Smart Sand, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2023 September (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

_____________________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

_____________________________________________________


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2023


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from ___ to ___

Commission file number 001-37936

SMART SAND, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware			45-2809926
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

28420 Hardy Toll Road, Suite 130
Spring, Texas 77373			(281) 231-2660
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Registrant’s telephone number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading Symbol(s)

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

SND

Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐

Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated Filer ☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging Growth Company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Number of shares of common stock outstanding, par value $0.001 per share, as of October 31, 2023: 41,295,604

TABLE OF CONTENTS


		PAGE
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2023 (Unaudited) and December 31, 2022	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	4
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the Nine Months Ended Septemb e r 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 (Unaudited)	8
	Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	9
ITEM 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
ITEM 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	31
ITEM 4.	Controls and Procedures	31

PART II	OTHER INFORMATION	32

ITEM 1.	Legal Proceedings	32
ITEM 1A.	Risk Factors	32
ITEM 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	32
ITEM 3.	Defaults upon Senior Securities	32
ITEM 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	32
ITEM 5.	Other Information	32
ITEM 6.	Exhibits	33

SIGNATURES		34

Certain Definitions

The following definitions apply throughout this quarterly report unless the context requires otherwise:


“We”, “Us”, “Company”, “Smart Sand” or “Our”						Smart Sand, Inc., a company organized under the laws of Delaware, and its subsidiaries.

“shares”, “stock”						The common stock of Smart Sand, Inc., nominal value $0.001 per share.

“ABL Credit Facility”, “ABL Credit Agreement”, “ABL Security Agreement”						The five-year senior secured asset-based lending credit facility (the “ABL Credit Facility”) pursuant to: (i) an ABL Credit Agreement, dated December 13, 2019, between the Company and Jefferies Finance LLC, as amended from time to time (as amended, the “ABL Credit Agreement”); and (ii) a Guarantee and Collateral Agreement, dated December 13, 2019, between the Company and Jefferies Finance LLC, as agent, as amended from time to time (as amended, the “Security Agreement”).

“Oakdale Equipment Financing”, “MLA”						The five-year Master Lease Agreement, dated December 13, 2019, between Nexseer Capital (“Nexseer”) and related lease schedules in connection therewith (collectively, the “MLA”). The MLA is structured as a sale-leaseback of substantially all of the equipment at the Company’s mining and processing facility located near Oakdale, Wisconsin. The Oakdale Equipment Financing is considered a lease under article 2A of the Uniform Commercial Code but is considered a financing arrangement (and not a lease) for accounting or financial reporting purposes.


“Exchange Act”						The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

“Securities Act”						The Securities Act of 1933, as amended.



“FASB”, “ASU”, “ASC”, “GAAP”						Financial Accounting Standards Board, Accounting Standards Update, Accounting Standards Codification, Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States, respectively.

PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

SMART SAND, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	(unaudited)
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	9,309	$	5,510
Accounts receivable	24,015		35,746
Unbilled receivables	165		79
Inventory	25,955		20,185
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	712		6,593
Total current assets	60,156		68,113
Property, plant and equipment, net	255,644		258,843
Operating lease right-of-use assets	24,448		26,075
Intangible assets, net	6,074		6,669
Other assets	185		303
Total assets	$	346,507	$	360,003
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	10,439	$	14,435
Accrued expenses and other liabilities	15,461		13,430
Deferred revenue	2,018		6,959

Current portion of long-term debt	5,691		6,183
Current portion of operating lease liabilities	11,139		10,910
Total current liabilities	44,748		51,917

Long-term debt	6,895		9,807
Long-term operating lease liabilities	14,978		17,642
Long-term deferred tax liabilities, net	14,142		18,238
Asset retirement obligations	19,558		18,888

Other non-current liabilities	40		40
Total liabilities	100,361		116,532
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 350,000,000 shares authorized; 45,617,642 issued and 38,311,714 outstanding at September 30, 2023; 45,099,067 issued and 43,088,106 outstanding at December 31, 2022	38		43
Treasury stock, at cost, 7,305,928 and 2,010,961 shares at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively	(14,124)		(5,075)
Additional paid-in capital	180,934		178,386
Retained earnings	79,325		69,890
Accumulated other comprehensive income	(27)		227
Total stockholders’ equity	246,146		243,471
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	346,507	$	360,003

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SMART SAND, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Revenues:
Sand sales revenue	$	72,480	$	66,663	$	223,013	$	172,063
Shortfall revenue	2,389		2,681		4,304		4,596
Logistics revenue	2,031		2,248		6,709		5,252
Total revenue	76,900		71,592		234,026		181,911
Cost of goods sold	62,502		60,163		195,302		163,492
Gross profit	14,398		11,429		38,724		18,419
Operating expenses:
Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes	4,292		3,554		13,800		10,171
Depreciation and amortization	647		556		1,868		1,646
Selling, general and administrative	4,625		4,008		14,834		11,867
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets, net	(92)		(466)		1,821		(482)


Total operating expenses	9,472		7,652		32,323		23,202
Operating income (loss)	4,926		3,777		6,401		(4,783)
Other income (expenses):

Interest expense, net	(276)		(411)		(940)		(1,244)

Other income	198		148		405		416
Total other income (expenses), net	(78)		(263)		(535)		(828)
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	4,848		3,514		5,866		(5,611)
Income tax expense (benefit)	(1,879)		831		(3,569)		(2,282)
Net income (loss)	$	6,727	$	2,683	$	9,435	$	(3,329)
Net income (loss) per common share:
Basic	$	0.18	$	0.06	$	0.24	$	(0.08)
Diluted	$	0.18	$	0.06	$	0.24	$	(0.08)
Weighted-average number of common shares:
Basic	38,253		42,522		39,153		42,265
Diluted	38,412		42,524		39,239		42,265

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SMART SAND, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	6,727	$	2,683	$	9,435	$	(3,329)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency translation adjustment	(147)		(266)		(254)		(324)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	6,580	$	2,417	$	9,181	$	(3,653)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SMART SAND, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023


	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital				Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Outstanding Shares	Par Value		Shares	Amount				Retained Earnings
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balance at December 31, 2022	43,088,106	$	43	2,010,961	$	(5,075)	$	178,386	$	69,890	$	227	$	243,471
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(66)		(66)
Vesting of restricted stock	4,750	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		779		—		—		779
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	—	—		—	—		7		—		—		7
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	21,810	—		—	—		33		—		—		33
Purchase of treasury stock	(5,177,306)	(5)		5,177,306	(8,848)		—		—		—		(8,853)

Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(3,599)		—		(3,599)
Balance at March 31, 2023	37,937,360	$	38	7,188,267	$	(13,923)	$	179,205	$	66,291	$	161	$	231,772
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(41)		(41)
Vesting of restricted stock	228,036	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		833		—		—		833
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	—	—		—	—		8		—		—		8
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Purchase of treasury stock	(48,131)	—		48,131	(77)		—		—		—		(77)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		6,307		—		6,307
Balance at June 30, 2023	38,117,265	$	38	7,236,398	$	(14,000)	$	180,046	$	72,598	$	120	$	238,802
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(147)		(147)
Vesting of restricted stock	247,368	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		860		—		—		860
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	—	—		—	—		5		—		—		5
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	16,611	—		—	—		23		—		—		23
Purchase of treasury stock	(69,530)	—		69,530	(124)		—		—		—		(124)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		6,727		—		6,727
Balance at September 30, 2023	38,311,714	$	38	7,305,928	$	(14,124)	$	180,934	$	79,325	$	(27)	$	246,146

SMART SAND, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (continued)

(UNAUDITED)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022


	Common Stock			Treasury Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital				Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Outstanding Shares	Par Value		Shares	Amount				Retained Earnings
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balance at December 31, 2021	42,012,813	$	42	1,777,001	$	(4,535)	$	174,486	$	70,593	$	574	$	241,160
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		16		16

Vesting of restricted stock	179,630	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		826		—		—		826
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	—	—		—	—		5		—		—		5
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	16,285	—		—	—		25		—		—		25
Purchase of treasury stock	(56,400)	—		56,400	(127)		—		—		—		(127)

Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(5,923)		—		(5,923)
Balance at March 31, 2022	42,152,328	$	42	1,833,401	$	(4,662)	$	175,342	$	64,670	$	590	235,982
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(74)		(74)
Vesting of restricted stock	130,003	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		802		—		—		802
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	—	—		—	—		6		—		—		6
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	—	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Purchase of treasury stock	(39,479)	—		39,479	(114)		—		—		—		(114)
Net loss	—	—		—	—		—		(90)		—		(90)
Balance at June 30, 2022	42,242,852	$	42	1,872,880	$	(4,776)	$	176,150	$	64,580	$	516	$	236,512
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—	—		—	—		—		—		(266)		(266)
Vesting of restricted stock	473,032	—		—	—		—		—		—		—
Stock-based compensation	—	—		—	—		808		—		—		808
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	—	—		—	—		7		—		—		7
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	18,238	—		—	—		27		—		—		27
Purchase of treasury stock	(86,788)	—		86,788	(210)		—		—		—		(210)
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		2,683		—		2,683
Balance at September 30, 2022	42,647,334	$	42	1,959,668	$	(4,986)	$	176,992	$	67,263	$	250	$	239,561

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SMART SAND, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	9,435	$	(3,329)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion and accretion of asset retirement obligations	20,359		19,904
Amortization of intangible assets	596		596
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets	1,821		(482)
Provision for bad debt	—		1
Amortization of deferred financing cost	79		79
Accretion of debt discount	140		140
Deferred income taxes	(4,096)		(2,784)
Stock-based compensation	2,472		2,436
Employee stock purchase plan compensation	20		18


Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	11,888		(14,238)
Unbilled receivables	(244)		(593)
Inventory	(5,770)		(5,594)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	4,856		3,072
Deferred revenue	(4,942)		(6,365)
Accounts payable	(3,871)		2,784
Accrued and other expenses	907		4,187
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	33,650		(168)
Investing activities:
Acquisition of Blair facility	—		(6,547)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(16,126)		(9,535)
Proceeds from disposal of assets	123		995
Net cash used in investing activities	(16,003)		(15,087)
Financing activities:
Repayments of notes payable	(8,952)		(5,474)
Payments under finance leases	(323)		(88)

Proceeds from revolving credit facility	15,000		6,000
Repayment of revolving credit facility	(15,000)		—
Employee stock purchase plan issuance	56		52
Purchase of treasury stock	(4,629)		(451)
Net cash used in financing activities	(13,848)		39
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	3,799		(15,216)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	5,510		25,588
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	9,309	$	10,372
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Purchases of property, plant and equipment in accounts payable and accrued expenses	$	2,351	$	685
Treasury stock purchased with debt	$	4,425	$	—

Additions to asset retirement obligations	$	—	$	8,281

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 1 — Organization and Nature of Business

The Company was incorporated in July 2011 and is headquartered in Spring, Texas. The Company operates as a fully integrated frac and industrial sand supply and services company. The Company offers complete mine to wellsite proppant supply and logistics solutions to our frac sand customers in the oil and natural gas industry. These operations include the excavation, processing and sale of sand, or proppant, for hydraulic fracturing operations as well as proppant logistics and wellsite storage solutions through its SmartSystemsTM products and services. The Company also provides sand to customers for industrial uses, such as glass, foundry, building products, filtration, geothermal, renewables, ceramics, turf & landscape, retail, and recreation, all of which the Company calls its “Industrial Product Solutions (“IPS”).

Sand Mines and Processing Facilities

The Company’s integrated Oakdale facility, with on-site rail infrastructure and wet and dry sand processing facilities, has access to two Class I rail lines which enable the Company to process and cost effectively deliver products to its customers. The Company commenced operations at its mine and processing facility near Oakdale, Wisconsin in July 2012, and subsequently expanded its operations in 2014, 2015 and 2018. Currently, the annual processing capacity at the Company’s Oakdale facility is approximately 5.5 million tons.

In September 2020, the Company acquired two frac sand mines and related processing facilities in Utica, Illinois and New Auburn, Wisconsin. The Utica facility has an annual processing capacity of 1.6 million tons and access to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Class I rail line through the Peru, Illinois transload facility. The Company began operating the Utica, Illinois mine and Peru, Illinois transload facility in October 2020. The Company has no plans to operate the New Auburn facility for the foreseeable future.

In March 2022, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Hi-Crush Inc., a Delaware corporation (“HCR”), and Hi-Crush Blair LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of HCR (“Blair”), pursuant to which the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests of Blair from HCR for aggregate cash consideration of approximately $6,450, subject to customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the “Transaction”).

The primary assets of Blair consisted of an idle frac sand mine and related processing facility located in Blair, Wisconsin. The Blair facility has approximately 2.9 million tons of total annual processing capacity and contains an onsite, unit train capable rail terminal with access to the Class 1 Canadian National Railway. The Company commenced operations at the Blair facility in April 2023.

Transload & Logistics Solutions

The Company also offers proppant logistics solutions to its customers through, among other things, its network of in-basin transloading terminals and its SmartSystemsTM wellsite proppant storage and management capabilities. The Company has direct access to four Class I rail lines and the ability to access all Class 1 rail lines within the United States and Canada.

The Company has several in-basin rail terminals. The Company acquired rights in March 2018 to operate a unit train capable transloading terminal in Van Hook, North Dakota to service the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin. In 2020, the Company, as part of its acquisition of the Utica, Illinois facility, obtained rights to use a rail terminal located in El Reno, Oklahoma. In September 2021, the Company acquired the rights to construct and operate a transloading terminal in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania to service the Appalachian Basin, including the Marcellus and Utica Formations, which became operational in January 2022. The Company is expanding the Waynesburg terminal and expects this expansion to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2023.

The Company’s SmartSystems offer proppant storage solutions that create efficiencies, flexibility, enhanced safety and reliability for customers by providing the capability to unload, store and deliver proppant at the wellsite, as well as the ability to rapidly set up, takedown and transport the entire system. The SmartDepotTM silo includes passive and active dust suppression technology, along with the capability of gravity-fed operation. The self-contained SmartPath® transloader is a mobile sand transloading system designed to work with bottom dump trailers and features a drive over conveyor, surge bin, and dust collection system. The Company has developed the SmartbeltTM a belt system to pair with its SmartPath, which allows for feeding sand directly into the hopper at the wellsite. Rapid deployment trailers are designed for quick setup, takedown and

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

transportation of the entire SmartSystem, and they detach from the wellsite equipment, which allows for removal from the wellsite during operation. A proprietary software program, the SmartSystem TrackerTM, allows customers to monitor silo-specific information, including location, proppant type and proppant inventory.

NOTE 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The information presented below supplements the complete description of our significant accounting policies disclosed in our 2022 Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 28, 2023.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited quarterly condensed consolidated financial statements (“interim statements”) of the Company are presented in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC for quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and therefore do not include all the information and notes required by GAAP. In the opinion of management, all adjustments and disclosures necessary for a fair presentation of these interim statements have been included. All adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The results reported in these interim statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be reported for the entire year. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2022. These interim statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Revision of Previously Issued Financial Statements for Immaterial Misstatements

During the quarter ended March 31, 2023, the Company identified a misclassification in the operating expenses section of the statement of operations in the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022. The misclassification was an overstatement of salaries, benefits and payroll taxes and an understatement of selling, general and administrative in the amount of $1,462. For the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2022, the Company has decreased salaries, benefits and payroll taxes and increased selling, general and administrative line items by $1,462. There was no effect to the amounts reported in the first, second or third quarter financial statements of 2022. Pursuant to the guidance of Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 99, “Materiality”, the Company evaluated the materiality of this misclassification quantitatively and qualitatively and concluded that it was not material to any of its prior annual or quarterly financial statements or trends of financial results. The Company has reclassified the prior year financial statement presentation to conform to the current financial statement presentation. These reclassifications have no effect on previously reported net income. Additionally, certain 2022 operating expenses have been reclassified to conform to the current financial statement presentation. The reclassifications have no effect on previously reported net income.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of interim statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates used in the preparation of these financial statements include, but are not limited to: impairment considerations of assets, including intangible assets, fixed assets, and inventory; estimated cost of future asset retirement obligations; fair value of acquired assets and assume liabilities; recoverability of deferred tax assets; inventory reserve; the collectability of receivables; and certain liabilities.

Actual results could differ from management’s best estimates as additional information or actual results become available in the future, and those differences could be material. Additionally, global events such as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and the recent conflict in the Middle East may affect oil and natural gas prices and significant volatility in the oilfield service sector. The Company is currently unable to estimate the effect of current or future events on its future financial position and results of operations. Therefore, the Company can give no assurances that these events will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position or results of operations.

Employee Retention Credit

The Company qualified for federal government assistance through employee retention credit provisions of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2021. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company included $522 and $1,180, respectively, in prepaid expenses and other current assets on its consolidated balance sheets related to receivables for

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

the employee retention credits. The calculation of the credit was based on employees continued employment and represents a portion of the wages paid to them. For income tax purposes, the credit will result in decreased expense related to the wages it offsets in the period received.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

There are no recent accounting pronouncements that materially affect the financial statements of the Company.

NOTE 3 — Acquisition

Asset Acquisition - Blair Facility

On March 4, 2022, the Company entered into a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Hi-Crush Inc., a Delaware corporation (“HCR”), and Hi-Crush Blair LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of HCR (“Blair”), pursuant to which the Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interest of Blair from HCR for aggregate cash consideration of $6,450, subject to customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the Purchase Agreement (the “Transaction”).

The primary assets of Blair consisted of an idle frac sand mine and related processing facility located in Blair, Wisconsin. The Blair facility, which has approximately 2.9 million tons of total annual processing capacity and contains an onsite, unit train capable rail terminal with access to the Class 1 Canadian National Railway, became operational in April 2023.

The Company accounted for this transaction as an asset acquisition based on an evaluation of the guidance in ASC 805. The Company determined that there was not a substantive process in place that generates outputs that can be sold to a customer, and therefore the acquisition did not meet the definition of a business. The Company recognized identifiable assets acquired on a relative fair value basis. All assets acquired are allocated to property, plant and equipment, net on the balance sheet as of March 31, 2022. As of March 31, 2022, the Company also recorded an increase to its asset retirement obligations and a corresponding increase in purchases of property plant and equipment in the amount of $8,281 and subsequently revised the estimate to $1,988 based on its mine plan as of December 31, 2022.

The table below presents the calculation of the total purchase consideration:


Base price consideration	$	6,450
Net working capital adjustments and capitalized costs	97
Total purchase consideration	$	6,547

NOTE 4 — Inventory

Inventory consisted of the following:


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Raw material	$	330	$	844
Work in progress	8,511		6,240
Finished goods	9,102		7,534
Spare parts	8,012		5,567
Total inventory	$	25,955	$	20,185

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 5 — Property, Plant and Equipment, net

Net property, plant and equipment consisted of:


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Machinery, equipment and tooling	$	40,114	$	36,483
SmartSystems	30,229		28,376
Vehicles	4,066		3,835
Furniture and fixtures	1,452		1,421
Plant and building	208,685		200,480
Real estate properties	6,184		6,155
Railroad and sidings	33,765		33,698
Land and land improvements	40,506		40,433
Asset retirement obligations	22,583		22,583
Mineral properties	7,442		7,442
Deferred mining costs	3,802		2,470
Construction in progress	9,108		10,421
	407,936		393,797
Less: accumulated depreciation and depletion	152,292		134,954
Total property, plant and equipment, net	$	255,644	$	258,843

Depreciation expense was $6,776 and $6,498 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and $19,661 and $19,309 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

NOTE 6 — Accrued and Other Expenses

Accrued and other expenses were comprised of the following:


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Employee related expenses	$	2,342	$	1,172

Accrued equipment expense	485		597
Accrued professional fees	481		295
Accrued royalties	2,961		3,470
Accrued freight and delivery charges	5,152		4,117
Accrued real estate tax	2,013		1,008
Accrued utilities	1,111		1,604
Sales tax liability	145		829
Income tax payable	247		—
Other accrued liabilities	524		338
Total accrued liabilities	$	15,461	$	13,430

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 7 — Debt

The current portion of long-term debt consists of the following:


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022

Oakdale Equipment Financing	$	4,220	$	4,041
Notes payable	1,273		1,782
Finance leases	198		360
Current portion of long-term debt	$	5,691	$	6,183

Long-term debt, net of current portion consists of the following:


	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
ABL Credit Facility	$	—	$	—
Oakdale Equipment Financing, net	4,705		7,753

Notes payable	1,618		1,594
Finance leases	572		460
Long-term debt	$	6,895	$	9,807

The follow summarizes the maturity of our debt:


	ABL Credit Facility		Oakdale Equipment Financing		Notes Payable		Finance Leases		Total
Remainder of 2023	$	—	$	1,160	$	407	$	82	$	1,649
2024	—		6,889		1,290		257		8,436
2025	—		1,724		680		257		2,661
2026	—		—		622		246		868
2027	—		—		339		59		398
2028 and thereafter	—		—		—		7		7
Total minimum payments	—		9,773		3,338		908		14,019
Amount representing interest	—		(626)		(447)		(138)		(1,211)
Amount representing unamortized lender fees	—		(222)		—		—		(222)
Present value of payments							770
Less: current portion	—		(4,220)		(1,273)		(198)		(5,691)
Total long-term debt	$	—	$	4,705	$	1,618	$	572	$	6,895

ABL Credit Facility

On December 13, 2019, the Company entered into a $20,000 five-year senior secured asset-based credit facility with Jefferies Finance LLC. The available borrowing amount under the ABL Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023 was $20,000 and is based on the Company’s eligible accounts receivable and inventory, as described in the ABL Credit Agreement. As of September 30, 2023, there were $1,000 in letters of credit outstanding under the ABL Credit Facility with $19,000 available to

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

be drawn. As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants. As of September 30, 2023, there were no outstanding borrowings under our credit facility.

Oakdale Equipment Financing

On December 13, 2019, the Company received net proceeds of $23,000 in an equipment financing arrangement with Nexseer. Substantially all of the Company’s mining and processing equipment at its Oakdale facility are pledged as collateral under the Oakdale Equipment Financing. The Oakdale Equipment Financing bears interest at a fixed rate of 5.79%.

Notes Payable

The Company has entered into various financing arrangements, primarily to finance heavy equipment purchases as well as its manufactured wellsite proppant storage solutions equipment. Upon completion of the equipment manufacturing, title to the subject equipment passes to the financial institutions as collateral. As of September 30, 2023, these notes payable bear interest at rates between 3.99% and 7.49%.

On February 28, 2023, the Company purchased 5,176 shares of the Company’s common stock from Clearlake Capital Partners II (Master), L.P., an affiliate of Clearlake Capital Group (“Clearlake”), for $8,850, of which $4,425 was paid in cash and the remainder was financed through an unsecured promissory note, bearing interest of 10%, issued to Clearlake. This purchase represented all of the common stock previously owned by Clearlake and approximately 11.3% of the number of outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock as of immediately prior to the purchase. At the time of purchase, Clearlake was a related party to the Company, and José Feliciano, the Co-Founder and Managing Partner of Clearlake, remains on our board of directors.As of September 30, 2023, the entire balance of the unsecured promissory note has been paid in full.

NOTE 8 — Leases

Lessee

The operating and financing components of the Company’s right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets were as follows:


	Balance Sheet Location	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Right-of-use assets
Operating	Operating right-of-use assets	$	24,448	$	26,075
Financing	Property, plant and equipment, net	766		699
Total right-of use assets		$	25,214	$	26,774

Lease liabilities
Operating	Operating lease liabilities, current and long-term portions	$	26,117	$	28,552
Financing	Long-term debt, current and long-term portions	770		820
Total lease liabilities		$	26,887	$	29,372

Operating lease costs are recorded as a single expense on the statement of operations and allocated to the right-of-use assets and the related lease liabilities as depreciation expense and interest expense, respectively. Lease cost recognized in the consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was as follows:

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Finance lease cost
Amortization of right-of-use assets	$	89	$	30	$	232	$	96
Interest on lease liabilities	21		5		55		16
Operating lease cost	3,692		3,174		10,305		9,054
Short-term lease cost	9		101		27		547


Total lease cost	$	3,811	$	3,310	$	10,619	$	9,713

Other information related to the Company’s leasing activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows:


	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023			2022
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows used for finance leases	$	55		$	16
Operating cash flows used for operating leases	$	11,112		$	9,810
Financing cash flows used for finance leases	$	323		$	88


Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	7,805		$	6,301


Weighted average remaining lease term - finance leases	3.4 years			1.1 years
Weighted average discount rate - finance leases	9.63		%	6.87		%
Weighted average remaining lease term - operating leases	2.7 years			3.0 years
Weighted average discount rate - operating leases	6.32		%	5.81		%

Maturities of the Company’s lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023 are as follows:


	Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Total
Remainder of 2023	$	2,954	$	82	$	3,036
2024	12,074		257		12,331
2025	7,235		257		7,492
2026	3,912		246		4,158
2027	1,663		59		1,722
Thereafter	626		7		633
Total cash lease payments	28,464		908		29,372
Less: amounts representing interest	(2,347)		(138)		(2,485)
Total lease liabilities	$	26,117	$	770	$	26,887

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 9 — Asset Retirement Obligations

The Company had a post-closure reclamation and site restoration obligation of $19,558 as of September 30, 2023. The following is a reconciliation of the total reclamation liability for asset retirement obligations.


Balance at December 31, 2022	$	18,888

Accretion expense	670

Balance at September 30, 2023	$	19,558

NOTE 10 — Revenue

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by type and percentage of total revenues for the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023				2022				2023				2022
	Revenue		Percentage of Total Revenue		Revenue		Percentage of Total Revenue		Revenue		Percentage of Total Revenue		Revenue		Percentage of Total Revenue
Sand sales revenue	$	72,480	94	%	$	66,663	93	%	$	223,013	95	%	$	172,063	94	%
Shortfall revenue	2,389		3	%	2,681		4	%	4,304		2	%	4,596		3	%
Logistics revenue	2,031		3	%	2,248		3	%	6,709		3	%	5,252		3	%
Total revenue	$	76,900	100	%	$	71,592	100	%	$	234,026	100	%	$	181,911	100	%

The Company recorded $6,959 of deferred revenue on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022, of which $6,824 has been recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the remaining amount is expected to be recognized during the remainder of 2023. As of September 30, 2023, the Company had $159,418 in unsatisfied performance obligations related to contracts with customers. The Company expects to perform these obligations and recognize revenue of $15,696, $71,386, and $72,336 in the remainder of 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

NOTE 11 — Earnings Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share of common stock is computed by dividing net income attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, excluding the dilutive effects of restricted stock. Diluted net income (loss) per share of common stock is computed by dividing the net income attributable to common stockholders by the sum of the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period plus the potential dilutive effects of shares of restricted stock outstanding during the period calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, although shares of restricted stock are excluded if their effect is anti-dilutive. The number of shares underlying equity-based awards that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive was 1,915 and 2,625 for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The number of shares underlying equity-based awards that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive was 1,922 and 2,093 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Other periods presented below are in periods with a net loss and there was no difference between basic and diluted net loss per share of common stock. The following table reconciles the weighted-average common shares outstanding used in the calculation of basic net (loss) income per share to the weighted average common shares outstanding used in the calculation of diluted net income per share.


	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023	2022	2023	2022
Weighted average common shares outstanding	38,253	42,522	39,153	42,265
Assumed conversion of restricted stock	159	2	86	—
Diluted weighted average common stock outstanding	38,412	42,524	39,239	42,265

NOTE 12 — Income Taxes

The Company calculates its interim income tax provision by estimating the annual expected effective tax rate and applying that rate to its ordinary year-to-date earnings or loss. In addition, the effect of changes in enacted tax laws, rates or tax status is recognized in the interim period in which the change occurs.

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the effective tax rate was approximately (38.8)% and 23.6%, respectively, based on the annual effective tax rate net of discrete federal and state taxes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the effective tax rate was approximately (60.8)% and 40.7%, respectively, based on the annual effective tax rate net of discrete federal and state taxes. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, the statutory tax rate was 21.0%. The computation of the effective tax rate includes modifications from the statutory rate such as income tax credits, tax depletion deduction, carrybacks, and state apportionment changes, among other items.

The Company has recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions included in its consolidated balance sheet of $2,240 as of December 31, 2022. There was no material change for the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company determined that it is more likely than not that it will not be able to fully realize the benefits of certain existing deductible temporary differences and has recorded a partial valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets, which is included in the long-term deferred tax liabilities, net on its consolidated balance sheets. At December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a partial valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets on its consolidated balance sheet in the amount of $1,588. There was no material change for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

The Company’s federal income tax returns subsequent to 2017 remain open to audit by taxing authorities. The Company has not been informed that its tax returns are the subject of any audit or investigation by taxing authorities.

NOTE 13 — Concentrations

As of September 30, 2023, six customers accounted for 79% of the Company’s total accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2022, 65% of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance was with three customers.

SMART SAND, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)

(UNAUDITED)

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, 40% of the Company’s revenues were earned from two customers. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, 62% of the Company’s revenues were earned from four customers. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, 41% of the Company’s revenues were earned from two customers. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, 65% of the Company’s revenues were earned from four customers.

As of September 30, 2023, one vendor accounted for 14% of the Company’s accounts payable. As of December 31, 2022, one vendor accounted for 17% of the Company’s accounts payable.

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, one supplier accounted for 21% of the Company’s cost of goods sold. During the three months ended September 30, 2022, two suppliers accounted for 37% of the Company’s cost of goods sold. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, two suppliers accounted for 33% of the Company’s cost of goods sold. During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, two suppliers accounted for 33% of the Company’s cost of goods sold.

The Company’s primary product is Northern White sand and its mining operations are limited to Wisconsin and Illinois. There is a risk of loss if there are significant environmental, legal or economic changes to these geographic areas of our mines, the oil and natural gas producing basins they serve, or the transportation routes between them.

NOTE 14 — Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation

In addition to the matters described below, the Company may be subject to various legal proceedings, claims and governmental inspections, audits or investigations arising out of our operations in the normal course of business, which cover matters such as general commercial, governmental and trade regulations, product liability, environmental, intellectual property, employment and other actions. Although the outcomes of these routine claims cannot be predicted with certainty, in the opinion of management, the ultimate resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial statements.

Cory Berg, et al. v. Hi-Crush Blair LLC, LLC et al., Case No. 2019-cv-65, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin

Leland Drangstveit, et al. v. Hi-Crush Blair, LLC, et al., Case No. 2019-cv-66, Trempealeau County, Wisconsin

On April 22, 2019 and September 29, 2021, Cory Berg, et al. and Leland Drangstveit, et al., respectively (collectively, the “Plaintiffs”), filed complaints and an amended complaint in separate actions against Blair, certain of its subcontractors and its and their respective insurance companies in the Circuit Court of the State of Wisconsin in and for Trempealeau County (Case Nos. 19-CV-65 and 19-CV-66, respectively). The Plaintiffs allege that Blair and its subcontractors were negligent and created a nuisance by, among other things, generating excessive noise, light and dust. The Plaintiffs are seeking unspecified monetary damages and other relief. The insurance companies included as defendants have asserted counterclaims seeking declarations as to their rights and liabilities under their respective applicable commercial general liability insurance policies. HCR has agreed under the Purchase Agreement to indemnify the Company for any actions or omissions of HCR or its affiliates (including Blair) that occurred prior to the closing of the Company’s acquisition of Blair. The cases are currently in the discovery phase and at this time, the Company is unable to express an opinion as to the likely outcome in the matter.

Bonds

The Company has performance bonds with various public and private entities regarding reclamation, permitting and maintenance of public roadways. Total aggregate principal amount of performance bonds outstanding as of September 30, 2023 was $18,868.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

ITEM 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis summarizes the significant factors affecting the consolidated operating results, financial condition, liquidity and cash flows of the Company as of and for the periods presented below. The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related information contained herein and our audited financial statements as of December 31, 2022 contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. We use contribution margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow herein as non-GAAP measures of our financial performance. For further discussion of contribution margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow, see the section entitled “Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” We define various terms to simplify the presentation of information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this “Report”). All share amounts are presented in thousands.

Forward-Looking Statements

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are based on the beliefs of our management, as well as assumptions made by, and information currently available to our management. Actual results could differ materially from those discussed in or implied by forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those discussed herein and in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Our estimates and forward-looking statements are primarily based on our current expectations and estimates of future events and trends, which affect or may affect our business and operations. Although we believe that these estimates and forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions, they are subject to several risks and uncertainties and are made in light of information currently available to us. Important factors, in addition to the factors described in this Report, may adversely affect our results as indicated in forward-looking statements. You should read this Report and the documents that we have filed as exhibits hereto completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. The words “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential,” “might,” “would,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology and similar words are intended to identify estimates and forward-looking statements. Estimates and forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they were made, and, except to the extent required by law, we undertake no obligation to update, to revise or to review any estimate and/or forward-looking statement because of new information, future events or other factors. Estimates and forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties and are not guarantees of future performance. As a result of the risks and uncertainties described above, the estimates and forward-looking statements discussed in this Report might not occur and our future results, level of activity, performance or achievements may differ materially from those expressed in these forward-looking statements due to, including, but not limited to, the factors mentioned above, and the differences may be material and adverse. Because of these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

Overview

The Company

We are a fully integrated frac and industrial sand supply and services company. We offer complete mine to wellsite proppant supply and logistics solutions to our frac sand customers. We produce low-cost, high quality Northern White sand, which is a premium sand used as proppant to enhance hydrocarbon recovery rates in the hydraulic fracturing of oil and natural gas wells and for a variety of industrial applications. We also offer proppant logistics solutions to our customers through our in-basin transloading terminals, a network of third party in-basin transloading terminals and our SmartSystemsTM wellsite proppant storage services. Our IPS business offers sand for industrial uses to our customer base and provides diversification to markets other than the oil and gas industry.

We market our products and services to oil and natural gas exploration and production companies, oilfield service companies and industrial products distributors and manufacturers. We sell our sand through long-term contracts or spot sales in the open market. We provide wellsite proppant storage solutions services and equipment under flexible contract terms custom tailored to meet the needs of our customers. We believe that, among other things, the size and favorable geologic characteristics of our sand reserves, the strategic location and logistical advantages of our facilities with access to all Class I rail lines, our

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

proprietary SmartDepotTM portable wellsite proppant storage silos, our proprietary SmartPath® transloader, and the industry experience of our senior management team make us as a highly attractive provider of sand and logistics services.

We incorporated in Delaware in July 2011 and began operations at our Oakdale, Wisconsin facility with 1.1 million tons of annual processing capacity in July 2012. After several expansions, our current annual processing capacity at our Oakdale facility is 5.5 million tons, which has access to both the Canadian Pacific and Union Pacific rail networks. In 2020, we acquired our Utica, Illinois mine and processing facility, which has an annual processing capacity of 1.6 million tons and access to the Burlington Northern Santa Fe rail network.

In March 2022, we acquired our Blair, Wisconsin facility, which has approximately 2.9 million tons of total annual processing capacity and contains an onsite, unit train capable rail terminal with access to the Class 1 Canadian National rail network. We commenced operations at the Blair facility in the second quarter of 2023.

We sell frac sand through a network of in-basin rail terminals. We directly control three in-basin transloading facilities and have access to third party transloading terminals in all operating basins. We operate a unit train capable transloading terminal in Van Hook, North Dakota to service the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin, which has been providing Northern White Sand in-basin to our customers since the Van Hook terminal became operational in April 2018. In 2020, as part of our acquisition of the Utica, Illinois mining facility, we obtained rights to use a rail terminal located in El Reno, Oklahoma. In January 2022, we began operations at an additional unit train capable transloading terminal in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania to service the Appalachian Basin, including the Marcellus and Utica Formations. We are expanding our terminal in Waynesburg and expect this expansion to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2023.

We also offer to our customers portable wellsite storage and management solutions through our SmartSystems products and services. Our SmartSystems provide our customers with the capability to unload, store and deliver proppant at the wellsite, as well as the ability to rapidly set up, takedown and transport the entire system. This capability creates efficiencies, flexibility, enhanced safety and reliability for customers. Through our SmartSystems wellsite proppant storage solutions, we offer the SmartDepot and SmartDepotXL™ silo systems, the Smartbelt conveyor, SmartPath transloader, and our rapid deployment trailers. Our SmartDepot silos include passive and active dust suppression technology, along with the capability of a gravity-fed operation. Our self-contained SmartPath transloader is a mobile sand transloading system designed to work with bottom dump trailers and features a drive over conveyor, surge bin, and dust collection system. We believe this system has the ability to keep up with any hydraulic fracturing operation. The Smartbelt is a belt system that is paired with our SmartPath which allows feeding sand directly into the hopper at the wellsite leading to more efficient delivery of the sand into hopper. Our rapid deployment trailers are designed for quick setup, takedown and transportation of the entire SmartSystem, and detach from the wellsite equipment, which allows for removal from the wellsite during operation. We have also developed a proprietary software program, the SmartSystem Tracker™, which allows our SmartSystems customers to monitor silo-specific information, including location, proppant type and proppant inventory. We believe that our SmartSystems reduce trucking and related fuel consumption for our customers, helping them meet their goals to reduce their carbon footprint in their daily operations.

In late 2021, we started our IPS business whereby we offer our sand to customers for various industrial purposes, such as glass, foundry, building products, filtration, geothermal, renewables, ceramics, turf & landscape, retail, and recreation. We believe this business will provide us with the ability to diversify our sales into more stable, consumer-driven products to help mitigate price volatility in the oil and gas industry. We are expanding our IPS processing at our Utica, Illinois plant to provide blending and cooling capabilities. We expect this expansion to be operational in the fourth quarter of 2023.

Market Trends

Our historical results of operations and cash flows may not be indicative of results of operations and cash flows to be expected in the future.

During most of 2020, demand for frac sand declined significantly due to decreased demand for oil and natural gas as a result of the ongoing effects of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, which caused a global decrease in all means of travel, the closure of borders between countries and a general slowing of economic activity worldwide. Activity in the oil and gas industry began to rebound in the fourth quarter of 2020 and through 2021 as the global distribution of COVID-19 vaccines ramped up and travel restrictions lessened. However, the prices of frac sand remained depressed during 2021 as supply

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

remained out of balance with demand even though market activity was improving. Beginning in the first quarter of 2022 and continuing through the third quarter of 2023, supply and demand fundamentals have shifted, which has led to pricing improvements in frac sand. Currently, completion activity has moderated due to normal reductions in spending and seasonal slowdowns in activity in the fourth quarter of the year leading to supply and demand for northern white sand being relatively balanced and average sand prices flattening out.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine and recent developments in the Middle East may effect oil and natural gas prices and volatility in the oilfield service sector. Additionally, other economic factors, including continued high inflation and slower economic growth could lead to a global economic recession that could have a negative affect on global oil and natural gas demand, which may lead to continued volatility in the oil field service sector. We cannot predict if positive pricing trends for our products will continue, increase, decrease or stabilize.

Northern White sand, which is found predominantly in Wisconsin and limited portions of Minnesota, Illinois, and Missouri, is considered a premium proppant due to its favorable physical characteristics. While we believe that regional sand will continue to affect the demand for Northern White sand in some of the oil and natural gas producing basins in which we operate, we believe there will continue to be demand for our high-quality Northern White sand. In particular, we believe that Northern White sand has logistical advantages in the Appalachian basin, Bakken basin, and in Canada. We expect demand for our frac sand to continue to be supported by customers who are focused on long-term well performance and ultimate recovery of reserves from the oil and natural gas wells they are completing as well as those interested in the efficiency of their logistics supply chain and delivery of sand to the wellsite. Additionally, we believe market trends continue to support increased proppant usage per well drilled due to operator focus on well efficiencies through increasing lengths of drilling laterals, use of simul-fracking techniques and other well enhancement strategies. As the amount of sand per well continues to increase, we believe the delivery of sand to the operating basins by rail in bulk shipments to terminals in close proximity to drilling activity provides more sustainable and efficient delivery of sand to meet a customer’s long-term proppant needs. Finally, we believe that the adoption of our SmartSystems in the marketplace, which can deliver higher quantities of sand has a smaller footprint on customer sites than other sand storage solutions, will allow us to sell more sand when packaged with our last mile solutions. We believe the combination of our high quality Northern White sand delivered in bulk to in basin terminals and ultimately delivered to the wellsite through our SmartSystems wellsite proppant storage solutions provide our customers efficient and sustainable sand supply to the wellsite that will reduce trucking and related fuel consumption for our customers, helping them to meet their goals to reduce their carbon footprint in their daily operations.

Demand in the IPS business is relatively stable as customers are spread over a wide range of industries including glass, foundry, building products, filtration, geothermal, renewables, ceramics, turf & landscape, retail, recreation and more. The IPS business is primarily influenced by macroeconomic drivers such as consumer demand and population growth. We believe that as this business grows, it will provide us with the ability to diversify our sales into more stable, consumer-driven products to help mitigate price volatility in the oil and gas industry.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

GAAP Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2022

The following table summarizes our revenue and expenses for the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2023		2022		Dollars		Percentage

Revenues:
Sand sales revenue	$	72,480	$	66,663	$	5,817	9	%
Shortfall revenue	2,389		2,681		(292)		(11)	%
Logistics revenue	2,031		2,248		(217)		(10)	%
Total revenue	76,900		71,592		5,308		7	%
Cost of goods sold	62,502		60,163		2,339		4	%
Gross profit	14,398		11,429		2,969		26	%
Operating expenses:
Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes	4,292		3,554		738		21	%
Depreciation and amortization	647		556		91		16	%
Selling, general and administrative	4,625		4,008		617		15	%
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets, net	(92)		(466)		374		80	%

Total operating expenses	9,472		7,652		1,820		24	%
Operating income (loss)	4,926		3,777		1,149		30	%
Other income (expenses):

Interest expense, net	(276)		(411)		135		33	%
Other income	198		148		50		34	%
Total other income (expenses), net	(78)		(263)		185		70	%
Income (loss) before income tax expense (benefit)	4,848		3,514		1,334		38	%
Income tax expense (benefit)	(1,879)		831		(2,710)		(326)	%
Net income (loss)	$	6,727	$	2,683	$	4,044	151	%

Revenues

Revenues were $76.9 million and tons sold were approximately 1,219,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2022 were $71.6 million, during which time we sold approximately 1,110,000 tons of sand. The key factors contributing to the increase in revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows:

•Sand sales revenue increased 9% from $66.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to $72.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Revenues increased as a result of greater tons sold. Frac sand demand remained strong due to continuing trends of utilizing more frac sand per well completed, higher oil and natural gas demand and higher oil prices.

•Logistics revenue, which is primarily SmartSystems rentals, was marginally lower at approximately $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The drop in logistics revenue was due to lower fleet utilization in the third quarter of 2023 due to the timing of well completion activity of SmartSystem customers.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold was $62.5 million and $60.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due higher tons sold which led to an increase in freight costs, maintenance, and higher labor expenses, offset by lower utilities and excavation costs.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $14.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023, compared to $11.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in profitability for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to higher tons sold.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses were $9.5 million and $7.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes increased to $4.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $3.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, due primarily to increased wages as a result of increased headcount as we began production at our Blair facility. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $4.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to an increase in royalties and real estate taxes paid related to our Blair facility.

Interest Expense, net

We incurred $0.3 million and 0.4 million of net interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income Tax (Benefit) Expense

For the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, our effective tax rate was approximately (38.8)% and 23.6%, respectively, based on the annual effective tax rate net of discrete federal and state taxes. The computation of the effective tax rate includes modifications from the statutory rate such as income tax credits, tax depletion deduction, carrybacks, and state apportionment changes, among other items.

As of September 30, 2023, we have recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions included in our balance sheet, related to our depletion deduction methodology. As of September 30, 2023, we determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to fully realize the benefits of certain existing deductible temporary differences and have recorded a partial valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets, which is included in liabilities, long-term, net on our balance sheet, and a corresponding increase to the income tax expense on our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Net Income

Net income was $6.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to net income of $2.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. The improvement in net income in the current period relative to the prior period is primarily due to increase in total tons sold due to higher demand, partially offset by an increase in operating expenses.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

The following table summarizes our revenue and expenses for the periods indicated.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2023		2022		Dollars		Percentage
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Sand sales revenue	$	223,013	$	172,063	$	50,950	30	%
Shortfall revenue	4,304		4,596		(292)		(6)	%
Logistics revenue	6,709		5,252		1,457		28	%
Total revenue	234,026		181,911		52,115		29	%
Cost of goods sold	195,302		163,492		31,810		19	%
Gross profit	38,724		18,419		20,305		110	%
Operating expenses:
Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes	13,800		10,171		3,629		36	%
Depreciation and amortization	1,868		1,646		222		13	%
Selling, general and administrative	14,834		11,867		2,967		25	%
Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets, net	1,821		(482)		2,303		478	%


Total operating expenses	32,323		23,202		9,121		39	%
Operating income (loss)	6,401		(4,783)		11,184		234	%
Other income (expenses):

Interest expense, net	(940)		(1,244)		304		24	%
Other income	405		416		(11)		(3)	%
Total other income (expenses), net	(535)		(828)		293		35	%
Income (loss) before income tax benefit	5,866		(5,611)		11,477		205	%
Income tax benefit	(3,569)		(2,282)		(1,287)		56	%
Net income (loss)	$	9,435	$	(3,329)	$	12,764	383	%

Revenues

Revenues were $234.0 million and tons sold were approximately 3,498,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $181.9 million, during which time we sold approximately 3,158,000 tons of sand. The key factors contributing to the increase in revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 were as follows:

•Sand sales revenue increased 30% from $172.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $223.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as a result of an approximately 11% increase in total volumes sold and higher average sales prices for our sand. Average sand prices improved in the first nine months of 2023 due to higher demand, compared to the same period in 2023, as customer completion activity accelerated in the first half of 2023.

•Logistics revenue, which includes primarily SmartSystems rentals, was approximately $6.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $5.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in logistics revenue was due to higher utilization of our SmartSystems fleet.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold was $195.3 million and $163.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to higher volumes sold in the current period and the related increase in production costs, and freight costs and transloading costs at in-basin terminals.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $38.7 million and $18.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. The increase in the gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily due to higher sales volumes and higher average sales prices of our sand relative to the cost to produce and deliver products to our customers.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses were $32.3 million and $23.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively. Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes increased to $13.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to $10.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due primarily to increased staffing to support our business as we expand our Blair facility. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $14.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $11.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022, due to higher royalties from increased sales activity at our Blair facility and increased insurance expense. In the first quarter of 2023, we recorded a $1.9 million net loss on disposal of fixed assets as we reconfigured one of our wet plants to increase the efficiency of its operations and upgraded some of our mining equipment.

Interest Expense, net

We incurred $0.9 million and 1.2 million of net interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.

Income Tax Benefit

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, our effective tax rate was approximately (60.8)% and 40.7%, respectively, based on the annual effective tax rate net of discrete federal and state taxes. The computation of the effective tax rate includes modifications from the statutory rate such as income tax credits, tax depletion deduction, carrybacks, and state apportionment changes, among other items.

As of September 30, 2023, we have recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions included on our balance sheet, related to our depletion deduction methodology. As of September 30, 2023, we determined that it is more likely than not that we will not be able to fully realize the benefits of certain existing deductible temporary differences and have recorded a partial valuation allowance against the gross deferred tax assets, which is included in liabilities, long-term, net on our balance sheet, and a corresponding increase to the income tax expense on our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

Net Income

Net income was $9.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as compared to net loss of $3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in net income year-over-year is primarily attributable to an increase in total volumes sold and higher average sales prices of our sand, partially offset by cost of goods sold, higher operating expenses and a $1.9 million of net loss on disposal of fixed assets as we reconfigured one of our wet plants to increase the efficiency of its operations and upgraded some of our mining equipment in the current period.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Contribution margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow are not financial measures presented in accordance with GAAP. We believe that the presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures will provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations. Gross profit is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to contribution margin, net income is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA and net cash provided by operating activities is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to free cash flow. Our

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered as alternatives to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. Each of these non-GAAP financial measures has important limitations as analytical tools because they exclude some but not all items that affect the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures. You should not consider contribution margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA or free cash flow in isolation or as substitutes for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Because contribution margin, EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility.

Contribution Margin

We use contribution margin, which we define as total revenues less cost of goods sold excluding depreciation, depletion and accretion of asset retirement obligations, to measure our financial and operating performance. Contribution margin excludes other operating expenses and income, including costs not directly associated with the operations of our business such as accounting, human resources, information technology, legal, sales and other administrative activities.

We believe that reporting contribution margin and contribution margin per ton sold provides useful performance metrics to management and external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks, because these metrics provide an operating and financial measure of our ability, as a combined business, to generate margin in excess of our operating cost base.

Gross profit is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to contribution margin. Contribution margin should not be considered an alternative to gross profit presented in accordance with GAAP. Since contribution margin may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definition of contribution margin may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing its utility. The following table presents a reconciliation of gross profit to contribution margin.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per ton amounts)
Revenue	$	76,900	$	71,592	$	234,026	$	181,911
Cost of goods sold	62,502		60,163		195,302		163,492
Gross profit (loss)	14,398		11,429		38,724		18,419
Depreciation, depletion, and accretion of asset retirement obligations	6,573		6,340		19,088		18,854
Contribution margin	$	20,971	$	17,769	$	57,812	$	37,273
Contribution margin per ton	$	17.20	$	16.01	$	16.53	$	11.80
Total tons sold	1,219		1,110		3,498		3,158

Contribution margin was $21.0 million and $17.8 million, or $17.20 and $16.01 per ton sold, for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Contribution margin was $57.8 million and $37.3 million, or $16.53 and $11.80 per ton sold, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in overall contribution margin and contribution margin per ton for the three months ended September 30, 2023, when compared to the same period in 2022, was primarily due to higher tons sold. The increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022, was due primarily to higher sales volumes and higher average sales prices along with increased IPS sales and higher utilization of our SmartSystems fleet in the current period.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

We define EBITDA as net income, plus: (i) depreciation, depletion and amortization expense; (ii) income tax expense (benefit); (iii) interest expense; and (iv) franchise taxes. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, plus: (i) gain or loss on sale of fixed assets or discontinued operations; (ii) integration and transition costs associated with specified transactions; (iii) equity compensation; (iv) acquisition and development costs; (v) non-recurring cash charges related to restructuring, retention and other similar actions; (vi) earn-out, contingent consideration obligations and other acquisition and development costs; and (vii)

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

non-cash charges and unusual or non-recurring charges. Adjusted EBITDA is used as a supplemental financial measure by management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks, to assess:

•the financial performance of our assets without regard to the impact of financing methods, capital structure or historical cost basis of our assets;

•the viability of capital expenditure projects and the overall rates of return on alternative investment opportunities;

•our ability to incur and service debt and fund capital expenditures;

•our operating performance as compared to those of other companies in our industry without regard to the impact of financing methods or capital structure; and

•our debt covenant compliance, as Adjusted EBITDA is a key component of critical covenants to the ABL Credit Facility.

We believe that our presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA will provide useful information to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations. Net income is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered alternatives to net income presented in accordance with GAAP. Because EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definitions of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing their utility. The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)
Net income (loss)	$	6,727	$	2,683	$	9,435	$	(3,329)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization	6,985		6,705		20,285		19,931
Income tax expense (benefit)	(1,879)		831		(3,569)		(2,282)
Interest expense	304		431		1,203		1,282
Franchise taxes	66		77		504		268
EBITDA	$	12,203	$	10,727	$	27,858	$	15,870
Net (gain) loss on disposal of fixed assets	(92)		(466)		1,821		(482)
Equity compensation	850		713		2,388		2,023

Acquisition and development costs	70		97		341		434

Cash charges related to restructuring and retention of employees	—		31		18		137
Accretion of asset retirement obligations	235		189		670		569
Adjusted EBITDA	$	13,266	$	11,291	$	33,096	$	18,551

Adjusted EBITDA was $13.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $11.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022, with the increase primarily due to an increase in tons sold. Adjusted EBITDA was $33.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $18.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, was primarily due to higher sales volumes, and higher average sales prices of our sand along with increased IPS sales and higher utilization of our SmartSystems.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow, which we define as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment, is used as a supplemental financial measure by our management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks, to measure the liquidity of our business.

Net cash provided by operating activities is the GAAP measure most directly comparable to free cash flows. Free cash flows should not be considered an alternative to net cash provided by operating activities presented in accordance with GAAP. Because free cash flows may be defined differently by other companies in our industry, our definition of free cash flows may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies, thereby diminishing its utility. The following table presents a reconciliation of net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flows.


	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands, except per ton amounts)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	12,477	$	10,780	$	33,650	$	(169)
Acquisition of Blair facility	—		—		—		(6,547)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment, net	(6,881)		(4,398)		(16,126)		(9,535)
Free cash flow	$	5,596	$	6,382	$	17,524	$	(16,251)

Free cash flow was $5.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $6.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2022. Free cash flow was $17.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to $(16.3) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in free cash flow for the three months ended September 30, 2023 was due to increase in capital expenditures, and the increase in free cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 in comparison to the same period in 2022 was primarily attributable to positive cash flows from operating activities due to higher net income and higher conversion of working capital to cash .

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flow generated from operations and availability under our ABL Credit Facility and other equipment financing sources. As of September 30, 2023, cash on hand was $9.3 million and we had $19.0 million in undrawn availability on our ABL Credit Facility.

Based on our balance sheet, cash flows, current market conditions, and information available to us at this time, we believe that we have sufficient liquidity and other available capital resources, to meet our cash needs for the next twelve months.

Material Cash Requirements

Capital Requirements

We expect full year 2023 capital expenditures, to be between $20.0 million and $23.0 million. Our expected capital expenditures for 2023 are primarily for process improvement and efficiency projects at our Oakdale and Utica facilities, expansion of our Waynesburg, Pennsylvania rail terminal, and the commencement of operations at our Blair facility. We expect to fund these capital expenditures with cash from operations, equipment financing options available to us or borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility.

SMART SAND, INC.

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

(UNAUDITED)

Indebtedness

Our debt facilities include the Oakdale Equipment Financing, various notes payable and our ABL Credit Facility. Our Oakdale Equipment Financing is secured by substantially all of the assets at our Oakdale facility. The outstanding balance under the Oakdale Equipment Financing as of September 30, 2023 was $8.9 million. Minimum cash payments on this facility for the remainder of 2023 are anticipated to be $1.2 million. Our various notes payable are primarily secured by heavy equipment purchases as well as our manufactured SmartSystems. Total debt under these notes payable as of September 30, 2023 was $2.9 million. Minimum cash payments on these notes payable for the remainder of 2023 are anticipated to be $0.4 million. There was no outstanding balances on our ABL Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023.

Operating Leases

We use leases primarily to procure certain office space, railcars and heavy equipment as part of our operations. The majority of our lease payments are fixed and determinable. Our operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023 were $26.1 million. Minimum cash payments on operating leases for the remainder of 2023 are anticipated to be $3.0 million.

Mineral Rights Property

The Company is obligated under certain contracts for minimum payments for the right to use land for extractive activities. The annual minimum payments under these contracts are approximately $2.5 million per year in the aggregate for the next 14 years.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had outstanding performance bonds of $18.9 million at September 30, 2023.

Contractual Obligations

As of September 30, 2023, we had contractual obligations for the ABL Credit Facility, Oakdale Equipment Financing, notes payable, operating and finance leases, delivery of sand, royalties and similar minimum payments for the rights to mine land, capital expenditures, asset retirement obligations, and other commitments to municipalities for maintenance.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations governing, among other things, hazardous materials, air and water emissions, environmental contamination and reclamation and the protection of the environment and natural resources. We have made, and expect to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws and regulations, but cannot predict the full amount of such future expenditures.

Seasonality

Our business is affected to some extent by seasonal fluctuations in weather that impact the production levels for a portion of our wet sand processing capacity. While our dry plants are able to process finished product volumes evenly throughout the year, same of our excavation and our wet sand processing activities have historically been limited during winter months. As a consequence, we typically have experienced lower cash operating costs in the first and fourth quarter of each calendar year, and higher cash operating costs in the second and third quarter of each calendar year when we have overproduced sand to meet demand in the winter months. These higher cash operating costs are capitalized into inventory and expensed when these tons are sold, which can lead to us having higher overall cost of production in the first and fourth quarters of each calendar year as we expense inventory costs that were previously capitalized. We have indoor wet processing facilities at two of our plant locations, which allow us to produce wet sand inventory year-round to support a portion of our dry sand processing capacity, which may reduce certain of the effects of this seasonality. We may also sell frac sand for use in oil and natural gas producing basins where severe weather conditions may curtail drilling activities and, as a result, our sales volumes to those areas may be reduced during such severe weather periods.

Customer Concentration

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, revenue from EQT Production Corporation, and Liberty Oilfield Services, and accounted for 27.6%, and 12.9% respectively, of total revenue. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, EQT Production Corporation, Halliburton Energy Services, Encino Energy and Liberty Oilfield Services accounted for 22.5%, 16.1%, 13.4%, and 13.0%, respectively, of total revenue.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

There have been no material changes in our critical accounting policies and procedures during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of interim statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates used in the preparation of these financial statements include, but are not limited to: impairment considerations of assets, including intangible assets, fixed assets, and inventory; estimated cost of future asset retirement obligations; fair values of acquired assets and assumed liabilities; recoverability of deferred tax assets; inventory reserve; and the collectability of receivables; and certain liabilities.

Actual results could differ from management’s best estimates as additional information or actual results become available in the future, and those differences could be material. Future economic performance is uncertain due to current high inflation and other economic concerns. We continue to actively monitor the global impact of current events, but we are unable to estimate the impact of future events on our financial position and results of operations or give any assurances that these events will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Interest Rate Risk

The majority of our debt is financed under fixed interest rates. Borrowings under the ABL Credit Facility bear interest at a rate per annum equal to an applicable margin, plus, at our option, either a LIBOR rate or an alternate base rate (“ABR”). The applicable margin is 2.00% for LIBOR loans and 1.00% for ABR loans. There was no outstanding balance under our ABL Credit Facility as of September 30, 2023. We do not believe this represents a material interest rate risk.

We have considered other changes in our exposure to market risks during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and have determined that there have been no additional material changes to our exposure to market risks from those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on February 28, 2023.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in internal control over financial reporting for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II – OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our operations in the normal course of business. The disclosure called for by Part II, Item 1 regarding our legal proceedings is incorporated by reference herein from Part I, Item 1. Note 14 - Commitments and Contingencies - Litigation of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors described in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, no shares were sold by the Company without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

We are committed to maintaining a culture that prioritizes mine safety. We believe that our commitment to safety, the environment and the communities in which we operate is critical to the success of our business. Our sand mining operations are subject to mining safety regulation. The U.S. Mining Safety and Health Administration (“MSHA”) is the primary regulatory organization governing frac sand mining and processing. Accordingly, MSHA regulates quarries, surface mines, underground mines and the industrial mineral processing facilities associated with and located at quarries and mines. The mission of MSHA is to administer the provisions of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 and to enforce compliance with mandatory miner safety and health standards. As part of MSHA’s oversight, representatives perform at least two unannounced inspections annually for each above-ground facility.

We are also subject to regulations by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, which has promulgated rules for workplace exposure to respirable silica for several other industries. Respirable silica is a known health hazard for workers exposed over long periods. MSHA is expected to adopt similar rules as part of its “Long Term Items” for rulemaking. Airborne respirable silica is associated with work areas at our site and is monitored closely through routine testing and MSHA inspection. If the workplace exposure limit is lowered significantly, we may be required to incur certain capital expenditures for equipment to reduce this exposure.

Our operations are subject to the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended by the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, which imposes stringent health and safety standards on numerous aspects of mineral extraction and processing operations, including the training of personnel, operating procedures, operating equipment, and other matters. Our failure to comply with such standards, or changes in such standards or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition or otherwise impose significant restrictions on our ability to conduct mineral extraction and processing operations. Following passage of The Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, MSHA significantly increased the numbers of citations and orders charged against mining operations. The dollar penalties assessed for citations issued has also increased in recent years. Information concerning mine safety violations or other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95.1 to this Report.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS


3.1						Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Smart Sand, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016)
3.2						Second Amended and Restated Bylaws of Smart Sand, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on November 15, 2016)
31.1*						Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2*						Certification Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1*†						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2*†						Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
95.1*						Mine Safety Disclosure Exhibit
101.INS						Extracted XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File as XBRL tags are embedded in the Inline XBRL document.
101.SCH*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE*						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104*						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)


*			Filed Herewith.
†			This certification is deemed not filed for purposes of section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


	Smart Sand, Inc.

November 7, 2023	By:	/s/ Lee E. Beckelman
		Lee E. Beckelman, Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)


	Smart Sand, Inc.

November 7, 2023	By:	/s/ Christopher M. Green
		Christopher M. Green, Vice President of Accounting
		(Principal Accounting Officer)