SmartRent, Inc. - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the year ended December 31, 2022

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number: 001-39991

SMARTRENT, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

(844) 479-1555

(Registrant’s Telephone Number)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No   ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes   ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act): Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2022, the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $569.4 million based on the closing price of the registrant's Class A Common Stock as reported by the New York Stock Exchange on that date.

As of March 6, 2023, there were 199,252,761 shares of the registrant’s Class A Common Stock outstanding, par value $0.0001 per share.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Report”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”). All statements contained in this Report, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements, including statements regarding our future operating results and financial position, our business strategy and plans, products, services, and technology offerings, market conditions, growth and trends, and expansion plans and opportunities. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “could,” “would,” “project,” “plan,” “potentially,” “preliminary,” “likely” and similar expressions, and the negatives of these expressions, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations and business strategy.

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, including those described in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” of this Report.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in forward-looking statements include, among other things, our ability to:

Moreover, we operate in a rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Report or to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “SmartRent,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” as used in this Report refer to SmartRent, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and its subsidiaries taken as a whole.

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PART I

Item 1: Business

Our Company

We are an enterprise real estate technology company that provides a comprehensive management platform designed for property owners, managers and residents. Our suite of products and services, which includes both smart building hardware and cloud-based software-as-a-service ("SaaS") solutions, provides seamless visibility and control over real estate assets. Our platform lowers operating costs, increases revenues, mitigates operational friction and protects assets for owners and operators, while providing a differentiated, elevated living experience for residents.

Through a central connected device ("Hub Device"), we integrate our proprietary enterprise software with third-party smart devices and other technology interfaces. We use an open-architecture, brand-agnostic approach that allows owners, operators, and residents to manage their smart home systems through a single connected interface. Our solutions include smart apartments and homes, access control for buildings, common areas, and rental units, asset protection and monitoring, parking management, self-guided tours, and community and resident Wi-Fi. We also have a professional services team that provides customers with training, installation, and support services.

We have designed our smart home operating platform to make the residential real estate industry more efficient and effective. Importantly, our enterprise software integrates into most existing property management systems used by residential property owners and operators. We believe that our customers realize several benefits from implementing our solutions, including:

• Operating Efficiency. We estimate that our customers can recognize cost savings on utilities through the utilization of our solutions, including our connected smart thermostats, smart lights, and leak sensors, as well as through more efficient management of vacant rental units.

• Incremental Revenue Generation. We estimate that multifamily rental owners may be able to increase rental rates (depending on the rental market and solutions offered) due to the differentiated resident experience and strong demand for smart communities. Additionally, we believe our solutions can increase resident retention, accelerate leasing and re-leasing activities, and provide ancillary monetization opportunities.

• Cost Reduction. We estimate that owners and operators can decrease their leasing and re-leasing costs by streamlining the processes associated with touring, resident onboarding and offboarding, and customer servicing. For example, our self-guided-tour solution allows prospective residents to tour a property 24 hours a day, seven days a week, without assistance from property management staff. In addition, we expect our solutions will help to eliminate or reduce rekeying and lockout expenses and other property management redundancies.

• Asset Protection. We estimate that customers utilizing our asset protection solutions, including our connected leak sensors and thermostats, may be able to realize a decrease of approximately 70% to 90% in water damage expenses and lower insurance costs.

We believe SmartRent is the category leader in the enterprise smart home solutions industry. We define Units Deployed as the aggregate number of Hub Devices that have been installed (including customer self-installations) as of a stated measurement date. We define Committed Units as the aggregate number of Hub Device (i) units that are subject to binding orders from customers together with (ii) units that existing customers who are parties to a SmartRent master services agreement have informed us (on a non-binding basis) that they intend to order in the future for deployment within two years of the measurement date. As of December 31, 2022, we had 547,196 Units Deployed, 851,815 Committed Units, and 501 customers, including many of the top multifamily residential owners in the United States (the "U.S."). Our customers own or operate an aggregate of approximately 6.7 million units. This represents approximately 15% of the U.S. market for institutionally owned multifamily rental units and single-family rental homes. In addition to multifamily residential owners, our customers include some of the leading homebuilders, single-family rental homeowners, and iBuyers in the U.S.

Our Industry, Competition and Market Opportunity

Increasing Demand for Smart Home Technology

We believe that network effects are driving demand for smart home technology and increasing the penetration of smart home technology in both the multifamily residential and single-family rental home sectors. Many residents now view smart home technology as a necessity, although relatively few communities currently offer it to residents. Entrata, a developer of property management software, estimates that more than 75% of residents would pay more for an apartment equipped with smart home technology, and Schlage, a smart lock provider, estimates millennials would be willing to pay 20% more on average per month for rental units equipped with smart home technology. We expect this dynamic will drive demand for smart home technology as additional owners and operators evolve to meet this growing demand for integrated smart home solutions.

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Fragmented Technology Offerings

While demand for smart home technology has increased, the residential technology market remains fragmented, with offerings generally consisting of isolated point solutions and closed-architecture devices that do not integrate with one another. To assemble a complete building solution, owners and operators often need to source smart home technology from multiple vendors and point solution providers and patch their products together to create a modern building experience. Under this fragmented structure, the process to evaluate, procure, install, and service smart home technology can be expensive and time-consuming for owners and operators. With our holistic smart home operating system and in-house installation, training, and support services, we believe we offer a smart home solution that provides a full-service, end-to-end experience.

Competitive Market

Given the emerging nature of smart home technology in residential real estate, the industry is highly fragmented and there are a number of companies developing solutions that may be similar to parts of our smart home operating system. We believe our primary competitors are other software companies, which have historically provided singular, point solutions to new development properties and used third-party installation services, and hardware companies, many of which have closed architectures. We believe these companies fail to provide a comprehensive solution that meets the enterprise management and security requirements of owners, operators, and residents. We expect competition to intensify in the future as the market for smart home technology in the residential real estate industry continues to mature.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe we have developed the most scalable and operator-friendly smart home operating system in the industry based on our platform’s unique combination of attributes:

• Integrated Solution. We offer a holistic integrated solution that includes enterprise software, hardware, and resident applications.

• Hardware Agnostic. Our solutions are compatible with a wide variety of other smart devices including, among others, Google Home, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Honeywell thermostats, and Yale smart locks.

• Open Architecture. We have an open architecture that can integrate with many property management systems, including, among others, Yardi, Entrata, RealPage, and Engrain.

• Professional Services. We provide in-house professional services with employees in our implementation, installation, support, and warehouse departments, which allows us to maintain consistent quality and service across markets.

While several of the top multifamily residential owners are current SmartRent customers, we believe that we have only begun to take advantage of the full market opportunity in residential and commercial real estate sectors and in domestic and international markets. For example, we have adapted our software and applications to target opportunities in other residential real estate sectors, including single-family rental homes, student housing, senior housing, and new construction homes. In addition, we believe there is significant potential for growth beyond residential real estate to other commercial real estate asset classes, including, among others, office, hotels, retail, industrial, and self-storage. Furthermore, we believe there is an attractive opportunity to expand our smart home solutions into other markets globally.

SaaS Model

We enter into binding, recurring revenue contracts with customers typically ranging from one month to ten years; our average recurring revenue contract term is 2.6 years. In 2022, approximately 38% of our customers prepaid their software contracts. We believe that our customer base is inherently sticky given the barriers to entry associated with rolling out an integrated enterprise solution across a portfolio of rental units.

Seasonality

Our business and related operating results have been, and we believe that they will continue to be, impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. We typically experience greater demand for deployments in the Spring and Summer, and lower demand in late Fall and Winter.

SmartRent Solutions and Products

A SmartRent connected community is a “curb to couch” concept where an entire property utilizes a variety of proprietary and third-party smart devices and features that can be remotely managed to provide efficiency, automation, asset protection, and ancillary revenue opportunities.

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SmartRent Solutions

Our fully integrated, hardware-agnostic solutions include the following:

SmartRent Manager. SmartRent Manager is a proprietary, web-based software that owners and operators use to administer and configure community settings related to SmartRent solutions. SmartRent Manager software integrates with many popular property management, customer relationship management, and other third-party software products, which enables owners and operators to manage all resident, prospect, access, and other actionable data from one platform. When a resident moves out, the automated move-out feature immediately locks the apartment door, resets interior thermostats to the “Vacant Mode” temperature, and revokes resident access to their unit, common areas, and the SmartRent app — all with the click of a button. Communities can create “Vacant Mode” automations to increase efficiencies, such as work orders for unit turns and activating energy-saving mode. SmartRent Manager Mobile, a native mobile application, allows owners and operators to remotely manage work orders and control access, including resident move-ins and outs.

Access Control. Access Control is a community-wide, cloud-based access control system that protects building entry, common areas, and amenity spaces for multifamily residential properties through the use of control panels, smart access locks, and intercoms. Deeply integrated with major property management systems and SmartRent’s extensive product suite, Access Control automates labor-intensive manual processes to enhance operational efficiencies of common area access and community security. This solution allows residents to create temporary access codes for deliveries, services, or guest access while also offering remote access for residents and site teams at various entry points (e.g., amenity doors, gates, pools, and elevators) without the need for fobs or separate keys. The system features monitoring systems for visitor logs and real-time door lock activity alerts. Access Control can be implemented in new construction or retrofitted in existing properties.

Asset Protection. Asset Protection solutions help ensure the longevity of communities by reducing the risk of damage through high-precision leak sensors and smart thermostats. Community Manager software and integrated flood, temperature, and humidity sensors can be configured to notify owners and operators at the first sign of an issue, automatically generate a work order into the property management system, and dispatch a technician to solve the issue, allowing management to act quickly and avoid damages and costly repairs. Flood sensors can be placed under or near any appliance that may be susceptible to water damage, such as sump pumps, toilets, washing machines, dishwashers, water heaters, and sinks. Asset Protection solutions provide owners and operators the ability to detect abnormal humidity levels and extreme temperature changes, which help protect floors from warping and prevent mold from forming.

Self-Guided Tours. Self-Guided Tours is a white-labeled, stand-alone solution that allows prospective renters and buyers to search available rental units, homes, or model inventory, and tour at a time most convenient for them without the need for site teams or management to be present. With no app download required, prospects can search for their next home through a web-based platform, which is accessible through a web browser on a mobile device or computer. Self-Guided Tours include various features to ensure each self-guided tour is safe, productive, and convenient, including ID Verification for each prospective renter/buyer and an Interactive Site Map to help prospects navigate to tourable homes. The technology enables owners and operators to expand showing hours outside of traditional hours, permit showings promptly upon request through our “Tour Now” functionality, and conduct multiple tours at the same time without hiring additional staff. Self-Guided Tours integrates with many popular property management and customer relationship management systems, and other third-party software products, which enables owners and operators to manage all prospect and other actionable data from one platform.

Community WiFi. Community WiFi provides communities with a private, device-dedicated WiFi network to power Hub Devices and other in-home smart devices. While Hub Devices have built-in cellular connectivity, in markets where cell coverage is not available or poor, communities can add Community WiFi to help maintain a consistent connection. With a Community WiFi system, owners, operators, and residents will have access to a dedicated and secure network, as well as a private connection that provides a stronger and more reliable signal for Hub Devices and other devices. We are able to install our Community WiFi system in any property type, including new construction or retrofitting existing structures, and perform site surveys to customize the equipment best suited to each property.

Resident App. Resident App is designed to put comfort, control, and convenience in residents’ hands by giving them the ability to control their smart devices via a mobile application. With just a tap, residents can lock and unlock their front door, adjust the thermostat to their liking, and automate daily tasks through Schedules and Automations. Residents can also create service requests within the app, which automatically generates a work order within the client’s integrated property management system, allowing maintenance to fix the issue quickly. Residents can control who enters their home by creating and sharing access codes with visitors. Powered by the Resident App, the best-in-class smart home experience streamlines daily interactions with staff and delivers the modern living experience residents expect.

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Parking Management. Parking Management is a smart parking system designed to alleviate the resident and guest parking issues faced by multifamily residential properties. This solution provides an integrated software system and single-source database that allows owners and operators to assign and re-assign parking spaces, review interactive maps for live parking space availability (based on parking sensors for real-time occupancy), implement a proactive enforcement process, monitor parking management with resident parking decals, and install custom parking signs to monetize guest parking. Through a Parking Management portal, residents can add or remove vehicles, edit vehicle details, review assigned parking decals, and provide guests with parking access. Parking Management integrates with many popular property management systems, which enables owners and operators to manage all parking-related actions from one platform. Parking Management is available to communities as a stand-alone product or as part of our fully integrated smart home operating system.

Work Management. Work Management is a solution that enables on-site teams to manage tasks, respond quickly to inquiries, and engage in preventative maintenance all from a mobile device. Through work order and service request automations, the platform provides a simplified overview of on-site tasks and allows for easy scheduling of team members. In addition, the application offers a mobile interface, allowing owners and operators to accomplish more on the go with access to the application available both online and offline. Work Management provides real-time tracking of assets, enabling owners to effectively manage the state of their assets and make informed decisions by giving on-site teams an easy way to scan assets and make updates from anywhere in the community. Advanced reporting capabilities allow for filtering and easy exporting of data into third-party tools for deeper analysis. The application integrates seamlessly with major property management systems to provide an up-to-date and personalized experience.

Answer Automation. Answer Automation is a personalized call automation platform that reduces costs and improves on-site team efficiency through the automation of leasing and resident call handling. The platform automatically routes calls to the right team members with up to ten levels of escalation based on a predetermined set of business rules. Answer Automation’s integrations with major property management systems enable our platform to immediately recognize resident calls via Caller ID so site teams can deliver a personalized experience. In addition, Call Masking, which masks the team member’s phone number so that it appears to the call recipient as the community’s phone number, allows team members to easily communicate with residents and prospective residents without exposing their personal information. Advanced reporting capabilities help site teams make informed decisions and bring attention to the most frequent call areas.

Audit Management. Audit Management allows for the quick and reliable determination of a community’s financial accuracy through a consolidated review of the rent roll, deposits, resident lease files, and more. The platform captures community demographics to minimize risks and evaluate whether residents can meet pro forma rents and satisfy lender requirements by comparing the current rent roll to resident lease files. Users can build and edit templates on the fly to include custom forms and fields, streamlining the audit process and increasing efficiency for teams. Real-time variance tracking and reporting helps teams easily identify and correct common data entry errors, as well as analyze and share results. With an intuitive design and customization options, Audit Management replaces outdated, manual processes with a modern, user-friendly platform.

Inspection Management. Inspection Management automates the property inspection process so that teams can quickly access property and unit conditions, plan for capital improvement expenses, and monitor the performance of a portfolio. The mobile platform is available on iOS and Android and is accessible both online and offline. Inspection Management streamlines inspections with customizable fields and forms and simplifies documentation with team coordination, allowing for easy scheduling and assigning of tasks to team members, vendors, and contractors. The application enables teams to build accurate budgets with real-time cost-tracking capabilities based on pre-established standard costs. Insightful reporting provides data using customized filters, allowing teams to easily analyze, export, and share findings to make informed decisions.

SmartRent Hardware

We offer a variety of in-rental unit devices that elevate the resident experience and provide multiple benefits to owners and operators. A typical SmartRent rental unit or single-family rental home is equipped with a Hub Device, smart locks, thermostat, and leak sensors. In addition, several other devices can be integrated into our smart home operating system, including smart plugs and lighting (including light bulbs, switches, and dimmers), shades, garage door controllers, video doorbells, peephole cameras, video intercoms, contact and motion sensors, and voice assistants. With our smart home operating system, residents can remotely control and manage their smart home devices and home settings through a single application. In addition, because our software is hardware agnostic, customers can choose from a wide variety of device manufacturers and use their favorite devices together in one fully integrated smart home operating system.

The Hub Devices are a vital aspect of our smart home operating system that elevates the living experience for residents. Our Hub Devices use reliable and secure Z-Wave communication for remote control of connected devices and allow users to remotely manage multiple device settings from one application. Certain Hub Devices combine a thermostat and touchscreen panel that allows users to control all of their devices from one location. Using the touchscreen device, users can, among other things, review settings, change the temperature, and lock or unlock doors. In addition, users can download the companion mobile application to remotely control their devices, such as manage their home temperature and grant access for guests and deliveries.

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We also partner with several manufacturers to offer a range of compatible hardware options for any property, including:

• Video Doorbells. We partner with Ring to offer a selection of compatible video-enabled doorbells. Our integration with Ring allows users to add devices to their SmartRent application for a more robust control system, including live view and notifications.

• Indoor and Outdoor Cameras. We also partner with Ring to offer a selection of indoor and outdoor cameras that can be added to any property. With battery-operated and plug-in options available, customers have flexibility to select the cameras that are appropriate for each property.

• Smart Locks and Lock Boxes. Our selection of Z-Wave or Bluetooth-enabled smart locks and lock boxes offer customers options for keyless entry and simplified guest access. With various keyless entry options, including deadbolts, interconnected locks, lever locks, and patio locks, these products can be customized to meet each property’s needs.

• Smart Thermostats, Sensors, Plugs, Switches, Dimmers, and Readers. We offer (i) thermostats for all types of HVAC systems with programmable options, including forced air, radiant and heat pump, (ii) leak, parking, contact and motion sensors used to proactively monitor and protect properties, (iii) smart plugs to add automation to lights, fans, or other small appliances, (iv) smart switches and dimmers to upgrade lighting in apartments and homes, and (v) a selection of readers, panels, and boards, including as part of our Alloy Access solution.

Environmental and Sustainability Benefits

We are facilitating a more sustainable future by helping owners, operators, and residents reduce energy consumption, meet de-carbonization goals and achieve sustainability objectives. Our solutions are designed to reduce overall energy consumption by setting limitations on vacant units, controlling ventilation, and providing automated work orders based on temperature and humidity thresholds. We estimate that our solutions could reduce total U.S. energy consumption by up to 4%, if all rental units in the U.S. were fully equipped with our solutions. Our platform drives these benefits through a variety of connected devices, including smart thermostats, leak sensors, smart appliances and smart lighting. We also reduce waste through predictive maintenance tools and building software integrations. In this way, our solutions are a key tool in reducing water usage and energy consumption across entire portfolios of real estate assets.

Human Capital Management

Our employees are critical to our success. As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately 701 total employees worldwide, all of which are full-time employees. We also engage consultants and contractors to supplement our permanent workforce. A majority of our employees are engaged in engineering, software and product development, sales, and related functions. As of December 31, 2022, we have not experienced any work stoppages and consider our relationship with our employees to be in good standing. None of our domestic or international employees are subject to a collective bargaining agreement or represented by a labor union.

We seek to foster a welcoming, inclusive work environment where employees can be themselves and do meaningful work that positively impacts our customers and communities. Our culture is supportive, engaging, and fast paced and facilitates partnerships among coworkers with diverse backgrounds and experiences. Our employees have opportunities to get involved in resource groups (e.g., Women’s Empowerment and PRISM) and give back to the community. We engage with our employees to gather insight, feedback, and data about their workplace experiences, and manager effectiveness. This data informs and supports our action plans, with the goal of enhancing workplace satisfaction and overall employee well-being and effectiveness.

We attract and retain talent through our employer brand initiatives, employee referral programs, and partnerships with outside agencies that focus on presenting diverse candidates and through internal career growth. Employee growth and development comes from receiving real-time, informal feedback, a formal performance review, career path transparency, and ongoing role-specific training.

The structure of our compensation programs endeavors to give employees peace of mind when it comes to health and financial benefits so that they can focus on doing their best work. Our total rewards program enables us to retain talent, reward high-performing employees at all levels and incentivize and motivate exceptional performance. In addition to competitive base pay, we have an annual bonus program for employees at all levels and a comprehensive variable compensation program specific to our revenue organization. Both the bonus and variable compensation plans are tied directly to individual and company performance. We also provide 100% employer paid medical, dental, and vision for employees and their dependents, life insurance, flexible time off, paid parental leave, and a 401(k) plan with a company match.

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Research and Development

Our near-term product roadmap includes new leasing solutions (including an online application for the leasing process and other applications for lease signing and customer relationship management), resident experience solutions (including applications for marketplaces, amenity reservations, rent payments, and work orders), home IoT solutions (including hubless systems, smart appliances, and video and security systems), and building IoT solutions (including energy, water, and air metering). We also engage in ongoing activities in connection with enhancement of existing products, integration with new third-party products and services, and the development of internal applications to improve efficiency of our operations.

Supply Chain

Generally, our hardware device suppliers maintain a stock of devices and key components to cover any minor supply chain disruptions. Where possible we utilize multiple sourcing methods to mitigate the risk of disruption from a single supplier. However, we also rely on a number of single source and limited source suppliers for components of our solution. Replacing any single source or limited source suppliers could require the expenditure of significant resources and time to source these products. In order to mitigate the potential impact of supply chain disruptions, we have engaged in carrying increased quantities of inventory in our warehouse and invested in building a more robust team of supply chain personnel to manage the procurement, warehousing and distribution of inventory.

Intellectual Property

We regard our intellectual property rights as critical to our success generally, with our trademarks, service marks, and domain names being especially critical to the continued development and awareness of our brands and marketing efforts. We protect our intellectual property rights through a combination of trademarks, trade dress, domain name registrations, and trade secrets, as well as through contractual restrictions and reliance on federal, state, and common law. We enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with employees, consultants, contractors, and business partners, which include invention assignment provisions for our employees and contractors. We have several registered trademarks in the U.S., as well as other trademarks globally. We have also registered a variety of domestic and international domain names, the most significant of which relate to our SmartRent brand.

Government Regulation

We and our partners are subject to various federal, state, and local regulations related to access control products, such as state and local building and fire codes, the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, as amended, and requirements for certifications by Underwriters Laboratories, a global independent safety science company, and the Federal Communications Commission.

We, our customers, and our partners may be subject to numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, data privacy and security laws, and consumer protection laws and regulations (including Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 (the "FTC Act") that govern the collection, use, disclosure, and protection of personal information). Privacy and security laws, self-regulatory schemes, regulations, standards, and other obligations are constantly evolving, and may conflict with each other, which complicates compliance efforts, and can result in investigations, proceedings, or actions that lead to significant civil and/or criminal penalties and restrictions on data processing. For example, California has enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (the "CCPA") that became effective on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates, among other things, new data privacy obligations for covered companies and provides new privacy rights to California residents, including the right to access and delete personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, and receive detailed information about how personal information is used. The CCPA also creates a private right of action with statutory damages for certain data breaches, thereby potentially increasing risks associated with a data breach. Further, the California Privacy Rights Act (the "CPRA"), which was recently voted into law by California residents, imposes additional data protection obligations on covered companies doing business in California, including additional consumer rights processes and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. The CPRA also creates a new California data protection agency specifically tasked to enforce the law, which would likely result in increased regulatory scrutiny of California businesses in the areas of data protection and security. The substantive requirements for businesses subject to the CPRA went into effect on January 1, 2023 and become enforceable on July 1, 2023. Further, according to the Federal Trade Commission (the "FTC"), violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5 of the FTC Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities. Other regulations that may apply to us, for example, depending upon the circumstances, include the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union, Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA), and the Tenant Data Privacy Act (TPDA) in New York.

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Corporate History

We were originally incorporated in Delaware on November 23, 2020 as Fifth Wall Acquisition Corp. I (“FWAA”), a special purpose acquisition company, formed to effect a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On February 9, 2021, FWAA consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”).

On August 24, 2021, we consummated the Business Combination (as defined below) contemplated by the Merger Agreement dated April 21, 2021 (as amended, the “Merger Agreement”), among FWAA, Einstein Merger Corp. I, a wholly owned subsidiary of FWAA (“Merger Sub”), and SmartRent.com, Inc. (“Legacy SmartRent”). Upon the closing of the Business Combination, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy SmartRent, with Legacy SmartRent continuing as the surviving company. “Business Combination” refers to these mergers, together with the other related transactions.

At the closing of the Business Combination, Legacy SmartRent changed its name to “SmartRent Technologies, Inc.” and FWAA changed its name to “SmartRent, Inc.” Additionally, we changed our trading symbol and listing on a securities exchange from “FWAA” on Nasdaq to “SMRT” on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).

SmartRent, the SmartRent logo and other trade names, trademarks or service marks of SmartRent appearing in this Report are the property of SmartRent. Trade names, trademarks and service marks of other companies appearing in this Report are the property of their respective holders.

Available Information

Our website address is www.smartrent.com. We make available, free of charge through our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports, filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after they have been electronically filed with, or furnished to, the Securities Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We may announce material business and financial information using our investor relations website (investors.smartrent.com), SEC filings, webcasts, press releases, and conference calls. We use these channels to communicate with investors and the general public about our business, products and services and other important developments. We encourage you to regularly review these communication channels, including our investor relations website.

The SEC maintains an internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Information contained on or accessible through the websites listed above is not incorporated by reference nor otherwise included in this report, and any references to these websites are intended to be inactive textual references only.

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Item 1A: Risk Factors

Our business involves significant risks, some of which are described below. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all the other information in this Report, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and the related notes. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, revenue, and future prospects could be seriously harmed. In addition, you should consider the interrelationship and compounding effects of two or more risks occurring simultaneously. Unless otherwise indicated, references to our business being harmed in these risk factors will include harm to our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations, revenue, and future prospects. In that event, the market price of our Class A Common Stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risk Factor Summary

Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our Class A Common Stock speculative or risky:

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

• We are an early-stage company with a history of losses, have not been profitable historically and may not achieve profitability in the future.

• Any delay, disruption or quality control problems experienced by our third-party suppliers, manufacturers, and partners, could cause us to lose market share and our results of operations may suffer.

• We rely on a limited number of third-party suppliers and manufacturers for our products, and a loss of any one of them could negatively affect our business.

• If we are unable to successfully manage any of our recent or future acquisitions and integrations of businesses, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

• Any future outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic, resurgences or the development of additional variants, could adversely affect our business.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

• We are subject to legal obligations and laws and regulations related to security and privacy, and any actual or perceived failure to meet those obligations could harm our business.

• If there is any breach of security controls; unauthorized or inadvertent access to customer, residential, or other data; or unauthorized control or view of systems, our products and solutions may be perceived as insecure, our business may be harmed, and we may incur significant liabilities.

• Design and manufacturing defects in our products and services could subject us to personal injury, property damage, product liability, warranty, and other claims, which could adversely affect our business and result in harm to our reputation.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

• If securities analysts issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our Class A Common Stock, the price of our Class A Common Stock could decline.

• Our management has limited experience operating a public company.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are an early-stage company with a history of losses. We have not been profitable historically and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We experienced net losses in each year since inception, including a net loss of $72.0 million for 2021 and $96.3 million for 2022. We believe we will continue to incur operating losses and negative cash flow in the near-term as we continue to invest significantly in our business. We expect to continue to devote significant resources into our future growth, including making meaningful investments in our customer acquisition teams, building out our technological capabilities, expanding internationally, and exploring strategic acquisition opportunities. In addition, as a public company, we will incur significant accounting, legal, and other expenses.

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We expect to continue to incur losses and will have to generate and sustain increased revenues to achieve future profitability. Achieving profitability will require us to increase revenues, manage our cost structure, and avoid significant liabilities. Revenue growth may slow, revenues may decline, or we may incur significant losses in the future for a number of possible reasons, including general macroeconomic conditions, increasing competition (including competitive pricing pressures), a decrease in the growth of the markets in which we compete, our failure to capitalize on growth opportunities. Additionally, we may encounter unforeseen operating expenses, difficulties, complications, delays, and quality problems, and other unknown factors that may result in losses in future periods. If these losses exceed our expectations or our revenue growth expectations are not met in future periods, our financial performance will be harmed and our stock price could decline.

Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from period to period.

Our operating results and financial condition fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year and are likely to continue to vary due to a number of factors, many of which will not be within our control. Both our business and the smart building technology industry are evolving rapidly, and our historical operating results may not be useful in predicting our future operating results. If our operating results do not meet the guidance that we provide to the market or the expectations of securities analysts or investors, our stock price will likely decline. Fluctuations in our operating results and financial condition may arise due to a number of factors, including:

• the proportion of our revenue attributable to SaaS, versus hardware and other revenues;

• fluctuations in demand for our platform and solutions;

• changes in our business and pricing policies or those of our competitors;

• the ability of our hardware vendors to continue to manufacture high-quality products and to supply sufficient products to meet our demands;

• the timing and success of introductions of new solutions, products or upgrades by us or our competitors;

• our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses, the costs of the hardware we purchase, the cost of the labor required to provide our professional services and the costs required to provide hosted services;

• the condition of regional, national and global economies;

• the ability to accurately forecast revenue;

• competition, including entry into the industry by new competitors and new offerings by existing competitors;

• our ability to successfully manage any future acquisitions and integrations of businesses;

• issues related to introductions of new or improved products, such as shortages of prior generation products or short-term decreased demand for next generation products;

• the amount and timing of expenditures, including those related to expanding our operations, increasing research and development, introducing new solutions or paying litigation expenses;

• the ability to effectively manage growth within existing and new markets domestically and internationally;

• changes in the payment terms for our platform and solutions; and

• the impact of other events or factors, including those resulting from natural disasters, pandemics, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

Due to the foregoing factors, and the other risks discussed in this prospectus, you should not rely on quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year comparisons of our operating results as an indicator of our future performance.

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We have limited control over our suppliers, manufacturers, and partners, which may subject us to significant risks, including the potential inability to produce or obtain quality products and services on a timely basis or in sufficient quantity. If these third-party suppliers, manufacturers, and partners experience any delay, disruption or quality control problems in their operations, we could lose market share and our results of operations may suffer.

We have limited control over our suppliers, manufacturers, and partners. In addition, these suppliers, manufacturers, and partners may experience delay, disruption, or lapse in the quality of their operations, including due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which would subject us to risks, including the following:

• inability to satisfy demand for our products;

• reduced control over delivery timing and product reliability;

• reduced ability to monitor the manufacturing process and components used in our products;

• limited ability to develop comprehensive manufacturing specifications that take into account any materials or components shortages or substitutions;

• variance in the manufacturing capability of our third-party manufacturers;

• price increases;

• failure of a significant supplier, manufacturer, or partner to perform its obligations to us for technical, market, or other reasons;

• insolvency, bankruptcy or liquidation of a significant supplier, manufacturer, or partner;

• difficulties in establishing additional supplier, manufacturer, or partner relationships if we experience difficulties with our existing suppliers, manufacturers, or partners;

• shortages of materials or components;

• disagreements with suppliers, manufacturers, or logistics partners as to quality control, leading to a surplus of ineffective products;

• misappropriation of our intellectual property;

• exposure to natural catastrophes, political unrest, terrorism, labor disputes, and economic instability resulting in the disruption of trade from foreign countries in which our products are manufactured or the components thereof are sourced;

• changes in local economic conditions in the jurisdictions where our suppliers, manufacturers, and partners are located;

• the imposition of new laws and regulations, including those relating to labor conditions, quality and safety standards, imports, duties, tariffs, taxes, and other charges on imports, as well as trade restrictions and restrictions on currency exchange or the transfer of funds; and

• insufficient warranties and indemnities on components supplied to our manufacturers or performance by our partners.

The occurrence of any of these risks, especially during periods of peak demand, could cause us to experience a significant disruption in our ability to produce and deliver our products to our customers. For example, there is currently a global semiconductor supply shortage, though it began easing in the fourth quarter of 2022. The semiconductor supply chain is complex, with capacity constraints occurring throughout. We must compete with other industries to satisfy current and near-term requirements for semiconductors, and those allocations are not within our control even though we attempt various mitigating actions. An ongoing shortage of semiconductors or other key components can disrupt our production schedule and have an adverse effect on our business, profitability and results of operations.

Changes in trade policies, additional tariffs, or labor shortages could make delivery of supplies more expensive and time consuming, leading to increased expenses and delays in shipments. These potential delays and cost increases could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operations results.

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We depend on third-party suppliers and manufacturers and partners for our products. A loss of any of our suppliers, manufacturers, and partners could negatively affect our business.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers to manufacture and transport our products, including in some cases only a single supplier for some of our products and components. Our reliance on a limited number of manufacturers for our products increases our risks, since we do not currently have alternative or replacement manufacturers beyond these key parties. In the event of interruption from any of our manufacturers, we may not be able to increase capacity from other sources or develop alternate or secondary sources without incurring material additional costs and substantial delays. Furthermore, many of these manufacturers’ primary facilities are located in Europe or Asia. Thus, our business could be adversely affected if one or more of our suppliers is impacted by a natural disaster or other interruption at a particular location.

In particular, we rely on an exclusive manufacturer of Z-wave chips, which facilitate the Z-wave communication protocol used for communication between our Hub Devices and all other smart devices. The replacement of the Z-wave communication protocol would require the replacement or modification of all of our devices, resulting in production and deployment delays, thus negatively impacting our business. We also rely exclusively on a single source to supply the main central processing unit used in our Hub Devices. A change in the central processing unit would necessitate an extensive printed circuit board redesign, also resulting in production and deployment delays.

If we experience a significant increase in demand for our products, or if we need to replace an existing supplier or partner, we may be unable to supplement or replace them on terms that are acceptable to us, which may undermine our ability to deliver our products to customers in a timely manner. For example, it may take a significant amount of time to identify a manufacturer that has the capability and resources to build our products to our specifications in sufficient volume. Identifying suitable suppliers, manufacturers, and partners is an extensive process that requires us to become satisfied with their quality control, technical capabilities, responsiveness and service, financial stability, regulatory compliance, and labor and other ethical practices. Accordingly, a loss of any of our significant suppliers, manufactures, or logistics partners could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

If we are unable to develop new products and solutions, adapt to technological change, sell our products and solutions into new markets, or further penetrate our existing markets, our revenue may not grow as expected.

Our ability to increase sales will depend, in large part, on our ability to enhance and improve our products and solutions, introduce new products, solutions, software, features, or services and in a timely manner, sell into new markets and further penetrate our existing markets. The success of any enhancement or new product or solution depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of enhanced or new products and solutions, the ability to maintain and develop relationships with partners and vendors, the ability to attract, retain and effectively train sales and marketing personnel, the effectiveness of our marketing programs, and the ability of our products and solutions to maintain compatibility with a wide range of connected devices. Any new product or solution we develop or acquire may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. Any new markets into which we attempt to sell our products and solutions, including new vertical markets (e.g., commercial office) and new countries or regions, may not be receptive. Our ability to further penetrate our existing markets depends on the quality, availability and reliability of our products and solutions and our ability to design our products and solutions to meet customer demand. Similarly, if any of our potential competitors implement new technologies before we are able to implement ours, those competitors may be able to provide more effective products or solutions, possibly at lower prices. Any delay or failure in the introduction of new or enhanced products or solutions could harm our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

If the smart home technology industry does not grow as we expect, or if we cannot expand our products and solutions to meet the demands of this market, our revenue may decline, fail to grow or fail to grow at an accelerated rate, and we may incur operating losses.

The market for smart home solutions is in an early stage of development, and it is uncertain how rapidly or how consistently this market will develop and the degree to which our products and solutions will be accepted into the single-family and multifamily rental markets in which we operate. Some residents, owners, or operators may be reluctant or unwilling to use our solutions for a number of reasons, including satisfaction with traditional solutions, concerns about additional costs, concerns about data privacy, and lack of awareness of the benefits of our solutions. Our ability to expand the sales of our products and solutions into new markets depends on several factors, including the reputation and recognition of our products and solutions, the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of our products and solutions, the ability to attract, retain and effectively train sales and marketing personnel, the effectiveness of our marketing programs, the costs of our products and solutions and the success of our competitors. If we are unsuccessful in developing and marketing our products and solutions into new markets, or if customers do not perceive or value the benefits of our products and solutions, the market for our products and solutions might not continue to develop or might develop more slowly than we expect, either of which would harm our revenue and growth prospects.

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Our limited operating history, recent growth and the quickly changing markets in which we operate make evaluating our current business and future prospects difficult, which may increase the risk of investing in our Class A Common Stock.

We have experienced rapid growth since our formation. We have encountered and expect to continue to encounter risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing markets. If our assumptions regarding these uncertainties are incorrect or change in reaction to changes in our markets, or if we do not manage or address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations, and our business could suffer.

Our growth has placed and may continue to place significant demands on our management, and our operational and financial infrastructure. As our operations grow in size, scope, and complexity, we will need to increase our sales and marketing efforts and add additional sales and marketing personnel and senior management in various regions worldwide and improve and upgrade our systems and infrastructure to attract, service, and retain an increasing number of customers. For example, we plan to explore opportunities for international expansion and extend our offerings to current customers by introducing new software, services, and products. The expansion of our systems and infrastructure will require us to commit substantial financial, operational, and technical resources in advance of an increase in the volume of business, with no assurance that the volume of business will increase. Any such capital investments will increase our cost base.

Product liability, warranty, personal injury, property damage and recall claims may materially affect our financial condition and damage our reputation.

Our business exposes us to claims for product liability and warranty claims in the event our products actually or allegedly fail to perform as expected or the use of our products results, or is alleged to result, in property damage, personal injury or death. Although we maintain product and general liability insurance of the types and in the amounts that we believe are customary for the industry, we are not fully insured against all such potential claims. Because our products are installed in homes, there is an elevated risk of property damage, personal injury, or death in the event of a product malfunction, such as a smart lock failing or our Hub Device overheating or catching fire. Any judgment or settlement for property damage, personal injury, or wrongful death could prove expensive to contest.

We may experience legal claims in excess of our insurance coverage or claims that are not covered by insurance, either of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Adverse determination of material product liability and warranty claims made against us could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and harm our reputation. In addition, if any of our products or components in our products are, or are alleged to be, defective, we may be required to participate in a recall of that product or component if the defect or alleged defect relates to safety. Any such recall and other claims could be costly to us and require substantial management attention.

We may be unable to attract new customers and maintain customer satisfaction, which could have an adverse effect on our business and growth.

We have experienced significant customer growth over the past several years. Our continued business and revenue growth are dependent on our ability to continuously attract and retain customers, and we cannot be sure that we will be successful in these efforts, or that customer retention levels will not materially decline. There are a number of factors that could lead to a decline in customer levels or that could prevent us from increasing our customer levels, including:

• our failure to introduce new features, software, products, or solutions that customers find engaging or our introduction of new products or solutions, or changes to existing products and solutions that are not favorably received;

• harm to our brand and reputation;

• pricing and perceived value of our offerings;

• our inability to deliver quality products and solutions in a timely manner;

• our customers engaging with competitive software, services, products, and solutions;

• technical or other problems preventing customers or their residents from using our products and solutions in a rapid and reliable manner or otherwise affecting the customer experience;

• deterioration of the apartment or real estate industry, including declining levels of multifamily and single-family rental buildings and reduced spending in the apartment industry;

• unsatisfactory experiences with the delivery, installation, or products or solutions; and

• deteriorating general economic conditions or a change in consumer spending preferences or buying trends.

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Additionally, further expansion into international markets will create new challenges in attracting and retaining customers that we may not successfully address. As a result of these factors, we cannot be sure that our customer levels will be adequate to maintain or permit the expansion of our operations. A decline in customer levels could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Potential customer turnover in the future, or costs we incur to retain and upsell our customers, could materially and adversely affect our financial performance.

Our customers have no obligation to renew their contracts for our software services after the expiration of the initial term. Our contract terms range from one month to ten years, and our average contract term is 2.6 years. In the event that these customers do renew their contracts, they may choose to renew for fewer units, shorter contract lengths, or for less expensive subscriptions. We cannot predict the renewal rates for customers that have entered into software contracts with us.

Customer attrition, as well as reductions in the number of units for which a customer subscribes, each could have a significant impact on our results of operations, as does the cost we incur in our efforts to retain our customers and encourage them to upgrade their services and increase the number of their units that use our software, services, and products. Our attrition rate could increase in the future if customers are not satisfied with our products and solutions, the value proposition of our solutions or our ability to otherwise meet their needs and expectations. Customer attrition and reductions in the number of units may also increase due to factors beyond our control, including the failure or unwillingness of customers to pay for our products and solutions due to financial constraints and the impact of a slowing economy. If a significant number of customers terminate, reduce, or fail to renew their contracts we may be required to incur significantly higher sales and marketing expenditures than we currently anticipate in order to increase the number of new customers or to upsell existing customers, and such additional sales and marketing expenditures could harm our business and results of operations. We have not experienced churn in our core smart home deployment since our inception. However, we have received cancellations on our stand-alone self-guided tour product, meaning that this is the only SmartRent product at this location, so including these contract cancellations our churn rate is 0.01% as of December 31, 2022.

Our future success also depends in part on our ability to sell additional functionalities to our current customers and to sell into our customers’ future projects. This may require increasingly sophisticated and more costly sales efforts, technologies, tools and a longer sales cycle. Any increase in the costs necessary to upgrade, expand and retain existing customers could materially and adversely affect our financial performance. If our efforts to sell customers additional units and, in the future, to purchase additional functionalities are not successful, our business may suffer. In addition, such increased costs could cause us to increase our rates, which could increase our attrition rate.

The markets in which we participate could become more competitive as many companies, including large technology companies and managed service providers, may target the markets in which we do business. If we are unable to compete effectively with these potential competitors and sustain pricing levels for our products and solutions, our sales and profitability could be adversely affected.

The smart home technology industry in which we participate may become more competitive and competition may intensify in the future. Our ability to compete depends on a number of factors, including:

• our product and solution functionality, performance, ease of use, reliability, availability, and cost effectiveness relative to that of our competitors’ products and solutions;

• our success in utilizing new and proprietary technologies to offer solutions and features previously not available in the marketplace;

• our success in identifying new markets, applications and technologies;

• our ability to attract and retain partners;

• our name recognition and reputation;

• our ability to recruit software engineers and sales and marketing personnel; and

• our ability to protect our intellectual property.

Customers may prefer to purchase from their existing suppliers rather than a new supplier regardless of product performance or features. In the event a customer decides to evaluate a smart home solution, the customer may be more inclined to select one of our competitors if such competitor’s product offerings are broader or at a better price point than those that we offer.

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We face, and may in the future face, competition from large technology providers and managed service providers that may have greater capital and resources than we do. Competitors that are larger in scale and have greater resources may benefit from greater economies of scale and other lower costs that permit them to offer more favorable terms to consumers (including lower service costs) than we offer, causing such consumers to choose to enter into contracts with such competitors. For instance, cable and telecommunications companies are expanding into the smart home and security industries and are bundling their existing offerings with automation and monitored security services. In some instances, it appears that certain components of such bundled offerings are significantly underpriced and, in effect, subsidized by the rates charged for the other product or services offered by these companies. These bundled pricing alternatives may influence customers’ desire to use our services at rates and fees we consider appropriate. These competitors may also benefit from greater name recognition and superior advertising, marketing, promotional and other resources. To the extent that such competitors utilize any competitive advantages in markets where our business is more highly concentrated, the negative impact on our business may increase over time. In addition to potentially reducing the number of new customers we are able to acquire, increased competition could also result in increased customer acquisition costs and higher attrition rates that would negatively impact us over time. The benefit offered to larger competitors from economies of scale and other lower costs may be magnified by an economic downturn in which customers put a greater emphasis on lower cost products or services. In addition, we face competition from regional competitors that concentrate their capital and other resources in targeting local markets.

Cable and telecommunications companies actively targeting the smart home market and large technology companies expanding into the smart home market could result in pricing pressure, a shift in customer preferences towards the services of these companies and a reduction in our market share. Continued pricing pressure from these competitors or failure to achieve pricing based on the competitive advantages previously identified above could prevent us from maintaining competitive price points for our products and services, resulting in lost subscribers or in our inability to attract new subscribers and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

If we are unable to sustain pricing levels for our products and solutions whether due to competitive pressure or otherwise, our gross margins could be significantly reduced. Further, our decisions around the development of new products or solutions are grounded in assumptions about eventual pricing levels. If there is price compression in the market after these decisions are made, it could have a negative effect on our business.

If we fail to continue to develop our brand or our reputation is harmed, our business may suffer.

We believe that continuing to strengthen our current brand will be critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our products and solutions and will require continued focus on active marketing efforts. The demand for and cost of online and traditional advertising have been increasing and may continue to increase. Accordingly, we may need to increase our investment in, and devote greater resources to, advertising, marketing, and other efforts to create and maintain brand loyalty among our customers. Brand promotion activities may not yield increased revenues, and even if they do, any increased revenues may not offset the expenses incurred in building our brand. In addition, if we do not handle customer or resident complaints effectively, our brand and reputation may suffer, we may lose our customers’ confidence, and they may choose to terminate, reduce or not to renew their contracts. Many of our customers and their residents also participate in social media and online blogs about smart home technology solutions, including our products, and our success depends in part on our ability to minimize negative and generate positive feedback through such online channels where existing and potential customers seek and share information. If we fail to promote and maintain our brand, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

The loss of one or more key members of our management team or personnel, or our failure to attract, integrate and retain additional personnel in the future, could harm our business and negatively affect our ability to successfully grow our business.

We are highly dependent upon the continued service and performance of the key members of our management team and other personnel. The loss of any of these individuals, each of whom is “at will” and may terminate his or her employment relationship with us at any time, could disrupt our operations, harm our reputation and brand, and significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives. We believe that our future success will also depend in part on our continued ability to identify, hire, train, and motivate qualified personnel. We may be unable to attract and retain suitably qualified individuals who are capable of meeting our growing operational, managerial and other requirements, or we may be required to pay increased compensation in order to do so. Our failure to attract, hire, integrate, and retain qualified personnel could impair our ability to achieve our business objectives.

We make estimates relating to customer demand and errors in our estimates may have negative effects on our inventory levels, revenues, and results of operations.

We have historically entered into agreements to place firm orders for products from our suppliers to ensure that we are able to meet our customers’ demands. Our sales process requires us to estimate the expected customer demand and place firm product orders accordingly. If we overestimate customer demand, we may allocate resources to products that we may not be able to sell when we expect or at all. As a result, we may have excess inventory which could increase our net losses. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand, we may lose revenue opportunities and market share and may damage our customer relationships.

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Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards may be subject to limitations.

As of December 31, 2022, we had approximately $205.8 million of gross federal net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income. Realization of any tax benefit from our carryforwards is dependent on our ability to generate future taxable income and the absence of certain “ownership changes.” An “ownership change,” as defined in the applicable federal income tax rules, could place significant limitations, on an annual basis, on the amount of our future taxable income that may be offset by our carryforwards. Such limitations could effectively eliminate our ability to utilize a substantial portion of our carryforwards. We have not conducted a study to determine whether an “ownership change” has occurred since December 31, 2021 or if (i) the Business Combination resulted in an “ownership change,” (ii) we have incurred one or more “ownership changes,” or (iii) the issuance of shares of our Class A Common Stock resulted in an “ownership change.” Other issuances of shares of our Class A Common Stock which could cause an “ownership change” include the issuance of shares of common stock upon future conversion or exercise of outstanding options and warrants or future common stock offerings. If we have experienced or do experience an ownership change at any time since our formation, use of our net operating loss carryforwards and any other tax attribute carryforwards we may have (e.g., carryforwards of general business credits) would be subject to an annual limitation under Section 382 or 383 of the Code. Such a limitation would be determined by first multiplying the value of our outstanding shares at the time of the ownership change by the applicable long-term, tax-exempt rate. The applicable long-term tax-exempt rate for ownership changes occurring during the month of March 2022 and August 2021 were 1.63% and 1.58%, respectively. In addition, the Code regulations allow the annual limitation to be increased by certain adjustments, which, for us, would primarily relate to recognized built-in gains on appreciated assets during the five-year recognition period beginning on the ownership change date.

Interruptions to, or other problems with, our website and interactive user interface, information technology systems, manufacturing processes or other operations could damage our reputation and brand and substantially harm our business and results of operations.

The satisfactory performance, reliability, consistency, security and availability of our website and interactive user interface, information technology systems, manufacturing processes and other operations are critical to our reputation and brand, and to our ability to effectively provide our smart home services to customers and their residents. Any interruptions or other problems that cause our website, interactive user interface or information technology systems to malfunction or be unavailable may damage our reputation and brand, result in lost revenue, cause us to incur significant costs seeking to remedy the problem, and otherwise substantially harm our business and results of operations. A number of factors or events could cause such interruptions or problems, including among others, human and software errors, design faults, challenges associated with upgrades, changes or new facets of our business, power loss, telecommunication failures, fire, flood, extreme weather, political instability, acts of terrorism, war, break-ins and security breaches, contract disputes, labor strikes and other workforce-related issues, and other similar events. These risks are augmented by the fact that our customers and their residents use our products and solutions to operate their lights, locks, and other aspects of their living spaces. We are dependent upon our facilities in which we house all of the computer hardware necessary to operate our websites and systems as well as managerial, customer service, sales, marketing and other similar functions, and we have not identified alternatives to these facilities or established fully redundant systems in multiple locations. In addition, we are dependent in part on third parties for the implementation and maintenance of certain aspects of our communications and production systems, and therefore preventing, identifying, and rectifying problems with these aspects of our systems is to a large extent outside of our control.

Moreover, the business interruption insurance that we carry may not be sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the future growth of our business that may result from interruptions in our product lines as a result of system failures.

We may expand through acquisitions of, or investments in, other companies, each of which may divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders, increase expenses, disrupt our operations and harm our results of operations.

Our business strategy may, from time to time, include acquiring or investing in complementary services, technologies or businesses. On December 31, 2021, we purchased all of the outstanding equity interests of iQuue LLC ("iQuue"), and on March 21, 2022, we purchased all of the outstanding equity interests of SightPlan Holdings Inc. ("SightPlan"). We cannot assure you that we will successfully identify suitable acquisition candidates, integrate or manage disparate technologies, lines of business, personnel and corporate cultures, realize our business strategy or the expected return on our investment, or manage a geographically dispersed company. Any such acquisition or investment could materially and adversely affect our results of operations. Acquisitions and other strategic investments involve significant risks and uncertainties, including:

• the potential failure to achieve the expected benefits of the combination or acquisition;

• unanticipated costs and liabilities;

• difficulties in integrating new products, solutions, software, features, services, businesses, operations and technology infrastructure in an efficient and effective manner;

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• the potential loss of key employees of the acquired businesses;

• difficulties in maintaining customer relations;

• the diversion of the attention of our senior management from the operation of our daily business;

• the potential adverse effect on our cash position to the extent that we use cash for the purchase price;

• the potential significant increase of our interest expense, leverage, and debt service requirements if we incur additional debt to pay for an acquisition;

• the potential issuance of securities that would dilute our stockholders’ percentage ownership;

• the potential to incur large and immediate write-offs and restructuring and other related expenses; and

• the inability to maintain uniform standards, controls, policies and procedures.

Any acquisition or investment could expose us to unknown liabilities. Moreover, we cannot assure you that we will realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or investment. In addition, our inability to successfully operate and integrate newly acquired businesses appropriately, effectively, and in a timely manner could impair our ability to take advantage of future growth opportunities and other advances in technology, as well as on our revenues, gross margins and expenses.

If we are unable to achieve or maintain profitability in the future, we may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances. If capital is not available to us, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We intend to continue to make expenditures and investments to support the growth of our business and if we are unable to achieve or maintain profitability, we may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances, including the need to develop new products or software or enhance our existing products and software, enhance our operating infrastructure, and acquire complementary businesses and technologies.

Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms, including interest rates, that are acceptable to us, or at all.

Any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve restrictive covenants, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. In addition, the restrictive covenants in credit facilities we may secure in the future may restrict us from being able to conduct our operations in a manner required for our business and may restrict our growth, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to comply with any such restrictive covenants. In the event that we are unable to comply with these covenants in the future, we would seek an amendment or waiver of the covenants. We cannot assure you that any such waiver or amendment would be granted. In such an event, we may be required to repay any or all of our existing borrowings, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to borrow under our existing credit agreements, or obtain alternative funding arrangements on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

In addition, volatility in the credit markets may have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing. Any future issuances of equity or convertible debt securities could result in significant dilution to our existing stockholders, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences, and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges, or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, results of operations, financial condition, and prospects could be materially and adversely affected.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property, technology, and confidential information could reduce our competitiveness and harm our business and operating results.

Our intellectual property, including our trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights, constitutes a significant part of our value. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to protect our proprietary technology, brands and other intellectual property against dilution, infringement, misappropriation and competitive pressure by defending our intellectual property rights. To protect our intellectual property rights, we rely on a combination of trademark, copyright and trade secret laws of the U.S. and a combination of confidentiality procedures, contractual provisions and other methods, all of which offer only limited protection.

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We own one issued U.S. patent and have three pending U.S. patent applications that relate to smart home, security and wireless Internet technologies utilized in our business. We may file additional patent applications in the future in the U.S. and internationally. The process of obtaining patent protection is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. We may choose not to seek patent protection for certain innovations and may choose not to pursue patent protection in certain jurisdictions. In addition, issuance of a patent does not guarantee that we have an absolute right to practice the patented invention.

If we fail to adequately protect or assert our intellectual property rights, competitors may dilute our brands or manufacture and market similar products, solutions, software, services, or convert our customers, which could adversely affect our market share and results of operations. Our competitors may challenge, invalidate or avoid the application of our existing or future intellectual property rights that we obtain or license. The loss of protection for our intellectual property rights could reduce the market value of our brands and our products and solutions, reduce new customer originations or upgrade sales to existing customers, lower our profits, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations.

Our policy is to require our employees that were hired and contractors that were engaged to develop material intellectual property included in our products to execute written agreements in which they assign to us their rights in potential inventions and other intellectual property created within the scope of their employment (or, with respect to consultants and service providers, their engagement to develop such intellectual property), but we cannot assure you that we have adequately protected our rights in every such agreement or that we have executed an agreement with every such party. Finally, in order to benefit from the protection of intellectual property rights, we must monitor and detect infringement, misappropriation or other violations of our intellectual property rights and pursue infringement, misappropriation or other claims in certain circumstances in relevant jurisdictions, all of which are costly and time-consuming. As a result, we may not be able to obtain adequate protection or to effectively enforce our intellectual property rights.

In addition to registered trademarks, we rely on trade secret rights, copyrights and other rights to protect our unpatented proprietary intellectual property and technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technologies and our intellectual property rights, unauthorized parties, including our employees, consultants, service providers, or subscribers may attempt to copy aspects of our products or obtain and use our trade secrets or other confidential information. We generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and third parties that have access to our material confidential information, and generally limit access to and distribution of our proprietary information and proprietary technology through certain procedural safeguards. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property or technology, could be breached or otherwise may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets and know-how related to the design, manufacture or operation of our products and solutions, and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure. We cannot assure you that the steps taken by us will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property or technology or infringement of our intellectual property rights. Competitors may independently develop technologies, products, or solutions that are substantially equivalent or superior to our products and solutions or that inappropriately incorporate our proprietary technology into their products or they may hire our former employees who may misappropriate our proprietary technology or misuse our confidential information. In addition, if we expand the geography of our service offerings, the laws of some foreign countries where we may do business in the future may not protect intellectual property rights and technology to the same extent as the laws of the U.S., and these countries may not enforce these laws as diligently as government agencies and private parties in the U.S.

From time to time, legal action by us may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights, to protect our trade secrets, to determine the validity and scope of the intellectual property rights of others, or to defend against claims of infringement, misappropriation, or invalidity. Such litigation could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could negatively affect our business, operating results and financial condition. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and technology, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the additional expense, time and effort required to create the innovative products that have enabled us to be successful to date.

Accusations of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could materially and adversely affect our business.

There has been substantial litigation in the areas in which we operate regarding intellectual property rights and we may be sued for infringement from time to time in the future. Also, in some instances, we have agreed to indemnify our customers for expenses and liability resulting from claimed intellectual property infringement by our products and solutions. From time to time, we may receive requests for indemnification in connection with allegations of intellectual property infringement and we may choose, or be required, to assume the defense and/or reimburse our customers for their expenses, settlement and/or liability. We cannot assure you that we will be able to settle any future claims or, if we are able to settle any such claims, that the settlement will be on terms favorable to us. Our broad range of technology may increase the likelihood that third parties will claim that we, or our customers infringe their intellectual property rights.

We have in the past received, and may in the future receive, notices of allegations of infringement, misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights. Furthermore, regardless of their merits, accusations and lawsuits like these, may require significant time and expense to defend, may negatively affect customer relationships, may divert management’s attention away from other aspects of our operations and, upon resolution, may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

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Certain technology necessary for us to provide our products and solutions may, in fact, be patented by other parties either now or in the future. If such technology were validly patented by another person, we would have to negotiate a license for the use of that technology. We may not be able to negotiate such a license at a price that is acceptable to us or at all. The existence of such a patent, or our inability to negotiate a license for any such technology on acceptable terms, could force us to cease using the technology and cease offering subscriptions incorporating the technology, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we, or any of our products or solutions, were found to be infringing on the intellectual property rights of any third party, we could be subject to liability for such infringement, which could be material. We could also be prohibited from using or selling certain subscriptions, prohibited from using certain processes, or required to redesign certain products, each of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

These and other outcomes may:

• result in the loss of a substantial number of existing customers or prohibit the acquisition of new customers;

• cause us to pay license fees for intellectual property we are deemed to have infringed;

• cause us to incur costs and devote valuable technical resources to redesigning our products or solutions;

• cause our cost of revenues to increase;

• cause us to accelerate expenditures to preserve existing revenues;

• materially and adversely affect our brand in the marketplace and cause a substantial loss of goodwill;

• cause us to change our business methods; and

• require us to cease certain business operations or offering certain products or features.

Some of our products and solutions contain open source software, which may pose particular risks to our proprietary software, technologies, products, and solutions in a manner that could harm our business.

We use open source software in our products and solutions and anticipate using open source software in the future. Some open source software licenses require those who distribute open source software as part of their own software product to publicly disclose all or part of the source code to such software product or to make available any derivative works of the open source code on unfavorable terms or at no cost. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our products or services.

Additionally, we could face claims from third parties claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the open source software or derivative works that we developed using such software, which could include our proprietary source code, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open source license. These claims could result in litigation and could require us to make our software source code freely available, purchase a costly license, or cease offering the implicated products or services unless and until we can re-engineer them to avoid infringement. This re-engineering process could require us to expend significant additional research and development resources, and we cannot guarantee that we will be successful.

Additionally, the use of certain open source software can lead to greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on the origin of software. There is typically no support available for open source software, and we cannot ensure that the authors of such open source software will implement or push updates to address security risks or will not abandon further development and maintenance. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title or performance, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business. We have processes to help alleviate these risks, including a review process for screening requests from our developers for the use of open source software, but we cannot be sure that all open source software is identified or submitted for approval prior to use in our products and services. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

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Downturns in or uncertainties about general economic and market conditions and reductions in spending may reduce demand for our products and solutions, which could harm our revenue, results of operations and cash flows.

Our revenue, results of operations and cash flows depend on the overall demand for our products and solutions. Adverse macroeconomic conditions, including inflation, slower growth or recession, barriers to trade, changes to fiscal and monetary policy, tighter credit, higher interest rates, high unemployment, currency fluctuations, and other events beyond our control, such as economic sanctions, natural disasters, pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic, epidemics, political instability, armed conflicts and wars, including the Russia-Ukraine war can materially adversely affect demand for our products and solutions. In addition, consumer spending and activities can be materially adversely affected in response to financial market volatility, negative financial news, conditions in the real estate and mortgage markets, declines in income or asset values, energy shortages and cost increases, labor and healthcare costs and other economic factors, all of which may have a negative affect on our business and results of operations.

Additionally, uncertainty about, or a decline in, global or regional economic conditions can have a significant impact on our suppliers, manufacturers, logistics providers, distributors, and other partners. Potential effects on our suppliers and partners include financial instability, inability to obtain credit to finance operations, and insolvency. A downturn in the economic environment can also lead to increased credit and collectability risk on our trade receivables, the failure of derivative counterparties and other financial institutions, limitations on our ability to issue new debt, reduced liquidity, and declines in the fair value of our financial instruments. These and other economic factors can materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and stock price.

During weak or uncertain economic times, the available pool of potential customers may additionally decline as the prospects for new multifamily apartment and single-family rental construction and residential building renovation projects diminish, which may have a corresponding impact on our growth prospects. In addition, there is an increased risk during these periods that an increased percentage of property developers will file for bankruptcy protection, which may harm our revenue, profitability and results of operations. In addition, we may determine that the cost of pursuing any claim may outweigh the recovery potential of such claim. Prolonged economic slowdowns and reductions in new residential and commercial building construction and renovation projects may result in diminished sales of our software, services and products. Further worsening, broadening or protracted extension of an economic downturn could have a negative impact on our business, revenue, results of operations and cash flows.

Insurance policies may not cover all of our operating risks and a casualty loss beyond the limits of our coverage could negatively impact our business.

We are subject to all of the operating hazards and risks normally incidental to the provision of our products and solutions and business operations. In addition to contractual provisions limiting our liability to customers and third parties, we maintain insurance policies in such amounts and with such coverage and deductibles as required by law and that we believe are reasonable and prudent. Nevertheless, such insurance may not be adequate to protect us from all the liabilities and expenses that may arise from claims for personal injury, death, or property damage arising in the ordinary course of our business and current levels of insurance may not be able to be maintained or may not be available at economical prices. If a significant liability claim is brought against us that is not covered by insurance, then we may have to pay the claim with our own funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Changes in effective tax rates, or adverse outcomes resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our future effective tax rates could be subject to volatility or adversely affected by a number of factors, including:

• changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities;

• expiration or non-utilization of net operating loss carryforwards;

• tax effects of share-based compensation;

• expansion into new jurisdictions;

• potential challenges to and costs related to implementation and ongoing operation of our intercompany arrangements;

• increases in state or federal statutory tax rates on corporate income;

• changes in tax laws and regulations and accounting principles, or interpretations or applications thereof; and

• certain non-deductible expenses as a result of acquisitions.

Any changes in our effective tax rate could adversely affect our results of operations.

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Any future outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, resurgences or the development of variants thereof, could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant volatility in financial markets. Any public health problems resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and precautionary measures instituted by governments and businesses to mitigate its spread, including travel restrictions and quarantines, could contribute to a general slowdown in the global economy, adversely impact our customers, third-party suppliers and other business partners, and disrupt our operations.

The extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results will depend largely on future developments, including any future spread of the outbreak, effectiveness of vaccines, the impact on capital and financial markets, and the related impact on the financial circumstances of our customers and their residents, all of which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Our business is subject to the risk of earthquakes, fire, power outages, floods, and other catastrophic events, and to interruption by manmade problems such as terrorism.

Our business is vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, fires, floods, power losses, telecommunications failures, terrorist attacks, acts of war, human errors, break-ins, and similar events. The third-party systems and operations and manufacturers we rely on are subject to similar risks. For example, a significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire, or flood, could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and operating results, and our insurance coverage may be insufficient to compensate us for losses that may occur. Acts of terrorism, which may be targeted at metropolitan areas that have higher population density than rural areas, could also cause disruptions in our or our suppliers’ and manufacturers’ businesses or the economy as a whole. We may not have sufficient protection or recovery plans in some circumstances, such as natural disasters affecting locations that store significant inventory of our products or that house our servers. As we rely heavily on our computer and communications systems, and the internet to conduct our business and provide high-quality customer service, these disruptions could negatively impact our ability to run our business and either directly or indirectly disrupt suppliers’ and manufacturers’ businesses, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Matters

We collect, store, process, and use personal information of our customers and their residents, which subjects us to legal obligations and laws and regulations related to security and privacy, and any actual or perceived failure to meet those obligations could harm our business.

We collect, process, store, and use a wide variety of data from current and prospective customers and their residents, including personal information, such as home addresses and geolocation. Federal, state, and international laws and regulations governing privacy, data protection, and e-commerce transactions require us to safeguard our customers’ personal information. The scope of such laws and regulations is rapidly changing. We are also subject to the terms of our privacy policies and contractual obligations to third parties related to privacy, data protection and information security. We strive to comply with applicable laws, regulations, policies and other legal obligations relating to privacy, data protection, and information security. However, the regulatory framework for privacy, data protection, and information security is, and is likely to remain, uncertain for the foreseeable future, and it is possible that these or other actual or alleged obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or our practices.

We also expect that there will continue to be new laws, regulations and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection, and information security proposed and enacted in various jurisdictions. Various states throughout the U.S. are increasingly adopting or revising privacy, information security, and data protection laws and regulations that could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection, and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention, and safeguarding of customer, consumer, resident, employee, or any other third-party information we receive, and some of our current or planned business activities. For example, California enacted the CCPA, that affords consumers who are California residents expanded privacy protections and control over the collection, use and sharing of their personal information. The CCPA went into effect on January 1, 2020 and gives California residents expanded rights to access and require deletion of their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA also provides for a private right of action for data breaches that may increase data breach litigation. Relatedly, the CPRA was recently adopted by California voters. The CPRA significantly amends the CCPA and imposes additional data protection obligations on covered companies doing business in California, including additional consumer rights processes and opt outs for certain uses of sensitive data. It also creates a new California data protection agency specifically tasked to enforce the law, which would likely result in increased regulatory scrutiny of California businesses in the areas of data protection and security. The substantive requirements for businesses subject to the CPRA went into effect on January 1, 2023 and will become enforceable on July 1, 2023.

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Additionally, the interpretations of existing federal and state consumer protection laws relating to online collection, use, dissemination, and security of personal information adopted by the FTC, state attorneys general, private plaintiffs, and courts have evolved, and may continue to evolve, over time. Consumer protection laws require us to publish statements that describe how we handle personal information and choices individuals may have about the way we handle their personal information. If such information that we publish is considered untrue, we may be subject to government claims of unfair or deceptive trade practices, which could lead to significant liabilities and consequences. Furthermore, according to the FTC, violating consumers’ privacy rights or failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure may constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce, thus violating Section 5(a) of the FTC Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

With data privacy and security laws and regulations imposing new and relatively burdensome obligations, and with substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these and other laws and regulations, we may face challenges in addressing their requirements and making necessary changes to our policies and practices, and may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our data privacy or security related obligations to our customers or any of our other legal obligations relating to data privacy or security may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation, claims or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could result in significant liability, loss of relationships with key third parties, or cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

Furthermore, we may be required to disclose personal data pursuant to demands from individuals, privacy advocates, regulators, government agencies, and law enforcement agencies in various jurisdictions with conflicting privacy and security laws. This disclosure or refusal to disclose personal data may result in a breach of privacy and data protection policies, notices, laws, rules, court orders, and regulations and could result in proceedings or actions against us in the same or other jurisdictions, damage to our reputation and brand, and inability to provide our products and services to customers in certain jurisdictions. Additionally, changes in the laws and regulations that govern our collection, use, and disclosure of customer data could impose additional requirements with respect to the retention and security of customer data, could limit our marketing activities, and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

If there is any breach of security controls; unauthorized or inadvertent access to customer, residential, or other data; or unauthorized control or view of systems, our products and solutions may be perceived as insecure, our business may be harmed, and we may incur significant liabilities.

Use of our solutions involves the storage, transmission and processing of personal, payment, credit and other confidential and private information of our customers and their residents, and may in certain cases permit access to our customers’ vacant and rented property or help secure them. We also maintain and process confidential and proprietary information in our business, including our employees’ and contractors’ personal information and confidential business information. We rely on proprietary and commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to protect against unauthorized use or access of the information we process and maintain. Our solutions and the networks and information systems we utilize in our business are at risk for breaches as a result of third-party action, employee or partner error, malfeasance, or other factors. In addition, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have enabled substantially all of our employees to work remotely which may make us more vulnerable to cyber-attacks and may create operational or other challenges, any of which could harm our systems or our business. Although we have taken precautionary measures to prepare for these threats and challenges, there is no guarantee that our precautions will fully protect our systems.

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Although we have established security procedures to protect customers and their resident information, our or our partners’ security and testing measures may not prevent security breaches. Further, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography, inadequate facility security, or other developments may result in a compromise or breach of the technology we use to protect customer data. Any compromise of our security or breach of our customers’ or their residents’ privacy could harm our reputation or financial condition and, therefore, our business. Criminals and other nefarious actors are using increasingly sophisticated methods, including cyber-attacks, phishing, social engineering and other illicit acts to capture, access, or alter various types of information, to engage in illegal activities such as fraud and identity theft, and to expose and exploit potential security and privacy vulnerabilities in corporate systems and websites. Unauthorized intrusion into the portions of our systems and networks and data storage devices that process and store customer and resident confidential and private information, the loss of such information or the deployment of malware or other harmful code to our services or our networks or systems may result in negative consequences, including the actual or alleged malfunction of our products, software or services. In addition, third parties, including our third-party affiliates, could also be sources of security risks to us in the event of a failure of their own security systems and infrastructure. The threats we and our third-party affiliates face continue to evolve and are difficult to predict due to advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography and new and sophisticated methods used by criminals. There can be no assurances that our defensive measures will prevent cyber-attacks or that we will detect network or system intrusions or other breaches on a timely basis or at all. We cannot be certain that we will not suffer a compromise or breach of the technology protecting the systems or networks that house or access our software, services and products or on which we or our partners process or store personal information or other sensitive information or data, or that any such incident will not be believed or reported to have occurred. Any such actual or perceived compromises or breaches to systems, or unauthorized access to our customers’ data, products, software or services, or acquisition or loss of data, whether suffered by us, our partners or other third parties, whether as a result of employee error or malfeasance or otherwise, could harm our business. They could, for example, cause interruptions in operations, loss of data, loss of confidence in our products and solutions and damage to our reputation, and could limit the adoption of our products and solutions. They could also subject us to costs, regulatory investigations and orders, litigation, contract damages, indemnity demands, and other liabilities and materially and adversely affect our customer base, sales, revenues, and profits. Any of these could, in turn, have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, cash flows, or results of operations. If such an event results in unauthorized access to or loss of any data subject to data privacy and security laws and regulations, then we could be subject to substantial fines by U.S. federal and state authorities, foreign data privacy authorities around the world and private claims by companies or individuals. A cyber-attack may cause additional costs, such as investigative and remediation costs, legal fees, and the costs of any additional fraud detection activities required by law, a court, or a third party. Depending on the nature of the information compromised, in the event of a data breach or other unauthorized access to our customer data, we may also have obligations to notify individuals, data owner, or customers about the incident and we may need to provide some form of remedy to such customers or their residents, such as a subscription to a credit monitoring service for the individuals affected by the incident. A growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted consumer notification requirements in the event of unauthorized access to or acquisition of certain types of personal data. Such breach notification laws continue to evolve and may be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another. Complying with these obligations could cause us to incur substantial costs and could increase negative publicity surrounding any incident that compromises customer data. Additionally, some of our customer contracts require us to indemnify customers from damages they may incur as a result of a breach of our systems. There can be no assurance that the limitation of liability provisions in our contracts for a security breach would be enforceable or would otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. Further, if a high-profile security breach occurs with respect to another provider of smart home solutions, our customers and potential customers or their residents may lose trust in the security of our products and solutions or in the smart home technology industry generally, which could adversely impact our ability to retain existing customers or attract new ones. Even in the absence of any security breach, customer concerns about security, privacy or data protection may deter them from using our products and solutions.

Our insurance policies covering errors and omissions and certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses may not be sufficient to compensate for all potential liability. Although we maintain cyber liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

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Our products and solutions may be affected from time to time by design and manufacturing defects that could subject us to personal injury, property damage, product liability, warranty, and other claims, which could adversely affect our business and result in harm to our reputation.

We offer complex solutions involving advanced software and web-based interactive user interfaces and hardware products and services that can be affected by design and manufacturing defects. Sophisticated software, applications, and web-based interactive user interfaces, such as those offered by us, have issues that can unexpectedly interfere with the intended operation of hardware or software products. Defects may also exist in components and products that we source from third parties. Any such defects could cause our products and solutions to create a risk of property damage and personal injury, and subject us to the hazards and uncertainties of product liability claims and related litigation. In addition, from time to time, we may experience outages, service slowdowns, or errors that affect our software, applications, and web-based interactive user interfaces. As a result, our solutions may not perform as anticipated and may not meet customer expectations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to detect and fix all issues and defects in the hardware, software, and services we offer as part of our products and solutions. Failure to do so could result in widespread technical and performance issues affecting our products and solutions and could lead to claims against us. We maintain general liability insurance; however, design and manufacturing defects, and claims related thereto, may subject us to judgments or settlements that result in damages materially in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. In addition, we may be exposed to recalls, product replacements or modifications, write-offs of inventory, property, plant and equipment, or intangible assets, and significant warranty and other expenses such as litigation costs and regulatory fines. If we cannot successfully defend any large claim, maintain our general liability insurance on acceptable terms, or maintain adequate coverage against potential claims, our financial results could be adversely impacted. Further, given that our customers deploy our products and solutions to provide a safe and secure living space to their residents, quality problems could subject us to substantial liability, adversely affect the experience for users of our products and solutions and result in harm to our reputation, loss of competitive advantage, poor market acceptance, reduced demand for our products and solutions, delay in new product and solution introductions, and lost revenue.

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain senior management and qualified board members.

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the listing requirements of the NYSE, and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations has increased our legal and financial compliance costs, made some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and increased demand on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly, and current reports with respect to our business and results of operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. In order to maintain and, if required, improve our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting to meet this standard, significant resources and management oversight may be required. Although we have already hired additional employees to comply with these requirements, we may need to hire more employees in the future or engage outside consultants, which will increase our costs and expenses. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could harm our business and results of operations.

In addition, changing laws, regulations and standards relating to corporate governance and public disclosure are creating uncertainty for public companies, increasing legal and financial compliance costs and making some activities more time-consuming. These laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, in many cases due to their lack of specificity, and, as a result, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance is provided by regulatory and governing bodies. This could result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and higher costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to disclosure and governance practices. We intend to invest resources to comply with evolving laws, regulations and standards, and this investment may result in increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management’s time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities. Our failure to comply with these laws, regulations and standards could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

However, for as long as we remain an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, we will take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including, but not limited to, exemption from the requirement to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” Additionally, we are choosing to take advantage of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards under the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that have adopted the new or revised accounting standards. If investors find our Class A Common Stock less attractive as a result of exemptions and reduced disclosure requirements, there may be a less active trading market for our Class A Common Stock and our stock price may be more volatile or decrease.

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We will cease to be an “emerging growth company” upon the earliest of (i) the first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the initial public offering by FWAA (the "FWAA IPO"), which closed on February 9, 2021, (ii) the first fiscal year after our annual gross revenues are $1.07 billion or more, (iii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities or (iv) as of the end of any fiscal year in which the market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates exceeded $700.0 million as of the end of the second quarter of that fiscal year.

Being a public company and these new rules and regulations may also make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of the Board, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation committee, and qualified executive officers.

As a result of disclosure of information in this Report and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition is more visible, which may result in more litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, even if the claims do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor. These claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report financial results or prevent fraud and the trading price of our stock could be negatively affected.

Until the closing of the Business Combination, we were not required to comply with the rules of the SEC implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and, therefore, we were not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. Upon becoming a public company, we were required to comply with the SEC’s rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of controls over financial reporting.

Effective internal controls are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and to assist in the effective prevention of fraud. Any inability to provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud could harm our business. Any system of internal controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met.

If we cannot conclude that we have effective internal control over our financial reporting, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which could lead to a decline in our stock price. Failure to comply with reporting requirements could also subject us to sanctions and/or investigations by the SEC, the NYSE or other regulatory authorities. If we fail to remedy any deficiencies or maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, we could be subject to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or stockholder litigation. In addition, failure to maintain adequate internal controls could result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our operating results or financial condition.

Our smart home technology is subject to varying state and local regulations, which may be updated from time to time.

Our smart home technology is subject to certain state and local regulations, which may be updated from time to time. For example, our products and solutions are subject to regulations relating to building and fire codes, public safety, and may eventually be subject to state and local regulation regarding access control systems. The regulations to which we are subject may change, additional regulations may be imposed, or existing regulations may be applied in a manner that creates special requirements for the implementation and operation of our products and solutions that may significantly impact or even eliminate some of our revenues or markets. In addition, we may incur material costs or liabilities in complying with any such regulations. Furthermore, some of our customers must comply with numerous laws and regulations, which may affect their willingness and ability to purchase our products and solutions. The modification of existing laws and regulations or interpretations thereof or the adoption of future laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, cause us to modify or alter our methods of operations and increase our costs and the price of our products and solutions. In addition, we cannot provide any assurance that we will be able, for financial or other reasons, to comply with all applicable laws and regulations. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we could become subject to substantial penalties or restrictions that could materially and adversely affect our business.

Failure of our global operations to comply with import and export, bribery, and money laundering laws, regulations and controls, could have an adverse impact on our financial condition.

We conduct our business globally and source our products from Asia, Europe and the U.S. We are subject to regulation by various federal, state, local and foreign governmental agencies, including, but not limited to, agencies and regulatory bodies or authorities responsible for monitoring and enforcing product safety and consumer protection laws, data privacy and security laws and regulations, employment and labor laws, workplace safety laws and regulations, environmental laws and regulations, antitrust laws, federal securities laws, and tax laws and regulations.

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We are subject to the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, the U.S. Travel Act of 1961, and possibly other anti-bribery laws, including those that comply with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and other international conventions. Anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit our company from authorizing, offering, or providing directly or indirectly improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector. Certain laws could also prohibit us from soliciting or accepting bribes or kickbacks. We can be held liable for the corrupt activities of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents, even if we did not explicitly authorize such activity. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with anti-corruption laws, there can be no assurance that all of our employees, representatives, contractors, partners, and agents will comply with these laws and policies.

Our operations require us to import from Asia and Europe, which geographically stretches our compliance obligations. We are also subject to anti-money laundering laws such as the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 and may be subject to similar laws in other jurisdictions. Our products are subject to export control and import laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s (“Treasury”) Office of Foreign Assets Controls. We may also be subject to import/export laws and regulations in other jurisdictions in which we conduct business or source our products. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export or import privileges; fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers; and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers.

Changes in laws that apply to us could result in increased regulatory requirements and compliance costs which could harm our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations. In certain jurisdictions, regulatory requirements may be more stringent than in the U.S. Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to whistleblower complaints, investigations, sanctions, settlements, mandatory product recalls, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties or injunctions, suspension or debarment from contracting with certain governments or other customers, the loss of export privileges, multi-jurisdictional liability, reputational harm, and other collateral consequences. If any governmental or other sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations could be materially harmed. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and an increase in defense costs and other professional fees.

Expanding our international operations subject us to a variety of risks and uncertainties, including exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We expanded our international operations to Canada and the United Kingdom and may further grow our international presence in the future. The future success of our business will depend, in part, on our ability to expand our operations and customer base worldwide. Operating in international markets requires significant resources and management attention and will subject us to regulatory, economic, and political risks that are different from those in the U.S. Due to our lack of experience with international operations and developing and managing sales and distribution channels in international markets, our international expansion efforts may not be successful. In addition, we will face risks in doing business internationally that could materially and adversely affect our business, including:

• our ability to comply with differing and evolving technical and environmental standards, telecommunications regulations, building and fire codes, and certification requirements outside the U.S.;

• difficulties and costs associated with staffing and managing foreign operations;

• our ability to effectively price our products and solutions in competitive international markets;

• potentially greater difficulty collecting accounts receivable and longer payment cycles;

• the need to adapt and localize our products and subscriptions for specific countries;

• the need to offer customer care in various native languages;

• reliance on third parties over which we have limited control;

• availability of reliable network connectivity in targeted areas for expansion;

• difficulties in understanding and complying with local laws, regulations, and customs in foreign jurisdictions;

• restrictions on travel to or from countries in which we operate or inability to access certain areas;

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• changes in diplomatic and trade relationships, including tariffs and other non-tariff barriers, such as quotas and local content rules;

• U.S. government trade restrictions, including those which may impose restrictions such as prohibitions, on the exportation, re-exportation, sale, shipment or other transfer of programming, technology, components, and/or services to foreign persons;

• our ability to comply with different and evolving laws, rules, and regulations, including the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and other data privacy and data protection laws, rules and regulations;

• compliance with various anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and U.K. Bribery Act of 2010;

• more limited protection for intellectual property rights in some countries;

• adverse tax consequences;

• fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

• exchange control regulations, which might restrict or prohibit our conversion of other currencies into U.S. Dollars;

• new and different sources of competition;

• political and economic instability created by the United Kingdom’s departure from the European Union;

• deterioration of political relations between the U.S. and other countries in which we may operate; or

• political or social unrest, economic instability, conflict or war in such countries, or sanctions implemented by the U.S. against countries in which we operate, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

Our failure to successfully manage these risks could harm our international operations and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Fluctuations in foreign currencies in which we transact business also subject us to certain risks. While we have historically transacted in U.S. Dollars with the majority of our customers and suppliers, we have transacted in some foreign currencies, such as the Euro, the Canadian dollar, the Croatian Krona and the Chinese Renminbi and may transact in more foreign currencies in the future. Accordingly, changes in the value of foreign currencies relative to the U.S. Dollar may affect our revenue and operating results. As a result of such foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations, it could be more difficult to detect underlying trends in our business and operating results. In addition, to the extent that fluctuations in currency exchange rates cause our operating results to differ from our expectations or the expectations of our investors, the trading price of our common stock could be lowered.

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings, regulatory disputes, and governmental inquiries that could cause us to incur significant expenses, divert our management’s attention, and materially harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

From time to time, we may be subject to claims, lawsuits, government investigations, and other proceedings involving products liability, competition and antitrust, intellectual property, privacy, consumer protection, securities, tax, labor and employment, commercial disputes, and other matters that could adversely affect our business operations and financial condition. As our business grows, we may see a rise in the number and significance of these disputes and inquiries. Litigation and regulatory proceedings, and particularly the intellectual property infringement matters that we could face, may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict. Additionally, our litigation costs could be significant. Adverse outcomes with respect to litigation or any of these legal proceedings may result in significant settlement costs or judgments, penalties and fines, or require us to modify our products or services, make content unavailable, or require us to stop offering certain features, all of which could negatively affect our membership and revenue growth.

The results of litigation, investigations, claims, and regulatory proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, and determining reserves for pending litigation and other legal and regulatory matters requires significant judgment. There can be no assurance that our expectations will prove correct, and even if these matters are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, financial condition, and operating results.

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Risks Related to Ownership of Our Class A Common Stock

Our Class A Common Stock price may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.

The trading price of our Class A Common Stock may be volatile. The stock market recently has experienced extreme volatility. This volatility often has been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of particular companies. You may not be able to resell your shares at an attractive price due to a number of factors such as those listed in “- Risks Related to Our Business and Industry” and the following:

• our operating and financial performance and prospects;

• our quarterly or annual earnings or those of other companies in our industry compared to market expectations;

• conditions that impact demand for our products and/or services;

• future announcements concerning our business, our clients’ businesses or our competitors’ businesses;

• the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC;

• the market’s reaction to our reduced disclosure and other requirements as a result of being an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act;

• the size of our public float;

• coverage by or changes in financial estimates by securities analysts or failure to meet their expectations;

• market and industry perception of our success, or lack thereof, in pursuing our growth strategy;

• strategic actions by us or our competitors, such as acquisitions or restructurings;

• changes in laws or regulations which adversely affect our industry or us;

• privacy and data protection laws, privacy or data breaches, or the loss of data;

• the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our financial condition and the results of operations;

• changes in accounting standards, policies, guidance, interpretations or principles;

• changes in senior management or key personnel;

• issuances, exchanges or sales, or expected issuances, exchanges or sales of our capital stock;

• changes in our dividend policy;

• adverse resolution of new or pending litigation against us; and

• changes in general market, economic and political conditions in the U.S. and global economies or financial markets, including those resulting from natural disasters, terrorist attacks, acts of war and responses to such events.

These broad market and industry factors may materially reduce the market price of our Class A Common Stock, regardless of our operating performance. In addition, price volatility may be greater if the public float and trading volume of our Class A Common Stock is low. As a result, you may suffer a loss on your investment.

In the past, following periods of market volatility, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation. If we were involved in securities litigation, it could have a substantial cost and divert resources and the attention of executive management from our business regardless of the outcome of such litigation.

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We do not intend to pay dividends on our Class A Common Stock for the foreseeable future.

We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends on our Class A Common Stock in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Board and will depend on, among other things, our business prospects, results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements and availability, certain restrictions related to our indebtedness, industry trends and other factors that the Board may deem relevant. Any such decision will also be subject to compliance with contractual restrictions and covenants in the agreements governing our current and future indebtedness. In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness, the terms of which may further restrict or prevent us from paying dividends on our common stock. As a result, you may have to sell some or all of your Class A Common Stock after price appreciation in order to generate cash flow from your investment, which you may not be able to do. Our inability or decision not to pay dividends, particularly when others in our industry have elected to do so, could also adversely affect the market price of our Class A Common Stock.

If securities analysts issue unfavorable commentary about us or our industry or downgrade our Class A Common Stock, the price of our Class A Common Stock could decline.

The trading market for our Class A Common Stock depends in part on the research and reports that third-party securities analysts publish about us and the industries in which we operate. If any of the analysts that cover us change their recommendation regarding our securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our securities would likely decline. If any analyst that covers us ceases covering us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our securities to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrades our Class A Common Stock, or if our reporting results do not meet their expectations, the market price of our Class A Common Stock could decline.

Our issuance of additional shares of Class A Common Stock or convertible securities could make it difficult for another company to acquire us, may dilute your ownership of us and could adversely affect our stock price.

On October 29, 2021, we filed Form S-8 under the Securities Act to register 35,444,576 shares of our Class A Common Stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our Class A Common Stock issued pursuant to our equity incentive plans. The Form S-8 registration statements automatically became effective upon filing. The shares registered under such registration statements will be available for sale in the open market.

In the future, we expect to obtain financing or to further increase our capital resources by issuing additional shares of our capital stock or offering debt or other equity securities, including senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity, or shares of preferred stock. Issuing additional shares of our capital stock, other equity securities, or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders, reduce the market price of our Class A Common Stock, or both. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in the conversion ratio pursuant to which certain events may increase the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control, which may adversely affect the amount, timing or nature of our future offerings. As a result, holders of our Class A Common Stock bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of our Class A Common Stock and dilute their percentage ownership.

Future sales, or the perception of future sales, of our common stock by us or our existing stockholders in the public market could cause the market price for our common stock to decline.

As of December 31, 2022, we had 198,525,153 shares of Class A Common Stock outstanding.

The sale of substantial amounts of shares of our Class A Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could harm the prevailing market price of shares of our common stock. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate. In addition, the sale of a large number of shares by our stockholders could cause the prevailing market price of our Class A Common Stock to decline.

As restrictions on resale end, the market price of shares of our Class A Common Stock could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our shares of Class A Common Stock or other securities.

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In addition, the shares of our Class A Common Stock issued under the SmartRent, Inc. 2021 Equity Incentive Plan, (the "2021 Plan") are eligible for sale in the public market, subject to provisions relating to various vesting agreements, and in some cases, limitations on volume and manner of sale by affiliates under Rule 144, as applicable. The number of shares to be reserved for future issuance under the 2021 Plan equals 12,853,744 shares (all of which may be issued pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options). We also have the ability to issue up to 3,731,411 additional shares of common stock under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"), subject to annual increases effective as of January 1, 2023 and each subsequent January 1 through and including January 1, 2030 in an amount equal to the smallest of (i) 1% of the number of shares of the common stock outstanding as of the immediately preceding December 31, (ii) 2,000,000 shares or (iii) such amount, if any, as the Board may determine.

Our management has limited experience in operating a public company.

Our executive officers have limited experience in the management of a publicly traded company. Our management team may not successfully or effectively manage its transition to a public company that will be subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under federal securities laws. Our management’s limited experience in dealing with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies could be a significant disadvantage in that it is likely that an increasing amount of their time may be devoted to these activities, which would result in less time being devoted to our management and growth. We may not have adequate personnel with the appropriate level of knowledge, experience, and training in the accounting policies, practices or internal controls over financial reporting required of public companies in the U.S. The development and implementation of the standards and controls necessary for us to achieve the level of accounting standards required of a public company in the U.S. may require costs greater than expected. It is possible that we will be required to hire additional employees to support our operations as a public company, which would increase our operating costs in future periods.

Anti-takeover provisions in our governing documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult, limit attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management and limit the market price of our common stock.

Our third amended and restated certificate of incorporation (our “Charter”) and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by the Board.

Among other things, our Charter and/or bylaws include the following provisions:

• a staggered board, which means that the Board is classified into three classes of directors, with staggered three-year terms and directors are only able to be removed from office for cause;

• limitations on convening special stockholder meetings, which could make it difficult for our stockholders to adopt desired governance changes;

• a prohibition on stockholder action by written consent, which means that our stockholders are only able to take action at a meeting of stockholders and are not be able to take action by written consent for any matter;

• a forum selection clause, which means certain litigation against us can only be brought in Delaware;

• the authorization of undesignated preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without further action by our stockholders; and

• advance notice procedures, which apply for stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors or to bring matters before an annual meeting of stockholders.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management. As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the DGCL, which prevents interested stockholders, such as certain stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock, from engaging in certain business combinations unless (i) prior to the time such stockholder became an interested stockholder, the Board approved the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, (ii) upon consummation of the transaction that resulted in such stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the common stock, or (iii) following board approval, such business combination receives the approval of the holders of at least two-thirds of our outstanding common stock not held by such interested stockholder at an annual or special meeting of stockholders.

Any provision of our Charter or bylaws or Delaware law that has the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

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Our bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

Our Charter provides that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the (i) Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, in the event that the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware or other state courts of the State of Delaware) shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the sole and exclusive forum for: (a) any derivative action, suit or proceeding brought on our behalf; (b) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or stockholders to us or to our stockholders; (c) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim arising pursuant to the DGCL, our Charter or bylaws; or (d) any action, suit or proceeding asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine; and (ii) subject to the foregoing, the federal district courts of the U.S. shall be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. Notwithstanding the foregoing, such forum selection provisions shall not apply to suits brought to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts of the U.S. have exclusive jurisdiction. The choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our Charter to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Additionally, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As noted above, our Charter and bylaws provide that the federal district courts of the U.S. shall have jurisdiction over any action arising under the Securities Act. Accordingly, there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce such provision. Our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.
 

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate headquarters are located in Scottsdale, Arizona, where we lease 40,893 square feet of office space. We also lease 9,928 square feet of office space in Orlando, Florida and 60,820 square feet of warehouse space in Avondale, Arizona. In addition to our facilities located in the U.S., we lease 2,690 square feet of office space and 3,229 square feet of warehouse space in Zagreb, Croatia. We believe that our facilities are adequate to meet our needs for the immediate future and that suitable additional space will be available to accommodate any expansion of our operations as needed.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are subject to various claims, charges and litigation matters that arise in the ordinary course of business. We believe these actions are a normal incident of the nature and kind of business in which we are engaged. While it is not feasible to predict the outcome of these matters with certainty, we do not believe that any asserted or unasserted legal claims or proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

For a discussion of legal and other proceedings in which we are involved, see Note 12 - Commitments and Contingencies in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

Our Class A Common Stock is listed on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “SMRT.” FWAA's Class A Common Stock was listed on Nasdaq under the ticker symbol "FWAA" prior to the Business Combination.

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Holders of Record

As of December 31, 2022, there were 24 stockholders of record of our Class A Common Stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our Class A Common Stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in our business and therefore we do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The terms of our Senior Revolving Facility, as defined in Note 6 to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Report, also restrict our ability to pay dividends, and we may also enter into credit agreements or other borrowing arrangements in the future that will restrict our ability to declare or pay cash dividends on our capital stock.

Stock Performance Graphs and Cumulative Total Return

The following shall not be deemed incorporated by reference into any of our other filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.

The graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, the Russell 2000 Index and the De-SPAC ETF (NYSE:DSPC) which tracks the performance of The De-SPAC Index (DESPACTR on Bloomberg), an equally weighted portfolio of 25 of the largest de-SPACs on a rolling 12-month basis. The chart assumes $100 was invested on January 3, 2022, in the Class A common stock of SmartRent Inc., the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 2000 Index and the De-SPAC ETF, and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends.

The comparisons in the graph below are based upon historical data and are not indicative of, nor intended to forecast, future performance of our Class A common stock.

The information under “Stock Performance Graphs and Cumulative Total Return” is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing of the Company under the Securities Act, or the Exchange Act, whether made before or after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and irrespective of any general incorporation language in those filings.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The information required by this item with respect to our equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference to our Proxy Statement for the 2023 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

None.

Item 6. INTENTIONALLY OMITTED

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Report.

Overview

We are an enterprise real estate technology company that provides a comprehensive management platform designed for property owners, managers and residents. Our suite of products and services, which includes both smart building hardware and cloud-based SaaS solutions, provides seamless visibility and control over real estate assets. Our platform lowers operating costs, increases revenues, mitigates operational friction and protects assets for owners and operators, while providing a differentiated, elevated living experience for residents.

Through a Hub Device, we integrate our proprietary enterprise software with third-party smart devices and other technology interfaces. We use an open-architecture, brand-agnostic approach that allows owners, operators, and residents to manage their smart home systems through a single connected interface. Our solutions include smart apartments and homes, access control for buildings, common areas, and rental units, asset protection and monitoring, parking management, self-guided tours, and community and resident Wi-Fi. We also have a professional services team that provides customers with training, installation, and support services. Our SightPlan acquisition in March 2022 advanced our product roadmap and augmented our cloud-based SaaS solutions for current and prospective customers.

We believe SmartRent is the category leader in the enterprise smart home solutions industry. As of December 31, 2022, we had 547,196 Units Deployed, 851,815 Committed Units, and 501 customers, including many of the top multifamily residential owners in the U.S. As of that date, our customers owned an aggregate of approximately 6.7 million units. This represents approximately 15% of the U.S. market for institutionally owned multifamily rental units and single-family rental homes. In addition to multifamily residential owners, our customers include some of the leading homebuilders, single-family rental homeowners, and iBuyers in the U.S.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe that our success is dependent on many factors, including those further discussed below. Our operating results and cash flows are dependent upon a number of opportunities, challenges and other factors, including our ability to grow our customer base in a cost-effective manner, expand our hardware and hosted service offerings to generate increased revenue per Unit Deployed (as defined below), provide high quality hardware products and hosted service applications to maximize revenue and improve the leverage of our business model. While these areas represent opportunities for us, they also represent challenges and risks that we must successfully address in order to operate our business.

Active Supply Chain Management

We are focused on successfully navigating unprecedented global supply chain disruptions. Specifically, increased demand for electronics as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. trade relations with China and certain other factors have led to a global shortage of semiconductors, including Z‑wave chips, which are a central component of our Hub Devices. Due to this shortage, we have experienced Hub Device production delays, which have occasionally affected our ability to meet scheduled installations and facilitate customer upgrades to our higher-margin Hub Devices. Further, we've experienced shortages and shipment delays related to components for Alloy Access and made-to-order specialty locks. Consequently, scheduled deployments have been delayed to future periods. This is a timing issue as these customer orders have not been canceled. We expect that some of these backlogged units will be deployed in 2023. Our expectation is that we will not see marked improvements with respect to supply chain delays for Alloy Access and for made-to-order locks through 2023.

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Investing in Research and Development

Our performance is significantly dependent on the investments we make in research and development, including our ability to attract and retain highly skilled research and development personnel. We must continually develop and introduce innovative new software services and hardware products, integrate with third-party products and services, mobile applications and other new offerings.

New Products, Features and Functionality

We will need to expend additional resources to continue introducing new products, features and functionality to enhance the value of our smart home operating system. We have recently introduced a number of product enhancements and features, including the Building Access Control, Video Intercom, WiFi, Parking, and Work Order Management solutions. In the future, we intend to continue to release new products and solutions and enhance our existing products and solutions, and we expect that our operating results will be impacted by these releases.

The acquisition of SightPlan enhances our overall platform offering and customer value proposition by providing a comprehensive one-stop platform that broadens our support of property operations, enhancing the experience for residents, property owners and managers. Both SmartRent and SightPlan offer an open-API architecture that enables a myriad of third-party partner integrations, resulting in a multi-functional platform that enhances property management workflow efficiencies, empowers teams to get more done, elevates resident interactions, and improves resident living experiences.

Category Adoption and Market Growth

Our future growth depends in part on the continued consumer adoption of hardware and software products which improve resident experience and the growth of this market. We need to deliver solutions that enhance the resident experience and deliver value to our customers, rental property owners and operators, as well as homebuilders and developers, by providing products and solutions designed to enhance visibility and control over assets while providing additional revenue opportunities. In addition, our long-term growth depends in part on our ability to expand into international markets in the future.

The Business Combination

On August 24, 2021, we consummated the Business Combination contemplated by the Merger Agreement. Upon the closing of the Business Combination, Merger Sub merged with and into Legacy SmartRent, with Legacy SmartRent continuing as the surviving company and changing its name to “SmartRent Technologies, Inc.” In connection with the consummation of the Business Combination, we changed our name from “Fifth Wall Acquisition Corp. I” to “SmartRent, Inc.” and changed our trading symbol and exchange listing from “FWAA” on Nasdaq to “SMRT” on the NYSE. The Business Combination is accounted for as a reverse capitalization in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). Under the guidance in the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update (FASB ASC) 805, “Business Combinations,” FWAA is treated as the “acquired” company for financial reporting purposes. SmartRent Technologies, Inc. is deemed the accounting predecessor of the combined business and the successor SEC registrant, meaning that our financial statements for previous periods will be disclosed in the registrant’s future periodic reports filed with the SEC. The Business Combination had a significant impact on our reported financial condition and results of operations as a consequence of the reverse capitalization. The most significant change in our reported financial condition and results of operations was a net increase in cash (as compared to our Consolidated Balance Sheet immediately prior to the Business Combination) of approximately $444.6 million, which includes approximately $155.0 million in proceeds from a concurrent private placement to certain investors who subscribed for an aggregate of 15,500,000 shares of Class A common stock, offset by additional transaction costs for the Business Combination. Transaction costs incurred in connection with the Business Combination were approximately $56.0 million, including $12.1 million which represents deferred underwriter fees from the FWAA IPO.

Comparability of Financial Information

Our results of operations and financial position may not be comparable to historical results as a result of the Business Combination.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this report are prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Key Operating Metrics

We regularly monitor a number of operating and financial metrics, which include certain non-GAAP financial measures in order to evaluate our operating performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, measure our progress and make strategic decisions. Non-GAAP financial measures may not provide accurate predictions of future GAAP financial results.

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The limitations our Key Operating Metrics have as an analytical tool are: (i) they might not accurately predict our future GAAP financial results, (ii) we might not realize all or any part of the anticipated value reflected in Units Booked and (iii) other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate our Key Operating Metrics or similarly titled measures differently, which reduces its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Units Deployed and New Units Deployed

We define Units Deployed as the aggregate number of Hub Devices that have been installed (including customer self-installations) as of a stated measurement date. We define New Units Deployed as the aggregate number of Hub Devices that were installed (including customer self-installations) during a stated measurement period. We use these operating metrics to assess the general health and trajectory of our business and growth. We had 207,711, 167,743, and 83,293 New Units Deployed during the years December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 we had an aggregate of 547,196, 339,485 and 155,105 Units Deployed, respectively.

Units Booked

We define Units Booked as the aggregate number of Hub Device units associated with binding orders executed during a stated measurement period. We utilize the concept of Units Booked to measure estimated near-term resource demand and the resulting approximate range of post-delivery revenue that we will earn and record. Units Booked represent binding orders only. For the years December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, there were 282,512, 219,901, and 112,555 Units Booked, respectively.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

We define EBITDA as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP before the following items: interest expense, income tax expense and depreciation and amortization. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA before the following items: stock-based compensation expense, non-employee warrant expense, warranty provisions for battery deficiencies, asset impairment, loss on extinguishment of debt, change in fair value of derivatives, unrealized gains and losses in currency exchange rates, and non-recurring expenses in connection with acquisitions. Management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to identify controllable expenses and make decisions designed to help us meet our current financial goals and optimize our financial performance, while neutralizing the impact of expenses included in our operating results which could otherwise mask underlying trends in our business. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for additional information and reconciliations of these measures.

Annual Recurring Revenue

We define Annual Recurring Revenue (“ARR”) as the annualized value of our recurring SaaS revenue earned in the current quarter. We monitor our ARR to assess the general health and trajectory of our hosted services business. Our ARR was approximately $32.3 million, $10.6 million and $4.9 million as of December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue primarily from sales of systems that consist of hardware devices, professional installation services and hosted services enabling property owners and property managers to have visibility and control over assets, while providing all-in-one home control offerings for residents. We record revenue as earned when control of these products and services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to collect for those products and services.

Hardware Revenue

We generate revenue from the direct sale to our customers of hardware smart home devices, which devices generally consist of a Hub Device, door-locks, thermostats, sensors, and light switches. These hardware devices provide features that function independently without subscription to our proprietary software, and the performance obligation for hardware revenue is considered satisfied and revenue is recognized at a point in time when the hardware device is shipped to the customer. Certain Hub Devices do not function independently without the subscription, and therefore, the revenue is recognized in hosted services revenue. The Company generally provides a one-year warranty period on hardware devices that are delivered and installed. The cost of the warranty is recorded as a component of cost of hardware revenue. We generally provide a one-year warranty period on hardware devices that are delivered and installed. We record the cost of the warranty as a component of cost of hardware revenue.

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Professional Services Revenue

We generate professional services revenue from installing smart home hardware devices, which does not result in significant customization of the installed products and is generally performed over a period ranging from two to four weeks. Installations can be performed by our employees, can be contracted out to a third party with our employees managing the engagement, or can be performed by the customer. Professional services contracts are generally performed on a fixed-price basis and revenue is recognized over the period in which installations are completed.

Hosted Services Revenue

Hosted services primarily consist of monthly subscription revenue earned from the fees collected from customers to provide access to one or more of our software applications including access controls, asset monitoring and related services. These subscription arrangements have contractual terms ranging from one month to ten years and include recurring fixed plan subscription fees. Our arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of our software at any time. Customers are granted continuous access to the services over the contractual period. Accordingly, fees collected for subscription services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term beginning on the date the subscription service is made available to the customer. Variable consideration is immaterial.

We sell certain Hub Devices, which only function with the subscription to our proprietary software applications and related hosting services. We consider those devices and hosting services subscription as a single performance obligation, and therefore we defer the recognition of revenue for those devices that are sold with application subscriptions. The estimated average in-service life of those devices is four years. When a Hub Device without independent functionality is included in a contract that does not require a long-term service commitment, the customer obtains a material right to renew the service because purchasing a new device is not required upon renewal. If a contract contains a material right, proceeds are allocated to the material right and recognized over the period of benefit, which is generally four years.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of direct costs of products and services together with the indirect cost of estimated warranty expense and customer care and support over the life of the service arrangement. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods. We record any change to cost of job performance and job conditions in the period during which the revision is identified.

Hardware

Cost of hardware revenue consists primarily of direct costs of proprietary products, Hub Devices, hardware devices and supplies purchased from third-party providers, shipping costs, warehouse facility (including depreciation and amortization of capitalized assets and right-of-use assets) and infrastructure costs, personnel-related costs associated with the procurement and distribution of our products and estimated warranty expenses together with the indirect cost of customer care and support. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods.

In 2019, the U.S. administration imposed significant changes to U.S. trade policy with respect to China. Tariffs have subjected certain SmartRent products manufactured overseas to additional import duties. The amount of the import tariff has changed numerous times based on action by the U.S. administration. We continue to monitor the change in tariffs. If tariffs are increased, such actions may increase our cost of hardware revenue and reduce our hardware revenue margins further in the future.

Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue consists primarily of direct costs related to personnel-related expenses for installation and supervision of installation services, general contractor expenses and travel expenses associated with installation of our products, and indirect costs that are also primarily personnel-related expenses in connection with training of and ongoing support for customers and residents. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods.

Hosted Services

Cost of hosted services revenue consists primarily of the amortization of the direct costs of certain Hub Devices consistent with the revenue recognition period noted above in “Hosted Services Revenue” and infrastructure costs associated with providing our software applications together with the indirect cost of customer care and support over the life of the service arrangement. We expect cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods at a rate that is lower than the corresponding increase in hosted services revenue.

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Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs directly associated with our research and development. Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing and developing additional functionality for our existing products and on new product development. We account for the cost of research and development by capitalizing qualifying costs, which are incurred during the product development stage, and amortizing those costs over the product’s estimated useful life, which generally ranges from three to five years depending on the type of application. Costs incurred and capitalized during the product development stage generally include the costs of software configuration, coding, and testing. Such costs primarily include payroll and payroll related expenses for employees directly involved in the product development. We expense preliminary evaluation costs as they are incurred before technological feasibility is achieved, as well as post development implementation and operation costs, such as training, maintenance and minor upgrades. We begin amortizing capitalized costs when a project is ready for its intended use, and we periodically reassess the estimated useful life of a project considering the effects of obsolescence, technology, competition and other economic factors which may result in a shorter remaining life. We expect our research and development costs to increase in absolute dollars as we increase our investment in product development to broaden the capabilities of our solutions and introduce new products and features.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses consist of costs directly associated with our sales and marketing activities, which primarily include personnel-related costs, sales commissions, marketing programs, trade shows, and promotional materials. We expect that our sales and marketing expenses will increase over time as we hire additional sales and marketing personnel, increase our marketing activities, grow our domestic and international operations, and continue to build brand awareness.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs associated with our general and administrative organization, professional fees for legal, accounting and other consulting services, office facility, insurance and information technology costs.

We expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and stock exchange listing requirements, additional insurance expense, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We also expect to increase the size of our general and administrative staff in order to support the growth of our business.

Other Expenses

Other expenses consist primarily of interest expense, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, and other income related to the operations of foreign subsidiaries. Interest expense is recorded in connection with our various debt facilities. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses relate to the impact of transactions denominated in a foreign currency other than the U.S. dollar. As we have expanded our international operations, our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currencies has increased, which we expect to continue.

Provision for Income Taxes

The income tax benefit on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss is primarily related to the valuation allowance release due to deferred tax liabilities from the SightPlan acquisition. We have established a full valuation allowance for net deferred U.S. federal and state tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards. We expect to maintain this valuation allowance until it becomes more likely than not that the benefit of our federal and state deferred tax assets will be realized in future periods if we report taxable income. We believe that we have established an adequate allowance for our uncertain tax positions, although we can provide no assurance that the final outcome of these matters will not be materially different. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

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Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed together with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Report. The following table summarizes our historical consolidated results of operations data for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of operating results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. All dollars are in thousands unless otherwise stated.

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Total revenue increased by $57.2 million, or 52%, to $167.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $110.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in revenue resulted primarily from an increase in New Units Deployed during 2022 compared to 2021, an increased number of cumulative active subscriptions for our hosted services during 2022 compared to 2021, and our acquisition of SightPlan in March 2022.

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Our revenue is primarily driven by New Units Deployed and the aggregate number of Units Deployed. We had 207,711 New Units Deployed during the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 167,743 New Units Deployed during the same period in 2021, an increase of 39,968 New Units Deployed, or 24%. The aggregate number of Units Deployed was 547,196 at December 31, 2022, compared to 339,485 at December 31, 2021.

Hardware revenue increased by $17.7 million, or 25%, to $87.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $69.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in hardware revenue resulted from a 4% increase in units shipped and an Average Revenue per Unit ("ARPU") increase of 21% to $436.49 for the 2022 period from $361.02 for the 2021 period. We define hardware ARPU as total hardware revenue for a given period divided by number of Hub Devices shipped in the same period.

Professional services revenue increased by $9.6 million, or 42%, to $32.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $22.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021.The increase was primarily attributable to an increase of 24% in New Units Deployed and an ARPU increase of 15% from the year ended December 31, 2021. We define professional services ARPU as total professional services revenue divided by Units Deployed in a period.

Hosted services revenue increased by $29.9 million, or 163%, to $48.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $18.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Of the $48.1 million revenue in 2022, $20.3 million is related to hub amortization and $27.8 million is related to SaaS revenue. Revenue increased from hub amortization and SaaS by $10.0 million and $19.9 million, respectively, from the year ended December 31, 2021 to the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase from both components of hosted services revenue resulted primarily from the increased aggregate number of Units Deployed from 339,485 units at December 31, 2021 to 547,196 units at December 31, 2022 and an increase in SaaS ARPU of 93% to $5.32 for the year ended December 31, 2022 from $2.76 for the year ended December 31, 2021. Approximately $9.9 million of the 2022 increase in SaaS resulted from contributions from iQuue and SightPlan. Excluding contributions from iQuue and SightPlan, SaaS ARPU was $3.42 for the year ended December 31, 2022. We define SaaS ARPU as total SaaS revenue for a given period divided by the average aggregate Units Deployed in the same period.

We utilize the concept of Units Booked to measure estimated near-term resource demand and the resulting approximate range of post-delivery revenue that we will earn and record. Units Booked represent binding orders only and are a subset of Committed Units. We had 282,512 and 219,901 Units Booked during the years December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

We define Committed Units as the aggregate number of Hub Device (i) units that are subject to binding orders from customers together with (ii) units that existing customers who are parties to a SmartRent master services agreement have informed us (on a non-binding basis) that they intend to order in the future for deployment within two years of the measurement date. We measure and evaluate Committed Units to assess the general health and trajectory of our business operations and growth. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, SmartRent had 851,815 and 742,429 Committed Units, respectively.

Cost of Revenue

Total cost of revenue increased by $45.8 million, or 38%, to $166.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $120.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in cost of revenue resulted primarily from an increase in the volume of sales and New Units Deployed of our smart home hardware devices, increased third-party direct labor costs, and the increased number of active subscriptions for our software service applications.

Hardware cost of revenue increased by $12.8 million, or 18%, to $83.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $70.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase in hardware cost of revenue was primarily attributable to approximately $16.7 million resulting from greater sales volumes and an increase of approximately $2.5 million for direct personnel-related costs for the year ended December 31, 2022. This was partially offset by a decrease in warranty costs of $7.5 million primarily related to a warranty provision for battery deficiencies recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Professional services cost of revenue increased by $21.4 million, or 56%, to $59.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $38.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in professional services cost of revenue is primarily attributable to approximately $11.6 million resulting from an increase in New Units Deployed and related services provided, including third-party direct labor costs. Personnel-related costs, and related travel costs, increased by $8.6 million as we increased our professional services staff to increase our capacity to deploy units in anticipation of increased sales volumes.

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Hosted services cost of revenue increased by $11.6 million, or 96%, to $23.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $12.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in both periods resulted from the increase in the aggregate number of Units Deployed and the resulting increase in hub amortization and the number of active subscriptions for our software service applications.

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by $7.9 million, or 36%, to $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $21.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, resulting primarily from an increase of approximately $6.9 million of personnel-related expenses, as we increased our research and development staff, and an increase in stock-based compensation of $1.3 million.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $6.9 million, or 49%, to $20.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $14.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, resulting primarily from approximately $5.0 million of increased personnel-related expenses as we increased the size of our sales and marketing staff and an increase of $0.8 million in business applications and software. We had 282,512 and 219,901 Units Booked during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, general and administrative expenses increased by $29.3 million, or 113%, to $55.3 million from $26.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, resulting primarily from increases of approximately $10.3 million in personnel-related expenses, asset impairment of $4.4 million related to a prepaid license agreement and a loan receivable, stock-based compensation of $4.2 million, business insurance of $3.6 million, primarily related to Directors and Officers insurance, and $2.8 million of intangible asset amortization.

Other Income (Expenses)

Interest income, net increased by $2.2 million, or 882%, to $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $(0.2) million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net interest income is primarily attributable to interest earned on interest-bearing cash balances which were higher for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to corresponding period in 2021 due to higher interest rates.

Other income, net increased by $0.5 million, or 982%, to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, from $0.1 million of other income, net for the year ended December 31, 2021, primarily due to higher interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 as compared to the corresponding period in 2021 and foreign currency adjustments.

Income Taxes

We provided a full valuation allowance on our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets at December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2022, we had $205.8 million of U.S. federal and $188.3 million of state gross net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income, which will be carried forward indefinitely for U.S. federal tax purposes and will expire on varying dates for state tax purposes. The income tax benefit is related to the valuation allowance release due to the expected realization of deferred tax liabilities from the SightPlan and iQuue acquisitions.

We do not currently expect the Inflation Reduction Act to have a material impact on our financial results, including on our annual estimated effective tax rate.

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Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

For comparison of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, refer to Part II, Item 7 "Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations" on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 filed with the SEC on March 5, 2022, under the subheading "Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020".

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement the consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, described below, as non-GAAP measures. We believe the presentation of both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with increased transparency into financial measures used by our management team, and it also improves investors’ understanding of our underlying operating performance and their ability to analyze our ongoing operating trends. All historic non-GAAP financial measures have been reconciled with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures - these non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to supersede or replace our GAAP results.

We define EBITDA as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP before interest expense, income tax expense and depreciation and amortization.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA reduced by stock-based compensation expense, non-employee warrant expense, warranty provisions for battery deficiencies, asset impairment, loss on extinguishment of debt, change in fair value of derivatives, unrealized gains and losses in currency exchange rates, non-recurring expenses in connection with acquisitions and other expenses caused by non-recurring, or unusual, events that are not indicative of our ongoing business.

Our management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to assess our financial and operating performance, and we believe these measures are helpful to management and external users in understanding our performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA help management identify controllable cash expenses and make decisions designed to help us meet our identified financial and operational goals and to optimize our financial performance, while neutralizing the impact of some expenses included in our operating results caused by external influences over which management has little or no control and by non-recurring, or unusual, events that might otherwise mask trends in our performance. Accordingly, we believe these metrics measure our financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely our cost structure and expenses.

We believe that the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides information useful to investors in assessing our results of operations. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is net income or loss. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to the EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definitions of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss (as determined in accordance with GAAP) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $210.4 million, which were held for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our cash equivalents are comprised primarily of money market funds. To date, our principal sources of liquidity have been the net proceeds we received through the private issuance of our convertible SmartRent preferred stock, the net proceeds received as a result of the Business Combination, and payments collected from sales to our customers.

Debt Issuances

Following the maturity of our Revolving Facility (as defined below) in December 2021, we entered into a $75.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility with a five-year term (the "Senior Revolving Facility"). Interest rates for draws upon the Senior Revolving Facility are determined by whether the Company elects a secured overnight financing rate loan (“SOFR Loan”) or alternate base rate loan (”ABR Loan”). For SOFR Loans, the interest rate is based upon the forward-looking term rate based on SOFR as published by the CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited (CBA) plus 0.10%, subject to a floor of 0.00%, plus an applicable margin. For ABR Loans, the interest rate is based upon the highest of (i) the Prime Rate, (ii) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%, or (iii) 3.25%, plus an applicable margin. As of December 31, 2022, the applicable margins for SOFR Loans and ABR Loans under the Senior Revolving Facility were 1.75% and (0.50%), respectively. The Senior Revolving Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s assets and guaranteed by each of the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries.

In February 2020, Legacy SmartRent issued a subordinated convertible note in the principal amount of $0.1 million, bearing interest at 5% per annum, pursuant to a note purchase agreement (the “February 2020 Convertible Note”). Interest on the February 2020 Convertible Note accrued at the coupon rate, compounded annually. The February 2020 Convertible Note was converted in March 2020 into shares of Legacy SmartRent Series C-1 Preferred Stock, which automatically converted into a number of shares of the Company's Class A Common Stock upon consummation of the Business Combination.

In August 2019, we entered into a loan and security agreement for a credit facility (the “Credit Facility”). The Credit Facility provided $15.0 million of borrowing capacity and consisted of a $10.0 million revolving line of credit (the “Revolving Facility”), which matured in December 2021 and a $5.0 million term loan (the “Term Loan Facility”), which was to mature in November 2023. In December 2021, the balance of the Term Loan Facility was repaid, we revised the Credit Facility and entered into the Senior Revolving Facility.

Legacy SmartRent Preferred Stock Issuances

During the year ended December 31, 2020, Legacy SmartRent issued a total of approximately 5.5 million shares of Series C Preferred Stock in three tranches that closed in March, April, and May 2020, respectively. The Series C Preferred Stock was issued in exchange for $57.5 million gross cash proceeds. Expenses in connection with the issuance of the Series C Preferred Stock were $0.1 million, resulting in net cash proceeds of $57.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, Legacy SmartRent also issued 761 shares of Series C-1 Preferred Stock (which automatically converted into a number of shares of Common Stock upon consummation of the Business Combination) in connection with the redemption of certain convertible notes.

In February and March 2021, Legacy SmartRent issued approximately 3.4 million shares of Series C Preferred Stock (which automatically converted into a number of shares of Common Stock upon consummation of the Business Combination) in exchange for $35.0 million gross cash proceeds. Expenses in connection with the issuance of the Series C Preferred Stock were $0.2 million, resulting in net cash proceeds of $34.8 million.

We have incurred negative cash flows from operating activities and significant losses from operations in the past as reflected in our accumulated deficit of $250.9 million as of December 31, 2022. We may require additional capital to continue our operations in future periods. We expect to incur expenses related to non-cancellable contractual obligations such as from our operating leases.

We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents, available borrowing capacity under the Senior Revolving Facility, and cash raised in the Business Combination will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months beyond the issuance date of this Report. Our future capital requirements, however, will depend on many factors, including our sales volume, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, and market adoption of our new and enhanced products and features. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, and technologies, including intellectual property rights. From time to time, we may seek to raise additional funds through equity and debt. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and on reasonable terms, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

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Cash Flow Summary - Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our operating activities used $81.0 million in cash resulting primarily from our net loss of $96.3 million and $8.1 million used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by $23.4 million provided by non-cash expenses. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities primarily resulted from a $42.8 million increase in inventory, $15.9 million increase in accounts receivable, and $9.9 million increase in deferred cost of revenue, partially offset by a $43.7 million increase in deferred revenue, a $12.4 million increase in accounts payable, and a $3.2 million increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities. Non-cash expenses consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $13.7 million, compensation expense related to acquisitions of $5.0 million, $4.4 million of asset impairment, and depreciation and amortization of $4.3 million, partially offset by a deferred tax benefit of $5.7 million resulting from the SightPlan acquisition.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our operating activities used $70.4 million in cash resulting primarily from our net loss of $72.0 million, which was partially offset by $18.0 million of non-cash expenses consisting primarily of $8.1 million for stock-based compensation and $7.6 million for the provision for warranty expenses. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we used $16.4 million net cash from changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulting primarily from increases of $24.0 million in accounts receivable, $15.8 million in inventory, $11.3 million in prepaid expenses and other assets, and $9.3 million in deferred cost of revenue. These uses were partially offset by an increase of $38.9 million in deferred revenue and an increase of $3.8 million in accounts payable.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, our operating activities used $28.5 million in cash resulting primarily from our net loss of $37.1 million, which was partially offset by $11.3 million of non-cash expenses consisting primarily of $3.4 million of non-cash compensation expense related to the Zenith Highpoint Inc. ("Zenith") acquisition, provision for warranty expenses of $3.4 million, and stock-based compensation of $1.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2020, we used net cash of $2.7 million from changes in our operating assets and liabilities resulting primarily from an increase of $13.5 million in accounts receivable, an $11.1 million increase in inventory, an $8.6 million increase in deferred cost of revenue, and $3.2 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities. This was partially offset by a $32.8 million increase in deferred revenue and $1.0 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, we used $130.8 million of cash for investing activities, resulting primarily from $129.7 million used for the SightPlan acquisition, net of cash acquired.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, we used $9.4 million of cash for investing activities, resulting primarily due to $5.9 million used for the iQuue acquisition, net of cash acquired.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, we used $2.7 million of cash for investing activities, primarily related to the Zenith acquisition, net of cash acquired.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2022, our financing activities used $2.8 million of cash primarily for taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, our financing activities provided $473.9 million of cash consisting primarily of net proceeds from the consummation of the Business Combination in the amount of $444.6 million and convertible preferred stock issued of $34.8 million, net of expenses. The proceeds were partially offset by paying off the balance of the Term Loan Facility.

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For the year ended December 31, 2020, our financing activities provided $48.2 million of cash consisting primarily of convertible preferred stock issued of $57.4 million, offset by net payments on the Revolving Facility of $4.8 million, and payments on the note payable related to the Zenith acquisition of $4.3 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2022.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can significantly impact the amounts we report as assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and the related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance as these policies involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue primarily from sales of systems that consist of hardware devices, professional installation services and hosted services to assist property owners and property managers with visibility and control over assets, while providing all-in-one home control offerings for residents. Revenue is recognized when control of these products and services are transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those products and services.

Payments we receive by credit card, check, or automated clearing house payments, and payment terms are determined by individual contracts and range from due upon receipt to net 30 days. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in reported revenue. Payments received from customers in advance of revenue recognition are reported as deferred revenue.

We apply the practical expedient that allows for inclusion of the future auto-renewals in the initial measurement of the transaction price. We only apply these steps when it is probable that we will collect the consideration to which we are entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to a customer.

Accounting for contracts recognized over time involves the use of various estimates of total contract revenue and costs. Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation may be revised in the future as we observe the economic performance of our contracts. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability may result in revision to our estimates of revenue and costs and are recognized in the period in which the revision is identified.

We may enter into contracts that contain multiple distinct performance obligations including hardware and hosted services. The hardware performance obligation includes the delivery of hardware, and the hosted services performance obligation allows the customer use of our proprietary software during the contracted-use term. The subscription for the software and certain Hub Devices combine as one performance obligation, and there is no support or ongoing subscription for other device hardware. We partner with several manufacturers to offer a range of compatible hardware options for its customers. We maintain control of the hardware purchased from manufacturers prior to it being transferred to the customer, and accordingly, SmartRent is considered the principal in these arrangements.

For each performance obligation identified, we estimate the standalone selling price, which represents the price at which we would sell the good or service separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price, considering available information such as market conditions, historical pricing data, and internal pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. We then allocate the transaction price among those obligations based on the estimation of the standalone selling price.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. Cost is computed under the first-in, first-out method. We adjust the inventory balance based on anticipated obsolescence, usage, and historical write-offs. Significant judgment is used in establishing our forecasts of future demand and obsolete material exposures. We consider marketability and product life cycle stage, product development plans, demand forecasts, historical revenue, and assumptions about future demand and market conditions in establishing our estimates. If the actual product demand is significantly lower than forecast, which may be caused by factors within and outside of our control, or if there were a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and our customer requirements, we may be required to increase our inventory adjustment. A change in our estimates could have a significant impact on the value of our inventory and our results of operations.

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Stock-Based Compensation

Our stock-based compensation relates to stock options and restricted stock units ("RSUs") granted to our employees and directors. Stock-based awards are measured based on the grant date fair value. We estimate the fair value of stock option awards on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of RSUs is based on the grant date fair value of the stock price. The fair value of these awards is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in which the awards are expected to vest. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur by reversing previously recognized compensation expense.

The Black-Scholes model considers several variables and assumptions in estimating the fair value of stock-based awards. These variables include the per share fair value of the underlying common stock, exercise price, expected term, risk-free interest rate, expected annual dividend yield, the expected stock price volatility over the expected term and forfeitures, which are recognized as they occur. For all stock options granted, we calculated the expected term using the simplified method for “plain vanilla” stock option awards.

The grant date fair value is also utilized with respect to RSUs with performance and service conditions to vest. For RSUs with a performance condition, based on a liquidity event, as well as a service condition to vest, no compensation expense is recognized until the performance condition has been satisfied. Subsequent to the liquidity event, compensation expense is recognized to the extent the requisite service period has been completed and compensation expense thereafter is recognized on an accelerated attribution method. Under the accelerated attribution method, compensation expense is recognized over the remaining requisite service period for each service condition tranche as though each tranche is, in substance, a separate award. In August 2021, the Company completed the merger with FWAA, which met the liquidity event vesting condition and triggered the recognition of compensation expense for RSUs for which the time-based vesting condition had been satisfied or partially satisfied.

SmartRent Common Stock Valuations

Prior to the Business Combination, in the absence of a public trading market, the fair value of our common stock was determined by our board of directors, with input from management, taking into account our most recent valuation from an independent third-party valuation specialist. Our board of directors intend that all stock options granted have an exercise price per share not less than the per share fair value of our common stock on the date of grant. The valuations of our common stock were determined in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation. The assumptions we used in the valuation models were based on future expectations combined with management judgment, and considered numerous objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our common stock as of the date of each option grant, including the following factors:

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In valuing our common stock at various dates, our board of directors determined the equity value of our business using the market approach. The market approach estimates value considering an analysis of guideline public companies. The guideline public company method estimates value by applying a representative revenue multiple from a peer group of companies in similar lines of business to our forecasted revenue. To determine our peer group of companies, we considered publicly traded companies based on consideration of business descriptions, operations and geographic presence, financial size and performance, and management recommendations regarding most similar companies. This approach involves the identification of relevant transactions and determining relevant multiples to apply to our revenue.

Application of this approach involves the use of estimates, judgment, and assumptions that are highly complex and subjective, such as those regarding our expected future revenue, expenses, and future cash flows, discount rates, market multiples, the selection of comparable companies, and the probability of possible future events. Changes in any or all of these estimates and assumptions or the relationships between those assumptions impact our valuations as of each valuation date and may have a material impact on the valuation of our common stock.

The estimates were no longer necessary to determine the fair value of new awards once the underlying shares began trading in August 2021.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts “emerging growth companies” as defined in Section 2(A) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, and any such election to not take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. We are an “emerging growth company” and have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period.

We will use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public business entities and non-public business entities until the earlier of the date we (a) are no longer an emerging growth company or (b) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. The extended transition period exemptions afforded by our emerging growth company status may make it difficult or impossible to compare our financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of this exemption because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (a) the last day of our first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering, (b) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, (c) the last date of our fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a “large accelerated filer” under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates or (d) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non- convertible debt securities during the previous three years.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, “Significant Accounting Policies” - Recent Accounting

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial condition due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect, to date, on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures, we may not be able to fully offset such higher costs. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Interest Rate Fluctuation Risk

As of December 31, 2022, we had cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash of approximately $217.7 million, which consisted primarily of institutional money market funds, which carries a degree of interest rate risk. A hypothetical 10% change in interest rates would increase interest income by $21.7 million, or decrease interest income by $2.7 million, based on our cash position as of December 31, 2022.

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Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Substantially all of our revenue is generated in U.S. dollars. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies of the jurisdictions in which we conduct our operations, which are primarily in the U.S. and to a lesser extent in Croatia and other international markets. Our results of operations and cash flows are, therefore, subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates and may be adversely affected in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The effect of a hypothetical 10% change in foreign currency exchange rates applicable to our business would not have a material impact on our historical consolidated financial statements. To date, we have not engaged in any hedging strategies. As our international operations grow, we will continue to reassess our approach to manage our risk relating to fluctuations in currency rates.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the shareholders and the Board of Directors of SmartRent, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SmartRent, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.