics costs;
•acquisitions and divestitures – acquired and divested businesses may generate higher or lower cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue than our core business; and
•the increase in the carrying value of inventory adjusted to fair value upon the application of purchase accounting associated with acquisitions.
Research and development expense
We develop products that address increasingly complex engineering and operating performance requirements to help our customers solve their most difficult challenges in the automotive, HVOR, fleet management, industrial, clean energy, and aerospace industries. We believe that continued focused investment in research and development ("R&D") is critical to our future growth and maintaining our leadership positions in the markets we serve. Our R&D efforts are directly related to timely development of new and enhanced products that are central to our business strategy. We continually develop our technologies to meet an evolving set of customer requirements and new product introductions. We conduct such activities in areas that we believe will increase our long-term revenue growth. Our development expense is typically associated with engineering core technology platforms to specific applications and engineering major upgrades that improve the functionality or reduce the cost of existing products. In addition, we continually consider new technologies where we may have expertise for potential investment or acquisition.
A large portion of our R&D activities is directed towards technologies and megatrends that we believe have the potential for significant future growth, but that relate to products that are not currently within our core business or include new features and capabilities for existing products. Expenses related to these activities are less likely to result in increased near-term revenue than our more mainstream development activities.
R&D expense consists of costs related to product design, development, and process engineering. Costs related to modifications of existing products for use by new and existing customers in familiar applications are presented in cost of revenue and are not included in R&D expense. The level of R&D expense in any period is related to the number of products in development, the stage of the development process, the complexity of the underlying technology, the potential scale of the product upon successful commercialization, and the level of our exploratory research.
Selling, general and administrative expense
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense consists of all expenditures incurred in connection with the sale and marketing of our products, as well as administrative overhead costs, including: salary and benefit costs for sales and marketing personnel and administrative staff; share-based incentive compensation expense; charges related to the use and maintenance of administrative offices, including depreciation expense; other administrative costs, including expenses relating to information systems, human resources, and legal, finance, and accounting services; other selling and marketing related costs, such as expenses incurred in connection with travel and communications; and transaction costs associated with acquisitions.
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Changes in SG&A expense as a percentage of net revenue have historically been impacted by a number of factors, including:
•changes in sales volume, as higher volumes enable us to spread the fixed portion of our selling, marketing, and administrative expense over higher revenue (e.g. expenses relating to our sales and marketing personnel can fluctuate due to prolonged trends in sales volume, while expenses relating to administrative personnel generally do not increase or decrease directly with changes in sales volume);
•changes in customer prices and surcharges;
•changes in the mix of products we sell, as some products may require more customer support and sales effort than others;
•new product launches in existing and new markets, as these launches typically involve a more intense sales and marketing activity before they are integrated into customer applications and systems;
•changes in our customer base, as new customers may require different levels of sales and marketing attention;
•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; and
•acquisitions and divestitures - acquired and divested businesses may require different levels of SG&A expense as a percentage of net revenue than our core business.
Depreciation expense
Depreciation expense includes depreciation of PP&E, which includes assets held under finance lease and amortization of leasehold improvements. Depreciation expense is included in either cost of revenue or SG&A expense depending on the use of the asset as a manufacturing or administrative asset. Depreciation expense will vary according to the age of existing PP&E and the level of capital expenditures.
Amortization expense
We have recognized a significant amount of definite-lived intangible assets. Acquisition-related definite-lived intangible assets are amortized on an economic-benefit basis according to the useful lives of the assets, or on a straight-line basis if a pattern of economic benefits cannot be reliably determined. The amount of amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets depends on the amount and timing of definite-lived intangible assets acquired and where previously acquired definite-lived intangible assets are in their estimated life-cycle. In general, the economic benefit of a definite-lived intangible asset is concentrated towards the beginning of its useful life.
Restructuring and other charges, net
Restructuring and other charges, net consists of severance, outplacement, other separation benefits, and facility and other exit costs. These charges may be incurred as part of an announced restructuring plan or may be individual charges recognized related to acquired businesses or the termination of a limited number of employees that do not represent the initiation of a larger restructuring plan. Restructuring and other charges, net also includes the gain, net of transaction costs, from the sale of businesses, expense incurred from acquisition-related compensation arrangements, and other operating income or expense that is not presented elsewhere in operating income.
Amounts recognized in restructuring and other charges, net will vary according to the extent of our restructuring programs and other income or expense items not presented elsewhere in operating income.
Interest expense, net
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had gross outstanding indebtedness of $4,273.4 million and $4,280.2 million, respectively. This indebtedness consists of a secured credit facility and senior unsecured notes. Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information.
The credit agreement governing our secured credit facility (as amended, the "Credit Agreement") provides for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, consisting of the Term Loan, the $750.0 million revolving credit facility (the "Revolving Credit Facility"), and incremental availability (the "Accordion") under which additional secured credit facilities could be issued under certain circumstances.
Our various tranches of senior unsecured notes (the "Senior Notes") accrue interest at fixed rates. However, the Term Loan and the Revolving Credit Facility accrue interest at variable interest rates, which drives some of the variability in interest expense, net. Refer to Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this Report for more information regarding our exposure to potential changes in variable interest rates.
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Interest income, which is netted against interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations, relates to interest earned on our cash and cash equivalent balances, and varies according to the balances in, and the interest rates provided by, these investments.
Other, net
Other, net primarily includes gains and losses associated with the remeasurement of non-USD denominated monetary assets and liabilities into USD, changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as cash flow hedges, mark-to-market gains and losses on investments, losses on debt financing transactions, and net periodic benefit cost, excluding service cost.
Amounts recognized in other, net vary according to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, changes in the forward prices for the foreign currencies and commodities that we hedge, the value of equity investments recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at fair value, the number and magnitude of debt financing transactions we undertake, and the change in funded status of our pension and other post-retirement benefit plans.
Refer to Note 6: Other, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the components of other, net. Refer to Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our exposure to potential changes in foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our debt financing transactions.
Provision for (or benefit from) income taxes
We are subject to income tax in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. The provision for (or benefit from) income taxes consists of: current tax expense, which relates primarily to our profitable operations in non-U.S. tax jurisdictions and withholding taxes related to interest, royalties, and repatriation of foreign earnings; and deferred tax expense (or benefit), which represents adjustments in book-to-tax basis differences primarily related to the step-up in fair value of fixed and intangible assets, including goodwill, acquired in connection with business combination transactions, the utilization of net operating losses, changes in tax rates, and changes in our assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets.
Our current tax expense is favorably impacted by the amortization of definite-lived intangible assets and other tax benefits derived from our operating and capital structure, including tax incentives in both the United Kingdom (the "U.K.") and China as well as favorable tax status in Mexico. In addition, our tax structure takes advantage of participation exemption regimes that permit the receipt of intercompany dividends without incurring taxable income in those jurisdictions.
While the extent of our future tax liability is uncertain, the impact of purchase accounting for past and future acquisitions, changes to debt and equity capitalization of our subsidiaries, and the realignment of the functions performed and risks assumed by our various subsidiaries are among the factors that will determine the future book and taxable income of each of our subsidiaries and of Sensata as a whole.
Our effective tax rate will generally not equal the U.S. statutory tax rate due to various factors, the most significant of which are described below. As these factors fluctuate from year to year, our effective tax rate will change. The factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
•establishing or releasing a portion of the valuation allowance related to our gross deferred tax assets;
•foreign tax rate differential - we operate in locations outside the U.S., including Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Malaysia, Malta, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the U.K., that historically have had statutory tax rates different than the U.S. statutory tax rate. This can result in a foreign tax rate differential that may reflect a tax benefit or detriment. This foreign tax rate differential can change from year to year based upon the jurisdictional mix of earnings and changes in current and future enacted tax rates, tax holidays, and favorable tax regimes available to certain of our foreign subsidiaries;
•changes in tax laws and rates, also Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ("OECD") developments and European Commission ("EC") challenges to sovereign European Union member states;
•losses incurred in certain jurisdictions, which cannot be currently benefited, if it is not more likely than not that the associated deferred tax asset will be realized in the foreseeable future;
•foreign currency exchange gains and losses;
•as a result of income tax audit settlements, final assessments, or lapse of applicable statutes of limitation, we may recognize an income tax expense or benefit including adjustment of previously accrued interest and penalties; and
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•in certain jurisdictions, we recognize withholding and other taxes on intercompany payments, including dividends, and such taxes are deducted if they cannot be credited against the recipient's tax liability in its country of residence.
Seasonality
Refer to Item 1: Business included elsewhere in this Report for discussion of our assessment of seasonality related to our business.
Legal Proceedings
Refer to Item 3: Legal Proceedings included elsewhere in this Report for discussion of legal proceedings related to our business.
Results of Operations
Our discussion and analysis of results of operations are based upon our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report. The Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the Financial Statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported therein. We base our estimates on historical experience and assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, and we re-evaluate such estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results could differ from our estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our significant accounting policies and estimates are more fully described in Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report and Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates included elsewhere in this MD&A.
The table below presents our historical results of operations in millions of dollars and as a percentage of net revenue. We have derived these results of operations from our Financial Statements. Amounts and percentages in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | Percent of Net Revenue | Amount | Percent of Net Revenue | Amount | Percent of Net Revenue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 2,976.8 | 73.9 | % | $ | 2,847.9 | 74.5 | % | $ | 2,223.8 | 73.0 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 1,052.5 | 26.1 | 972.9 | 25.5 | 821.8 | 27.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total net revenue | 4,029.3 | 100.0 | % | 3,820.8 | 100.0 | % | 3,045.6 | 100.0 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses | 3,359.1 | 83.4 | 3,187.6 | 83.4 | 2,707.8 | 88.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 670.1 | 16.6 | 633.2 | 16.6 | 337.7 | 11.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (178.8) | (4.4) | (179.3) | (4.7) | (171.8) | (5.6) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (94.6) | (2.3) | (40.0) | (1.0) | (0.3) | 0.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income before taxes | 396.7 | 9.8 | 413.9 | 10.8 | 165.6 | 5.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 86.0 | 2.1 | 50.3 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 310.7 | 7.7 | % | $ | 363.6 | 9.5 | % | $ | 164.3 | 5.4 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Net revenue - Overall
Net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 5.5% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding a decrease of 2.4% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 3.1% due to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, net revenue increased 4.8% on an organic basis, which represented market outgrowth of 820 basis points.
Net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased 25.5% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 largely due to improved market results and our continued outperformance relative to those markets. Excluding an increase of 2.3% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 2.5% due to the effect of acquisitions, net revenue increased 20.7% on an organic basis, which represented market outgrowth of 960 basis points.
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Net Revenue - Performance Sensing
Fiscal year 2022 vs. fiscal year 2021
Performance Sensing net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 4.5% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding a decrease of 2.7% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 3.3% due to the effect of acquisitions, Performance Sensing net revenue increased 3.9% on an organic basis. Both the Automotive and HVOR operating segments contributed to these results as discussed below.
Automotive net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 2.7% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding a decrease of 3.0% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, automotive net revenue increased 5.7% on an organic basis. This organic revenue growth was primarily due to continued content growth and pricing.
HVOR net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 9.0% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding a decrease of 1.7% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 11.4% due to the effect of acquisitions, HVOR net revenue decreased 0.7% on an organic basis. This organic revenue decline was primarily due to declining market conditions, largely offset by continued content growth and pricing.
Fiscal year 2021 vs. fiscal year 2020
Performance Sensing net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased 28.1% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Excluding an increase of 2.4% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 3.4% due to the effect of acquisitions, Performance Sensing net revenue increased 22.3% on an organic basis compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Both the Automotive and HVOR operating segments contributed to these results as discussed below.
Automotive net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased 17.6% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Excluding an increase of 2.5% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, automotive net revenue increased 15.1% on an organic basis. Although automotive production was constrained due to global supply chain shortages, resulting in muted end market growth of 1.2% for the year, we delivered organic revenue growth due to our continued outperformance relative to the automotive market, led by new product launches in powertrain and emissions, safety, and electrification-related applications and systems.
HVOR net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased 63.3% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Excluding an increase of 2.1% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 14.8% due to the effect of acquisitions, HVOR net revenue increased 46.4% on an organic basis. This organic revenue increase is primarily due to recovery of customer production combined with our continued outperformance relative to the HVOR markets. Our China on-road truck business saw significant market outgrowth from the adoption of NS6 emissions regulations, and we are also benefiting from a wave of electromechanical operator controls being installed in new off-road equipment.
Net Revenue - Sensing Solutions
Fiscal year 2022 vs. fiscal year 2021
Sensing Solutions net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased 8.2% compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Excluding a decrease of 1.7% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 2.4% due to the net effect of acquisitions and divestitures, Sensing Solutions net revenue increased 7.5% on an organic basis, which primarily reflects the launch of new industrial Electrification applications within the Clean Energy Solutions business as well as growth in content in other industrial businesses and aerospace, partially offset by weakness in our industrial markets, particularly appliance and HVAC.
Fiscal year 2021 vs. fiscal year 2020
Sensing Solutions net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased 18.4% compared to the year ended December 31, 2020. Excluding an increase of 1.7% attributed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and an increase of 0.3% due to the effect of acquisitions, Sensing Solutions net revenue increased 16.4% on an organic basis. The increase in net revenue was driven by the continued recovery of global industrial end markets, as well as new Electrification launches and HVAC market recovery.
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Operating costs and expenses
Operating costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are presented, in millions of dollars and as a percentage of revenue, in the following table. Amounts and percentages in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amount | Percent of Net Revenue | Amount | Percent of Net Revenue | Amount | Percent of Net Revenue | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | $ | 2,712.0 | 67.3 | % | $ | 2,542.4 | 66.5 | % | $ | 2,119.0 | 69.6 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 189.3 | 4.7 | 159.1 | 4.2 | 131.4 | 4.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 370.6 | 9.2 | 337.0 | 8.8 | 294.7 | 9.7 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 153.8 | 3.8 | 134.1 | 3.5 | 129.5 | 4.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and other charges, net | (66.7) | (1.7) | 14.9 | 0.4 | 33.1 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses | $ | 3,359.1 | 83.4 | % | $ | 3,187.6 | 83.4 | % | $ | 2,707.8 | 88.9 | % | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Cost of revenue
Cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue increased in fiscal year 2022, primarily due to the impacts of inflation on material and logistics costs and the unfavorable impact of product mix, partially offset by improved pricing.
Cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue decreased in fiscal year 2021 primarily as a result of (1) higher volume and the nonrecurrence of productivity headwinds from our manufacturing facilities running at lower-than-normal capacity in fiscal year 2020 and (2) the nonrecurrence of a $29.2 million loss from fiscal year 2020 in intellectual property litigation originally brought against August Cayman Company, Inc. ("Schrader") by Wasica Finance GmbH ("Wasica"). These favorable impacts on cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue were partially offset by increased costs related to global supply chain shortages.
Research and development expense
We invest in R&D in megatrend-related areas to design and develop differentiated solutions for the fast-growing trends impacting our customers’ businesses, Electrification and Insights/IoT. Megatrend-related R&D expense in fiscal year 2022 was $68.5 million, an increase of $20.5 million from fiscal year 2021. We currently expect approximately $65 million to $70 million in total megatrend spend in fiscal year 2023, the vast majority of which will be recorded as R&D expense.
Total R&D expense increased in fiscal year 2022, primarily as a result of (1) higher spend to support megatrend growth initiatives and (2) incremental R&D expense related to acquired businesses, partially offset by the favorable effect of foreign currency exchange rates.
R&D expense increased in fiscal year 2021, primarily as a result of (1) higher spend to support megatrend growth initiatives, (2) incremental R&D expense related to acquired businesses, and (3) the unfavorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates, partially offset by the impact on fiscal year 2021 of ongoing savings resulting from cost reduction activities taken in fiscal year 2020. R&D expense in fiscal year 2021 related to megatrends was $48.0 million, an increase of $22.0 million from fiscal year 2020.
Selling, general and administrative expense
SG&A expense increased in fiscal year 2022, primarily as a result of (1) incremental SG&A expense related to acquired businesses, including related transaction costs, (2) increased selling expenses attributed to organic revenue growth, and (3) higher share-based compensation, partially offset by the favorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures and Note 4: Share-Based Payment Plans of our Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Report, for additional information related to acquired businesses and share-based compensation, respectively.
SG&A expense increased in fiscal year 2021, primarily as a result of (1) incremental SG&A expense related to acquired businesses, including related transaction costs, (2) higher incentive compensation aligned to improved financial performance, (3) increased selling expenses attributed to organic revenue growth, and (4) the unfavorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates. These increases were partially offset by the fiscal year 2020 completion of a project related to enhancements and improvements of our global operating processes to increase productivity and the resulting reduction in professional fees.
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Amortization of intangible assets
Amortization expense increased in fiscal year 2022, primarily due to increased intangibles from recent acquisitions. Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures of our Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Report, for additional information related to acquired businesses.
We expect amortization expense to be approximately $153.7 million in fiscal year 2023. Refer to Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information regarding definite-lived intangible assets and the related amortization.
Amortization expense increased in fiscal year 2021 primarily as a result of increased intangibles from recent acquisitions partially offset by the effect of the economic-benefit method of amortization as described in Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.
Restructuring and other charges, net
We recorded a net credit of $66.7 million in restructuring and other charges, net in the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to a net charge of $14.9 million in the prior year, representing a favorable change in earnings of $81.6 million. This change was primarily due to (1) a gain of $135.1 million on the sale of the Qinex Business and (2) a gain of $8.6 million resulting from the reduction of the liability for contingent consideration for Spear Power Systems ("Spear"), partially offset by (1) expense of $48.9 million for acquisition-related compensation arrangements and (2) higher severance that does not represent the initiation of a larger plan. Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net of our Financial Statements, included elsewhere in this Report, for additional information on the components of restructuring and other charges, net.
Restructuring and other charges, net decreased in fiscal year 2021 primarily due to lower restructuring charges incurred as part of a plan commenced in fiscal year 2020 to reorganize our business in response to the potential long-term impact of the global financial and health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic (the “Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program”). Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program.
Operating income
In fiscal year 2022, operating income increased $36.9 million or 5.8%, to $670.1 million (16.6% of net revenue) compared to $633.2 million (16.6% of net revenue) in fiscal year 2021, primarily due to (1) the gain on the sale of the Qinex Business and (2) improvements in pricing to offset increased costs, partially offset by (1) the impact of inflation on our component and logistics costs, (2) higher acquisition-related incentive compensation, (3) the negative impact of product mix, (4) higher amortization, primarily due to acquired intangible assets, (5) higher spend to support our megatrends initiatives, and (6) the unfavorable effect of changes in foreign currency exchange rates.
In fiscal year 2021, operating income increased $295.5 million or 87.5%, to $633.2 million (16.6% of net revenue) compared to $337.7 million (11.1% of net revenue) in fiscal year 2020. This increase was primarily driven by improved gross margins, due mainly to (1) higher organic sales volumes and (2) the turnaround effect of the Wasica litigation settlement in fiscal year 2020, partially offset by (1) increased costs related to global supply chain shortages, and (2) lower restructuring costs. This effect of improved gross margins was partially offset by (1) higher spend to support megatrend growth initiatives, (2) higher incentive compensation aligned to improved financial performance, and (3) the turnaround effect of temporary salary reductions and furloughs taken in the second quarter 2020.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense, net did not change materially in fiscal year 2022, as the impact of various transactions and higher interest rates largely offset. Refer to the table detailing interest expense by debt instrument under the heading Indebtedness and Liquidity, included elsewhere in this MD&A. On January 31, 2023, we announced that we intended to pay down $250.0 million of outstanding principal on the Term Loan. That payment was completed on February 6, 2023.
Interest expense, net increased in fiscal year 2021 primarily as a result of (1) interest expense in fiscal year 2021 related to the issuance of $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.0% senior notes due 2029 (the “4.0% Senior Notes”), (2) additional interest expense in fiscal year 2021 related to the $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% senior notes due 2031 (the "3.75% Senior Notes") as a result of their issuance in fiscal year 2020, partially offset by reduced interest as a result of the redemption of the $750.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on the 6.25% senior notes due 2026 (the "6.25% Senior Notes") early in fiscal year 2021.
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Other, net
Other, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 consisted of the following (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Currency remeasurement (loss)/gain on net monetary assets (1) | $ | (18.2) | $ | 3.4 | $ | 10.8 | |||||||||||
Gain/(loss) on foreign currency forward contracts (2) | 4.3 | (7.6) | (6.8) | ||||||||||||||
(Loss)/gain on commodity forward contracts (2) | (3.4) | (3.0) | 10.0 | ||||||||||||||
Loss on debt financing (3) | (5.5) | (30.1) | — | ||||||||||||||
Mark-to-market loss on investments, net (4) | (75.6) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net periodic benefit cost, excluding service cost | (5.1) | (7.5) | (10.0) | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 8.7 | 4.6 | (4.5) | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | $ | (94.6) | $ | (40.0) | $ | (0.3) | |||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Relates to the remeasurement of non-USD denominated monetary assets and liabilities into USD.
(2) Relates to changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments that are not designated as hedges. Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to gains and losses on our commodity and foreign currency forward contracts. Refer to Item 7A: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk included elsewhere in this Report for an analysis of the sensitivity of other, net to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices.
(3) Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our debt financing transactions.
(4) Primarily relates to mark-to-market losses on our investment in Quanergy Systems, Inc. ("Quanergy"), as disclosed in Note 18: Fair Value Measures, of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.
Provision for income taxes
The components of provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are described in more detail in the table below (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Tax computed at statutory rate of 21% (1) | $ | 83.3 | $ | 86.9 | $ | 34.8 | |||||||||||
Foreign tax rate differential (2) | (44.3) | (30.5) | (22.0) | ||||||||||||||
Valuation allowances (3) | 15.7 | 20.5 | 8.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Withholding taxes not creditable | 12.3 | 13.3 | 12.2 | ||||||||||||||
Research and development incentives (4) | (10.8) | (11.1) | (7.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Unrealized foreign currency exchange losses, net | 9.3 | (6.1) | 2.7 | ||||||||||||||
Dispositions and capital restructurings (5) | 4.5 | — | (54.2) | ||||||||||||||
| Change in tax laws or rates | 2.6 | (7.1) | 11.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Reserve for tax exposure | 1.3 | (16.3) | (0.2) | ||||||||||||||
Other (6) | 12.1 | 0.7 | 15.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 86.0 | $ | 50.3 | $ | 1.4 | |||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Represents the product of the applicable statutory tax rate and income before taxes, as reported in the consolidated statements of operations.
(2) We operate in locations outside the U.S., including Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the U.K., that historically have had statutory tax rates different than the U.S. statutory tax rate. This can result in a foreign tax rate differential that may reflect a tax benefit or detriment. This foreign tax rate differential can change from year to year based upon the jurisdictional mix of earnings and changes in current and future enacted tax rates. Certain of our subsidiaries are currently eligible, or have been eligible, for tax exemptions or reduced tax rates in their respective jurisdictions.
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(3) During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we established an additional valuation allowance and recognized a deferred tax expense. The valuation allowance as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $249.5 million and $225.9 million, respectively. A significant portion of our valuation allowance is against interest carryforwards due to our assessment of our inability to utilize these carryforwards based on our forecasts of future taxable income. The remaining valuation allowance primarily relates to foreign tax credits, capital loss carryforwards, goodwill tax basis, and net operating losses in jurisdictions outside the U.S. It is more likely than not that these attributes will not be utilized in the foreseeable future. However, any future release of all or a portion of this valuation allowance resulting from a change in this assessment will impact our future provision for (or benefit from) income taxes.
(4) In China, we benefit from the R&D super deduction regime. In the U.K., certain of our subsidiaries are eligible for lower tax rates under the "patent box" regime. In the U.S., we benefit from the federal research and development credit.
(5) The increase in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 is due to the tax accounting impacts of the divestiture of the Qinex Business, partially offset by separate intangible property transfers. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the decrease in our effective tax rate was due to a net $54.2 million deferred tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to intangible property transfers.
(6) Refer to Note 7: Income Taxes of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to other components of our rate reconciliation.
We do not believe that there are any known trends related to the reconciling items noted above that are reasonably likely to result in our liquidity increasing or decreasing in any material way.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This section provides additional information regarding certain non-GAAP financial measures, including organic revenue growth (or decline), adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share ("EPS"), free cash flow, adjusted corporate and other expenses, net debt, net leverage ratio, and adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization ("EBITDA"), which are used by our management, Board of Directors, and investors. We use these non-GAAP financial measures internally to make operating and strategic decisions, including the preparation of our annual operating plan, evaluation of our overall business performance, and as a factor in determining compensation for certain employees.
The use of our non-GAAP financial measures has limitations. They should be considered as supplemental in nature and are not intended to be considered in isolation from, or as an alternative to, reported net revenue growth (or decline), operating income, operating margin, net income, diluted EPS, operating cash flows, corporate and other expenses, total debt, finance lease, and other financing obligations, or EBITDA, respectively, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In addition, our measures of organic revenue growth (or decline), adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, adjusted EPS, free cash flow, adjusted corporate and other expenses, net leverage ratio, and adjusted EBITDA may not be the same as, or comparable to, similar non-GAAP financial measures presented by other companies.
Organic revenue growth (or decline)
Organic revenue growth (or decline) is defined as the reported percentage change in net revenue, calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding the period-over-period impact of foreign currency exchange rate differences as well as the net impact of material acquisitions and divestitures for the 12-month period following the respective transaction date(s).
We believe that organic revenue growth (or decline) provides investors with helpful information with respect to our operating performance, and we use organic revenue growth (or decline) to evaluate our ongoing operations as well as for internal planning and forecasting purposes. We believe that organic revenue growth (or decline) provides useful information in evaluating the results of our business because it excludes items that we believe are not indicative of ongoing performance or that we believe impact comparability with the prior-year period.
Adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, and adjusted EPS
We define adjusted operating income as operating income, determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding certain non-GAAP adjustments which are described below. Adjusted operating margin is calculated by dividing adjusted operating income by net revenue determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. We define adjusted net income as follows: net income (or loss) determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding certain non-GAAP adjustments which are described in Non-GAAP adjustments below. Adjusted EPS is calculated by dividing adjusted net income by the number of diluted weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding in the period.
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Management uses adjusted operating income, adjusted operating margin, adjusted net income, and adjusted EPS as measures of operating performance, for planning purposes (including the preparation of our annual operating budget), to allocate resources to enhance the financial performance of our business, to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies, in communications with our Board of Directors and investors concerning our financial performance, and as factors in determining compensation for certain employees. We believe investors and securities analysts also use these non-GAAP financial measures in their evaluation of our performance and the performance of other similar companies. These non-GAAP financial measures are not measures of liquidity.
Free cash flow
Free cash flow is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less additions to PP&E and capitalized software. We believe free cash flow is useful to management and investors as a measure of cash generated by business operations that will be used to repay scheduled debt maturities and can be used to, among other things, fund acquisitions, repurchase ordinary shares, and (or) accelerate the repayment of debt obligations.
Adjusted corporate and other expenses
Adjusted corporate and other expenses is defined as corporate and other expenses calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding the portion of non-GAAP adjustments described below that relate to corporate and other expenses. We believe adjusted corporate and other expenses is useful to management and investors in understanding the impact of non-GAAP adjustments on operating expenses not allocated to our segments.
Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income (or loss), determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding interest expense, net, provision for (or benefit from) income taxes, depreciation expense, amortization of intangible assets, and the following non-GAAP adjustments, if applicable: (1) restructuring related and other, (2) financing and other transaction costs, (3) deferred loss or gain on derivative instruments, and (4) step-up inventory amortization. Refer to Non-GAAP adjustments below for additional discussion of these adjustments.
Net leverage ratio
Net leverage ratio represents net debt (total debt, finance lease, and other financing obligations less cash and cash equivalents) divided by last twelve months ("LTM") adjusted EBITDA. We believe that the net leverage ratio is a useful measure to management and investors in understanding trends in our overall financial condition.
Non-GAAP adjustments
Many of our non-GAAP adjustments relate to a series of strategic initiatives developed by our management aimed at better positioning us for future revenue growth and an improved cost structure. These initiatives have been modified from time to time to reflect changes in overall market conditions and the competitive environment facing our business. These initiatives include, among other items, acquisitions, divestitures, restructurings of certain business, supply chain, or corporate activities, and various financing transactions. We describe these adjustments in more detail below, each of which is net of current tax impacts, as applicable.
•Restructuring related and other: includes charges, net related to certain restructuring and other exit activities as well as other costs (or income) that we believe are either unique or unusual to the identified reporting period, and that we believe impact comparisons to prior period operating results. Such costs include charges related to optimization of our manufacturing processes to increase productivity. This type of activity occurs periodically, however each action is unique, discrete, and driven by various facts and circumstances. Such amounts are excluded from internal financial statements and analyses that management uses in connection with financial planning, and in its review and assessment of our operating and financial performance, including the performance of our segments.
•Financing and other transaction costs: includes losses or gains related to debt financing transactions, losses or gains related to the divestiture of a business, and costs incurred, including for legal, accounting, and other professional services, that are directly related to an acquisition, divestiture, or equity financing transaction.
•Deferred loss or gain on derivative instruments: includes unrealized losses or gains on derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting as well as the impact of commodity prices on our raw material costs relative to the strike price on our commodity forward contracts.
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•Step-up depreciation and amortization: includes depreciation and amortization expense associated with the step-up in fair value of assets acquired in connection with a business combination (e.g., PP&E, definite-lived intangible assets, and inventories).
•Deferred taxes and other tax related: includes adjustments for book-to-tax basis differences due primarily to the step-up in fair value of fixed and intangible assets and goodwill, the utilization of net operating losses, and adjustments to our valuation allowance in connection with certain acquisitions and tax law changes. Other tax related items include certain adjustments to unrecognized tax benefits and withholding tax on repatriation of foreign earnings.
•Amortization of debt issuance costs. We adjust our results recorded in accordance with U.S. GAAP by the amortization of debt issuance costs, which are deferred as a contra-liability against our long-term debt, net on the consolidated balance sheets and which are reflected in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations.
•Where applicable, the current income tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments.
Our definition of adjusted net income excludes the deferred provision for (or benefit from) income taxes and other tax related items described above. As we treat deferred income taxes as an adjustment to compute adjusted net income, the deferred income tax effect associated with the reconciling items presented below would not change adjusted net income for any period presented.
Non-GAAP reconciliations
The following tables present reconciliations of certain financial measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to the related non-GAAP financial measures for the periods presented. Refer to Non-GAAP adjustments section above for additional information related to these adjustments. Amounts and percentages in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.
| For the year ended December 31, 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions, except per share amounts) | Operating Income | Operating Margin | Net Income | Diluted EPS | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Reported (GAAP) | $ | 670.1 | 16.6 | % | $ | 310.7 | $ | 1.99 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring related and other (e) | 36.5 | 0.9 | 34.5 | 0.22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Financing and other transaction costs (a) | (75.6) | (1.9) | 10.7 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Step-up depreciation and amortization | 148.3 | 3.7 | 148.3 | 0.95 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred (gain)/loss on derivative instruments | (1.5) | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | — | — | 7.0 | 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred taxes and other tax related (c) | — | — | 17.8 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total adjustments | 107.7 | 2.7 | 219.8 | 1.41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted (non-GAAP) | $ | 777.9 | 19.3 | % | $ | 530.5 | $ | 3.40 | ||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions, except per share amounts) | Operating Income | Operating Margin | Net Income | Diluted EPS | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Reported (GAAP) | $ | 663.2 | 16.6 | % | $ | 363.6 | $ | 2.28 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring related and other (e) | 23.6 | 0.6 | 21.4 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Financing and other transaction costs (b) | 13.2 | 0.3 | 41.0 | 0.26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Step-up depreciation and amortization | 127.6 | 3.3 | 127.6 | 0.80 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Deferred loss on derivative instruments | 8.3 | 0.2 | 11.3 | 0.07 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | — | — | 6.9 | 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred taxes and other tax related (c) | — | — | (4.9) | (0.03) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total adjustments | 172.8 | 4.5 | 203.3 | 1.28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted (non-GAAP) | $ | 806.0 | 21.1 | % | $ | 566.8 | $ | 3.56 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| For the year ended December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions, except per share amounts) | Operating Income | Operating Margin | Net Income | Diluted EPS | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Reported (GAAP) | $ | 337.7 | 11.1 | % | $ | 164.3 | $ | 1.04 | ||||||||||||||||||
Non-GAAP adjustments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Restructuring related and other (e) | 87.4 | 2.9 | 93.8 | 0.59 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Financing and other transaction costs | 8.2 | 0.3 | 6.4 | 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Step-up depreciation and amortization | 125.7 | 4.1 | 125.7 | 0.79 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred loss/(gain) on derivative instruments | 3.1 | 0.1 | (7.0) | (0.04) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | — | — | 6.9 | 0.04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Deferred taxes and other tax related (d) | — | — | (40.9) | (0.26) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total adjustments | 224.4 | 7.4 | 184.9 | 1.17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjusted (non-GAAP) | $ | 562.1 | 18.5 | % | $ | 349.2 | $ | 2.21 | ||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(a) Includes gains of $135.1 million and $9.4 million on the sale of the Qinex Business and changes in the fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration, respectively, partially offset by $48.9 million of expense related to compensation arrangements entered into concurrent with the closing of acquisitions, each of which were recorded in restructuring and other charges, net. Also includes $75.6 million of mark-to-market losses on our equity investments, primarily our investment in Quanergy, which are presented in other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
(b) Includes a $30.1 million loss related to the early redemption of the 6.25% Senior Notes. The loss primarily reflects the payment of $23.4 million for the early redemption premium, with the remaining loss representing write-off of debt discounts and deferred financing costs. The loss is presented in other, net in our consolidated statements of operations.
(c) The years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 include current tax expense of $14.7 million and $10.9 million, respectively, related to the repatriation of earnings from certain Asian subsidiaries to their parent companies in the Netherlands. The decision to repatriate these earnings was the result of our goal to reduce our balance sheet exposure and corresponding earnings volatility related to changes in foreign currency exchange rates as well as to fund our deployment of capital.
(d) Includes a net $54.2 million deferred tax benefit recorded as a result of the transfer of intangible property.
(e) The following table presents the components of our restructuring related and other non-GAAP adjustment to net income for fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020 (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
Business and corporate repositioning (i) | $ | 27.2 | $ | 10.7 | $ | 35.8 | |||||||||||
Supply chain repositioning and transition (ii) | 4.5 | 8.2 | 30.8 | ||||||||||||||
Pre-acquisition legal matters (iii) | 6.4 | 6.0 | 31.5 | ||||||||||||||
Income tax effect (iv) | (3.5) | (3.5) | (4.2) | ||||||||||||||
Total non-GAAP restructuring related and other (v) | $ | 34.5 | $ | 21.4 | $ | 93.8 | |||||||||||
__________________________
i.Fiscal year 2020 includes charges incurred under the Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program and charges for other business and corporate workforce rationalization.
ii.Primarily includes costs related to optimization of our manufacturing processes to increase productivity and rationalize our manufacturing footprint and supply chain workforce rationalization.
iii.Represents charges incurred related to legal matters associated with acquired businesses, for which new information is brought to light after the measurement period for the business combination is closed, but for which the liability relates to events or activities that occurred prior to our acquisition of the business. Fiscal year 2020 primarily includes the settlement of intellectual property litigation brought against Schrader by Wasica.
iv.We treat deferred taxes as a non-GAAP adjustment. Accordingly, the income tax effect of the restructuring related and other non-GAAP adjustment refers only to the current income tax effect.
v.Total presented is the non-GAAP adjustment to net income. Certain portions of these adjustments are non-operating and are excluded from the non-GAAP adjustments to operating income.
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The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to free cash flow.
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | $ | 460.6 | $ | 554.2 | $ | 559.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions to property, plant and equipment and capitalized software | (150.1) | (144.4) | (106.7) | |||||||||||||||||
| Free cash flow | $ | 310.5 | $ | 409.7 | $ | 453.1 | ||||||||||||||
The following table presents a reconciliation of corporate and other expenses calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to adjusted corporate and other expenses.
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||
| Corporate and other expenses (GAAP) | $ | (294.4) | $ | (288.1) | $ | (273.4) | ||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring related and other | 11.9 | 9.9 | 54.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Financing and other transaction costs | 15.7 | 11.9 | 7.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Step-up depreciation and amortization | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred (gain)/loss on derivative instruments | (1.5) | 8.3 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total Adjustments | 27.3 | 31.8 | 68.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted corporate and other expenses (non-GAAP) | $ | (267.1) | $ | (256.3) | $ | (205.0) | ||||||||||||||
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to adjusted EBITDA.
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 310.7 | $ | 363.6 | $ | 164.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | 178.8 | 179.3 | 171.8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 86.0 | 50.3 | 1.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation expense | 127.2 | 125.0 | 125.7 | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 153.8 | 134.1 | 129.5 | |||||||||||||||||
| EBITDA | 856.5 | 852.3 | 592.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-GAAP adjustments | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring related and other | 38.0 | 23.6 | 93.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Financing and other transaction costs | 7.5 | 41.0 | 6.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred loss/(gain) on derivative instruments | 1.9 | 11.3 | (7.0) | |||||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA | $ | 903.9 | $ | 928.3 | $ | 685.1 | ||||||||||||||
The following table presents a reconciliation of total debt, finance lease, and other financing obligations calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP to net leverage ratio.
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt, finance lease and other financing obligations | $ | 256.5 | $ | 6.8 | $ | 757.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Finance lease and other financing obligations, less current portion | 24.7 | 26.6 | 27.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt, net | 3,958.9 | 4,214.9 | 3,213.7 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total debt, finance lease, and other financing obligations | 4,240.1 | 4,248.3 | 3,998.9 | |||||||||||||||||
| Less: debt discount, net of premium | (3.4) | (5.2) | (9.6) | |||||||||||||||||
| Less: deferred financing costs | (29.9) | (26.7) | (28.1) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total gross indebtedness | 4,273.4 | 4,280.2 | 4,036.6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Less: cash and cash equivalents | 1,225.5 | 1,709.0 | 1,862.0 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net debt | $ | 3,047.9 | $ | 2,571.3 | $ | 2,174.6 | ||||||||||||||
| Adjusted EBITDA (LTM) | $ | 903.9 | $ | 928.3 | $ | 685.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Net leverage ratio | 3.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 | |||||||||||||||||
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we held cash and cash equivalents in the following regions (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||
| United Kingdom | $ | 15.7 | $ | 20.4 | |||||||
| United States | 16.1 | 25.0 | |||||||||
| The Netherlands | 861.3 | 1,304.3 | |||||||||
| China | 210.0 | 293.8 | |||||||||
| Other | 122.4 | 65.5 | |||||||||
| Total cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,225.5 | $ | 1,709.0 | |||||||
The amount of cash and cash equivalents held in these geographic regions fluctuates throughout the year due to a variety of factors, such as our use of intercompany loans and dividends and the timing of cash receipts and disbursements in the normal course of business. Our earnings are not considered to be permanently reinvested in certain jurisdictions in which they were earned. We recognize a deferred tax liability on these unremitted earnings to the extent the remittance of such earnings cannot be recovered in a tax-free manner.
In certain jurisdictions, our cash balances are subject to withholding taxes immediately upon withdrawal of funds to a different jurisdiction. In addition, in order to take advantage of incentive programs offered by various jurisdictions, including tax incentives, we are required to maintain minimum cash balances in these jurisdictions. The transfer of cash from these jurisdictions could result in loss of incentives or higher cash tax expense, but those impacts are not expected to be material.
Our cash and cash equivalent balances as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were held in the following significant currencies:
| As of December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | USD | EUR | GBP | CNY | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | $ | 2.7 | € | 0.0 | £ | 10.7 | ¥ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | 16.1 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Netherlands | 848.6 | 10.9 | 0.2 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | 95.0 | — | — | 794.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 99.9 | 2.3 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,062.3 | € | 13.2 | £ | 10.9 | ¥ | 794.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| USD Equivalent | $ | 14.0 | $ | 13.2 | $ | 115.2 | $ | 20.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | USD | EUR | GBP | CNY | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | $ | 1.8 | € | 0.0 | £ | 13.2 | ¥ | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| United States | 25.0 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Netherlands | 1,294.2 | 8.9 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| China | 50.8 | — | — | 1,549.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | 51.0 | 1.7 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,422.8 | € | 10.6 | £ | 13.2 | ¥ | 1,549.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| USD Equivalent | $ | 12.0 | $ | 17.8 | $ | 243.1 | $ | 13.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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Cash Flows
The table below summarizes our primary sources and uses of cash for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. We have derived this summarized statement of cash flows from our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report. Amounts in the table below have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in): | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income adjusted for non-cash items | $ | 586.4 | $ | 678.2 | $ | 405.3 | |||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net | (125.8) | (124.0) | 154.5 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating activities | 460.6 | 554.2 | 559.8 | ||||||||||||||
| Investing activities | (590.6) | (882.1) | (182.1) | ||||||||||||||
| Financing activities | (353.5) | 174.9 | 710.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | $ | (483.4) | $ | (153.0) | $ | 1,087.9 | |||||||||||
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased compared to the prior year, primarily due to lower net income, increases in receivables as our business and revenues grew, our decision to carry higher inventory levels to ensure continuity of supply in uncertain markets, and from acquisition-related compensation payments. Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for discussion of the drivers of changes in net income from fiscal year 2022.
We have non-cancelable purchase agreements with various suppliers, primarily for services such as information technology support. The terms of these agreements are fixed and determinable. We have cash commitments under these agreements of $77.7 million and $11.2 million in fiscal years 2023 and 2024, respectively. Refer to Note 15: Commitments and Contingencies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our non-cancelable purchase agreements.
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased slightly in fiscal year 2021 compared to fiscal year 2020. Net income adjusted for non-cash items increased significantly from fiscal year 2020, which was substantially offset by changes in working capital. Refer to Results of Operations included elsewhere in this MD&A for discussion of the drivers of changes in net income from fiscal year 2020. In fiscal year 2021, management of working capital resulted in a reduction of cash due to higher raw material purchases in order to maximize production flexibility given widespread parts shortages in our supply chain and higher accounts receivables as a result of higher revenue and timing of receipts from customers. In addition, net cash provided by operating activities was reduced by cash paid at closing of certain acquisitions related to employee retention arrangements.
Investing Activities
Investing activities primarily include cash exchanged for the acquisition or divestiture of a business or group of assets, cash paid for additions to PP&E and capitalized software, and the acquisition or sale of certain debt and equity securities.
Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased compared to the corresponding period of the prior year primarily due to lower cash paid for acquisitions (Elastic M2M and Dynapower) and the receipt of $198.8 million of cash proceeds of from the divestiture of the Qinex Business. In fiscal year 2023, we anticipate additions to PP&E and capitalized software of approximately $170.0 million to $180.0 million, which we expect to be funded with cash flows from operations.
Net cash used in investing activities increased in fiscal year 2021 primarily due to cash paid for acquisitions. In fiscal year 2021, we completed five acquisitions, Lithium Balance, Xirgo, Spear, SmartWitness, and Sendyne Corp. ("Sendyne").
Financing Activities
In fiscal year 2022, we used net cash of $353.5 million in financing activities, compared to net cash of $174.9 million provided by financing activities in fiscal year 2021. This increased use of cash was primarily due to additional payments to repurchase our ordinary shares in fiscal year 2022, less cash received from debt financing in fiscal year 2022, and $51.1 million of cash used for payment of dividends, a program which we began in fiscal year 2022. We used $292.3 million of cash for share
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repurchases, compared to $47.8 million in fiscal year 2021. We also issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due 2030 (the "5.875% Senior Notes") and redeemed $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.875% senior notes due 2023 (the "4.875% Senior Notes") in fiscal year 2022, the cash impact of which largely offset. In fiscal year 2021, cash provided by financing activities was primarily the result of the issuance of $1.0 billion of the 4.0% Senior Notes, partially offset by the redemption of $750.0 million of the 6.25% Senior Notes. In addition, in fiscal year 2022 we used $13.7 million in cash related to debt financing transactions, compared to $33.1 million in the prior year. On February 6, 2023, we prepaid $250.0 million of outstanding principal on the Term Loan.
In fiscal year 2021, net cash provided by financing activities decreased primarily due to the impact of debt financing transactions. In fiscal year 2021, we issued $1.0 billion of 4.0% Senior Notes and redeemed the $750.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on the 6.25% Senior Notes, representing net cash inflow of $218.8 million (including associated fees). This compares to the issuance of $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% Senior Notes in fiscal year 2020 and the borrowing and subsequent repayment of $400.0 million on the Revolving Credit Facility, which, including associated fees, provided net cash inflow of $732.8 million.
Indebtedness and Liquidity
The following table details our gross outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2022, and the associated interest expense for the year then ended (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| (In millions) | Balance as of December 31, 2022 | Interest Expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2022 | |||||||||
Term Loan (1) | $ | 446.8 | $ | 17.0 | |||||||
4.875% Senior Notes (2) | — | 18.1 | |||||||||
| 5.625% Senior Notes | 400.0 | 22.5 | |||||||||
| 5.0% Senior Notes | 700.0 | 35.0 | |||||||||
| 4.375% Senior Notes | 450.0 | 19.7 | |||||||||
| 3.75% Senior Notes | 750.0 | 28.1 | |||||||||
| 4.0% Senior Notes | 1,000.0 | 40.0 | |||||||||
5.875% Senior Notes (3) | 500.0 | 10.0 | |||||||||
| Finance lease and other financing obligations | 26.6 | 2.3 | |||||||||
| Total gross outstanding indebtedness | $ | 4,273.4 | |||||||||
Other interest expense, net (4) | (13.9) | ||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | $ | 178.8 | |||||||||
__________________________
(1) On February 6, 2023, we prepaid $250.0 million on our outstanding variable rate Term Loan.
(2) We redeemed the full outstanding balance on the 4.875% Senior Notes in September 2022.
(3) We issued the 5.875% Senior Notes in August 2022.
(4) Other interest expense, net includes interest income and interest costs capitalized in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Subtopic 835-20, Capitalization of Interest, partially offset by amortization of debt issuance costs and fees related to our unused balance on the Revolving Credit Facility.
Debt Instruments
As of December 31, 2022, our debt instruments included the Term Loan, $400.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.625% senior notes due 2024 (the "5.625% Senior Notes"), $700.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior notes due 2025 (the "5.0% Senior Notes"), $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "4.375% Senior Notes"), the 3.75% Senior Notes, the 4.0% Senior Notes, and the 5.875% Senior Notes.
On June 23, 2022, we entered into an amendment (the “Eleventh Amendment”) to (i) the credit agreement, dated as of May 12, 2011 (as amended, supplemented, waived, or otherwise modified, the “Credit Agreement”), and (ii) the Foreign Guaranty, dated as of May 12, 2011. The Eleventh Amendment, among other things: increased the aggregate principal amount of the Revolving Credit Facility to $750.0 million; extended the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility to June 23, 2027 (subject to certain exceptions as described in Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report); released
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certain guarantors from their obligations relating to the Revolving Credit Facility and certain related obligations; and replaced the LIBOR-based interest rates referenced by the Credit Agreement regarding revolving credit loans.
On August 29, 2022, we completed the issuance and sale of the 5.875% Senior Notes. On September 28, 2022, we redeemed in full the $500.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on the 4.875% Senior Notes due 2023 in accordance with the terms of the indenture under which the 4.875% Senior Notes were issued, at a price of 101.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 4.875% Senior Notes (which includes the applicable premium), plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the redemption date.
Refer to Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to our debt transactions.
On February 6, 2023, we prepaid $250.0 million of principal on the Term Loan.
The aggregate principal amount of each tranche of our Senior Notes is due in full at its maturity date. The Term Loan must be repaid in full on or prior to its final maturity date. Loans made pursuant to the Revolving Credit Facility must be repaid in full at its maturity date and can be repaid prior to then at par. All letters of credit issued thereunder will terminate at the final maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility unless cash collateralized prior to such time.
The following table presents the remaining mandatory principal repayments of long-term debt, in millions, excluding finance lease payments, other financing obligations, and discretionary repurchases of debt, in each of the years ended December 31, 2023 through 2027 and thereafter. The table reflects the payment of $250.0 million principal amount of the Term Loan on February 6, 2023. Amounts have been calculated based on unrounded numbers, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding.
| For the year ended December 31, | Aggregate Maturities | ||||
| 2023 | $ | 254.6 | |||
| 2024 | 404.6 | ||||
| 2025 | 704.6 | ||||
| 2026 | 182.9 | ||||
| 2027 | — | ||||
| Thereafter | 2,700.0 | ||||
| Total long-term debt principal payments | $ | 4,246.8 | |||
Capital Resources
The Credit Agreement provides for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consisting of the Term Loan, the Revolving Credit Facility, and the Accordion.
Our sources of liquidity include cash on hand, cash flows from operations, and available capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2022, there was $746.1 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility, net of $3.9 million of obligations in respect of outstanding letters of credit issued thereunder. Outstanding letters of credit are issued primarily for the benefit of certain operating activities. As of December 31, 2022, no amounts had been drawn against these outstanding letters of credit.
Availability under the Accordion varies each period based on our attainment of certain financial metrics as set forth in the terms of the Credit Agreement and the indentures under which our Senior Notes were issued (the "Senior Notes Indentures"). As of December 31, 2022, availability under the Accordion was approximately $0.7 billion. Our primary historical uses of cash on hand have been to support the growth of the business through capital expenditures, acquire businesses that extend our market position within our key growth vectors of Electrification and Insights/IoT, and to repurchase our ordinary shares, augmenting our existing capital deployment strategies and enabling us to drive attractive returns on invested capital over the long-term.
We believe, based on our current level of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022, and taking into consideration the restrictions and covenants included in the Credit Agreement and Senior Notes Indentures discussed below and in Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, that these sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our operations, capital expenditures, ordinary share repurchases, and debt service for at least the next twelve months. However, we cannot make assurances that our business will generate sufficient cash flows from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to pay our indebtedness or to fund our other liquidity needs. Further, our highly-leveraged nature may limit our ability to procure additional financing in the future.
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The Credit Agreement provides that if our senior secured net leverage ratio exceeds a specified level, we are required to use a portion of our excess cash flow, as defined in the Credit Agreement, generated by operating, investing, or financing activities to prepay some or all of the outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The Credit Agreement also requires mandatory prepayments of the outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities upon certain asset dispositions and casualty events, in each case subject to certain reinvestment rights, and upon the incurrence of certain indebtedness (excluding any permitted indebtedness). These provisions were not triggered during the year ended December 31, 2022.
All obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are unconditionally guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries (the "Guarantors"). The collateral for such borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consists of substantially all present and future property and assets of our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, Sensata Technologies B.V. ("STBV"), and the Guarantors.
Our ability to raise additional financing, and our borrowing costs, may be impacted by short- and long-term debt ratings assigned by independent rating agencies, which are based, in significant part, on our performance as measured by certain credit metrics such as interest coverage and leverage ratios. As of January 27, 2023, Moody’s Investors Service’s corporate credit rating for STBV was Ba2 with a stable outlook, and Standard & Poor's corporate credit rating for STBV was BB+ with a stable outlook. Any future downgrades to STBV's credit ratings may increase our future borrowing costs but will not reduce availability under the Credit Agreement.
The Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures contain restrictions and covenants (described in more detail in Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report) that limit the ability of STBV and certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things, incur subsequent indebtedness, sell assets, pay dividends, and make other restricted payments. These restrictions and covenants, which are subject to important exceptions and qualifications set forth in the Credit Agreement and Senior Notes Indentures, were taken into consideration when we established our share repurchase programs and will be evaluated periodically with respect to future potential funding of those program. We do not believe that these restrictions and covenants will prevent us from funding share repurchases under our share repurchase programs with available cash and cash flows from operations. As of December 31, 2022, we believe that we were in compliance with all the covenants and default provisions under the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures.
Share repurchase program
From time to time, our Board of Directors has authorized various share repurchase programs, which may be modified or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time. Under these programs, we may repurchase ordinary shares at such times and in amounts to be determined by our management, based on market conditions, legal requirements, and other corporate considerations, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, provided that such transactions were completed pursuant to an agreement and with a third party approved by our shareholders at the annual general meeting.
In July 2019 our Board of Directors authorized a $500.0 million share repurchase program (the "July 2019 Program"). During the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased approximately 0.8 million ordinary shares, at a weighted-average price per share of $59.28, under the July 2019 Program. As of December 31, 2021, approximately $254.5 million remained available under the July 2019 Program.
On January 20, 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a new $500.0 million ordinary share repurchase program (the "January 2022 Program"), which replaced the July 2019 Program. Sensata’s shareholders have previously approved the forms of share repurchase agreements and the potential broker counterparties needed to execute the buyback program.
During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 6.3 million ordinary shares under the January 2022 Program, at a weighted-average price per share of $46.08. As of December 31, 2022, approximately $224.5 million remained available under the January 2022 Program.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
As discussed in Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, which more fully describes our significant accounting policies, the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to exercise judgment in the process of applying our accounting policies. It also requires that we make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. The accounting policies and estimates that we believe are most critical to the portrayal of our financial
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condition and results of operations are listed below. We believe these policies require the most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments in estimating the effect of inherent uncertainties.
Revenue Recognition
The discussion below details the most significant judgments and estimates we make regarding recognition of revenue in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606, we recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods, using a five-step model. The most critical judgments and estimates we make in the implementation of this model relate to identifying the contract with the customer and determination of the transaction price associated with the performance obligation(s) in the contract, specifically related to variable consideration.
While many of the agreements with our customers specify certain terms and conditions that apply to any transaction between the parties, many of which are in effect for a defined term, the vast majority of these agreements do not result in contracts (as defined in FASB ASC Topic 606) because they do not create enforceable rights and obligations on the parties. Specifically, (1) the parties are not committed to perform any obligations in accordance with the specified terms and conditions until a customer purchase order is received and accepted by us and (2) there is a unilateral right of each party to terminate the agreement at any time without compensating the other party. For this reason, the vast majority of our contracts (as defined in FASB ASC Topic 606) are customer purchase orders. If this assessment were to change, it could result in a material change to the amount of net revenue recognized in a period.
The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer. In determining the transaction price related to a contract, we determine whether the amount promised in a contract includes a variable amount (variable consideration). Variable consideration may be specified in the customer purchase order, in another agreement that identifies terms and conditions of the transaction, or based on our customary practices. We have identified certain types of variable consideration that may be included in the transaction price related to our contracts, including sales returns (which generally include a right of return for defective or non-conforming product) and trade discounts (including retrospective volume discounts and early payment incentives). Such variable consideration has not historically been material. However, should our judgments and estimates regarding variable consideration change, it could result in a material change to the amount of net revenue recognized in a period.
Goodwill, Intangible Assets, and Long-Lived Assets
Businesses acquired are recognized at their fair value on the date of acquisition, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed recognized as goodwill. Intangible assets acquired may include either definite-lived or indefinite-lived intangible assets, or both. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill and intangible assets determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized. Instead these assets are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis, and whenever events or business conditions change that could indicate that the asset is impaired.
Goodwill
Our judgments regarding the existence of indicators of goodwill impairment are based on several factors, including the performance of the end markets served by our customers, as well as the actual financial performance of our reporting units and their respective financial forecasts over the long-term. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, unless events occur which trigger the need for an earlier impairment review.
Identification of reporting units. We have six identified reporting units, Automotive, HVOR, Sensata INSIGHTS, Industrial Solutions, Aerospace, and Clean Energy Solutions. These reporting units have been identified based on the definitions and guidance provided in FASB ASC Topic 350. Identification of reporting units includes an analysis of the components that comprise each of our operating segments, which considers, among other things, the manner in which we operate our business and the availability of discrete financial information. Components of an operating segment are aggregated to form one reporting unit if the components have similar economic characteristics. We periodically review these reporting units to ensure that they continue to reflect the manner in which the business is operated.
Assignment of assets, liabilities, and goodwill to reporting units. Some assets and liabilities relate to the operations of multiple reporting units. We allocate these assets and liabilities to the reporting units based on methods that we believe are reasonable and supportable. We apply that allocation method on a consistent basis from year to year. Other assets and liabilities, such as
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debt, cash and cash equivalents, and PP&E associated with our corporate offices, are viewed as being corporate in nature. Accordingly, we do not assign these assets and liabilities to our reporting units.
In the event we reorganize our business, we reassign the assets (including goodwill) and liabilities among the affected reporting units using a reasonable and supportable methodology. As businesses are acquired, we assign assets acquired (including goodwill) and liabilities assumed to a new or existing reporting unit as of the date of the acquisition. In the event a disposal group meets the definition of a business, goodwill is allocated to the disposal group based on the relative fair value of the disposal group to the retained portion of the related reporting unit.
Evaluation of goodwill for impairment. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether a quantitative analysis must be performed. The objective of a qualitative analysis is to assess whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. We make this assessment based on macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant factors as applicable. If we elect not to use this option, or if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we prepare a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we recognize an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess, in accordance with the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350.
We evaluated the goodwill of each reporting unit for impairment as of October 1, 2022 using a quantitative method. As a result of this evaluation we determined that none of our reporting units were impaired. In performing our evaluation under the quantitative method, we estimated the fair values of our reporting units using the discounted cash flow method. For this method, we prepared detailed annual projections of future net cash flows for the reporting unit for the subsequent five fiscal years (the "Discrete Projection Period"). We estimated the value of the net cash flows beyond the fifth fiscal year (the "Terminal Year") by applying a multiple to the projected Terminal Year EBITDA. The net cash flows from the Discrete Projection Period and the Terminal Year were discounted at an estimated weighted-average cost of capital ("WACC") appropriate for each reporting unit. The estimated WACC was derived, in part, from comparable companies appropriate to each reporting unit. We believe that our procedures for estimating discounted future net cash flows, including the Terminal Year valuation, were reasonable and consistent with accepted valuation practices.
The preparation of forecasts of revenue growth and profitability for use in the long-range forecasts, the selection of the discount rates, and the estimation of the multiples used in valuing the Terminal Year involve significant judgments. Changes to these assumptions could affect the estimated fair value of one or more of our reporting units and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period.
Types of events that could result in a goodwill impairment. As noted above, the assumptions used in the quantitative calculation of fair value of our reporting units, including the long-range forecasts, the selection of the discount rates, and the estimation of the multiples or long-term growth rates used in valuing the Terminal Year involve significant judgments. Changes to these assumptions could affect the estimated fair values of our reporting units calculated in prior years and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period. We believe that certain factors, such as a future recession, any material adverse conditions in the automotive industry and other industries in which we operate, and other factors identified in Item 1A: Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Report could cause us to revise our long-term projections and could reduce the multiples used to determine Terminal Year value. Such revisions could result in a goodwill impairment charge in the future.
We consider a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors to determine whether a reporting unit is at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test, including: the timing of our most recent quantitative impairment tests and the relative amount by which a reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its then carrying value, the inputs and assumptions underlying our valuation models and the sensitivity of our fair value measurements to those inputs and assumptions, the impact that adverse economic or market conditions may have on the degree of uncertainty inherent in our long-term operating forecasts, and changes in the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets from the time of our most recent goodwill impairment test. We also consider the impact of recent acquisitions in our expectations of the reporting units, and how these acquisitions perform against their original expected performance, as these might put pressure on the reporting units' fair value over carrying value in the short term. Based on the results of this analysis, we do not consider any of our reporting units to be at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test.
Evaluation of other intangible assets for impairment
Indefinite-lived intangible assets. Similar to goodwill, we perform an annual impairment review of our indefinite-lived intangible assets in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, unless events occur that trigger the need for an earlier impairment review. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors in determining whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If we elect not to use this option, or we determine that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, we perform a quantitative impairment analysis in which we estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible
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asset and compare that amount to its carrying value. In performing this analysis, we estimate the fair value by using the relief-from-royalty method, in which we make assumptions about future conditions impacting the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, including projected growth rates, cost of capital, effective tax rates, and royalty rates. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of these assets.
We evaluated our indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as of October 1, 2022 (using the quantitative method) and determined that the estimated fair values of these assets exceeded their carrying values at that date. Should certain assumptions used in the development of the fair values of our indefinite-lived intangible assets change, we may be required to recognize an impairment charge in the future.
Definite-lived intangible assets. Reviews are regularly performed to determine whether facts or circumstances exist that indicate that the carrying values of our definite-lived intangible assets to be held and used are impaired. If we determine that such facts or circumstances exist, we estimate the recoverability of these assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with these assets to their respective carrying values. If the sum of the projected undiscounted net cash flows falls below the carrying value of an asset, the impairment charge is measured as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of that asset. We determine fair value by using the appropriate income approach valuation methodology depending on the nature of the definite-lived intangible asset.
Evaluation of long-lived assets for impairment
We periodically re-evaluate the carrying values and estimated useful lives of long-lived assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying values of these assets may not be recoverable. We use estimates of undiscounted net cash flows from long-lived assets to determine whether the carrying values of such assets are recoverable over the assets’ remaining useful lives. These estimates include assumptions about our future performance and the performance of the end markets we serve. If an asset is determined to be impaired, the impairment is the amount by which its carrying value exceeds its fair value. These evaluations are performed at a level where discrete net cash flows may be attributed to either an individual asset or a group of assets.
Income Taxes
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our provision for (or benefit from) income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. This involves estimating our current tax expense, including assessing the risks associated with tax audits, together with assessing temporary differences resulting from the different treatment of items for tax and accounting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Management judgment is required in determining various elements of our provision for (or benefit from) income taxes, including the amount of tax benefits on uncertain tax positions, and deferred tax assets that should be recognized.
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, we record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process. First, we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. Second, for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Significant judgment is required in evaluating whether our tax positions meet this two-step process. The more-likely-than-not recognition threshold must be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of any tax benefits claimed, both in the current year, as well as any year which remains open for review by the relevant tax authority at the balance sheet date. Penalties and interest related to uncertain tax positions may be classified as either income taxes or another expense line item in the consolidated statements of operations. We classify interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions within the provision for (or benefit from) income taxes line of the consolidated statements of operations.
We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In measuring our deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies, and results of recent operations in various jurisdictions, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed for all or some portion of the deferred tax assets. Significant judgment is required in considering the relative impact of these items along with the weight that should be given to each category, commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exists, the more positive evidence is necessary, and the more difficult it is to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed. Additionally, we utilize the "more likely than not" criteria established in FASB ASC Topic 740 to determine whether the future tax benefit from the deferred tax assets should be recognized.
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Ultimately, the ability to realize our deferred tax assets is based on our assessment of future taxable income, which is based on estimated future results. In the event that actual results differ from these estimates, or we adjust our estimates in the future, we may need to adjust our valuation allowance assessment, which could materially impact our consolidated financial position and results of operations.
Share-Based Compensation
FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation, requires that a company measure at fair value any new or modified share-based compensation arrangements with employees, such as stock options and restricted securities, and recognize as compensation expense that fair value over the requisite service period.
Certain of our restricted securities include performance conditions that require us to estimate the probable outcome of the performance condition. This assessment is based on management's judgment using internally developed forecasts and is assessed at each reporting period. Compensation expense is recognized if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.
We elect to recognize share-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures as permitted by FASB ASC Topic 718, and therefore only recognize compensation expense for those awards expected to vest over the requisite service period. The forfeiture rate is based on our estimate of forfeitures by plan participants after consideration of historical forfeiture rates. Compensation expense recognized for each award ultimately reflects the number of units that actually vest.
Material changes to any of these assumptions may have a significant effect on our valuation of share-based compensation awards and, accordingly, the related expense recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Recently Issued Accounting Standards
There have been no recently issued accounting standards that have been adopted in the current period or will be adopted in future periods that have had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates because we transact in a variety of foreign currencies. We are also exposed to changes in the prices of certain commodities (primarily metals) that we use in production. Changes in these foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices may have an impact on future cash flows and earnings. We monitor our exposure to these risks and may employ derivative financial instruments to limit the volatility to earnings and cash flows generated by these exposures. We employ derivative contracts that may or may not be designated for hedge accounting treatment under FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, which can result in volatility to earnings depending upon fluctuations in the underlying markets.
By using derivative instruments, we are subject to credit and market risk. The fair market values of these derivative instruments are based upon valuation models whose inputs are derived using market observable inputs, including foreign currency exchange and commodity spot and forward rates, and reflect the asset and liability positions as of the end of each reporting period. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty is liable to us, thus creating a receivable risk for us. We are exposed to counterparty credit (or repayment) risk in the event of non-performance by counterparties to our derivative agreements. We attempt to minimize this risk by entering transactions with major financial institutions of investment grade credit rating.
Interest Rate Risk
As discussed further in Note 14: Debt of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report, the Credit Agreement provides for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities consisting of the Term Loan, the Revolving Credit Facility, and incremental availability under which additional secured credit facilities could be issued under certain circumstances.
The Term Loan accrues interest at a variable rate that, as of December 31, 2022, is based on London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), plus an interest rate margin, in accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement.
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Sensitivity Analysis
As of December 31, 2022, we had an outstanding balance on the Term Loan (excluding debt discount and deferred financing costs) of $446.8 million. The applicable interest rate associated with the Term Loan at December 31, 2022 was 5.87%. An increase of 100 basis points in this rate would result in additional interest expense of $1.5 million in fiscal year 2023. An additional 100 basis point increase in this rate would result in incremental interest expense of $3.1 million in fiscal year 2023.
As of December 31, 2021, we had an outstanding balance on the Term Loan (excluding debt discount and deferred financing costs) of $451.5 million. The applicable interest rate associated with the Term Loan at December 31, 2021 was 1.87%. An increase of 100 basis points in this rate would have resulted in additional interest expense of $3.9 million in fiscal year 2022. An additional 100 basis point increase in this rate would have resulted in incremental interest expense of $8.2 million in fiscal year 2022.
Foreign Currency Risk
Consistent with our risk management objective and strategy to reduce exposure to variability in cash flows, and for non-trading purposes, we enter into foreign currency exchange rate derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges, and that are intended to offset the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on forecasted sales and certain manufacturing costs. We also enter into foreign currency forward contracts that are not designated for hedge accounting purposes. Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the foreign currency forward contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2022.
Sensitivity Analysis
The tables below present our foreign currency forward contracts as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the estimated impact to future pre-tax earnings as a result of a 10% strengthening/weakening in the foreign currency exchange rate:
| (Decrease)/Increase to Future Pre-tax Earnings Due to: | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Net Asset/(Liability) Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 10% Strengthening of the Value of the Foreign Currency Relative to the U.S. Dollar | 10% Weakening of the Value of the Foreign Currency Relative to the U.S. Dollar | ||||||||||||||
| Euro | $ | 10.7 | $ | (43.3) | $ | 43.3 | |||||||||||
| Chinese Renminbi | $ | 0.0 | $ | (5.8) | $ | 5.8 | |||||||||||
| Japanese Yen | $ | 0.0 | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.5) | |||||||||||
| Korean Won | $ | 0.4 | $ | (1.5) | $ | 1.5 | |||||||||||
| Malaysian Ringgit | $ | 0.0 | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.5) | |||||||||||
| Mexican Peso | $ | 13.2 | $ | 17.2 | $ | (17.2) | |||||||||||
| British Pound Sterling | $ | (3.1) | $ | 6.4 | $ | (6.4) | |||||||||||
| (Decrease)/Increase to Future Pre-tax Earnings Due to: | |||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | Net Asset/(Liability) Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 10% Strengthening of the Value of the Foreign Currency Relative to the U.S. Dollar | 10% Weakening of the Value of the Foreign Currency Relative to the U.S. Dollar | ||||||||||||||
| Euro | $ | 17.8 | $ | (45.3) | $ | 45.3 | |||||||||||
| Chinese Renminbi | $ | (0.6) | $ | (19.9) | $ | 19.9 | |||||||||||
| Japanese Yen | $ | 0.0 | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.5) | |||||||||||
| Korean Won | $ | 0.6 | $ | (1.9) | $ | 1.9 | |||||||||||
| Malaysian Ringgit | $ | 0.0 | $ | 0.6 | $ | (0.6) | |||||||||||
| Mexican Peso | $ | 4.5 | $ | 17.3 | $ | (17.3) | |||||||||||
| British Pound Sterling | $ | (0.3) | $ | 7.8 | $ | (7.8) | |||||||||||
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Commodity Risk
We are exposed to the potential change in prices associated with certain commodities used in the manufacturing of our products. We offset a portion of this exposure by entering forward contracts that fix the price at a future date for various notional amounts associated with these commodities. These forward contracts are not designated as accounting hedges. Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities of our Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report for additional information related to the commodity forward contracts outstanding as of December 31, 2022.
Sensitivity Analysis
The tables below present our commodity forward contracts as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 and the estimated impact to pre-tax earnings associated with a 10% increase/(decrease) in the related forward price for each commodity:
| Net Asset/(Liability) Balance as of December 31, 2022 | Average Forward Price Per Unit as of December 31, 2022 | Increase/(Decrease) to Pre-tax Earnings Due to | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except per unit amounts) | 10% Increase in the Forward Price | 10% Decrease in the Forward Price | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Silver | $ | 1.1 | $ | 24.33 | $ | 2.3 | $ | (2.3) | |||||||||||||||
| Gold | $ | 0.1 | $ | 1,877.27 | $ | 1.5 | $ | (1.5) | |||||||||||||||
| Nickel | $ | 0.7 | $ | 13.76 | $ | 0.3 | $ | (0.3) | |||||||||||||||
| Aluminum | $ | (0.5) | $ | 1.11 | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.5) | |||||||||||||||
| Copper | $ | (2.2) | $ | 3.80 | $ | 3.1 | $ | (3.1) | |||||||||||||||
| Platinum | $ | 0.9 | $ | 1,070.21 | $ | 1.2 | $ | (1.2) | |||||||||||||||
| Palladium | $ | (0.5) | $ | 1,803.34 | $ | 0.2 | $ | (0.2) | |||||||||||||||
| Net (Liability)/Asset Balance as of December 31, 2021 | Average Forward Price Per Unit as of December 31, 2021 | Increase/(Decrease) to Pre-tax Earnings Due to | |||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions, except per unit amounts) | 10% Increase in the Forward Price | 10% Decrease in the Forward Price | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Silver | $ | (1.7) | $ | 23.24 | $ | 2.8 | $ | (2.8) | |||||||||||||||
| Gold | $ | 0.0 | $ | 1,827.45 | $ | 1.7 | $ | (1.7) | |||||||||||||||
| Nickel | $ | 0.3 | $ | 9.32 | $ | 0.2 | $ | (0.2) | |||||||||||||||
| Aluminum | $ | 0.6 | $ | 1.25 | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.5) | |||||||||||||||
| Copper | $ | 1.1 | $ | 4.37 | $ | 2.9 | $ | (2.9) | |||||||||||||||
| Platinum | $ | (1.0) | $ | 952.76 | $ | 1.2 | $ | (1.2) | |||||||||||||||
| Palladium | $ | (0.8) | $ | 1,872.73 | $ | 0.3 | $ | (0.3) | |||||||||||||||
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
1.Financial Statements
The following audited consolidated financial statements of Sensata Technologies Holding plc are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | |||||
2.Financial Statement Schedules
The following schedules are included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:
Schedules other than those listed above have been omitted since the required information is not present, or not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the audited consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Sensata Technologies Holding plc
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sensata Technologies Holding plc (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in shareholders’ equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the "consolidated financial statements"). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated February 13, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
| Goodwill - Quantitative Impairment Assessment | |||||
| Description of the Matter | As of December 31, 2022, the Company’s goodwill balance was $3.9 billion. The Company’s goodwill is initially assigned to its reporting units as of the acquisition date. As discussed in Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements, goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company evaluated goodwill for impairment as of October 1, 2022, and used the quantitative method to assess their goodwill for impairment. | ||||
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| Auditing management’s quantitative goodwill impairment test involved a high degree of auditor judgment due to the significant estimation required to determine the fair value of each reporting unit. In particular, the fair value estimate for certain reporting units was sensitive to significant assumptions such as the long-range forecasts, the selection of discount rates, and the estimation of the multiples or long-term growth rates used in valuing the terminal year which are affected by expectations about future market or economic conditions, which led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management's significant assumptions as outlined above, used in determining the fair value of these reporting units. | |||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s quantitative goodwill impairment review process. For example, we tested controls over management’s review of the data used in their valuation models and reviewed significant assumptions discussed above used in determining the reporting unit fair values. | ||||
To test the estimated fair value of the Company’s reporting units, with the assistance of our valuation professionals, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing fair value methodologies and testing the significant assumptions discussed above. We compared the significant assumptions used by management to current industry and economic trends, the Company’s historical trends with consideration given to changes in the Company’s business, customer base or product mix and other relevant factors. We assessed the historical accuracy of management’s estimates and performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting units that would result from changes in the assumptions. We also evaluated the reconciliation of the estimated aggregate fair value of the reporting units to the Company’s market capitalization. | |||||
| Income Taxes – Uncertain Tax Positions | |||||
| Description of the Matter | As discussed in Note 7, at December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately $224.6 million of unrecognized tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions. Uncertainty in a tax position may arise as tax laws are subject to interpretation. The Company uses significant judgment in (1) determining whether a tax position’s technical merits are more-likely-than-not to be sustained and (2) measuring the amount of tax benefit that qualifies for recognition. | ||||
Auditing the recognition and measurement of tax positions related to uncertain tax positions involved significant auditor judgment and use of tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge because both the recognition and measurement of the tax positions are complex, highly judgmental and based on interpretations of tax laws and legal rulings. | |||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company’s process to identify and record the reserve for uncertain tax positions. For example, we tested controls over management’s evaluation of the technical merits of tax positions and identification of uncertain tax positions and the controls to measure the benefit of those tax positions, including management’s review of the inputs and calculations of unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions. | ||||
To test the amounts recorded as uncertain tax positions we involved our tax professionals to evaluate the technical merits of the Company’s income tax positions. Our procedures included, among others, evaluating income tax technical analysis or other third-party advice obtained by the Company and inspecting correspondence from the relevant tax authorities. We also applied our knowledge and experience with the application of federal, foreign and state income tax laws to evaluate the Company’s accounting for those tax positions. We analyzed the Company’s assumptions and data used to determine the amount of tax benefit to recognize and tested the accuracy of the calculations. We also evaluated the Company’s income tax disclosures included in Note 7 in relation to these matters. | |||||
| Accounting for Acquisitions – Valuation of Identified Intangibles | |||||
| Description of the Matter | As described in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company completed the acquisition of DP Acquisition Corp ("Dynapower") for an aggregate cash purchase price of $577.5 million in 2022. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination. The allocation of purchase price is preliminary and is subject to revision as the final valuations are completed. | ||||
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| Auditing the Company's accounting for its acquisition of Dynapower was complex due to the significant estimation required by management in determining the fair value of identifiable intangible assets of $164.4 million, which principally consisted of completed technologies, customer relationships, and tradename assets. The significant estimation uncertainty was primarily due to the sensitivity of the respective fair values to underlying assumptions about the future performance of the acquired business. The Company used the income approach to measure the completed technologies, customer relationships, and tradenames intangible assets. The significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of these intangible assets included the expected discounted future net cash flows generated by each asset. These significant assumptions are forward looking and could be affected by future economic and market conditions. | |||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's process for valuing intangible assets acquired in business combinations. For example, we tested controls over the appropriateness of the valuation model, assumptions management used and the completeness and accuracy of the data underlying the valuation of the completed technologies, customer relationships and tradenames intangible assets. | ||||
To test the estimated fair value of the completed technologies, customer relationships and tradenames intangible assets, our audit procedures included, among others, assessing methodologies and testing the significant assumptions discussed above and the underlying data supporting the significant assumptions and estimates used by the Company in the valuations. We tested significant assumptions through a combination of procedures, as applicable for each assumption, including comparing them to current and forecasted industry trends, as well as to the historical results of the acquired business and other guideline companies within the same industry. With the assistance of our valuation specialists, we evaluated the methodology used by the Company and significant assumptions included in the fair value estimates. | |||||
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP | |||||||||||
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2005.
Boston, Massachusetts
February 13, 2023
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,225,518 | $ | 1,708,955 | |||||||
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $24,246 and $17,003 as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | 742,382 | 653,438 | |||||||||
| Inventories | 644,875 | 588,231 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 162,268 | 126,370 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 2,775,043 | 3,076,994 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 840,819 | 820,933 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 3,911,224 | 3,502,063 | |||||||||
| Other intangible assets, net | 999,722 | 946,731 | |||||||||
| Deferred income tax assets | 100,539 | 105,028 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 128,873 | 162,017 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 8,756,220 | $ | 8,613,766 | |||||||
| Liabilities and shareholders' equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt, finance lease and other financing obligations | $ | 256,471 | $ | 6,833 | |||||||
| Accounts payable | 531,572 | 459,093 | |||||||||
| Income taxes payable | 43,987 | 26,517 | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 346,942 | 343,816 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,178,972 | 836,259 | |||||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities | 364,593 | 339,273 | |||||||||
| Pension and other post-retirement benefit obligations | 36,086 | 38,758 | |||||||||
| Finance lease and other financing obligations, less current portion | 24,742 | 26,564 | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, net | 3,958,928 | 4,214,946 | |||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 82,092 | 63,232 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 5,645,413 | 5,519,032 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) | |||||||||||
| Shareholders' equity: | |||||||||||
Ordinary shares, €0.01 nominal value per share, 177,069 shares authorized and 175,207 and 174,287 shares issued as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | 2,242 | 2,232 | |||||||||
Treasury shares, at cost, 22,781 and 16,438 shares as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively | (1,124,713) | (832,439) | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 1,866,201 | 1,812,244 | |||||||||
| Retained earnings | 2,383,341 | 2,132,257 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (16,264) | (19,560) | |||||||||
| Total shareholders' equity | 3,110,807 | 3,094,734 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders' equity | $ | 8,756,220 | $ | 8,613,766 | |||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenue | 2,712,048 | 2,542,434 | 2,119,044 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 189,344 | 159,072 | 131,429 | ||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 370,644 | 336,989 | 294,725 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 153,787 | 134,129 | 129,549 | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and other charges, net | (66,700) | 14,942 | 33,094 | ||||||||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses | 3,359,123 | 3,187,566 | 2,707,841 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 670,139 | 633,240 | 337,737 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (178,819) | (179,291) | (171,757) | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (94,618) | (40,032) | (339) | ||||||||||||||
| Income before taxes | 396,702 | 413,917 | 165,641 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | 86,017 | 50,337 | 1,355 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income | 310,685 | 363,580 | 164,286 | ||||||||||||||
| Basic net income per share | $ | 2.00 | $ | 2.30 | $ | 1.04 | |||||||||||
| Diluted net income per share | $ | 1.99 | $ | 2.28 | $ | 1.04 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 310,685 | $ | 363,580 | $ | 164,286 | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flow hedges | (1,166) | 23,564 | (23,279) | ||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit and retiree healthcare plans | 4,462 | 6,411 | (5,772) | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss)/income | 3,296 | 29,975 | (29,051) | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | $ | 313,981 | $ | 393,555 | $ | 135,235 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 310,685 | $ | 363,580 | $ | 164,286 | |||||||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation | 127,184 | 124,959 | 125,680 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of debt issuance costs | 6,969 | 6,858 | 6,854 | ||||||||||||||
| Gain on sale of business | (135,112) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 31,791 | 25,663 | 19,125 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss on debt financing | 5,468 | 30,066 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | 153,787 | 134,129 | 129,549 | ||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (781) | (5,270) | (44,900) | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related compensation payments | (23,500) | (15,630) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Mark-to-market loss on equity investments, net | 75,569 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Unrealized loss on derivative instruments and other | 34,309 | 13,837 | 4,709 | ||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effects of acquisitions: | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | (108,992) | (48,106) | (16,668) | ||||||||||||||
| Inventories | (44,362) | (119,961) | 58,390 | ||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | (16,961) | 6,624 | 36,431 | ||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and accrued expenses | 40,930 | 35,333 | 90,479 | ||||||||||||||
| Income taxes payable | 17,490 | 8,602 | (16,019) | ||||||||||||||
| Other | (13,881) | (6,533) | 1,859 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities | 460,593 | 554,151 | 559,775 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions, net of cash received | (631,516) | (736,077) | (64,432) | ||||||||||||||
| Additions to property, plant and equipment and capitalized software | (150,064) | (144,403) | (106,719) | ||||||||||||||
| Investment in debt and equity securities | (7,983) | (5,533) | (22,963) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold | 198,841 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 152 | 3,919 | 12,022 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (590,570) | (882,094) | (182,092) | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options and issuance of ordinary shares | 22,803 | 26,290 | 15,457 | ||||||||||||||
| Payment of employee restricted stock tax withholdings | (8,525) | (9,048) | (2,911) | ||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from borrowings on debt | 500,000 | 1,001,875 | 1,150,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Payments on debt | (510,701) | (763,263) | (408,914) | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends paid | (51,072) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Payments to repurchase ordinary shares | (292,274) | (47,843) | (35,175) | ||||||||||||||
| Payments of debt financing costs | (13,691) | (33,093) | (8,279) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities | (353,460) | 174,918 | 710,178 | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (483,437) | (153,025) | 1,087,861 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 1,708,955 | 1,861,980 | 774,119 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 1,225,518 | $ | 1,708,955 | $ | 1,861,980 | |||||||||||
| Supplemental cash flow items: | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for interest | $ | 188,533 | $ | 188,857 | $ | 164,494 | |||||||||||
| Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 68,768 | $ | 66,642 | $ | 65,823 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity
(In thousands)
| Ordinary Shares | Treasury Shares | Additional Paid-In Capital | Retained Earnings | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Total Shareholders' Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number | Amount | Number | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2019 | 172,561 | $ | 2,212 | (14,733) | $ | (749,421) | $ | 1,725,091 | $ | 1,616,357 | $ | (20,484) | $ | 2,573,755 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Surrender of shares for tax withholding | — | — | (96) | (2,911) | — | — | — | (2,911) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options exercised | 452 | 5 | — | — | 15,452 | — | — | 15,457 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of restricted securities | 349 | 4 | — | — | — | (4) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of ordinary shares | — | — | (898) | (35,175) | — | — | — | (35,175) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement of ordinary shares | (96) | (1) | 96 | 2,911 | — | (2,910) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 19,125 | — | — | 19,125 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 164,286 | — | 164,286 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | (29,051) | (29,051) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 173,266 | 2,220 | (15,631) | (784,596) | 1,759,668 | 1,777,729 | (49,535) | 2,705,486 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Surrender of shares for tax withholding | — | — | (155) | (9,048) | — | — | — | (9,048) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options exercised | 707 | 8 | — | — | 26,913 | — | — | 26,921 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of restricted securities | 469 | 6 | — | — | — | (6) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of ordinary shares | — | — | (807) | (47,843) | — | — | — | (47,843) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement of ordinary shares | (155) | (2) | 155 | 9,048 | — | (9,046) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 25,663 | — | — | 25,663 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 363,580 | — | 363,580 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | — | — | 29,975 | 29,975 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 174,287 | 2,232 | (16,438) | (832,439) | 1,812,244 | 2,132,257 | (19,560) | 3,094,734 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Surrender of shares for tax withholding | — | — | (174) | (8,525) | — | — | — | (8,525) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock options exercised | 572 | 6 | — | — | 22,166 | — | — | 22,172 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vesting of restricted securities | 522 | 6 | — | — | — | (6) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash dividends paid | — | — | — | — | — | (51,072) | — | (51,072) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Repurchase of ordinary shares | — | — | (6,343) | (292,274) | — | — | — | (292,274) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Retirement of ordinary shares | (174) | (2) | 174 | 8,525 | — | (8,523) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation | — | — | — | — | 31,791 | — | — | 31,791 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income | — | — | — | — | — | 310,685 | — | 310,685 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,296 | 3,296 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 175,207 | $ | 2,242 | (22,781) | $ | (1,124,713) | $ | 1,866,201 | $ | 2,383,341 | $ | (16,264) | $ | 3,110,807 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. Business Description and Basis of Presentation
Description of Business
The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements reflect the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in shareholders' equity of Sensata Technologies Holding plc ("Sensata plc"), a public limited company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, and its consolidated subsidiaries, collectively referred to as the "Company," "Sensata," "we," "our," and "us."
We are a global industrial technology company that develops, manufactures, and sells sensors and sensor-rich solutions, electrical protection components and systems, and other products that are used in mission-critical systems and applications that create valuable business insights for our customers and end users. Our sensors are used by our customers to translate a physical parameter, such as pressure, temperature, position, or location of an object, into electronic signals that our customers’ products and solutions can act upon. These actionable insights lead to products that are safer, cleaner, more efficient, more electrified, and increasingly more connected. Our electrical protection portfolio (which includes both components and systems) is comprised of various switches, fuses, battery management systems, inverters, energy storage systems, high-voltage distribution units, controllers, and software, and includes high-voltage contactors and other products embedded within systems to maximize their efficiency and performance and ensure safety. Other products and services we provide include vehicle area networks and data collection devices and software, battery storage systems, and power conversion systems, the latter of which include inverters, converters, and rectifiers for renewable energy generation, green hydrogen production, electric vehicle charging stations, and microgrid applications, as well as industrial and defense applications.
Sensata plc conducts its operations through subsidiary companies that operate business and product development centers primarily in Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Denmark, India, Japan, Lithuania, the Netherlands, South Korea, the United Kingdom (the "U.K."), and the United States (the "U.S."); and manufacturing operations primarily in Bulgaria, China, Malaysia, Mexico, the U.K., and the U.S.
We present financial information for two reportable segments, Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions. Refer to Note 20: Segment Reporting for additional information related to each of our segments.
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") and present separately our financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in shareholders’ equity.
All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. All U.S. dollar ("USD") and share amounts presented, except per share amounts, are stated in thousands, unless otherwise indicated.
2. Significant Accounting Policies
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires us to exercise our judgment in the process of applying our accounting policies. It also requires that we make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosures of contingencies at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of net revenue and expense during the reporting periods.
Estimates are used when accounting for certain items such as: allowance for doubtful accounts and sales returns; inventory obsolescence; asset impairments (including goodwill and other intangible assets); contingencies; the value of certain equity awards and the measurement of share-based compensation; the determination of accrued expenses; certain asset valuations; accounting for income taxes; the useful lives of plant and equipment; measurement of our post-retirement benefit obligations; and with respect to business combinations, valuation of contingent consideration and the identification, valuation, and determination of useful lives of acquired identifiable intangible assets. The accounting estimates used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired, as additional information is obtained, and as the operating environment changes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
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Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods. In order to achieve this, we use the five-step model outlined in Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. This five-step model requires us to identify the contract with the customer, identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s), and recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation(s).
The vast majority of our contracts (as defined in FASB ASC Topic 606) are customer purchase orders that require us to transfer specified quantities of tangible products to our customers. These performance obligations are generally satisfied within a short period of time. Amounts billed to our customers for shipping and handling after control has transferred are recognized as revenue and the related costs that we incur are presented in cost of revenue.
In determining the transaction price, we evaluate whether the consideration promised in the contract includes a variable amount and, if applicable, we include in the transaction price some or all of an amount of variable consideration only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Variable consideration may be explicitly stated in the contract or implied based on our customary practices. Examples of variable consideration present in our contracts include rights of return, in the case of a defective or non-conforming product, and trade discounts, including early payment discounts and retrospective volume discounts. Such variable consideration has not historically been material in relation to our net revenue. Our contract terms generally require the customer to make payment shortly (that is, less than one year) after the shipment date. In such instances, we do not consider the effects of a significant financing component in determining the transaction price. Lastly, we exclude from our determination of the transaction price value-added tax and other similar taxes.
Our performance obligations are satisfied, and revenue is recognized, when control of the product is transferred to the customer. The transfer of control generally occurs at the point in time the product is shipped from our warehouse or, less often, at the point in time it is received by the customer, depending on the specific terms of the arrangement. Many of our products are designed and engineered to meet customer specifications. These activities, and the testing of our products to determine compliance with those specifications, occur prior to any revenue being recognized. Products are then manufactured and sold to customers. However, in certain cases, pre-production activities are a performance obligation in a customer purchase order, and revenue is recognized when the performance obligation is satisfied. Customer arrangements do not involve post-installation or post-sale testing and acceptance.
Our standard terms of sale provide our customers with a warranty against faulty workmanship and the use of defective materials, which is not considered a distinct performance obligation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606. Depending on the product, we generally provide such warranties for a period of three years after the date we ship the product to our original equipment manufacturer ("OEM") customers or for a period of twelve months after the date the customer resells our product to the end consumer, whichever comes first. Our liability associated with this warranty is, at our option, to repair the product, replace the product, or provide the customer with a credit. We do not offer separately priced extended warranty or product maintenance contracts. We also sell products to customers under negotiated agreements or where we have accepted the customer’s terms of purchase. In these instances, we may provide additional warranties for longer durations, consistent with differing end market practices, and where our liability is not limited. In addition, many sales take place in situations where commercial or civil codes or other laws would imply various warranties and restrict limitations on liability.
Refer to Note 3: Revenue Recognition for additional information related to the net revenue recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Share-Based Compensation
We measure at fair value any new or modified share-based compensation arrangements with employees, such as stock options and restricted securities, and recognize as compensation expense that fair value over the requisite service period in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation—Stock Compensation. Share-based compensation expense is generally recognized as a component of selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense, which is consistent with where the related employee costs are presented, however, such costs, or a portion thereof, may be capitalized provided certain criteria are met.
Share-based awards may be subject to either cliff vesting (i.e., the entire award vests on a particular date) or graded vesting (i.e., portions of the award vest at different points in time). In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, compensation expense associated with share-based awards subject to cliff vesting must be recognized on a straight-line basis. For awards without performance conditions that are subject to graded vesting, companies have the option to recognize compensation expense either
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on a straight-line or accelerated basis. We have elected to recognize compensation expense for these awards on a straight-line basis. However, awards that are subject to both graded vesting and performance conditions must be expensed on an accelerated basis.
Restricted securities are valued using the closing price of our ordinary shares on the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") on the grant date. Certain of our restricted securities include performance conditions, which require us to estimate the probable outcome of the performance condition. Compensation expense is recognized if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.
We elect to recognize share-based compensation expense net of estimated forfeitures as permitted by FASB ASC Topic 718. Accordingly, we only recognize compensation expense for those awards expected to vest over the requisite service period. Compensation expense recognized for each award ultimately reflects the number of units that actually vest.
Refer to Note 4: Share-Based Payment Plans for additional information related to share-based compensation.
Financial Instruments
Our material financial instruments include derivative instruments, debt instruments, equity investments, and trade accounts receivable.
Derivative financial instruments
We account for derivative financial instruments in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurement and FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, we recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The fair value of our derivative financial instruments is determined using widely accepted valuation techniques, including discounted cash flow analysis on the expected net cash flows of each instrument. These analyses utilize observable market-based inputs, including foreign currency exchange rates and commodity forward curves, and reflect the contractual terms of these instruments, including the period to maturity.
Derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or commitment, and that are attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows are considered cash flow hedges. Derivative instruments may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in a foreign operation. Currently, all of our derivative instruments that are designated as accounting hedges are cash flow hedges. We also hold derivative instruments that are not designated as accounting hedges.
The accounting for changes in the fair value of our cash flow hedges depends on whether we have elected to designate the derivative as a hedging instrument for accounting purposes and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, both the effective and ineffective portions of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss and are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that are not designated as accounting hedges are recognized immediately in other, net. Refer to Note 16: Shareholders' Equity and Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional information related to the reclassification of amounts from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings.
We present the cash flows arising from our derivative financial instruments in a manner consistent with the presentation of cash flows that relate to the underlying hedged items.
We incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both our own non-performance risk and the respective counterparty’s non-performance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of our derivative contracts for the effect of non-performance risk, we have considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts, and guarantees. We do not offset the fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments against fair value amounts recognized for the right to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral. We maintain derivative instruments with major financial institutions of investment grade credit rating and monitor the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer. We believe there are no significant concentrations of risk associated with our derivative instruments.
Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional information related to our derivative instruments.
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Debt Instruments
A premium or discount on a debt instrument is recognized on the balance sheet as an adjustment to the carrying value of the debt liability. In general, amounts paid to creditors are considered a reduction in the proceeds received from the issuance of the debt and are accounted for as a component of the premium or discount on the issuance, not as an issuance cost.
Direct and incremental costs associated with the issuance of debt instruments such as legal fees, printing costs, and underwriters' fees, among others, paid to parties other than creditors, are also reported and presented as a reduction of debt on the consolidated balance sheets.
Debt issuance costs and premiums or discounts are amortized over the term of the respective financing arrangement using the effective interest method. Amortization of these amounts is included as a component of interest expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.
In accounting for debt financing transactions, we apply the provisions of FASB ASC Subtopic 470-50, Modifications and Extinguishments. Our evaluation of the accounting under FASB ASC Subtopic 470-50 is done on a creditor-by-creditor basis in order to determine if the terms of the debt are substantially different and, as a result, whether to apply modification or extinguishment accounting. In the event that an individual holder of existing debt did not invest in new debt, we apply extinguishment accounting. Borrowings associated with individual holders of new debt that are not holders of existing debt are accounted for as new issuances.
Refer to Note 14: Debt for additional information related to our debt instruments and transactions.
Equity Investments
We measure equity investments (other than those accounted for under the equity method, those that result in consolidation of the investee, and certain other investments) either at fair value, with changes to fair value recognized in net income, or, in certain instances, by use of a measurement alternative prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 321, Investments - Equity Securities. Under the measurement alternative, such investments are measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Refer to Note 18: Fair Value Measures for additional information related to our measurement of financial instruments, including equity investments.
Trade accounts receivable
Trade accounts receivable are recognized at invoiced amounts and do not bear interest. Trade accounts receivable are reduced by an allowance for losses on receivables. Concentrations of risk with respect to trade accounts receivable are generally limited due to the large number of customers in various industries and their dispersion across several geographic areas. Although we do not foresee that credit risk associated with these receivables will deviate from historical experience, repayment is dependent upon the financial stability of these individual customers. We estimate an allowance for credit losses on trade accounts receivable at an amount that represents our estimated expected credit losses over the lifetime of our receivables. Our contract terms generally require the customer to make payment shortly after (that is, less than one year) the shipment date. Our largest customer accounted for approximately 6% of our net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Allowance for Losses on Receivables
The allowance for losses on receivables is used to present accounts receivable, net at an amount that represents our estimate of the related transaction price recognized as revenue in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606. The allowance represents an estimate of expected credit losses over the lifetime of our receivables, even if the loss is considered remote, and reflects expected recoveries of amounts previously written-off. We estimate the allowance on the basis of specifically identified receivables that are evaluated individually for impairment and a statistical analysis of the remaining receivables determined by reference to past default experience. We consider the need to adjust historical information to reflect the extent to which we expect current conditions and reasonable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the historical period considered. The allowance for losses on receivables also includes an allowance for sales returns (variable consideration).
Management judgments are used to determine when to charge off uncollectible trade accounts receivable. We base these judgments on the age of the receivable, credit quality of the customer, current economic conditions, and other factors that may affect a customer’s ability and intent to pay. Customers are generally not required to provide collateral for purchases.
Losses on receivables have not historically been significant.
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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
Businesses acquired are recognized at their fair value on the date of acquisition, with the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed recognized as goodwill. Intangible assets acquired may include either definite-lived or indefinite-lived intangible assets, or both.
In accordance with the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, goodwill and intangible assets determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized. Instead, these assets are evaluated for impairment on an annual basis and whenever events or business conditions change that could indicate that the asset is impaired. We evaluate goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, unless events occur which trigger the need for an earlier impairment review.
Goodwill
Our reporting units have been identified based on the definitions and guidance provided in FASB ASC Topic 350. Identification of reporting units includes an analysis of the components that comprise each of our operating segments, which considers, among other things, the manner in which we operate our business and the availability of discrete financial information. Components of an operating segment are aggregated to form one reporting unit if the components have similar economic characteristics. We periodically review these reporting units to ensure that they continue to reflect the manner in which the business is operated.
Some assets and liabilities relate to the operations of multiple reporting units. We allocate these assets and liabilities to the related reporting units based on methods that we believe are reasonable and supportable. We apply that allocation method on a consistent basis from year to year. Other assets and liabilities, such as debt, cash and cash equivalents, and property, plant and equipment ("PP&E") associated with our corporate offices, are viewed as being corporate in nature. Accordingly, we do not assign these assets and liabilities to our reporting units.
In the event we reorganize our business, we reassign the assets (including goodwill) and liabilities among the affected reporting units using a reasonable and supportable methodology. As businesses are acquired, we assign assets acquired (including goodwill) and liabilities assumed to a new or existing reporting unit as of the date of the acquisition. In the event a disposal group meets the definition of a business, goodwill is allocated to the disposal group based on the relative fair value of the disposal group to the retained portion of the related reporting unit.
We have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether a quantitative analysis must be performed. The objective of a qualitative analysis is to assess whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. We make this assessment based on macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant factors as applicable. If we elect not to use this option, or if we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value, then we prepare a discounted cash flow analysis to determine whether the carrying value of reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value. If the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, we recognize an impairment of goodwill for the amount of this excess, in accordance with the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 350.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets
Similar to goodwill, we perform an annual impairment review of our indefinite-lived intangible assets in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, unless events occur that trigger the need for an earlier impairment review. We have the option to first assess qualitative factors in determining whether it is more likely than not that an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. If we elect not to use this option, or we determine that it is more likely than not that the asset is impaired, we perform a quantitative impairment analysis in which we estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset and compare that amount to its carrying value. In this analysis, we estimate the fair value by using the relief-from-royalty method, in which we make assumptions about future conditions impacting the fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets, including projected growth rates, cost of capital, effective tax rates, and royalty rates. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of these assets.
Definite-lived intangible assets
Acquisition-related definite-lived intangible assets are amortized on an economic-benefit basis according to the useful lives of the assets, or on a straight-line basis if a pattern of economic benefits cannot be reliably determined. Capitalized software and capitalized software licenses are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as intangible assets. Capitalized software licenses are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the term of the license or the estimated useful life of the software. Capitalized software is amortized on a straight-line basis over its estimated useful life.
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Reviews are regularly performed to determine whether facts or circumstances exist that indicate that the carrying values of our definite-lived intangible assets are impaired. If we determine that such facts or circumstances exist, we estimate the recoverability of these assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with these assets to their respective carrying values. If the sum of the projected undiscounted net cash flows is less than the carrying value of an asset, the impairment charge is measured as the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of that asset. We determine fair value by using the appropriate income approach valuation methodology, depending on the nature of the definite-lived intangible asset.
Refer to Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net for additional information related to our goodwill and other intangible assets.
Income Taxes
We estimate our provision for (or benefit from) income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The provision for (or benefit from) income taxes includes both our current and deferred tax expense. Our deferred tax expense is measured using the asset and liability method, under which deferred income taxes are recognized to reflect the future tax consequences of differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their financial reporting amounts at each balance sheet date, based on enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to reverse or settle. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in statutory tax rates is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as an adjustment to income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date.
In measuring our deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed for all or some portion of the deferred tax assets. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that future tax benefits associated with a deferred tax asset will not be realized, a valuation allowance is provided. As a result, we maintain valuation allowances against the deferred tax assets in jurisdictions that have incurred losses in recent periods and in which it is more likely than not that such deferred tax assets will not be utilized in the foreseeable future.
In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, we record uncertain tax positions on the basis of a two-step process. First, we determine whether it is more likely than not that the tax positions will be sustained based on the technical merits of the position. Second, for those tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold, we recognize the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50 percent likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with the relevant tax authority. Significant judgment is required in evaluating whether our tax positions meet this two-step process. The more-likely-than-not recognition threshold must be met in each reporting period to support continued recognition of any tax benefits claimed, both in the current year, as well as any year which remains open for review by the relevant tax authority at the balance sheet date. Penalties and interest related to uncertain tax positions may be classified as either income taxes or another expense line item in the consolidated statements of operations. We classify interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions within the provision for (or benefit from) income taxes line of the consolidated statements of operations.
Refer to Note 7: Income Taxes for additional information related to our income taxes.
Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits
We sponsor various pension and other post-retirement benefit plans covering our current and former employees in several countries. The funded status of pension and other post-retirement benefit plans, recognized on our consolidated balance sheets as an asset, current liability, or long-term liability, is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the benefit obligation at the measurement date.
Benefit obligations represent the actuarial present value of all benefits attributed by the pension formula as of the measurement date to employee service rendered before that date. The value of benefit obligations takes into consideration various financial assumptions, including assumed discount rate and the rate of increase in healthcare costs, and demographic assumptions, including compensation rate increases, retirement patterns, employee turnover rates, and mortality rates. We review these assumptions annually.
Contributions made to pension and other post-retirement benefit plans are presented as a component of operating cash flows within the consolidated statements of cash flows. We present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the cost of revenue, research and development ("R&D"), and SG&A expense line items, and we present the non–service components of net periodic benefit cost in other, net.
Refer to Note 13: Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits for additional information related to our pension and other post-retirement benefit plans.
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Inventories
Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. The cost of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished goods is determined based on a first-in, first-out basis and includes material, labor, and applicable manufacturing overhead. We conduct quarterly inventory reviews for salability and obsolescence, and inventories considered unlikely to be sold are adjusted to net realizable value.
Refer to Note 9: Inventories for additional information related to our inventory balances.
Property, Plant and Equipment and Other Capitalized Costs
PP&E is stated at cost, and in the case of plant and equipment, is depreciated on a straight-line basis over its estimated economic useful life. The depreciable lives of plant and equipment are as follows:
| Buildings and improvements | 2 – 40 years | ||||
| Machinery and equipment | 2 – 15 years | ||||
Leasehold improvements are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of the remaining lease term or the estimated economic useful lives of the improvements. Amortization of leasehold improvements is included in depreciation expense.
Assets held under finance leases are recognized at the lower of the present value of the minimum lease payments or the fair value of the leased asset at the inception of the lease. Depreciation expense associated with finance leases is computed using the straight-line method over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the period of the related lease, unless ownership is transferred by the end of the lease or there is a bargain purchase option, in which case the asset is depreciated, normally on a straight-line basis, over the useful life that would be assigned if the asset were owned.
Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, whereas major improvements that increase asset values and extend useful lives are capitalized.
Refer to Note 10: Property, Plant and Equipment, Net for additional information related to our PP&E balances.
Leases
We account for leases in accordance with the guidance in FASB ASC Topic 842, Leases. We enter into lease agreements for many of our facilities around the world. We occupy leased facilities with initial terms ranging up to 20 years. Our lease agreements frequently include options to renew for additional periods or to purchase the leased assets and generally require that we pay taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs.
Depending on the specific terms of the leases, our obligations are in two forms: finance leases and operating leases. For both forms of leases, we recognize a related lease liability and right-of-use asset on our consolidated balance sheets. Our lease liabilities are initially measured at the present value of the lease payments not yet paid, discounted using our incremental borrowing rate for a period that is comparable to the remaining lease term. We use our incremental borrowing rate, adjusted for collateralization, because the discount rates implicit in our leases are generally not readily determinable.
For finance leases, the consolidated statements of operations include separate recognition of interest on the lease liability and amortization of the right-of-use asset. For operating leases, the consolidated statements of operations include a single lease cost, calculated so that the cost of the lease is allocated over the lease term on a straight-line basis.
Net cash flows from operating activities include (1) interest on finance lease liabilities and (2) payments arising from operating leases. Net cash flows from financing activities include repayments of the principal portion of finance lease liabilities.
We also lease certain vehicles and equipment, which generally have a term of one year or less. We have elected to account for leases with a term of one year or less (short-term leases) using a method similar to the operating lease model under FASB ASC Topic 840, Leases (i.e., they are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets) as permitted by FASB ASC Topic 842.
Refer to Note 17: Leases for additional information related to amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements related to our leases.
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Foreign Currency
We derive a significant portion of our net revenue from markets outside of the U.S. For financial reporting purposes, the functional currency of almost all of our subsidiaries is the USD because of the significant influence of the USD on our operations. In certain instances, we enter into transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the USD. At the date that such transaction is recognized, each asset, liability, revenue, expense, gain, or loss arising from the transaction is measured and recorded in USD using the exchange rate in effect at that date. At each balance sheet date, recorded monetary balances denominated in a currency other than USD are adjusted to USD using the exchange rate at the balance sheet date, with gains or losses recognized in other, net in the consolidated statements of operations. The impact of currency translation adjustment for subsidiaries with a functional currency other than USD is not material.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash comprises cash on hand. Cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash, are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value, and have original maturities of three months or less.
Recently issued accounting standards:
There have been no recently issued accounting standards that have been adopted in the current period or will be adopted in future periods that have had or are expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial position or results of operations.
3. Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods. The vast majority of our revenue is derived from the sale of tangible products whereby control of the product transfers to the customer at a point in time, we recognize revenue at a point in time, and the underlying contract is a purchase order that establishes a firm purchase commitment for a short period of time. Our standard terms of sale provide our customers with a warranty against faulty workmanship and the use of defective materials. We do not offer separately priced extended warranty or product maintenance contracts. Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.
We have elected to apply certain practical expedients that allow for more limited disclosures than those that would otherwise be required by FASB ASC Topic 606, including (1) the disclosure of transaction price allocated to the remaining unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of the period and (2) an explanation of when we expect to recognize the related revenue.
We believe that our end markets are the categories that best depict how the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors. The following table presents net revenue disaggregated by segment and end market for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| Performance Sensing | Sensing Solutions | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Automotive | $ | 2,071,879 | $ | 2,018,056 | $ | 1,715,749 | $ | 35,772 | $ | 44,351 | $ | 35,621 | $ | 2,107,651 | $ | 2,062,407 | $ | 1,751,370 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
HVOR (1) | 904,877 | 829,852 | 508,061 | — | — | — | 904,877 | 829,852 | 508,061 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Industrial | — | — | — | 525,443 | 413,885 | 336,506 | 525,443 | 413,885 | 336,506 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Appliance and HVAC (2) | — | — | — | 218,115 | 243,938 | 189,782 | 218,115 | 243,938 | 189,782 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aerospace | — | — | — | 152,880 | 134,735 | 136,167 | 152,880 | 134,735 | 136,167 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | — | — | — | 120,296 | 135,989 | 123,692 | 120,296 | 135,989 | 123,692 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | 2,976,756 | $ | 2,847,908 | $ | 2,223,810 | $ | 1,052,506 | $ | 972,898 | $ | 821,768 | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Heavy vehicle and off-road
(2) Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
In addition, refer to Note 20: Segment Reporting for a presentation of net revenue disaggregated by product category and geographic region.
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Contract Assets and Liabilities
Excluding trade receivables, which are presented on our consolidated balance sheets, our contract assets are not material. Contract liabilities, whereby we receive payment from customers related to our promise to satisfy performance obligations in the future, are not material.
4. Share-Based Payment Plans
At our Annual General Meeting held on May 27, 2021, our shareholders approved the Sensata Technologies Holding plc 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2021 Equity Plan"), which replaced the Sensata Technologies Holding plc First Amended and Restated 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2010 Equity Plan"). The 2021 Equity Plan is substantially similar to the 2010 Equity Plan with some updates based on changes in law and current practices. The purpose of the 2021 Equity Plan is to promote the long-term growth, profitability, and interests of the Company and its shareholders by aiding us in attracting and retaining employees, officers, consultants, advisors, and non-employee directors capable of assuring our future success. All awards granted subsequent to this approval were made under the 2021 Equity Plan. The 2010 Equity Plan was terminated as to the grant of any additional awards, but prior awards remain outstanding in accordance with their terms. As of December 31, 2022, there were 5.0 million ordinary shares available for grants of awards under the 2021 Equity Plan.
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for additional information related to our share-based compensation accounting policies.
Share-Based Compensation Awards
We grant restricted stock unit ("RSU") and performance-based restricted stock unit ("PRSU") awards. We no longer grant stock option awards, with the last grants of option awards made in the year ended December 31, 2019. Throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, RSU and PRSU awards are often referred to collectively as "restricted securities." Share-based compensation awards granted prior to May 27, 2021 were made under the 2010 Equity Plan, with all subsequent awards granted under the 2021 Equity Plan.
For option and RSU awards, vesting is typically subject only to service conditions. For PRSU awards, vesting is also subject to service conditions, however the number of awarded units that ultimately vest also depends on the attainment of certain predefined performance criteria. Our awards include continued vesting provisions for retirement-eligible employees.
Options
A summary of stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is presented in the table below (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded shares, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| Number of Options (thousands) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Option | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2019 | 3,464 | $ | 41.19 | 5.0 | $ | 44,696 | |||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | (155) | $ | 48.30 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (452) | $ | 34.22 | $ | 5,117 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 2,857 | $ | 41.90 | 4.4 | $ | 31,955 | |||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | (15) | $ | 49.93 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (707) | $ | 38.07 | $ | 14,264 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 2,135 | $ | 43.11 | 3.9 | $ | 39,660 | |||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | (36) | $ | 50.45 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (572) | $ | 38.80 | $ | 8,265 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 1,527 | $ | 44.55 | 3.3 | $ | 1,802 | |||||||||||||||||
| Options vested and exercisable as of December 31, 2022 | 1,460 | $ | 44.44 | 3.2 | $ | 1,802 | |||||||||||||||||
| Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2022 | 1,523 | $ | 44.55 | 3.3 | $ | 1,802 | |||||||||||||||||
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A summary of the status of our unvested options as of December 31, 2022 and of the changes during the year then ended is presented in the table below (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded shares, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| Number of Options (thousands) | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 194 | $ | 18.40 | ||||||||
| Vested during the year | (119) | $ | 12.01 | ||||||||
| Forfeited during the year | (4) | $ | 13.68 | ||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 71 | $ | 29.46 | ||||||||
The fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was $1.4 million, $2.5 million, and $4.4 million, respectively.
Option awards granted to employees generally vest 25% per year over four years from the grant date. We recognize compensation expense for options on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the same as the vesting period. The options generally expire ten years from the date of grant.
For options granted prior to April 2019, except as otherwise provided in specific option award agreements, if a participant ceases to be employed by us, options not yet vested generally expire and are forfeited at the termination date, and options that are fully vested generally expire 90 days after termination of the participant’s employment. Exclusions to the general policy for terminated employees include termination for cause (in which case the options expire on the participant’s termination date) and termination due to death or disability (in which case any unvested options shall immediately vest and expire one year after the participant’s termination date). For options granted in or after April 2019, the same terms apply, except that in the event of termination due to a qualified retirement, options not yet vested will continue to vest and will expire ten years from the grant date.
We did not grant any options in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 or 2020.
Restricted Securities
Starting in April 2020, we grant RSU awards that vest ratably over three years and PRSU awards that cliff vest three years after the grant date. Previously, we granted RSU and PRSU awards each of which cliff vested three years after the grant date.
In the event of a qualifying termination, any unvested restricted securities that would have otherwise vested within the next six months vest in full on the termination date, and in the event of termination by reason of a covered retirement, any unvested restricted securities remain outstanding on the termination date and subject to continued vesting. For PRSU awards, the number of units that ultimately vest depends on the extent to which certain performance criteria, described in the table below, are met.
A summary of restricted securities granted in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is presented below:
Percentage Range of Units That May Vest (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.0% to 172.5% | 0.0% to 200.0% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Awards in thousands) | RSU Awards Granted | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | PRSU Awards Granted | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | PRSU Awards Granted | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 618 | $ | 49.68 | 231 | $ | 50.12 | 194 | $ | 48.33 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 413 | $ | 58.29 | 170 | $ | 58.56 | 76 | $ | 57.04 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2020 | 806 | $ | 29.06 | 401 | $ | 28.22 | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Represents the percentage range of PRSU award units granted that may vest according to the terms of the awards. The amounts presented within this table do not reflect our current assessment of the probable outcome of vesting based on the achievement or expected achievement of performance conditions.
Compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflects our estimate of the probable outcome of the performance conditions associated with the PRSU awards granted in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.
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A summary of activity related to outstanding restricted securities for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is presented in the table below (amounts have been calculated based on unrounded shares, accordingly, certain amounts may not appear to recalculate due to the effect of rounding):
| Restricted Securities (thousands) | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | ||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2019 | 1,105 | $ | 47.51 | ||||||||
| Granted | 1,207 | $ | 28.78 | ||||||||
| Forfeited | (284) | $ | 37.89 | ||||||||
| Vested | (349) | $ | 43.54 | ||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 1,679 | $ | 36.49 | ||||||||
| Granted | 659 | $ | 58.21 | ||||||||
| Forfeited | (348) | $ | 41.00 | ||||||||
| Vested | (469) | $ | 38.36 | ||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 1,521 | $ | 43.31 | ||||||||
| Granted | 1,043 | $ | 49.53 | ||||||||
| Forfeited | (287) | $ | 46.96 | ||||||||
| Vested | (522) | $ | 42.40 | ||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | 1,755 | $ | 46.68 | ||||||||
Aggregate intrinsic value information for restricted securities as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 is presented below:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Outstanding | $ | 70,941 | $ | 93,830 | $ | 88,534 | |||||||||||
| Expected to vest | $ | 55,235 | $ | 69,798 | $ | 58,675 | |||||||||||
The weighted-average remaining periods over which the restrictions will lapse as of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 are as follows:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Outstanding | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Expected to vest | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.1 | ||||||||||||||
The expected to vest restricted securities are calculated based on the application of a forfeiture rate assumption to all outstanding restricted securities as well as our assessment of the probability of meeting the required performance conditions that pertain to the PRSU awards.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
The table below presents non-cash compensation expense related to our equity awards, which is recognized within SG&A expense in the consolidated statements of operations, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Stock options | $ | 632 | $ | 1,389 | $ | 2,868 | |||||||||||
| Restricted securities | 31,159 | 24,274 | 16,257 | ||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | $ | 31,791 | $ | 25,663 | $ | 19,125 | |||||||||||
In the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, we recognized $3.8 million, $3.2 million, and $2.5 million, respectively, of income tax benefit associated with share-based compensation expense.
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The table below presents unrecognized compensation expense at December 31, 2022 for each class of award and the remaining expected term for this expense to be recognized:
| Unrecognized Compensation Expense | Expected Recognition (years) | ||||||||||
| Options | $ | 1,687 | 0.1 | ||||||||
| Restricted securities | 36,539 | 1.3 | |||||||||
| Total unrecognized compensation expense | $ | 38,226 | |||||||||
5. Restructuring and Other Charges, Net
The following table presents the components of restructuring and other charges, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program, net | $ | — | $ | 7,120 | $ | 24,458 | ||||||||||||||
| Other restructuring charges | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Severance costs, net | 19,112 | 4,504 | 3,042 | |||||||||||||||||
| Facility and other exit costs | 5,464 | 2,433 | 1,323 | |||||||||||||||||
Gain on sale of Qinex Business (1) | (135,112) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Acquisition-related compensation arrangements (2) | 48,864 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
Other (3) | (5,028) | 885 | 4,271 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and other charges, net | $ | (66,700) | $ | 14,942 | $ | 33,094 | ||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information on the sale of various assets and liabilities comprising our semiconductor test and thermal business (collectively, the "Qinex Business").
(2) Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information regarding our acquisition-related compensation arrangements.
(3) Represents charges that are not included in one of the other classifications. The year ended December 31, 2022 primarily includes transaction-related charges to sell the Qinex Business, partially offset by gains related to changes in the fair value of acquisition-related contingent consideration amounts. Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information. In the year ended December 31, 2020, we settled intellectual property litigation brought against August Cayman Company, Inc. ("Schrader”) by Wasica Finance GmbH ("Wasica") and released $11.7 million of the related liability, which is presented in restructuring and other charges, net. This release largely offset a charge of $12.1 million resulting from a prejudgment interest-related award granted by the court on behalf of Wasica in fiscal year 2020.
On June 30, 2020, in response to the potential long-term impact of the global financial and health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, we committed to a plan to reorganize our business (the “Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program”) consisting of voluntary and involuntary reductions-in-force and certain site closures. The Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program was commenced in order to align our cost structure to the then anticipated future demand outlook. We have completed all actions contemplated thereunder, with approximately 840 positions impacted. We recognized total cumulative costs of $33.2 million under the Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program, of which $28.4 million related to severance charges and $4.8 million related to facility and other exit costs.
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Charges recognized in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 resulting from the Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program are presented by impacted segment below. However, as discussed in Note 20: Segment Reporting, restructuring and other charges, net are excluded from segment operating income. There were no charges recognized in the year ended December 31, 2022.
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
Performance Sensing (1) | $ | 2,584 | $ | 9,073 | |||||||
Sensing Solutions (2) | 5,898 | 6,445 | |||||||||
| Corporate and other | (1,362) | 8,940 | |||||||||
| Q2 2020 Global Restructure Program, net | $ | 7,120 | $ | 24,458 | |||||||
__________________________
(1) Approximately $1.2 million of these charges for the year ended December 31, 2021 relate to site closures. There were no site closures in the Performance Sensing reportable segment in the year ended December 31, 2020.
(2) Approximately $3.8 million and $0.6 million of these charges for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, relate to site closures.
The following table presents a rollforward of the severance portion of our restructuring obligations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Q2 Plan | Other | Total | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 10,842 | $ | 4,037 | $ | 14,879 | ||||||||||||||
| Charges, net of reversals | 2,181 | 4,504 | 6,685 | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments | (8,993) | (5,145) | (14,138) | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency remeasurement | (177) | (16) | (193) | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 3,853 | 3,380 | 7,233 | |||||||||||||||||
| Charges, net of reversals | (660) | 19,772 | 19,112 | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments | (3,155) | (14,479) | (17,634) | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency remeasurement | (16) | (78) | (94) | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 22 | $ | 8,595 | $ | 8,617 | ||||||||||||||
The severance portion of our restructuring obligations for each period presented was entirely recorded in accrued expenses and other current liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 12: Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities.
6. Other, Net
The following table presents the components of other, net for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
Currency remeasurement (loss)/gain on net monetary assets (1) | $ | (18,155) | $ | 3,449 | $ | 10,833 | |||||||||||
Gain/(loss) on foreign currency forward contracts (2) | 4,324 | (7,553) | (6,762) | ||||||||||||||
(Loss)/gain on commodity forward contracts (2) | (3,350) | (2,967) | 10,027 | ||||||||||||||
Loss on debt financing (3) | (5,468) | (30,066) | — | ||||||||||||||
Mark-to-market loss on investments, net (4) | (75,569) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net periodic benefit cost, excluding service cost | (5,125) | (7,528) | (9,980) | ||||||||||||||
| Other | 8,725 | 4,633 | (4,457) | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | $ | (94,618) | $ | (40,032) | $ | (339) | |||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Relates to the remeasurement of non-USD denominated net monetary assets and liabilities into USD. Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies — Foreign Currency for additional information.
(2) Relates to changes in the fair value of derivative financial instruments not designated as cash flow hedges. Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional information related to gains and losses on our commodity and foreign currency forward contracts.
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(3) Refer to Note 14: Debt for additional information related to our debt financing transactions.
(4) Primarily reflects a mark-to-market loss on our investment in Quanergy Systems, Inc. ("Quanergy"). Refer to Note 18: Fair Value Measures for additional information.
7. Income Taxes
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for detailed discussion of the accounting policies related to income taxes.
Income before taxes
Income before taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 was categorized by jurisdiction as follows:
U.S. | Non-U.S. | Total | |||||||||||||||
| 2022 | $ | (66,899) | $ | 463,601 | $ | 396,702 | |||||||||||
| 2021 | $ | 39,947 | $ | 373,970 | $ | 413,917 | |||||||||||
| 2020 | $ | (80,856) | $ | 246,497 | $ | 165,641 | |||||||||||
Provision for income taxes
Provision for income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 comprised provisions for (or benefits from) income tax by jurisdiction as follows:
U.S. Federal | Non-U.S. | U.S. State | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | 2,111 | $ | 81,912 | $ | 2,775 | $ | 86,798 | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred | 3,699 | (4,865) | 385 | (781) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 5,810 | $ | 77,047 | $ | 3,160 | $ | 86,017 | |||||||||||||||
| 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | 1,005 | $ | 54,401 | $ | 201 | $ | 55,607 | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred | 6,261 | (12,747) | 1,216 | (5,270) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 7,266 | $ | 41,654 | $ | 1,417 | $ | 50,337 | |||||||||||||||
| 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Current | $ | (2,624) | $ | 48,572 | $ | 307 | $ | 46,255 | |||||||||||||||
| Deferred | (14,776) | (34,252) | 4,128 | (44,900) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | (17,400) | $ | 14,320 | $ | 4,435 | $ | 1,355 | |||||||||||||||
Effective tax rate reconciliation
The principal reconciling items from income tax computed at the U.S. statutory tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Tax computed at statutory rate of 21% | $ | 83,307 | $ | 86,923 | $ | 34,785 | |||||||||||
| Foreign tax rate differential | (44,327) | (30,485) | (21,994) | ||||||||||||||
| Valuation allowances | 15,679 | 20,512 | 8,869 | ||||||||||||||
| Withholding taxes not creditable | 12,337 | 13,259 | 12,198 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development incentives | (10,834) | (11,067) | (7,408) | ||||||||||||||
| Unrealized foreign currency exchange losses/gains, net | 9,306 | (6,137) | 2,650 | ||||||||||||||
| Dispositions and capital restructurings | 4,496 | — | (54,188) | ||||||||||||||
| Change in tax laws or rates | 2,611 | (7,070) | 11,229 | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. state taxes, net of federal benefit | 2,496 | 1,119 | 3,504 | ||||||||||||||
| Reserve for tax exposure | 1,315 | (16,330) | (171) | ||||||||||||||
| Nontaxable items and other | 9,631 | (387) | 11,881 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes | $ | 86,017 | $ | 50,337 | $ | 1,355 | |||||||||||
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Foreign tax rate differential
We operate in locations outside the U.S., including Belgium, Bulgaria, China, Malaysia, Malta, the Netherlands, South Korea, and the U.K., that historically have had statutory tax rates different than the U.S. statutory tax rate. This can result in a foreign tax rate differential that may reflect a tax benefit or detriment. This foreign tax rate differential can change from year to year based upon the jurisdictional mix of earnings and changes in current and future enacted tax rates.
Certain of our subsidiaries are currently eligible, or have been eligible, for tax exemptions or reduced tax rates in their respective jurisdictions. From 2020 through 2022, a subsidiary in Changzhou, China was eligible for a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15%. The impact on current tax expense of the tax holidays and exemptions is included in the foreign tax rate differential disclosure, reconciling the statutory rate to our effective rate. The remeasurement of the deferred tax assets and liabilities is included in the change in tax laws or rates caption.
Withholding taxes not creditable
Withholding taxes may apply to intercompany interest, royalty, management fees, and certain payments to third parties. Such taxes are deducted if they cannot be credited against the recipient’s tax liability in its country of residence. Additional consideration has been given to the withholding taxes associated with unremitted earnings and the recipient's ability to obtain a tax credit for such taxes. Earnings are not considered to be indefinitely reinvested in the jurisdictions in which they were earned. In certain jurisdictions we recognize a deferred tax liability on withholding and other taxes on intercompany payments including dividends.
Research and development incentives
Certain income of our U.K. subsidiaries is eligible for lower tax rates under the "patent box" regime, resulting in certain of our intellectual property income being taxed at a rate lower than the U.K. statutory tax rate. Qualified investments are eligible for a bonus deduction under China’s R&D super deduction regime. In the U.S., we benefit from R&D credit incentives.
Dispositions and capital restructuring
The increase of $4.5 million in our effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was due to the tax accounting impacts of the divestiture of the Qinex Business, partially offset by separate intangible property transfers. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the decrease in our effective tax rate was due to a net $54.2 million deferred tax benefit in the fourth quarter of 2020 related to intangible property transfers.
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Deferred income tax assets and liabilities
The primary components of deferred income tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Net operating loss, interest expense, and other carryforwards | $ | 379,036 | $ | 393,724 | |||||||
| Prepaid and accrued expenses | 48,540 | 55,794 | |||||||||
| Intangible assets and goodwill | 67,330 | 87,830 | |||||||||
| Pension liability and other | 9,801 | 11,278 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 15,042 | 16,290 | |||||||||
| Share-based compensation | 7,862 | 8,421 | |||||||||
| Inventories and related reserves | 17,329 | 10,767 | |||||||||
| Unrealized exchange loss | 17,645 | 805 | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 562,585 | 584,909 | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (249,525) | (225,919) | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax asset | 313,060 | 358,990 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Intangible assets and goodwill | (489,169) | (493,787) | |||||||||
| Tax on undistributed earnings of subsidiaries | (60,535) | (68,384) | |||||||||
| Operating lease right of use assets | (6,803) | (9,360) | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | (14,309) | (14,506) | |||||||||
| Unrealized exchange gain | (6,298) | (7,198) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (577,114) | (593,235) | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax liability | $ | (264,054) | $ | (234,245) | |||||||
Valuation allowance and net operating loss carryforwards
We recognize deferred tax assets to the extent that we believe these assets are more likely than not to be realized. In measuring our deferred tax assets, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, to determine whether, based on the weight of that evidence, a valuation allowance is needed for all or some portion of the deferred tax assets. Significant judgment is required in considering the relative impact of the negative and positive evidence, and weight given to each category of evidence is commensurate with the extent to which it can be objectively verified. The more negative evidence that exists, the more positive evidence is necessary, and the more difficult it is to support a conclusion that a valuation allowance is not needed. Additionally, we utilize the "more likely than not" criteria established in FASB ASC Topic 740 to determine whether the future tax benefit from the deferred tax assets should be recognized. As a result, we have established valuation allowances on the deferred tax assets in jurisdictions that have incurred net operating losses and in which it is more likely than not that such losses will not be utilized in the foreseeable future.
As of each reporting date, we consider new evidence, both positive and negative, that could impact our view with regard to future realization of deferred tax assets. Our interest expense carryforwards in certain jurisdictions are subject to limitations. We consider these limitations in our assessment of positive and negative evidence. Our assessment of these limitations has resulted in the conclusion that a portion of our interest carryforwards are subject to a valuation allowance.
For tax purposes, certain goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are generally amortizable over 6 to 15 years. For book purposes, goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are tested for impairment annually. The tax amortization of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets will result in a taxable temporary difference, which will not reverse unless the related book goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired or written off. This liability may not be used to support deductible temporary differences, such as net operating loss carryforwards, which may expire within a definite period.
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The total valuation allowance increased $23.6 million and $23.8 million in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As a result of changes in interest limitation rules in the Netherlands that became effective in 2021, we recorded a valuation allowance against our interest carryforwards in this jurisdiction in the year ended December 31, 2021. Subsequently reported tax benefits relating to the valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 will be allocated to income tax benefit recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
As of December 31, 2022, we have U.S. federal net operating loss carryforwards of $828.0 million, of which $246.5 million will expire from 2028 to 2037, and $581.5 million do not expire. We have state net operating loss carryforwards with limited and unlimited lives. Our limited life state net operating losses will expire beginning in 2023. As of December 31, 2022, we have suspended interest expense carryforwards of $418.9 million, which have an unlimited life. We also have net operating loss carryforwards in foreign jurisdictions of $576.5 million, which will begin to expire in 2023.
Unrecognized tax benefits
A reconciliation of the amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Balance at beginning of year | $ | 223,791 | $ | 201,410 | $ | 117,591 | ||||||||||||||
| Increases related to current year tax positions | 4,997 | 3,574 | 46,329 | |||||||||||||||||
| Increases related to prior year tax positions | 1,312 | 37,869 | 43,082 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Decreases)/increases related to business combinations | (883) | 1,370 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Decreases related to settlements with tax authorities | — | (11,015) | (5,183) | |||||||||||||||||
| Decreases related to prior year tax positions | (3,097) | (8,363) | (1,294) | |||||||||||||||||
| Decreases related to lapse of applicable statute of limitations | (743) | (483) | (452) | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes related to foreign currency exchange rates | (789) | (571) | 1,337 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at end of year | $ | 224,588 | $ | 223,791 | $ | 201,410 | ||||||||||||||
We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated balance sheets. The following table presents the expense/(income) related to such interest and penalties recognized in the consolidated statements of operations during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, and the amount of interest and penalties recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Statements of Operations | Balance Sheets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In millions) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest | $ | 0.5 | $ | (0.1) | $ | 0.4 | $ | 2.1 | $ | 1.6 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Penalties | $ | 0.1 | $ | 0.0 | $ | 0.2 | $ | 0.5 | $ | 0.4 | |||||||||||||||||||
At December 31, 2022, we anticipate that the liability for unrecognized tax benefits could decrease by up to $41.0 million within the next twelve months due to the expiration of certain statutes of limitation or the settlement of examinations or issues with tax authorities. The amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2022 that if recognized would impact our effective tax rate is $174.8 million.
Our major tax jurisdictions include Belgium, Bulgaria, China, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Korea, the U.K., and the U.S. These jurisdictions generally remain open to examination by the relevant tax authority for the tax years 2006 through 2022.
Indemnifications
We have various indemnification provisions in place with parties including Honeywell (sellers of First Technology Automotive and Special Products), the Terence Richard Prime Trust dated August 10, 1999 and John Christopher Lakey (sellers of Elastic M2M, Inc.), John Milios (seller of Sendyne Corp.), the former stockholders of SmartWitness Holdings, Inc., and the sellers of Xirgo Technologies Intermediate Holdings, LLC and Xirgo Holdings, Inc., whereby such provisions provide for the reimbursement of future tax liabilities paid by us that relate to the pre-acquisition periods of the acquired businesses.
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8. Net Income per Share
Basic and diluted net income per share are calculated by dividing net income by the number of basic and diluted weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted net income per share were as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding | 155,253 | 158,166 | 157,373 | ||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of stock options | 212 | 640 | 275 | ||||||||||||||
| Dilutive effect of unvested restricted securities | 462 | 564 | 486 | ||||||||||||||
| Diluted weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding | 155,927 | 159,370 | 158,134 | ||||||||||||||
Net income and net income per share are presented in the consolidated statements of operations.
Certain potential ordinary shares were excluded from our calculation of diluted weighted-average ordinary shares outstanding because either they would have had an anti-dilutive effect on net income per share or they related to equity awards that were contingently issuable for which the contingency had not been satisfied. Refer to Note 4: Share-Based Payment Plans for additional information related to our equity awards. These potential ordinary shares are as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||
| Anti-dilutive shares excluded | 1,115 | 6 | 1,575 | ||||||||||||||
| Contingently issuable shares excluded | 1,294 | 1,029 | 995 | ||||||||||||||
9. Inventories
The following table presents the components of inventories as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Finished goods | $ | 202,531 | $ | 201,424 | |||||||
| Work-in-process | 117,691 | 101,558 | |||||||||
| Raw materials | 324,653 | 285,249 | |||||||||
| Inventories | $ | 644,875 | $ | 588,231 | |||||||
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for a discussion of our accounting policies related to inventories.
10. Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
PP&E, net as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||
| Land | $ | 17,881 | $ | 17,972 | ||||||||||
| Buildings and improvements | 300,288 | 285,113 | ||||||||||||
| Machinery and equipment | 1,634,371 | 1,534,166 | ||||||||||||
| Total property, plant and equipment | 1,952,540 | 1,837,251 | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (1,111,721) | (1,016,318) | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 840,819 | $ | 820,933 | ||||||||||
Depreciation expense for PP&E, including amortization of leasehold improvements and depreciation of assets under finance leases, totaled $127.2 million, $125.0 million, and $125.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
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PP&E, net as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 included the following assets under finance leases:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Assets under finance leases in property, plant and equipment | $ | 49,714 | $ | 49,714 | |||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (29,442) | (27,821) | |||||||||
| Assets under finance leases in property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 20,272 | $ | 21,893 | |||||||
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for a discussion of our accounting policies related to PP&E, net.
11. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net
The following table presents the changes in net goodwill by segment for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.
| Performance Sensing | Sensing Solutions | Total | |||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | $ | 2,189,771 | $ | 921,578 | $ | 3,111,349 | |||||||||||
| Acquisitions | 290,827 | 99,887 | 390,714 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 2,480,598 | 1,021,465 | 3,502,063 | ||||||||||||||
| Acquisitions | 30,873 | 423,288 | 454,161 | ||||||||||||||
| Divestiture of Qinex Business | — | (45,000) | (45,000) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 2,511,471 | $ | 1,399,753 | $ | 3,911,224 | |||||||||||
At each of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, accumulated goodwill impairment related to Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions was $0.0 million and $18.5 million, respectively. Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information related to goodwill acquired and written off as a result of our recent acquisitions and the divestiture of the Qinex Business, respectively.
Goodwill attributed to acquisitions reflects our allocation of purchase price to the estimated fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Net assets acquired are comprised of tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. We apply estimates and assumptions to determine the fair value of the intangible assets and of any contingent consideration obligations. Critical estimates in valuing purchased technology, customer relationships, and other identifiable intangible assets include future cash flows that we expect to generate from the acquired assets. In addition, we estimate the economic lives of these identified intangible assets and these lives are used to calculate amortization expense. Goodwill has been included in our segments based on a methodology using anticipated future earnings of the components of business.
We own the Klixon® and Airpax® tradenames, which are indefinite-lived intangible assets as they have each been in continuous use for almost 75 years and we have no plans to discontinue using either of them. We have recorded $59.1 million and $9.4 million, respectively, on our consolidated balance sheets related to these tradenames. In addition, in the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized indefinite-lived intangible assets of $6.9 million related to in-process research & development acquired in a fiscal year 2020 business combination transaction.
Effective July 1, 2021, we reorganized our Sensing Solutions operating segment, which resulted in realignment of our reporting units. As a result of this reorganization, our electrical protection product category that includes high-voltage contactors, inverters, rectifiers, and battery management systems was moved to a new reporting unit, Clean Energy Solutions. The remaining portions of our Electrical Protection, Industrial Sensing, Power Management, and Interconnection reporting units were consolidated into a new reporting unit, Industrial Solutions. This reorganization had no impact on our Aerospace reporting unit. Accordingly, as of October 1, 2021, we had five reporting units, Automotive, HVOR, Industrial Solutions, Aerospace, and Clean Energy Solutions.
With the acquisition of SmartWitness Holdings, Inc. ("SmartWitness") in the fourth quarter of 2021, we formed Sensata INSIGHTS, a business unit organized under the HVOR operating segment, to drive growth of our smart and connected offerings to the transportation market, including both those developed organically and through the acquisition of Xirgo Technologies, LLC ("Xirgo") and SmartWitness. We concluded that Sensata INSIGHTS was a separate reporting unit from HVOR. There have been no subsequent changes to our reporting units. Accordingly, as of October 1, 2022, we had six reporting units, Automotive, HVOR, Sensata INSIGHTS, Industrial Solutions, Aerospace, and Clean Energy Solutions.
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In July 2022, we sold the Qinex Business, which had previously been consolidated into the Industrial Solutions reporting unit. Upon closing of the sale, we transferred approximately $70 million of assets (including allocated goodwill of $45 million) and $2 million of liabilities to the buyer. Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information on this transaction.
We concluded that these reorganizations have not impacted our reportable or operating segment evaluations. We reassigned assets and liabilities, including goodwill, to these new reporting units as required by FASB ASC Topic 350. We evaluated our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment before and after the reorganization and formation of these reporting units and determined that they were not impaired.
We evaluated our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as of October 1, 2022 using a quantitative analysis for each reporting unit, under which a discounted cash flow analysis is prepared to determine whether the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Based on these analyses, we have determined that as of October 1, 2022, the fair value of each of our reporting units and indefinite-lived intangible assets exceeded their carrying values.
We consider a combination of quantitative and qualitative factors to determine whether a reporting unit is at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test, including: the timing of our most recent quantitative impairment tests and the relative amount by which a reporting unit’s fair value exceeded its then carrying value, the inputs and assumptions underlying our valuation models and the sensitivity of our fair value measurements to those inputs and assumptions, the impact that adverse economic or market conditions may have on the degree of uncertainty inherent in our long-term operating forecasts, and changes in the carrying value of a reporting unit’s net assets from the time of our most recent goodwill impairment test. We also consider the impact of recent acquisitions in our expectations of the reporting units, and how these acquisitions perform against their original expected performance, as these might put pressure on the reporting units' fair value over carrying value in the short term. Based on the results of this analysis, we do not consider any of our reporting units to be at risk of failing the goodwill impairment test.
The following tables outline the components of definite-lived intangible assets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| As of December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted- Average Life (years) | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Accumulated Impairment | Net Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Completed technologies (2) | 13 | $ | 1,017,911 | $ | (684,181) | $ | (2,430) | $ | 331,300 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Customer relationships (2)(3) | 12 | 2,092,088 | (1,586,454) | (12,144) | 493,490 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tradenames (3) | 18 | 107,577 | (24,575) | — | 83,002 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capitalized software and other (1) | 7 | 74,163 | (57,603) | — | 16,560 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 12 | $ | 3,291,739 | $ | (2,352,813) | $ | (14,574) | $ | 924,352 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Weighted- Average Life (years) | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Accumulated Impairment | Net Carrying Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Completed technologies | 14 | $ | 917,929 | $ | (626,490) | $ | (2,430) | $ | 289,009 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | 12 | 2,095,735 | (1,575,902) | (12,144) | 507,689 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tradenames | 19 | 77,484 | (23,544) | — | 53,940 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capitalized software and other (1) | 7 | 72,180 | (51,457) | — | 20,723 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | 12 | $ | 3,163,328 | $ | (2,277,393) | $ | (14,574) | $ | 871,361 | ||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) During the year ended December 31, 2022, we retired approximately $2.2 million of capitalized software that was not in use, along with approximately $0.5 million of associated accumulated amortization. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we wrote off approximately $2.4 million of fully-amortized capitalized software that was not in use.
(2) During the year ended December 31, 2022, we disposed of the Qinex Business, which included approximately $4.2 million and $26.5 million of fully amortized completed technologies and customer relationships, respectively.
(3) During the year ended December 31, 2022, we wrote-off approximately $43.1 million and $4.1 million of fully-amortized customer relationships and tradenames, respectively, that were not in use.
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The following table outlines amortization of definite-lived intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Acquisition-related definite-lived intangible assets | $ | 147,110 | $ | 125,982 | $ | 122,915 | |||||||||||
| Capitalized software | 6,677 | 8,147 | 6,634 | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | $ | 153,787 | $ | 134,129 | $ | 129,549 | |||||||||||
The table below presents estimated amortization of definite-lived intangible assets for each of the next five years:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||
| 2023 | $ | 153,685 | |||
| 2024 | $ | 138,980 | |||
| 2025 | $ | 113,824 | |||
| 2026 | $ | 95,916 | |||
| 2027 | $ | 82,327 | |||
12. Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Accrued compensation and benefits | $ | 85,995 | $ | 98,839 | |||||||
| Accrued interest | 50,146 | 45,123 | |||||||||
| Foreign currency and commodity forward contracts | 10,652 | 5,591 | |||||||||
| Current portion of operating lease liabilities | 9,971 | 11,035 | |||||||||
| Accrued severance | 8,617 | 7,233 | |||||||||
| Current portion of pension and post-retirement benefit obligations | 2,504 | 2,554 | |||||||||
| Other accrued expenses and current liabilities | 179,057 | 173,441 | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 346,942 | $ | 343,816 | |||||||
13. Pension and Other Post-Retirement Benefits
We provide various pension and other post-retirement benefit plans for current and former employees, including defined benefit, defined contribution, and retiree healthcare benefit plans. Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for discussion of our accounting policies related to our pension and other post-retirement benefit plans.
The total net periodic benefit cost associated with our defined benefit and retiree healthcare plans for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were $9.1 million, $11.6 million, and $13.5 million, respectively. Components of net periodic benefit cost other than service cost are presented in other, net in the consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 6: Other, Net.
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The following table presents changes in the benefit obligation and plan assets for our defined benefit and other post-retirement benefit plans in total for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Change in benefit obligation: | |||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 108,511 | $ | 129,627 | |||||||
| Service cost | 3,897 | 4,070 | |||||||||
| Interest cost | 2,485 | 2,223 | |||||||||
| Plan participants’ contributions | 562 | 698 | |||||||||
| Actuarial (gain)/loss | (11,710) | 1,163 | |||||||||
| Curtailment loss/(gain) | 466 | (1,368) | |||||||||
| Benefits paid | (12,436) | (20,467) | |||||||||
| Divestiture | (997) | — | |||||||||
| Foreign currency remeasurement | (6,327) | (7,435) | |||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 84,451 | $ | 108,511 | |||||||
| Change in plan assets: | |||||||||||
| Beginning balance | $ | 67,199 | $ | 78,127 | |||||||
| Actual return on plan assets | (8,606) | 2,635 | |||||||||
| Employer contributions | 4,368 | 10,961 | |||||||||
| Plan participants’ contributions | 562 | 698 | |||||||||
| Benefits paid | (12,436) | (20,467) | |||||||||
| Foreign currency remeasurement | (5,226) | (4,755) | |||||||||
| Ending balance | $ | 45,861 | $ | 67,199 | |||||||
| Funded status at end of year | $ | (38,590) | $ | (41,312) | |||||||
| Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year | $ | 72,468 | $ | 95,213 | |||||||
14. Debt
Our long-term debt, net and finance lease and other financing obligations as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 consisted of the following:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| Maturity Date | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||
Term Loan (1) | September 20, 2026 | $ | 446,834 | $ | 451,465 | ||||||||||||
4.875% Senior Notes (2) | October 15, 2023 | — | 500,000 | ||||||||||||||
5.625% Senior Notes | November 1, 2024 | 400,000 | 400,000 | ||||||||||||||
5.0% Senior Notes | October 1, 2025 | 700,000 | 700,000 | ||||||||||||||
4.375% Senior Notes | February 15, 2030 | 450,000 | 450,000 | ||||||||||||||
3.75% Senior Notes | February 15, 2031 | 750,000 | 750,000 | ||||||||||||||
4.0% Senior Notes | April 15, 2029 | 1,000,000 | 1,000,000 | ||||||||||||||
5.875% Senior Notes | September 1, 2030 | 500,000 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Less: debt discount, net of premium | (3,360) | (5,207) | |||||||||||||||
| Less: deferred financing costs | (29,916) | (26,682) | |||||||||||||||
Less: current portion (1) | (254,630) | (4,630) | |||||||||||||||
| Long-term debt, net | $ | 3,958,928 | $ | 4,214,946 | |||||||||||||
| Finance lease and other financing obligations | $ | 26,583 | $ | 28,767 | |||||||||||||
| Less: current portion | (1,841) | (2,203) | |||||||||||||||
| Finance lease and other financing obligations, less current portion | $ | 24,742 | $ | 26,564 | |||||||||||||
_______________________________
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(1) On February 6, 2023, we prepaid $250.0 million of outstanding principal on our Term Loan balance. Accordingly, that portion of the term loan principal balance has been presented in current portion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022.
(2) The 4.875% Senior Notes were redeemed on September 28, 2022.
Fiscal year 2022 transactions
On June 23, 2022, certain of our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaries, including Sensata Technologies, Inc. ("STI"), Sensata Technologies Intermediate Holding B.V. ("STIHBV"), and Sensata Technologies B.V. (“STBV”), entered into an amendment (the “Eleventh Amendment”) to (i) the credit agreement, dated as of May 12, 2011 (as amended, supplemented, waived, or otherwise modified, the “Credit Agreement”), and (ii) the Foreign Guaranty, dated as of May 12, 2011. Refer to discussion under the heading Secured Credit Facility below for additional information regarding the Eleventh Amendment.
On August 29, 2022, STBV completed the issuance and sale of $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% senior notes due 2030 (the "5.875% Senior Notes"). The 5.875% Senior Notes bear interest at 5.875% per year and mature on September 1, 2030. Interest is payable semi-annually on September 1 and March 1 of each year, commencing on March 1, 2023. The 5.875% Senior Notes were issued under an indenture dated as of August 29, 2022, among STBV, as issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, and our guarantor subsidiaries named therein (the "5.875% Senior Notes Indenture"). The 5.875% Senior Notes are guaranteed by each of STBV's wholly-owned subsidiaries that is a borrower or guarantor under the senior secured credit facilities (the "Senior Secured Credit Facilities") of STI and an issuer or a guarantor under our existing senior notes as follows: STBV's $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.625% senior notes due 2024 (the "5.625% Senior Notes"), $700.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.0% senior notes due 2025 (the "5.0% Senior Notes"), and $1.0 billion aggregate principal amount of 4.0% senior notes due 2029 (the "4.0% Senior Notes"); and STI's $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.375% senior notes due 2030 (the "4.375% Senior Notes") and $750 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% senior notes due 2031 (the "3.75% Senior Notes"). Refer to discussion under the heading Senior Notes below for additional information regarding the issuance of the 5.875% Senior Notes.
On September 28, 2022, we redeemed in full the $500.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on our 4.875% senior notes due 2023 (the "4.875% Senior Notes") in accordance with the terms of the indenture under which the 4.875% Senior Notes were issued, at a price of 101.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 4.875% Senior Notes (which includes the applicable premium), plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the redemption date.
Fiscal Year 2021 transactions
On March 5, 2021, we redeemed the $750.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding on the 6.25% senior notes due 2026 (the "6.25% Senior Notes") in accordance with the terms of the indenture under which the 6.25% Senior Notes were issued and the terms of the notice of redemption, at a redemption price equal to 103.125% of the aggregate principal amount of the outstanding 6.25% Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest to (but not including) the redemption date. In addition to the $750.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding, at redemption we paid a premium of $23.4 million and accrued interest of $2.6 million.
On March 29, 2021, our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary, STBV, completed the issuance and sale of $750.0 million aggregate principal amount of 4.0% senior notes due 2029, issued under an indenture dated as of March 29, 2021 among STBV, as issuer, The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee (the "Trustee"), and our guarantor subsidiaries (the "Guarantors") named therein (the "4.0% Senior Notes Indenture"). On April 8, 2021, STBV completed the issuance and sale of an additional $250.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 4.0% senior notes due 2029, which were priced at 100.75% and were issued pursuant to the 4.0% Senior Notes Indenture, as supplemented by the First Supplemental Indenture, dated as of April 8, 2021, among STBV, the Guarantors, and the Trustee. The 4.0% senior notes due 2029 issued in March 2021 have the same terms as those issued in April 2021, other than with respect to the date of issuance and the issue price. The two issuances of 4.0% senior notes are consolidated and form a single class of 4.0% Senior Notes due 2029.
Refer to discussion under the heading Senior Notes below for additional information regarding these transactions.
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Secured Credit Facility
The Credit Agreement provides for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, consisting of a term loan facility (the "Term Loan"), a revolving credit facility, and incremental availability under which additional secured credit facilities could be issued under certain circumstances. All obligations under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities are unconditionally guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries and secured by substantially all present and future property and assets of STBV and its guarantor subsidiaries.
On June 23, 2022, we entered into the Eleventh Amendment, which amended the Credit Agreement as follows: (i) increased the aggregate principal amount of the revolving credit facility under the Credit Agreement (the "Revolving Credit Facility") to $750.0 million; (ii) extended the maturity date of the Revolving Credit Facility to June 23, 2027 (which could be accelerated to June 22, 2026 if, prior to June 22, 2026, the Term Loan is not refinanced with a maturity date that is on or after June 23, 2027); (iii) released the Foreign Guarantors (as defined in the Credit Agreement), excluding STBV, from their obligations to guarantee the obligations of STI and the other Loan Parties (as defined in the Credit Agreement) relating to the Revolving Credit Facility and certain related obligations, subject to an obligation to reinstate such guaranties under certain conditions; (iv) replaced the LIBOR-based interest rates referenced by the Credit Agreement regarding revolving credit loans to (a) for revolving credit loans denominated in U.S. dollars, an interest rate based on the secured overnight financing rate ("SOFR") published by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and (b) for revolving credit loans denominated in pounds sterling, an interest rate based on the Sterling Overnight Index Average ("SONIA"); and (v) certain of the operational and restrictive covenants and other terms and conditions of the Credit Agreement were modified to provide STI and its affiliates increased flexibility and permissions thereunder.
The Credit Agreement provides that, if our senior secured net leverage ratio exceeds a specified level, we are required to use a portion of our excess cash flow, as defined in the Credit Agreement, generated by operating, investing, or financing activities to prepay the outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. The Credit Agreement also requires mandatory prepayments of the outstanding borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities upon certain asset dispositions and casualty events, in each case subject to certain reinvestment rights, and the incurrence of certain indebtedness (excluding any permitted indebtedness). These provisions were not triggered during the year ended December 31, 2022.
Term Loan
The principal amount of the Term Loan amortizes in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount equal to 1.0% of the aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan upon completion of the tenth amendment of the Credit Agreement entered into on September 20, 2019 (the "Tenth Amendment,") with the balance due at maturity.
In accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement, as of December 31, 2022, the Term Loan may, at our option, be maintained from time to time as a Base Rate loan or a Eurodollar Rate loan (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), with each representing a different determination of interest rates. The interest rate margins for the Term Loan are fixed at, and as of December 31, 2022 were, 0.75% and 1.75% for Base Rate loans and Eurodollar Rate loans, respectively, subject to floors of 1.00% and 0.00% for Base Rate loans and Eurodollar Rate loans, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, we maintained the Term Loan as a Eurodollar Rate loan, which accrued interest at 5.87%. On January 4, 2023, we entered into an amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Twelfth Amendment”) that will change the referenced rates related to the Term Loan to the SOFR and SONIA, effective in April 2023.
Revolving Credit Facility
In accordance with the terms of the Credit Agreement, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility may, at our option, be maintained from time to time as Base Rate loans, Term SOFR loans, or Daily Simple SONIA loans (each as defined in the Credit Agreement), with each representing a different determination of interest rates. The interest rate margins and letter of credit fees under the Revolving Credit Facility are as follows (each depending on our senior secured net leverage ratio): (i) the interest rate margin for Base Rate loans range from 0.00% to 0.50%; (ii) the interest rate margin for Term SOFR and Daily Simple SONIA loans range from 1.00% to 1.50%; and (iii) the letter of credit fees range from 0.875% to 1.375%.
We are required to pay to our revolving credit lenders, on a quarterly basis, a commitment fee on the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility. The commitment fee ranges from 0.125% to 0.250%, depending on our senior secured net leverage ratios.
As of December 31, 2022, there was $746.1 million available under the Revolving Credit Facility, net of $3.9 million of obligations in respect of outstanding letters of credit issued thereunder. Outstanding letters of credit are issued primarily for the benefit of certain operating activities. As of December 31, 2022, no amounts had been drawn against these outstanding letters of credit. Availability under the Revolving Credit Facility may be borrowed, repaid, and re-borrowed to fund our working capital needs and for other general corporate purposes.
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Senior Notes
We have various tranches of senior unsecured notes outstanding as of December 31, 2022. Information regarding these senior notes (together, the "Senior Notes") is included in the following table. The Senior Notes were issued under indentures (the "Senior Notes Indentures") among the issuers listed in the table below, The Bank of New York Mellon, as trustee, and our guarantor subsidiaries named in the respective Senior Notes Indentures.
| 5.625% Senior Notes | 5.0% Senior Notes | 4.375% Senior Notes | 3.75% Senior Notes | 4.0% Senior Notes | 5.875% Senior Notes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aggregate principal amount | $400,000 | $700,000 | $450,000 | $750,000 | $1,000,000 | $500,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate | 5.625% | 5.000% | 4.375% | 3.750% | 4.000% | 5.875% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue price | 100.000% | 100.000% | 100.000% | 100.000% | Various (1) | 100.000% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuer | STBV | STBV | STI | STI | STBV | STBV | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issue date | October 2014 | March 2015 | September 2019 | August 2020 | Various (1) | August 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest due | May 1 | April 1 | February 15 | February 15 | April 15 | September 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest due | November 1 | October 1 | August 15 | August 15 | October 15 | March 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) On March 29, 2021, we issued $750.0 million of 4.0% Senior Notes that were priced at 100.00%. On April 8, 2021, we issued $250.0 million of 4.0% Senior Notes that were priced at 100.75%.
Redemption - General
Upon the occurrence of certain specific change in control events, we will be required to offer to repurchase the Senior Notes at 101% of their principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the date of repurchase.
If changes in certain tax laws or treaties, or any change in the official application, administration, or interpretation thereof, of any relevant taxing jurisdiction become effective that would impose withholding taxes or other deductions on the payments of any of the Senior Notes or the guarantees thereof, we may, at our option, redeem the relevant Senior Notes in whole but not in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date, premium, if any, and all additional amounts (as described in the relevant Senior Notes Indenture), if any, then due and which will become due on the date of redemption.
Except as described below with respect to the 4.375% Senior Notes, 3.75% Senior Notes, the 4.0% Senior Notes, and the 5.875% Senior Notes, at any time, and from time to time, we may optionally redeem the Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at a price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the notes redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to, but excluding, the date of redemption, plus a "make-whole" premium set forth in the relevant Senior Notes Indenture.
Redemption - 4.375% Senior Notes
The "make-whole" premium will not be payable with respect to any such redemption of the 4.375% Senior Notes on or after November 15, 2029.
Redemption - 3.75% Senior Notes
The "make-whole" premium will not be payable with respect to any such redemption of the 3.75% Senior Notes on or after February 15, 2026. On or after such date, we may optionally redeem the 3.75% Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at the following prices (expressed as a percentage of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to but excluding the redemption date:
| Period beginning February 15, | Price | ||||
| 2026 | 101.875 | % | |||
| 2027 | 100.938 | % | |||
| 2028 and thereafter | 100.000 | % | |||
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Redemption - 4.0% Senior Notes
The "make-whole" premium will not be payable with respect to any such redemption of the 4.0% Senior Notes on or after April 15, 2024. On or after such date, we may optionally redeem the 4.0% Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at the following prices (expressed as a percentage of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to but excluding the redemption date:
| Period beginning April 15, | Price | ||||
| 2024 | 102.000 | % | |||
| 2025 | 101.000 | % | |||
| 2026 and thereafter | 100.000 | % | |||
In addition, at any time prior to April 15, 2024, STBV may redeem up to 40% of the principal amount of the outstanding 4.0% Senior Notes (including additional 4.0% Senior Notes, if any, that may be issued after March 29, 2021) with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 104.00%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to but excluding the redemption date, provided that at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the 4.0% Senior Notes (including additional 4.0% Senior Notes, if any) remains outstanding immediately after each such redemption.
Redemption - 5.875% Senior Notes
At any time, and from time to time, prior to September 1, 2025, STBV may redeem the 5.875% Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the 5.875% Senior Notes being redeemed, plus a “make whole” premium, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but excluding, the redemption date. At any time on or after September 1, 2025, STBV may redeem the 5.875% Senior Notes, in whole or in part, at the following prices (expressed as a percentage of principal amount), plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to but excluding the redemption date:
| Period beginning September 1, | Price | ||||
| 2025 | 102.398 | % | |||
| 2026 | 101.469 | % | |||
| 2027 and thereafter | 100.000 | % | |||
In addition, at any time prior to September 1, 2025, STBV may redeem up to 40% of the principal amount of the outstanding 5.875% Senior Notes (including additional 5.875% Senior Notes, if any) with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 105.875%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, up to but excluding the redemption date, provided that at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the 5.875% Senior Notes (including additional 5.875% Senior Notes, if any) remains outstanding immediately after each such redemption.
Guarantees
The obligations of the issuers of the Senior Notes are guaranteed by STBV and all of its subsidiaries (excluding the company that is the issuer of the relevant Senior Notes) that guarantee the obligations of STI under the Credit Agreement (after giving effect to the Guarantees Release pursuant to the Tenth Amendment).
Events of Default
The Senior Notes Indentures provide for events of default that include, among others, nonpayment of principal or interest when due, breach of covenants or other provisions in the relevant Senior Notes Indenture, defaults in payment of certain other indebtedness, certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency, failure to pay certain judgments, and the cessation of the full force and effect of the guarantees of significant subsidiaries. Generally, if an event of default occurs, the trustee or the holders of at least 25% in principal amount of the then outstanding Senior Notes issued under the relevant Senior Notes Indenture may declare the principal of, and accrued but unpaid interest on, all of the relevant Senior Notes to be due and payable immediately. All provisions regarding remedies in an event of default are subject to the relevant Senior Notes Indenture.
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Restrictions and Covenants
As of December 31, 2022, STBV and all of its subsidiaries were subject to certain restrictive covenants under the Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures. Under certain circumstances, STBV is permitted to designate a subsidiary as "unrestricted" for purposes of the Credit Agreement, in which case the restrictive covenants thereunder will not apply to that subsidiary; the Senior Notes Indentures do not contain such a permission. STBV has not designated any subsidiaries as unrestricted. The net assets of STBV subject to these restrictions totaled $2.9 billion at December 31, 2022.
Credit Agreement
The Credit Agreement contains non-financial restrictive covenants (subject to important exceptions and qualifications set forth in the Credit Agreement) that limit our ability to, among other things:
•incur indebtedness or liens, prepay subordinated debt, or amend the terms of our subordinated debt;
•make loans and investments (including acquisitions) or sell assets;
•change our business or accounting policies, merge, consolidate, dissolve or liquidate, or amend the terms of our organizational documents;
•enter into affiliate transactions;
•pay dividends and make other restricted payments;
•or enter into certain burdensome contractual obligations.
In addition, under the Credit Agreement, STBV and its subsidiaries are required to maintain a senior secured net leverage ratio not to exceed 5.0:1.0 at the conclusion of certain periods when outstanding loans and letters of credit that are not cash collateralized for the full face amount thereof exceed 20% of the commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility.
Senior Notes Indentures
The Senior Notes Indentures contain restrictive covenants (subject to important exceptions and qualifications set forth in the Senior Notes Indentures) that limit the ability of STBV and its subsidiaries to, among other things: incur liens; incur or guarantee indebtedness without guaranteeing the Senior Notes; engage in sale and leaseback transactions; or effect mergers or consolidations, or sell, assign, convey, transfer, lease or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of the assets of STBV and its subsidiaries.
Certain of these covenants will be suspended if the Senior Notes are assigned an investment grade rating by Standard & Poor's Rating Services or Moody's Investors Service, Inc. and provided no default has occurred and is continuing at such time. The suspended covenants will be reinstated if the Senior Notes are no longer assigned an investment grade rating by either rating agency or an event of default has occurred and is continuing at such time. As of December 31, 2022, none of the Senior Notes were assigned an investment grade rating by either rating agency.
Restrictions on Payment of Dividends
STBV's subsidiaries are generally not restricted in their ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute funds to STBV, except for restrictions imposed under applicable corporate law.
STBV, however, is limited in its ability to pay dividends or otherwise make distributions to its immediate parent company and, ultimately, to Sensata plc, under the Credit Agreement. Specifically, the Credit Agreement prohibits STBV from paying dividends or making distributions to its parent companies except for purposes that include, but are not limited to, the following:
•customary and reasonable operating expenses, legal and accounting fees and expenses, and overhead of such parent companies incurred in the ordinary course of business, provided that such amounts, in the aggregate, do not exceed $20.0 million in any fiscal year;
•dividends and other distributions in an aggregate amount not to exceed $200.0 million plus certain amounts, including the retained portion of excess cash flow, but only insofar as no default or event of default exists and the senior secured net leverage ratio is less than 2.0:1.0 calculated on a pro forma basis;
•so long as no default or an event of default exists, dividends and other distributions in an aggregate amount not to exceed $50.0 million in any calendar year (with the unused portion in any year being carried over to succeeding years) plus
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unlimited additional amounts but only insofar as the senior secured net leverage ratio is less than 2.5:1.0 calculated on a pro forma basis; and
•other dividends and other distributions in an aggregate amount not to exceed $150.0 million, so long as no default or event of default exists.
The Senior Notes Indentures generally allow STBV to pay dividends and make other distributions to its parent companies.
Compliance with Financial and Non-Financial Covenants
We were in compliance with all of the financial and non–financial covenants and default provisions associated with our indebtedness as of December 31, 2022 and for the fiscal year then ended.
Accounting for Debt Financing Transactions
In the year ended December 31, 2022, in connection with the entry into the Eleventh Amendment, we recognized $2.7 million of deferred financing costs, which are presented as a reduction of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets. In connection with the issuance of the 5.875% Senior Notes, we capitalized $6.1 million of deferred financing costs, which are presented on the consolidated balance sheets as a reduction of long-term debt. In connection with the redemption of the 4.875% Senior Notes, we recognized a loss of $5.5 million, presented in other, net, related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs and debt discounts.
In the year ended December 31, 2021, in connection with the early redemption of the 6.25% Senior Notes, we recognized a loss of $30.1 million, which primarily reflects payment of $23.4 million for the early redemption premium, with the remaining loss representing write-off of debt discounts and deferred financing costs. In addition, in connection with the issuance of the 4.0% Senior Notes, we recognized $9.6 million of deferred financing costs, which are presented as a reduction of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets and $1.7 million of issuance premiums, which are presented as an addition to long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets.
In the year ended December 31, 2020, in connection with the entry into the 3.75% Senior Notes, we incurred $8.4 million of related third-party costs, which are presented as a reduction of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets.
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for additional information related to our accounting policies regarding debt financing transactions.
Finance Lease and Other Financing Obligations
Refer to Note 17: Leases for additional information related to our finance leases.
Debt Maturities
The aggregate principal amount of each tranche of our Senior Notes is due in full at its maturity date. The Term Loan must be repaid in full on or prior to its final maturity date. Loans made pursuant to the Revolving Credit Facility must be repaid in full at its maturity date and can be repaid prior to then at par. All letters of credit issued thereunder will terminate at the final maturity of the Revolving Credit Facility unless cash collateralized prior to such time.
The following table presents the remaining mandatory principal repayments of long-term debt, excluding finance lease payments, other financing obligations, and discretionary repurchases of debt, in each of the years ended December 31, 2023 through 2027 and thereafter. On February 6, 2023, we prepaid $250.0 million of outstanding principal on our Term Loan, which has been reflected below as paid in 2023.
| For the year ended December 31, | Aggregate Maturities | ||||
| 2023 | $ | 254,630 | |||
| 2024 | 404,630 | ||||
| 2025 | 704,630 | ||||
| 2026 | 182,944 | ||||
| 2027 | — | ||||
| Thereafter | 2,700,000 | ||||
| Total long-term debt principal payments | $ | 4,246,834 | |||
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15. Commitments and Contingencies
Non-cancelable purchase agreements exist with various suppliers, primarily for services such as information technology ("IT") support. The terms of these agreements are fixed and determinable. As of December 31, 2022, we had the following purchase commitments, presented by expected payment dates:
| For the year ending December 31, | |||||
| 2023 | $ | 77,671 | |||
| 2024 | 11,227 | ||||
| 2025 | 4,238 | ||||
| 2026 | 2,460 | ||||
| 2027 | 1,022 | ||||
| Thereafter | 96 | ||||
| Total purchase commitments | $ | 96,714 | |||
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
From time to time, we execute contracts that require us to indemnify the other parties to the contracts. These indemnification obligations generally arise in two contexts. First, in connection with certain transactions, such as the divestiture of a business or the issuance of debt or equity securities, the agreement typically contains standard provisions requiring us to indemnify the purchaser against breaches by us of representations and warranties contained in the agreement. These indemnities are generally subject to time and liability limitations. Second, we enter into agreements in the ordinary course of business, such as customer contracts, that might contain indemnification provisions relating to product quality, intellectual property infringement, governmental regulations and employment related matters, and other typical indemnities. In certain cases, indemnification obligations arise by law.
We believe that our indemnification obligations are consistent with other companies in the markets in which we compete. Performance under any of these indemnification obligations would generally be triggered by a breach of the terms of the contract or by a third-party claim. Historically, we have experienced only immaterial and irregular losses associated with these indemnifications. Consequently, any future liabilities brought about by these indemnifications cannot reasonably be estimated or accrued.
Indemnifications Provided as Part of Contracts and Agreements
We are party to the following types of agreements pursuant to which we may be obligated to indemnify a third party with respect to certain matters.
Officers and Directors: Our articles of association provide for indemnification of directors and officers by us to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, as it now exists or may hereinafter be amended (but, in the case of an amendment, only to the extent such amendment permits broader indemnification rights than permitted prior thereto), against any and all liabilities, including all expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines, and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with such action, suit, or proceeding, provided he or she acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, our best interests, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful or outside of his or her mandate. The articles do not provide a limit to the maximum future payments, if any, under the indemnification. No indemnification is provided for in respect of any claim, issue, or matter as to which such person has been adjudged to be liable for gross negligence or willful misconduct in the performance of his or her duty on our behalf.
In addition, we have a liability insurance policy that insures directors and officers against the cost of defense, settlement, or payment of claims and judgments under some circumstances. Certain indemnification payments may not be covered under our directors’ and officers’ insurance coverage.
Initial Purchasers of Senior Notes: Pursuant to the terms of the purchase agreements entered into in connection with our private placement senior note offerings, we are obligated to indemnify the initial purchasers of the Senior Notes against certain liabilities caused by any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact in various documents relied upon by such initial purchasers, or to contribute to payments the initial purchasers may be required to make in respect thereof. The purchase agreements do not provide a limit to the maximum future payments, if any, under these indemnifications.
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Intellectual Property and Product Liability Indemnification: We routinely sell products with a limited intellectual property and product liability indemnification included in the terms of sale. Historically, we have had only immaterial and irregular losses associated with these indemnifications. Consequently, any future liabilities resulting from these indemnifications cannot reasonably be estimated or accrued.
Product Warranty Liabilities
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies — Revenue Recognition for additional information related to the warranties we provide to customers.
In the event a warranty claim based on defective materials exists, we may be able to recover some of the cost of the claim from the vendor from whom the materials were purchased. Our ability to recover some of the costs will depend on the terms and conditions to which we agreed when the materials were purchased. When a warranty claim is made, the only collateral available to us is the return of the inventory from the customer making the warranty claim. Historically, when customers make a warranty claim, we either replace the product or provide the customer with a credit. We generally do not rework the returned product.
Our policy is to accrue for warranty claims when a loss is both probable and estimable. This is accomplished by accruing for estimated returns and estimated costs to replace the product at the time the related revenue is recognized. Liabilities for warranty claims have historically not been material. In some instances, customers may make claims for costs they incurred or other damages related to a claim.
Environmental Remediation Liabilities
Our operations and facilities are subject to U.S. and non-U.S. laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment and our employees, including those governing air emissions, chemical usage, water discharges, the management and disposal of hazardous substances and wastes, and the cleanup of contaminated sites. We could incur substantial costs, including cleanup costs, fines, civil or criminal sanctions, or third-party property damage or personal injury claims, in the event of violations or liabilities under these laws and regulations, or non-compliance with the environmental permits required at our facilities. Potentially significant expenditures could be required in order to comply with environmental laws that may be adopted or imposed in the future. We are, however, not aware of any threatened or pending material environmental investigations, lawsuits, or claims involving us or our operations.
Legal Proceedings and Claims
We are regularly involved in a number of claims and litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. Although it is not feasible to predict the outcome of these matters, based upon our experience and current information known to us, we do not expect the outcome of these matters, either individually or in the aggregate, to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position, and/or cash flows.
We account for litigation and claims losses in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 450, Contingencies. Under FASB ASC Topic 450, loss contingency provisions are recognized for probable and estimable losses at our best estimate of a loss or, when a best estimate cannot be made, at our estimate of the minimum loss. These estimates are often developed prior to knowing the amount of the ultimate loss, require the application of considerable judgment, and are refined each accounting period as additional information becomes known. Accordingly, we are often initially unable to develop a best estimate of loss and therefore the minimum amount, which could be an immaterial amount, is recognized. As information becomes known, either the minimum loss amount is increased, or a best estimate can be made, generally resulting in additional loss provisions. A best estimate amount may be changed to a lower amount when events result in an expectation of a more favorable outcome than previously expected.
Pending Litigation and Claims:
There are no material pending litigation or claims outstanding as of December 31, 2022.
16. Shareholders' Equity
Cash Dividends
In the year ended December 31, 2022, we paid three quarterly dividends totaling $0.33 per share, or $51.1 million in the aggregate.
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Treasury Shares
From time to time, our Board of Directors has authorized various share repurchase programs, which may be modified or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time. Under these programs, we may repurchase ordinary shares at such times and in amounts to be determined by our management, based on market conditions, legal requirements, and other corporate considerations, on the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, provided that such transactions were completed pursuant to an agreement and with a third party approved by our shareholders at the annual general meeting. The authorized amount of our various share repurchase programs may be modified or terminated by our Board of Directors at any time. Ordinary shares repurchased by us are recognized, measured at cost, and presented as treasury shares on our consolidated balance sheets, resulting in a reduction of shareholders' equity.
In July 2019 our Board of Directors authorized a $500.0 million share repurchase program (the "July 2019 Program"). On April 2, 2020, we announced a temporary suspension of the July 2019 Program. At the time of this announcement, approximately $302.3 million remained available under this program. We resumed repurchasing shares under the July 2019 Program in November 2021, and during the year ended December 31, 2021, we repurchased approximately 0.8 million shares for $47.8 million (an average price of $59.28 per share). As of December 31, 2021, approximately $254.5 million remained available under the July 2019 Program.
On January 20, 2022, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a new $500.0 million ordinary share repurchase program (the “January 2022 Program”), which replaced the July 2019 Program. Sensata’s shareholders had previously approved the forms of share repurchase agreements and the potential broker counterparties needed to execute the buyback program. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we repurchased approximately 6.3 million shares for $292.3 million (an average price of $46.08 per share). As of December 31, 2022, approximately $224.5 million remained available for repurchase under the January 2022 Program.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
The components of accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:
| Cash Flow Hedges | Defined Benefit and Retiree Healthcare Plans | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | |||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2019 | $ | 16,546 | $ | (37,030) | $ | (20,484) | |||||||||||
| Pre-tax current period change | (31,114) | (7,848) | (38,962) | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax effect | 7,835 | 2,076 | 9,911 | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | (6,733) | (42,802) | (49,535) | ||||||||||||||
| Pre-tax current period change | 31,671 | 8,145 | 39,816 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax effect | (8,107) | (1,734) | (9,841) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 16,831 | (36,391) | (19,560) | ||||||||||||||
| Pre-tax current period change | (1,571) | 5,311 | 3,740 | ||||||||||||||
| Income tax effect | 405 | (849) | (444) | ||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2022 | $ | 15,665 | $ | (31,929) | $ | (16,264) | |||||||||||
The components of other comprehensive (loss)/income, net of tax, for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash Flow Hedges | Defined Benefit and Retiree Healthcare Plans | Total | Cash Flow Hedges | Defined Benefit and Retiree Healthcare Plans | Total | Cash Flow Hedges | Defined Benefit and Retiree Healthcare Plans | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications | $ | 37,957 | $ | 1,597 | $ | 39,554 | $ | 23,883 | $ | (30) | $ | 23,853 | $ | (17,738) | $ | (12,494) | $ | (30,232) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss | (39,123) | 2,865 | (36,258) | (319) | 6,441 | 6,122 | (5,541) | 6,722 | 1,181 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive (loss)/income | $ | (1,166) | $ | 4,462 | $ | 3,296 | $ | 23,564 | $ | 6,411 | $ | 29,975 | $ | (23,279) | $ | (5,772) | $ | (29,051) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 were as follows:
| Amount of (Gain)/Loss Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | Affected Line in Consolidated Statements of Operations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivative instruments designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | (46,183) | $ | 9,281 | $ | (10,785) | Net revenue (1) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | (6,543) | (9,707) | 3,397 | Cost of revenue (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total, before taxes | (52,726) | (426) | (7,388) | Income before taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax effect | 13,603 | 107 | 1,847 | Provision for income taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total, net of taxes | $ | (39,123) | $ | (319) | $ | (5,541) | Net income | |||||||||||||||||||
| Defined benefit and retiree healthcare plans | $ | 3,844 | $ | 8,268 | $ | 9,118 | Other, net | |||||||||||||||||||
| Total, before taxes | 3,844 | 8,268 | 9,118 | Income before taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income tax effect | (979) | (1,827) | (2,396) | Provision for income taxes | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total, net of taxes | $ | 2,865 | $ | 6,441 | $ | 6,722 | Net income | |||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Refer to Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional information related to amounts to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss in future periods.
17. Leases
The table below shows right-of-use asset and lease liability amounts and the financial statement line item in which those amounts are presented:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets: | |||||||||||
| $ | 42,836 | $ | 44,118 | ||||||||
| Total operating lease right-of-use assets | $ | 42,836 | $ | 44,118 | |||||||
| Operating lease liabilities: | |||||||||||
| $ | 9,971 | $ | 11,035 | ||||||||
| 32,721 | 35,741 | ||||||||||
| Total operating lease liabilities | $ | 42,692 | $ | 46,776 | |||||||
| Finance lease right-of-use assets: | |||||||||||
| $ | 49,714 | $ | 49,714 | ||||||||
| Accumulated depreciation | (29,442) | (27,821) | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 20,272 | $ | 21,893 | |||||||
| Finance lease liabilities: | |||||||||||
| $ | 1,841 | $ | 2,203 | ||||||||
| 24,742 | 26,564 | ||||||||||
| Total finance lease liabilities | $ | 26,583 | $ | 28,767 | |||||||
The table below presents the lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Operating leases | $ | 4,230 | $ | 1,684 | |||||||
| Finance leases | $ | 284 | $ | — | |||||||
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The table below presents our total lease cost for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 (short-term lease cost was not material for any of the years presented):
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating lease cost | $ | 14,900 | $ | 15,529 | $ | 16,658 | |||||||||||
| Finance lease cost: | |||||||||||||||||
| Amortization of right-of-use assets | $ | 1,621 | $ | 1,714 | $ | 1,794 | |||||||||||
| Interest on lease liabilities | 2,339 | 2,477 | 2,565 | ||||||||||||||
| Total finance lease cost | $ | 3,960 | $ | 4,191 | $ | 4,359 | |||||||||||
The table below presents the cash paid related to our operating and finance leases for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating cash outflow related to operating leases | $ | 15,498 | $ | 15,173 | $ | 16,489 | |||||||||||
| Operating cash outflow related to finance leases | $ | 2,119 | $ | 2,372 | $ | 2,262 | |||||||||||
| Financing cash outflow related to finance leases | $ | 2,423 | $ | 1,806 | $ | 944 | |||||||||||
The table below presents the weighted-average remaining lease term of our operating and finance leases (in years) as of December 31, 2022:
| 2022 | |||||
| Operating leases | 6.5 | ||||
| Finance leases | 10.1 | ||||
The table below presents our weighted-average discount rate as of December 31, 2022:
| 2022 | |||||
| Operating leases | 5.2 | % | |||
| Finance leases | 8.7 | % | |||
The table below presents a maturity analysis of the obligations related to our operating lease liabilities and finance lease liabilities in effect as of December 31, 2022:
| Year ending December 31, | Operating Leases | Finance Leases | |||||||||
| 2023 | $ | 12,577 | $ | 3,845 | |||||||
| 2024 | 10,973 | 3,832 | |||||||||
| 2025 | 7,893 | 3,893 | |||||||||
| 2026 | 4,727 | 3,952 | |||||||||
| 2027 | 3,058 | 4,016 | |||||||||
| Thereafter | 13,833 | 21,402 | |||||||||
| Total undiscounted cash flows related to lease liabilities | 53,061 | 40,940 | |||||||||
| Less imputed interest | (10,369) | (14,357) | |||||||||
| Total lease liabilities | $ | 42,692 | $ | 26,583 | |||||||
18. Fair Value Measures
Our assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 820. The levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:
•Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that we have the ability to access at the measurement date.
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•Level 2 inputs utilize inputs, other than quoted prices included in Level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices in markets that are not active, and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals.
•Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, allowing for situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
Measured on a Recurring Basis
Our assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 are shown in the below table. All fair value measures presented are categorized in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Assets measured at fair value: | |||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 31,126 | $ | 25,112 | |||||||
| Commodity forward contracts | 4,181 | 2,979 | |||||||||
| Total assets measured at fair value | $ | 35,307 | $ | 28,091 | |||||||
| Liabilities measured at fair value: | |||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 9,866 | $ | 3,073 | |||||||
| Commodity forward contracts | 4,671 | 4,492 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities measured at fair value | $ | 14,537 | $ | 7,565 | |||||||
Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for additional information related to the methods used to estimate the fair value of our financial instruments and Note 19: Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities for additional information related to the inputs used to determine these fair value measurements and the nature of the risks that these derivative instruments are intended to mitigate.
Although we have determined that the majority of the inputs used to value our derivative instruments fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with our derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to appropriately reflect both our own non-performance risk and the respective counterparties' non-performance risk in the fair value measurement. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, we have assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of our derivative positions and have determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of our derivatives. As a result, we have determined that our derivatives in their entirety are classified in Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.
Quanergy
As of December 31, 2021, we held a $50.0 million investment in Quanergy Series B Preferred Stock (the "Series B Investment"). The Series B Investment did not have a readily determinable fair value and was held using the measurement alternative prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 321. On February 8, 2022, Quanergy merged with CITIC Capital Acquisition Corp, a special purpose acquisition corporation. On February 9, 2022, Quanergy was listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol QNGY.
Upon completion of the merger, our investment in Quanergy was $75.1 million, consisting of a $50.0 million investment in common shares converted from the Series B Investment, a $7.5 million private investment in public equity, and 2.5 million warrants with a fair value of $17.6 million, each of which represented the right to purchase one common share of Quanergy at a price of $0.01 per share. We subsequently converted these warrants to common shares.
On October 6, 2022, Quanergy executed a 1-to-20 reverse stock split. Upon execution of the reverse stock split, our holdings of Quanergy common stock declined to approximately 0.4 million shares. As of December 31, 2022, the share price of Quanergy was $0.11 per share and we have marked the full investment to approximately zero, resulting in a mark-to-market loss of $75.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, which was recorded in other, net. Refer to Note 6: Other, Net for details of the components of other, net.
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Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis
We evaluated our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment as of October 1, 2022. Refer to Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net for additional information. Based on these analyses, we determined that they were not impaired. As of December 31, 2022, no events or changes in circumstances occurred that would have triggered the need for an additional impairment review of goodwill or other indefinite-lived intangible assets.
In July 2022, we sold the Qinex Business. We allocated goodwill to the Qinex Business based on its fair value relative to the total fair value of the Industrial Solutions reporting unit. Refer to Note 21: Acquisitions and Divestitures for additional information.
Financial Instruments Not Recorded at Fair Value
The following table presents the carrying values and fair values of financial instruments not recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. All fair value measures presented are categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Carrying Value (1) | Fair Value | Carrying Value (1) | Fair Value | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Term Loan | $ | 446,834 | $ | 443,483 | $ | 451,465 | $ | 450,901 | |||||||||||||||
4.875% Senior Notes | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 500,000 | $ | 526,250 | |||||||||||||||
5.625% Senior Notes | $ | 400,000 | $ | 398,000 | $ | 400,000 | $ | 438,000 | |||||||||||||||
5.0% Senior Notes | $ | 700,000 | $ | 684,250 | $ | 700,000 | $ | 759,500 | |||||||||||||||
4.375% Senior Notes | $ | 450,000 | $ | 400,500 | $ | 450,000 | $ | 479,250 | |||||||||||||||
3.75% Senior Notes | $ | 750,000 | $ | 626,250 | $ | 750,000 | $ | 747,188 | |||||||||||||||
4.0% Senior Notes | $ | 1,000,000 | $ | 875,000 | $ | 1,000,000 | $ | 1,022,500 | |||||||||||||||
5.875% Senior Notes | $ | 500,000 | $ | 473,750 | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Excluding any related debt discounts, premiums, and deferred financing costs.
In addition to the above, we hold certain equity investments that do not have readily determinable fair values, for which we use the measurement alternative prescribed in FASB ASC Topic 321. Such investments are measured at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments of the same issuer. There were no impairments or changes resulting from observable transactions for any of these investments and no adjustments were made to their carrying values.
Refer to the table below for the carrying values of equity investments using the measurement alternative, which are presented as a component of other assets in the consolidated balance sheets.
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
Quanergy Systems, Inc. (1) | $ | — | $ | 50,000 | |||||||
| Other | 15,000 | 15,000 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | 15,000 | $ | 65,000 | |||||||
_________________________
(1) As of December 31, 2022, Quanergy is no longer classified as an equity investment without a readily determinable fair value. See additional discussion under the heading Quanergy included elsewhere in this Note.
19. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
We utilize derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedges of our exposure to variability in expected future cash flows. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on these hedging instruments with the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions. We may enter into other derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain risks, even though we elect not to apply hedge accounting under FASB ASC Topic 815. Derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are used to manage our exposure to certain risks, not for trading or speculative purposes. Refer to Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies for additional information related to the valuation techniques and accounting policies regarding derivative instruments and hedging activities.
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Foreign Currency Risk
We are exposed to fluctuations in the values of certain foreign currencies relative to our functional currency, the USD. We enter into forward contracts to manage this exposure. We currently have outstanding foreign currency forward contracts that qualify as cash flow hedges intended to offset the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on forecasted sales and certain manufacturing costs. We also have outstanding foreign currency forward contracts that are intended to preserve the economic value of foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities, which are not designated for hedge accounting treatment in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815.
For each of the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness of our foreign currency forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges were not material. As of December 31, 2022, we estimate that $20.5 million of net gains will be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to earnings during the twelve-month period ending December 31, 2023.
As of December 31, 2022, we had the following outstanding foreign currency forward contracts:
| Notional (in millions) | Effective Date(s) | Maturity Date(s) | Index (Exchange Rates) | Weighted- Average Strike Rate | Hedge Designation (1) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 37.0 EUR | December 28, 2022 | January 31, 2023 | Euro ("EUR") to USD | 1.07 USD | Not designated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 364.0 EUR | Various from January 2021 to December 2022 | Various from January 2023 to December 2024 | EUR to USD | 1.11 USD | Cash flow hedge | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 402.0 CNY | December 27, 2022 | January 31, 2023 | USD to Chinese Renminbi ("CNY") | 6.96 CNY | Not designated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 655.0 JPY | December 28, 2022 | January 31, 2023 | USD to Japanese Yen ("JPY") | 133.01 JPY | Not designated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 18,304.3 KRW | Various from February 2021 to December 2022 | Various from January 2023 to November 2024 | USD to Korean Won ("KRW") | 1,228.41 KRW | Cash flow hedge | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 24.0 MYR | December 27, 2022 | January 31, 2023 | USD to Malaysian Ringgit ("MYR") | 4.41 MYR | Not designated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 83.0 MXN | December 28, 2022 | January 31, 2023 | USD to Mexican Peso ("MXN") | 19.53 MXN | Not designated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3,431.8 MXN | Various from January 2021 to December 2022 | Various from January 2023 to December 2024 | USD to MXN | 22.19 MXN | Cash flow hedge | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6.3 GBP | December 28, 2022 | January 31, 2023 | British Pound Sterling ("GBP") to USD | 1.21 USD | Not designated | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 58.9 GBP | Various from January 2021 to December 2022 | Various from January 2023 to December 2024 | GBP to USD | 1.26 USD | Cash flow hedge | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Derivative financial instruments not designated as hedges are used to manage our exposure to currency exchange rate risk. They are intended to preserve the economic value, and they are not used for trading or speculative purposes.
Commodity Risk
We enter into commodity forward contracts in order to limit our exposure to variability in raw material costs that is caused by movements in the price of underlying metals. The terms of these forward contracts fix the price at a future date for various notional amounts associated with these commodities. These instruments are not designated for hedge accounting treatment in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815.
As of December 31, 2022, we had the following outstanding commodity forward contracts, none of which were designated for hedge accounting treatment in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815:
| Commodity | Notional | Remaining Contracted Periods | Weighted-Average Strike Price Per Unit | |||||||||||||||||
| Silver | 972,101 troy oz. | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 23.24 | ||||||||||||||||
| Gold | 7,894 troy oz. | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 1,861.63 | ||||||||||||||||
| Nickel | 236,860 pounds | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 10.88 | ||||||||||||||||
| Aluminum | 4,310,163 pounds | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 1.22 | ||||||||||||||||
| Copper | 8,271,686 pounds | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 4.07 | ||||||||||||||||
| Platinum | 10,820 troy oz. | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 986.14 | ||||||||||||||||
| Palladium | 1,355 troy oz. | January 2023 to November 2024 | $ | 2,215.19 | ||||||||||||||||
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Financial Instrument Presentation
The following table presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments and their classification in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Asset Derivatives | Liability Derivatives | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance Sheet Location | As of December 31, | Balance Sheet Location | As of December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 27,114 | $ | 20,562 | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 6,586 | $ | 1,981 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | Other assets | 3,763 | 4,391 | Other long-term liabilities | 3,280 | 904 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 30,877 | $ | 24,953 | $ | 9,866 | $ | 2,885 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commodity forward contracts | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 2,542 | $ | 2,583 | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | $ | 4,066 | $ | 3,422 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commodity forward contracts | Other assets | 1,639 | 396 | Other long-term liabilities | 605 | 1,070 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 249 | 159 | Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | — | 188 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 4,430 | $ | 3,138 | $ | 4,671 | $ | 4,680 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
These fair value measurements are all categorized within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 18: Fair Value Measures for additional information related to the categorization of these fair value measurements within the fair value hierarchy.
The following tables present the effect of our derivative financial instruments on the consolidated statements of operations and the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| Derivatives designated as hedging instruments | Amount of Deferred Gain/(Loss) Recognized in Other Comprehensive (Loss)/Income | Location of Net Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Net Income | Amount of Net Gain/(Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss into Net Income | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 39,173 | $ | 32,698 | Net revenue | $ | 46,183 | $ | (9,281) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 11,982 | $ | (601) | Cost of revenue | $ | 6,543 | $ | 9,707 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments | Amount of (Loss)/Gain Recognized in Net Income | Location of (Loss)/Gain Recognized in Net Income | ||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Commodity forward contracts | $ | (3,350) | $ | (2,967) | Other, net | |||||||||||||||
| Foreign currency forward contracts | $ | 4,324 | $ | (7,553) | Other, net | |||||||||||||||
Credit risk related contingent features
We have agreements with our derivative counterparties that contain a provision whereby if we default on our indebtedness and repayment of the indebtedness has been accelerated by the lender, then we could also be declared in default on our derivative obligations.
As of December 31, 2022, the termination value of outstanding derivatives in a liability position, excluding any adjustment for non-performance risk, was $14.8 million. As of December 31, 2022, we have not posted any cash collateral related to these agreements. If we breach any of the default provisions on any of our indebtedness as described above, we could be required to settle our obligations under the derivative agreements at their termination values.
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20. Segment Reporting
We present financial information for two reportable segments, Performance Sensing and Sensing Solutions. The Performance Sensing reportable segment consists of two operating segments, Automotive and HVOR, each of which meet the criteria for aggregation in FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment Reporting. The Sensing Solutions reportable segment is also an operating segment.
Our operating segments are businesses that we manage as components of an enterprise, for which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by our chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance.
An operating segment’s performance is primarily evaluated based on segment operating income, which excludes amortization of intangible assets, restructuring and other charges, net, certain costs associated with our strategic megatrend initiatives, and certain corporate costs or credits not associated with the operations of the segment, including share-based compensation expense and a portion of depreciation expense associated with assets recognized in connection with acquisitions. Corporate and other costs excluded from an operating (and reportable) segment’s performance are separately stated below and also include costs that are related to functional areas such as finance, IT, legal, and human resources. We believe that segment operating income, as defined above, is an appropriate measure for evaluating the operating performance of our segments. However, this measure should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, operating income or other measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The accounting policies of each of our operating and reportable segments are materially consistent with those described in Note 2: Significant Accounting Policies.
The Performance Sensing segment serves the automotive and HVOR industries through the development and manufacture of sensors, high-voltage solutions (i.e., electrical protection components), and other solutions that are used in mission-critical systems and applications. Examples include those used in subsystems of automobiles, on-road trucks, and off-road equipment, such as tire pressure monitoring, thermal management, electrical protection, regenerative braking, powertrain (engine/transmission), exhaust management, and operator controls. These products are used in subsystems that, among other things, improve operating performance and efficiency, contribute to environmentally sustainable and safe solutions, and provide data-driven insight, connectivity, and prognostics to commercial fleet operators and asset managers.
For fleet transportation and logistics customers and end users, the Performance Sensing Segment provide hardware and services that enable a variety of end-use applications, including vehicle tracking and on-board vehicle diagnostic data to monitor vehicle health; the provision of vehicle data to enable usage-based insurance offerings; cargo capacity data for trailers that increase the operational efficiency of fleets; video telematics offerings that provide event analysis and in-cab monitoring to prevent and lower the cost of incidents; and visibility to where assets are located across the supply chain.
The Sensing Solutions segment primarily serves the industrial and aerospace industries through the development and manufacture of a broad portfolio of application-specific sensor and electrical protection products used in a diverse range of industrial markets, including the appliance, HVAC, water management, operator controls, charging infrastructure, renewable energy generation, green hydrogen production, and microgrid applications and markets, as well as the aerospace market, including commercial aircraft, defense, and aftermarket markets.
Some of the products and solutions the segment sells include pressure, temperature, and position sensors, motor and compressor protectors, high-voltage contactors, solid state relays, bimetal electromechanical controls, power inverters, charge controllers, battery management systems, operator controls, and power conversion systems. Sensing Solutions products perform many functions, including prevention of damage from excess heat or electrical current, optimization of system performance, low-power circuit control, renewable energy generation, and power conversion from direct current ("DC") power to alternating current ("AC") power.
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The following table presents net revenue and segment operating income for the reportable segments and other operating results not allocated to the reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 2,976,756 | $ | 2,847,908 | $ | 2,223,810 | |||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 1,052,506 | 972,898 | 821,768 | ||||||||||||||
| Total net revenue | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||
| Segment operating income (as defined above): | |||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 751,640 | $ | 777,237 | $ | 532,529 | |||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 300,015 | 293,185 | 241,218 | ||||||||||||||
| Total segment operating income | 1,051,655 | 1,070,422 | 773,747 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate and other | (294,429) | (288,111) | (273,367) | ||||||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets | (153,787) | (134,129) | (129,549) | ||||||||||||||
| Restructuring and other charges, net | 66,700 | (14,942) | (33,094) | ||||||||||||||
| Operating income | 670,139 | 633,240 | 337,737 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense, net | (178,819) | (179,291) | (171,757) | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (94,618) | (40,032) | (339) | ||||||||||||||
| Income before taxes | $ | 396,702 | $ | 413,917 | $ | 165,641 | |||||||||||
No customer exceeded 10% of our net revenue in any of the periods presented.
The following table presents net revenue by product category for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| Performance Sensing | Sensing Solutions | For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sensors | X | X | $ | 2,887,063 | $ | 2,952,485 | $ | 2,380,608 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical protection | X | X | 710,483 | 635,141 | 504,001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other | X | X | 431,716 | 233,180 | 160,969 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
__________________________
(1) Beginning in the year ended December 31, 2022, we adjusted our product categories to better reflect how we currently view our products. Vehicle area networks and data collection devices and software, products used in our Sensata INSIGHTS business, have been recast from the sensors product category to the other product category. As a result, approximately $74.7 million of revenue in the year ended December 31, 2021 has been recast in the table above from the sensors product category to other. There was no revenue related to these products in the year ended December 31, 2020. The other product category included $173.3 million of revenue related to the Sensata INSIGHTS business in the year ended December 31, 2022
The following table presents depreciation and amortization expense for our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization: | |||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 97,063 | $ | 91,591 | $ | 91,522 | |||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 16,380 | 16,334 | 16,564 | ||||||||||||||
Corporate and other (1) | 167,528 | 151,163 | 147,143 | ||||||||||||||
| Total depreciation and amortization | $ | 280,971 | $ | 259,088 | $ | 255,229 | |||||||||||
__________________________
(1)Included within corporate and other is depreciation and amortization expense associated with the fair value step-up recognized in acquisitions and accelerated depreciation recognized in connection with restructuring actions. We do not allocate the additional depreciation and amortization expense associated with the step-up in the fair value of the PP&E and
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intangible assets associated with these acquisitions or accelerated depreciation related to restructuring actions to our segments. This treatment is consistent with the financial information reviewed by our chief operating decision maker.
The following table presents total assets for our reportable segments as of December 31, 2022 and 2021:
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Assets: | |||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 1,747,768 | $ | 1,605,313 | |||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 631,052 | 555,135 | |||||||||
Corporate and other (1) | 6,377,400 | 6,453,318 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 8,756,220 | $ | 8,613,766 | |||||||
__________________________
(1)The following is included within corporate and other as of December 31, 2022 and 2021: goodwill of $3,911.2 million and $3,502.1 million, respectively; other intangible assets, net of $999.7 million and $946.7 million, respectively; cash and cash equivalents of $1,225.5 million and $1,709.0 million, respectively; and PP&E, net of $43.3 million and $41.8 million, respectively. This treatment is consistent with the financial information reviewed by our chief operating decision maker.
The following table presents additions to PP&E and capitalized software for our reportable segments for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Additions to property, plant and equipment and capitalized software: | |||||||||||||||||
| Performance Sensing | $ | 110,101 | $ | 104,220 | $ | 79,252 | |||||||||||
| Sensing Solutions | 19,681 | 20,559 | 16,885 | ||||||||||||||
| Corporate and other | 20,282 | 19,624 | 10,582 | ||||||||||||||
| Total additions to property, plant and equipment and capitalized software | $ | 150,064 | $ | 144,403 | $ | 106,719 | |||||||||||
Geographic Area Information
The following tables present net revenue by geographic area and by significant country for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020. In these tables, net revenue is aggregated according to the location of our subsidiaries.
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 1,705,222 | $ | 1,450,658 | $ | 1,197,846 | |||||||||||
| Europe | 1,045,031 | 1,003,204 | 816,287 | ||||||||||||||
| Asia and rest of world | 1,279,009 | 1,366,944 | 1,031,445 | ||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net revenue: | |||||||||||||||||
| United States | $ | 1,563,616 | $ | 1,311,878 | $ | 1,082,671 | |||||||||||
| China | 818,974 | 871,667 | 641,516 | ||||||||||||||
| The Netherlands | 810,069 | 621,658 | 482,020 | ||||||||||||||
| Korea | 159,239 | 191,045 | 172,229 | ||||||||||||||
| United Kingdom | 119,109 | 120,686 | 122,403 | ||||||||||||||
| All other | 558,255 | 703,872 | 544,739 | ||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | 4,029,262 | $ | 3,820,806 | $ | 3,045,578 | |||||||||||
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The following tables present PP&E, net, by geographic area and by significant country as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. In these tables, PP&E, net is aggregated based on the location of our subsidiaries.
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net: | |||||||||||
| Americas | $ | 283,189 | $ | 264,901 | |||||||
| Europe | 168,271 | 180,524 | |||||||||
| Asia and rest of world | 389,359 | 375,508 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 840,819 | $ | 820,933 | |||||||
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net: | |||||||||||
| United States | $ | 111,270 | $ | 108,590 | |||||||
| China | 294,408 | 285,516 | |||||||||
| Mexico | 171,749 | 156,132 | |||||||||
| Bulgaria | 127,171 | 138,564 | |||||||||
| United Kingdom | 29,640 | 32,345 | |||||||||
| Malaysia | 90,584 | 85,154 | |||||||||
| All other | 15,997 | 14,632 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | $ | 840,819 | $ | 820,933 | |||||||
21. Acquisitions and Divestitures
Acquisitions
The following discussion relates to our acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Refer to Note 11: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, Net for additional discussion of our consolidated goodwill and other intangible assets, net balances.
Xirgo
On April 1, 2021, we acquired all of the equity interests in Xirgo, a leading telematics and data insights provider across the fleet transportation and logistics segments, headquartered in Camarillo, California, for an aggregate cash purchase price of $401.7 million. The product offerings and technology of Xirgo will augment our existing portfolio in advancing our Insights/IoT megatrend initiative, and greatly expands our ability to provide data insights to fleet transportation and logistics customers, by serving telematics service providers, fleet management solution providers, and fleet operators themselves. Xirgo brings a comprehensive suite of telematics and asset tracking devices, cloud-based data insight solutions, as well as emerging cargo capacity and video sensing applications and data services. We are integrating Xirgo into our Performance Sensing reportable segment. The allocation of the purchase price related to this acquisition was finalized in the fourth quarter of 2021.
Spear
On November 19, 2021, we acquired all of the equity interests in Spear Power Systems ("Spear"), a leader in electrification solutions that supports our newly established Clean Energy Solutions business unit, for an aggregate purchase price of $113.7 million, subject to certain post-closing items, including a contingent consideration arrangement whereby we may be required to pay up to an additional $30.0 million to the selling shareholders. Using a present value technique, we estimated the acquisition-date fair value of the contingent consideration arrangement to be $8.6 million, which is reflected in the aggregate purchase price. In the year ended December 31, 2022, we evaluated updated financial forecasts and determined that the fair value of the contingent consideration arrangement as of December 31, 2022 is zero. Accordingly, a gain of $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was recognized in earnings and presented in . We are integrating Spear into the Sensing Solutions reportable segment.
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Spear is headquartered in Grandview, Missouri, and develops next generation scalable lithium-ion battery storage systems for demanding land, sea, and air applications. The acquisition of Spear advances Sensata’s Electrification portfolio and strategy into new clean energy markets. Spear expands on Sensata’s acquisition of Lithium Balance in battery management systems and GIGAVAC in high-voltage contactors and provides energy storage solutions for OEMs and system integrators in fast-growing end markets that offer significant growth opportunities.
The allocation of the purchase price related to this acquisition was finalized in the fourth quarter of 2022. The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
| Net working capital, excluding cash | $ | 404 | ||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 5,317 | |||||||
| Goodwill | 76,307 | |||||||
| Other intangible assets | 30,500 | |||||||
| Other assets | 421 | |||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities | (3,287) | |||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | (525) | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired, excluding cash and cash equivalents | 109,137 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 4,547 | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | 113,684 | ||||||
The goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition represents future economic benefits expected to arise from synergies from combining operations and the extension of existing customer relationships. This goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.
In connection with the allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we identified certain definite-lived intangible assets. The following table presents the acquired intangible assets, their estimated fair values, and weighted-average lives:
| Acquisition Date Fair Value | Weighted-Average Lives (years) | |||||||||||||
| Acquired definite-lived intangible assets | ||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | 6,200 | 11 | |||||||||||
| Completed technologies | 22,400 | 13 | ||||||||||||
| Tradenames | 1,900 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets acquired | $ | 30,500 | 12 | |||||||||||
These definite-lived intangible assets were valued using the income approach. We primarily used the relief-from-royalty method to value completed technologies and tradenames, and we used the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships. These valuation methods incorporate assumptions including expected discounted future net cash flows resulting from either the future estimated after-tax royalty payments avoided as a result of owning the completed technologies or the future earnings related to existing customer relationships.
SmartWitness
On November 19, 2021, we acquired all of the equity interests of SmartWitness, an innovator of video telematics technology for heavy- and light-duty fleets, for an aggregate cash purchase price of $205.5 million, including $204.2 million of cash paid at closing, subject to certain post-closing items. In addition to the aggregate purchase price, we paid $8.6 million of cash at closing related to an employee retention arrangement. We are integrating SmartWitness into the Performance Sensing reportable segment.
SmartWitness is headquartered in Schaumburg, Illinois and expands the capabilities of Sensata INSIGHTS into high growth video telematics applications, providing access to applications that will drive adoption of traditional and video telematics solutions.
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The allocation of the purchase price related to this acquisition was finalized in the fourth quarter of 2022. The following table summarizes the allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
| Net working capital, excluding cash | $ | 6,106 | ||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 317 | |||||||
| Goodwill | 129,210 | |||||||
| Other intangible assets | 76,800 | |||||||
| Deferred income tax assets | 1,444 | |||||||
| Other assets | 115 | |||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities | (17,920) | |||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | (100) | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired, excluding cash and cash equivalents | 195,972 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 9,518 | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | 205,490 | ||||||
The goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition represents future economic benefits expected to arise from synergies from combining operations and the extension of existing customer relationships. This goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.
In connection with the allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we identified certain definite-lived intangible assets. The following table presents the acquired intangible assets, their estimated fair values, and weighted-average lives:
| Acquisition Date Fair Value | Weighted-Average Lives (years) | |||||||||||||
| Acquired definite-lived intangible assets | ||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | 24,100 | 16 | |||||||||||
| Completed technologies | 52,000 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| Tradenames | 700 | 6 | ||||||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets acquired | $ | 76,800 | 12 | |||||||||||
These definite-lived intangible assets were valued using the income approach. We primarily used the relief-from-royalty method to value completed technologies and tradenames, and we used the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships. These valuation methods incorporate assumptions including expected discounted future net cash flows resulting from either the future estimated after-tax royalty payments avoided as a result of owning the completed technologies or the future earnings related to existing customer relationships.
Elastic M2M
On February 11, 2022, we acquired all of the equity interests of Elastic M2M, Inc. ("Elastic M2M") for an aggregate cash purchase price of $51.6 million, subject to certain post-closing items. In addition to the aggregate cash purchase price, the previous shareholders of Elastic M2M are entitled to up to $30.0 million of additional acquisition-related incentive compensation, pending the completion of certain technical milestones in fiscal year 2022 and achievement of financial targets in fiscal years 2022 and 2023. In the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $24.7 million of that acquisition-related incentive compensation in restructuring and other charges, net. In the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we paid $15.0 million of this acquisition-related incentive compensation, which is reflected as an operating cash outflow on our consolidated statement of cash flows.
Elastic M2M is an innovator of connected intelligence for operational assets across heavy-duty transport, warehouse, supply chain and logistics, industrial, light-duty passenger car, and a variety of other industry segments. Elastic M2M primarily serves telematics service providers and resellers, enabling them to leverage Elastic M2M’s cloud platform and analytics capabilities to deliver sensor-based operational insights to their end users. This acquisition augments our cloud capabilities critical to delivering actionable sensor-based insights, an increasingly important capability in this fast-growing industry segment. We are integrating Elastic M2M into the Performance Sensing reportable segment.
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The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
| Net working capital, excluding cash | $ | 35 | ||||||
| Goodwill | 28,211 | |||||||
| Other intangible assets | 27,700 | |||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities | (5,925) | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired, excluding cash and cash equivalents | 50,021 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 1,597 | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | 51,618 | ||||||
The allocation of purchase price of Elastic M2M is preliminary and is based on management’s judgments after evaluating several factors, including preliminary valuation assessments of intangible assets. The final allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired will be completed when the final valuations are completed. The preliminary goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition represents future economic benefits expected to arise from synergies from combining operations and the extension of existing customer relationships. The goodwill recognized in this acquisition will not be deductible for tax purposes.
In connection with the preliminary allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we identified certain definite-lived intangible assets. The following table presents the acquired intangible assets, their preliminary estimated fair values, and weighted-average lives:
Acquisition Date Fair Value | Weighted-Average Lives (years) | |||||||||||||
| Acquired definite-lived intangible assets | ||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | 17,500 | 13 | |||||||||||
| Completed technologies | 10,200 | 10 | ||||||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets acquired | $ | 27,700 | 12 | |||||||||||
The definite-lived intangible assets were valued using the income approach. We primarily used the relief-from-royalty method to value completed technologies, and we used the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships. These valuation methods incorporate assumptions including expected discounted future net cash flows resulting from either the future estimated after-tax royalty payments avoided as a result of owning the completed technologies or the future earnings related to existing customer relationships.
Dynapower
On July 12, 2022, we completed the acquisition of all of the equity interests of DP Acquisition Corp ("Dynapower"), a leader in power conversion systems, including inverters, converters, and rectifiers for renewable energy generation, green hydrogen production, electric vehicle charging stations, and microgrid applications, as well as industrial and defense applications, for an aggregate cash purchase price of $577.5 million, subject to certain post-closing items. Dynapower also provides aftermarket sales and service to maintain its equipment in the field. Dynapower is a foundational addition to our Clean Energy Solutions strategy and will complement our recent acquisitions of GIGAVAC, Lithium Balance, and Spear. We are integrating Dynapower into our Sensing Solutions reportable segment.
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The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
| Net working capital, excluding cash | $ | 13,365 | ||||||
| Property, plant and equipment | 1,846 | |||||||
| Goodwill | 418,379 | |||||||
| Other intangible assets | 164,400 | |||||||
| Other assets | 1,656 | |||||||
| Deferred income tax liabilities | (25,548) | |||||||
| Other liabilities | (1,035) | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired, excluding cash and cash equivalents | 573,063 | |||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 4,410 | |||||||
| Fair value of net assets acquired | $ | 577,473 | ||||||
The allocation of purchase price of Dynapower is preliminary and is based on management’s judgments after evaluating several factors, including preliminary valuation assessments of intangible assets. We recorded certain measurement period adjustments in the fourth quarter of 2022 and further adjustments may be required until the allocation of purchase price is final. The final allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired will be completed when the final valuations are completed. The preliminary goodwill recognized as a result of this acquisition represents future economic benefits expected to arise from synergies from combining operations and the extension of existing customer relationships. The goodwill recognized in this acquisition will not be deductible for tax purposes.
In connection with the preliminary allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we identified certain definite-lived intangible assets. The following table presents the acquired intangible assets, their estimated fair values, and weighted-average lives:
| Acquisition Date Fair Value | Weighted-Average Lives (years) | |||||||||||||
| Acquired definite-lived intangible assets | ||||||||||||||
| Customer relationships | $ | 37,000 | 13 | |||||||||||
| Backlog | 7,100 | 2 | ||||||||||||
| Completed technologies | 86,100 | 12 | ||||||||||||
| Tradenames | 34,200 | 18 | ||||||||||||
| Total definite-lived intangible assets acquired | $ | 164,400 | 13 | |||||||||||
The definite-lived intangible assets were valued using the income approach. We primarily used the relief-from-royalty method to value completed technologies and tradenames, and we used the multi-period excess earnings method to value customer relationships. These valuation methods incorporate assumptions including expected discounted future net cash flows resulting from either the future estimated after-tax royalty payments avoided as a result of owning the completed technologies or the future earnings related to existing customer relationships.
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Divestiture - Qinex Business
On May 27, 2022, we executed an asset purchase agreement (the "APA") whereby we agreed to sell the Qinex Business to LTI Holdings, Inc. ("LTI") in exchange for consideration of approximately $219.0 million, subject to working capital and other adjustments. Concurrent with the execution of the APA, the parties entered into a Contract Manufacturing Agreement ("CMA") and a Transition Services Agreement ("TSA"), each for nominal consideration.
The CMA commenced at closing of the transaction ("Closing") and has a term of either or nine months, depending on the manufacturing site. LTI also has the option of extending each contract for an additional three months. The period from Closing to the end of the CMA term (including extensions, if any) is referred to as the "Transition Period." The terms of the CMA require that we provide manufacturing and distribution services for the Transition Period. The TSA commences at Closing and has a term that varies depending on the nature of the support services, ranging from one month to the entirety of the Transition Period. The terms of the TSA require that we provide various forms of commercial, operational, and back-office support to LTI.
Closing occurred in July 2022, at which time assets of approximately $70 million (including allocated goodwill of $45 million) and liabilities of approximately $2 million transferred to LTI. Transferred assets and liabilities excluded inventories and accounts payable, which will transfer to LTI at the end of the Transition Period. We received cash consideration of $198.8 million at Closing, which is presented as an investing cash flow for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022. Cash consideration received at Closing excludes amounts held in escrow until various milestones are met through the Transition Period. We received an additional $5.0 million in August 2022 following fulfillment of a portion of our TSA obligations, which is presented as an operating cash inflow.
In the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we recognized a pre-tax gain of approximately $135.1 million and transaction-related charges of approximately $8.2 million. The gain on sale and transaction-related charges are each presented in in our consolidated statements of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 5: Restructuring and Other Charges, Net for additional information.
The Qinex Business manufactures semiconductor burn-in test sockets and thermal control solutions and was formed through the combination of Sensata’s semiconductor interconnect business with Wells-CTI in 2012. The Qinex Business was included in our Sensing Solutions segment (and Industrial Solutions reporting unit). We allocated goodwill to the Qinex Business based on its fair value relative to the total fair value of the Industrial Solutions reporting unit.
22. Subsequent Events
On February 6, 2023, we prepaid $250.0 million of principal on the outstanding Term Loan balance. As a result, we have reflected $250.0 million of long-term debt related to the Term loan in current portion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. Refer to Note 14: Debt for additional information.
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SCHEDULE I—CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF THE REGISTRANT
SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
(Parent Company Only)
Balance Sheets
(In thousands)
| As of December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,227 | $ | 1,858 | |||||||
| Intercompany receivables | 8,291 | 2,662 | |||||||||
| Intercompany notes receivable from subsidiaries | 203,844 | 290,944 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 1,998 | 2,288 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 215,360 | 297,752 | |||||||||
| Deferred income tax assets | 436 | 462 | |||||||||
| Other non-current assets | — | 49 | |||||||||
| Investment in subsidiaries | 2,911,358 | 2,955,727 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 3,127,154 | $ | 3,253,990 | |||||||
| Liabilities and shareholders’ equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 1,075 | $ | 443 | |||||||
| Intercompany accounts payable to subsidiaries | 13,814 | 7,264 | |||||||||
| Intercompany notes payable to subsidiaries | — | 149,208 | |||||||||
| Accrued expenses and other current liabilities | 1,458 | 2,341 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 16,347 | 159,256 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 16,347 | 159,256 | |||||||||
| Total shareholders’ equity | 3,110,807 | 3,094,734 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity | $ | 3,127,154 | $ | 3,253,990 | |||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.
116
SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
(Parent Company Only)
Statements of Operations
(In thousands)
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net revenue | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||||||
| Operating costs and expenses: | |||||||||||||||||
| Selling, general and administrative | 15,489 | 13,687 | 12,477 | ||||||||||||||
| Total operating costs and expenses | 15,489 | 13,687 | 12,477 | ||||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (15,489) | (13,687) | (12,477) | ||||||||||||||
| Intercompany dividend income | 400,000 | 200,000 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Intercompany interest income/(expense), net | 140 | (315) | (479) | ||||||||||||||
| Other intercompany, net | 859 | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Other, net | 141 | (215) | 115 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income/(loss) before income taxes and equity in net income of subsidiaries | 385,651 | 185,783 | (12,841) | ||||||||||||||
| Equity in net (loss)/income of subsidiaries | (77,704) | 175,663 | 182,733 | ||||||||||||||
| Benefit from/(provision for) income taxes | 2,738 | 2,134 | (5,606) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 310,685 | $ | 363,580 | $ | 164,286 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.
117
SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
(Parent Company Only)
Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands)
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net income | $ | 310,685 | $ | 363,580 | $ | 164,286 | |||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss), net of tax: | |||||||||||||||||
| Subsidiaries' other comprehensive income/(loss) | 3,296 | 29,975 | (29,051) | ||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income/(loss) | 3,296 | 29,975 | (29,051) | ||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income | $ | 313,981 | $ | 393,555 | $ | 135,235 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.
118
SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC
(Parent Company Only)
Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
| For the year ended December 31, | |||||||||||||||||
| 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | $ | (9,455) | $ | (15,959) | $ | (7,911) | |||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Intercompany loans | — | (224,972) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends received from subsidiary | 400,000 | 200,000 | — | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities | 400,000 | (24,972) | — | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from exercise of stock options and issuance of ordinary shares | 22,803 | 26,290 | 15,457 | ||||||||||||||
| (Payments on)/proceeds from intercompany borrowings | (62,108) | 72,726 | 30,966 | ||||||||||||||
| Dividends paid | (51,072) | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Payments to repurchase ordinary shares | (292,274) | (47,843) | (35,175) | ||||||||||||||
| Payments of employee restricted stock tax withholdings | (8,525) | (9,048) | (2,911) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities | (391,176) | 42,125 | 8,337 | ||||||||||||||
| Net change in cash and cash equivalents | (631) | 1,194 | 426 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year | 1,858 | 664 | 238 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents, end of year | $ | 1,227 | $ | 1,858 | $ | 664 | |||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed financial statements.
119
1. Basis of Presentation and Description of Business
Sensata Technologies Holding plc (Parent Company)—Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Sensata Technologies Holding plc ("Sensata plc"), included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Report"), provides all parent company information that is required to be presented in accordance with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") rules and regulations for financial statement schedules. The accompanying condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the reduced disclosure requirements permitted by the SEC. Sensata plc and subsidiaries' audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes thereto (the "Consolidated Financial Statements") are included elsewhere in this Report.
Sensata plc conducts limited separate operations and acts primarily as a holding company. Sensata plc has no direct outstanding debt obligations. However, Sensata Technologies B.V., an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Sensata plc, is limited in its ability to pay dividends or otherwise make distributions to its immediate parent company and, ultimately, to Sensata plc, under its Senior Secured Credit Facilities and the indentures governing its senior notes. For a discussion of the debt obligations of the subsidiaries of Sensata plc, refer to Note 14: Debt of the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.
All U.S. dollar amounts presented except per share amounts are stated in thousands, unless otherwise indicated.
2. Commitments and Contingencies
For a discussion of the commitments and contingencies of the subsidiaries of Sensata plc, refer to Note 15: Commitments and Contingencies of the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Report.
120
SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
(In thousands)
| Balance at the Beginning of the Period | Additions | Deductions | Balance at the End of the Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Charged, Net of Reversals, to Expenses/Against Revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable allowances | $ | 17,003 | $ | 8,531 | $ | (1,288) | $ | 24,246 | |||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable allowances | $ | 19,033 | $ | (813) | $ | (1,217) | $ | 17,003 | |||||||||||||||
| For the year ended December 31, 2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable allowances | $ | 15,129 | $ | 5,654 | $ | (1,750) | $ | 19,033 | |||||||||||||||
121
ITEM 9.CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The required certifications of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer are included as Exhibits 31.1, 31.2, and 31.3 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The disclosures set forth in this Item 9A contain information concerning the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, management's report on internal control over financial reporting, and changes in internal control over financial reporting referred to in these certifications. These certifications should be read in conjunction with this Item 9A for a more complete understanding of the matters covered by the certifications.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
With the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022. The term "disclosure controls and procedures," as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2022, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.
We excluded from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, the internal control over financial reporting for Elastic M2M, Inc. and DP Acquisition Corp. (Dynapower), which were acquired by us on February 11, 2022 and July 12, 2022, respectively. These exclusions are consistent with guidance issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that an assessment of recently acquired businesses may be omitted from the scope of management's report on internal control over financial reporting in the year of acquisition. Excluded from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 were total assets and net revenues of approximately 0.7% and 1.3%, respectively, of our consolidated total assets and consolidated net revenues as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2022 that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
122
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management of Sensata Technologies Holding plc (the "Company") is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). The Company’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management, Board of Directors, and shareholders regarding the preparation and fair presentation of the Company’s published financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
•pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
•provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management of the Company; and
•provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
We excluded from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, the internal control over financial reporting for Elastic M2M, Inc. and DP Acquisition Corp. (Dynapower), which were acquired by us on February 11, 2022 and July 12, 2022, respectively. These exclusions are consistent with guidance issued by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission that an assessment of recently acquired businesses may be omitted from the scope of management's report on internal control over financial reporting in the year of acquisition. Excluded from our assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022 were total assets and net revenues of approximately 0.7% and 1.3%, respectively, of our consolidated total assets and consolidated net revenues as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022.
There are inherent limitations to the effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, even an effective system of internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Our internal controls over financial reporting are subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the soundness of our systems, the possibility of human error, and the risk of fraud. Moreover, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may be inadequate because of changes in conditions and the risk that the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate over time.
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management used the criteria issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations ("COSO") of the Treadway Commission in May 2013.
Based on the results of this assessment, management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Accounting Officer, has concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, has also issued an audit report on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, which is included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Swindon, United Kingdom
February 13, 2023
123
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of
Sensata Technologies Holding plc
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited Sensata Technologies Holding plc’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Sensata Technologies Holding plc (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria. As indicated in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management's assessment of and conclusion on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting did not include the internal controls of Elastic M2M, Inc. and DP Acquisition Corp. (Dynapower), which are included in the 2022 consolidated financial statements of the Company and in aggregate constituted 0.7% of total assets as of December 31, 2022 and 1.3% of revenues for the year then ended. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting of the Company also did not include an evaluation of the internal control over financial reporting of Elastic M2M, Inc. and Dynapower.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows and changes in shareholders' equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and financial statement schedules listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”), and our report dated February 13, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
| /s/ Ernst & Young LLP | |||||||||||
Boston, Massachusetts
February 13, 2023
124
ITEM 9B.OTHER INFORMATION
None
ITEM 9C.DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
None
PART III
ITEM 10.DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from the Definitive Proxy Statement of Sensata Technologies Holding plc (the "Company"), to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 11.EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 12.SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 13.CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
ITEM 14.PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company's Definitive Proxy Statement, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.
125
PART IV
ITEM 15.EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)
1.Financial Statements — See "Financial Statements" under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
2.Financial Statement Schedules — See "Financial Statement Schedules" under Item 8, "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data," of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
3.Exhibits
EXHIBIT INDEX
| 2.1 | ||||||||
| 2.2 | ||||||||
| 3.1 | ||||||||
| 4.1 | ||||||||
| 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.3 | ||||||||
| 4.4 | ||||||||
| 4.5 | ||||||||
| 4.6 | ||||||||
| 4.7 | ||||||||
| 4.8 | ||||||||
| 4.9 | ||||||||
| 4.10 | ||||||||
| 4.11 | ||||||||
| 4.12 | ||||||||
| 4.13 | ||||||||
| 4.14 | ||||||||
| 4.15 | ||||||||
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| 10.1 | ||||||||
| 10.2 | ||||||||
| 10.3 | ||||||||
| 10.4 | ||||||||
| 10.5 | ||||||||
| 10.6 | ||||||||
| 10.7 | ||||||||
| 10.8 | ||||||||
| 10.9 | ||||||||
| 10.10 | ||||||||
| 10.11 | ||||||||
| 10.12 | ||||||||
| 10.13 | ||||||||
127
| 10.14 | ||||||||
| 10.15 | ||||||||
| 10.16 | ||||||||
| 10.17 | ||||||||
| 10.18 | ||||||||
| 10.19 | ||||||||
| 10.20 | ||||||||
| 10.21 | ||||||||
| 10.22 | ||||||||
| 10.23 | ||||||||
| 10.24 | ||||||||
| 10.25 | ||||||||
| 10.26 | ||||||||
128
| 10.27 | ||||||||
| 10.28 | ||||||||
| 10.29 | ||||||||
| 10.30 | ||||||||
| 10.31 | ||||||||
| 10.32 | ||||||||
| 10.33 | ||||||||
| 10.34 | ||||||||
| 10.35 | ||||||||
| 10.36 | ||||||||
| 10.37 | ||||||||
| 10.38 | ||||||||
| 10.39 | ||||||||
| 10.40 | ||||||||
| 10.41 | ||||||||
| 10.42 | ||||||||
| 21.1 | ||||||||
| 23.1 | ||||||||
| 31.1 | ||||||||
| 31.2 | ||||||||
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| 31.3 | ||||||||
| 32.1 | ||||||||
| 101.INS | Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document. | |||||||
| 101.SCH | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document. * | |||||||
| 101.CAL | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document. * | |||||||
| 101.DEF | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document. * | |||||||
| 101.LAB | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document. * | |||||||
| 101.PRE | Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document. * | |||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | |||||||
____________________
* Filed herewith.
† Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.
‡ There have been non-material modifications to this contract since inception
130
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| SENSATA TECHNOLOGIES HOLDING PLC | |||||||||||
/s/ JEFF COTE | |||||||||||
| By: | Jeff Cote | ||||||||||
| Its: | Chief Executive Officer and President | ||||||||||
| Date: | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| SIGNATURE | TITLE | DATE | ||||||||||||
| /s/ JEFF COTE | Chief Executive Officer, President, and Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Jeff Cote | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ PAUL VASINGTON | Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Paul Vasington | (Principal Financial Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ MARIA FREVE | Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Maria Freve | (Principal Accounting Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ ANDREW TEICH | Chairman of the Board of Directors | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Andrew Teich | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ JOHN ABSMEIER | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| John Absmeier | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ DANIEL BLACK | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Daniel Black | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ LORRAINE BOLSINGER | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Lorraine Bolsinger | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ JAMES HEPPELMANN | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| James Heppelmann | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ CONSTANCE SKIDMORE | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Constance Skidmore | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ STEVEN SONNENBERG | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Steven Sonnenberg | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ MARTHA SULLIVAN | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Martha Sullivan | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ STEPHEN ZIDE | Director | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Stephen Zide | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ JEFF COTE | Authorized Representative in the United States | February 13, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Jeff Cote | ||||||||||||||
131