Skyline Bankshares, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2022 March (Form 10-Q)

PART I         FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Part I.  Financial Information

Item 1.  Financial Statements

Parkway Acquisition Corp. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Balance Sheets

March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization

Parkway Acquisition Corp. (“Parkway” or the “Company”) was incorporated as a Virginia corporation on November 2, 2015. Parkway was formed as a business combination shell company for the purpose of completing a business combination transaction between Grayson Bankshares, Inc. (“Grayson”) and Cardinal Bankshares Corporation (“Cardinal”). On November 6, 2015, Grayson, Cardinal and Parkway entered into an agreement pursuant to which Grayson and Cardinal merged with and into Parkway, with Parkway as the surviving corporation (the “Cardinal merger”). The merger agreement established exchange ratios under which each share of Grayson common stock was converted to the right to receive 1.76 shares of common stock of Parkway, while each share of Cardinal common stock was converted to the right to receive 1.30 shares of common stock of Parkway. The exchange ratios resulted in Grayson shareholders receiving approximately 60% of the newly issued Parkway shares and Cardinal shareholders receiving approximately 40% of the newly issued Parkway shares. The Cardinal merger was completed on July 1, 2016. Grayson was considered the acquiror and Cardinal was considered the acquiree in the transaction for accounting purposes. Upon completion of the Cardinal merger, the Bank of Floyd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cardinal, was merged with and into Grayson National Bank (the “Bank”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Grayson. Effective March 13, 2017, the Bank changed its name to Skyline National Bank.

On March 1, 2018, Parkway entered into a definitive agreement pursuant to which Parkway acquired Great State Bank (“Great State”), based in Wilkesboro, North Carolina. The agreement provided for the merger of Great State with and into the Bank, with the Bank as the surviving bank (the “Great State merger”). The transaction closed and the merger became effective on July 1, 2018. Each share of Great State common stock was converted into the right to receive 1.21 shares of Parkway common stock. The Company issued 1,191,899 shares and recognized $15.5 million in surplus in the Great State merger. Parkway was considered the acquiror and Great State was considered the acquiree in the transaction for accounting purposes.

The Bank was organized under the laws of the United States in 1900 and now serves the Virginia counties of Grayson, Floyd, Carroll, Wythe, Pulaski, Montgomery and Roanoke, and the North Carolina counties of Alleghany, Ashe, Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, Davie, Watauga, Wilkes, and Yadkin, and the surrounding areas, through twenty-five full-service banking offices. As a Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) insured national banking association, the Bank is subject to regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the FDIC. Parkway is regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”).

The consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2022 and for the periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 included herein have been prepared by the Company without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the opinion of management, the information furnished in the interim consolidated financial statements reflects all adjustments necessary to present fairly the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for such interim periods. Management believes that all interim period adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. These consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited financial statements and the notes thereto as of December 31, 2021, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Critical Accounting Policies

Management believes the policies with respect to the methodology for the determination of the allowance for loan losses, and asset impairment judgments involve a higher degree of complexity and require management to make difficult and subjective judgments, such as the recoverability of intangible assets and other-than-temporary impairment of investment securities, involve a higher degree of complexity and require management to make difficult and subjective judgements that often require assumptions or estimates about highly uncertain matters. Changes in these judgments, assumptions or estimates could cause reported results to differ materially. These critical policies and their application are periodically reviewed with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and the Bank, which is wholly owned. All significant, intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Business Segments

The Company reports its activities as a single business segment. In determining the appropriateness of segment definition, the Company considers components of the business about which financial information is available and regularly evaluated relative to resource allocation and performance assessment.

Business Combinations

Generally, acquisitions are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, Business Combinations. A business combination occurs when the Company acquires net assets that constitute a business, or acquires equity interests in one or more other entities that are businesses and obtains control over those entities. Business combinations are effected through the transfer of consideration consisting of cash and/or common stock and are accounted for using the acquisition method. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of the acquired entity are recorded at their respective fair values as of the closing date of the acquisition. Determining the fair value of assets and liabilities, especially the loan portfolio, is a complicated process involving significant judgment regarding methods and assumptions used to calculate estimated fair values. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of the acquisition as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available. The results of operations of an acquired entity are included in our consolidated results from the closing date of the merger, and prior periods are not restated. No allowance for loan losses related to the acquired loans is recorded on the acquisition date because the fair value of the loans acquired incorporates assumptions regarding future credit losses. The fair value estimates associated with the acquired loans include estimates related to expected prepayments and the amount and timing of expected principal, interest and other cash flows.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the valuation of real estate acquired in connection with foreclosures or in satisfaction of loans. In connection with the determination of the allowances for loan and foreclosed real estate losses, management obtains independent appraisals for significant properties.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Use of Estimates, continued

Substantially all of the Bank’s loan portfolio consists of loans in its market area. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Bank’s loan portfolio and the recovery of a substantial portion of the carrying amount of foreclosed real estate are susceptible to changes in local market conditions. The regional economy is diverse, but influenced to an extent by the manufacturing and agricultural segments.

While management uses available information to recognize loan and foreclosed real estate losses, future additions to the allowances may be necessary based on changes in local economic conditions. In addition, regulatory agencies, as a part of their routine examination process, periodically review the Bank’s allowances for loan and foreclosed real estate losses. Such agencies may require the Bank to recognize additions to the allowances based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examinations. Because of these factors, it is reasonably possible that the allowances for loan and foreclosed real estate losses may change materially in the near term.

The Company seeks strategies that minimize the tax effect of implementing their business strategies. As such, judgments are made regarding the ultimate consequence of long-term tax planning strategies, including the likelihood of future recognition of deferred tax benefits. The Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by both Federal and State authorities. Such examinations may result in the assessment of additional taxes, interest and penalties. As a result, the ultimate outcome, and the corresponding financial statement impact, can be difficult to predict with accuracy.

Accounting for pension benefits, costs and related liabilities are developed using actuarial valuations. These valuations include key assumptions determined by management, including the discount rate and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. Material changes in pension costs may occur in the future due to changes in these assumptions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents includes cash and amounts due from banks (including cash items in process of collection), interest-bearing deposits with banks and federal funds sold.

Trading Securities

The Company does not hold securities for short-term resale and therefore does not maintain a trading securities portfolio.

Securities Held to Maturity

Bonds, notes, and debentures for which the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are reported at amortized cost. The Company does not currently hold any securities classified as held to maturity.

Securities Available for Sale

Available for sale securities are reported at fair value and consist of mortgage-backed, U.S. government agencies, corporate, and state and municipal securities not classified as trading securities or as held to maturity securities.

Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of tax, on available for sale securities are reported as a net amount in a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses on the sale of available for sale securities are determined using the specific-identification method. The amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts are recognized in interest income using the effective interest method over the period to maturity for discounts and the earlier of call date or maturity for premiums.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Securities Available for Sale, continued

Declines in the fair value of individual held to maturity and available for sale securities below cost that are other than temporary are reflected as write-downs of the individual securities to fair value. Related write-downs are included in earnings as realized losses.

Loans Receivable

Loans receivable that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off are reported at their outstanding principal amount adjusted for any charge-offs and the allowance for loan losses. Loan origination costs are capitalized and recognized as an adjustment to yield over the life of the related loan.

Interest is accrued and credited to income based on the principal amount outstanding. The accrual of interest on impaired loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to meet payments as they become due. When interest accrual is discontinued, all unpaid accrued interest is reversed. Interest income is subsequently recognized only to the extent cash payments are received. Payments received are first applied to principal, and any remaining funds are then applied to interest. When facts and circumstances indicate the borrower has regained the ability to meet the required payments, the loan is returned to accrual status. Past due status of loans is determined based on contractual terms.

Purchased Performing Loans – The Company accounts for performing loans acquired in business combinations using the contractual cash flows method of recognizing discount accretion based on the acquired loans’ contractual cash flows. Purchased performing loans are recorded at fair value, including a credit discount. The fair value discount is accreted as an adjustment to yield over the estimated lives of the loans. There is no allowance for loan losses established at the acquisition date for purchased performing loans. A provision for loan losses is recorded for any further deterioration in these loans subsequent to the acquisition.

Purchased Credit-Impaired (“PCI”) Loans – Loans purchased with evidence of credit deterioration since origination, and for which it is probable that all contractually required payments will not be collected, are considered credit impaired. Evidence of credit quality deterioration as of the purchase date may include statistics such as internal risk grade and past due and nonaccrual status. Purchased impaired loans generally meet the Company’s definition for nonaccrual status. PCI loans are initially measured at fair value, which reflects estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Accordingly, the associated allowance for credit losses related to these loans is not carried over at the acquisition date. Any excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable yield and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan when there is a reasonable expectation about the amount and timing of such cash flows. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable difference, and is available to absorb credit losses on those loans. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will generally result in a provision for loan losses. Subsequent significant increases in cash flows result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges, or a reclassification of the nonaccretable difference with a positive impact on future interest income.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established as losses are estimated to have occurred through a provision for loan losses charged to earnings. Loan losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance, or portion thereof, is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance.

The allowance for loan losses is evaluated on a regular basis by management and is based upon management’s periodic review of the collectability of the loans in light of historical experience, the nature and volume of the loan portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, estimated value of any underlying collateral and prevailing economic conditions. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Allowance for Loan Losses, continued

The allowance consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component is calculated on an individual basis for larger-balance, non-homogeneous loans, which are considered impaired. A specific allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value (less disposal costs), or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than its carrying value. The specific component of the allowance for smaller- balance loans whose terms have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) is calculated on a pooled basis considering historical experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The general component covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. An unallocated component is maintained to cover uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component of the allowance reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating specific and general losses in the portfolio.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed. Impairment is measured on a loan by loan basis for all loans by either the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the loan’s obtainable market price, or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent.

Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Bank does not separately identify individual consumer and residential loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are the subject of a restructuring agreement.

Troubled Debt Restructurings

Under GAAP, the Bank is required to account for certain loan modifications or restructurings as “troubled debt restructurings” or "troubled debt restructured loans."  In general, the modification or restructuring of a debt constitutes a troubled debt restructuring if the Bank for economic or legal reasons related to the borrower’s financial difficulties grants a concession to the borrower that the Bank would not otherwise consider. Debt restructuring or loan modifications for a borrower do not necessarily always constitute a troubled debt restructuring, however, and troubled debt restructurings do not necessarily result in non-accrual loans.

Operating, Accounting and Reporting Considerations related to COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted the global economy, including our market area.  In response to this crisis, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was passed by Congress and signed into law on March 27, 2020.  The CARES Act provided an estimated $2.2 trillion to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and stimulate the economy by supporting individuals and businesses through loans, grants, tax changes, and other types of relief.  Some of the provisions applicable to the Company include, but are not limited to:

Accounting for Loan Modifications – Section 4013 of the CARES Act provides that a financial institution may elect to suspend (1) the requirements under GAAP for certain loan modifications that would otherwise be categorized as a TDR and (2) any determination that such loan modifications would be considered a TDR, including the related impairment for accounting purposes. See Note 4 Allowance for Loan Losses and Impaired Loans for more information.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Operating, Accounting and Reporting Considerations related to COVID-19, continued

Paycheck Protection Program - The CARES Act established the Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program (“SBA-PPP”), an expansion of the Small Business Administration’s (“SBA”) 7(a) loan program and the Economic Injury Disaster Loan Program, administered directly by the SBA. On December 27, 2020 the Consolidated Appropriations Act (“CAA”), 2021 was signed into law. The CAA provided several amendments to the SBA-PPP, including additional funding for first and second draws of SBA-PPP loans up to May 31, 2021. The Company is a participant in the SBA-PPP. See Note 3 Loans Receivable for more information.

Also, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, the National Credit Union Administration, the OCC, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, in consultation with the state financial regulators (collectively, the “agencies”) issued a joint interagency statement (issued March 22, 2020; revised statement issued April 7, 2020). Some of the provisions applicable to the Company include, but are not limited to:

Accounting for Loan Modifications - Loan modifications that do not meet the conditions of the CARES Act may still qualify as a modification that does not need to be accounted for as a TDR. The agencies confirmed with FASB staff that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief are not TDRs. This includes short-term modifications such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or insignificant delays in payment. See Note 4 Allowance for Loan Losses and Impaired Loans for more information.

Past Due Reporting - With regard to loans not otherwise reportable as past due, financial institutions are not expected to designate loans with deferrals granted due to COVID-19 as past due because of the deferrals. A loan’s payment date is governed by the due date stipulated in the legal agreement. If a financial institution agrees to a payment deferral, these loans would not be considered past due during the period of the deferral.

Nonaccrual Status and Charge-offs - During short-term COVID-19 modifications, these loans generally should not be reported as nonaccrual or as classified.

The Company offered short-term loan modifications to assist borrowers during the COVID-19 pandemic. These modifications generally involved principal and/or interest payment deferrals for up to six months. These modifications generally meet the criteria of both Section 4013 of the CARES Act and the joint interagency statement, and therefore, the Company did not account for such loan modifications as TDRs. As the COVID-19 pandemic persisted in negatively impacting the economy, the Company offered additional loan modifications to borrowers struggling as a result of COVID-19. Similar to the initial modifications granted, the additional round of loan modifications were granted specifically under Section 4013 of the CARES Act and generally involved principal and/or interest payment deferrals for up to an additional six months for commercial and consumer loans, and principal-only deferrals for up to an additional 12 months for selected commercial loans. On August 3, 2020, the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (“FFIEC”) on behalf of its members issued a joint statement on additional loan accommodations related to COVID-19. The joint statement clarified that for loan modifications in which Section 4013 is being applied, subsequent modifications could also be eligible under Section 4013. To be eligible, each loan modification had to (1) related to the COVID-19 event; (2) executed on a loan that was not more than 30 days past due as of December 31, 2019; and (3) executed between March 1, 2020, and the earlier of (A) 60 days after the date of termination of the National Emergency or (B) December 31, 2020. The December 31, 2020 deadline was subsequently extended to January 1, 2022 by the CAA. Substantially all of the Company’s additional round of loan modifications granted under Section 4013 of the CARES Act are in compliance with the aforementioned FFIEC requirements. Accordingly, the Company did not account for such loan modifications as TDRs.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program

The SBA-PPP is one of the centerpieces of the CARES Act, which was passed on March 27, 2020 in response to the outbreak of COVID-19 and was supplemented with subsequent legislation. Overseen by the U.S. Treasury Department, the SBA-PPP offers cash-flow assistance to nonprofit and small business employers through guaranteed loans for expenses incurred between February 15, 2020, and August 8, 2020. Borrowers are eligible for forgiveness of principal and accrued interest on SBA-PPP loans to the extent that the proceeds are used to cover eligible payroll costs, interest costs, rent, and utility costs over a period between eight and 24-weeks after the loan is made as long as the borrower retains its employees and their compensation levels. The CARES Act authorized the SBA to temporarily guarantee these loans.

As a qualified SBA lender, we were automatically authorized to originate SBA-PPP loans and began taking applications on April 3, 2020. An eligible business can apply for a SBA-PPP loan up to the lesser of: (1) 2.5 times its average monthly “payroll costs;” or (2) $10.0 million. SBA-PPP loans will have: (a) an interest rate of 1.0%, (b) a two-year or five-year term to maturity; and (c) principal and interest payments deferred for six months from the date of disbursement. The SBA will guarantee 100% of the SBA-PPP loans made to eligible borrowers. The entire principal amount of the borrower’s SBA-PPP loan, including any accrued interest, is eligible to be reduced by the loan forgiveness amount under the SBA-PPP, subject to certain eligibility requirements and conditions.

Due to the unique nature of these provisions, SBA-PPP loans have been disclosed as a separate loan class. Origination fees received by the SBA are capitalized into the carrying amount of the loans. The deferred fee income, net of origination costs, is recognized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to yield using the straight-line method.

The allowance for loan losses for SBA-PPP loans originated during 2021 and 2020 were separately evaluated given the explicit government guarantee. This analysis, which incorporated historical experience with similar SBA guarantees and underwriting, concluded the likelihood of loss was remote and therefore these loans were assigned a zero expected credit loss in the allowance for loan losses.

Property and Equipment

Land is carried at cost. Bank premises, furniture and equipment are carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization computed principally by the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Share-Based Compensation

The Parkway Acquisition Corp. 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Plan”) was adopted by the Board of Directors of the Company on March 17, 2020 and approved by the Company’s shareholders on August 18, 2020.  The Equity Plan permits the grant of incentive stock options, nonqualified stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, and stock awards to key employees and non-employee directors of the Company or its subsidiaries. 

As of March 31, 2022, only restricted stock awards have been issued to key employees and stock awards have been issued to non-employee directors. The fair value of the stock awards or restricted stock is determined based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.  The Company recognizes compensation expense related to restricted stock on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for service-based awards. See additional discussion of share-based compensation in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Foreclosed Assets

Real estate properties acquired through, or in lieu of, loan foreclosure are to be sold and are initially recorded at fair value less anticipated cost to sell at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. After foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management and the real estate is carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Revenue and expenses from operations and changes in the valuation allowance are included in foreclosure expense on the consolidated statements of income.

Pension Plan

Prior to the Cardinal merger, both the Bank and Bank of Floyd (“Floyd”) had qualified noncontributory defined benefit pension plans in place which covered substantially all of each bank’s employees. The benefits in each plan are primarily based on years of service and earnings. Both the Bank’s and Floyd’s plans were amended to freeze benefit accruals for all eligible employees prior to the effective date of the Cardinal merger. The Bank’s plan is a single-employer plan, the funded status of which is measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation. Floyd’s plan is a multi-employer plan for accounting purposes and is a multiple-employer plan under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 and the Internal Revenue Code.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Bank; (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets; and (3) the Bank does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity or the ability to unilaterally cause the holder to return specific assets.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill arises from business combinations and is generally determined as the excess of fair value of the consideration transferred, plus the fair value of any noncontrolling interests in the acquire, over the fair value of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the acquisition date. Goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a purchase business combination and determined to have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but tested for impairment at least annually or more frequently in events and circumstances exists that indicate that a goodwill impairment test should be performed. The Company has selected November 1 as the date to perform the annual impairment test. Intangible assets with definite useful lives are amortized over their estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values. Goodwill is the only intangible asset with an indefinite life on our balance sheet.

Other intangible assets consist of core deposit intangibles that represent the value of long-term deposit relationships acquired in a business combination. Core deposit intangibles are amortized over the estimated useful lives of the deposit accounts acquired. The core deposit intangible as a result of the Cardinal merger, is amortized over an estimated useful life of twenty years on an accelerated basis. For the core deposit intangible as a result of the Great State merger, we used an estimated useful life of seven years on an accelerated basis for the amortization.

Cash Value of Life Insurance

The Bank is owner and beneficiary of life insurance policies on certain current and former employees and directors. The Company records these policies in the consolidated balance sheets at cash surrender value, with changes recorded in noninterest income in the consolidated statements of income.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Revenue Recognition

Service Charges on Deposit Accounts - Service charges on deposit accounts consist of monthly service fees, overdraft and nonsufficient funds fees, wire transfer fees and other deposit account related fees. The Company’s performance obligation for monthly service fees is generally satisfied, and the related revenue recognized, over the period in which the service is provided. Payment for service charges on deposit accounts is primarily received immediately or in the following month through a direct charge to customers’ accounts. Wire transfer fees, overdraft and nonsufficient funds fees, and other deposit account related fees are transactional based, and therefore, the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time.

Mortgage Origination Fees – Mortgage origination fees consist of commissions received on mortgage loans closed in the secondary market. The Company acts as an intermediary between the Company’s customer and companies that specialize in mortgage lending in the secondary market. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied when the mortgage loan is closed and funded and the Company receives its commission at that time. Fees for these services for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $166 thousand and $309 thousand, respectively.

Other Service Charges and Fees - Other service charges include safety deposit box rental fees, check ordering charges, and other service charges. Safe deposit box rental fees are charged to the customer on an annual basis and recognized upon receipt of payment. The Company determined that since rentals and renewals occur fairly consistently over time, revenue is recognized on a basis consistent with the duration of the performance obligation. Check ordering charges are transactional based, and therefore, the Company’s performance obligation is satisfied, and related revenue recognized, at a point in time. In addition, the following items are also included in other service charges and fees on the consolidated statements of income:

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Leases

We have performed an evaluation of our leasing contracts and activities. We have developed our methodology to estimate the right-of use assets and lease liabilities, which is based on the present value of lease payments. There was not a material change to the timing of expense recognition. See additional discussion of leases in Note 7 to the consolidated financial statements.

Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes is based on amounts reported in the statements of income (after exclusion of non-taxable income such as interest on state and municipal securities) and consists of taxes currently due plus deferred taxes on temporary differences in the recognition of income and expense for tax and financial statement purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are included in the financial statements at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are expected to be realized or settled. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more likely than not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more likely than not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Advertising Expense

The Company expenses advertising costs as they are incurred. Advertising expense for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 amounted to $145 thousand and $110 thousand, respectively.

Basic Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, after giving retroactive effect to stock splits and dividends. For the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no dilutive instruments.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income consists of net income and other comprehensive income (loss).  Other comprehensive income (loss) includes unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale and changes in the funded status of the pension plan which are also recognized as separate components of equity. The accumulated balances related to each component of other comprehensive income (loss) are as follows:

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under line of credit arrangements, commercial letters of credit, and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 10. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect the estimates.

Reclassification

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior years’ financial statements to place them on a comparable basis with the current presentation. Net income and stockholders’ equity previously reported were not affected by these reclassifications.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The following accounting standards may affect the future financial reporting by the Company:

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, to change the accounting for credit losses to a current expected credit losses (“CECL”) model and modify the impairment model for certain debt securities. The Company will apply the amendments to the Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the year of adoption. We are currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on our consolidated financial statements. We expect the ASU will result in an increase in the recorded allowance for loan losses given the change to estimated losses over the contractual life of the loans adjusted for expected prepayments. The majority of the increase results from longer duration portfolios. In addition to our allowance for loan losses, we will also record an allowance for credit losses on debt securities instead of applying the impairment model currently utilized. The amount of the adjustments will be impacted by each portfolio’s composition and credit quality at the adoption date as well as economic conditions and forecasts at that time. In July 2019, the FASB proposed changes to the effective date of the ASU for smaller reporting companies, as defined by the SEC, and other non-SEC reporting entities. The proposal delayed the effective date to fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal periods. On October 16, 2019 the proposed changes were approved by the FASB.

In January 2017, the FASB amended the Goodwill and Other Topic of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment for public business entities and other entities that have goodwill reported in their financial statements and have not elected the private company alternative for the subsequent measurement of goodwill. The amendment removes Step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The effective date and transition requirements for the technical corrections will be effective for the Company for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. Early adoption is permitted for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017.

In May 2019, the FASB issued guidance to provide entities with an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option, applied on an instrument-by-instrument basis for eligible instruments, upon adoption of ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments will be effective for the Company for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2022. The Company does not expect these amendments to have a material effect on its financial statements.

In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance that addresses issues raised by stakeholders during the implementation of ASU 2016-13. The amendments affect a variety of Topics in the ASC. For entities that have not yet adopted the amendments in ASU 2016-13, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal. Early adoption is permitted in any interim period as long as an entity has adopted the amendments in ASU 2016-13. The Company does not expect these amendments to have a material effect on its financial statements.

In November 2019, the FASB issued guidance to defer the effective dates for private companies, not-for-profit organizations, and certain smaller reporting companies applying standards on CECL. Since the Company is a smaller reporting company, the new effect date for CECL will be fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years.

In March 2020, the FASB issued guidance to provide temporary optional guidance to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform. The amendments are effective as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company does not expect these amendments to have a material effect on its financial statements.

Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, continued

Recent Accounting Pronouncements, continued

In August 2021, the FASB issued amendments to update SEC paragraphs in the ASC to reflect the issuance of SEC Release No. 33-10786, Amendments to Financial Disclosures about Acquired and Disposed Businesses, and No. 33-10835, Update of Statistical Disclosures for Bank and Savings and Loan Registrants. The amendments are effective upon issuance. The Company does not expect these amendments to have a material effect on its financial statements.

In October 2021, the FASB amended the Business Combinations topic in the Accounting Standards Codification to require entities to apply guidance in the Revenue topic to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The amendments are applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendments. Early adoption of the amendments is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company does not expect these amendments to have a material effect on its financial statements.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2. Investment Securities

Investment securities have been classified in the consolidated balance sheets according to management’s intent. The amortized cost of securities and their approximate fair values at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 follow:

Restricted equity securities totaled $1.9 million and $2.0 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Restricted equity securities consist of investments in stock of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”), CBB Financial Corp., Pacific Coast Bankers Bank, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, all of which are carried at cost. All of these entities are upstream correspondents of the Bank. The FHLB requires financial institutions to make equity investments in the FHLB in order to borrow money. The Bank is required to hold that stock so long as it borrows from the FHLB. The Federal Reserve requires banks to purchase stock as a condition for membership in the Federal Reserve System. The Bank’s stock in CBB Financial Corp. and Pacific Coast Bankers Bank is restricted only in the fact that the stock may only be repurchased by the respective banks.

The following tables details unrealized losses and related fair values in the Company’s available for sale investment securities portfolios. This information is aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Note 2. Investment Securities, continued

At March 31, 2022, 73 investment securities with unrealized losses had depreciated 8.34 percent from their total amortized cost basis. Management evaluates securities for other-than-temporary impairment at least on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market concerns warrant such evaluation. Consideration is given to the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. The relative significance of these and other factors will vary on a case-by-case basis. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, the results of reviews of the issuer’s financial condition and the issuer’s anticipated ability to pay the contractual cash flows of the investments. Since the Company intends to hold all of its investment securities until maturity, and it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any of its investment securities before unrealized losses have been recovered, and the Company expects to recover the entire amount of the amortized cost basis of all its securities, none of the securities are deemed other than temporarily impaired at March 31, 2022. Management continues to monitor all of these securities with a high degree of scrutiny. There can be no assurance that the Company will not conclude in future periods that conditions existing at that time indicate some or all of these securities are other than temporarily impaired, which could require a charge to earnings in such periods.

There were no sales of investment securities available for sale for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Gross proceeds from called securities totaled $720 thousand for the three-month period ended March 31, 2022. There were no called securities for the three-month period ended March 31, 2021. Gains and losses on the sale of investment securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method. There were no realized gains and losses for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

There were no securities transferred between the available for sale and held to maturity portfolios or other sales of held to maturity securities during the periods presented. In the future management may elect to classify securities as held to maturity based upon such considerations as the nature of the security, the Bank’s ability to hold the security until maturity, and general economic conditions.

The scheduled maturities of securities available for sale at March 31, 2022, were as follows:

Maturities of mortgage-backed securities are based on contractual amounts. Actual maturity will vary as loans underlying the securities are prepaid.

Investment securities with amortized cost of approximately $33.8 million and $32.0 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, were pledged as collateral on public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.

Note 3. Loans Receivable

The major components of loans in the consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 are as follows:

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, substantially all of the Bank’s residential 1-4 family loans were pledged as collateral for borrowing lines at the FHLB.

Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program

Gross SBA-PPP loans totaling $13.5 million with net deferred fees of $805 thousand remained on the balance sheet as of March 31, 2022. Gross SBA-PPP loans totaling $26.3 million with net deferred fees of $1.8 million remained on the balance sheet at December 31, 2021. These fees, net of direct costs relating to the origination of these loans, have been deferred and are being amortized over the life of the loans. Loan forgiveness payments will be treated as prepayments and recognized as they occur. A summary of our SBA-PPP loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by SBA tier is as follows:

Note 3. Loans Receivable, continued

Small Business Administration Paycheck Protection Program, continued

A summary of our SBA-PPP loans as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by industry is as follows:

Note 4. Allowance for Loan Losses and Impaired Loans

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level believed to be sufficient to provide for estimated loan losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management’s comprehensive analysis of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loss experience, current economic conditions, and detailed analysis of individual loans for which the full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes methods to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component is calculated on an individual basis for larger-balance, non-homogeneous loans, which are considered impaired. A specific allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value (less disposal costs), or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than its carrying value. The specific component of the allowance for smaller-balance loans whose terms have been modified in a TDR is calculated on a pooled basis considering historical experience adjusted for qualitative factors. These smaller-balance TDRs were collectively evaluated for impairment. The general component covers the remaining loan portfolio, and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses on loans is estimated based upon these factors and trends identified by management at the time financial statements are prepared.

A provision for loan losses is charged against operations and is added to the allowance for loan losses based on quarterly comprehensive analyses of the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is allocated to certain loan categories based on the relative risk characteristics, asset classifications and actual loss experience of the loan portfolio. While management has allocated the allowance for loan losses to various loan portfolio segments, the allowance is general in nature and is available for the loan portfolio in its entirety.

Note 4. Allowance for Loan Losses and Impaired Loans, continued

Allowance for Loan Losses, continued

As noted in Note 1, the Company determined that SBA-PPP loans have zero expected credit losses and as such are excluded from the disclosures included in the following table. The following table presents activity in the allowance by loan category and information on the loans evaluated individually for impairment and collectively evaluated for impairment as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021:

Allowance for Loan Losses and Recorded Investment in Loans