Sino Agro Food, Inc. - Annual Report: 2017 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017

Commission File Number: 000-54191

SINO AGRO FOOD, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Room 3801, Block A, China Shine Plaza

No. 9 Lin He Xi Road

Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, P.R.C. 510610

(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)

Registrant’s Telephone Number, including area code: (860) 20 22057860

Copies to:

Marc Ross, Esq.

Henry Nisser, Esq.

Sichenzia Ross Ference Kesner LLP

1185 Avenue of the Americas, 37^th Floor

New York, New York 10036

Telephone: (212) 930-9700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act: None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Exchange Act: Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes    ¨ No    x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes    ¨  No    x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes    x  No    ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes    x  No    ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the issuer on June 30, 2017, based upon the $2.1 per share closing price of such stock on that date, was $46,282,861.80. 

There were 29,362,365 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding as at December 31, 2017.

Documents incorporated by reference: None

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements relate to future events or our future financial performance. We have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by terminology including “anticipates,” “believes,” “expects,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predict,” “should” or “will” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions; uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels or activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Our expectations are as of the date this Annual Report is filed, and we do not intend to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date this Annual Report is filed to confirm these statements to actual results, unless required by law.

This Annual Report also contains estimates and other statistical data made by independent parties and by us relating to market size and growth and other industry data. This data involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. We have not independently verified the statistical and other industry data generated by independent parties and contained in this Annual Report and, accordingly, we cannot guarantee their accuracy or completeness, though we do generally believe the data to be reliable. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of our future performance and the future performance of the industries in which we operate are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report. These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.

PART I

In this Annual Report, unless the context requires otherwise, references to the “Company,” “Sino Agro,” “SIAF,” “we,” “our company” and “us” refer to Sino Agro Food, Inc., a Nevada corporation together with its subsidiaries.

Sino Agro Food, Inc.

SIAF is an agriculture technology and natural food holding company with principal operations in the People’s Republic of China. The Company acquires and maintains equity stakes in a cohesive portfolio of companies that SIAF forms according to its core mission to produce, distribute, market and sell natural, sustainable protein food and produce, primarily seafood and cattle, to the rapidly growing middle class in China. SIAF provides financial oversight and strategic direction for each company, and for the interoperation between companies, stressing vertical integration between the levels of the Company’s subsidiary food chain. The Company owns or licenses patents, proprietary methods, and other intellectual properties in its areas of expertise. SIAF provides technology consulting and services to joint venture partners to construct and operate food businesses, primarily producing wholesale fish and cattle. Further joint ventures market and distribute the wholesale products as part of an overall “farm to plate” concept and business strategy.

Revenues by division were as follows (in millions of U.S. dollars):

History

The Company, which was formerly known as Volcanic Gold, Inc. and A Power Agro Agriculture Development, Inc., was incorporated on October 1, 1974 in the State of Nevada. The Company was formerly engaged in the mining and exploration business but ceased the mining and exploring business in 2005. On 24 August 2007, the Company entered into a merger and acquisition agreement with CA, a Belize corporation and its subsidiaries CS and CH. Effective of the same date, CA completed a reverse merger transaction with the Company.

For two years after its introduction in China, the Company operated in the dairy segment, but sold the dairy business in December of 2009 and began to implement its five-year plan to develop its vertically integrated business operations consisting of (i) cattle fattening and production of beef products and (ii) cultivation of fish and prawn and related products. The Company now operates as an engineering, technology and consulting company specializing in building and operating agriculture and aquaculture farms in China.

Our principal executive office is located at Room 3801, 38^th Floor, Block A, China Shine Plaza, No. 9 Lin He Xi Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, PRC, 510610.

The table below provides an overview of key events in the development of the business of the Company.

Through December 31, 2017, the Company has been contracted as turnkey contractor to the owners and developers of the C&S Project Companies and acted as the master engineer, pioneering the construction and building of farms, from raw land into fully operational facilities. In each development the Company completes the construction and building of infrastructure including staff quarters, offices, processing facilities, storage, and all related production facilities. The Company’s management teams are responsible for developing all business activities into effective and efficient operations. From October 1, 2016, onward, Tri-way has assumed the role as developer of aquaculture projects in China with CA contracted to provide turnkey contracted services for those projects.

In just a few years, Sino Agro Food has matured into a company dedicated to the agriculture and aquaculture industry in China. The Company currently maintains operations of its HU Plantation (see description in section 4.10 below) as well as its services in engineering consulting and specializing in the development of two major products, namely meat derived from the rearing of beef cattle and seafood derived from the growth of fish, prawns, eel and other marine species.

Background

After successfully developing many aquaculture fishery farms, cattle farms and related business operations (along with sales and marketing of produce and products) in Australia and Malaysia since 1998, SIAF’s management team introduced our business activities in China in 2006. We are an engineering and consulting company that specializes in building and operating agriculture and aquaculture farms.

To accomplish this, we use our expertise and know how in specific agriculture and aquaculture technologies. Our “A Power Re-circulating Aquaculture System,” sometimes referred to herein as APRAS, is a patented and proven technology for indoor fish farming. We have developed modern techniques and technologies to grow, feed and house both fish and cattle. These are engineered into the designs of, and the management systems for, indoor and outdoor fishery and cattle farms. Our experience managing crops, and employing technologies, including hydroponic, to work within climate and growing conditions optimizes production of organic, green and natural agricultural produce.

In all of our developments we have acted as the master engineer, pioneering the construction and building of farms, from raw land into fully operational facilities. We complete the construction and building of infrastructure including staff quarters, offices, processing facilities, storage, and all related production facilities. Our management teams are responsible for developing all business activities into effective and efficient operations.

In just a few years, SIAF has matured into a company dedicated to the agriculture and aquaculture industry in China. We currently maintain operation of our HU Plantation as well as our services in engineering consulting, specializing in the development of two major products, namely meat derived from the rearing of beef cattle and seafood derived from the growth of fish, prawns, eel and other marine species. 

Revenues are generated from activities that we divide into five stand-alone business divisions or units: (1) Fishery development, (2) Cattle & Beef, (3) Organic Fertilizer, (4) HU Plantation, and (5) Marketing and Trading. This fifth and newest division, “Marketing and Trading” represents our strongest push to vertically integrate the Company’s operations, furthering the Company’s overall “farm to plate” concept.

Corporate Acquisitions

On September 5, 2007, we acquired two businesses in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”):

(a) Tri-Way Industries Ltd., Hong Kong (“TRW”) (formerly known as Tri-way Industries Limited), a company incorporated in Hong Kong; and

(b) Macau EIJI Co. Ltd., Macau (“MEIJI”) (formerly known as Macau Eiji Company Limited), a company incorporated in Macau, and the owner of 75% equity interest in Enping City Juntang Town Hang Sing Tai Agriculture Co. Ltd. (“HST”), a PRC corporate Sino Foreign joint venture.

On November 27, 2007, MEIJI and HST established a corporate Sino Foreign joint venture, Jiangmen City Heng Sheng Tai Agriculture Development Co. Ltd, China (“JHST”) (formerly known as Jiang Men City Heng Sheng Tai Agriculture Development Co. Ltd.), a company incorporated in the PRC with MEIJI owning a 75% interest and HST owning a 25% interest. HST was dissolved in 2010.

In September 2009, we formed a 100% owned subsidiary in Macau, A Power Agriculture Development (Macau) Ltd., China (“APWAM”) (formerly known as A Power Agro Agriculture Development (Macau) Limited). APWAM presently owns 45% of a corporate Sino Foreign joint venture, Qinghai Sanjiang A Power Agriculture Co. Ltd. (“SJAP”). On March 23, 2017, a third party, Qinghai Quanwang Investment Management Company Limited acquired a 8.3% equity interest and APWAM owned 41.25% equity interest of SJAP as of December 31, 2017. SJAP is engaged in the business of manufacturing bioorganic fertilizer, livestock feed and development of other agriculture projects in the County of Huangyuan, in the vicinity of the Xining City, Qinghai Province, PRC.

On February 28, 2011, TRW applied to form a corporate joint venture, Enping City A Power Prawn Culture Development Co. Ltd., China (“EBAPCD”) (formerly known as Enping City Bi Tao A Power Fishery Development Co., Limited), which is incorporated in the PRC. TRW initially owned a 25% equity interest in EBAPFD. On November 17, 2011, TRW formed Jiangmen City A Power Fishery Development Co. Ltd, China (“JFD”) (formerly known as Jiang Men City A Power Fishery Development Co., Limited) in which it acquired a 25% equity interest, while withdrawing its 25% equity interest in EBAPFD. As of December 31, 2011, we had invested $1,258,607 in JFD. JFD operates an indoor fish farm. On January 1, 2012, we acquired an additional 25% equity interest in JFD for total cash consideration of $1,662,365. On April 1, 2012, we acquired an additional 25% equity interest in JFD for the amount of $1,702,580. Prior to October 5^th 2016 we owned a 75% equity interest in JFD and control its board of directors. As of September 30, 2012, we had consolidated the assets and operations of JFD. From October 5^th 2016 we brought out the remaining 25% equity interest in JFD for consideration of $4,517,426 and sold the 100% equity interest in JFD to Triway (inclusive all original assets of its one farm namely Fish Farm 1 that was changed to name Aqua-Farm 1 and of other additional assets transferred from work in progress etc.) for $33,538,480; and converted JFD into a Wholly Owned Foreign Entity (WOFE) such that Triway is holding 100% equity interest in JFD; and simultaneously (on October 5^th 2016) JFD completed the acquisition: of the assets and operation from owners and investors of four other aquaculture farms (namely Aqua-farm 2, 3 and 4) for $277,055,897 collectively; and the acquisition of a Master License from CA for the rights of future development and operation of our APRAS farms in China for $30,000,000 resulting that we were owing 23.89% equity interest in Triway as at October 5^th 2016. The Company converted the amount due from unconsolidated equity investee into equity interest during the fourth quarter of 2017, which resulted in equity interest in TRW from 23.89% to 36.60%.

On April 15, 2011, MEIJI applied to form Enping City A Power Beef Cattle Farm 2 Co. Ltd., China (“EAPBCF”) (formerly known as Enping City A Power Cattle Farm Co., Limited), all of which we would indirectly own a 25% equity interest in as of November 17, 2011. On September 13, 2012 MEIJI formed Jiangmen City Hang Mei Cattle Farm Development Co. Ltd., a company incorporated in the PRC (“JHMC”) (formerly known as Jiang Men City Hang Mei Cattle Farm Development Co., Limited) in which it owns 75% equity interest with an investment of $3,636,326, while withdrawing its 25% equity interest in ECF. As of September 30, 2012, we had consolidated the assets and operations of JHMC.

Cross-Listing on the Merkur Market

On January 13, 2016, securities representing beneficial interests in the shares of common stock on the Company, referred to as VPS Shares, began to be traded on the Oslo Børs’ Merkur Market under the symbol “SIAF-ME.” The Company’s common shares continued to trade on the OTCQB under the symbol “SIAF.”

The Merkur Market is a multilateral trading facility operated by Oslo Børs ASA. The Merkur Market is subject to the rules in the Norwegian Securities Trading Act and the Securities Trading Regulations that apply to such marketplaces. These rules apply to companies admitted to trading on the Merkur Market, as do the marketplace’s own rules, which are less comprehensive than the rules and regulations that apply to companies listed on Oslo Børs and Oslo Axess. The Merkur Market is not a regulated market, and is therefore not subject to the Norwegian Stock Exchange Act or to the Stock Exchange Regulations. Investors should take this into account when making investment decisions.

Uplisting to the OTC QX Premier

On January 19, 2016, the Company’s shares of common stock began to be traded on the OTCQX^® Best Market in the U.S. under its existing ticker symbol “SIAF.” The Company upgraded to OTCQX Premier from the OTCQB^® Venture Market.

The OTCQX^® Market is the top tier of the U.S. over-the-counter markets operated by OTC Markets Company. It is reserved for established investor-focused companies meeting high financial and governance standards, and sponsored by professional third party advisors. SIAF has qualified to trade on OTCQX U.S. Premier, for which eligibility standards are higher still. For comparison, as of December 31, 2015, there were 942 companies traded on the OTCQB, 425 companies traded on the OTCQX and 98 companies traded on OTCQX U.S. Premier, of which only 17 are non-bank companies.

With OTCQX admission, OTC Market Company’s Blue Sky Monitoring Service provides the Company with a customized daily audit of its compliance status in all 50 states. Blue Sky compliance is mandatory for broker-dealers and registered investment advisors to solicit or recommend a security to investors.

U.S. investors can find current financial disclosure and Real-Time Level 2 quotes for the Company on www.otcmarkets.com.

Emerging Growth Company

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion or (b) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the prior June 30, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three-year period. We refer to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 herein as the “JOBS Act” and references herein to “emerging growth company” shall have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

As an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of specified reduced disclosure and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

We have taken advantage of some of these reduced burdens, and thus the information we provide stockholders may be different from what you might receive from other public companies in which you hold shares.

In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an emerging growth company can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. However, we are choosing to “opt out” of such extended transition period, and as a result, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that our decision to opt out of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards is irrevocable.

Legal structure

The Company is primarily a holding company whose operations are carried out through its subsidiaries.

The table below sets out information about the entities in which the Company, as of the date of this Annual Report, holds (directly or indirectly) more than 10 percent of the outstanding capital and votes.

The table below sets out a brief description of the companies within the Company as well as the Company’s respective holdings within such companies and their domiciles.

In addition to the legal entities included in the chart and table above, the Company is providing technology know-how with consulting service and turnkey contracting services (“C&S”) to various Chinese owned Project Companies (“C&S Project Company”) which mainly are private companies formed in China with Chinese citizens acting as legal representatives. Sino Agro Food does not have any ownership in these C&S Project Companies. However, in consideration of the Company’s right to protect its technology and know-how granted to the C&S Project Companies, the Company has an option to acquire equity stakes in the future SFJVC at an agreed value equivalent to the project’s development cost.

In addition, regarding the investment agreement between QZH and QQI, (i) QQI enjoyed 6% annual interest on its capital contribution, but not any profit distribution; (ii) investment period was 3 years, and (iii) SJAP shared 100% (2016: 100%) on profit or loss after 6% interest payment to QQI and enjoyed 100% (2016: 100%) voting rights of QZH’s board and stockholders meetings.

As of December 30, 2017, the Company register authority approved the transferred of the Company’s (35.36%) equity interest in QZH to an unrelated third party, such that as from December 30, 2017 QZH was derecognized as a variable interest entity. (Further related information is provided throughout this report).

Business model

The Company works with Chinese investors to form operating companies, in which Sino Agro Food retains the option to acquire equity interest. After a certain period of time and successful operating results, the Company and the Chinese investor may form a Sino Foreign Joint Venture Company (“SFJVC”). Prior to the formal naming, registration, and incorporation of an anticipated SFJVC, the Company prepays a deposit toward the consideration of its future SFJVC stake as a percentage of the assets of the fully developed farm. Upon conversion, the prepayments become equity capital.

The Company oversees financing and provides interoperating strategies, encouraging vertically integrated growth. China has problems with quality assurance in primary production, distribution and poor origin traceability, as well as low food quality. This has created a market where consumers will eventually pay significant price premiums for “BAP (Best Aquaculture Practice) Certified” seafood with brands guaranteeing quality and consistency.

A vertically integrated operation in a fragmented and poorly regulated environment such as in China is the strategy that will yield the most success for the Company. Our presence in retailing and wholesale markets generates market power and provides potential for both margin maintenance and expansion.

Integration into fertilizer and feed production for rearing of beef cattle together with breeding of prawn brood stock help decrease primary production operational risks as well as helping to offset price fluctuations that sometimes occur in raw product input prices..

Sino Agro Food uses expertise and know-how in specific agriculture and aquaculture technologies. The Company’s “A Power Re-circulating Aquaculture System” (the “APRAS”) is a proven recirculating aquaculture system (“RAS”) technology for indoor fish farming. Sino Agro Food has developed modern techniques and technologies to grow, feed and house both fish and cattle. These are engineered into the designs of, and the management systems for, indoor and outdoor fishery and cattle farms. Today Sino Agro Food is the world’s largest operator of RAS aquaculture for prawns. In all developments Sino Agro Food acts as the master engineer, pioneering the construction and building of farms, from raw land into fully operational facilities. Sino Agro Food builds the infrastructure including staff quarters, offices, processing facilities, storage, and all related production facilities; then, manages developing of all business activities into effective and efficient operations. Sino Agro Food’s largest customer represents a Company of thirty separate live seafood wholesalers at the Guangzhou wholesale markets.

The Company holds licenses for fertilizer formulas, enzyme patents, and for indoor fish farm techniques, including a “master license” in China for “A Power Technology” (“APT”), a modular land-based fish growing system and technology utilizing RAS.

Sino Agro Food partners with Chinese investors in food projects as a turnkey project manager

The Company engages in projects as a technological and engineering expert, partnering with local and regional investors in food related projects. Sino Agro Food generally has exclusive marketing, sales and distribution rights for each project company. For example, MEIJI purchases all marketable cattle from Cattle farm 2 and distributes them to wholesale markets. Up until September 30^, 2016, prior to SIAF becoming an investment associate of Tri-way (i.e. post-carve-out), CA had been purchasing all seafood produced by the fishery farms and also supplied the fishery farms with fingerling, baby or adult fish or prawns and stock feed. Thus, CA is no longer involved in any sales, marketing and supplies of fishery goods being operated by Tri-way yet will continue to carry out its current contracts with other entities, as well as developing other business ties that are interested in utilizing its services.

Generally, Sino Agro Food exercises an option to acquire a majority equity stake in the project company once development of the operating company has matured and successful operating results are demonstrated. Prior to acquisition, Sino Agro Food prepays a deposit toward the acquisition consideration of the project company. Upon acquisition and conversion into a SFJVC, the pre-payments together with a cash consideration become equity capital, with Sino Agro Food becoming a major shareholder.

Acquired project companies are operated and managed by the management team and the Chinese investor, and overseen by Sino Agro Food.

Land ownership in China

In China, nearly all land is owned by the Central Government or local village collectives, which grant “usufructuary” rights (i.e., the right to use and enjoy the derived benefits for a period of time) in the form of land use rights. This is similar to “leasehold” land rights in the United States. Corporate entities and individuals may own the property (buildings) erected on Government land. Land use rights may be transferred, but they are based on agricultural contracts, and cannot be changed arbitrarily to non-agricultural purposes.

Business overview

Introduction

Sino Agro Food is an agriculture technology and natural food holding company with principal operations in China participating in the ongoing transformation of China’s fragmented agrarian sector into a modern food production industry using sustainable and profitable methods. Sino Agro Food focuses on seafood and beef production with integrated wholesale distribution. The Company acquires and maintains equity stakes in a cohesive portfolio of companies that Sino Agro Food forms according to its core mission to produce, distribute, market and sell natural, sustainable protein food and produce, primarily seafood and cattle, to the rapidly growing middle class in China.

Sino Agro Food employs a strategy of vertical integration from primary production through processing, distribution and marketing of high quality, organic food products in the food value chain. China’s fast growing middle class is creating rapidly rising demand for gourmet and high-quality protein food. The Company’s core products are live prawns, live eels, whole beef cattle and packaged beef meat.

The Company’s operations and strategy are executed through a number of subsidiaries located in China, and the Company contributes financial oversight and strategic direction to otherwise independent management teams which employ the Company’s intellectual property and proprietary methods within aquaculture, beef cattle rearing and production of organic fertilizer.

Sino Agro Food has enjoyed strong growth since the Company initiated its business activities in China in 2006. During the fiscal year of 2017, the Company’s consolidated revenues amounted to USD $198,166,939. The four principal factors that have enabled the growth are:

Sino Agro Food provides consulting and services to a number of private Chinese third party companies to construct and operate primary production facilities for fish, prawn and beef cattle, as well as wholesale marketing and distribution centers. As part of its consulting and service agreements, Sino Agro Food has the option to acquire these operations in order to expand Sino Agro Food’s proprietary production and wholesaling capacity.

Revenues are generated from activities that are divided into five stand-alone business divisions:

Aquaculture division

CA has entered into and completed several CSC’s (i.e. the Fish Farm 1 (or Aqua-Farm 1) for JFD, the Prawn Farm 1 (Or Aqua-Farm 3) for EBAPCD and construction work still in progress for the Prawn Farm 2 (or Aqua-Farm 2) at Xin Hui District and the Prawn Farm 3 (or Aqua-Farm 4) and Prawn Farm 4 (or Aqua-Farm 5) at San Jiao Town Zhongshan for ZSAPP.

Prior to September 30, 2016, CA was the sole marketing, sales and distribution agent of the APRAS fishery and prawn farms. CA had purchased all marketable fish and prawn from the farms, and then sold them to wholesale markets. CA also supplied the farms with fingerlings, baby or adult fish or prawns, and stock feed. CA generated revenue from the sale of seafood bought from farms that either had been Company subsidiaries or C&S Project Companies.

However, since then, Tri-way has acquired all assets and operation of CA’s C&S related project farms (i.e. Aqua-Farm 1 to 5) and SIAF has carved-out its controlling interest in Tri-way to 23.89% + debt converted to equity of 12.71% totaling to 36.6%, such that Tri-way, the subsidiary, is categorized as an “investment in associate” holding of SIAF, as a result of SIAF’s deemed disposal of equity interest in the subsidiary.

Integrated Cattle Farm division (SJAP & QZH)

Operated by SJAP, the Integrated Cattle Farm division is the business unit of Sino Agro Food active in beef cattle rearing and value added processing of domestic and imported beef meat. Revenue for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 77.19 million or 42.6 percent of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for SJAP’s integrated cattle farm division in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 0.91 million, or 5.63% percent of the Company’s total gross profit in sales of goods of USD 16.21 million in the same period.

The beef cattle rearing and fattening division’s Revenue for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 9.15 million or 5.0 percent of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for same division in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 0.7 million, or 4.3 % of the Company’s total gross profit in sales of goods of USD 16.21 million in the same period.

This division has two production sources; one by the corporative farmers and one by SJAP’s own farm:

Cattle raised by the Cooperative farmers:

At SJAP it is a common practice to make cash advances to our cooperative growers (presently standing at 2200 members) who are our suppliers, to carry them through respective growing periods (for cropping or pasturing or cattle growing purposes) before final harvests of produce or sale of their cattle. On average, it works out at less than $8,850 per member based on the total of $19.5 million, however part of that amount has been offset by RMB1,000 / head of cattle / year given to the growers as a grant by the Government amounting to over $4.165 million placed with SJAP holding on trust for and on behalf of the growers that in the management’s opinion is a normal season to season process deemed fair and equitable. In this respect, as the said average increases it means that the average cooperative farmer is increasing his productivity (whether in the growing of crops or cattle), and in simple terms, would indicate that SJAP’s revenue is also increasing.

Initial Drivers relevant to cattle purchased from Co-op farmers:

The Co-op farmer is under no obligation to purchase young cattle from the mentioned suppliers and does not preclude cattle purchased from other outside sources, once fattened, from being purchased by SJAP as long as the genetic and breed conditions mentioned above, are met. Any transaction between SJAP cattle suppliers and the Co-op farmers is strictly a transaction between those two parties and is not a transaction of which SJAP is party to, neither receiving compensation or finder fee on those transactions.

Co-op farmers wishing to raise their cattle for purchase and subsequent resale by SJAP requires that a certain feed standard, that is vitamin and protein requirements, be provided to cattle in order for SJAP to consider their purchase for resale. SJAP cultivates its own food supply that meets or exceeds that content standard and offers it to Co-op farmers interested in buying it for their livestock. Feed sales transacted between SJAP and the Co-op farmers provides flexible payment terms under the following scenario:

Feed purchased under credit terms by Co-ops as well as feed purchased by any other third-party purveyor of cattle livestock is recorded as Bulk Livestock Feed Sales (please reference Table 1, Beef and Organic Fertilizer Divisions (SJAP and QZH), for sales, cost of goods sold, and gross profit under this category), and the applicable amount of credit provided the feed buyer recorded under accounts receivable.

As previously mentioned, since SJAP requires certain breed and genetic makeup of cattle it wishes to purchase from Co-op farmers, it certainly serves as a convenient method for those farmers to afford themselves both, the availability as well as the cost discount afforded them by purchasing these cattle typically supplied to SJAP. Nonetheless, there is no obligation for Co-op farmers to purchase young cattle from those suppliers, and, as well, does not preclude SJAP purchasing cattle from them if the cattle they raise meet the standard required for purchase and (market) resale by SJAP.

Under no circumstance is SJAP under contracted obligation to purchase cattle that had been purchased by Co-op farmers from SJAP's cattle suppliers, nor is SJAP obligated to purchase any cattle raised by Co-op farmers that were fed with SJAP bulk feed sold to them so as to recoup the credit provided on those sales. Again, credit owed by Co-ops to SJAP that is not offset from the purchase price of fattened cattle purchased from them by SJAP, continues to be recorded as an accounts receivable until such time as that debt is repaid, with further understanding that the $300 government subsidy per head of cattle remains available in case any portion of those outstanding debts are recorded as bad debt, which in the case of SJAP’s history with its Co-op farmers, has seldom occurred.

The key features of the co-operative farming model are set out in the illustration below:

These arrangements were working smoothly and efficiently until Q3 2015 when the Government relaxed its import restriction on beef meats that gradually lowered the domestic grown cattle prices to a point that it is no longer commercially viable to maintain the fattening contracts with the corporative farmers such that SJAP cancelled and terminated its fattening contracts with the cooperative farmers at year end of December 2017 and to compensate the corporative farmers calculated to RMB5,000 / head of cattle based on 22,000 heads that were contracted since the beginning of 2017 to 31.12.2018 amounting to RMB110 million (or $17.6 million) in total compensation.

Cattle raised by SJAP itself

SJAP now has in its own property twelve cattle houses, with its smaller buildings housing a minimum of 200 head and larger cattle houses accommodating up to 350 head.

The SJAP’s fertilizer division’s Revenue for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 2.23 million or 1.23 percent of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for same division in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 0.52 million, or 0.29 % of the Company’s total gross profit in sales of goods of USD 16.21 million in the same period.

The Company prepares its agricultural wastes into bioorganic fertilizer through the environmentally friendly “Bacterial and Bio-organic Fertilizer Manufacturing Technology.” Also, the livestock feed is prepared into bioorganic livestock feed. Livestock feed consists of raw material consisting of crop wastes as well as locally grown and available wild wheat plus wild wheat sterns, wild peas with sterns and leaves, and selective pastures grown in the wild. These raw materials will be finely cut and put through several aging and fermentation processes by adopting a technology and method called “Stock Feed Manufacturing Technology,” and catalyzed by the enzyme developed by SJAP. Thereafter, the end materials will be packed and sealed in airtight and weatherproof packaging ready for storage.

Bioorganic fertilizer and the bio-organic livestock feed is sold to farmers that work on the Company’s land-use rights, which is owned by the government and leased with a subsidy or rent free, due to the many benefits for the community. Fertilizer and livestock feed are prepared based on the Company’s patented enzyme. The use of the enzyme is synergistic, as the production of fertilizer and livestock feed is permissible all 12 months of the year, which is a competitive advantage.

The farmers use the bioorganic fertilizer on the soil and feed the grain to the cattle and sheep together with the livestock feed. Government tests show:

Through an acquired patent,¹ the fat content of a 24 month-old cattle can be decreased from 18 kg to 5 kg, which improves the quality of the meat and its yield. The inventor of the patent is now an equity partner in SJAP.

The SJAP’s feed division’s Revenue for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 16.54 million or 9.1 percent of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for same division in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 7.74 million, or 47.75 % of the Company’s total gross profit in sales of goods of USD 16.21 million in the same period.

On February 28, 2013, SJAP completed its development of the Concentrated Livestock Feed (“CLF”) manufacturing factory, and started the production and sales of CLF. This CLF complements SJAP’s bulk livestock feed to provide the local cattle and sheep farming industry with a completed feed formula that can cater to the rearing of cattle and sheep at various growing cycles (e.g., specially formulated mixes with efficient nutrients for dairy cows and sheep, weaning, fattening and mature cattle and sheep). The advantage of the formulated feed combination is that the cattle and sheep growers will realize cost savings in production knowing precisely the amount of concentrated feed that will be needed by their livestock, thus avoiding wasted excess concentrated feed due to over feeding, which results in worthless excess fat in mature animals. In this respect, the Chinese central government has placed an order with SJAP to reserve up to 5,000 MT of CLF annually as part of the country’s annual reserve emergency livestock feed inventory. Thus, since March 2013 onward, SJAP has generated additional revenue generated from the sales of CLF. 

SJAP sells its organic fertilizer and bulk livestock feed mainly to its cooperative and regional farmers in addition to using it to rear its own grown cattle, but because its geographic location is so far away from other major provinces there are high costs associated with selling its fertilizer, bulk livestock feed and live cattle other than to local purchasers. Conversely, equivalent imports from other provinces must be purchased at a higher cost, providing SJAP with a competitive edge. Furthermore, Qinghai Province is a region rearing millions of cattle and sheep per year, providing an ample market for SJAP’s fertilizer and livestock feed. 

In the longer term, the Company believes that wholesale prices of SJAP’s livestock feed will maintain a steady growth rate of 5% to 10% per annum influenced mainly by rising labor cost of the country.

¹ T1 Enzyme Technology (T1), Patent number ZL2005 10063039.9.

This particular division (recorded under QZH)’s Revenue for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 49.28 million or 27.20 percent of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit was negative for same division in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 losing USD (8.04) million, or (49.58) % of the Company’s total gross profit in sales of goods of USD 16.21 million in the same period.

In 2014 the Company initiated operations in slaughter and deboning services to farmers at its abattoir and deboning facilities. SJAP received a business permit from the Chinese authorities on April 17, 2013, and construction commenced on April 21, 2013 on the abattoir, deboning factory, and related packaging facility. Since it is rare and difficult to obtain a permit for an abattoir facility in China, having this facility is expected to become a very valuable asset for the Company. To date, SJAP’s abattoir, deboning factory and packaging facilities are fully operational.

Before the abattoir and related facilities were operational, the Company sold mostly live cattle to or through various cattle wholesalers to existing wholesale and distribution markets that did not require much marketing efforts and networking.

In China, beef is customarily distributed through various tiers of established wholesalers and distributors that source their beef from various slaughter and deboning houses located across many districts in China. Most of these wholesalers sell multiple types of frozen or freshly chilled meats (including pork and poultry, etc.), and some slaughterhouses specialize in and solely supply beef. These wholesalers and distributors supply beef to regional supermarket chain stores, retailing wet and frozen food markets, the catering industry, etc. Therefore, after having established its own slaughterhouse and deboning factory, SJAP is expected to automatically become the primary supplier of beef. As such, many existing wholesalers and distributors will source their beef supplies directly from the Company. With the ever-increasing demands of quality beef meats due to the increase of middle class consumers, the Government’s enforcement of food safety regulation, and of anti-smuggling and illegal imports of beef, the right opportunity exists for SJAP to market its high-quality beef product. Therefore, the Company is confident it will successfully sell its beef meats in domestic markets. Also, a portion was exported to South Asian countries (i.e., Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Middle East countries and Thailand etc.) in 2014, as the Local Government encourages the Company to do.

That was the plan until the impact of China governmental change of policy during the 2^nd quarter of 2015 relaxing the restriction on beef imports from eleven countries (e.g., New Zealand, Brazil, Australia, etc.), continued to affect the local cattle and beef industry throughout 2016, such that the local cattle industry has not been able to map out any firm direction under the current volatile pricing environment. At the same time, e-commerce has also affected sales through the traditional marketing outlets, requiring new marketing approaches being adopted, which consequently has absorbed some of the capital previously earmarked for capital projects under construction.

Throughout 2016, and 2017 the Company’s beef operations had begun implementing trials on various business plans aiming to minimize the adverse impact from those items mentioned, namely

•          Increasing its VAP activities by importing more beef from other countries (Australia and Brazil, etc.), however, volatile pricing and marked competition between exporting countries attempting to gain a lion-share of China’s fledgling beef market has made it difficult to determine export vendors providing the best long-term guarantee on both quality and price when compared to new exporters having just entered or just entering the market.

•          Upgrading cattle herds by 2018 to Wagyu cattle, 500-day grain-fed Angus and pure organically grown Angus while gradually reducing its current breeds down to zero. However, this has limitations in the mid-term, mainly due to the impact of import market prices competing with the disposal of these breeds at break-even or better price points.

•          The plan of adding more value-added processing lines (VAP), i.e. canning division, etc., to gain more export sales apart from domestic sales, which had been viewed as potentially the ultimate solution for SJAP’s operations due to the following factors:

a. Quality of labor available in the Value Added Processed goods industry is readily available at a competitive cost.

b. Land and construction cost in Xining are still cheap when compared to other major cities in China, providing a lower cost to capital expenditures.

c. Abundance of raw materials as a result of imports having helped reduce the overall cost of these items.

d. Transportation costs to deliver value added products remain at affordable levels.

e. Consistent food safety and quality can be maintained within a controlled environment.

f. There exists sufficient demand for value added beef products in China as well as offshore markets that can be targeted through e-commerce websites, supermarket chains, distribution networks, etc. resulting in capturing a healthy return on investment.

Although, our feasibility study on this plan reflected good commercial viability and sustained long term potential, it will involve a substantial amount of capital expenditure (CapEx) and working Capital (WC) that the Company cannot currently afford and intends to have it remain dormant until a suitable time.

The average price paid to cooperatives for their fattened cattle is at RMB50 / Kg or at RMB4 / kg above average market prices, whichever is higher. A commitment by SJAP to the cooperative farmer to exercise its option to purchase cattle is made well in advance to lock-in the price before other buyers step in and also to obtain the producer’s commitment to raise its cattle based on SJAP’s quality standard for purchase. Again, if the quality of cattle raised by the cooperative does not meet SJAP standards, then there is no purchase obligation on SJAP’s part to carry out its commitment. Over the past few years until Q3 2015, when the Government relaxed its beef import policy, SJAP had generated good profit margins working under this arrangement. Since then, profit margins have steadily been depleted, such that by mid-2017 if SJAP had continued to commit buying additional heads of cattle from the cooperatives, it would have resulted in continuous operating losses for SJAP in 2017 and 2018 estimated to total $46.75 million (cumulative) based on an average market loss of RMB11.5/Kg (or $1.75 / Kg), excluding other operating expenses. This alone had provided incentive for the Company to decide on what its alternatives were to sustain (and absorb) such losses, which for all intents and purposes was not an option considering current cash flow issues with the Company.

The local Government had been working with SJAP to develop a long-term plan to help ameliorate the problem faced by SJAP as well as other cattle houses throughout the region, yet the timeframe that appeared necessary to carry out a solution would also mean incurring more losses without the means to cover those losses in the meantime.

What has been decided between SJAP and its investors, including SIAF, and the local Government in the interest of its stakeholders was the following solution:

Also, consideration had to be given to the cost being incurred to meet the new regulations implemented by the Central Government on Abattoir operations, which license is currently held by QZH. Currently, it’s estimated that having both the funding and Abattoir operations underway meeting these new standards will take approximately 2 years to materialize; again, another source of income that would be completely curtailed until Abattoir operations were back online.

Taking into consideration and weighing its options, SJAP decided to eliminate any additional losses being incurred through QZH and has decided to discontinue QZH operations with the understanding that if favourable market conditions were to reoccur as well as the Abattoir license reinstituted in addition to Governmental assistance in developing a long-range plan being implemented that consideration will be given to resuming QZH operations in the future.

Thus, as of December 30, 2017 (the “deemed date of disposal”), QZH was derecognised as variable interest entity and SIAF, based on its proportional ownership of QZH through its variable interest entity SJAP, had incurred a net loss on disposal totalling $9,365,543 as delineated in the following table:

NET LOSS FROM DISPOSAL OF A VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITY

Under the arrangement of the disposal agreement between all parties, it was agreed to that:

l         SJAP is no longer liable and responsible for the liabilities of QZH

l         If Profit will be derived from the sale of existing fixed assets of QZH, 50% of any gained profit will be paid to SJAP with SIAF receiving its proportional share of the proceeds.

l         There will be an annual royalty fee paid by QZH to SJAP / SIAF calculated at 25% of QZH net income over the next 3 years beginning January 1, 2018, if operations were to be reinstituted within this period.

l         Also, if QZH operations were to resume under the Government’s plan to establish QZH as a regional hub for beef processing, value-added production, etc. within the next 3-years, an option to buy up to 25% equity of QZH at its fair book value (net of the loss incurred from disposal) would be made available to the Company or its nominee, on or before December 30, 2020.

Taking into consideration all issues related to the ongoing losses incurred by QZH, the Company believes that its support in favour of QZH’s disposal is the best option for its shareholders at this time foregoing incurring further and greater losses from QZH while leaving the door open to reinvest in QZH if, and when, the larger issues are resolved and the regional beef hub plan is able to be implemented.

Organic Fertilizer (HSA) division

The Organic fertilizer (HSA)’s revenue generated in fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was USD 7.17 million, or 3.96 %, of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for this division for the 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was USD 2.18 million, or 13.45 % of the Company’s total gross profit on sales of goods of USD 16.21 million in the same period.

The operation in Linli District, Hunan Province, is run by HSA, a 76% owned Chinese subsidiary. HSA conducts the following business activities, both of which are in the development stage:

By January 2013, the first organic fertilizer production plant was established and started its production of organic fertilizer (OF). On March 5, 2013, HSA secured the rights to use an enzyme developed by a Hong Kong company some twenty years ago that has been utilized by global manufacturers of organic fertilizer. The advantage of this particular enzyme is that when it is applied to the organic fertilizer it has the ability to convert part of the organic raw materials into potash and phosphate without having to add in chemically formulated potash and phosphate, such that the Company’s end fertilizer can be qualified as pure organic fertilizer made with 100% natural organic raw materials. With this pure organic fertilizer, HSA is in a position to fully explore the potential market for fish in farm lakes and thereby to attempt to align itself with the government’s policy of encouraging lake fish farmers to use pure organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizers. In addition, cost savings from avoiding the use of chemical potash and phosphate will, in management’s belief, result in a better profit margin for the Company. Sales of pure organic fertilizer commenced at the end of Q1 2013. By 2014 HSA successfully developed a different mixed organic fertilizer specially designed and composed for the application in lakes to provide nutrients to enhance growth of water plants and microorganisms in the lakes that the fish are fed on. We called this type of fertilizer “the Organic mixed Fertilizer” (OMF). In the same year, HSA also developed a domestic pack of fertilizer called the “Retailed Pack Fertilizer” (RPF) supplying to the super market chain. As such there are three types of fertilizers being produced with:

(a). The Organic fertilizer (OF) are being used for the growing of crops, vegetables and plants,

(b). The Organic mixed fertilizer (OMF) are being used for the growing of fish in the lakes, and

(c). The Retailed Pack fertilizer” (RPF) are being used by domestic households.

By Q2 2016, HSA completed its construction work of and started production operation with its second fertilizer production plant.

Construction work to develop HSA’s cattle station that began in March 2012 by cutting half of the hill at site next to the fertilizer production site that cost far more than the budget originally estimated (from the budgeted $8 million to almost $20 million) due mainly to extra-work required to satisfy compliance of the additional environmental impact conditions implied in the Government’s 2016 regulation and to additional work required to reconstruct the foundation of the land due to a number of land-slides occurred during the rainy season, however related main construction work were 95% completed by year end of 2017 containing a 2,000 head capacity cattle farm built and pending on the completion of the installation of associated plants and equipment, accessories and operational fittings and other necessities, it will be ready for stocking of cattle for rearing and fattening operation targeting to be within 2018. In this respect, the Company is recruiting and selecting the right management team specializing in the growing of the selected native breed cattle (namely the “Asian Yellow Cattle” or AYC) in readiness to start-up the operation. The AYC are mainly found in Guangxi district and grown in free range conditions by small farms such that our initial stocking up to 2000 heads is rather significant in comparison that really needs a good management team to carry out its operation efficiently. The Company cultivated 75 acres of its land, situated below the fertilizer factory, and planted a high yielded pasture that have been developed in our Cattle Farm 1 in Enping District harvesting up to 200 MT / acre / year for the past year that has been proven as quality livestock feed suitable to the growing and fattening of AYC. The pasture will be harvested from the said 75 acres are the main bulk livestock feed fed to the AYC that will be sufficient for the growing of 2000 heads of AYC per year starting from 2018. In term, the plan is that; the cattle’s liquid waste will be used to fertilize the pasture field and the cattle’s solid waste will be used as raw materials by the fertilizer factory such that all wastes will be recycled.

HSA produced over 50,000 MT of organic fertilizer and organic mixed fertilizer in 2016 that reduced to 24,448 Mt in 2017 (a decrease of 59.25%) primarily due to (i) the production of the fertilizer in HSA being affected in the second half of 2017 by the ongoing construction work of cattle station during the year and (ii) the retrofitting of the fertilizer plant to accommodate the application of cattle waste as the main source of raw material versus chicken waste as its main product source. By Q4 2017, HSA’s production lines were back to online. Organic Fertilizer generated sales of 15,334 MT in 2017 from 14,896 MT sold in 2016. Organic Mixed Fertilizer, on the other-hand (OMF), a product specifically designed and designated for the growing environment of lake fish, had fallen behind in 2017 from 2016 primarily due to: (A) it takes time to complete various testing cycles at lake-farms’ sites to ensure that the application of OMF made from cattle wastes will: (i) enhance similar economic benefits to the growers and (ii) achieve similar healthy ecological environment to the water quality in the lakes and (B) the supply of raw cattle waste to support full scale of production wasn’t sufficient once the equipment and facilities had been retrofitted due to limited supply of availability of cattle waste from HSA’s operations. As such, it is anticipated that HSA’s targeted annual OMF production of 40,000 MT likely will be reached sometime mid-year of 2019.

The main hardship related to selling fertilizer is the requirement to provide longer credit terms (sometimes up to 180 days from crop growers and up to one year for lake fish producers) who are the Company’s end buyers because these end users normally can afford to pay for them only after they sell their products. Therefore, the Company must assess creditworthiness of its prospective customers, and only consider the farmers who can be deemed creditworthy, and who follow the Company’s requirements for planting their fields and harvesting crops each year etc.

Development of HSA follows SJAP’s business model. HSA is situated in a much better growing environment than SJAP. Thus, HSA benefits from cheaper logistics costs, close proximity to large markets, and a more favorable climate (milder winters and longer summers versus SJAP’s long bitterly cold winters and short summers). However, financial support from the Government is more difficult to obtain in the Hunan Province because more entities share the Government’s support provisions.

HSA endures both higher development costs and longer time to construct its facilities when compared to SJAP, whose property had 40 older (yet salvageable) buildings, which it has renovated to meet its needs.

Hunan Province is one of the biggest primary producing provinces of China with over four million primary producers that grow rice, tea, tobacco, grapes, citrus, cotton, seedlings, sunflowers, herb plants and many varieties of cash crops. Hunan also has a long-standing history in lake-aquaculture producing millions of tons of fish and other seafood annually

The Company’s plan for HSA is to process cattle solid waste from its own cattle farm to be used as raw materials for the manufacturing of fertilizer, thus there will be substantial saving in its cost of fertilizer manufacturing (estimated at over USD2.5 million per year based on current sales), and with such cost of saving, HSA will be able to self-finance the development of its AYC Program (inclusive breeding) designed to eventually produce the AYC into one of the top quality native beef cattle in Asia, aiming to reach meat quality on par with Japanese Wagyu Cattle to satisfy China’s own domestic market especially for the southern regions of China. The AYC Cattle is very similar in body size and weight and quality to the Japanese Wagyu cattle and has distinct meat texture, flavor and quality that are in high demand in China. In this respect, HSA’s cattle development is very different compared to SJAP’s cattle business since HSA’s business is aimed at developing a brand of cattle strictly of Chinese origin, whereas SJAP’s original (or old before said changes mentioned in early chapter) cattle business is a fully integrated model as primary producer, value added processor, canning operator,, stock-feed producer, as well as, marketer and distributor of imported beef and other commercially recognized breeds of cattle.

The Company’s other future plan is to merge Cattle Farms (1) & (2) with HSA such that CF (1) & CF (2) will become breeding stations supplying yearlings for HSA to raise into fully mature cattle (up to 3 years old) that will be sold in the Chinese market. Again, these operations will require sufficient capital to meet this plan’s overall development, likely to be sourced through financing vehicles, such as debt, government subsidies, overall increase in sales revenue from organic mixed fertilizer, etc. The Company will provide assistance where it can to help attract funding sources for the purposes described, herein.

Cattle farms (MEIJI) division

The business division Cattle Farms, or MEIJI, refers to SIAF’s cattle rearing operations in Jiangmen, Guangdong Province. Revenue for fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 was $20.4 million, or 11.26 %, of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of USD 181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for the Cattle Farm (MEIJI) division for the 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was $3.77 million, or 23.26% percent of the Company’s total gross profit on sales of goods of $16.21 million in the same period.

Currently there are two operations in this segment, Cattle Farm 1 and Cattle Farm 2.

Cattle Farm 1: Cattle Farm 1 was built as a demonstration farm to show that cattle can be raised in a semi-tropical climate using the Company’s semi-grazing and housing method. Using the Company’s semi-free growing management system, the cattle are allowed to graze in the field during the early morning and kept indoors and out of the sun during the hot summer days. This method has proven reliable, with the growth rate of the cattle measuring slightly higher than the cattle at SJAP (i.e., averaging around 0.28 kg per day per cattle).

Cattle Farm 2: Cattle Farm 2 is a beef cattle farm situated in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City. Cattle Farm 2 is operated by a private company formed in China with Chinese citizens acting as its legal representative as required by Chinese law. Cattle Farm 2 is complementary to Cattle Farm 1, having an additional 76 acres of land suitable for growing the Company’s type of pasture (a cross between elephant grass and yellow grass) that has a very high yield rate of over 35 MT per 1/6 acre per year, and containing an average of over 9 percent protein that is very suitable for consumption by cattle. Between the two farms, under normal seasons, they have a capacity to produce up to 30,000 MT of pasture/year collectively that is capable to feed up to 5,000 head of cattle/year based on the consumption rate on average of 6 MT/head.

MEIJI is the marketing and distribution agent for all cattle farms that have been and will be developed by MEIJI using its “Semi-free growing” management systems and aromatic-feed programs and systems to grow beef cattle.

Similar to CA in its business model, MEIJI purchases fully-grown cattle from Cattle Farm 1 and sells them to the cattle wholesalers. MEIJI also buys young cattle from other farmers and sells the young stock to Cattle Farm 1. All cattle farms developed by MEIJI will utilize its “semi-free growing” management system and aromatic-feed programs and systems (which is a feeding program with special selected Chinese herbs to improve the health of the cattle to avoid the use of antibiotics) to raise beef cattle, such that cattle raised under this program have a distinct aromatic flavor sought by many restaurants in the Guangdong Provinces.

AYC (Beef meat) is traditionally a high-end market in China, as it is mainly sold in higher end markets (i.e. its 2016 / 2017 average of wholesale price was between RMB70 to RMB78 / kg (live weight) while the average of other (western origin breed beef) cattle like Angus, etc. was between RMB36 to RMB 48 / kg (live weight). We are anticipating that the AYC situation is rapidly changing, though, owing to urbanization and rising incomes, the rising demand for such quality beef, such that we foresee that eventually, locally grown and produced high quality beef from local breeds like the AYC will establish its “Brand” and market niche, returning premium prices in China similar to how many locally bred Japanese Cattle found their market niches in Japan that are not be affected by the supplies of imported beef.

Initially (as demonstration farms) these farms were going smoothly rearing and fattening mainly the western origin beef cattle (WOBC) breeds (i.e. Angus and / or Simmental) similar to cattle fattened at SJAP until the adverse impact caused by said relaxed importation of cattle from other countries that reduced the activity of the fattened WOBC and to grow more AYC. However, although the domestic prices of the AYC were not being affected by the imports, they do have much lower growth rates due to their small stature and in turn reduces these farms’ sales revenues based on volume yet make up the difference on their return on gross profit as evidenced in 2017 for gross profit of $3.77 million derived from sales of $20.40 million when compared to 2016 for gross profit of $1.54 million derived from sales of $29.84 million of WOBC.

Presently, these farms are carrying on with the growing and fattening mainly AYC and that the Company’s plan (mentioned earlier) to merge Cattle Farms (1) & (2) with HSA such that CF (1) & CF (2) will become breeding stations supplying yearlings for HSA to grow into full grown cattle (up to 3 years old) that will be sold in the Chinese market, is now delayed to later months of 2018 or to 2019 if necessary due to the Company’s mandate in 2017 to restrict capital expenditures until such time as its overall liquidity improves.

Plantation (JHST) division

The business division Plantation refers to SIAF’s produce production, situated at Enping City, Guangdong Province. Revenue for 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was $4.64 million or 2.56% of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of $181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for the plantation division for the 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was $1.38 million, or 8.51% percent of the Company’s total gross profit for sales of goods of $16.21 million in the same period.

JHST is an SFJVC that is 75% owned by SIAF consolidated as a subsidiary, and is the owner and operator of a Plantation where mainly Hylocereus Undatus, or Dragon Fruit, and cash crop vegetables, are grown.

Hylocereus Undatus is a cactus commonly referred to as dragon fruit. JHST conducts two main operations: (i) growth and sales of flowers that are consumed as vegetables in China, and (ii) drying and value added processing and sales of HU flower products (used in health-related soups and teas). JHST cultivates 187 acres of Hylocereus Undatus in the Guangdong Province.

HU cacti take three years to reach maturity, though they will flower a little even in their first year, and can produce for as long as twenty years. JHST began planting in late 2007, and by 2015 all of the plants are mature (averaging over four years). HU blooms for a very short period, sometimes only one night, and flowers must be 20 to 25 cm long when picked before they turn from green to white. HU is a delicate crop and the harvest season runs from July through October.

Small amount of fresh flowers are sold to regional wholesale and retail markets due to their short shelf life and most of the flowers are dried and packed; these flowers are sold to a few major wholesalers, who distribute them to wholesale and retail markets and export traders through the winter and spring months (from October to June) in Guangdong Province. HU is a seasonal revenue product; more than half of JHST’s revenues are recognized in the third quarter. No sales are made in the first quarter.

The Company originally expected that by 2014, dried and pickled flowers would make up 96 percent of the division’s flower income as produce is diverted away from delicate fresh flowers. In 2013, the Company also planted a special selenium-rich Chinese herb (called XueYingZi, or “Immortal Vegetable” in China and Snowsakurako in Japan) and tried many treatment methods hoping to prolong the shelf life of the fresh flowers from 2-3 days up to 12-14 days aiming to increase the sales of fresh flowers. This experimentation had not produced the desired outcome; thus the Company instead has processed up to 80 percent of HU as dried flowers from 2013, onward.

Our plantation experienced very heavy wet seasons for more than 4-5 years (2013 to 2017) requiring the Company to combat and treat diseases and related problems continuously during the period, but by 2017 had exhausted all various means to recover and to revitalize the HU plantation. With continued wet conditions experienced over the past years, damage to the soil and plant roots has increased disease problems to the HU plantation affecting its overall yield as well as quality of harvested flowers (i.e. sales of 224,000 Kg dried HU flowers and 480,813 pieces fresh HU flowers in 2017 compared to 584,000 Kg dried HU flowers and 6,163,100 pieces fresh HU flowers in 2016). Even though new plants were being planted each year increasing the area of planting by over 900 Mu to a total of over 1700 Mu with the intent to increase productivity, proportionately, the outcome has fell well short of intended results. Furthermore, poor soil and weather conditions adversely affected the quality of the HU flowers products which caused a significant drop in selling prices (i.e. the unit selling price of fresh HU flowers decreased from $0.16 in 2016 to $0.09 in 2017 while that of dried HU flowers decreased from $12.35 /kg in 2016 to $5.19 / kg in 2017). At the same time, the regional farmers suffered the same fate that we could not buy enough fresh flowers from them to dry to maintain the sales of dried flowers. Therefore, due to deteriorating conditions recurring in the HU sector, the Company is reviewing the following options with the hope to remedy the situation.

One of the plans of JHST was to plant other cash crops to provide an alternative source of income for the plantation. Immortal Vegetable (IV) plants have properties that some believe induce good health. The Company has processed these into small herbal tea bags - selling them as organic herbal health tea. Laboratory test results show that each kilo of fresh Immortal Vegetables contains 0.58 gram of selenium, which adds value to their sales. As of the 2015 season there were 70 Mu designated for growing immortal vegetables on the plantation, however sales of this products did not reach targeted levels such that in 2017 the Company maintained only a small plot of about 10 Mu for growing IV. We did not sell any dried IV tea in 2017, but we kept over 20,000 Kg dried IV tea in inventory planning to relaunch its sales by one of the country’s top e-commerce operators in 2018 that will involve (a). Repackaging the products by a well-known and reputable health food processor and promoter into three separate and different health products with each product reflecting its own health property instead of an all-in-one application like had been, previously, (b). To promote the product under one of the China’s best brand names of health herbal products. Our herbal health tea products (The HHTP) have been accepted by one of their franchisees during March 2018, and, as such, we are working on trials with the processor over the coming months to start launching the HHTP onto an e-commerce platform targeting Q3 2018 depending on the successful outcome of the trials to meet various marketing markers, satisfactorily. If HHTP is launched successfully, there is good potential for JHST’s plantation to generate sustainable high sales revenues and profit from 2018 onward because the IV are very durable plants with strong disease resistant characteristics having good growth rates producing 5 yields per year (average of 50 MT of fresh produce / acre / year) at a reasonable cost of production averaging at RMB1000 / MT or the equivalent of RMB50,000 / acre. Practically speaking, the whole plant (that is, the flowers, leaves, sterns and roots) can be dried into the HHTP averaging 5 MT of HHTP / acre / year. We are targeting to plant about 15 acres in year 1 (starting from Q3 2018) to process into 75 MT of HHTP to generate direct farm sales (excluding marketing and other associated sales revenue and costs, etc.) up to RMB45 million / year 1 (or the equivalent of $7.2 million) at about a 70% gross profit margin. If successful, it will enhance revenue and profit by more than 200% of JHST’s annual sales revenue and gross profit generated in either FY2016 or FY2017.

In March 2018, JHST signed two growing contracts that have stable pricing conditions: (1). With a herbal plant oil processor to grow 50 acres of plants called “Pogestemon Patchouli” (“PP” or 广霍香叶 in Chinese) for processing into a type of natural aromatic oil that has experienced a good market in China. 50 acres of trial will be run this year but can be expanded to 150 acres next year if proven successful. It is estimated that the 50 acres of PP will generate sales revenues over $1 million with 50% gross profit margins based on two harvests for the year 2018; and (2). To grow 200 acres of Passion Fruit for a Juice Manufacturer from 2018 to 2020 for 3 years initially estimated to produce around 2,400 MT of fruit / year contracted at RMB8,000 / MT (or $1,280 / MT) to generate over $3 million in sales revenue. The combination of both fruits and PP will enhance revenue and gross profit to JHST that again will exceed its performance of either FY2016 or FY2017, if their outcomes prove successful.

Marketing & Trading Division

Revenue for 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was $71.79 million or 39.6 % of the Company’s total sales of goods revenue of $181.18 million in the same period. Gross profit for the plantation division for the 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was $7.96 million, or 49.11% percent of the Company’s total gross profit for sales of goods $16.21 million in the same period.

The Company distributes imported meat and seafood through two completed and operational facilities from which it has acted as turnkey project developer to construct and to provide supervision to these operations:

In 2013, the Company also constructed a trading complex (the “Trading Center”) for the Import and Export at another building adjacent to Wholesale Centers 1 and 2. The Trading Center has imported frozen and fresh chilled and live seafood (i.e., cuttlefish, squid, prawns, salmon, crabs and eels) from Malaysia, Thailand, Russia and Madagascar and other local coastal fishing towns. The seafood was sold to Wholesale Center 1, which distributed and sold it into various reputable food chain outlets, wholesale market stores and supermarket chains in the Guangzhou City, Shanghai City as well as in the southern coastal towns of the Guangdong Province.

Primarily, the Company distributes meat imported from Australia and seafood from other countries through these operations under their import and export permits conditioned under the China Government’s regulations.

We believe this division has excellent growth potential due mainly to the needs of import foods in China, but the sales of this division is limited mainly by “insufficient working capital” to really drive up the sales’ turn over. For instance the company’s average of gross profit of import trade is at 10.5% (derived from average of 12.5% in mark-up) for selling the imported goods to its sales agencies to distribute in China when the total working capital(WC) needs for the 1^st month’s import and the subsequent 2^nd months import calculated to about 4 months’ “good-sold” when considering that it will require 2 months times to complete one cycle of the monthly import allowing time provided for “ordering, shipping, custom clearance, good inspection, discharging & local transportation, storing and selling time etc. and another 2 months for subsequent month’s import totaling to 4 months. As such, if the Company wants to generate $120 million in sales in one year it will require WC of about $40 million (or 33.3%) to be locked up month after month continuously during the year whilst the Company did not have $40 million in WC in the past or currently for that purpose, such that it could only build up sales of this division gradually pending on the availability of working capital from time to time.

Project Development Division

The project developments (or Technology engineering consulting and services) work are carried out by CA on aquaculture related projects and by SIAF on non-aquaculture projects:

Introduction

The Project Development division earns revenue by providing turnkey project management and engineering services today mainly within aquaculture. Project development revenue for 12 months ended December 31, 2016 was $16.99 million or 8.57% of the Company’s total revenue of $198.17 million (derived collectively from $181.12 million in Sales of goods and Project Development of $16.99 million) in the same period. Gross profit for project development for the 12 months ended December 31, 2017 was $3.42 million or 17.42% of the Company’s total gross profit of $19.63 million (derived collectively from $16.21 million of Sales of goods and Project development of $3.42 million) in the same period. All project development activity for the year was carried out through Capital Award for its unconsolidated investee, Tri-way.

Historical events:

Historical Information and status of CA’s consulting and engineering service are shown in the table below:

Together with its subsidiaries, the Company essentially constitutes an engineering company providing services in engineering consultancy, supervision and management on the development of agriculture and food based projects in China. These include the construction of farms (or other facilities) as well as the development of business operations of related projects that are apply and use the Company’s principal technologies, including the following:

CA’s standard principal terms and conditions for its Aquaculture project development consulting and service contracts are outlined below:

The Company’s services are comprehensively supportive with vertically integrated operational activities to provide service for the construction of and the business development of the projects to joint ventures. Consulting services include research and development on grown and growing animals, supply of foundation animals (baby calves, fingerling and breeding stocks etc.), supplying designed and configured plants and equipment to the marketing and sales of the end product.

Aquaculture Project Development

Engineering consulting and services provide a comprehensive range of services in the field of aquaculture. These include research and development, brood stock supply, nurturing of fish fingerlings and prawn post-larvae as well as growing of fish and prawns, engineering designs and planning of farms and associated operations, technology and related implementation, supervision, training and conducting trials, management of farm operation and construction, supply of plants and equipment, training of maintenance and operational services, sales, transportation and marketing of fish and prawns, as well as financing. The Company’s management team and staff in Guangzhou conduct the engineering and consulting work. Sino Agro Food directs the scope of work so that building subcontractors deliver projects efficiently and cost effectively. Using locally manufactured equipment, parts and components customized to the Company’s proprietary designs and engineering specifications, production costs for machinery and facilities are far lower compared to foreign aquaculture systems. The Company believes that it delivered the first indoor re-circulated aquaculture prawn farm in Asia.

From October 1, 2016, onward:

CA has granted to Tri-way a Technology Master License for China, such that starting from October 1, 2016, all future fishery project development in China using APM-RAS or ODRAS will be developed by Tri-way. CA has been hired by Tri-way as the Company’s turnkey contractor to provide consultation respective of Tri-way’s operations.

CA’s aim, in addition to providing quality service to Triway in China, is expecting to expand its reach to introduce and help implement its APM-RAS and ODRAS plant and equipment and services, worldwide.

2017 Research and development (R&D) works on technologies and associated future developments

The Mexican White Prawns (MWP)

During Q4 2017, CA started the construction and development of an indoor APM-RAS experimental farm (MWEF) at Enping’s Aqua-farm (1) (or FF1) for the growing of Mexican White prawns (“MWP”) which is a salt water spices of prawns grown mostly in China or other countries in open dams and channels that have access to sea water. However, due to the rapid growth of industrialization and the increase of prawn growing farms over the past years, pollution has been affecting the quality of sea water in terms of increasing diseases and other associated problems to the MWP industry, thus, reducing the economic viability of the prawn industry by reducing its productivity. The aim of the MWEF is to achieve the growing of MWP economically and commercially in stable environmental conditions supported by economic sustainability so that they can be developed at a lower capital expenditure and returning on capital investments within a reasonable period of time (targeting within 18 to 24 months).

Our teams (including some newly recruited technicians and experts) are working diligently on the project having already overcome various problems in construction and associated preparation work on growing MWP, expecting to stock prawn fingerling (PL7days) within the 1^st week in April 2018 and if all goes according to plan, are anticipating harvests to begin taking place 7 weeks later (beginning of June 2018) for the smaller sized prawns (i.e. 50/60 pieces / Kg) and final harvest on or before end of June for the larger sized prawns (i.e. 20 / 25 pieces / Kg). This MWEF is being constructed on a 1000 m2 surface area that has 4 grow-out tanks (to contain 480 m3 of water, collectively) with each tank to have 120m3 of water that is being recycled and serviced by 2 tanks (each of 25m3) that have inbuilt filtration and water treatment systems aiming to produce 3Kg of small sized prawns / m3 of water within 7 weeks and 6Kg / m3 of larger sized prawns within 10 weeks. This production aims to enhance harvests by approximately 3,000 Kg (or 3 MT) per harvest (15 MT / year) of larger sized prawns based on 5 harvests per year. In 2017, the average of wholesale prices of (MWP) prawns is RMB50 / kg for small sized prawn and RMB150 / Kg for larger sizes. This will mean that there will be RMB2.25 million sales revenues generated per year per 1,000 m2 of developed floor area. We are optimistic to achieve this milestone of securing sound fundamentals for the growing MWP in China.

Therefore, the plan going forward subsequent to this MWEF is to initially develop 150 Mu (or the equivalent of approximately 100,000 m2) on land located next to FF1 in 2018 with the aim to produce over 1500 MT of the MWP / year 1 of operation, generating annual sales revenue of up to RMB225 million (or $36 million). Based on experience, we estimate the overall capital expenditure (CAPEX) required to fund the construction and development cost on 150 Mu for this APM-RAS farm (MWP farm 1) to produce 1500 MT per year will be RMB200 million (or $32 million) calculated on cost of RMB2000 / m2. CA will earn its share of service fees as the turnkey contractor to Tri-way who will be the developer and operator of the MWP farm including funding the necessary CAPEX, including through the use of income derived from MWP sales produced from this farm. CA will only start the construction of the MWP farm only when Tri-way has secured sufficient financing to have it constructed.

During 2017, the Aqua-farm (4) (AF4) at the Mega Farm Project tried to grow multiple batches of Fresh Water Prawns (BJP) in commercial quantity (i.e. stocked over 1 million fingerling (of PL24 days) per APM tank of 200m3 of water to nurture the fingerling up to 54 days old supported with 4 other APM tanks for further grow-out up to 18 weeks old) but did not obtain optimal results mainly due to the BJP having not reached their desired size on schedule, with the majority of them not showing any further growth occurring after week 12. As such, AF 4 had to alter its plan of growing mainly BJP to growing fish (i.e. Jade Perch, Silver cods and other mixed fish) within some of the APM tanks in order to maintain a certain level of productivity at the farm. In conjunction with this exercise, AF4 had to develop 800 Mu of open dams (“ODRAS” that were built using CA’s 2nd generation open dam recirculating aquaculture systems) to grow fish to certain sizes before they were transferred to the indoor APM farm for final grow-out, and allow the transfer of the 12 week old BJP grown in the indoor APM tanks to be moved to the ODRAS dams for further grow-out in a larger area.

Also, in Q3 2017, AF4’s ODRAS open dams suffered damage to its temporary built properties (i.e. the staff quarters, offices, laboratory, etc.) as well as use of AF4, itself, losing many fish and prawns stocked in the open ODRAS dams by one of the strongest typhoons in the past decade hitting the Mega Farm property and other areas of the southern coast of Guangdong Province. Although there was no structural damage done to the main APM farm buildings the damage had interrupted production until repairs were performed to both the APM tanks and ODRAS dams for the transfer of the prawn and fish, and, as such, AF4 decided in Q4 2017 to slow down its grow-out activities until after the Chinese New Year (ended end of February 2018) and in the interim to concentrate on its research and development work on the grow-out of BJP in the APM tanks aiming to find a solution to improve the growth rates and grow-out sizes of BJP to 18-weeks. Research will be focused on system design and water quality limitations. Progress is being made to improve in-tank water chemical and physical characteristics, and source water mineral composition for prawn growth. In addition, progress has been made to understand and manipulate in-tank bacterial populations to create a healthier overall rearing environment. During the first quarter of 2018, research will also assess the biological and economic feasibility of all-female and all-male populations of prawns, using patented endocrine disruptor technologies from third-party collaborators. Such non-GMO technologies result in overall faster and more uniform growth of cohorts compared to mixed populations of both males and females. Our teams are confident that they will complete this R&D work and to expand it to reactivate and to focus on the prawn growing activity in the AF4 planned originally within the coming quarter (Q2 2018).

During Q1 2017 CA acted as the turnkey contractor to Tri-way’s Aqua-Farm 3 (formerly, PF2) helping it complete the construction and development of a 150 Mu open dam farm using its 3^rd generation ODRAS technology and system (ODRAS (3G) Farm 1) at a sea-shore property in YangJiang district of Guangdong Province to grow Mexican White Prawns (MWP). This farm started operation in Q2 2017 and by the end of Q4 2017, it produced over a 9 month-period a total of 600 MT of small to large sized MWP generating sales revenue of RMB7.2 million (or $1.152 million) representing an average yield of 6 MT / Mu / 9 months / 3 harvests (annually yielding 8 MT / Mu) on 100 Mu of net-effective grow-out areas.

On December 2017, CA also acted as a turnkey contractor to AF3 starting the construction and development of ODRAS (3G) Farm 2 on 186 Mu of land located opposite to AF3’s old open dam farm’s property at Shenwan Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. ODRAS(3G) farm (2) is expecting to start production operation within April 2018 targeting annual production to exceed 1000 MT (annually yielding 8 MT / Mu) on net-effective grow-out area of 130 Mu.

AF3’s old open dam farm’s property located at Shenwan Town, Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province was originally 390 Mu that had been expanded to 600 Mu in 2016 and among which 350 Mu are still operating on its old ODRAS systems, wherein 250 Mu was retrofitted into ODRAS(2G) using CA’s 2^nd generation ODRAS technology and systems, starting production in Q2 2017. It is the intension of Tri-way to retrofit the original 350 mu farm into ODRAS(3G) within 2018, again dependent on when Tri-way will secure long-term financing.

At the same time throughout 2017, CA has been servicing groups of farmers aiming to develop some of their properties (estimated over 600 Mu collectively) in nearby regional districts within 2018 as well as over 400 Mu of land next to ODRAS(3G) farm (1) in 2018.

During 2017, CA improved its designs in ODRAS(3G) technology to have more frequencies in water flows, smaller sized grow-out dams (i.e. average of 6 Mu per dam reduced to 2.5 Mu) that will reduce energy costs by having the dams covered by greenhouse designed structures shaded by trees in between to act as wind breakers and weather adjusters that we think will be very adaptable in southern China to grow both MWP and BJP. These ODRAS(3G) farms can be built at 1/3 of the price of the MWP Farm (1) mentioned earlier for approximately RMB700 / m2.

Other Project Development (historical)

The Company has also, acting as a turnkey project developer, built 8 restaurants with central kitchen and bakery facilities in the greater Guangzhou area.

Intellectual Property Rights

The Company and its business are, to some extent, dependent on patents, licenses and other intellectual property rights. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company holds intellectual property for fertilizer formulas, livestock feed fermenting formulas and indoor fish farm techniques. These include an enzyme technology master license registered under a Chinese patent for the manufacturing of livestock feed and bioorganic fertilizer, and an aromatic-feed formula technology for the production of aromatic cattle, and a bacterial cellulose technology license.

On 12 November 2008, Tri-way Industries Limited entered into a Sales and Purchase of Technology Master License Agreement with the inventor of a patent, Mr Shan Dezhang, concerning the sale and purchase of the master licence rights of a patent registered in China under the name of “Zhi Wu Jei Gan Si Liao Chan Ye Hua Ji Qi Zhi Bei Fang Fa”, with patent number ZL200510063039.9. The patent relates to methods of processing plant straw into animal fodder and industrialisation of product of plant straw fodder. Under the agreement, Tri-way Industries Limited is licenced to use and to licence others to use the secrets, copyrights processes and other intellectual property rights associated with the patent in any territories in the world free from all encumbrances with all rights to the patented intellectual property and related brand and label as provided under the laws of China. The total purchase price of the patent was USD 8,000,000, to be paid in several installments. As Tri-way Industries Limited is not a Chinese company, relevant Chinese authorities must under applicable Chinese law, approve the assignment. The patent assignment has not been registered. Consequently, under Chinese law, the patent shall not take priority over the interests of third parties who are in good faith.

On 15 May 2009, Tri-way Industries Limited (as licensor) entered into a sub-licence agreement with Qinghai Sanjiang A Power Agriculture Co. Ltd (as licensee) concerning the sub-licensing of the above-mentioned patent (ZL200510063039.9). The licence period is 50 years, and the annual licence fee is stipulated at USD 450,000. However, as effective patent protection for the patent is 20 years, the excess part of the term is void under Chinese law. The contracting parties of the aforesaid sub-licence agreement have never performed the terms of the said agreement and no payment has ever been made by the licensee to the licensor. The parties have no intention to perform the sub-licence agreement, and the contracting parties have terminated the said agreement accordingly.

Rights to this technology has been transferred to HSA by SIAF after SIAF attained this, as well as other assets, in exchange for assumed liabilities of Triway as a result of the carve-out.

On 20 June 2011, SJAP entered into an agreement with Guangzhou City Garwor Trading Company Limited, pursuant to which Guangzhou City Garwor Trading Company Limited transferred its trademarks with registration numbers, 3713869 and 3713868, as well as a microbial patent with patent number ZL200610033295.8. The total transfer fee for the trademarks and the patent was RMB 12 million and the transfer fee for the technology secrets was RMB 1 million. According to the said agreement, the transfer fees shall be paid by the interest generated from the utilization of the patent. Moreover, the said agreement stipulates that any new technology improvements of the invention shall belong to both parties, and that any resulting profits shall be shared equally. Guangzhou City Garwor Trading Company Limited is a shareholder in the transferee and therefore a related party. An evaluation report was not filed with the transaction. Although this is not a formal requirement under Chinese law and the contract is valid, this may lead to the contract being challenged in the future on the basis of unfairness. Moreover, as the transferor, Guangzhou City Garwor Trading Company Limited, is not the owner of the trademark, the said agreement is void under Chinese law and SJAP has therefore not obtained ownership of the aforementioned trademarks. This may be corrected if and when SJAP enters into an agreement with the trademark owner. If SJAP uses the trademark without prior consent of the trademark owner, this would constitute trademark infringement. However, SJAP is intending to write off said trademark, and does not intend to use the trademark in question.

Loans and contractual obligationShort-term financial debt

Long-term financial debt

Agricultural Development Bank of China Credit Facilities:

On the October 23, 2015, the Company’s subsidiary SJAP entered into three agreements regarding credit facilities with the Agricultural Development Bank of China, Huangyuan County Branch. The agreements grant SJAP a credit of RMB 35 million, RMB 20 million and RMB 35 million, respectively, at an interest rate of 6.40 percent. The agreements are valid for 12 and 60 months after the date of each agreement. The credit facilities are personally guaranteed by Mr. Zhao Yilin, the general manager and legal representative of SJAP who has given personal guarantees for the repayment of the loan sums of RMB 25 million and RMB 15 million plus interest and charges payable under the loan agreements. Land use rights and building ownership rights with net carrying amount of USD 471,048 also secure the credit facilities. Agreements between SJAP and the Agricultural Development Bank of China regarding credit facilities have been entered into on a yearly basis during the last three years. As of December 2016 SJAP repaid all loan facilities to Agriculture Development Bank of China and has taken up a long term long facility (for loan amount of RMB 40,000,000 over a period of 10 years) from China Development Bank on December 16, 2016.  No additional loan or facility were taken out in 2017.

Negotiable Convertible Promissory Note (NCP Notes)

On August 29, 2015, TRW issued negotiable promissory notes to three fund companies and one individual for $3,450,000 with SIAF acting as guarantor for repayment.

Since SIAF has assumed all accrued liabilities of Tri-way in exchange for equity holdings in the company, two NCP Notes were transferred to SIAF on September 30, 2016 amounting to $1,013,397.00 (includes principal and accrued interest to 31.03.2017), and the other amounting to $669,129.00 (principal) at 5% interest, repayable on or before July 31, 2017.

As of April 15, 2018 (date of this report), Tri-way’s transfer of equity to the Company has been transacted with its official registration with the HK Registrar anticipated to be effected on or before June 30 2018. However, the Company has redeemed the Notes with their holders in the meantime leaving an outstanding balance of $977,155 as at December 31, 2017.

EuroChina Capital Convertible Note:

On August 29, 2014, the Company completed the closing of a private placement financing transaction with an accredited investor, which purchased a 10.5% Convertible Note in the aggregate principal amount of up to $33,300,000. The Company shall offer investor a discount equal to 25% of the amount of the principal advanced by the investor.

Interest on the note shall accrue on the outstanding principal balance of this Note from August 29, 2014. Interest shall be payable quarterly on the last day of each of March, June, September and December commencing September 30, 2014 provided, however, that note holder may elect to require the Company to issue to the note holder a promissory note in lieu of cash in satisfaction of any interest due and payable at such time. Any interest payment note shall be subject to the same terms as the note. The note has a maturity date of February 28, 2020.

The note is convertible, at the discretion of the note holder, into shares of the Company’s common stock (i) at any time following an Event of Default, or (ii) for a period of thirty (30) calendar days following October 31, 2015 and each anniversary thereof, at an initial conversion price per share of $1.00, subject to adjustment for stock splits, reverse stock splits, stock dividends and other similar transactions and subject to the terms of the note. As long as the note is outstanding, the investor shall have a right of first refusal, exercisable for thirty (30) calendar days after notice to the note holder, to purchase securities proposed to be offered and sold by the Company.

The Company and the Note holder agreed to enter into a restructuring agreement regarding the settlement of the Note. The reasons for seeking the settlement consisted of a) the Company seeking an early pay-off on the Note so as to limit the amount of total debt service required if the Note were to run through term (the principal and the accrued but unpaid interest amounts outstanding under Note being reduced by $19,096,347 as a result of having this early payoff adopted); b) the additional cost of the Note running through full-term and its impact on the Company’s ability to repay the full debt plus interest upon its due date in 2020; and c) the depreciation in share price having curtailed any value for the Note holder to accept the amount of accrued interest to date into shares of common shares and the viability of exercising their option to convert any portion of the Note’s principal and future interest into SIAF common shares at $9.90 per common share (terms of the original Note) considering that the market had not been reacting more favorably toward the stock over an extended period of time while leaving little indication that there would be any reversal in this trend for the foreseeable future.

Both parties have agreed to restructure the indebtedness represented by the Note, as follows: (a) SIAF issues 5,196,333 shares of its common stock at $3.00 per common share and the transfer of 400,000 common shares of Tri-way Industries Ltd. to the Note holder; and (b) SIAF executes a new promissory note in the principal amount of $15,589,000 to the Note holder to be paid in installments over a period of time. However, both parties remain open to negotiate an all-cash settlement of the Note.

The Company feels that this arrangement serves its shareholders’ best interest by reducing the overall cost of the Note to the Company had it been carried out to full-term.

The Company has depended from time to time on bridge loan financing, namely from four individual third parties (ITP) whose loans had been repaid either in cash, shares or both. The issuance of shares (referred to as “Debt Settlement”) was in practice until the time that the Company committed in the Note to discontinue repayment of loans through the issuance of Debt Settlement shares.

The current ITP loans (provided through the same third parties) were provided to Tri-way (“Borrower”) with the final agreement entered on August 5, 2016. The loan proceeds were incrementally received between July 15, 2016 through September 28, 2016, as follows:

General terms of the loans, include:

Because of the precipitous decline in SIAF’s share price, SIAF is committed under the terms of the agreement to safe-guard the Lenders’ interests against the full face-value of the loan by increasing its share collateral against the loan as described in the table below:

Summary: Changes in Third Party Loan collateralized shares

The Trade Facility was originally entered into on September 22, 2015 under the following terms:

Initial draws up to $20 million incur an Establishment Fee of 6% based on the issuance value of each Letter of Credit (L/C) or Document Presentation (DP) or Trust Receipt Drawn (TRD), all part of a Revolving Trade Facility with repayment for each issued L/C, DP or TRD due within 45 days from date of withdrawal payable at an annual interest rate between 1.5 to 2%, plus LIBOR. There are no restrictions or minimum days required between repayment and revolving withdrawal against the Facility.

SIAF provided its shares as collateral against the security on behalf of a Third-Party Agent (TPA) that operates the import/export trading house in Shanghai. The shares do not carry any voting or dividend rights and are returned to SIAF once the TPA reduces its outstanding balance (plus interest) with the lender.

The agreement basically consists of SIAF having securitized the loan with 2,133,333 of its common shares valued at $12.50/share equivalent to the full face-value of the loan ($26,666,666), and the TPA having the full use of the trade facility to borrow and repay, against, as warranted, i.e. revolving LOC.

As such, the principal terms of this agreement are:

·          SIAF acts as “Security Provider” to initiate the Trade Facility to be employed.

·          The Third-Party Agent (TPA) (described as an Import & Export Trading House in Shanghai) is the responsible party to cover loan principal, interest, closing and any other related loan costs.

·          SIAF’s only liability is contingent upon failure of TPA to repay the loan. Since the shares are strictly utilized as security collateral, and, to date, have not incurred further liability to SIAF, the Company has recorded the Consideration (Face Value: $26,666,666; LTV: $20,000,000) as Non-Current Assets, offset by the issuance of collateral shares.

Because of the precipitous decline in SIAF’s share price, SIAF has agreed with the Lender to safe-guard the Trade Facility provider’s interest and not impede the TPA’s use of the full face-value of the loan by providing additional shares as collateral (Top Up shares) against the loan.

Shares issued as security were not issued for market trading, but as security against the loan required to be returned to SIAF upon full loan repayment by TPA, which, to date, has not incurred any liability to the Company.

As of December 19, 2017 TPA repaid $5,000,000 in Cash payment to the Trade Facility Provider and agreed to have its facility face-value reduced to $20,000,000 and the net amount employed to $15,000,000. This amended arrangement was agreed to avoid further issuance of shares due to the current share price. Thus, the total issuance of shares for the Trade Facility remains at 5,708,312 shares, carrying an average value at $2.63 / share, which stands above SIAF’s current market value.

Summary: Changes in Collateralized Trade Facility shares

Loan agreements

All the loan agreements set out above under the heading “Borrowings, loans receivables and contractual obligations” in the tables above contain regular provisions requiring timely repayment of principal amount and accrued interest, payment of default interest in the event of default, and contain no specific financial covenants. To the Company’s knowledge, the Company is currently in compliance with the loan agreements.

There are no provisions in the Company’s bank borrowings and long-term debts that would accelerate repayment of debt as a result of a change in credit ratings or a material adverse change in the Company’s business. Under certain agreements, the Company has the option to retire debt prior to maturity, either at par or at a premium over par.

Material Agreements

Joint Venture Agreements

The Company has two types of SFJVCs established under Chinese law:

Of the five Chinese joint venture project companies which are CJVs or EJVs, four are CJVs (JFD, JHMC, JHST, SJAP) and one is an EJV (HSA).²

The main difference between an EJV and a CJV is that in a CJV, the obligation of capital contribution shall be determined by the contractual parties themselves. The proportions of capital contribution do not have to be fixed between the Chinese and foreign parties. Profit distribution and risk sharing ratio shall also be determined by the contracting parties themselves which do not have to be the same proportions as the parties’ capital contribution or shareholding therein. The capital contributing parties may specify their profit and risk sharing ratio only and may or may not specify their shareholdings in the CJV. One party may make capital contribution by way of non-monetary assets such as rights in lands, factories and machineries etc. while the other party may make capital contribution by way of cash.

In an EJV, the shareholders contribute capital and operate business jointly, and share profits, risks and losses in proportion to their equity contributions. Foreign investor’s capital contribution shall not be less than 25 percent of the total registered capital.

The Company engages in projects based on consulting and service agreements (as described under “Consulting and Services agreements” below), whereby Sino Agro Food can choose whether the cooperation shall continue under a consulting and service agreement or be acquired by Sino Agro Food.

Consulting and Services Agreement (through September 30, 2016)

Consulting and service (“C&S”) agreements are important for the operation of Sino Agro Food’s subsidiaries and partners. Only the Sino Agro Food subsidiaries SJAP and HSA do not and have not operated under C&S agreements.

Initially, agriculture and aquaculture investors invite Sino Agro Food to act as a developer and project manager of an agribusiness or food-related project. If the management of Sino Agro Food sees the proposal as interesting, Sino Agro Food carries out an in-depth study of the target company including legal due diligence, business plan, budget and projected financial information. Sino Agro Food makes the decision through a resolution of the Board of Directors. If Sino Agro Food determines to proceed, the Chinese investor forms a private Chinese company dedicated to the project and the parties sign a C&S agreement.

² According to the official documents of Sino Agro Food’s Chinese subsidiary JHMC, the registered capital of such subsidiary is USD 2 million that was paid in full by year ended 31 December 2014. As of the date of this Annual Report, MEIJI, a subsidiary of Sino Agro Food, has contributed USD 400,000 of the subscribed capital, whereas USD 1.6 million of the subscribed capital has not been paid. Moreover, according to the official documents of Sino Agro Food’s Chinese subsidiary HSA, the registered capital of such subsidiary is USD 2.5 million and shall be paid in full no later than 18 July 2013. As of the date of this Annual Report, MEIJI, a subsidiary of Sino Agro Food, has contributed USD 865,000 of the subscribed capital, whereas USD 234,500 of the subscribed capital has not been paid by the Chinese owner. The aforementioned deadlines can be re-arranged by all the promoters. If no new deadline is agreed upon, failure by MEIJI to make full payment may lead to the other promoters making full payment of the capital contribution on MEIJI’s behalf and requesting MEIJI to compensate for their payment and losses.

Sino Agro Food acts as the project manager providing turnkey services to the Chinese developer of the project, meaning that Sino Agro Food builds the project using Sino Agro Food’s technology, systems, know-how, and management expertise and systems. As such, Sino Agro Food’s expenditure in the project includes Sino Agro Food’s own administration and operational expenses provided for and incurred in the project (charged and recorded under Sino Agro Food’s general and administrative operation expenses), which are billed to the Chinese developer. All other development expenditures (inclusive of Sino Agro Food’s subcontractors’ and sub-suppliers’ costs and Sino Agro Food’s marked up profits) are billed to the Chinese developer who will pay accordingly.

When the project company initiates production Sino Agro Food acts as the sole marketer of food products and the supplier for the C&S Project Company under the terms and conditions of the C&S agreement. Sino Agro Food acts as the selling supplier and buying wholesaler to the company supplying items such as feed, young cattle, and RAS technological components and buys mature prawns, sleepy cod, eels and live cattle. Sino Agro Food earns a gross profit of between 10-15 percent based on the C&S Project Company’s revenue on this exclusivity.

The C&S Project Company will remain wholly-owned by the Chinese developer until Sino Agro Food exercise the acquisition option and subsequently converts the company into an SFJVC where the Chinese investor remains as a minority shareholder. The acquisition price is normally determined in accordance with the book value of the Chinese company as of the acquisition date. Consideration will normally consist partly of cash and partly of project loans owed by the Chinese investor, which offset and decrease the purchase proceeds in the corresponding amount. Generally, the agreements that Sino Agro Food has entered into governing the formation of the unincorporated companies into SFJVCs do not regulate the maturity date for the formation of SFJVC. The date for the formation of the SFJVC is generally left to the discretion of the Company, based on the development and profitability of the relevant project.

As of the date of this Annual Report, Sino Agro Food has entered into ten C&S agreements. A portion of the C&S agreements contain an acquisition premium clause, in which the accumulated C&S project development fees billed by Sino Agro Food will be paid in addition to the equity book value at the time of acquisition. In the event that either of the investors decides to sell all or part of its equity in the SFJVC to any third party, a portion of the agreements require the selling investor to obtain prior consent of the other investor before such sale and to grant the right of first refusal to the other investor on the like terms for the intended sale.

As of October 1, 2016, when Tri-way became the developer and operator of all fishery C&S Projects formerly under SIAF, CA’s new role is one of turnkey operator appointed by and working on behalf of Tri-way.

Land leases

Private ownership of land is not permitted in China. Therefore, Sino Agro Food leases land that is either collectively owned land or state owned land, through land use rights. Corporate entities and individuals may own the property (buildings) erected on the land.

Land use rights may be transferred, but they are based on agricultural contracts and cannot be changed arbitrarily to non-agricultural purposes. The lease term varies from 27 to 60 years. There are certain uncertainties (e.g., lease term may not exceed 30 years and all transfers have not yet been registered correctly) in respect of certain leased land due to the fact that not all requirements have been fulfilled or not yet registered. However, the Company believes it is protected against these uncertainties through its agreements with the relevant local Chinese partners and relevant registration processes have been initiated. The Company’s subsidiary HSA has acquired land use rights for state owned land located in OuChi Village, FengHuo Town, LinLi County, Hunan Province. However, HSA has not obtained a land use right certificate for such land, which therefore, for the time being, cannot be lawfully mortgaged or transferred. Moreover, the Company’s subsidiary CA has entered into a Rural Land Management Rights Sub-Sales Agreement for the acquisition of the contractual operating and use rights of 202 mu of collective owned land located in Da San Dui Wei You Nan Village, Shenwan Town, Zhongshan City for a period of 30 years. However, the transfer procedures for the land in question have not been completed. CA is not an enterprise registered in mainland China and therefore, according to Chinese law, cannot acquire the contractual operating and use rights of collective owned land. The Company is currently negotiating with Beijing Hengxintianyi Investment Guarantee Co. Ltd. to designate a subsidiary of the Company in China for the purpose of entering into a new Rural Land Management Rights Sub-Sales Agreement.

Currently, the Company has leased the following lots of land:

License Rights

Through the past 10 years (from 2007 to present) the Company has improved and modified the Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) originally pioneered in Germany into a unique system designed for indoor systems referred to as A Power Module (“APM indoor”) and an outdoor module called open dam RAS (“ODRAS”). We provide two types of licenses under this technology namely, a Developer License permitting a fishery project license to utilize the technology in its design of the APM–indoor or ODRAS farms, and an Operator license permitting the use of APM-indoor or ODRAS technology at their respective farms. Each license is granted a 50-year term per assigned module unit for a one-time fee of $50,000 per license, that is a $50,000 fee for rights to the Developer license and a $50,000 fee for rights to the Operator license for 50 years per developed module.

On November 12, 2008, the Company’s subsidiary TRW entered into an agreement with the inventor of a patent, Mr. Shan Dezhang, concerning the sale and purchase of the master licence rights of a patent registered in China with patent number ZL200510063039.9.

On May 15, 2009, TRW (as licensor) entered into a sub-licence agreement with SJAP (as licensee) concerning the sub-licensing of the above-mentioned patent (ZL200510063039.9). For further information on the aforementioned agreements, please refer to the section entitled “Intellectual Property Rights” above.

Carve-outs

The Company has announced that it has begun the first of three or four contemplated divestitures. The Company is currently exploring various opportunities for reorganizing or restructuring some of its current assets into new companies by means of mergers and / or acquisitions with the aim to establish higher independent fair market values for said companies (or respective related assets) by either listing each of said companies on a suitable stock exchange or selling them in a receptive market (or to a receptive buyer) Tbe first carve-out (Tri-way) is comprised of aquaculture operations. The new company holds one single share class and shall conform to corporate governance standards assigned by the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission as well as the potential Stock Exchange targeted for its listing. The Company’s aquaculture operations, namely the C&S Project farms are, as follows:

Establishing the proposed new company would in management’s view expedite several strategic objectives:

As a result of the carve-out, Tri-way, as of October 1, 2016, is now categorized under SIAF as an investor in associate status from its original categorization as a SIAF subsidiary. Prior to the carve-out, Tri-way had assumed 100% holdings in JFD (previously, a 75% owned subsidiary) on August 16, 2016. Subsequently, Tri-way has merged / acquired in exchange for equity, all C&S farm projects and their respective assets.

Legal proceedings

The Company is not involved in any governmental, legal or arbitration proceedings which may have, or have had in the recent past, a significant effect on the Company’s and/or the Company’s financial position or profitability, and the Company is not aware of any such proceedings which are pending or threatened.

Industry Overview

This section discusses the industry in which the Company operates. Certain of the information in this section relating to market environment, market developments, growth rates, market trends, industry trends, competition and similar information are estimates based on data compiled by professional organizations, consultants and analysts, in addition to market data from other external and publicly available sources.

Economic outlook in China

China’s economy is at present second only to that of the United States, having overtaken Japan’s role as number two in 2010.³ China's GDP grew by 6.9% in 2017 according to official data. ⁶ Growth has slowed somewhat but remains strong.The strong growth in China has delivered major improvements in living standards and poverty has been reduced dramatically.⁴ Based on the World Bank’s classification, China recently graduated from lower to upper middle-income status. A growing emphasis on improving access to health and education as well as high investment in infrastructure have helped spread the benefits of growth nationally including in rural areas, where incomes have enjoyed consistently strong gains.

³ The World Bank: China 2030, Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative Society (pages 3, 376-377), 2013

⁶ National Bureau of Statistics of China

⁷ The World Bank; China 2030, Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creative Society, 2013 (pages 3, 376-377)

Agriculture in China

Agriculture is a vital industry in China, employing over 300 million farmers. China ranks first in worldwide farm output, primarily producing rice, wheat, potatoes, tomato, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, oilseed and soybeans and also the largest consumer of many agricultural products, such as pork, rice and soybeans. Although accounting for only 10 percent of arable land worldwide, it produces food for 20 percent of the world's population. While China generally has been successful in meeting its rapidly rising demand for food and grains by increasing domestic production, it has emerged as a leading global importer of several agricultural commodities, including cotton, soybeans, vegetable oils, and animal hides. As its domestic agricultural production has grown, China has also become the largest exporter in global markets for several horticultural products, including mandarin oranges, apples, apple juice, garlic and other vegetables.

China’s increasingly important position in global agricultural markets followed decades of gradual growth in domestic food production and consumption. After the introduction of market-based reforms in 1978 that included the elimination of the collective production system and relaxation of government direction over certain farmer production and marketing decisions, Chinese agricultural output grew significantly. Between 1978 and 2008, China almost doubled its production of grains (rice, wheat and corn) and quadrupled its production of meats; the production of fruit and milk was about 30 times greater in 2008 than in 1978. During these three decades, population growth of about 1 percent annually, coupled with annual per capita income growth of 8 percent, fueled a large increase in demand for more and higher-value agricultural products, especially by China’s large and growing middle class. China’s rapid growth in food consumption was largely met by domestic production growth, enabling it to remain self-sufficient in most major commodities.

About 40 percent of China’s population of 1.3 billion is employed in the agricultural sector, and agriculture contributes about 11 percent to China’s GDP.⁵

China’s support for agriculture

China’s government support for agriculture is low compared to that of developed countries, such as the United States and European Union, but in line with that of other rapidly growing economies, according to USITC. As measured by the OECD’s PSE⁶, the amount of support provided to Chinese farmers was low (and sometimes negative) during the 1990’s, but gradually rose during the period 2008-2010. Compared with other countries at a similar level of development, including Brazil, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, China’s support for farmers falls in the middle of the range. China’s PSE reflects changes in the central government’s policy priorities from grain self-sufficiency and low consumer prices toward a stronger focus on raising farm household incomes, according to USITC. Government support to China’s agricultural sector indicates that Chinese policymakers are placing a renewed emphasis on the rural economy. Indirect support, in the form of general services, is very high relative to similar support programs in other countries, due largely to investments in agricultural infrastructure. General services include modern research and extension services, food safety agencies, and agricultural price information services, most of which provide benefits to producers and consumers throughout the economy. Compared with direct payments to farmers, general services support is less production-distorting to the sector.

Agricultural consumption

China is a major global consumer of agricultural products. It consumes one-third of the world’s rice, one-fourth of all corn, and half of all pork and cotton, and it is the largest consumer of oilseeds and most edible oils. The traditional Chinese diet centers around staple foods (mainly grains and starches), which account for nearly half of the daily caloric intake. Average Chinese per capita consumption recently stabilized at approximately 3,000 calories per day, one of the highest levels among Asian countries.

Chinese food consumption is influenced by factors such as population size and demographics, income, food prices, and general preferences. Per capita income growth and urbanization are the two factors most responsible for altering recent consumption patterns in China. Rising income translates into higher per capita food consumption, while increasing urbanization is driving diversification of food choices because of greater availability and choice offered through increasingly diverse sales outlets.

Chinese consumers generally fall into one of three categories: rural consumers; urban low-income consumers; or urban high-income consumers. Although urban high-income consumers can afford to buy more and better-quality food, the ubiquity of food outlets in cities means that nearly every urban resident, regardless of income, has available an increasingly diverse food selection. Compared to rural diets, urban diets contain less grain and more non-staple items, including processed and convenience foods. Rural migrants to cities tend to adopt the urban diet.

Expenditure on food

Food is the largest class of household expenditure for all Chinese income groups; even housing takes a smaller share of average household income, according to USITC. As income rises, the absolute amount of food expenditure increases, although the share of income spent on food falls. Urban residents spend substantially more on food than their rural counterparts, according to USITC. Higher incomes lead to an increase in both the quantity and quality of food demanded. However, while demand for higher quantities of food appears to level off in the top income households, demand for higher-quality foods continues to rise with income.

⁸ USITC: China’s Agricultural Trade: Competitive Conditions and Effects on U.S. Exports, March 2011 pages 1-1 and 1-8

⁹ OECD: PSE is defined as the estimated monetary value of transfers from consumers and taxpayers to farmers, expressed as a percentage of gross farm receipts (defined as the value of total farm production at farmgate prices), plus budgetary support.

Spending on food consumed outside the home is on the rise. In 2003, about 18 percent of urban household food expenditures and over 11 percent of rural household food expenditures were made outside the home. In 2008, the average per capita annual expenditure on dining out was USD 127 among urban residents, up 26 percent from a year earlier. Per capita expenditures on food consumed away from home vary among regions, with Shanghai spending the most (USD 300) and Tibet the least (USD 84). Most such expenditures are made in restaurants, both independent establishments and fast-food chains. Although consumption away from the household is increasing, most foods are still eaten at home. The exception is meat, with about half of all meat consumed outside the home.

Food preferences

Along with more varied consumption, higher incomes are leading to changing food preferences, including the demand for better quality and safer foods. Food preferences determine where urban Chinese purchase their foods, whether it be at local “wet markets”, urban supermarkets, or restaurants. Chinese value the diversity in food products that different shopping outlets offer. In the future, analysts predict that further income growth and urbanization will continue to increase demand for a variety of higher quality foods, according to USITC.

Like that of other countries at similar stages of development, the traditional Chinese diet comprises mostly grains and other starches. Consumption of non-staple, higher-value foods such as meat, dairy, fruits, vegetables, and processed food has grown significantly in the past three decades; 30 percent of the food currently consumed in China has been processed in some way, according to USITC.

China’s per capita expenditures for animal proteins for 2008 averaged USD 184, up from USD 137 in the previous year. The Chinese consume about four times as much pork as poultry, the second most popular animal protein. Pork consumption has been encouraged by improved cold storage distribution, as the product can be transported greater distances to reach more customers. Pork consumption levels are also high due to government support programs, including purchasing pork for reserves and occasionally subsidizing pork purchases for low-income consumers.

The market for aquatic products and aquaculture in China

The information in this section regarding aquatic and aquaculture, including graphs, is taken from the USDA’s GAIN Report Number: CH12073 per 12/28/2012 unless otherwise stated.⁷

Total Aquatic Products Production

China has the world’s largest aquatic production and its market share of the world’s fish production has risen from 7 percent in 1961 to 37 percent by 2012. China alone accounted for 62.5 percent of the aquaculture production in the world by volume in 2015. Aquaculture represents more than 71.9 percent of the total fish production in China. Total 2015 aquatic production in China increased 4.38 percent to reach 47.9 million tons, compared to the 45.8 million tons in 2014, per the FAO.¹¹

⁷ Definition of terms: China’s definition of aquatic products includes both cultured (farm-raised) and wild caught products; aquatic products include fish, shrimp/prawn/crab, shellfish, algae, and other. Aquatic catch production is total volume of both fresh and seawater wild caught aquatic products; Aquaculture production is the total volume of both fresh and seawater cultured (farmed) aquatic products. This report will use Chinese terminology to maintain consistency between Chinese statistics and product categories. Total aquatic trade statistics below do not include fishmeal.

Fish production accounts for 59 percent of the total aquatic production, followed by shellfish and crustaceans at 22.6 percent and 10 percent, respectively. Fish production is, according to the USDA, expected to continue its upward growth trend to reach 34.5 million tons in 2012, up from 33 million tons in 2011 and 31.3 million tons in 2010.

In 2011, Shandong, Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces profited from favorable coastal locations and abundant freshwater resources/facilities to rank as the top four aquatic production areas. In terms of freshwater cultured production, Hubei, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces are the largest producers.

Aquaculture

China remains the world largest aquaculture producer with total cultured aquatic production accounting for about 70 percent of the world total in recent years. Total aquaculture production is increasing steadily and world aquaculture reached 90.4 million tons, with 66.6 million tons of food fish and 23.8 million tons of aquatic algae in 2012. Unconfirmed numbers state that world food fish aquaculture production rose 5.8 percent to 70.5 million tons in 2013. China alone accounted for 43.5 million tons of food fish and 13.5 of aquatic algae in 2013. China has had a CAGR of 5.5 percent in aquaculture production from the year 2000 through 2012.

Total aquatic products in China amounted to 59.1 million tons, where seawater aquatic products represented 30.3 million tons or 51.34 percent and freshwater aquatic products amounted to 28,743,000 tons or 48.66 percent of the total production. Fish is the most produced product and accounts for almost 61 percent of the total production, followed by shrimp, prawn and crab and shellfish. The majority of the production is in the region Shandong, Guangdong, Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu. These five regions represented more than 55 percent of the total production of aquatic products in China. All regions are located nearby water and fish and other aquatic products is a common source of protein for the inhabitants in these regions.⁸

Aquatic consumption

As China’s processing and distribution systems become more developed and consumers rising affluence increases, their interest in a more diversified and nutritious diet, seafood consumption is on the increase. According to the National Statistics Bureau, the per capita consumption of aquatic products was 14.62 kg per urban dweller and 5.36 kg per rural inhabitant in 2011. Per capita consumption is expected to increase steadily, with strong growth potential in the rural sector.

The per capita consumption of aquatic products is highest in coastal regions, for example in Shanghai and Guangdong, (where aquatic products have been a traditional source of protein) and locations with relatively high disposable income.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China the overall price level of aquatic products increased 3.9 percent in July 2014 compared to the same month in 2013.⁹

Exports and imports

China is by far the largest exporter of aquatic products in the world, with total exports amounting to USD 23.1 billion in 2016 compared to Norway that is the second largest exporter in the world with exports amounting to USD 10.8 billion.

⁸ China Statistical Yearbook 2013

⁹ Consumer Prices for July 2014, National Bureau of Statistics of China.

China has now become the third largest importer of aquatic products, behind only the United States and Japan. Total import of aquatic products in 2013 amounted to USD 8.0 billion. The increase in the import levels in China is mainly a result of outsourcing. China’s processors import raw material from all major regions, including South and North America and Europe, for re-processing and re-export. However, this growth also reflects China’s surging domestic demand of species not available from local sources.

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

Recirculating aquaculture systems (“RAS”) is a technology that enables the same water to be reused within the same tank, and operates through filtering this water, at a high frequency, making it an efficient and environmentally friendly method to operate water tanks. The advantages of RAS include improved productivity, lower labor requirements and lower mortality rate of the animals. Historically, the Chinese population are used to fresh aquatic products and prefer locally produced food if they can be assured of food quality and safety. Studies show that consumers overall are willing to pay an average premium of 3.9 percent for Closed Containment Aquaculture (“CCA”) compared to conventional farming methods such as sea water farming.¹⁰

The market for meat in China

China is by far the world’s largest producer and consumer of meat which includes pork, poultry and beef. Historically, this situation did not have a large impact on the rest of the world, as China, for the most part, maintained self-sufficiency in meat. However, since 2007 the situation has changed dramatically. China has gradually turned into a net importer of meats.

World meat production is expected to be around 322 million tons in 2017. Global trade in meat is forecast to register a second year of expansion in 2017, increasing by 2.5 percent to 32 million tonnes.¹⁵ China’s meat production reached 81.93 million tons in 2016. where total meat production in the United States amounted to 44.65 million tons in 2016.

With strong economic growth, China’s urbanization has occurred at a faster pace than commonly expected. By the end of 2011, the urban population for the first time exceeded the rural population, reaching 51.3 percent of the total population. If rural migrants working in urban areas are included, the population working and living in urban areas accounted for about 70 percent of the total population. Urbanization and rising purchasing power has led to a dietary pattern change switching from the consumption of traditional food grain products to an increase in consumption of meat.¹¹ The change in consumer preferences, meaning higher priced red meat representing a major part of Chinese consumers main protein source, partly derives from the perception that consumption of red meat is equal to higher status than consumption of poultry or pork.¹²

There are several other specific market drivers which underpin the increase in demand for red meat. One driver is the improved living standard in China which stimulates the growth of beef markets since beef often sells at a much higher price and traditionally has been more expensive than what most people can afford. Another is the fact that Chinese people’s dietary structure is becoming more diversified and reasonable, bringing larger amount of beef consumption since beef has nutritional benefits. Lastly, a gradual lowering of import taxes is likely to support sufficient supply of cattle.

The strong rise in feed grain prices in the past five years is now moving substantially through the market chain and is being reflected in higher meat prices with the exception of poultry where adjustments have been made. On the contrary, world meat consumption continues to grow at one of the highest rates among major agricultural commodities. Thus, developing countries can expect an increase in meat imports despite strong meat prices, driven by population and income growth with high elasticity of demand. Equally so, strong prices will result in sustained export earnings, which will encourage large meat exporting countries to invest in international meat markets. When breaking the expected increase of demand down by region it is evident that the Asia and Pacific region is projected to stand for the largest increase in demand by far.¹³

Market drivers

The improvement of living standard stimulates the growth of beef markets:

Traditionally, Chinese people eat pork and chicken to satisfy their desire for meat. This is largely due to the much higher price of beef which goes beyond normal people’s affordable level. With the improvement of living standards, Chinese people have begun the upgrade of their consumption of meat, and began to eat more beef.

¹⁰ Review of Recirculation Aquaculture System Technologies and their Commercial Application, Stirling Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture.

¹⁵ Food Outlook, FAO, June 2017

¹¹ China’s growing appetite for meats: Implications for World meat trade. A Multi-Client Study, April 2012

¹² China and Hong Kong: Food Opportunities for Maine, Maine International Trade Center, March 2012

¹³ Meat - OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2012-2021

Chinese people’s dietary structure becomes more diversified and reasonable, bringing larger amount of beef consumption:

At present, Chinese people are changing their diet patterns to higher and richer nutrition. From a nutritional perspective, beef not only contains high unsaturated fatty acids and high protein, it also has low fat and lots of nutrition, which makes it perfect for the healthy diet. Thus, in the future, beef is expected to replace some parts of the market shares in pork, chicken and other meats.¹⁴

The market for fertilizer in China

Sales of fertilizers are expected to be supported by healthy expansion of agricultural activities as the amount of sown areas continues to grow and rural income levels rise. Farmers will continue to register steadily increasing incomes, the result of growing crop prices and government subsidies designed to supplement their revenues and reduce their material costs. Subsidies aimed directly at cutting the cost of fertilizers is expected to encourage additional use. In addition, rising crop prices have encouraged farmers to invest in fertilizers to further boost crop yields. Advances will also be driven by increases in the acreage of sown land dedicated to growing cash crops. However, increasing demand for organic food and improved understanding of the correct application of fertilizers is expected to prevent demand from rising at a faster pace.

In value terms, fertilizer demand is expected to grow 6.0 percent per year to RMB 548 billion, outpacing gains in volume terms. Faster value growth will be driven by strong demand for higher value multi-nutrient fertilizers. In addition, advances will be supported by continued growth in fertilizer prices as the cost of natural gas, oil, coal, and other raw materials continues to increase.

Demand for fertilizer nutrients in China is projected to grow 4.4 percent annually through 2015 to 98.1 million metric tons. Nutrient demand will be stimulated by increasing use of higher nutrient level products as income levels grow in rural areas in China. In addition, government efforts to promote multi-nutrient fertilizers will also support gains in fertilizer nutrient demand. Accounting for more than three-fourths of total fertilizer demand in 2010, single-nutrient fertilizers will remain the larger product type through 2015, despite a relatively low growth rate of 2.1 percent per year. Sales of single nutrient fertilizers will continue to be supported by their relatively low prices.

The size, growth and composition of fertilizer demand in the six regions that make up China vary considerably. The Central-South and Central-East will remain the two largest regional fertilizer markets. Due to the comparatively high income levels in the Central-South and Central-East - which enable residents to afford more expensive food items - demand for cash crops such as fruits and vegetables will rise in these regions, which in turn will fuel demand for fertilizer. Sales in the Northeast and Northwest regions will outpace the average through 2015, benefiting from the Great Western Development Strategy, the Northeast Revitalization Policy, and increasing income levels for farmers.¹⁵

In 2006, the central government started a program intended to partially compensate farmers for price increases in fuel, fertilizer and other agricultural inputs. In the case of fertilizers, government support is part of several separate programs targeting fertilizer producers, with cost reductions being passed along to farmers purchasing the input. By 2009, fuel and fertilizer subsidies totaled USD 10.5 billion.¹⁶

Market for fruits and vegetables in China

The information in this section regarding the market for fruit in China is taken from the International Trade Center report “Overview of the markets for selected tropical fruits and vegetables in China” unless otherwise stated.

China is the biggest producer of fruit in the world, with a total of approximately 10,734,259 hectares of fruit planting area and a fruit output of approximately 192,202,000 tons as of 2008, according to the National Bureau of Statistics of the PRC. The per capita annual fruit consumption in China as of 2008 amounted 149 kilograms per capita, well above the global average of 69.09 kilograms per capita, according to FAO. In 2009, China exported 5,255,000 tons of fruit, an 8.5 percent year-on-year increase compared to the previous year, equivalent to a value USD 3.83 billion according to China Customs. The Chinese import of fruit in 2009 amounted to 2,309,000 tons, valued to USD 1.63 billion, a 37.0 percent increase year-on-year compared to 2008. This led to a fruit trade surplus of USD 2.2 billion, approximately a 27.6 percent decrease compared to 2008 according the Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC.

The global tropical fruit output, where the dragon fruit (Hylocereus Undatus) is included, reached roughly 82,700,000 tons in 2008 according to FAO. The output was led by mango, followed by pineapple, guava and avocado. According to the Ministry of Agriculture of the PRC, tropical fruit accounted for approximately 25 percent of the total fruit planting area in China in 2009, equivalent to roughly 2,500,000 hectares providing a total output of more than 20,000,000 tons. The research adds that an additional 17,500,000 hectares spread over China is suitable for planting tropical fruits.

The most commonly consumed tropical fruits in China are pineapple, mango, banana, litchi, coconut, longan and cashew. However demand for, e.g., mangosteen, star fruit, durian and dragon fruit is quickly growing among the population in the first and second tier cities. The China Fruit Marketing Association estimates that the consumption of tropical fruits accounts for roughly 10 percent of all the fruit in China, equivalent to approximately 19,000,000 tons. Analysts estimate that about 80 percent of the tropical fruit in China is consumed fresh, contrary to canned or processed fruit.

¹⁴ Frost & Sullivan: China’s beef market has great growth potential

¹⁵ Fertilizers in China, Industry Study with Forecasts for 2015 & 2020, Freedonia Group; June 2012

¹⁶ USITC: China’s Agricultural Trade: Competitive Conditions and Effects on U.S. Exports, March 2011

Consumer trends

Consumers in the northern and central parts of China generally prefer more sweet tasting fruit, preferably tropical fruits. In the southern regions of China however, the population consumes a broader range of fruits. Overall in China, consumers have started to consume more fruit with distinctive smells, for example durian and jackfruit. During recent years there has been a significant increase in consumption of more expensive fruit, such as durian, mangosteen and jackfruit thanks to the increasing standard of living of the population as well as the increased availability of such imported fruits.

The most commonly consumed imported fruits in China include kiwi, durian, mangosteen, grapes, cherries and dragon fruit. Generally, the Chinese population prefers to consume fresh fruit; so when domestic, fresh fruit is available during summer, consumption of the fresher and cheaper domestic fruit increases. In winter, when domestic products cannot be harvested or sold, the import of fruits, and especially tropical fruits, increases immensely.

Organic fruits are mostly sold domestically in China and have become increasingly popular in the market; however, the supply is still relatively small and the price is still more expensive (approximately RMB 1-2 more expensive per kg).

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Regulation of M&A and Overseas Listings

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies, including the Ministry of Commerce (the “MOFCOM”), the State Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, the State Administration of Taxation (“SAT”), the State Administration of Industry and Commerce (the “SAIC”), the China Securities Regulatory Commission (“CSRC”), and the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (the “SAFE”), jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rule”), which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rule includes provisions that purport to require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for purposes of the overseas listing of equity interests in PRC companies and controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies or individuals obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange.

On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official Website procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. The CSRC approval procedures require the filing of a number of documents with the CSRC. The application of this new PRC regulation remains unclear, with no consensus currently existing among leading PRC law firms regarding the scope of the applicability of the CSRC approval requirement.

The M&A Rules also establish procedures and requirements that could make some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a Chinese domestic enterprise.

In February 2011, the General Office of the State Council promulgated a Notice on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (“Circular 6”), which established a security review system for mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. Under Circular 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors having “national defense and security” concerns and mergers and acquisitions by which foreign investors may acquire “de facto control” of domestic enterprises with “national security” concerns. In August 2011, the MOFCOM promulgated the Rules on Implementation of Security Review System (the “MOFCOM Security Review Rules”), to replace the Interim Provisions of the Ministry of Commerce on Matters Relating to the Implementation of the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated by the MOFCOM in March 2011. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules, which came into effect on September 1, 2011, provide that the MOFCOM will look into the substance and actual impact of a transaction and prohibit foreign investors from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions.

Regulation of Foreign Currency Exchange and Dividend Distribution

The principal regulations governing foreign currency exchange in China are the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations (the “FX Regulations”), which were last amended in August 2008. Under the FX Regulations, the RMB is freely convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China, unless the prior approval of the SAFE is obtained and prior registration with the SAFE is made. On August 29, 2008, the SAFE issued a notice, Circular 142, regulating the conversion by a foreign-invested company of foreign currency into RMB by restricting how the converted RMB may be used. Circular 142 requires that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, the SAFE increased its oversight of the flow and use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in RMB converted from foreign currencies. The use of such RMB capital may not be changed without the SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be used to repay RMB loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of Circular 142 will result in severe penalties, such as heavy fines. As a result, Circular 142 may significantly limit our ability to transfer cash or other assets from Sino Agro Food, Inc. and/or our other non-PRC subsidiaries into our subsidiaries in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business expansion and we may not be able to convert the net proceeds into RMB to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies, or establish other variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in the PRC.

Dividends paid by a PRC subsidiary to its overseas shareholder are deemed income of the shareholder and are taxable in the PRC. Pursuant to the Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996), foreign-invested enterprises in the PRC may purchase or remit foreign currency, subject to a cap approved by the SAFE, for settlement of current account transactions without the approval of the SAFE. Foreign currency transactions under the capital account are still subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, the SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities.

In October 2005, the SAFE promulgated the Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Corporate Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Offshore Special Purpose Vehicles (“Circular 75”). Under Circular 75, which was issued by SAFE effective November 1, 2005, prior registration with the local SAFE branch is required for PRC residents to establish or to control an offshore company for the purposes of financing that offshore company with assets or equity interests in an onshore enterprise located in the PRC. An amendment to the registration or filing with the local SAFE branch by such PRC resident is also required for the injection of equity interests or assets of an onshore enterprise in the offshore company or overseas funds raised by such offshore company, or any other material change involving a change in the capital of the offshore company. Moreover, Circular 75 applies retroactively. As a result, PRC residents who, prior to November 1, 2005, had established or acquired control of offshore companies that had made onshore investments in the PRC prior to were required to complete the relevant registration procedures with the local SAFE branch by March 31, 2006.

Since May 2007, the SAFE has issued a series of guidance to its local branches with respect to the operational process for the SAFE registration under Circular 75. The guidance provides more specific and stringent supervision of the registration required by Circular 75. For example, the guidance imposes obligations on onshore subsidiaries of an offshore entity to make true and accurate statements to the local SAFE authorities regarding any shareholder or beneficial owner of the offshore entity who is a PRC citizen or resident. Untrue statements by the onshore subsidiaries will lead to potential liability for the subsidiaries and, in some instances, for their legal representatives and other related individuals.

Under the relevant rules, failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in Circular 75 may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant onshore company, including increases in its registered capital, payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate and capital inflows from the offshore entity, and may also subject relevant PRC residents to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations. PRC residents who control our company from time to time are required to register with the SAFE in connection with their investments in us.

On December 25, 2006, the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”) issued the Administration Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange Control and related Implementation Rules were issued by the SAFE on January 5, 2007. Both became effective on February 1, 2007. Under these regulations, all foreign exchange transactions involving an employee share incentive plan, share option plan, or similar plan participated in by onshore individuals may be conducted only with approval from the SAFE or its authorized branch. Under the Notice of Issues Related to the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Listed Company (“Offshore Share Incentives Rules”), which was issued by the SAFE on February 15, 2012, PRC citizens who are granted share options, restricted share units or restricted shares by an overseas publicly listed company are required to register with the SAFE or its authorized branch and to comply with a series of other requirements. If we, or the PRC employees of ours who hold options, restricted share units or restricted shares fail to comply with these registration or other procedural requirements, we, and/or such employees may be subject to fines and other legal sanctions.

The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign holding companies include the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (1986), which was amended in October 2000, and the Administrative Rules under the Foreign Investment Enterprise Law (2001). Under these regulations, foreign investment enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, foreign investment enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Laws and Regulations Related to Employment and Labor Protection

On June 29, 2007, the National People’s Congress promulgated the Employment Contract Law of PRC (“Employment Contract Law”), which became effective as of January 1, 2008, and was amended on December 28, 2012. The Employment Contract Law requires employers to provide written contracts to their employees, restricts the use of temporary workers and aims to give employees long-term job security.

Pursuant to the Employment Contract Law, employment contracts lawfully concluded prior to the implementation of the Employment Contract Law and continuing as of the date of its implementation shall continue to be performed. Where an employment relationship was established prior to the implementation of the Employment Contract Law but no written employment contract was concluded, a contract must be concluded within one month after its implementation.

On September 18, 2008, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Regulations for the PRC Employment Contract Law which came into effect immediately. These regulations interpret and supplement the provisions of the Employment Contract Law.

As of December 31, 2015, we had entered written employment contracts with three of our employees.

Income Tax

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress approved and promulgated the Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “EIT Law”). On December 6, 2007, the State Council approved the Implementing Rules. Both the EIT Law and its Implementing Rules became effective on January 1, 2008. Under the EIT Law and the Implementing Rules, which superseded the previous Income Tax Law, the enterprise income tax rate for both domestic companies and foreign invested enterprises is unified at 25%. On December 26, 2007, the State Council promulgated the Circular on Implementation of Enterprise Tax Transition Preferential Policy, or the Preferential Policy Circular. The EIT Law, its Implementing Rules and the Preferential Policy Circular provide a five-year transitional period for certain entities that had enjoyed a favorable income tax rate of less than 25% under the previous Income Tax Law and were established before March 16, 2007, during which period the applicable enterprises income tax rate shall gradually increase to 25%.

On April 14, 2008, the Administration Measures for Recognition of High and New Technology Enterprises, or the Recognition Measures, were jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Finance, and the SAT, which sets out the standards and process for granting the high and new technology enterprises status. According to the EIT Law and its Implementing Rules as well as the Recognition Measures, enterprises which have been granted the high and new technology enterprises status shall enjoy a favorable income tax rate of 15%. The new EIT Law and its Implementation Rules also provide that “software enterprises” enjoy a two-year income tax exemption starting from the first profit making year, followed by a reduced tax rate of 12.5% for the subsequent three years.

The EIT Law also provides that an enterprise established under the laws of a foreign country or region but whose “de facto management body” is in the PRC be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes and consequently be subject to the PRC income tax at the rate of 25% for its global income. The Implementing Rules merely defines the location of the “de facto management body” as “the place where the exercising, in substance, of the overall management and control of the production and business operation, personnel, accounting, properties, etc., of a non-PRC company is located.” The SAT issued the Circular regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or Circular 82, on April 22, 2009. Circular 82 provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. The SAT issued the Bulletin regarding the Administrative Measures on the Income Tax of Chinese-Controlled Offshore Incorporated Resident Enterprises (Interim) on July 27, 2011, which became effective on September 1, 2011, providing more guidance on the implementation of Circular 82. This bulletin clarifies matters including resident status determination, post-determination administration and competent tax authorities. Although both Circular 82 and the bulletin only apply to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not companies like us, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 and the bulletin may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or individuals. Based on a review of surrounding facts and circumstances, the Company does not believe that it is likely that its operations outside of the PRC should be considered a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. However, due to limited guidance and implementation history of the EIT Law, should the Company be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes, the Company will be subject to PRC tax on worldwide income at a uniform tax rate of 25% retroactive to January 1, 2008.

The EIT Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a Foreign Invested Enterprise (an “FIE”) to its immediate holding company outside of China if such immediate holding company is considered a non-resident enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Such withholding income tax was exempted under the previous law. The State of Nevada, where the Company is incorporated, does not have such tax treaty with China. The SAT further promulgated a circular, or Circular 601, on October 27, 2009, which provides that the tax treaty benefits will be denied to “conduit” or shell companies without business substance and that a beneficial ownership analysis will be used based on a “substance-over-form” principle to determine whether to grant the tax treaty benefits. Most our subsidiaries in China are directly held by our non-Chinese subsidiaries. If we are regarded as a non-resident enterprise and our non-Chinese subsidiaries are regarded as resident enterprises, then our non-Chinese subsidiaries may be required to pay a 10% withholding tax on any dividends payable to us. If our non-Chinese subsidiaries are regarded as non-resident enterprises, then our PRC subsidiaries may be required to pay a 5% withholding tax for any dividends payable to our non-Chinese subsidiaries, however, it is still unclear at this stage whether Circular 601 applies to dividends from our PRC subsidiaries paid to our non-Chinese subsidiaries, and if our non-Chinese subsidiaries were not considered as “beneficial owners” of any dividends from their PRC subsidiaries, whether the dividends payable to our non-Chinese subsidiaries would be subject to withholding tax at a rate of 10%.

The EIT Law and its Implementation Rules have tried to scrutinize transactions between related parties. Pursuant to the EIT Law and its Implementation Rules, the tax authorities may impose mandatory adjustment on tax due to the extent a related party transaction is not in line with arm’s-length principle or was entered with a purpose to reduce, avoid or delay the payment of tax. On January 8, 2009, the SAT issued the Implementation Measures for Special Tax Adjustments (Trial), which clarifies the definition of “related party” and sets forth the tax-filing disclosure and documentation requirements, the selection and application of transfer pricing methods, and transfer pricing investigation and assessment procedures.

On December 10, 2009, the SAT issued a circular on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax Collection on Income Derived from Equity Transfer by Non-resident Enterprise, or Circular 698. Pursuant to Circular 698, non-resident enterprises should declare any direct transfer of equity interest of PRC resident enterprises and pay taxes in accordance with the EIT Law and relevant laws and regulations. For an indirect transfer, if the effective tax rate for the transferor (a non-PRC-resident enterprise) is lower than 12.5% under the law of the jurisdiction of the direct transferred target, the transferor is required to submit relevant transaction materials to PRC tax authorities for review. If such indirect transfer is determined by PRC tax authorities to be a transaction without any reasonable business purpose other than for tax avoidance, the gains derived from such transfer will be subject to PRC income tax.

In addition to the above, after the EIT Law and its Implementing Rules were promulgated, the SAT released several regulations to stipulate more details for carrying out the EIT Law and its Implementing Rules. These regulations include:

•             Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues Concerning the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax Deduction and Exemption (2008);

•             Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Strengthening the Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax on Non-resident Enterprises’ Interest Income Sourcing from China (2008);

•             Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Several Issues Concerning the Recognition of Incomes Subject to the Enterprise Income Tax (2008);

•             Opinion of the State Administration of Taxation on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax (2008);

•             Notice of the Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation on Several Preferential Policies in Respect of Enterprise Income Tax (2008);

•             Interim Measures for the Administration of Collection of Enterprise Income Tax on the Basis of Consolidation of Trans-regional Business Operations (2008);

•             Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax Treatment on Enterprise Reorganization (2009);

•             Circular of the State Council on Printing and Distributing Policies for Further Encouraging the Development of the Software Industry and the Integrated Circuit Industry (2011); and

•             Circular on Income Tax Policies for Further Encouraging the Development of Software Industry and Integrated Circuit Industry (2012).

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider each of the following risks and all other information in this Annual Report before deciding to invest in our common stock. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and our future growth prospects would suffer. Under these circumstances, the share price and value of our common stock could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks and uncertainties described in this Annual Report are the only material risks and uncertainties that we presently know to be facing our company.

This Annual Report contains forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements anticipate future events or future financial performance. This Annual Report also contains market data related to our business and industry. This market data includes projections that are based on a number of assumptions. If these assumptions turn out to be incorrect, actual results may differ from projections based on them. As a result, our markets may not grow at the rates projected by these data, or at all. The failure of these markets to grow at these projected rates may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and the market price of our common stock.

Currently, we conduct our business operations in the People’s Republic of China. As China’s economy and its laws, regulations and policies may and do differ from those found in the West, and change continually, we face certain risks that are summarized in this section.

Risks Related to Our Company

Subsequent to the Tri-way carve-out, the number of direct major customers associated with SIAF subsidiaries has been reduced, with the concentration of major customers now handled through SJAP and SIAF / CA’s import / export trading division (“Corporate Division”) via its main distribution agent, Shanghai Virgo Trading Co. Ltd. (“Virgo”), such that a loss of business with Virgo will have an adverse affect on SIAF’s Corporate Division operational performance.

The Corporate Division accounted for 8.2% of consolidated revenues during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.

We may be unable to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, and as a result we may be unable to accurately report our financial results.

Our reporting obligations as a public company place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we could experience delays or inaccuracies in reporting our financial information, or non-compliance with SEC reporting and other regulatory requirements. This could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and result in a loss of public confidence in our management, which could, among other things, cause our stock price to drop.

Because we will require additional financing to expand our vertically integrated operations according to our business plan and growth strategy, our failure to obtain necessary financing will impair our growth strategy; in addition, the risks of vertical integration are significant.

As of December 31, 2017, we had net working capital of $168,323,106, including cash and cash equivalents of $560,043. Our capital requirements to accomplish our planned vertically integrated development and growth plan of our business are significant.

In most developed countries, risks of agriculture operations are shared to a certain degree by different sectors in the industry. For example:

However, as a vertically integrated operator, we must assume all the above-mentioned risks. China is a developing country; compared to other developed nations, its agriculture industry is not modern. Thus, management believes that it is essential for us to develop our business operation in a vertically integrated manner so that we can achieve reasonable profit margins for our products. We believe that the multiple layers of profits generated through vertical integration may compensate to some degree for the variety of risks that we face through the multiple operations; however, the overall risks are much greater. At the same time, our five year plan for vertically integrated developments is not fully completed, and the remaining developments may require significant capital expenditures and management resources. Failure to implement these vertically integrated developments could hurt our ability to manage our growth and our financial position.

To accomplish the objectives discussed above and to execute our business strategy, we need access to capital on appropriate terms. We currently have no commitments with any third party to obtain such additional financing and we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain the requisite additional financing on any terms and, if we are able to raise additional funds, it may be necessary for us to sell our securities at a price which is at a significant discount from the market price and on other terms which may be disadvantageous to us. In connection with any such financing, we may be required to provide registration rights to the investors and pay damages to the investors in the event that the registration statement is not filed or declared effective by specified dates. The price and terms of any financing which would be available to us could result in both the issuance of a significant number of shares and significant downward pressure on our stock price. We cannot assure you that our business objectives, particularly over the longer term, will be met on a timely basis, if at all. Consequently, we may be unable to meet fixed obligations and expenses that will be generated in the operation of our business, whether as presently in existence or as proposed. Any failure to obtain requisite financing on acceptable terms could have material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and future prospects.

No assurance of successful expansion of operations.

Our significant increase in the scope and the scale of our operations, including the hiring of additional personnel, has resulted in significantly higher operating expenses. We anticipate that our operating expenses will continue to increase. Expansion of our operations may also make significant demands on our management, finances and other resources. Our ability to manage the anticipated future growth, should it occur, will depend upon a significant expansion of our accounting and other internal management systems and the implementation and subsequent improvement of a variety of systems, procedures and controls. We cannot assure that significant problems in these areas will not occur. Failure to expand these areas and implement and improve such systems, procedures and controls in an efficient manner at a pace consistent with our business could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot assure that attempts to expand our marketing, sales, manufacturing and customer support efforts will succeed or generate additional sales or profits in any future period. As a result of the expansion of our operations and the anticipated increase in our operating expenses, along with the difficulty in forecasting revenue levels, we expect to continue to experience significant fluctuations in its results of operations.

We may be unable to successfully expand our production capacity, which could result in material delays, quality issues, increased costs and loss of business opportunities, which may negatively impact our product margins and profitability.

Part of our future growth strategy is to increase our production capacity to meet increasing demand for our goods. Assuming we obtain sufficient funding to increase our production capacity, any projects to increase such capacity may not be constructed on the anticipated timetable or within budget. We may also experience quality control issues as we implement any production upgrades. Any material delay in completing these projects, or any substantial cost increases or quality issues in connection with these projects could materially delay our ability to bring our products to market and adversely affect our business, reduce our revenue, income and available cash, all of which could harm our financial condition.

Our business and operations are growing rapidly. If we fail to effectively manage our growth, our business and operating results could be harmed.

We have experienced, and may continue to experience, rapid growth in our operations. This has placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management, operational and financial infrastructure. If we do not manage our growth effectively, the quality of our products and services could suffer, which could negatively affect our operating results. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls and reporting systems and procedures. These systems improvements may require significant capital expenditures and management resources. Failure to implement these improvements could hurt our ability to manage our growth and our financial position.

If the Chinese government were to change its presently favorable policy toward the agriculture industry, we would no longer enjoy our present tax-related privileges, which would materially and adversely impact our sales performance, margins, and net profit and our costs structure.

As producers active in the agriculture industry, our subsidiaries are presently exempt from income tax and enjoy various incentive grants and subsidies given by the Chinese government. If the Chinese government were to change its presently favorable policy toward the agriculture industry, we would no longer enjoy our present tax-related privileges, which would materially and adversely impact our sales performance, margins, and net profit and our costs structure. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, quick changes of policies by the Chinese government. If we do not effectively and efficiently manage our growth on time due to lack of capital, we could suffer adversely from the consequences of any such policy changes.

Our intellectual property rights are valuable, and any inability to adequately protect, or uncertainty regarding validity, enforceability or scope of them could undermine our competitive position and reduce the value of our products, services and brand, and litigation to protect our intellectual property rights may be costly.

We attempt to strengthen and differentiate our product portfolio by developing new and innovative products and product improvements. As a result, our patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights and other intellectual property rights are important assets to us. Various events outside of our control pose a threat to our intellectual property rights as well as to our products and services. For example, effective intellectual property protection may not be available in China and other countries in which our products are sold. Also, although we have registered our trademark in China, our efforts to protect our proprietary rights may not be sufficient or effective. Any significant impairment of our intellectual property rights could harm our business or our ability to compete and hurt our results of operation. Also, protecting our intellectual property rights is costly and time consuming. Policing unauthorized use of our proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. Litigation might be necessary to protect our intellectual property rights. But due to the relative unpredictability of the Chinese legal system and potential difficulties to enforce a court’s judgment in China, there is no guarantee that litigation would result in a favorable outcome. Furthermore, any such litigation may be costly and may divert our management’s attention from our core business. An adverse determination in any lawsuit involving our intellectual property is likely to jeopardize our business prospects and reputation. Although we are not aware of any of such litigation, we have no insurance coverage against the litigation costs so we would be forced to bear all litigation costs if we cannot recover them from other parties. All foregoing factors could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Any unauthorized use of our intellectual property could make it more expensive for us to do business and harm our operating results.

We may be exposed to infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties, which, if determined against us, could adversely affect our business and subject us to significant liability to third parties.

Our success mainly depends on our ability to use and develop our technology and product designs without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violations of other intellectual property rights of third parties. Holders of patents and other intellectual property rights potentially relevant to our product offerings may be unknown to us, which may make it difficult for us to acquire a license on commercially acceptable terms. There may also be technologies licensed to us and that we rely upon that are subject to infringement or other corresponding allegations or claims by third parties which may damage our ability to rely on such technologies. In addition, although we endeavor to ensure that companies that work with us possess appropriate intellectual property rights or licenses, we cannot fully avoid the risks of intellectual property rights infringement created by suppliers of components used in our products or by companies we work with in cooperative research and development activities. Our current or potential competitors may have obtained or may obtain patents that will prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our products. The defense of intellectual property claims, including patent infringement suits, and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time consuming, and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical personnel and management. These factors could effectively prevent us from pursuing some or all of our business operations and result in our customers or potential customers deferring, canceling or limiting their purchase or use of our products, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on highly skilled personnel and the continuing efforts of our executive officers and, if we are unable to retain, motivate or hire qualified personnel, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our performance largely depends on the talents, knowledge, skills, know-how and efforts of highly skilled individuals and in particular, the expertise held by our chief executive officer, Solomon Lee. His absence, were it to occur, could impact development and implementation of our projects and businesses. Our future success depends on our continuing ability to identify, hire, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract new technology developers and to retain and motivate our existing contractors. If one or more of our executive officers are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. Therefore, our business may be severely disrupted, and we may incur additional expenses to recruit and retain new officers. In addition, if any of our executives joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some customers.

Our financial and operating performance may be adversely affected by epidemics, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and other catastrophes.

Our financial and operating performance may be affected adversely by epidemics, bad weather conditions, natural disasters and other catastrophes. For example, in early 2003, several economies in Asia, including China, were affected by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. In May-June 2003, many businesses in China were closed by the PRC government, to prevent transmission of SARS. Our business could be materially and adversely affected by the effects of H1N1 flu (swine flu), avian flu, SARS, or other epidemics or outbreaks. In April 2009, an outbreak of H1N1 flu first occurred in Mexico and quickly spread to other countries, including the U.S. and China. In the last decade, China has suffered health epidemics related to such outbreaks. Any prolonged occurrence or recurrence of H1N1 flu (swine flu), avian flu, SARS or other adverse public health developments in China may have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. These health epidemics could result in severe travel restrictions and closures that would restrict our ability to ship our products. Potential outbreaks could also lead to temporary closure of our manufacturing facilities, our suppliers’ facilities and/or our end-user customers’ facilities, leading to reduced production, delayed or cancelled orders, and decrease in demand for our products. Any future health epidemic or outbreaks that could disrupt our operations and/or restrict our shipping abilities may have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We do not expect to encounter any epidemics in our aquaculture fishery farms in districts of the Guangdong Province or cattle farms in Huangyuan District of the Qinghai Province. However in the event of epidemics, we expect that our marine animals and our cattle will be quarantined until such time as a sanitary certificate for clean bill of health is obtained, before any of our products will be sold. In an extreme situation where our products would fail to obtain the sanitary certificate, they will be destroyed subject to the direction of the Inspection Authorities of the Agriculture Department of China. There is compensation granted by the Chinese government for the destruction of our products but only for a fraction of our cost of production; as such the Company will bear virtually all losses under such circumstances.

Furthermore, the 2008 Sichuan earthquake also had a negative impact on many businesses in that region. Losses caused by epidemics, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and other catastrophes, including SARS, avian flu, swine flu, earthquakes or typhoons, will adversely affect our operations.

If we make any acquisitions, they may disrupt or have a negative impact on our business.

Although we have no present plans for any specific acquisitions, in the event that we make acquisitions, we could have difficulty integrating the acquired companies’ personnel and operations with our own. In addition, the key personnel of the acquired business may not be willing to work for us. We cannot predict the effect expansion may have on our core business. Regardless of whether we are successful in making an acquisition, the negotiations could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees and increase our expenses. In addition to the risks described above, acquisitions are accompanied by a number of inherent risks, including, without limitation, the following:

Our business could be severely impaired if and to the extent that we are unable to succeed in addressing any of these risks or other problems encountered in connection with these acquisitions, many of which cannot be presently identified, these risks and problems could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, increase our expenses and adversely affect our results of operations.

We face significant competition, including changes in pricing.

The markets for our products are both competitive and price sensitive. Many competitors have significant financial, operations, sales and marketing resources, plus experience in research and development, and compete with us by offering lower prices. Competitors could develop new technologies that compete with our products to achieve a lower unit price. If a competitor develops lower cost superior technology or cost-effective alternatives to our products and services, our business could be seriously harmed.

The markets for some of our products are also subject to specific competitive risks because these markets are highly price competitive. Our competitors have competed in the past by lowering prices on certain products. If they do so again, we may be forced to respond by lowering our prices. This would reduce sales revenues and increase losses. Failure to anticipate and respond to price competition may also impact sales and aggravate losses.

Many of our competitors are larger and have greater financial and other resources than we do.

Our products compete and will compete with similar if not identical products produced by our competitors. These competitive products could be marketed by well-established, successful companies that possess greater financial, marketing, distribution personnel, and other resources than we do. Using said resources, these companies can implement extensive advertising and promotional campaigns, both generally and in response to specific marketing efforts by competitors. They can introduce new products to new markets more rapidly. In certain instances, competitors with greater financial resources may be able to enter a market in direct competition with us, offering attractive marketing tools to encourage the sale of products that compete with our products or present cost features that consumers may find attractive.

Risks Related to our Industry

Our agricultural assets are situated in three provinces in China and crop disease, severe weather, natural disasters and other conditions affecting the environment, including the effects of climate change, could result in substantial losses and weaken our financial condition.

Our agricultural operations are situated in Qinghai Province, Hunan and Guangdong Province. Qinghai Province in particular is subject to occasional periods of drought. Crops require water in different quantities at different times during the growth cycle. The limited water resource at any given point can adversely impact production. In Qinghai our cropping and pasture land presently comprises over 5,000 acres, an area too big and too costly to afford drip irrigation systems for our crops. In Hunan, the district of Linli where we have over 300 acres of crop and pasture land may from time to time be subject to flooding that could affect our agriculture production. In Enping, Guangdong, our HU Plants are very susceptible to dry and wet seasonal variation that could also affect our agriculture production.

Crop disease, severe weather conditions, such as floods, droughts, windstorms and hurricanes, and natural disasters, may adversely affect our supply of one or more products, reduce our sales volumes, increase our unit production costs or prevent or impair our ability to ship products as planned. Since a significant portion of our costs are fixed and contracted in advance of each operating year, volume declines due to production interruptions or other factors could result in increases in unit production costs, which could result in substantial losses and weaken our financial condition. We may experience crop disease, insect infestation, severe weather and other adverse environmental conditions from time to time.

Severe weather conditions may occur with higher frequency or may be less predictable in the future due to the effects of climate change.

An occurrence of such an event might result in material disruptions to our operations, to the operations of our customers or suppliers, resulting in a decline in the agriculture industry. There can be no assurance that our facilities or products will not be affected by any such occurrence in the future, which occurrence may lead to adverse conditions to our operations and financial results.

Prices of agricultural products are subject to supply and demand, a market condition which is not predictable.

Because our agricultural products are commodities, we are not able to predict with certainty what price we will receive for our products. Additionally, the growth cycle of such products in many instances dictates when such products must be marketed to achieve the maximum profitability. Excessive supplies tend to cause severe price competition and lower prices throughout the industry affected. Conversely, shortages may drive the prices higher. Shortages often result from adverse growing conditions which can reduce the availability of the agricultural products affected. Since multiple variables can affect supply and demand, we cannot accurately predict or control from year to year what prices, either favorable or unfavorable, it will receive from the market.

In addition, general public perceptions regarding the quality, safety or health risks associated with particular food products could reduce demand and prices for some of our products. To the extent that consumer preferences evolve away from products that we produce for health or other reasons, and we are unable to modify our products or to develop products that satisfy new consumer preferences, there will be a decreased demand for our products. However, even if market prices are unfavorable, some of our agricultural products which are ready to be, or have been, harvested must be brought to market promptly. A decrease in the selling price received for our products due to the factors described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We could realize losses and suffer liquidity problems due to declines in sales prices for our agriculture products.

Sales prices for agricultural products are difficult to predict. It is possible that sales prices for our products will decline in the future, and sales prices for other agricultural products may also decline. In recent years, there has been increasing consolidation among food retailers, wholesalers and distributors. A significant portion of our costs is fixed, so that fluctuations in the sales prices have an immediate impact on our profitability. Our profitability is also affected by our production costs, which may increase due to factors beyond our control.

We are subject to the risk of product contamination and product liability claims.

The sales of our products may involve the risk of injury to consumers. Such injuries may result from tampering by unauthorized personnel, product contamination or spoilage, including the presence of foreign objects, substances, chemicals, or residues introduced during the growing, packing, storage, handling or transportation phases. While we are subject to governmental inspection and regulations and believe our facilities comply in all material respects with all applicable laws and regulations, including internal product safety policies, we cannot be sure that consumption of our products will not cause a health-related illness in the future or that we will not be subject to claims or lawsuits relating to such matters. Even if a product liability claim is unsuccessful, the negative publicity surrounding any assertion that our products caused illness or injury could adversely affect our reputation with existing and potential customers and our brand image. We do not maintain product liability insurance.

We may not be successful in the implementation of our new technologies and new products, and our new products may not be widely accepted.

Our new technologies such as our drip irrigation system for precision agriculture or the introduction, testing and promotion of new agricultural varieties, must be able to adapt to local conditions. The term “drip irrigation” refers to a system whereby the exact amount of water is supplied to the plants’ roots at the correct moment. On the one hand, there exists the failure risk due to not being suitable for the local environment and market conditions; on the other hand, there are risks of loss of competitive advantages due to the rising of producing similar products enterprises and other enterprises that follow to produce the similar products.

We are a holding company whose subsidiaries are given certain degree of independence and our failure to integrate our subsidiaries may adversely affect our financial condition.

According to the specific characteristics of agricultural production in China, we have given our subsidiary companies and their farms a certain degree of independency in decision-making. On one hand, this independency increases the sense of ownership at all levels, on the other hand it has also increased the difficulty of the integration of operation and management, which has resulted in increased difficulty of management integration. In the event we are not able to successfully manage our subsidiaries this will result in operating difficulties and have a negative impact on our business.

One or more distributors could engage in activities that harm our brand and our business.

Our products are sold primarily through distributors, who are responsible for ensuring that our products have the appropriate licenses to be sold to farmers in their provinces, and are stored at the correct temperature to ensure freshness and meet shelf life terms. If distributors do not obtain the appropriate licenses, their sales of our products in those provinces may be illegal, and we may be subject to government sanctions, including confiscation of illegal revenues and a fine of between two and three times the amount of such illegal revenues. Unlicensed sales in a province may also cause a delay for our other distributors in receiving a license from the authorities for their provinces, which could further adversely impact our sales. In addition, distributors may sell our products under another brand licensed in a particular province if our product is not licensed there. If our products are sold under another brand, the purchasers will not be aware of our brand name, and we will be unable to cross-market other seed varieties or other products as effectively to these purchasers. Moreover, our ability to provide appropriate customer service to these purchasers will be negatively affected, and we may be unable to develop our local knowledge of the needs of these purchasers and their environment. Furthermore, if any of our distributors sell inferior seeds produced by other companies under our brand name, our brand and reputation could be harmed, which could make marketing of our branded seeds more difficult. As of the date of this Annual Report, we are not aware of the occurrence of any of the potential violations by our distributors described above.

The PRC agricultural market is highly competitive and our growth and results of operations may be adversely affected if we are unable to compete effectively.

The agricultural market in China is highly fragmented, largely regional and highly competitive, and we expect competition to increase and intensify within the sector. We face significant competition in our lines of business. Many of our competitors have greater financial, research and development and other resources than we have. Competition may also develop from consolidation within our industry in China or the privatization of producers that are currently operated by local governments in China. Our competitors may be better positioned to take advantage of industry consolidation and acquisition opportunities than we are. The reform and restructuring of state-owned equity in enterprises involved primarily in producing sectors will likely lead to the reallocation of market share in the agriculture industry, and our competitors may increase their market share by participating in the restructuring of state-owned agriculture companies. Such privatization would likely result in increased numbers of market participants with more efficient and commercially viable business models. As competition intensifies, our margins may be compressed by more competitive pricing and we may lose our market share and experience a reduction in our revenues and profit.

We may not possess all of the licenses required to operate our business, or we may fail to maintain the licenses we currently hold. This could subject us to fines and other penalties, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We are required to hold a variety of permits and licenses to conduct business in China. We may not possess all of the permits and licenses required for each of our business segments. In addition, the approvals, permits or licenses required by governmental agencies may change without substantial advance notice, and we could fail to obtain the approvals, permits or licenses required to expand our business. If we fail to obtain or to maintain such permits or licenses, or if renewals are granted with onerous conditions, we could be subject to fines and other penalties and be limited in the number or the quality of the products that we could offer. As a result, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Under PRC law, we are required to obtain and retain permits and business licenses, and our failure to do so would adversely impact our ability to conduct business in China.

We hold various permits, business licenses, and approvals authorizing our operations and activities, which are subject to periodic review and reassessment by the Chinese authorities. Standards of compliance necessary to pass such reviews change from time to time and differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, leading to a degree of uncertainty. If renewals, or new permits, business licenses or approvals required in connection with existing or new facilities or activities, are not granted or are delayed, or if existing permits, business licenses or approvals are revoked or substantially modified, we may not be able to continue to operate our facilities which would have a material adverse effect on our operations. If new standards are applied to renewals or new applications, it could prove costly for us to meet these new standards.

The PRC economic cycle may negatively impact our operating results.

We believe that the rapid growth of the PRC economy before 2008 generally led to higher levels of inflation. We believe that the PRC economy has more recently experienced a decrease in its growth rate. We believe that a number of factors have contributed to this deceleration, including appreciation of the RMB, the currency of China, which has adversely affected China’s exports. In addition, we believe the deceleration has been exacerbated by the recent global crisis in the financial services and credit markets, which has resulted in significant volatility and dislocation in the global capital markets. It is uncertain how long the global crisis in the financial services and credit markets will continue and the significance of the adverse impact it may have on the global economy in general or the Chinese economy in particular. Slowing economic growth in China could result in weakening growth and demand for our products, which could reduce our revenues and income. In the event of a recovery in the PRC, renewed high growth levels may again lead to inflation. The government’s attempts to control inflation may adversely affect the business climate and growth of private enterprise. In addition, our profitability may be adversely affected if prices for our products rise at a rate that is insufficient to compensate for the rise in inflation.

Currency fluctuations and restrictions on currency exchange may adversely affect our business, including limiting our ability to convert Chinese Renminbi (RMB) into foreign currencies and, if the RMB were to decline in value, reducing our revenue in U.S. dollar terms.

The exchange rate of the RMB is currently managed by the Chinese government. On July 21, 2005, the People’s Bank of China, with the authorization of the State Council of the PRC, announced that the RMB exchange rate would no longer be pegged to the U.S. Dollar and would float based on market supply and demand with reference to a basket of currencies. According to public reports, the governor of the People’s Bank has stated that the basket is composed mainly of the U.S. Dollar, the European Union Euro, the Japanese Yen and the South Korean Won. Also considered, but playing smaller roles, are the currencies of Singapore, the United Kingdom, Malaysia, Russia, Australia, Canada and Thailand. The weight of each currency within the basket has not been announced.

The initial adjustment of the RMB exchange rate was an approximate 2% revaluation from an exchange rate of 8.28 RMB per U.S. Dollar to 8.11 RMB per U.S. Dollar. The People’s Bank announced that the daily trading price of the U.S. Dollar against the RMB in the inter-bank foreign exchange market would float within a band of 0.3% around the central parity published by the People’s Bank, while trading prices of non-U.S. Dollar currencies against the RMB would be allowed to move within a certain band announced by the People’s Bank. The People’s Bank has stated that it will make adjustments of the RMB exchange rate band when necessary according to market developments as well as the economic and financial situation. In a later announcement published on May 18, 2007, the band was extended to 0.5%. Since July 2008, the RMB has traded at 6.83 RMB per U.S. Dollar. Recent reports indicate an upward revaluation in the value of the RMB against the U.S. Dollar may be allowed. The People’s Bank announced on June 19, 2010 its intention to allow the RMB to move more freely against the basket of currencies, which increases the possibility of sharp fluctuations in the value of the RMB in the near future and thus the unpredictability associated with the RMB exchange rate.

Despite this change in its exchange rate regime, the Chinese government continues to manage the valuation of the RMB. The value of our common stock will be indirectly affected by the foreign exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the RMB. Appreciation or depreciation in the value of the RMB relative to the U.S. dollar would affect our financial results reported in U.S. dollar terms without giving effect to any underlying change in our business or results of operations. Fluctuations in the exchange rate will also affect the relative value of any dividend we issue that will be exchanged into U.S. dollars, as well as earnings from, and the value of, any U.S. dollar-denominated investments we make in the future.

The income statements of our operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates in each applicable period. To the extent the U.S. dollar strengthens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currencies denominated transactions results in reduced revenue, operating expenses and net income for our international operations. Similarly, to the extent the U.S. dollar weakens against foreign currencies, the translation of these foreign currency denominated transactions results in increased revenue, operating expenses and net income for our international operations. We are also exposed to foreign exchange rate fluctuations as we convert the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries into U.S. dollars in consolidation. If there is a change in foreign currency exchange rates, the conversion of the foreign subsidiaries’ financial statements into U.S. dollars will lead to a translation gain or loss, which is recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. In addition, we have certain assets and liabilities that are denominated in currencies other than the relevant entity’s functional currency. Changes in the functional currency value of these assets and liabilities create fluctuations that will lead to a transaction gain or loss.

Very limited hedging transactions are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions. While we may enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these transactions may be limited, and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure. In addition, our foreign currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert RMB into foreign currencies.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could adversely affect us and we may have limited legal recourse under PRC law if disputes arise under our contracts with third parties.

Since 1979, we believe PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, sometimes we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after violation.

The Chinese government has enacted laws and regulations dealing with matters such as corporate organization and governance, foreign investment, commerce, taxation and trade. However, their experience in implementing, interpreting and enforcing these laws and regulations is limited, and our ability to enforce commercial claims or to resolve commercial disputes is unpredictable. The resolution of these matters may be subject to the exercise of considerable discretion by agencies of the Chinese government, and forces unrelated to the legal merits of a particular matter or dispute may influence their determination. Any rights we may have to specific performance, or to seek an injunction under PRC law, in either of these cases, are severely limited, and without a means of recourse by virtue of the Chinese legal system, we may be unable to prevent these situations from occurring. The occurrence of any such events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Under the PRC EIT Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of the PRC. Such classification could result in tax consequences to the Company or our non-PRC resident shareholders.

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress approved and promulgated a new tax law, the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, or “EIT Law,” which took effect on January 1, 2008. Under the EIT Law, enterprises are classified as resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises. An enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise,” meaning that it can be treated in a manner similar to a Chinese enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The implementing rules of the EIT Law define “de facto management bodies” as a managing body that in practice exercises “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise; however, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would deem our managing body as being located within China. Due to the short history of the EIT Law and lack of applicable legal precedents, the PRC tax authorities determine the PRC tax resident treatment of a foreign company on a case-by-case basis.

If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of PRC tax consequences could follow. First, we could be subject to the enterprise income tax at a rate of 25 percent on our worldwide taxable income, as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations. Second, under the EIT Law and its implementing rules, dividends paid between “qualified resident enterprises” are exempt from enterprise income tax. As a result, if we are treated as a PRC “qualified resident enterprise,” all dividends paid from our Chinese subsidiaries to us would be exempt from PRC tax.

Finally, the new “resident enterprise” classification could result in a situation in which a 10% PRC tax is imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC stockholders that are not PRC tax “resident enterprises” and gains derived by hem from transferring our common stock, if such income is considered PRC-sourced income by the relevant PRC authorities. In such event, we may be required to withhold a 10% PRC tax on any dividends paid to non-PRC resident stockholders. Our non-PRC resident stockholders also may be responsible for paying PRC tax at a rate of 10% on any gain realized from the sale or transfer of our common stock in certain circumstances. We would not, however, have an obligation to withhold PRC tax with respect to such gain.

Moreover, the SAT released Circular Guoshuihan No. 698 (“Circular 698”) on December 15, 2009 that reinforces the taxation of non-listed equity transfers by non-resident enterprises through overseas holding vehicles. Circular 698 addresses indirect share transfers as well as other issues. Circular 698 is retroactively effective from January 1, 2008. According to Circular 698, where a foreigner (non-PRC resident) who indirectly holds shares in a PRC resident enterprise through a non-PRC offshore holding company indirectly transfers equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise by selling the shares of the offshore holding company, and the latter is located in a country or jurisdiction where the effective tax burden is less than 12.5 percent or where the offshore income of his, her, or its residents is not taxable, the foreign investor is required to provide the PRC tax authority in charge of that PRC resident enterprise with certain relevant information within 30 days of the transfer. The tax authorities in charge will evaluate the offshore transaction for tax purposes. In the event that the tax authorities determine that such transfer is abusing forms of business organization and a reasonable commercial purpose for the offshore holding company other than the avoidance of PRC income tax liability is lacking, the PRC tax authorities will be able to re-assess the nature of the equity transfer under the doctrine of substance over form. A reasonable commercial purpose may be established when the overall international (including U.S.) offshore structure is set up to comply with the requirements of supervising authorities of international (including U.S.) capital markets. If the SAT’s challenge of a transfer is successful, it may deny the existence of the offshore holding company that is used for tax planning purposes and subject the seller to PRC tax on the capital gain from such transfer. Since Circular 698 has a relatively short history, there is uncertainty as to its application. We (or a foreign investor) may become at risk of being taxed under Circular 698 and may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 or to establish that we (or such foreign investor) should not be taxed under Circular 698, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations (or such foreign investor’s investment in us).

If any such PRC taxes apply, a non-PRC resident stockholder may be entitled to a reduced rate of PRC taxes under an applicable income tax treaty and/or a foreign tax credit against such stockholder’s domestic income tax liability (subject to applicable conditions and limitations). Prospective investors are encouraged to consult with their own tax advisors regarding the applicability of any such taxes, the effects of any applicable income tax treaties, and any available foreign tax credits.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may materially adversely affect us.

In October 2005, the SAFE issued the Notice on Relevant Issues in the Foreign Exchange Control over Financing and Return Investment Through Special Purpose Companies by Residents inside China, generally referred to as Circular 75. The policy announced in this notice required PRC residents to register with the relevant SAFE branch before establishing or acquiring control over an offshore special purpose company, or SPV, for the purpose of engaging in an equity financing outside of China on the strength of domestic PRC assets originally held by those residents. Failure to comply with the requirements of Circular 75 and any of its internal implementing guidelines as applied by SAFE in accordance with Notice 106 may result in fines and other penalties under PRC laws for evasion of applicable foreign exchange restrictions. Any such failure could also result in the SPV’s affiliates being impeded or prevented from distributing their profits and the proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, or from engaging in other transfers of funds into or out of China.

We requested our shareholders who are PRC residents to make the necessary applications, filings and amendments as required under Circular 75 and other related rules. We attempt to comply, and attempt to ensure that our shareholders who are subject to these rules comply, with the relevant requirements. However, we cannot provide any assurances that our shareholders who are PRC residents will comply with our request to make any applicable registrations, and nor can we provide any assurances that our shareholders who are PRC residents will be able to obtain such applicable registration or comply with other requirements required by Circular 75 or other related rules or that, if challenged by government agencies, the structure of our organization fully complies with all applicable registrations or approvals required by Circular 75. Moreover, because of uncertainty over how Circular 75 will be interpreted and implemented, and how or whether SAFE will apply it to us, we cannot predict how it will affect our business operations or future strategies. Failure by such PRC resident shareholders or future PRC resident shareholders to comply with Circular 75 or other related rules, if SAFE requires it, could subject these PRC resident shareholders to fines or legal sanctions, restrict our overseas or cross-border investment activities, limit our subsidiaries’ ability to make distributions or pay dividends, or affect our ownership structure, which could adversely affect our business and prospects.

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the Chinese government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our competitive position.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including:

While the Chinese economy has grown significantly in the past 20 years, we believe the growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. We believe some measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us.

The Chinese economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of the productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over Chinese economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

Contract drafting, interpretation and enforcement in China involve significant uncertainty.

We have entered into numerous contracts governed by PRC law, many of which are material to our business. As compared with contracts in the United States, contracts governed by PRC law tend to contain less detail and to not be as comprehensive in defining contracting parties’ rights and obligations. As a result, contracts in China are more vulnerable to disputes and legal challenges. In addition, contract interpretation and enforcement in China is not as developed as in the United States, and the result of any contract dispute is subject to significant uncertainties. Therefore, we cannot assure you that we will not be subject to disputes under our material contracts, and if such disputes arise, we cannot assure you that we will prevail.

The application of PRC regulations relating to the overseas listing of PRC domestic companies is uncertain, and we may be subject to penalties for failing to request approval of the PRC authorities prior to listing our shares in the U.S.

As mentioned above, on August 8, 2006, six PRC government agencies, i.e., MOFCOM, the SAIC, the CSRC, SAFE, the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (“SASAC”) and SAT, jointly issued the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “New M&A Rules”), which became effective on September 8, 2006. The New M&A Rules purport, among other things, to require offshore “special purpose vehicles” that are (1) formed for the purpose of overseas listing of the equity interests of PRC companies via acquisition and (2) are controlled directly or indirectly by PRC companies and/or PRC individuals, to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of their securities on overseas stock exchanges. On September 21, 2006, pursuant to the New M&A Rules and other PRC Laws, the CSRC published on its official website relevant guidance with respect to the listing and trading of PRC domestic enterprises’ securities on overseas stock exchanges (the “Related Clarifications”), including a list of application materials regarding the listing on overseas stock exchanges by special purpose vehicles. We were and are not required to obtain the approval of CSRC under the new M&A Rules in connection with this transaction because we were and are not a special purpose vehicle formed or controlled by PRC individuals.

However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation, application and enforcement of these rules, and CSRC has yet to promulgate any written provisions or formally to declare or state whether the overseas listing of a PRC-related company structured similar to ours is subject to the approval of CSRC. Any violation of these rules could result in fines and other penalties on our operations in China, restrictions or limitations on remitting dividends outside of China, and other forms of sanctions that may cause a material and adverse effect to our business, operations and financial conditions.

The New M&A Rules also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise that owns well-known trademarks or China’s traditional brands. We may grow our business in part by acquiring other businesses. Complying with the requirements of the New M&A Rules in completing this type of transaction could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including CSRC approval, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

We may face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to issue equity compensation to our directors and employees and other parties who are PRC citizens or residents under PRC law. The grant of stock options under any incentive plan that we adopt in the future would require registration with SAFE.

On April 6, 2007, SAFE issued the “Operating Procedures for Administration of Domestic Individuals Participating in the Employee Stock Ownership Plan or Stock Option Plan of An Overseas Listed Company,” also known as “Circular 78”. It is not clear whether Circular 78 covers all forms of equity compensation plans or only those that provide for the grant of stock options. For any equity compensation plan which is so covered and is adopted by a non-PRC listed company after April 6, 2007, Circular 78 requires all participants who are PRC citizens to register with, and obtain the approval of, SAFE prior to their participation in any such plan. In addition, Circular 78 also requires PRC citizens to register with SAFE and make the necessary applications and filings if they participate in an overseas listed company’s covered equity compensation plan prior to April 6, 2007. As of the date of this filing, we have not adopted any incentive plans, but may do so in the future. Any such plan may grant equity compensation, including, but not limited to, stock options, to our PRC employees and/or directors. The grant of any equity compensation under such a plan to a PRC citizen, however, may under Circular 78 require the PRC citizen to register with and obtain approval of SAFE. We believe that the registration and approval requirements contemplated in Circular 78 will be burdensome and time consuming. If it is determined that our such a plan, or any equity compensation grant under such a plan, is subject to Circular 78, failure to comply with such provisions of Circular 78 may subject us and any recipients thereof to fines and legal sanctions and prevent us from being able to grant equity compensation to our PRC employees and/or directors. In that case, our ability to compensate our employees and directors through equity compensation would be hindered and/or prevented.

Capital outflow policies in the PRC may hamper our ability to remit income to the United States.

The PRC has adopted currency and capital transfer regulations. These regulations may require that we comply with complex regulations for the movement of capital and as a result we may not be able to remit all income earned and proceeds received in connection with our operations or from the sale of our operating subsidiary to the U.S. or to our stockholders.

Our operations and assets in the PRC are subject to significant political and economic uncertainties.

Government policies are subject to rapid change and the government of the PRC may adopt policies that have the effect of hindering private economic activity and greater economic decentralization. There is no assurance that the government of China will not significantly alter its policies from time to time without notice in a manner with reduces or eliminates any benefits from its present policies of economic reform. In addition, a substantial portion of productive assets in China remains government-owned. For instance, all lands are state or rural collective economic organizations owned and leased to business entities or individuals through governmental grants of the land use rights. The grant process is typically based on government policies at the time of the grant, which could be lengthy and complex. This process may adversely affect our business. The government of China also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Uncertainties may arise as a result of changing governmental policies and measures. In addition, changes in laws and regulations, or their interpretation, or the imposition of confiscatory taxation, restrictions on currency conversion, imports and sources of supply, devaluations of currency, the nationalization or other expropriation of private enterprises, as well as adverse changes in the political, economic or social conditions in China, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our use of the allocated land may be subject to challenges in the future.

All land use rights that we own are land use rights relating to allocated land. The local governmental authorities have granted such land use rights to us for free use or at a discounted levy rate given our contribution to the development of the local economy. However, pursuant to the Catalogue on Allocated Land issued by the Ministry of Land Resources of the PRC (the “Catalogue”), the land use rights for allocated land may only be granted to those specific projects which are in compliance with the Catalogue, subject to the approval of the competent governmental authorities. We, as a privately owned agricultural producer, may not be qualified to be granted such land use rights for allocated land according to the Catalogue. Consequently, our use of such land may be subject to challenge in the future, and the legal consequences could include the confiscation of such land by the governmental authorities or a demand that we pay a market price for purchasing the land use rights for such land and converting the allocated land use right to a granted land use right.

Because Chinese law governs almost all of our material agreements, we may not be able to enforce our legal rights within China or elsewhere, which could result in a significant loss of business, business opportunities, or capital.

Chinese law governs almost all of our material agreements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to enforce any of our material agreements or that remedies will be available outside of China. The system of laws and the enforcement of existing laws in China may not be as certain in implementation and interpretation as in the United States. Our inability to enforce or obtain a remedy under any of our current or future agreements could result in a significant loss of business, business opportunities or capital. It will be extremely difficult to acquire jurisdiction and enforce liabilities against our officers, directors and assets based in China.

Substantially all of our assets will be located in the PRC and all of our officers and our present directors reside outside of the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for United States investors to enforce their legal rights, to effect service of process upon our directors or officers or to enforce judgments of United States courts predicated upon civil liabilities and criminal penalties of our directors and officers under federal securities laws. Moreover, we have been advised that China does not have treaties providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts with the United States. Further, it is unclear if extradition treaties now in effect between the United States and China would permit effective enforcement of criminal penalties of the federal securities laws.

We do not have insurance coverage.

We currently do not purchase property insurance for our properties, including raw materials, semi-manufactured goods, manufactured goods, buildings and machinery equipment, livestock, and we currently do not carry any product liability or other similar insurance, nor do we have business liability or business disruption insurance coverage for our operations in the PR. There is no insurance covering risks incurred through seasonal variation consequences. In this respect, we as an engineering based company have qualified personnel and staffs to manage and to limited the happenings of these relevant risk factors; however there is no guarantee that accidents will not happen, and if they happen, the consequences may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Because our cash and cash equivalent are held in banks that do not provide capital guarantee insurance, the failure of any bank in which we deposit our funds could affect our ability to continue in business.

Banks and other financial institutions in the PRC do not provide insurance for funds held on deposit. A significant portion of our assets are in the form of cash deposited with banks in the PRC, and in the event of bank failure, we may not have access to, or may lose entirely, our funds on deposit. Depending upon the amount of cash we maintain in a bank that fails, our inability to have access to such cash deposits could impair our operations, and, if we are not able to access funds to pay our suppliers, employees and other creditors, we may be unable to continue in business.

Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are subject to the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, which generally prohibits United States companies from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Foreign companies, including some that may compete with us, are not subject to these prohibitions. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices occur from time to time in the PRC. We cannot assure you that our employees or other agents will not engage in such conduct for which we might be held responsible. If our employees or agents are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Labor laws in the PRC may adversely affect our results of operations.

On June 29, 2007, the PRC government promulgated a new labor law, namely, the Labor Contract Law of the PRC, or the New Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The New Labor Contract Law imposes greater liabilities on employers and significantly affects the cost of an employer’s decision to reduce its workforce. Further, it requires that certain terminations be based upon seniority and not merit. In the event we decide to significantly change or decrease our workforce, the New Labor Contract Law could adversely affect our ability to effect such changes in a manner that is most advantageous to our business or in a timely and cost-effective manner, thus materially and adversely affecting our financial condition and results of operations.

Your ability to bring an action against us or against our directors and officers, or to enforce a judgment against us or them, will be limited because we conduct substantially all of our operations in the PRC and because the majority of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States.

We are a Nevada holding company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Substantially all current operations are conducted in the PRC. In addition, all but one of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantial portions of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Thus, it may be difficult to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It may also be difficult to enforce in U.S. courts judgments on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, none of whom are residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. It is also uncertain whether the courts of the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts. Our PRC legal counsel has advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under the PRC Civil Procedures Law. Courts in the PRC may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of the PRC Civil Procedures Law based on treaties between the PRC and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. The PRC does not have any treaties or other arrangements that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments with the United States. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or the public interest. It is uncertain whether a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock

Volatility in our common stock price may subject us to securities litigation.

Stock markets, in general, have experienced in recent months, and continue to experience, significant price and volume volatility, and the market price of our common stock may continue to be subject to similar market fluctuations unrelated to our operating performance or prospects. This increased volatility, coupled with depressed economic conditions, could continue to have a depressing effect on the market price of our common stock. The following factors, many of which are beyond our control, may influence our stock price:

In addition, the securities markets have, from time to time, experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. Any of these factors could result in large and sudden changes in the volume and trading price of our common stock and could cause our stockholders to incur substantial losses. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation against that company. If we were involved in a class action suit or other securities litigation, it would divert the attention of our senior management, require us to incur significant expense and, whether or not adversely determined, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

One of our directors and officers controls a majority of our common stock and his interests may not align with the interests of our other stockholders.

Solomon Lee, our chairman, chief executive officer and president, controls our company and beneficially owns in excess of 50.1% of our issued and outstanding common stock. This significant concentration of share ownership may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock because investors often perceive a disadvantage in owning shares in a company with one or several controlling stockholders. Furthermore, our directors and officers, as a Company, have the ability to significantly influence or control the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as mergers, consolidations or the sale of substantially all of our assets. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of our company that could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale of our company and might reduce the price of our common stock. In addition, without the consent of Mr. Lee, we could be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us. Mr. Lee may cause us to take actions that are opposed by other stockholders as his interests may differ from those of other stockholders.

Future issuances of capital stock may depress the trading price of our common stock.

Any issuance of shares of our common stock (or common stock equivalents) after the date hereof could dilute the interests of our existing stockholders and could substantially decrease the trading price of our common stock. We may issue additional shares of our common stock in the future for a number of reasons, including financing our operations and business strategy (including in connection with acquisitions, strategic collaborations or other transactions).

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market could depress the market price of our common stock, and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We cannot predict the effect that future sales of our common stock or other equity-related securities would have on the market price of our common stock.

We believe that the price of our shares in the OTC QX markets is adversely affected by the current stigma associated with Chinese companies quoted or listed publicly in the United States.

Although we managed to maintain our liquidity to a certain degree, our share price has suffered. Many Chinese companies suffer from this stigma, which tends to affect both market prices and liquidity, and our company is no exception. Reasons with varying degrees of legitimacy explain this stigma, including but not limited to: (i) investors’ experience of losses suffered in the course of investing in other Chinese companies, (ii) the difficulty some Chinese companies have had in preparing auditable financial statements, and (iii) the difficulty in enforcing US judgments in foreign courts generally. All of these have contributed to a negative perception by some US investors regarding all Chinese companies publicly traded on US markets. Regardless of the reasons for this perception, if it continues over a sustained period of time our market prices may continue to trade below net tangible asset value per share. This would increase risk that our shareholders could lose the funds they invested in our company. It could also impact our ability to maintain our growth plan on schedule, which would adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The issuance of any of our equity securities pursuant any equity compensation plan we may adopt may dilute the value of existing stockholders and may affect the market price of our stock.

In the future, we may issue to our officers, directors, employees and/or other persons equity based compensation under any equity compensation plan we may adopt to provide motivation and compensation to our officers, employees and key independent consultants. The award of any such incentives could result in an immediate and potentially substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could result in a decline in the value of our stock price. The exercise of these options and the sale of the underlying shares of common stock and the sale of stock issued pursuant to stock grants may have an adverse effect upon the price of our stock. In addition, if the holders of outstanding convertible securities convert such securities into common stock, you will suffer further dilution.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

We are a public company and subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls for financial reporting. For example, Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that our management report on the effectiveness of our internal controls structure and procedures for financial reporting. Section 404 compliance may divert internal resources and will take a significant amount of time and effort to complete. If we fail to maintain compliance under Section 404, or if in the future management determines that our internal control over financial reporting are not effective as defined under Section 404, we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the NASDAQ Stock Market should we in the future be listed on this market, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities. Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our common stock. Any failure of our internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our stated results of operations and harm our reputation. If we are unable to implement these changes effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and could result in an adverse opinion on internal controls from our independent auditors. We may need to hire a number of additional employees with public accounting and disclosure experience in order to meet our ongoing obligations as a public company, particularly if we become fully subject to Section 404 and its auditor attestation requirements, which will increase costs. Our management team and other personnel will need to devote a substantial amount of time to new compliance initiatives and to meeting the obligations that are associated with being a public company, which may divert attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our shares of common stock may be thinly traded, so you may be unable to sell at or near ask prices or at all.

We cannot predict the extent to which an active public market for our common stock will develop or be sustained. Our common stock is currently traded on the OTC QX where the shares have historically been thinly traded, meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our common stock at or near bid prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent.

This situation may be attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company that is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community who generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we have become more seasoned and viable. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days, weeks or months when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. We cannot assure you that a broader or more active public trading market for our common stock will develop or be sustained, or that current trading levels will be sustained or not diminish.

We may become involved in securities class action litigation that could divert management’s attention and harm our business.

The stock market in general, and the shares of early stage companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of the companies involved. If these fluctuations occur in the future, the market price of our shares could fall regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. If the market price or volume of our shares suffers extreme fluctuations, then we may become involved in this type of litigation, which would be expensive and divert management’s attention and resources from managing our business.

As a public company, we may also from time to time make forward-looking statements about future operating results and provide some financial guidance to the public markets. Our management has limited experience as a management team in a public company and as a result projections may not be made timely or set at expected performance levels and could materially affect the price of our shares. Any failure to meet published forward-looking statements that adversely affect the stock price could result in losses to investors, stockholder lawsuits or other litigation, sanctions or restrictions issued by the SEC.

Securities analysts may elect not to report on our common stock or may issue negative reports that adversely affect the stock price.

At this time, to our knowledge no securities analysts provide research coverage of our common stock, and securities analysts may not elect not to provide such coverage in the future. It may remain difficult for our company, with its small market capitalization, to attract independent financial analysts that will cover our common stock. If securities analysts do not cover our common stock, the lack of research coverage may adversely affect the stock’s actual and potential market price. The trading market for our common stock may be affected in part by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts elect to cover our company and then downgrade the stock, the stock price would likely decline rapidly. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which, in turn, could cause our stock price to decline. This could have a negative effect on the market price of our common stock.

Not applicable.

We use the following properties:

Summary of Our Land Assets

We do not own any of the land mentioned in the table above; as such the nature of the land “ownership” is further clarified as follows:

In general, the Government owns all land. In urban areas, the land is owned directly by the central Government. In rural and suburban areas, the local village collectives, usually through the villagers’ collective economic organization, or the village committees, own the agricultural land. Uncultivated land in mountain and other remote areas is also Government-owned. Corporate entities and individuals may own the enhancements (buildings, fences, and other structures) erected on Government land.

As such, any transferrable rights to the land are in the form of usufructuary rights (i.e., the right to use and enjoy the benefits derived therefrom for a period of time).

There are several types of usufructuary rights. These include the right to land contractual management (granted by local village collectives for agriculture land), the right to use of construction land (state land in urban areas), etc. The right to land contractual management allows a party the rights to possess, utilize, and obtain profits from agricultural land. This right is transferrable, but this land use right is based on agricultural household contracts and cannot be changed arbitrarily to non-agricultural purposes.

A usufructuary right properly granted in accordance with the laws may be transferred, leased, or mortgaged in accordance with the laws and the terms of the land-grant contract.

1. A lease confers on the recipient the same right to use and enjoy the benefits, except for the right to own the building erected by the recipient and the right to transfer. In case of government acquisition of the land, the compensation paid by the government for the building will go to the lessor, unless the lease agreement states otherwise. The Agreement for the 109.79MU land of HSA is stated to be a lease agreement but the terms therein seem to suggest that HSA is being granted a Management Right.

2 & 3. Land Use Rights and Management Rights confer the same right to use and enjoy the benefits. “Land Use Right” is one granted by the State and usually used in the context of urban land, whereas local village collectives grant “Management Rights” and the term usually applies to rural land.

4. The term Land Use Right relates to the right to use the land and enjoy the benefits derived there from, whereas Building Ownership Right relates to the right to ownership of the building erected on the land concerned. SJAP was granted a Land Use Right by the State for the land (state-owned land), and a Building Ownership Right for the buildings erected thereon.

As producers active in the agriculture industry, our subsidiaries are presently exempt from income tax and enjoy various incentive grants and subsidies given by the China Government. If the Chinese government were to change its presently favorable policy toward the agriculture industry, we would no longer enjoy our present tax-related privileges, which would materially and adversely impact our sales performance, margins, and net profit and our costs structure. We have experienced, and may continue to experience, quick changes of policies by the Chinese government. If we do not effectively and efficiently manage our growth on time due to lack of capital, we could suffer adversely from the consequences of any such policy changes.

SIAF’s Company of Companies - Rented Premises Profiles

In the ordinary course of business, we may be involved in legal proceedings from time to time. As of the date hereof, except as set forth herein, there are no known legal proceedings against the Company. No governmental agency has instituted proceedings, served, or threatened the Company with any complaints.

Not applicable.

PART II

On July 24, 2007, our Common Stock began to be quoted on the Pink OTC Markets under the symbol “SIAF.PK.” Commencing January 5, 2012, our common stock has been quoted on the OTC QB under the symbol of “SIAF” and was recently quoted on the OTC QX Premier. The following table lists the closing sale price for our Common Stock as reported by The NASDAQ Stock Market for each quarter within the last two completed fiscal years. The figures below reflect the Reverse Split.

The closing price of our common stock on the OTC QX on April 13, 2018 was $0.45 per share.

Holders

As of December 31, 2017, an aggregate of 29,362,365 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding and were owned by approximately 115 holders of record.

Not applicable.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

This Annual Report contains “forward-looking statements,” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “estimates,” “projects,” “plans,” “believes,” “expects,” “anticipates,” “intends,” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties These statements reflect management’s current beliefs and are based on information now available to it. Accordingly, these statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and contingencies that could cause the Company’s actual results, performance or achievements in 2017 and beyond to differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, such statements. Such statements, include, but are not limited to, statements contained in this Annual Report relating to the Company’s business, financial performance, business strategy, recently announced transactions and capital outlook. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include: a continued decline in general economic conditions nationally and internationally; decreased demand for our products and services; market acceptance of our products; the impact of any litigation or infringement actions brought against us; competition from other providers and products; the inability to raise capital to fund continuing operations; changes in government regulation; the ability to complete customer transactions, and other factors relating to our industry, our operations and results of operations and any businesses that may be acquired by us. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may differ significantly from those anticipated, believed, estimated, expected, intended or planned. Readers of this Annual Report should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Except as required by federal securities laws, the Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements to reflect new events or uncertainties.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of the Company together with the financial statements and the related notes presented herein.

Description and interpretation and clarification of business category on the consolidated results of the operations

The Company’s strategy is to manage and operate its businesses under five (5) business divisions or units on a standalone basis, namely:

A summary of each business division is described below:

Capital Award generates revenues from providing engineering consulting services as turnkey contractors to owners and developers of fishery projects that are being designed and engineered into turnkey contracts by Capital Award in China using its A Power Module Technology Systems (“APM”) as follows:

(A). Engineering and Technology Services; via Consulting and Service Contracts (“CSC’s”) for the development, construction, and supply of plant and equipment, and management of fishery (and prawn or shrimp) farms and related business operations.

(B). Seafood Sales from CA’s projected farms; became a discontinued segment of operations from October 5, 2016 when Triway was disposed to other third parties in term Triway was reclassified as an unconsolidated equity investee on same date.

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Part A. Audited Income Statements of Consolidated Results of Operations for year ended December 31 201, compared to the year ended December 31, 2015 and

A (1) Income Statements (audited)

Comparative overview of FY2017 and FY2016 based on results as illustrated in Table A(1), above:

Note (1) to (3) to Table A.1:

(A): Information of Note (1, 2 & 3) Sales, cost of sales and gross profit and analysis:

The Company’s revenues were generated from (A) Sale of Goods and (B) Consulting and Services provided in project and business developments covering technology transfers, engineering, construction, supervision, training, management and technology licensing fees etc.

Table (A.2). below reflects segmental break-down figures of Sales of Goods Sold, Cost of Goods Sold, and related Gross Profit for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 and the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.