Sonoma Pharmaceuticals, Inc. - Annual Report: 2008 (Form 10-K)

 

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission File Number: 001-33216

OCULUS INNOVATIVE SCIENCES, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

(Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act)

(Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act and Title of Class)

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

The registrant’s common stock first traded on the NASDAQ Global Market on January 25, 2007. As of September 30, 2007, the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $86.2 million, based on the closing price of the common stock as reported on the NASDAQ Global Market for that date.

 

There were 15,923,708 shares of the registrant’s Common Stock issued and outstanding on June 2, 2008.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Item 10 (as to directors and Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance), 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III incorporate by reference information from the registrant’s proxy statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in connection with the solicitation of proxies for the registrant’s 2008 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on August 27, 2008.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. When used in this Report, the words “expects,” “anticipates,” “suggests,” “believes,” “intends,” “estimates,” “plans,” “projects,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “potential,” “expect,” “predict,” “believe,” “intend,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These are statements that relate to future periods and include statements about, but not limited to: the progress and timing of our development programs and regulatory approvals for our products; the benefits and effectiveness of our products; the development of protocols for clinical studies; enrollment in clinical studies; the progress and timing of clinical trials and physician studies; our expectations related to the use of our cash reserves; our ability to manufacture sufficient amounts of our product candidates for clinical trials and products for commercialization activities; the outcome of discussions with the FDA and other regulatory agencies; the content and timing of submissions to, and decisions made by, the FDA and other regulatory agencies, including demonstrating to the satisfaction of the FDA the safety and efficacy of our products; the ability of our products to meet existing or future regulatory standards; the rate and causes of infection; the accuracy of our estimates of the size and characteristics of the markets which may be addressed by our products and our ability to address them; our expectations and capabilities relating to the sales and marketing of our current products and our product candidates; our ability to penetrate markets through our sales force, distribution network, and strategic business partners and generate attractive margins; the expansion of our sales force and distribution network; the establishment of strategic partnerships for the development or sale of products; the ability to attain specified revenue goals within a specified time frame, if at all, or to reduce costs; the timing of commercializing our products; our ability to protect our intellectual property and operate our business without infringing on the intellectual property of others; our ability to continue to expand our intellectual property portfolio; our expectations about the outcome of litigation and controversies with third parties; our ability to attract and retain qualified directors, officers and employees; our relationship with Quimica Pasteur; our ability to compete with other companies that are developing or selling products that are competitive with our products; the ability of our products to become the standard of care for controlling infection in chronic and acute wounds; our ability to expand to and commercialize products in markets outside the wound care market; our estimates regarding future operating performance, earnings and capital requirements; our expectations with respect to our microbiology contract testing laboratory; our expectations relating to the concentration of our revenue from international sales; and the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and any future changes in accounting regulations or practices in general with respect to public companies.

 

Forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, those risks discussed below, as well as our ability to develop and commercialize new products; the risk of unanticipated delays in research and development efforts; the risk that we may not obtain reimbursement for our existing test and any future products we may develop; the risks and uncertainties associated with the regulation of our products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration; the ability to compete against third parties; our ability to obtain capital when needed; our history of operating losses and the risks set forth under “Risks Related to our Business.” These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date hereof. The Company expressly disclaims any obligation or undertaking to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in the Company’s expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

 

 

Corporate Information

 

We were incorporated in California in 1999 as Micromed Laboratories, Inc. In August 2001, we changed our name to Oculus Innovative Sciences, Inc. In December 2006, we reincorporated in Delaware. Our principal executive offices are located at 1129 N. McDowell Blvd., Petaluma, California, 94954, and our telephone number is (707) 782-0792. We have two principal subsidiaries: Oculus Technologies of Mexico, S.A. de C.V., organized in Mexico, and Oculus Innovative Sciences Netherlands, B.V., organized in The Netherlands. We also have a subsidiary, Oculus Innovative Sciences Japan, KK., organized under Japanese law. Our website is www.oculusis.com.

Overview

 

We have developed, and we manufacture and market, a family of products intended to prevent and treat infections in chronic and acute wounds while concurrently enhancing wound healing through modes of action unrelated to the treatment of infection. Infection is a serious potential complication in both chronic and acute wounds, and controlling infection is a critical step in wound healing. Our platform technology, called Microcyn, is a proprietary solution of electrically charged oxychlorine small molecules that is designed to treat a wide range of organisms that cause disease, (pathogens), including viruses, fungi, spores and antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, (“MRSA”), and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, (“VRE”), in wounds. We do not have the necessary regulatory approvals to market Microcyn in the United States as a drug, nor do we have the necessary regulatory clearance or approval to market Microcyn in the U.S. as a medical device for an antimicrobial or wound healing indication. However, our device product is cleared for sale in the United States as a medical device for wound cleaning, debridement, lubricating, moistening and dressing; is a device under CE Mark in Europe; is approved by the SFDA in China as a technology that reduces the propagation of microbes in wounds and creates a moist environment for wound healing; and is approved as a drug in India and Mexico.

 

Clinical testing we conducted in connection with our submissions to the FDA, as well as physician clinical studies, suggest that our Microcyn-based product may help reduce a wide range of pathogens from acute and chronic wounds while curing or improving infection and concurrently enhancing wound healing through modes of action unrelated to the treatment of infection. These physician clinical studies suggest that our Microcyn-based product is safe, easy to use and complementary to many existing treatment methods in wound care. Physician clinical studies and usage in the United States suggest that our 510(k) product may shorten hospital stays, lower aggregate patient care costs and, in certain cases, reduce the need for systemic antibiotics. We are also pursuing the use of our Microcyn platform technology in other markets outside of wound care, including in the respiratory, ophthalmology and dermatology markets.

 

In 2005, chronic and acute wound care represented an aggregate of $9.6 billion in global product sales, of which $3.3 billion was spent for the treatment of skin ulcers, $1.6 billion to treat burns and $4.7 billion for the treatment of surgical and trauma wounds, according to Kalorama Information, a life sciences market research firm. We believe our addressable market for the treatment of skin ulcers is approximately $1.3 billion, $300 million for the treatment of burns and $700 million for the treatment of surgical and trauma wounds. Common methods of controlling infection, including topical antiseptics and antibiotics, have proven to be only moderately effective in combating infection in the wound bed. However, topical antiseptics tend to inhibit the healing process due to their toxicity and may require specialized preparation or handling. Antibiotics can lead to the emergence of resistant bacteria, such as MRSA and VRE. Systemic antibiotics may be less effective in controlling infection in patients with disorders affecting circulation, such as diabetes, which are commonly associated with chronic wounds. As a result, no single treatment is used across all types of wounds and stages of healing.

 

We believe Microcyn is the only known stable, anti-infective therapeutic available in the world today that simultaneously cures or improves infection while also promoting wound healing through increased blood flow to the wound bed and reduction of inflammation. Also, we believe Microcyn provides significant advantages over current methods of care in the treatment of a wide range of chronic and acute wounds throughout all stages of treatment. These stages include cleaning, debridement, prevention and treatment of infections and wound healing. Unlike antibiotics, antiseptics, growth regulators and other advanced wound care products, we believe that Microcyn is the only wound care solution that is safe as saline, that cures infection while simultaneously accelerating wound healing. Also, unlike most antibiotics, we believe Microcyn does not target specific strains of bacteria, a practice which has been shown to promote the development of resistant bacteria. In addition, our products are shelf stable, require no special preparation, and are easy to use.

 

Our goal is to become a worldwide leader as the standard of care in the treatment of open wounds. We currently have, and intend to seek additional, regulatory clearances and approvals to market our Microcyn-based products worldwide. In July 2004, we began selling Microcyn in Mexico after receiving approval from the Mexican Ministry of Health, or MOH, for the use of Microcyn as an antiseptic, disinfectant and sterilant. Since then, physicians in the United States, Europe, India, Pakistan, China and Mexico have conducted more than 25 physician clinical studies assessing Microcyn’s use in the treatment of infections in a variety of wound types, including hard-to-treat wounds

such as diabetic ulcers and burns. Most of these studies were not intended to be rigorously designed or controlled clinical trials and, as such, did not have all of the controls required for clinical trials used to support a new drug application, or NDA, submission to the FDA in that many did not necessarily include blinding, randomization, predefined clinical end points, use of placebo and active control groups or U.S. good clinical practices requirements. We used the data generated from some of these studies to support our application for the CE Mark, or European Union certification, for wound cleaning and reduction of microbial load. We received the CE Mark in November 2004 and additional international approvals in China, Canada, Mexico and India. Microcyn has also received three FDA 510(k) clearances for use as a medical device in wound cleaning, or debridement, lubricating, moistening and dressing, including traumatic wounds and acute and chronic dermal lesions.

 

In the fourth quarter of 2007, we completed a Phase II randomized clinical trial, which was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of Microcyn in mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers with the primary endpoint of clinical cure or improvement in signs and symptoms of infection according to guidelines of Infectious Disease Society of America (“IDSA”). We used 15 clinical sites and enrolled 48 evaluable patients in three arms, using Microcyn alone, Microcyn plus an oral antibiotic and saline plus an oral antibiotic. We announced the results of our Phase II trial in March of this year. In the clinically evaluable population of the study, the clinical success rate at visit four (test of cure) for patients treated with Microcyn-alone was 93.3% compared to 56.3% for the levofloxacin plus saline-treated patients. This study was not statistically powered, but the high clinical success rate (93.3%) and the p-value (0.033) would suggest the difference is meaningfully positive for the Microcyn-treated patients. Also, for this set of data, the 95.0% confidence interval for the Microcyn only arm ranged from 80.7% to 100.0% while the 95.0% confidence interval for the levofloxacin and saline arm ranged from 31.9% to 80.6%; the confidence intervals do not overlap, indicating a favorable clinical success for Microcyn compared to Levofloxacin. At visit 3 (end of treatment) the clinical success rate for patients treated with Microcyn-alone was 77.8% compared to 61.1% for the levofloxacin plus saline-treated patients.

 

Following a review meeting with the FDA late summer 2008, we intend to initiate the pivotal trials in late 2008. These pivotal clinical trials are intended to provide the clinical basis for submission to the FDA of an NDA, for the treatment of mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers. In the event that we obtain drug approval from the FDA, we may seek clearance for treatment of other types of wounds. We are currently pursuing strategic partnerships to assess potential applications for Microcyn in several other markets and therapeutic categories, including respiratory, ophthalmology, dermatology, dental and veterinary markets. FDA or other governmental approvals will be required for any potential new products or new indications. We have reduced expenses in our international operations in order to focus our resources on our U.S. clinical trials.

 

We currently make Microcyn available under our three 510(k) clearances in the United States, primarily through our website and several regional distributors. We plan for a more aggressive commercialization initiative in the event we obtain drug approval from the FDA or sooner if our current market assessment study suggests we can develop a successful commericalzation strategy for our 510(k) clearances. Most of our current marketing efforts in the United States are test market in nature, designed to provide us with U.S. medical community feedback in terms of market perception of the Microcyn Technology, but we are exploring a broader U.S. commercialization strategy for Microcyn-based 510(k) products under these or additional 510(k) clearances. In addition, an OTC “first responder” pen application (MyClyns) with Microcyn is being marketed in the United States since January 2008, by our partner Union Springs Pharmaceuticals (a subsidiary of DECA). Also in January, we announced an exclusive North American distribution agreement with Walco International, Inc., a subsidiary of Animal Health International, Inc. for our Microcyn-based Vetericyn Wound Spray for animals.

 

We currently rely on exclusive agreements with country-specific distributors for the sale of Microcyn-based products in Europe. In Mexico, we sell Microcyn through a network of distributors and through a contract sales force dedicated exclusively to selling Microcyn, including salespeople, nurses and clinical support staff. In India we sell through Alkem, the fifth largest pharmaceutical company in India. 2008 is the first full year of the product distribution of Microcyn in India. In China, we signed a distribution agreement with China Bao Tai, which, in March, secured marketing approval from the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA). China Bao Tai intends to begin distribution of Microcyn-based products to hospitals, doctors and clinics through Sinopharm, the largest pharmaceutical group in China, and to retail pharmacies through Lianhua Supermarkets. Distribution is expected to begin in the fall of 2008.

Our goal for 2008 is to achieve the following milestones:

 

 

We cannot guarantee that we will obtain on a timely basis, if at all, the necessary FDA approval and/or clearances to market Microcyn in the United States for the treatment of infection in diabetic foot ulcers, wound healing or otherwise. A number of factors can delay or prevent completion of human clinical trials, particularly patient recruitment. Moreover, many drug candidates fail to successfully complete clinical trials. After an NDA is filed with the FDA, the FDA commences an in-depth review of the NDA that takes ten months to a year to complete but may take longer. In addition, we cannot guarantee that we will obtain on a timely basis, or at all, the necessary 510(k) clearances for the next-generation Microcyn product formulation. The milestones described above assume that we have sufficient funds to conduct and complete our pivotal trials, that the results from these clinical trials support an NDA filing and that our products will be commercially viable. We cannot guarantee that we will find appropriate distribution or strategic partners, generate revenue sufficient to fund our cash flow needs or that we will meet any of the milestones described above in a timely manner or at all.

 

We also operate a microbiology contract testing laboratory division that provides consulting and laboratory services to medical companies that design and manufacture biomedical devices and drugs, as well as testing on our products and potential products. Our testing laboratory complies with U.S. good manufacturing practices and quality systems regulation.

 

Industry Background

 

Wound Care Industry Overview

 

According to Medtech Insight, a Division of Windhover Information, there were over 51 million incidents of invasive wounds in the United States during 2004. Of these, over 6 million were chronic wounds, including arterial, diabetic, pressure and venous ulcers. The remaining 45 million were acute wounds, which follow the normal process of healing and commonly include burns, traumatic wounds, and acute invasive surgeries

 

Key trends in wound care include:

 

 

 

 

 

Wound care is complex, and controlling infection is a critical step in wound healing. Difficult-to-heal wounds can result from traumatic injury, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, complications following surgery, rheumatoid arthritis, congestive heart failure, arterial or venous ulcers and many other conditions which compromise circulation. Without proper medical intervention and control of infection, these types of wounds typically remain open and chronically infected.

 

Chronic Wounds

 

Chronic wounds are wounds that do not heal within a normally expected time frame under standard care. The most frequently occurring chronic wounds are venous, arterial, pressure and diabetic foot ulcers. According to Medtech Insight, in 2004, the incidence of chronic wounds in the United States was approximately 6.1 million, comprised of 2.0 million pressure ulcers, 1.7 million arterial ulcers, 1.6 million venous ulcers and 800,000 diabetic foot ulcers. In addition to being expensive to treat, chronic wounds are debilitating, painful and can result in amputations and other serious consequences. Clinical studies suggest that, depending on the severity of the wound, up to 43% of patients with diabetic foot ulcers undergo an amputation. Furthermore, the five year survival rate for patients undergoing amputations as a result of diabetic foot ulcers is 27%.

 

The increasing prevalence of chronic wounds is driven by large and growing elderly, diabetic and obese populations.

 

Aging.  People aged 65 and over are more susceptible to wounds that become chronic than the overall population. In 2006, there were more than 37 million people in the United States over 65, representing more than 12% of the population. By 2030, this group is expected to comprise more than 19% of the total population of the United States, according to U.S. Census Bureau projections. Additionally, according to Medtech Insight, 70% of pressure ulcers occur in people age 70 years or older, and 25% of patients in nursing homes suffer from pressure ulcers.

 

Diabetes.  Diabetics are particularly vulnerable to chronic wounds as a result of the debilitating effect of diabetes on the circulatory system. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, one out of three children born in 2000 in the United States will develop diabetes. In 2004 there were approximately 14.7 million diabetic Americans, representing 5% of the total population, up from 2.7% in 1990. Furthermore, according to the CDC, the incidence of diabetes is significantly higher in people over 65: in 2004, 16% of people over 65 were diabetic compared to 7.5% of the total population.

 

Obesity.  Obesity is a leading cause of Type II, or “adult onset,” diabetes, making the obese population more likely to eventually sustain chronic wounds. Obesity in the United States is a growing problem. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, more than 30% of the United States adult population was obese in 2000, up from 13% in 1960.

 

Acute Wounds

 

Acute wounds are typically caused by traumatic injury or surgical incision and are broadly categorized as those that can be expected to heal within a definable timeframe. However, the healing process may be affected by complicating factors such as infection, leading to chronic wounds.

 

All acute wounds have the potential for infection and may require prophylactic treatment to prevent infection. According to Medtech Insight, in 2004, about 16.2 million traumatic wounds were treated, including 8.7 million open wounds. Also according to Medtech Insight, in 2004, approximately 67 million surgical wounds were reported in the United States, including 36 million completed under anesthesia. Despite modern infection control procedures, and technologies at hospitals and surgery centers, every time the skin is opened there is a risk of infection. We believe that there is a higher likelihood of infection in surgeries involving anesthesia because of the length of time the wound is open. In a clinical study on surgical infections, it was shown that infection rates vary with the time required to complete the surgery. For example, infection rates varied from about 3.6% for surgeries taking less than 30 minutes to about 16.4% for those longer than 5 hours.

Critical Steps for Wound Treatment

 

Infection Control

 

According to the Committee to Reduce Infection Deaths, or RID, one out of every 20 patients contracts an infection while in the hospital. Certain infections are increasingly dangerous because they cannot be effectively controlled by commonly used antibiotics. In addition, RID estimates that each year in the United States, approximately two million patients contract infections while in hospitals and, of those, an estimated 100,000 die as a result. According to data from RID in 2005, post-surgical wound infections more than double a patient’s hospital costs, and patients with Staph infections more than triple the average hospital costs. Surgical site infections account for approximately 500,000 hospital acquired infections in the United States each year, according to the CDC.

 

Staphylococcus aureus, or Staph, is one of the most common hospital acquired infections. One of the deadliest forms of Staph infection is MRSA. According to data from the CDC, in 2003, 57% of the Staph infections reported were MRSA, up from 22% in 1995 and 2% in 1974. Patients who do survive MRSA often spend months in the hospital and endure repeated surgeries to remove infected tissue.

 

When infection is present in a wound, standard treatments can include cleansing, debridement and systemic antibiotics. Many cleansing agents can harm tissue, causing irritation and sensitization and impeding the wound healing process. Some forms of debridement may increase scar tissue and complicate skin grafting. Systemic antibiotics may be ineffective if the patient’s metabolic state is compromised. Additionally, the effectiveness of oral or systemic antibiotics in diabetic foot ulcer patients may be diminished due to the patient’s poor circulation, limiting delivery of the antibiotics to the wound site.

 

Because there is a risk of infection with many surgical procedures, clinicians perform several procedures before and after surgery designed to prevent infection. Pre-operative procedures generally involve preparing the surgical site with an anti-bacterial agent, such as Betadine. Post-operative procedures can include an anti-infective irrigation, a therapeutic body cavity cleansing and the use of systemic antibiotics.

 

Wound Healing and Closure

 

Wound healing is a cascade process comprised of inflammation, proliferation and maturation. The first stage of the wound healing process is the inflammatory phase, which is associated with swelling, redness and heat, and involves the migration of healthy cells to the wound bed. Removing dead tissue or debris from the wound prepares the wound bed for regeneration of new tissue. The second phase is the proliferative phase, which involves collagen and blood vessel formation and tissue growth. The final phase, maturation, occurs as the wound begins to take on its permanent form as collagen is reconstituted, forming new skin. None of these phases, however, will progress normally in the presence of infection.

 

Advanced Technologies

 

Techniques and devices have been developed to treat complex and hard-to-treat wounds, ranging from specialized devices to antimicrobial dressings. Negative pressure wound therapy, high pressure oxygen chambers and localized devices, sophisticated water-based tissue removal devices, oxygenated mist devices and tissue engineered skin substitutes are some of the most advanced devices available to the wound care specialist. Although relatively effective, many of these treatments have limitations or drawbacks in that they cannot be used on certain types of wounds or are expensive and complex to use. Despite these advanced technologies, treatment of challenging wounds continues to be multi-pronged, with a number of associated therapies employed in an attempt to achieve wound closure. These devices are designed to accelerate wound healing but generally are not designed to independently kill bacteria and cure infection.

Market Opportunity — Key Limitations of Existing Treatments

 

Commonly used topical antiseptics and antibiotics have limitations and side effects that may constrain their usage. For example:

 

 

Our Solution

 

We believe Microcyn has potential advantages over current methods of care in the treatment of chronic and acute wounds, including the following:

 

 

 

Our Strategy

 

Our goal is to become a worldwide leader and standard of care in the treatment of open wounds. We also intend to leverage our expertise in wound care into additional market opportunities. The key elements of our strategy include the following:

 

Obtain drug regulatory approvals in the United States

 

We intend to seek additional regulatory clearances and approvals, which we believe will allow us to accelerate adoption of our products by wound care specialists worldwide. We have completed a proof-of-concept Phase II trial in the U.S., which demonstrated the effectiveness of Microcyn in mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers with the primary endpoint of clinical cure or improvement of the signs of infection. We used 15 clinical sites and enrolled 48 evaluable patients in three arms, using Microcyn alone, Microcyn plus an oral antibiotic and saline plus an oral antibiotic. We announced the results of our Phase II trial in March of this year. In the clinically evaluable population of the study, the clinical success rate at visit four (test of cure) for Microcyn-alone-treated patients was 93.3% compared to 56.3% for the levofloxacin plus saline-treated patients. This study was not statistically powered, but the high clinical success rate (93.3%) and the p-value (0.033) would suggest the difference is meaningfully positive for the Microcyn-treated patients. Also, for this set of data, the 95% confidence interval for the Microcyn only arm ranged from 80.7% to 100% while the 95.0% confidence interval for the levofloxacin and saline arm ranged from 31.9% to 80.6%; the confidence intervals do not overlap, indicating a favorable clinical success for Microcyn compared to Levofloxacin. At visit 3 (end of treatment) the clinical success rate for patients treated with Microcyn-alone was 77.8% compared to 61.1% for the levofloxacin plus saline-treated patients. Following a review meeting with the FDA, which we expect to conduct late summer 2008, we intend to initiate pivotal trials. These clinical trials are intended to provide the clinical basis for submission to the FDA of a new drug application, or NDA, for the treatment of mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers. We also intend to explore a broader U.S. commercialization strategy for our Microcyn-based products under our existing or additional 510(k) clearances.

 

Drive adoption of Microcyn as the standard of care in the wound care market to help prevent and treat infection

 

We believe our products are well positioned to become the standard of care in helping to treat infections while also accelerating wound healing. We seek to drive adoption of Microcyn as the standard of care in the wound care market by establishing strong scientific, evidence-based rationale for its use as has been demonstrated in over 25 clinical studies to date. We intend to continue to maintain a marketing presence in key medical communities throughout the world through targeted direct marketing, publication in scientific journals, and sponsorships of physician presentations at medical conferences and seminars.

 

Develop strategic collaborations and distribution in the acute and chronic wound care market

 

Outside the United States and Mexico, we intend to pursue strategic relationships with respect to sales, marketing and distribution. To accelerate adoption of our products, we may enter into strategic relationships with healthcare companies that have product lines, a sales force and distribution channels that are complementary to ours. We believe collaborations allow us to leverage our resources and technology. We intend to pursue access to these markets through strategic partnerships. We have engaged an investment banker to assist us in identifying appropriate partners for development and commercialization of our products. These relationships may take the form of co-development, co-promotion, co-marketing or distribution agreements. For instance, in India we sell through Alkem Laboratories, the fifth largest pharmaceutical company in India. In Europe, we sell Microcyn through exclusive agreements with country-specific distributors. In China, we signed a distribution agreement with China Bao Tai, which in March 2008 secured marketing approval from the Chinese State Food and Drug Administration

(SFDA). China Bao Tai intends to begin distribution of Microcyn-based products to hospitals, doctors and clinics through Sinopharm, the largest pharmaceutical group in China, and to retail pharmacies through Lianhua Supermarkets.

 

We currently make Microcyn available under our 510(k) clearances in the United States primarily through our website and several regional distributors. We intend to explore a broader U.S. commercialization strategy for our Microcyn-based 510(k) product under existing or additional 510(k) clearances. We plan for a more aggressive commercialization and product launch in the event we obtain drug approval or sooner if our current market assessment study suggests we can develop a successful commericalzation strategy for our 510(k) clearances. We will assess the various options including the deployment of our own direct sales force or forming a strategic collaboration with a company that already has an existing sales force servicing the U.S. market.

 

Develop strategic partnerships in numerous indications outside the wound care market

 

We believe our products have potential applications in several other large therapeutic categories or markets, including respiratory, ophthalmology, dermatology, dental and veterinary markets. We intend to pursue access to these markets through strategic partnerships.

 

Microcyn Platform Technology

 

Mechanism of Action

 

We believe Microcyn’s ability to treat and prevent infection and promote wound healing is based on its uniquely engineered chemistry. As a result of our proprietary manufacturing process, Microcyn is a proprietary solution of electrically charged oxychlorine molecules that, among other things, interacts with and inactivates surface proteins on cell walls and membranes of microorganisms and viruses. The function of these proteins are varied and play significant roles in cell communication, nutrient and waste transport and other required functions for cell viability. Once Microcyn surrounds single cell microorganisms, it damages these proteins, causing the cell membrane to rupture, leading to cell death, which we believe is caused by increased membrane permeability and induced osmotic pressure imbalance. We continue to study the exact mechanisms by which protein and structural components of the bacterial cell walls and membranes, and the protein shell that surrounds a virus, are affected by Microcyn. This destruction of the cell appears to occur through a fundamentally different process than that which occurs as a result of contact with a bleach-based solution because experiments have demonstrated that Microcyn kills bleach-resistant bacteria. However, we believe the solution remains non-irritating to human tissues because human cells have unique protective mechanisms, are interlocked, and prevent Microcyn from targeting and surrounding single cells topically on the body. Our laboratory tests suggest that our solution does not penetrate and kill multi-cellular organisms and does not damage or affect human DNA.

 

In laboratory tests, Microcyn has been shown to destroy certain biofilms. A biofilm is a complex cluster of microorganisms or bacteria marked by the formation of a protective shell, allowing the bacteria to collect and proliferate. It is estimated that over 65% of microbial infections in the body involve bacteria growing as a biofilm. Bacteria living in a biofilm typically have significantly different properties from free-floating bacteria of the same species. One result of this film environment is increased resistance to antibiotics and to the body’s immune system. In chronic wounds, biofilms interfere with the normal healing process and halt or slow wound closure. In our laboratory studies, Microcyn was shown to destroy two common biofilms after five minutes of exposure.

 

In recently published studies, Microcyn has been shown to significantly increase the dilation of capillaries in wounds as indicated by higher levels of oxygen at a wound site after the application of our product and also reduce inflammation by inhibiting certain inflammatory responses from allergy-producing mast cells. It is widely accepted that reducing inflammation surrounding an injury or wound is beneficial to wound healing. Our laboratory research suggests that Microcyn’s interference with these cells is selective to only the inflammatory response and does not interfere with other functions of these cells.

 

Microcyn has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against numerous bacterial, viral and fungal pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains, as evidenced by passing results in numerous standardized laboratory

microbiology tests conducted on our 510(k) product by a variety of certified independent testing laboratories. Some of the pathogens against which Microcyn has demonstrated antimicrobial activity are listed below:

 

 

In addition to the above mentioned independent laboratory microbiology tests, a study was completed and published in the Journal of Hospital Infection in 2005, which was co-authored by our Director of Medical Affairs, Andres Gutiérrez, M.D., Ph.D., that showed that Microcyn exerts a wide range of antimicrobial activity (Landa-Solis, González-Espinosa D, Guzman B, Snyder M, Reyes-Terán G, Torres K and Gutiérrez AA. Microcyn: a novel super-oxidized water with neutral pH and disinfectant activity. J Hosp Infect (UK) 61: 291-299).

 

Current Regulatory Approvals and Clearances

 

All our current products are based on our Microcyn platform technology. We are able to modify the chemistry of Microcyn by changing the oxidation-reduction potential, pH-level and concentrations of specific ions or chemicals, which allows us to manufacture a variety of solutions, each specifically designed for maximum efficacy and safety by indication. The indications for our products vary from country to country due to different regulatory requirements and standards from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The indications below are summaries of the indications approved by the regulatory authority or authorities in the listed jurisdiction. The similarly named products have similar formulations; however, they may not have identical specifications due to varying requirements in different jurisdictions’ regulatory agencies. The following is a list of the regulatory approvals and clearances that Microcyn-based products have received for our most significant or potentially significant markets:

 

 

 

 

Clinical Trials

 

We have completed a proof-of-concept Phase II trial in the U.S., which demonstrated the effectiveness of Microcyn in mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers with the primary endpoint of clinical cure and improvement of infection. We used 15 clinical sites and enrolled 48 evaluable patients in three arms, using Microcyn alone, Microcyn plus an oral antibiotic and saline plus an oral antibiotic. We announced the results of our Phase II trial in March 2008. In the clinically evaluable population of the study, the clinical success rate at visit four (test of cure) for Microcyn-alone-treated patients was 93.3% compared to 56.3% for the levofloxacin plus saline-treated patients. This study was not statistically powered, but the high clinical success rate (93.3%) and the p-value (0.033) suggests the difference is meaningfully positive for the Microcyn-treated patients. Also, for this set of data, the 95.0% confidence interval for the Microcyn only arm ranged from 80.7% to 100% while the 95.0% confidence interval for the levofloxacin and saline arm ranged from 31.9% to 80.6%; the confidence intervals do not overlap, indicating a favorable clinical success for Microcyn compared to Levofloxacin. At visit 3 (end of treatment), the clinical success rate for patients treated with Microcyn-alone was 77.8% compared to 61.1% for the levofloxacin plus saline-treated patients. Following a review meeting with the FDA which we expect to conduct in late summer of 2008, we intend to initiate the pivotal trials. These clinical trials are intended to provide the clinical basis for submission to the FDA of a NDA for the treatment of infected diabetic foot ulcers.

 

Physician Clinical Studies

 

In addition to the Phase II trial mentioned above, several physicians and scientists have conducted more than twenty-five clinical studies of Microcyn generating data suggesting that the Microcyn technology is non-irritating to healthy tissue, reduces microbial load, accelerates wound healing, reduces pain, shortens treatment time and may have the potential to reduce costs to healthcare providers and patients. We have sponsored the majority of physicians performing these studies by supplying Microcyn, unrestricted research grants, paying expenses or providing honoraria. In some cases, the physicians who performed these studies also hold equity in our company. The studies were performed in the United States, Europe, India, Pakistan, China and Mexico, and used various endpoints, methods and controls (for example, saline, antiseptics and antibiotics). These studies were not intended to be rigorously designed or controlled clinical trials and, as such, did not have all of the controls required for clinical trials used to support an NDA submission to the FDA in that they did not necessarily include blinding, randomization, predefined clinical endpoints, use of placebo and active control groups or U.S. good clinical practice requirements.

In many cases the physicians who led these studies have published articles on their studies and results. The following table lists publications and presentations at peer — reviewed meetings from physicians who have completed studies on the use of Microcyn for wound care and wound irrigation.

 

 

 

Notes

 

 

 

In addition to the above articles and publications, several additional papers on the basic science of the technology have been published or have been submitted for peer review and publication, including:

 

 

 

Notes

 

 

Sales and Marketing

 

Our products are purchased by hospitals, physicians, nurses and other healthcare practitioners who are the primary caregivers to patients being treated for acute or chronic wounds, as well as those patients undergoing surgical procedures. We currently make Microcyn available under our three 510(k) clearances in the United States, primarily through our website and several regional distributors for use in accordance with those clearances. We plan for a more aggressive commercialization initiative in the event we obtain drug approval from the FDA or sooner if our current market assessment study suggests we can develop a successful commericalzation strategy for our 510(k) clearances. Our current marketing efforts in the United States are test market in nature, designed to provide us with U.S. medical community feedback in terms of market perception of the Microcyn technology, how used and for what types of indications, but we are exploring a broader U.S. commercialization strategy for Microcyn-based 510(k) products under these or additional 510(k) clearances. In addition, an OTC “first responder” pen application (MyClyns) with Microcyn has been marketed in the United States since January 2008 by our partner, Union Springs Pharmaceuticals (a subsidiary of DECA). Also in January, we announced an exclusive North American distribution agreement with Walco International, Inc., a subsidiary of Animal Health International, Inc. for our Microcyn-based Vetericyn Wound Spray for animals.

 

In Europe, we currently have distribution agreements with distributors in Germany, Italy, and the Czech Republic for distribution of our Microcyn-based products in those countries.

 

In Mexico, we market our products through our established distribution network and direct sales organization. We have a dedicated contract sales force, including salespeople, nurses and clinical support staff responsible for selling Microcyn to private and public hospitals and to retail pharmacies.

 

In India, we entered into an exclusive agreement with Alkem Laboratories, a large pharmaceutical company in India, for the sale of Microcyn-based products in India and Nepal.

In China, we entered into an exclusive distribution agreement with China Bao Tai Investment Company, Ltd., or China Bao Tai, for the sale of Microcyn wound care solution in China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. China Bao Tai intends to distribute and sell Microcyn to hospitals and pharmacies through Sinopharm, the largest pharmaceutical group in China, and through Lianhua Supermarkets for supermarket distribution. We expect sales of Microcyn wound care solution under this agreement to commence in the fall of 2008, now that China Bao Tai has received Chinese State Food and Drug Administration marketing approval.

 

Throughout the rest of the world, we intend to use strategic partners and distributors, who have a significant sales, marketing and distribution presence in their respective countries. We have established partners and distribution channels for our wound care products in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Singapore, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia.

 

Other Market Opportunities

 

We are seeking strategic partnerships and wound care applications in markets where Microcyn Technology has competitive advantages over antibiotics in numerous medical indications outside of the acute and surgical wound market. Some of these market opportunities include:

 

Respiratory

 

Our nasal product candidate is an anti-microbial solution designed to be self-administered into a patient’s nasal cavity for the treatment of acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, or inflammation of the nasal sinuses. In animal studies, Microcyn has been shown to kill the bacteria that causes rhinosinusitis. We have conducted pre-clinical animal studies that suggest the efficacy and safety of this product candidate.

 

Dermatology

 

We believe that our Microcyn technology can be used to develop products to treat various fungal and bacterial skin infections. Laboratory and clinical test data support that our technology may be effective in treating these bacterial and fungal infections.

 

Dental and Oral Care

 

We believe that our Microcyn technology may be used both as a mouthwash and a dental rinse. Early data from physician studies suggest that it is safe for use in oral surgery.

 

Ophthalmology

 

We believe that our technology may be used to treat and prevent eye infections such as conjunctivitis. We have conducted in vitro and animal laboratory testing that suggests that our product is safe when placed in the eye.

 

Veterinary Medicine

 

Our animal wound care product is based on Microcyn technology, Vetericyn, is available for use in the United States, and we have entered into an exclusive North American distribution agreement with Walco International, Inc., a subsidiary of Animal Health International, Inc., for distribution of the company’s Microcyn-based Vetericyn Wound Spray for animals.

 

Research and Product Development

 

The main goals of our research and product development program are to design, develop and produce products to treat acute and chronic wounds, and to identify new applications for our technology. Our research and product development efforts relating to our Microcyn-based products are divided into three areas: science, new product development and engineering.

 

Our scientists work to continually improve our product performance by evaluating variations of the formulations and chemical structures of our products. For example, we are evaluating alterations to Microcyn to increase

the speed at which it kills certain bacteria and viruses. Significant efforts are also being directed toward extending our understanding of the unique chemistry of our products.

 

The focus of our current development efforts is new formulations, applications and delivery systems for Microcyn, including the following:

 

 

Currently, the main focus of our engineering staff is the construction or procurement of a U.S. Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, compliant manufacturing system for our drug product. This entails significant upgrades to our raw material, manufacturing and bottling systems.

 

Our technology may have application in other non-medical markets. We intend to pursue opportunities in these markets with third parties as they arise. We plan to increase our research and product development staff in the future to address market demands identified in our market research and commercial practice.

 

Manufacturing

 

We manufacture Microcyn through a proprietary electrolysis process within a multi-chamber system. We are able to control the passage of ions through proprietary membranes, yielding electrolyzed water with only trace amounts of chlorine. This process is fundamentally different from the processes for manufacturing hydrogen peroxide and bleach and, we believe, is the basis for our technology’s effectiveness and safety. Our manufacturing process produces very little waste, which is disposed of as water after a simple non-toxic chemical treatment.

 

We have a research and development pilot plant in Petaluma, CA, we manufacture our products in Sittard, The Netherlands and Zapopan, Mexico. We have developed an automated manufacturing process and conduct quality assurance testing on each production batch in accordance with current U.S. cGMP. Our facilities are required to meet and maintain regulatory standards applicable to the manufacture pharmaceutical and medical device products. Our United States and Netherlands facilities are certified and comply with cGMP medical device Quality Systems Regulation, or QSR, and International Organization for Standardization, or ISO, guidelines. Our Mexico facility has been approved by the MOH and is also ISO certified.

 

Our machines are subjected to a series of tests, which is part of a validation protocol mandated by cGMP, QSR and ISO requirements. This validation is designed to ensure that the final product is consistently manufactured in accordance with product specifications at all manufacturing sites. Certain materials and components used in manufacturing our machines are proprietary to us.

 

We believe we have a sufficient number of machines to produce an adequate amount of Microcyn to meet anticipated future requirements for at least the next two years. As we expand into new geographic markets, we may establish additional manufacturing facilities to better serve those new markets.

 

Intellectual Property

 

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our product technology and know-how, to operate without infringing proprietary rights of others, and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. We seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing, when possible, U.S. and foreign patent applications relating to our technology, inventions and improvements that are important to our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation, and in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position.

 

As of May 31, 2008, we own one issued U.S. patent, two issued European patents, one issued Japanese patent, 12 pending U.S. patent applications and 44 foreign pending patent applications generally relating to super-oxidized

water. These applications include four international PCT applications for which the time to file counterpart phase applications has not yet expired. Our portfolio of issued and pending applications can be divided into two groups. The first group includes one U.S. issued patent, two issued European patents, one issued Japanese patent, three pending U.S. patent applications and four foreign patent applications that relate to early generation super-oxidized water product, methods of using super-oxidized water, and aspects of the method and apparatus for manufacturing super-oxidized water. The second group includes nine pending U.S. patent applications and 40 foreign patent applications (including international PCT applications) that relate to Microcyn, the method and apparatus for manufacturing Microcyn, and its uses.

 

Although we work to protect our technology, we cannot assure you that any patent will issue from currently pending patent applications or from future patent applications. For example, a competitor filed a Notice of Opposition in the Opposition Division of the European Patent Office to our recently issued European patent. We also cannot assure you that the scope of any patent protection will exclude competitors or provide competitive advantages to us, that any of our patents will be held valid if subsequently challenged, or that others will not claim rights in or ownership of our patents and proprietary rights. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that others have not developed or will develop similar products, duplicate any of our products or design around our patents.

 

We have also filed for trademark protection for marks used with our Microcyn products in each of the United States, Europe, Canada, certain countries in Central and South America, including Mexico and Brazil, and certain countries in Asia, including Japan, China, the Republic of Korea, India and Australia. In addition to patents and trademarks, we rely on trade secret and other intellectual property laws, nondisclosure agreements and other measures to protect our intellectual property rights. We believe that in order to have a competitive advantage, we must develop and maintain the proprietary aspects of our technologies. We require our employees, consultants and advisors to execute confidentiality agreements in connection with their employment, consulting or advisory relationship with us. We also require our employees, consultants and advisors whom we expect to work on our products to agree to disclose and assign to us all inventions made in the course of our working relationship with them, while using our property or which relate to our business. Despite any measures taken to protect our intellectual property, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or to wrongfully obtain or use information that we regard as proprietary. For more information, please see “Risk Factors,” “Our competitive position depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.”

 

Competition

 

We believe the principal competitive factors in our target market include improved patient outcomes, such as time in the hospital, healing time, adverse events, safety of products, ease of use, stability, spore killing and cost effectiveness. The wound care market is highly competitive. We compete with a number of large, well-established and well-funded companies that sell a broad range of wound care products, including topical anti-infectives and antibiotics, as well as some advanced wound technologies, such as skin substitutes, growth factors and sophisticated delayed release silver-based dressings.

 

Our products compete with a variety of products used for wound cleaning, debriding and moistening, including sterile saline, and chlorhexadine-based products, and they also compete with a large number of prescription and over-the-counter products for the prevention and treatment of infections, including topical anti-infectives, such as Betadine, silver sulfadiazine, hydrogen peroxide, Dakin’s solution and hypochlorous acid, and topical antibiotics, such as Neosporine, Mupirocin and Bacitracin. Currently, no single anti-infective product dominates the chronic or acute wound markets because many of the products have serious limitations or tend to inhibit the wound healing process.

 

Our products can replace the use of sterile saline for debriding and moistening a dressing as well as for use as a complementary product with many advanced wound care technologies, such as the VACTherapy System from Kinetic Concepts Inc., skin substitute products from Smith & Nephew, Integra Life Sciences, Life Cell, Organogenesis and Ortec International, and ultrasound from Celleration. We believe that Microcyn can enhance the effectiveness of many of these advanced wound care technologies. Because Microcyn is competitive with some of the large wound care companies’ products and complementary to others, we may compete with such companies in some product lines and complement other product lines.

While many companies are able to produce oxychlorine formulations, their products, unlike ours, typically become unstable after 48 hours. One such company, PuriCore, sells electrolysis machines used to manufacture brine-based oxidized water primarily as a sterilant. Additionally, we believe that Microcyn is the only stable anti-infective therapeutic available in the world today that simultaneously cures or improves infection while also accelerating wound healing through increased blood flow to the wound bed and reduction of inflammation.

 

Some of our competitors enjoy several competitive advantages, including:

 

 

Government Regulation

 

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local levels and foreign countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, labeling, promotion, advertising, distribution, sampling, marketing, and import and export of pharmaceutical products, biologics and medical devices. All of our products in development will require regulatory approval or clearance by government agencies prior to commercialization. In particular, human therapeutic products are subject to rigorous pre-clinical and clinical trials and other approval procedures of the FDA and similar regulatory authorities in foreign countries. Various federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations also govern testing, manufacturing, safety, labeling, storage, distribution and record-keeping related to such products and their marketing. The process of obtaining these approvals and clearances, and the subsequent process of maintaining substantial compliance with appropriate federal, state, local, and foreign statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. In addition, statutes, rules, regulations and policies may change and new legislation or regulations may be issued that could delay such approvals.

 

Medical Device Regulation

 

Microcyn has received three 510(k) clearances for use as a medical device in wound cleaning, or debridement, lubricating, moistening and dressing, including traumatic wounds and acute and chronic dermal lesions. Any future product candidates or new applications using Microcyn that are classified as medical devices will need approval or clearance by the FDA.

 

New medical devices, such as Microcyn, are subject to FDA clearance and extensive regulation under the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA. Under the FDCA, medical devices are classified into one of three classes: Class  I, Class II or Class III. The classification of a device into one of these three classes generally depends on the degree of risk associated with the medical device and the extent of control needed to ensure safety and effectiveness.

 

Class I devices are those for which safety and effectiveness can be assured by adherence to a set of general controls. These general controls include compliance with the applicable portions of the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, which sets forth good manufacturing practice requirements; facility registration, device listing and product reporting of adverse medical events; truthful and non-misleading labeling; and promotion of the device only for its cleared or approved intended uses. Class II devices are also subject to these general controls, and any other special controls as deemed necessary by the FDA to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the device. Review and clearance by the FDA for these devices is typically accomplished through the so-called 510(k) pre-market notification procedure. When 510(k) clearance is sought, a sponsor must submit a pre-market notification demonstrating that the proposed device is substantially equivalent to a legally marketed Class II device (for

example, a device previously cleared through the 510(k) premarket notification process). If the FDA agrees that the proposed device is substantially equivalent to the predicate device, then 510(k) clearance to market will be granted. After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any modification that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or that would constitute a major change in its intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or could require pre-market approval, or PMA.

 

Clinical trials are almost always required to support a PMA application and are sometimes required for a 510(k) pre-market notification. These trials generally require submission of an application for an investigational device exemption, or IDE. An IDE must be supported by pre-clinical data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, which show that the device is safe to test in humans and that the study protocols are scientifically sound. The IDE must be approved in advance by the FDA for a specified number of patients, unless the product is deemed a non-significant risk device and is eligible for more abbreviated investigational device exemption requirements.

 

Both before and after a medical device is commercially distributed, manufacturers and marketers of the device have ongoing responsibilities under FDA regulations. The FDA reviews design and manufacturing practices, labeling and record keeping, and manufacturers’ required reports of adverse experiences and other information to identify potential problems with marketed medical devices. Device manufacturers are subject to periodic and unannounced inspection by the FDA for compliance with the Quality System Regulation, which sets forth the current good manufacturing practice requirements that govern the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the design, manufacture, packaging, servicing, labeling, storage, installation and distribution of all finished medical devices intended for human use.

 

FDA regulations prohibit the advertising and promotion of a medical device for any use outside the scope of a 510(k) clearance or PMA approval or for unsupported safety or effectiveness claims. Although the FDA does not regulate physicians’ practice of medicine, the FDA does regulate manufacturer communications with respect to off-label use.

 

If the FDA finds that a manufacturer has failed to comply with FDA laws and regulations or that a medical device is ineffective or poses an unreasonable health risk, it can institute or seek a wide variety of enforcement actions and remedies, ranging from a public warning letter to more severe actions such as:

 

 

The FDA also has the authority to require repair, replacement or refund of the cost of any medical device.

 

The FDA also administers certain controls over the export of medical devices from the United States, as international sales of medical devices that have not received FDA clearance are subject to FDA export requirements. Additionally, each foreign country subjects such medical devices to its own regulatory requirements. In the European Union, a single regulatory approval process has been created, and approval is represented by the CE Mark.

 

Pharmaceutical Product Regulation

 

We have two pharmaceutical product candidates that are regulated by the FDA and will require approval before we can market or sell them as drugs. Any future product candidates or new applications using Microcyn that are classified as drugs will need approval by the FDA.

 

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the FDCA and implementing regulations that are adopted under the FDCA. In the case of biologics, the FDA regulates such products under the Public Health Service Act. If we fail to comply with the applicable requirements under these laws and regulations at any time during the product

development process, approval process, or after approval, we may become subject to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawals of approvals, clinical holds, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of our operations, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution. Any agency enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us. The FDA also administers certain controls over the export of drugs and biologics from the United States.

 

 

Each of these three phases is discussed further below.

 

Pre-Clinical Phase.  The development of a new pharmaceutical agent begins with the discovery or synthesis of a new molecule. These agents are screened for pharmacological activity using various animal and tissue models, with the goal of selecting a lead agent for further development. Additional studies are conducted to confirm pharmacological activity, to generate safety data, and to evaluate prototype dosage forms for appropriate release and activity characteristics. Once the pharmaceutically active molecule is fully characterized, an initial purity profile of the agent is established. During this and subsequent stages of development, the agent is analyzed to confirm the integrity and quality of material produced. In addition, development and optimization of the initial dosage forms to be used in clinical trials are completed, together with analytical models to determine product stability and degradation. A bulk supply of the active ingredient to support the necessary dosing in initial clinical trials must be secured. Upon successful completion of pre-clinical safety and efficacy studies in animals, an IND submission is prepared and provided to the FDA for review prior to commencement of human clinical trials. The IND consists of the initial chemistry, analytical, formulation, and animal testing data generated during the pre-clinical phase. The review period for an IND submission is 30 days, after which, if no comments are made by the FDA, the product candidate can be studied in Phase I clinical trials.

 

Clinical Phase.  Following successful submission of an IND, the sponsor is permitted to conduct clinical trials involving the administration of the investigational product candidate to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with good clinical practice. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study and the parameters to be used in assessing the safety and the efficacy of the drug. Each protocol must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND prior to beginning the trial. Each trial must be reviewed, approved and conducted under the auspices of an independent Institutional Review Board, and each trial, with limited exceptions, must include the patient’s informed consent. Typically, clinical evaluation involves the following time-consuming and costly three-phase sequential process:

 

 

 

Throughout the clinical phase, samples of the product made in different batches are tested for stability to establish shelf life constraints. In addition, large-scale production protocols and written standard operating procedures for each aspect of commercial manufacture and testing must be developed.

 

Phase I, II, and III testing may not be completed successfully within any specified time period, if at all. The FDA closely monitors the progress of each of the three phases of clinical trials that are conducted under an IND and may, at its discretion, reevaluate, alter, suspend, or terminate the testing based upon the data accumulated to that point and the FDA’s assessment of the risk/benefit ratio to the patient. Clinical investigators, or IRBs, and companies may be subject to pre-approval, routine, or “for cause” inspections by the FDA for compliance with Good Clinical Practices, or GCPs, and FDA regulations governing clinical investigations. The FDA may suspend or terminate clinical trials, or a clinical investigator’s participation in a clinical trial, at any time for various reasons, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. The FDA can also request additional clinical trials be conducted as a condition to product approval. Additionally, new government requirements may be established that could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our products under development. Furthermore, institutional review boards, which are independent entities constituted to protect human subjects in the institutions in which clinical trials are being conducted, have the authority to suspend clinical trials in their respective institutions at any time for a variety of reasons, including safety issues.

 

Post-Approval Phase.  After approval, we are still subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, but not limited to, record keeping requirements, submitting periodic reports to the FDA, reporting of any adverse experiences with the product, and complying with drug sampling and distribution requirements. In addition, we are required to maintain and provide updated safety and efficacy information to the FDA. We are also required to comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling. In that regard, our advertising and promotional materials must be truthful and not misleading. We are also prohibited from promoting any non-FDA approved or “off-label” indications of products. Failure to comply with those requirements could result in significant enforcement action by the FDA, including warning letters, orders to pull the promotional materials, and substantial fines. Also, quality control and manufacturing procedures must continue to conform to cGMP after approval.

 

Drug and biologics manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their facilities and products manufactured annually with the FDA and certain state agencies and are subject to periodic routine and unannounced inspections by the FDA to assess compliance with cGMP regulations. Facilities may also be subject to inspections by other federal, foreign, state, or local agencies. In addition, approved biological drug products may be subject to lot-by-lot release testing by the FDA before these products can be commercially distributed. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance. Future FDA inspections may identify compliance issues at our facilities or at the facilities that may disrupt production or distribution, or require substantial resources to correct.

 

In addition, following FDA approval of a product, discovery of problems with a product or the failure to comply with requirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer, or holder of an approved marketing application, including withdrawal or recall of the product from the market or other voluntary or FDA-initiated action that could delay further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications. Also, the

FDA may require post-market testing and surveillance to monitor the product’s safety or efficacy, including additional clinical studies, known as Phase IV trials, to evaluate long-term effects.

 

Regulation of Disinfectants

 

In the United States, the EPA regulates disinfectants as antimicrobial pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, or FIFRA, and the implementing regulations that the EPA has adopted under FIFRA. Before marketing a disinfectant in the United States, we must satisfy the EPA’s pesticide registration requirements. That registration process requires us to demonstrate the disinfectant’s efficacy and to determine the potential human and ecological risks associated with use of the disinfectant. The testing and registration process could be lengthy and could be expensive. There is no assurance, however, that we will be able to satisfy all of the pesticide registration requirements for a particular proposed new disinfectant product. Once we satisfy the FIFRA registration requirements for an individual disinfectant, additional FIFRA regulations will apply to our various business activities, including marketing, related to that EPA-registered product.

 

Failure to comply with FIFRA’s requirements could expose us to various enforcement actions. FIFRA empowers the EPA to seek administrative or judicial sanctions against those who violate FIFRA. Among the potential FIFRA penalties are civil administrative penalties, stop sale orders, cancellation of our registration, seizures, injunctions and criminal sanctions. If EPA were to initiate a FIFRA enforcement action against us, it could have a material adverse effect on us.

 

Other Regulation in the United States

 

Health Care Coverage and Reimbursement by Third-Party Payors

 

Commercial success in marketing and selling our products depends, in part, on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party health care payors, such as government and private health insurers and managed care organizations. Third-party payers are increasingly challenging the pricing of medical products and services. Government and private sector initiatives to limit the growth of health care costs, including price regulation, competitive pricing, and managed-care arrangements, are continuing in many countries where we do business, including the United States. These changes are causing the marketplace to be more cost-conscious and focused on the delivery of more cost-effective medical products. Government programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health care insurance companies, and managed-care plans control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular procedures or treatments. This has created an increasing level of price sensitivity among customers for our products. Some third-party payors also require that a favorable coverage determination be made for new or innovative medical devices or therapies before they will provide reimbursement of those medical devices or therapies. Even though a new medical product may have been cleared or approved for commercial distribution, we may find limited demand for the product until adequate coverage and reimbursement have been obtained from governmental and other third-party payors.

 

Fraud and Abuse Laws

 

In the United States, we are subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, which, among other things, prohibit the offer or acceptance of remuneration intended to induce or in exchange for the purchase of products or services reimbursed under a federal healthcare program and the submission of false or fraudulent claims with the government. These laws include the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the False Claim Act and comparable state laws. These laws regulate the activities of entities involved in the healthcare industry, such as us, by limiting the kinds of financial arrangements such entities may have with healthcare providers who use or recommend the use of medical products (including for example, sales and marketing programs, advisory boards and research and educational grants). In addition, in order to ensure that healthcare entities comply with healthcare laws, the Office of Inspector General, or OIG, of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommends that healthcare entities institute effective compliance programs. To assist in the development of effective compliance programs, the OIG has issued model Compliance Program Guidance, or CPG, materials for a variety of healthcare entities which, among other things, identify practices to avoid that may implicate the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and other relevant laws and describes elements of an effective compliance program. While compliance with the

CPG materials is voluntary, a recent California law requires pharmaceutical and devices manufacturers to initiate compliance programs that incorporate the CPG and the July 2002 Pharmaceuticals Research and Manufacturers of America Code on Interactions with Healthcare Professionals.

 

Due to the scope and breadth of the provisions of some of these laws, it is possible that some of our practices might be challenged by the government under one or more of these laws in the future. Violations of these laws, which are discussed more fully below, can lead to civil and criminal penalties, damages, imprisonment, fines, exclusion from participation in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal health care programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any such violations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.

 

Anti-Kickback Laws.  Our operations are subject to federal and state anti-kickback laws. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or providing remuneration directly or indirectly to induce either the referral of an individual for a good or service reimbursed under a federal healthcare program, or the furnishing, recommending, or arranging of a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. The definition of “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including such items as gifts, discounts, the furnishing of supplies or equipment, waiver of co-payments, and providing anything at less than its fair market value. Because the Anti-Kickback Statute makes illegal a wide variety of common (even beneficial) business arrangements, the OIG was tasked with issuing regulations, commonly known as “safe harbors,” that describe arrangements where the risk of illegal remuneration is minimal. As long as all of the requirements of a particular safe harbor are strictly met, the entity engaging in that activity will not be prosecuted under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. The failure of a transaction or arrangement to fit precisely within one or more safe harbors does not necessarily mean that it is illegal or that prosecution will be pursued. However, business arrangements that do not fully satisfy an applicable safe harbor may result in increased scrutiny by government enforcement authorities, such as the OIG. Our agreements to pay compensation to our advisory board members and physicians who conduct clinical trials or provide other services for us may be subject to challenge to the extent they do not fall within relevant safe harbors under state and federal anti-kickback laws. In addition, many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute which apply to the referral of patients for healthcare services reimbursed by Medicaid, and some have adopted such laws with respect to private insurance. Violations of the Anti-Kickback Statute are subject to significant fines and penalties and may lead to a company being excluded from participating in federal health care programs.

 

False Claims Laws.  The federal False Claims Act prohibits knowingly filing a false claim, knowingly causing the filing of a false claim, or knowingly using false statements to obtain payment from the federal government. Under the False Claims Act, such suits are known as “qui tam” actions, and those who bring such suits. Individuals may file suit on behalf of the government share in any amounts received by the government pursuant to a settlement. In addition, certain states have enacted laws modeled after the federal False Claims Act under the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, the federal government created financial incentives for states to enact false claims laws consistent with the federal False Claims Act. As more states enact such laws, we expect the number of qui tam lawsuits to increase. Qui tam actions have increased significantly in recent years, causing greater numbers of healthcare companies to have to defend a false claims action, pay fines or be excluded from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state government healthcare programs as a result of investigations arising out of such actions.

 

HIPAA.  Two federal crimes were created under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA: healthcare fraud and false statements relating to healthcare matters. The healthcare fraud statute prohibits knowingly and willfully executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private payors. The false statements statute prohibits knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services.

 

Health Information Privacy and Security

 

Individually identifiable health information is subject to an array of federal and state regulation. Federal rules promulgated pursuant to HIPAA regulate the use and disclosure of health information by “covered entities.”

Covered entities include individual and institutional health care providers from which we may receive individually identifiable health information. These regulations govern, among other things, the use and disclosure of health information for research purposes, and require the covered entity to obtain the written authorization of the individual before using or disclosing health information for research. Failure of the covered entity to obtain such authorization could subject the covered entity to civil and criminal penalties. We may experience delays and complex negotiations as we deal with each entity’s differing interpretation of the regulations and what is required for compliance. Also, where our customers or contractors are covered entities, including hospitals, universities, physicians or clinics, we may be required by the HIPAA regulations to enter into “business associate” agreements that subject us to certain privacy and security requirements. In addition, many states have laws that apply to the use and disclosure of health information, and these laws could also affect the manner in which we conduct our research and other aspects of our business. Such state laws are not preempted by the federal privacy law where they afford greater privacy protection to the individual. While activities to assure compliance with health information privacy laws are a routine business practice, we are unable to predict the extent to which our resources may be diverted in the event of an investigation or enforcement action with respect to such laws.

 

Foreign Regulation

 

Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the applicable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country, and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing, and reimbursement also vary greatly from country to country. Although governed by the applicable country, clinical trials conducted outside of the United States typically are administered under a three-phase sequential process similar to that discussed above for pharmaceutical products.

 

European Union Regulation

 

Medical Device Regulation.  Our Microcyn products are classified as medical devices in the European Union. In order to sell our medical device products within the European Union, we are required to comply with the requirements of the Medical Devices Directive, or MDD, and its national implementations, including affixing CE Marks on our products. In order to comply with the MDD, we must meet certain requirements relating to the safety and performance of our products and, prior to marketing our products, we must successfully undergo verification of our product’s regulatory compliance, or conformity assessment.

 

Medical devices are divided into three regulatory classes: Class I, Class IIb and Class III. The nature of the conformity assessment procedures depends on the regulatory class of the product. We executed the conformity assessment for production quality assurance for Class IIb products for Dermacyn Wound Care. Compliance with production quality assurance is audited every year by a private entity certified by government regulators. In order to comply with the examination, we completed, among other things, a risk analysis and presented clinical data, which demonstrated that our products met the performance specifications claimed by us, provided sufficient evidence of adequate assessment of unwanted side effects and demonstrated that the benefits to the patient outweigh the risks associated with the device. We will be subject to continued supervision and will be required to report any serious adverse incidents to the appropriate authorities. We will also be required to comply with additional national requirements that are beyond the scope of the MDD.

 

We received our CE certificate for Dermacyn Wound Care as a Class IIb medical device in February 2005. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain the requirements established for CE Marks for any or all of our products or that we will be able to produce these products in a timely and profitable manner while complying with the requirements of the MDD and other regulatory requirements.

 

Marketing Authorizations for Drugs.  In order to obtain marketing approval of any of our drug products in Europe, we must submit for review an application similar to a U.S. NDA to the relevant authority. In contrast to the United States, where the FDA is the only authority that administers and approves NDAs, in Europe there are multiple authorities that administer and approve these applications. Marketing authorizations in Europe expire after five years but may be renewed.

We believe that our Microcyn-based drugs will be reviewed by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use, or CHMP, on behalf of the European Medicines Agency, or EMEA. Based upon the review of the CHMP, the EMEA provides an opinion to the European Commission on the safety, quality and efficacy of the drug. The decision to grant or refuse an authorization is made by the European Commission.

 

Approval of applications can take several months to several years, or may be denied. This approval process can be affected by many of the same factors relating to safety, quality and efficacy as in the approval process for NDAs in the United States. As in the United States, European drug regulatory authorities can require us to perform additional non-clinical studies and clinical trials. The need for such studies or trials, if imposed, may delay marketing approval and involve unanticipated costs. Inspection of clinical investigation sites by a competent authority may also be required as part of the regulatory approval procedure. In addition, as a condition of marketing approval, regulatory agencies in Europe may require post-marketing surveillance to monitor for adverse effects, or other additional studies as deemed appropriate. The terms of any approval, including labeling content, may be more restrictive than expected and could affect the marketability of a product. In addition, after approval for the initial indication, further clinical studies are usually necessary to gain approval for any additional indications.

 

European GMP.  In the European Union, the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and clinical trial supplies is subject to good manufacturing practice, or GMP, as set forth in the relevant laws and guidelines. Compliance with GMP is generally assessed by the competent regulatory authorities. They may conduct inspections of relevant facilities, and review manufacturing procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. In addition to obtaining approval for each product, in many cases each drug manufacturing facility must be approved. Further inspections may occur over the life of the product.

 

Mexico.  The MOH is the authority in charge of sanitary controls in Mexico. Sanitary controls are a group of practices related to the orientation, education, testing, verification and application of security measures and sanctions exercised by the MOH. The MOH acts by virtue of the Federal Commission for the Protection against Sanitary Risks, or COFEPRIS, a decentralized entity of the MOH whose mission is to protect the population against sanitary risks, by means of centralized sanitary regulations, controls and by raising public awareness.

 

The MOH is responsible for the issuance of Official Mexican Standards and specifications for drugs subject to the provisions of the General Health Law, which govern the process and specifications of drugs, including the obtaining, preparation, manufacturing, maintenance, mixture, conditioning, packaging, handling, transport, distribution, storage and supply of products to the public at large. In addition, a medical device is defined as a device that may contain antiseptics or germicides used in surgical practice or in the treatment of continuity solutions, skin injuries or its attachments.

 

Regulations applicable to medical devices and drugs are divided into two sections: the business that manufactures the medical device or drug and the product itself.

 

Manufacturing a Medical Device or Drug.  Under the General Health Law, a business that manufactures drugs is either required to obtain a Sanitary Authorization or to file an Operating Notice. Our Mexico subsidiary is considered a business that manufactures medical devices and therefore is not subject to a Sanitary Authorization, but rather only an Operating Notice.

 

In addition to its Operating Notice, our Mexico subsidiary has obtained a “Good Processing Practices Certificate” issued by COFEPRIS, which demonstrates that the manufacturing of Microcyn at the facility located in Zapopan, Mexico, operates in accordance with the applicable official standards.

 

Commercialization of Drugs and Medical Devices.  Drugs and medical devices should be commercialized in appropriate packaging containing labels printed in accordance with specific official standards. For medical devices, there are no specific standards or regulations related to the labeling of the product, but rather only a general standard related to the labeling for all types of products to be commercialized in Mexico. Advertising of medical devices is regulated in the General Health Law and in the specific regulations of the General Health Law related to advertising. Generally, the advertising of medical devices is subject to a permit only in the case that such advertising is directed to the general public.

Medical Devices and Drugs as a Product.  To produce, sell or distribute medical devices, a Sanitary Registry is required in accordance with the General Health Law and the Regulation for Drugs. Such registry is granted for a term of five years, and this term may be extended. The Sanitary Registry may be revoked if the interested party does not request the extension in the term or the product or the manufacturer or the raw material is changed without the permission of the MOH.

 

The MOH classifies the medical devices in three classes:

 

 

Violation of these regulations may result in the revocation of the registrations or approvals, and, in addition, economic fines. In some cases, such violations may constitute criminal actions.

 

In addition, regulatory approval of prices is required in most countries other than the United States, which could result in lengthy negotiations delaying our ability to commercialize our products. We face the risk that the prices which result from the regulatory approval process would be insufficient to generate an acceptable return.

 

Employees

 

As of March 31, 2008, we had 79 full-time employees, including 4 in manufacturing, 22 in research and development, 11 in regulatory and clinical, seven in sales and marketing and 19 in executive or administrative functions in the United States, three in administrative functions in Europe, five in administrative functions in Mexico, seven in our services business and one in an information technology function. None of our employees is covered by collective bargaining arrangements, and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

 

Available Information

 

Our website is located at www.oculusis.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish such materials to the Securities and Exchange Commission. Our website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

 

 

Factors that May Affect Results

 

Risks Related to Our Business

 

We have a history of losses, we expect to continue to incur losses and we may never achieve profitability.

 

We have incurred significant losses in each fiscal year since our inception, including net loss from continuing operations of $20.3 million, $19.8 million and $23.1 million for the years ended March 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 respectively. Our accumulated deficit as of March 31, 2008 was $90.8 million. We have yet to demonstrate that we can generate sufficient sales of our products to become profitable. The extent of our future operating losses and the timing of profitability are highly uncertain, and we may never achieve profitability. Even if we do generate significant revenues from our product sales, we expect that increased operating expenses will result in significant operating losses in the near term as we, among other things:

 

 

 

As a result of these activities, we will need to generate significant revenue in order to achieve profitability and may never become profitable.

 

Without raising additional capital, we would curtail certain operational activities, including regulatory trials, in order to reduce costs. We cannot provide any assurance that we will secure any commitments for new financing on acceptable terms, if at all.

 

Because all of our products are based on our Microcyn platform technology, we will need to generate sufficient revenues from the sale of Microcyn to execute our business plan.

 

All of our products are based on our Microcyn platform technology, and we do not have any non-Microcyn product candidates that will generate revenues in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, we expect to derive substantially all of our future revenues from sales of our current Microcyn products. We have been selling our products since July 2004, and substantially all of our historical product revenues have been from sales of Microcyn in Mexico prior to 2007. Although we began selling in Europe in October 2004, in the United States in June 2005, and in India in July 2006, our product revenues outside of Mexico were not significant prior to fiscal year 2007. For example, product revenues from countries outside of Mexico were just 9% of our product revenues for the year ended March 31, 2006. However, for the years ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, the percentage of product revenues from outside of Mexico increased to 26% and 32%, respectively. Microcyn has not been adopted as a standard of care for wound treatment in any country and may not gain acceptance among physicians, nurses, patients, third-party payors and the medical community. Existing protocols for wound care are well established within the medical community and tend to vary geographically, and healthcare providers may be reluctant to alter their protocols to include the use of Microcyn. If Microcyn does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we will not generate sufficient revenues to become profitable. We recently decreased our sales and marketing activities in Europe and Mexico, which could materially affect our revenues in the geographic areas in the future.

 

Our inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms in the future may cause us to curtail certain operational activities, including regulatory trials, sales and marketing, and international operations, in order to reduce costs and sustain the business, and would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

 

We expect capital outlays and operating expenditures to increase over the next several years as we work to conduct regulatory trials, commercialize our products and expand our infrastructure. We have entered into debt financing arrangements which are secured by all of our assets. We may need to raise additional capital to, among other things:

 

 

Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

 

 

If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, dilution to our stockholders could result. Any equity securities issued also may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. If we raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities would have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock, and the terms of the debt securities issued could impose significant restrictions on our operations. If we raise additional funds through collaborations and licensing arrangements, we might be required to relinquish significant rights to our technologies or products, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. A failure to obtain adequate funds may cause us to curtail certain operational activities, including regulatory trials, sales and marketing, and international operations, in order to reduce costs and sustain the business, and would have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

 

We do not have the necessary regulatory approvals to market Microcyn as a drug in the United States.

 

We have obtained three 510(k) clearances in the United States that permit us to sell Microcyn as a medical device to clean, moisten and debride wounds. However, we do not have the necessary regulatory approvals to market Microcyn in the United States as a drug, which we will need to obtain in order to execute our business plan. Before we are permitted to sell Microcyn as a drug in the United States, we must, among other things, successfully complete additional preclinical studies and well-controlled clinical trials, submit a New Drug Application, or NDA, to the FDA and obtain FDA approval. In July 2006, we completed a controlled clinical trial for pre-operative skin preparation. After completion of this trial, the FDA advised us that it is considering adopting new heightened performance requirements for evaluating efficacy of products designed to be used in pre-operative skin preparation such as ours. In discussions with the FDA, the FDA has not provided us with the definitive timing for, or parameters of, any such requirements, and has informally stated that it is uncertain during what time frame it will be able to do so. We plan to continue our discussions with the FDA regarding the possible timing and parameters of any new guidelines for evaluating efficacy for pre-operative skin preparations. Depending on the ultimate position of the FDA regarding performance criteria for pre-operative skin preparations, we may reassess our priorities, clinical timelines and schedules for pursuing a pre-operative skin preparation indication or may decide not to pursue this indication. We also intend to seek FDA approval for the use of Microcyn to treat infections in wounds.

 

We have sponsored the majority of physicians performing physician clinical studies of Microcyn and in some cases, the physicians who performed these studies also hold equity in our company. The physician clinical studies were performed in the United States, Mexico, Europe, Pakistan, India and China, and used various endpoints, methods and controls. These studies were not intended to be rigorously designed or controlled clinical trials and, as such, did not have all of the controls required for clinical trials used to support an NDA submission to the FDA in that they did not include blinding, randomization, predefined clinical endpoints, use of placebo and active control groups or U.S. good clinical practice requirements. Consequently, the results of these physician clinical studies may not be used by us to support an NDA submission for Microcyn to the FDA. In addition, any results obtained from clinical trials designed to support an NDA submission for Microcyn to the FDA may not be as favorable as results from such physician clinical studies and otherwise may not be sufficient to support an NDA submission or FDA approval of any Microcyn NDA.

 

The FDA approval process is expensive and uncertain, requires detailed and comprehensive scientific and other data and generally takes several years. Despite the time and expense exerted, approval is never guaranteed. We do not know whether we will obtain favorable results in our preclinical and clinical studies or whether we will obtain the necessary regulatory approvals to market Microcyn as a drug in the United States. We anticipate that obtaining approval for the use of Microcyn to treat infections in wounds in the United States will take several years. Even if we obtain FDA approval to sell Microcyn as a drug, we may not be able to successfully commercialize Microcyn as a

drug in the United States and may never recover the substantial costs we have invested in the development of our Microcyn products.

 

Delays or adverse results in clinical trials could result in increased costs to us and delay our ability to generate revenue.

 

Clinical trials can be long and expensive, and the outcome of clinical trials is uncertain and subject to delays. It may take several years to complete clinical trials, if at all, and a product candidate may fail at any stage of the clinical trial process. The length of time required varies substantially according to the type, complexity, novelty and intended use of the product candidate. Interim results of a preclinical study or clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results, and acceptable results in preclinical studies or early clinical trials may not be repeatable in later subsequent clinical trials. The commencement or completion of any of our clinical trials may be delayed or halted for a variety of reasons, including the following:

 

 

We do not know whether future clinical trials will demonstrate safety and efficacy sufficiently to result in additional FDA approvals. While a number of physicians have conducted clinical studies assessing the safety and efficacy of Microcyn for various indications, the data from these studies is not sufficient to support approval of Microcyn as a drug in the United States. In addition, further studies and trials could show different results. For example, after an Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, review of our registration filing, including the results of disinfectant efficacy testing conducted by an independent laboratory retained by us, we obtained EPA authorization, or registration, for the distribution and sale of our Microcyn-based product, Cidalcyn, as a hospital grade disinfectant. However, the EPA conducted subsequent tests and informed us that Cidalcyn did not meet efficacy standards when tested against three specific pathogens. In response to this test, we voluntarily recalled samples of the product previously distributed and later entered into a Consent Agreement and Final Order with the EPA, allowing us to amend our EPA registration and pay a $20,800 fine without admitting or denying any wrongdoing. In addition, in an independent physician study of 10 patients in which procedures were not fully delineated, published in February 2007, four patients discontinued treatment with Dermacyn due to pain, and beneficial change in wound microbiology was found in only one of the six remaining patients. In our Phase II trial, one patient reported a burning sensation which physicians indicated was probably attributable to Microcyn. We will be required to conduct additional clinical trials prior to seeking approval of Microcyn for additional indications. Our failure to adequately demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates to the satisfaction of the FDA will prevent our receipt of FDA approval for additional indications and, ultimately, impact commercialization of our products in the United States. If we experience significant delays or adverse results in clinical trials, our financial results and the commercial prospects for products based on Microcyn will be harmed, our costs would increase and our ability to generate revenue would be delayed.

 

The FDA and other regulatory bodies may also change standards and acceptable trial procedures required for a showing of safety and efficacy. For example, until recently, the FDA accepted non-inferiority clinical trials, or clinical trials that show that a new treatment is equivalent to standard treatment, as the standard for anti-infective drug approvals. On October 12, 2007, the FDA released draft guidance entitled Antibacterial Drug Products: Use of

Noninferiority Studies to Support Approval. This new agency guidance requires either placebo-controlled or superiority trial designs, which are designed to test whether, and to what extent, a new treatment is better than the placebo. The uncertainty of clinical trial protocols and changes within FDA guidelines could have a negative impact on the timelines and milestones for our clinical program.

 

If we fail to obtain, or experience significant delays in obtaining, additional regulatory clearances or approvals to market our current or future products, we may be unable to commercialize these products.

 

Developing, testing, manufacturing, marketing and selling of medical technology products are subject to extensive regulation by numerous governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. The process of obtaining regulatory clearance and approval of medical technology products is costly and time consuming. Even though the underlying product formulation may be the same or similar, our products are subject to different regulations and approval processes depending upon their intended use. In the United States, use of Microcyn to cleanse and debride a wound comes within the medical device regulation framework, while use of Microcyn to treat infections in wounds will require us to seek FDA approval of Microcyn as a drug in the United States.

 

To obtain regulatory approval of our products as drugs in the United States, we must first show that our products are safe and effective for target indications through preclinical studies (laboratory and animal testing) and clinical trials (human testing). The FDA generally clears marketing of a medical device through the 510(k) pre-market clearance process if it is demonstrated that the new product has the same intended use and the same or similar technological characteristics as another legally marketed Class II device, such as a device already cleared by the FDA through the 510(k) premarket notification process, and otherwise meets the FDA’s requirements. Product modifications, including labeling the product for a new intended use, may require the submission of a new 510(k) clearance and FDA approval before the modified product can be marketed.

 

We do not know whether our products based on Microcyn will receive approval from the FDA as a drug. The data from clinical studies of Microcyn conducted by physicians to date will not satisfy the FDA’s regulatory criteria for approval of an NDA. In order for us to seek approval for the use of Microcyn as a drug in the treatment of infections in wounds, we will be required to conduct additional preclinical and clinical trials and submit applications for approval to the FDA. For example, we recently concluded a Phase II study and are planning to conduct a pilot study of Microcyn for the treatment of wound infections. We will need to conduct additional non-clinical and well-controlled clinical trials in order to generate data to support FDA approval of Microcyn for this indication.

 

The outcomes of clinical trials are inherently uncertain. In addition, we do not know whether the necessary approvals or clearances will be granted or delayed for future products. The FDA could request additional information, changes to formulation or clinical testing that could adversely affect the time to market and sale of products as drugs. If we do not obtain the requisite regulatory clearances and approvals, we will be unable to commercialize our products as drugs or devices and may never recover any of the substantial costs we have invested in the development of Microcyn.

 

Distribution of our products outside the United States is subject to extensive government regulation. These regulations, including the requirements for approvals or clearance to market, the time required for regulatory review and the sanctions imposed for violations, vary from country to country. We do not know whether we will obtain regulatory approvals in such countries or that we will not be required to incur significant costs in obtaining or maintaining these regulatory approvals. In addition, the export by us of certain of our products that have not yet been cleared for domestic commercial distribution may be subject to FDA export restrictions. Failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals, the restriction, suspension or revocation of existing approvals or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements would have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our products do not gain market acceptance, our business will suffer because we might not be able to fund future operations.

 

A number of factors may affect the market acceptance of our products or any other products we develop or acquire, including, among others:

 

 

If our products do not gain market acceptance, we may not be able to fund future operations, including developing, testing and obtaining regulatory approval for new product candidates and expanding our sales and marketing efforts for our approved products, which would cause our business to suffer.

 

We plan to change the brand name of our product in Mexico, which may result in the loss of any brand recognition that we have established with users of our products.

 

In accordance with the settlement of a trademark infringement lawsuit filed against us in Mexico, we have agreed to change the name under which we market our products in Mexico. We have marketed our products in Mexico under the brand name of Microcyn60 since 2004. During the years ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, the percentage of our product revenues derived from Mexico was 75% and 68%, respectively. As a result of our agreement to change our product name, we may lose the benefit of the brand name recognition we have generated in the region and our product sales in Mexico could decline. In locations where we have distributed our products, we believe that the brand names of those products have developed name recognition among consumers who purchase them. Any change to the brand name of our other products may cause us to lose such name recognition, which may lead to confusion in the marketplace and a decline in sales of our products. We cannot assure you that the reserve we have taken will be sufficient to offset the losses we may incur as a result of changing our brand name.

 

If our competitors develop products similar to Microcyn, we may need to modify or alter our business strategy, which may delay the achievement of our goals.

 

Competitors may develop products with similar characteristics as Microcyn. Such similar products marketed by larger competitors can hinder our efforts to penetrate the market. As a result, we may be forced to modify or alter our business and regulatory strategy and sales and marketing plans, as a response to changes in the market, competition and technology limitations, among others. Such modifications may pose additional delays in achieving our goals.

 

We intend to license or collaborate with third parties in various potential markets, and events involving these strategic partners or any future collaborations could delay or prevent us from developing or commercializing products.

 

Our business strategy and our short- and long-term operating results will depend in part on our ability to execute on existing strategic collaborations and to license or partner with new strategic partners. We believe collaborations allow us to leverage our resources and technologies and to access markets that are compatible with our own core areas of expertise while avoiding the cost of establishing or maintaining a direct sales force in each market. We may incur significant costs in the use of third parties to identify and assist in establishing relationships with potential collaborators.

 

To penetrate our target markets, we may need to enter into additional collaborative agreements to assist in the development and commercialization of products. For example, depending upon our analysis of the time and expense involved in obtaining FDA approval to sell a product to treat open wounds, we may choose to license our technology to a third party as opposed to pursuing commercialization ourselves. Establishing strategic collaborations is difficult and time-consuming. Potential collaborators may reject collaborations based upon their

assessment of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position and our internal capabilities. Our discussions with potential collaborators may not lead to the establishment of new collaborations on favorable terms and may have the potential to provide collaborators with access to our key intellectual property filings and next generation formations. We have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our current collaborators or any future collaborators devote to our collaborations or potential products. These collaborators may breach or terminate their agreements with us or otherwise fail to conduct their collaborative activities successfully and in a timely manner. Further, our collaborators may not develop or commercialize products that arise out of our collaborative arrangements or devote sufficient resources to the development, manufacture, marketing or sale of these products. By entering into a collaboration, we may preclude opportunities to collaborate with other third parties who do not wish to associate with our existing third party strategic partners. Moreover, in the event of termination of a collaboration agreement, termination negotiations may result in less favorable terms.

 

If we are unable to expand our direct domestic sales force, we may not be able to successfully sell our products in the United States.

 

We have very limited commercialization capability and make Microcyn-based products available primarily through our website, and several regional distributors. We plan for a more aggressive commercialization and product launch in the event we obtain drug approval from the FDA or obtain other clearance or approval with would healing claims. Developing a sales force is expensive and time consuming, and the lack of qualified sales personnel could delay or limit the success of our product launch. Our domestic sales force, if established, will be competing with the sales operations of our competitors, which are better funded and more experienced. We may not be able to develop domestic sales capacity on a timely basis or at all.

 

Our dependence on distributors for sales could limit or prevent us from selling our products and from realizing long-term revenue growth.

 

We currently depend on distributors to sell Microcyn in the United States, Europe and other countries and intend to continue to sell our products primarily through distributors in Europe and the United States for the foreseeable future. If we are unable to expand our direct sales force, we will continue to rely on distributors to sell Microcyn. Our existing distribution agreements are generally short-term in duration, and we may need to pursue alternate distributors if the other parties to these agreements terminate or elect not to renew their agreements. If we are unable to retain our current distributors for any reason, we must replace them with alternate distributors experienced in supplying the wound care market, which could be time-consuming and divert management’s attention from other operational matters. In addition, we will need to attract additional distributors to expand the geographic areas in which we sell Microcyn. Distributors may not commit the necessary resources to market and sell our products to the level of our expectations, which could harm our ability to generate revenues. In addition, some of our distributors may also sell products that compete with ours. In some countries, regulatory licenses must be held by residents of the country. For example, the regulatory approval for one product in India is owned and held by our Indian distributor. If the licenses are not in our name or under our control, we might not have the power to ensure their ongoing effectiveness and use by us. If current or future distributors do not perform adequately, or we are unable to locate distributors in particular geographic areas, we may not realize long-term revenue growth.

 

We depend on a contract sales force to sell our products in Mexico.

 

We currently depend on a contract sales force to sell Microcyn in Mexico. Our existing agreement is short-term in duration and can be terminated by either party upon 30 days written notice. If we are unable to retain our current agreement for any reason, we may need to build our own internal sales force or find an alternate source for contract sales people. We may be unable to find an alternate source, or the alternate source’s sales force may not generate sufficient revenue. If our current or future contract sales force does not perform adequately, we may not realize long-term revenue growth in Mexico.

If we fail to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements, or if we experience unanticipated problems with our products, these products could be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market.

 

Regulatory approvals or clearances that we currently have and that we may receive in the future are subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the products may be marketed, and any future approvals could contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies. If the FDA determines that our promotional materials or activities constitute promotion of an unapproved use or we otherwise fail to comply with FDA regulations, we may be subject to regulatory enforcement actions, including a warning letter, injunction, seizure, civil fine or criminal penalties. In addition, the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, distribution and record-keeping for approved products are subject to extensive regulation. Our manufacturing facilities, processes and specifications are subject to periodic inspection by the FDA, European and other regulatory authorities and from time to time, we may receive notices of deficiencies from these agencies as a result of such inspections. Our failure to continue to meet regulatory standards or to remedy any deficiencies could result in restrictions being imposed on products or manufacturing processes, fines, suspension or loss of regulatory approvals or clearances, product recalls, termination of distribution or product seizures or the need to invest substantial resources to comply with various existing and new requirements. In the more egregious cases, criminal sanctions, civil penalties, disgorgement of profits or closure of our manufacturing facilities are possible. The subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with Microcyn, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, may result in restrictions on the marketing of our products, and could include voluntary or mandatory recall or withdrawal of products from the market.

 

New government regulations may be enacted and changes in FDA policies and regulations, their interpretation and enforcement, could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our products. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. Therefore, we do not know whether we will be able to continue to comply with any regulations or that the costs of such compliance will not have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial condition, and results of operations. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we will not be permitted to market our products and our business would suffer.

 

We may experience difficulties in manufacturing Microcyn, which could prevent us from commercializing one or more of our products.

 

The machines used to manufacture our Microcyn-based products are complex, use complicated software and must be monitored by highly trained engineers. Slight deviations anywhere in our manufacturing process, including quality control, labeling and packaging, could lead to a failure to meet the specifications required by the FDA, the EPA, European notified bodies, Mexican regulatory agencies and other foreign regulatory bodies, which may result in lot failures or product recalls. In August 2006, we received a “show cause” letter from the EPA, which stated that, in tests conducted by the EPA, Cidalcyn was found to be ineffective in killing specified pathogens when used according to label directions. We gathered records for review to determine if there might have been any problems in production of the lot tested by the EPA. If we are unable to obtain quality internal and external components, mechanical and electrical parts, if our software contains defects or is corrupted, or if we are unable to attract and retain qualified technicians to manufacture our products, our manufacturing output of Microcyn, or any other product candidate based on our platform that we may develop, could fail to meet required standards, our regulatory approvals could be delayed, denied or revoked, and commercialization of one or more of our Microcyn-based products may be delayed or foregone. Manufacturing processes that are used to produce the smaller quantities of Microcyn needed for clinical tests and current commercial sales may not be successfully scaled up to allow production of significant commercial quantities. Any failure to manufacture our products to required standards on a commercial scale could result in reduced revenues, delays in generating revenue and increased costs.

 

Our competitive position depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

 

Our ability to compete and to achieve and maintain profitability depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies. We currently rely on a combination of patents, patent applications, trademarks, trade secret laws, confidentiality agreements, license agreements and invention assignment

agreements to protect our intellectual property rights. We also rely upon unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. These measures may not be adequate to safeguard our Microcyn technology. In addition, we granted a security interest in our assets, including our intellectual property if our unrestricted cash reserves drop below the average of our expenses over a six-month period, under a loan and security agreement. If we do not protect our rights adequately, third parties could use our technology, and our ability to compete in the market would be reduced.

 

Although we have filed U.S. and foreign patent applications related to our Microcyn based products, the manufacturing technology for making the products, and their uses, only one U.S. patent has been issued from these applications to date.

 

Our pending patent applications and any patent applications we may file in the future may not result in issued patents, and we do not know whether any of our in-licensed patents or any additional patents that might ultimately be issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or foreign regulatory body will protect our Microcyn technology. Any claims that issue may not be sufficiently broad to prevent third parties from producing competing substitutes and may be infringed, designed around, or invalidated by third parties. Even issued patents may later be found to be invalid, or may be modified or revoked in proceedings instituted by third parties before various patent offices or in courts. For example, a competitor filed a Notice of Opposition with the Opposition Division of the European Patent Office in February 2008 opposing our recently issued European patent.

 

The degree of future protection for our proprietary rights is more uncertain in part because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights, and we will not be able to ensure that:

 

 

The policies we use to protect our trade secrets may not be effective in preventing misappropriation of our trade secrets by others. In addition, confidentiality and invention assignment agreements executed by our employees, consultants and advisors may not be enforceable or may not provide meaningful protection for our trade secrets or other proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use or disclosures. We cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent the misappropriation and use of our intellectual property in the United States, or in foreign countries where the laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States. For example, one of our former contract partners, Nofil Corporation, whom we relied upon to manufacture our proprietary machines had access to our proprietary information and we believe undertook the development and manufacture of the machines to be sold to third parties in violation of our agreement with such company. We brought a claim against Nofil Corporation in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, and an order granting our motion to dismiss Nofil’s cross-complaint was granted in November 2007. We believe that a former officer of our Mexico subsidiary collaborated in these acts, misappropriated our trade secrets, and is currently selling products in Mexico that are competitive with our products. In addition, we believe that, through the licensor of the patents that we in-license and who has also assigned patents to us, a company in Japan obtained one of our patent applications, translated it into Hangul and filed it under such company’s and the licensor’s name in South Korea. These and any other leaks of confidential data into the public domain or to third parties could allow our competitors to learn our trade secrets.

We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming, costly to defend and could result in our loss of significant rights and, in the case of patent infringement claims, the assessment of treble damages.

 

On occasion, we may receive notices of claims of infringement, misappropriation or misuse of other parties’ proprietary rights. We may have disputes regarding intellectual property rights with the parties that have licensed those rights to us. For example, in June 2006, we received written notice from Coherent Technologies, the licensor of exclusive licenses to six issued Japanese patents and five Japanese published pending patent applications, advising us that our patent license from Coherent Technologies was terminated, citing various reasons with which we disagree. Since that time, we have engaged in discussions with Coherent Technologies concerning the license agreement and our continued business relationship. Although we do not believe Coherent Technologies has grounds to terminate the license, we may have to take legal action to preserve our rights under the license and to enjoin Coherent Technologies from breaching its terms. Some claims received from third parties may lead to litigation. We cannot predict whether we will prevail in these actions, or that other actions alleging misappropriation or misuse by us of third-party trade secrets, infringement by us of third-party patents and trademarks or the validity of our patents, will not be asserted or prosecuted against us. We may also initiate claims to defend our intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation, regardless of outcome, is expensive and time-consuming, could divert management’s attention from our business and have a material negative effect on our business, operating results or financial condition. In addition, the outcome of such litigation may be unpredictable. If there is a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay substantial damages (including treble damages if we were to be found to have willfully infringed a third party’s patent) to the party claiming infringement, develop non-infringing technology, stop selling our products or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable or commercially practical terms, if at all. Our failure to develop non-infringing technologies or license the proprietary rights on a timely basis could harm our business. In addition, modifying our products to exclude infringing technologies could require us to seek re-approval or clearance from various regulatory bodies for our products, which would be costly and time consuming. Also, we may be unaware of pending patent applications that relate to our technology. Parties making infringement claims on future issued patents may be able to obtain an injunction that would prevent us from selling our products or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property, which could harm our business.

 

In September 2005, a complaint was filed against us in Mexico claiming trademark infringement with respect to our Microcyn60 mark. To settle this claim we have changed the name under which we market our products in Mexico. A second unrelated claim was filed against us in Mexico in May 2006, claiming trademark infringement with respect to our Microcyn60 mark in Mexico. We are in discussions with the claimant to settle the matter.

 

In addition to the infringement claims in Mexico, we are currently involved in several pending trademark opposition proceedings in connection with our applications to register the marks Microcyn, Oculus Microcyn and Dermacyn in the European Union, Argentina, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Paraguay. If we are unable to settle these disputes or prevail in these opposition proceedings, we will not be able to obtain registrations for the Microcyn, Oculus Microcyn and Dermacyn marks in those countries, which may impair our ability to enforce our trademark rights against infringers in those countries. We cannot rule out the possibility that any of these opposing parties will also file a trademark infringement lawsuit seeking to prevent our use and seek monetary damages based on our use of the Microcyn, Oculus Microcyn and Dermacyn marks in the European Union, Argentina, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Paraguay.

 

We have also entered into agreements with third parties to settle trademark opposition proceedings in which we have agreed to certain restrictions on our use and registration of certain marks. In March 2006, we entered into an agreement with an opposing party that places restrictions on the manner in which we can use and register our Microcyn and Microcyn60 marks in countries where the opposing party has superior rights, including in Europe and Singapore. These restrictions include always using Microcyn along with the word “technology” and another distinctive trademark such as Cidalcyn, Dermacyn and Vetericyn. In addition, we have entered into an agreement with an opposing party in which we agreed to limit our use and registration of the Microcyn mark in Uruguay to disinfectant, antiseptic and sterilizing agents. Moreover, we have entered into an agreement with an opposing party

in Europe in which we agreed to specifically exclude ophthalmologic products for our Oculus Microcyn application in the European Union.

 

Our ability to generate revenue will be diminished if we are unable to obtain acceptable prices or an adequate level of reimbursement from third-party payors of healthcare costs.

 

The continuing efforts of governmental and other third-party payors, including managed care organizations such as health maintenance organizations, or HMOs, to contain or reduce costs of health care may affect our future revenue and profitability, and the future revenue and profitability of our potential customers, suppliers and collaborative or license partners and the availability of capital. For example, in certain foreign markets, pricing or profitability of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to government control. In the United States, governmental and private payors have limited the growth of health care costs through price regulation or controls, competitive pricing programs and drug rebate programs. Our ability to commercialize our products successfully will depend in part on the extent to which appropriate coverage and reimbursement levels for the cost of our Microcyn products and related treatment are obtained from governmental authorities, private health insurers and other organizations, such as HMOs.

 

There is significant uncertainty concerning third-party coverage and reimbursement of newly approved medical products and drugs. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Also, the trend toward managed healthcare in the United States and the concurrent growth of organizations such as HMOs, as well as legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce government insurance programs, may result in lower prices for or rejection of our products. The cost containment measures that health care payors and providers are instituting and the effect of any health care reform could materially and adversely affect our ability to generate revenues.

 

In addition, given ongoing federal and state government initiatives directed at lowering the total cost of health care, the United States Congress and state legislatures will likely continue to focus on health care reform, the cost of prescription pharmaceuticals and the reform of the Medicare and Medicaid payment systems. While we cannot predict whether any proposed cost-containment measures will be adopted, the announcement or adoption of these proposals could reduce the price that we receive for our Microcyn products in the future.

 

We could be required to indemnify third parties for alleged infringement, which could cause us to incur significant costs.

 

Some of our distribution agreements contain commitments to indemnify our distributors against liability arising from infringement of third party intellectual property such as patents. We may be required to indemnify our customers for claims made against them or license fees they are required to pay. If we are forced to indemnify for claims or to pay license fees, our business and financial condition could be substantially harmed.

 

A significant part of our business is conducted outside of the United States, exposing us to additional risks that may not exist in the United States, which in turn could cause our business and operating results to suffer.

 

We have international operations in Mexico and Europe. During the years ended March 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, approximately 70%, 78% and 72%, of our total revenues were generated from sales outside of the United States. Our business is highly regulated for the use, marketing and manufacturing of our Microcyn products both domestically and internationally. Our international operations are subject to risks, including:

 

 

 

We plan to continue to market and sell our products internationally to respond to customer requirements and market opportunities. We currently have international manufacturing facilities in Mexico and the Netherlands. Establishing operations in any foreign country or region presents risks such as those described above as well as risks specific to the particular country or region. In addition, until a payment history is established over time with customers in a new geography or region, the likelihood of collecting receivables generated by such operations could be less than our expectations. As a result, there is a greater risk that reserves set with respect to the collection of such receivables may be inadequate. If our operations in any foreign country are unsuccessful, we could incur significant losses and we may not achieve profitability.

 

In addition, changes in policies or laws of the United States or foreign governments resulting in, among other things, changes in regulations and the approval process, higher taxation, currency conversion limitations, restrictions on fund transfers or the expropriation of private enterprises, could reduce the anticipated benefits of our international expansion. If we fail to realize the anticipated revenue growth of our future international operations, our business and operating results could suffer.

 

Our sales in international markets subject us to foreign currency exchange and other risks and costs which could harm our business.

 

A substantial portion of our revenues are derived from outside the United States; primarily from Mexico. We anticipate that revenues from international customers will continue to represent a substantial portion of our revenues for the foreseeable future. Because we generate revenues in foreign currencies, we are subject to the effects of exchange rate fluctuations. The functional currency of our Mexican subsidiary is the Mexican Peso, and the functional currency of our subsidiary in the Netherlands is the Euro. For the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, the financial results of our foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars on average exchange rates during the applicable period. If the U.S. dollar appreciates against the Mexican Peso or the Euro, as applicable, the revenues we recognize from sales by our subsidiaries will be adversely impacted. Foreign exchange gains or losses as a result of exchange rate fluctuations in any given period could harm our operating results and negatively impact our revenues. Additionally, if the effective price of our products were to increase as a result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, demand for our products could decline and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 

The loss of key members of our senior management team, one of our directors or our inability to retain highly skilled scientists, technicians and salespeople could adversely affect our business.

 

Our success depends largely on the skills, experience and performance of key members of our executive management team, including Hojabr Alimi, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our board of directors, and Robert Northey, our Director of Research and Development. The efforts of these people will be critical to us as we continue to develop our products and attempt to commercialize products in the chronic and acute wound care market. If we were to lose one or more of these individuals, we may experience difficulties in competing effectively, developing our technologies and implementing our business strategies.

 

Our research and development programs depend on our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientists and technicians. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified scientists and technicians in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among medical technology businesses, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. We also face competition from universities and public and private research institutions in recruiting and retaining highly qualified personnel. In addition, our success depends on our ability to attract and retain salespeople with extensive experience in wound care and close relationships with the medical community, including physicians and other medical staff. We may have difficulties locating, recruiting or retaining qualified salespeople, which could cause a delay or decline in the rate of adoption of our products. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary

personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will adversely affect our ability to support our research, development and sales programs.

 

We maintain key-person life insurance only on Mr. Alimi. We may discontinue this insurance in the future, it may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or, if continued, it may prove inadequate to compensate us for the loss of Mr. Alimi’s services.

 

We may be unable to manage our future growth effectively, which would make it difficult to execute our business strategy.

 

We may experience periods of rapid growth as we expand our business, which will likely place a significant strain on our limited personnel and other resources. Any failure by us to manage our growth effectively could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our commercialization goals.

 

The growth of our business may involve entry into complex business transactions. If we are unable to implement and maintain proper internal controls and recognize in advance the consequences that may arise out of complex business transactions, we may not obtain the intended benefits of such transactions, and we could be subject to adverse consequences, including being subject to fines and penalties. In the past, we entered into a series of agreements with Quimica Pasteur, or OP, a Mexico-based distributor of pharmaceutical products to hospitals and health care entities owned or operated by the Mexican Ministry of Health, or MOH. The consequences of these agreements showed us that we needed to better plan for complex transactions and the applications of complex accounting principals relating to those transactions and to better identify potentially improper practices. As a result of these agreements, we were required to consolidate OP’s operations with our financial results for a portion of our year ended March 31, 2006. In connection with our audit of OP’s financial statements in late 2005, we were made aware of a number of facts that suggested that OP or its principals may have engaged in some form of tax avoidance practices in Mexico prior to the execution of the agreements between our company and OP, and we did not discover these facts prior to our execution of these agreements or for several months thereafter. Although we do not believe that we are responsible for any tax avoidance practices of OP’s principals prior to June 16, 2005, the Mexican taxing authority could make a claim against us or our Mexican subsidiary. We have been informed by counsel in Mexico that the statute of limitations including for action for fraud, is five years from March 31, 2006. If we are unable to implement and maintain adequate internal controls, we could be subject to fines and penalties.

 

Furthermore, we conduct business in a number of geographic regions and are seeking to expand to other regions. We have not established a physical presence in many of the international regions in which we conduct or plan to conduct business, but rather we manage our business from our headquarters in Northern California. As a result, we conduct business at all times of the day and night with limited personnel. If we fail to appropriately target and increase our presence in these geographic regions, we may not be able to effectively market and sell our Microcyn products in these locations or we may not meet our customers’ needs in a timely manner, which could negatively affect our operating results.

 

Future growth will also impose significant added responsibilities on management, including the need to identify, recruit, train and integrate additional employees. In addition, rapid and significant growth will place strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure, including sales and marketing and clinical and regulatory personnel. Our ability to manage our operations and growth will require us to continue to improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it may be difficult for us to execute our business strategy.

 

The wound care industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. If our competitors are better able to develop and market products that are less expensive or more effective than any products that we may develop, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated.

 

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to stay at the forefront of technological change and maintain a competitive position. We compete with large healthcare, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, along with smaller or early-stage companies that have collaborative arrangements with larger pharmaceutical companies, academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations. Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development,

manufacturing, pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Our competitors may:

 

 

As a result, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any future products.

 

The success of our research and development efforts may depend on our ability to find suitable collaborators to fully exploit our capabilities. If we are unable to establish collaborations or if these future collaborations are unsuccessful, our research and development efforts may be unsuccessful, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

 

An important element of our business strategy will be to enter into collaborative or license arrangements under which we license our Microcyn technology to other parties for development and commercialization. We expect that while we may initially seek to conduct initial clinical trials on our drug candidates, we may need to seek collaborators for a number of our potential products because of the expense, effort and expertise required to conduct additional clinical trials and further develop those potential products candidates. Because collaboration arrangements are complex to negotiate, we may not be successful in our attempts to establish these arrangements. If we need third party assistance in identifying and negotiating one or more acceptable arrangements, it might be costly. Also, we may not have products that are desirable to other parties, or we may be unwilling to license a potential product because the party interested in it is a competitor. The terms of any arrangements that we establish may not be favorable to us. Alternatively, potential collaborators may decide against entering into an agreement with us because of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position or for scientific, commercial or other reasons. If we are not able to establish collaborative agreements, we may not be able to develop and commercialize new products, which would adversely affect our business and our revenues.

 

In order for any of these collaboration or license arrangements to be successful, we must first identify potential collaborators or licensees whose capabilities complement and integrate well with ours. We may rely on these arrangements for, not only financial resources, but also for expertise or economies of scale that we expect to need in the future relating to clinical trials, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and for licenses to technology rights. However, it is likely that we will not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators or licensees devote to our programs or potential products. If our collaborators or licensees prove difficult to work with, are less skilled than we originally expected, or do not devote adequate resources to the program, the relationship will not be successful. If a business combination involving a collaborator or licensee and a third party were to occur, the effect could be to diminish, terminate or cause delays in development of a potential product.

 

We may acquire other businesses or form joint ventures that could harm our operating results, dilute current stockholders’ ownership of us, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expense.

 

As part of our business strategy, we may pursue acquisitions of complementary businesses and assets, as well as technology licensing arrangements. We also intend to pursue strategic alliances that leverage our core technology and industry experience to expand our product offerings or distribution. We have no experience with respect to acquiring other companies and limited experience with respect to the formation of collaborations, strategic alliances and joint ventures. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions by us also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could harm our operating results. Integration of an acquired company also may require management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our existing business. We may not identify or complete these transactions

in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, technology license, strategic alliance or joint venture.

 

To finance any acquisitions, we may choose to issue shares of our common stock as consideration, which would dilute current stockholders’ ownership interest in us. If the price of our common stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies for stock. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.

 

If we are unable to comply with broad and complex federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including state and federal anti-kickback laws, we could face substantial penalties and our products could be excluded from government healthcare programs.

 

We are subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, which include, among other things, “anti-kickback” laws that prohibit payments to induce the referral of products and services, and “false claims” statutes that prohibit the fraudulent billing of federal healthcare programs. Our operations are subject to the federal anti-kickback statute, a criminal statute that, subject to certain statutory exceptions, prohibits any person from knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce or reward a person either (i) for referring an individual for the furnishing of items or services for which payment may be made in whole or in part by a government healthcare program such as Medicare or Medicaid, or (ii) for purchasing, leasing, or ordering or arranging for or recommending the purchasing, leasing or ordering of an item or service for which payment may be made under a government healthcare program. Because of the breadth of the federal anti-kickback statute, the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the OIG, was authorized to adopt regulations setting forth additional exceptions to the prohibitions of the statute commonly known as “safe harbors.” If all of the elements of an applicable safe harbor are fully satisfied, an arrangement will not be subject to prosecution under the federal anti-kickback statute.

 

We previously had agreements to pay compensation to our advisory board members and physicians who conducted clinical trials or provided other services for us. The agreements may be subject to challenge to the extent they do not fall within relevant safe harbors under federal and similar state anti-kickback laws. If our past or present operations, including, but not limited to, our consulting arrangements with our advisory board members or physicians conducting clinical trials on our behalf, or our promotional or discount programs, are found to be in violation of these laws, we or our officers may be subject to civil or criminal penalties, including large monetary penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment and exclusion from government healthcare program participation, including Medicare and Medicaid.

 

In addition, if there is a change in law, regulation or administrative or judicial interpretations of these laws, we may have to change our business practices or our existing business practices could be challenged as unlawful, which could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Healthcare fraud and abuse laws are complex, and even minor, inadvertent irregularities can potentially give rise to claims that a statute or regulation has been violated. The frequency of suits to enforce these laws have increased significantly in recent years and have increased the risk that a healthcare company will have to defend a false claim action, pay fines or be excluded from the Medicare, Medicaid or other federal and state healthcare programs as a result of an investigation arising out of such action. We cannot assure you that we will not become subject to such litigation. Any violations of these laws, or any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could harm our reputation, be costly to defend and divert management’s attention from other aspects of our business. Similarly, if the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we do business are found to have violated abuse laws, they may be subject to sanctions, which could also have a negative impact on us.

 

Our efforts to discover and develop potential products may not lead to the discovery, development, commercialization or marketing of actual drug products.

 

We are currently engaged in a number of different approaches to discover and develop new product applications and product candidates. At the present time, we have one Microcyn-based drug candidate in clinical

trials. We also have a non-Microcyn-based compound in the research and development phase. We believe this compound has potential applications in oncology. Discovery and development of potential drug candidates are expensive and time-consuming, and we do not know if our efforts will lead to discovery of any drug candidates that can be successfully developed and marketed. If our efforts do not lead to the discovery of a suitable drug candidate, we may be unable to grow our clinical pipeline or we may be unable to enter into agreements with collaborators who are willing to develop our drug candidates.

 

We must implement additional and expensive finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls to accommodate growth of our business and organization and to satisfy public company reporting requirements, which will increase our costs and require additional management resources.

 

As a public reporting company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the Commission, including expanded disclosures and accelerated reporting requirements. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, requires our management to perform an annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent auditors to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls beginning with our fiscal year ended March 31, 2008. Compliance with Section 404 and other requirements of doing business as a public company have and will continue to increase our costs and require additional management resources to implement an ongoing program to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls. In the past, we entered into transactions that resulted in accounting consequences that we did not identify at the time of the transactions. As a result, our prior independent auditors informed us that we did not have the appropriate financial management and reporting structure in place to meet the demands of a public company and that our accounting and financial personnel lacked the appropriate level of accounting knowledge, experience and training. In calendar 2006, our current independent auditors recommended certain changes which, in addition to other changes in our financial reporting and management structure, have been implemented at additional cost. We have upgraded our accounting systems, procedures and controls and will need to continue to implement additional finance and accounting systems, procedures and controls as we grow our business and organization, enter into complex business transactions and take actions designed to satisfy reporting requirements. If our management is unable to conclude that our internal controls are adequate, if we are unable to maintain the required Section 404 assessment as was complied with as of our second Annual Report on Form 10-K for which compliance was required and thereafter, our ability to obtain additional financing could be impaired. In addition, investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our internal control over financial reporting and in the accuracy of our periodic reports filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. A lack of investor confidence in the reliability and accuracy of our public reporting could cause our stock price to decline.

 

We may not be able to maintain sufficient product liability insurance to cover claims against us.

 

Product liability insurance for the healthcare industry is generally expensive to the extent it is available at all. We may not be able to maintain such insurance on acceptable terms or be able to secure increased coverage if the commercialization of our products progresses, nor can we be sure that existing or future claims against us will be covered by our product liability insurance. Moreover, the existing coverage of our insurance policy or any rights of indemnification and contribution that we may have may not be sufficient to offset existing or future claims. A successful claim against us with respect to uninsured liabilities or in excess of insurance coverage and not subject to any indemnification or contribution could have a material adverse effect on our future business, financial condition, and results of operations.

 

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

 

Our operating results may fluctuate, which could cause our stock price to decrease.

 

Fluctuations in our operating results may lead to fluctuations, including declines, in our share price. Our operating results and our share price may fluctuate from period to period due to a variety of factors, including:

 

 

 

Variations in the timing of our future revenues and expenses could also cause significant fluctuations in our operating results from period to period and may result in unanticipated earning shortfalls or losses. In addition, the NASDAQ Global Market, in general, and the market for life sciences companies, in particular, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies.

 

If an active, liquid trading market for our common stock does not develop, you may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at or above the price you paid for it.

 

Although our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Market, an active and liquid trading market for our common stock has not yet and may not ever develop or be sustained. You may not be able to sell your shares quickly or at or above the price you paid for our stock if trading in our stock is not active.

 

We do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

We do not anticipate paying cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends will depend on our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements and other factors and will be at the discretion of our board of directors. In addition, under our secured loan, we may not pay any dividends without our secured lender’s prior written consent for as long as we have any outstanding obligations to the secured lender. Accordingly, you will have to rely on appreciation in the price of our common stock, if any, to earn a return on your investment in our common stock. Furthermore, we may in the future become subject to contractual restrictions on, or prohibitions against, the payment of dividends.

 

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter and by-laws and under Delaware law may make it more difficult for stockholders to change our management and may also make a takeover difficult.

 

Our corporate documents and Delaware law contain provisions that limit the ability of stockholders to change our management and may also enable our management to resist a takeover. These provisions include:

 

 

 

These provisions might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control in our management. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for you and other stockholders to elect directors and cause us to take other corporate actions. In addition, the existence of these provisions, together with Delaware law, might hinder or delay an attempted takeover other than through negotiations with our board of directors.

 

Our stockholders may experience substantial dilution in the value of their investment if we issue additional shares of our capital stock.

 

Our charter allows us to issue up to 100,000,000 shares of our common stock and to issue and designate the rights of, without stockholder approval, up to 5,000,000 shares of convertible preferred stock. In the event we issue additional shares of our capital stock, dilution to our stockholders could result. In addition, if we issue and designate a class of convertible preferred stock, these securities may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock.

 

 

None.

 

 

We currently lease approximately 12,000 square feet of office, research and manufacturing space in Petaluma, California, which serves as our principal executive offices. We also lease approximately 28,000 square feet of office space in an adjacent building for research and development under the lease agreement. The lease was scheduled to expire on September 30, 2007. On September 13, 2007, we entered into Amendment No. 4 to the property lease agreement for our facility in Petaluma, California. The amendment extends the lease expiration date to September 30, 2010.

 

We lease approximately 12,000 square feet of office and manufacturing space and approximately 5,000 square feet of warehouse space in Zapopan, Mexico, under leases that expires in April 2011 and 2009, respectively. We lease approximately 5,000 square feet of office space and approximately 14,000 square feet of manufacturing and warehouse space in Sittard, The Netherlands, under a lease that was scheduled to expire on January 31, 2009. On February 15, 2008, we extended this lease to January 2011. As we expand, we may need to establish manufacturing facilities in other countries.

 

We believe that our properties will be adequate to meet our needs through March 2009.

 

 

The Company, on occasion, is involved in legal matters arising in the ordinary course of its business. While management believes that such matters are currently insignificant, there can be no assurance that matters arising in the ordinary course of business for which the Company is or could become involved in litigation will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

 

 

None.

 

 

(a) Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “OCLS” and has been trading since our initial public offering on January 25, 2007. The following table sets forth the range of high and low sale prices for our common stock, based on the last daily sale, in each of the quarters since our stock began trading:

 

 

 

According to the records of our transfer agent, we had 654 stockholders of record as of June 2, 2008.

 

(b) We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock, and we do not currently intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Pursuant to our Loan and Security Agreement dated June 14, 2006 with Venture Lending & Leasing IV, Inc., as amended, we will not pay any dividends without our secured lenders’ prior written consent for so long as we have any outstanding obligations to the secured lenders.

 

(c) Information regarding the securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans can be found under Item 12 of Part III of this Report.

 

(d) During the three months ended March 31, 2008, we did not sell any equity securities that were not registered with the Securities Act, nor did we purchase any of our equity securities. However, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2008 the period covered by this report, we had sales of unregistered equity securities. On August 13, 2007, the Company completed a private placement of 1,262,500 shares of common stock to certain accredited investors at a price of $8.00 per share pursuant to the terms of Securities Purchase Agreements dated August 7, 2007. In addition, the investors received warrants to purchase an aggregate of 416,622 additional shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.50 per share. Gross proceeds from the private placement were $10,100,000 and net proceeds were $9,124,000 (after the placement agent’s commission and other offering expenses). Pursuant to the terms of a Registration Rights Agreement dated August 7, 2007, the shares of common stock issued to the investors in the private placement and the shares of common stock to be issued upon the exercise of the warrants issued in the private placement were registered on a Form S-1 (File No. 333-145810), which was declared effective on September 12, 2007. The Company also issued a warrant to purchase 88,375 shares of common stock to a placement agent in connection with the private placement (described below). The warrant has the same terms, including exercise price and registration rights, as the warrants issued in the private placement. Pursuant to the warrant agreements issued in connection with the private placement, the subsequent issuance of shares in our registered direct offering in March 2008 triggered the adjustment of the exercise price of the warrants to $8.63. The investor warrants are now exercisable for an additional 41,977 shares, and the placement agent warrants are now exercisable for an additional 8,909 shares.

 

The following information is not deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, and will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent we specifically incorporate it by reference into such a filing.

 

Set forth below is a line graph showing the cumulative total stockholder return (change in stock price plus reinvested dividends) assuming the investment of $100 on January 25, 2007 (the day of our initial public offering) in each of our common stock, the NASDAQ Market Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index for the period commencing on January 25, 2007 and ending on March 31, 2008. The comparisons in the table are required by the Securities and Exchange Commission and are not intended to forecast or be indicative of future performance of our common stock.

 

COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN
AMONG OCULUS INNOVATIVE SCIENCES, INC.,
NASDAQ COMPOSITE AND NASDAQ BIOTECH INDEX

 

 

 

You should read the following selected consolidated financial data together with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The selected consolidated statement of operations data for each of the years ended March 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2008 and 2007 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended March 31, 2005 and 2004 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of March 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 have been derived from our consolidated financial statements and related notes not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in the future.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Business Overview

 

Oculus Innovative Sciences is a biopharmaceutical company that develops, manufactures and markets a family of products, based on its platform technology called Microcyn, intended to help prevent and treat infections in chronic and acute wounds. Microcyn is a non-irritating oxychlorine compound designed to treat a wide range of pathogens, including antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria, viruses, fungi and spores.

 

Financial Operations Overview

 

Revenues

 

We derive our revenues from product sales and service arrangements. Product revenues are generated from the sale of Microcyn products to hospitals, medical centers, doctors, pharmacies, distributors and strategic partners, and are generally recorded upon shipment following receipt of a purchase order or upon obtaining proof of sell-through by a distributor. Product sales are made either through direct sales personnel or distributors.

 

Service revenues are derived from consulting and testing contracts. Service revenues are generally recorded upon performance under the service contract. Revenues generated from testing contracts are recorded upon completion of the test and when the final report is sent to the customer.

 

Cost of Revenues

 

Cost of product revenues represents the costs associated with the manufacturing of our products, including expenses for our various facilities which are fixed, and related personnel cost and the cost of materials used to produce our products. Cost of service revenues consists primarily of personnel related expenses and supplies.

 

Research and Development Expense

 

Research and development expense consists of costs related to the research and development of Microcyn, new products and new delivery systems for our products, and to carry out preclinical studies and clinical trials to obtain various regulatory approvals. Research and development expense is charged to operations as incurred.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

 

Selling, general and administrative expense consists of personnel related costs, including salaries and sales commissions, and education and promotional expenses associated with Microcyn and costs related to administrative personnel and senior management. These expenses also include the costs of educating physicians and other healthcare professionals regarding our products and participating in industry conferences and seminars. Selling, general and administrative expense also includes travel costs, outside consulting services, legal and accounting fees and other professional and administrative costs.

 

Critical Accounting Policies

 

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to exercise its judgment. We exercise considerable judgment with respect to establishing sound accounting polices and in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of our assets and liabilities, our recognition of revenues and expenses, and disclosure of commitments and contingencies at the date of the consolidated financial statements.

 

On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments. Areas in which we exercise significant judgment include, but are not necessarily limited to, our valuation of accounts receivable, inventory, income taxes, equity transactions (compensatory and financing) and contingencies. We have also adopted certain polices with respect to our recognition of revenue that we believe are consistent with the guidance provided under Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104.

 

We base our estimates and judgments on a variety of factors including our historical experience, knowledge of our business and industry, current and expected economic conditions, the attributes of our products, regulatory environment, and in certain cases, the results of outside appraisals. We periodically re-evaluate our estimates and assumptions with respect to these judgments and modify our approach when circumstances indicate that modifications are necessary.

 

While we believe that the factors we evaluate provide us with a meaningful basis for establishing and applying sound accounting policies, we cannot guarantee that the results will always be accurate. Since the determination of these estimates requires the exercise of judgment, actual results could differ from such estimates.

 

A description of significant accounting polices that require us to make estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements is as follows:

 

Stock-based compensation

 

Prior to April 1, 2006, we accounted for stock-based employee compensation arrangements in accordance with the provisions of APB No. 25, “Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees,” and its related interpretations and applied the disclosure requirements of SFAS No. 148, “Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation-Transition and Disclosure, an amendment of FASB Statement No. 123.” We used the minimum value method to measure the fair value of awards issued prior to April 1, 2006 with respect to our application of the disclosure requirements under SFAS No. 123.

 

Effective April 1, 2006, we adopted SFAS No. 123(R) “Share Based Payment” (“SFAS 123(R)”) using the prospective method. This statement is a revision of SFAS No. 123, and supersedes APB Opinion No. 25, and its related implementation guidance. SFAS 123(R) addresses all forms of share based payment (“SBP”) awards including shares issued under employee stock purchase plans, stock options, restricted stock and stock appreciation rights. Under SFAS 123(R), SBP awards result in a cost that will be measured at fair value on the awards’ grant date, based on the estimated number of awards that are expected to vest and will result in a charge to operations.

 

We had a choice of two attribution methods for allocating compensation costs under SFAS 123(R): the “straight-line method,” which allocates expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the last separately vesting portion of an award, or the “graded vesting attribution method,” which allocates expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award

was, in substance, multiple awards. We chose the former method and amortized the fair value of each option on a straight-line basis over the requisite period of the last separately vesting portion of each award.

 

Revenue Recognition and Accounts Receivable

 

We generate product revenues from sales of our products to hospitals, medical centers, doctors, pharmacies, distributors and strategic partners. We sell our products directly to third parties and to distributors through various cancelable distribution agreements. We have also entered into an agreement to license our products.

 

We apply the revenue recognition principles set forth in Securities and Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin, or SAB, 104 “Revenue Recognition,” with respect to all of our revenues. Accordingly, we record revenues when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability of the sale is reasonable assured.

 

We require all of our product sales to be supported by evidence of a sale transaction that clearly indicates the selling price to the customer, shipping terms and payment terms. Evidence of an arrangement generally consists of a contract or purchase order approved by the customer. We have ongoing relationships with certain customers from which we customarily accept orders by telephone in lieu of a purchase order.

 

We recognize revenues at the time in which we receive a confirmation that the goods were either tendered at their destination when shipped “FOB destination,” or transferred to a shipping agent when shipped “FOB shipping point.” Delivery to the customer is deemed to have occurred when the customer takes title to the product. Generally, title passes to the customer upon shipment, but could occur when the customer receives the product based on the terms of the agreement with the customer.

 

While we have a policy of investigating the creditworthiness of our customers, we have, under certain circumstances, shipped goods in the past and deferred the recognition of revenues when available information indicates that collection is in doubt. We establish allowances for doubtful accounts when available information causes us to believe that a credit loss is probable.

 

We market a substantial portion of our goods through distributors. In Europe, we defer recognition of distributor-generated revenues until the time we confirm that distributors have sold these goods. Although our terms provide for no right of return, our products have a finite shelf life and we may, at our discretion, accommodate distributors by accepting returns to avoid the distribution of expired goods.

 

Service revenues are recorded upon performance of the service contracts. Revenues generated from testing contracts are recorded when the test is completed and the final report is sent to the customer.

 

Inventory and Cost of Revenues

 

We state our inventory at the lower of cost, determined using the first-in, first-out method, or market, based on standard costs. Establishing standard manufacturing costs requires us to make estimates and assumptions as to the quantities and costs of materials, labor and overhead that are required to produce a finished good. Cost of service revenues is expensed when incurred.

 

Income Taxes

 

We are required to determine the aggregate amount of income tax expense or loss based upon tax statutes in jurisdictions in which we conduct business. In making these estimates, we adjust our results determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles for items that are treated differently by the applicable taxing authorities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities, as a result of these differences, are reflected on our balance sheet for temporary differences in loss and credit carryforwards that will reverse in subsequent years. We also establish a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets when it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Valuation allowances are based, in part, on predictions that management must make as to our results in future periods. The outcome of events could differ over time which would require that we make changes in our valuation allowance.

Comparison of Years Ended March 31, 2008 and 2007

 

Overview

 

Our strategy this past year was first and foremost to focus on the clinical program in the United States, the largest addressable market in the world for Microcyn. Last year we made a strategic decision to focus our resources on the U.S. clinical process and to dramatically reduce international expenses. We achieved both objectives by completing the Phase II trial with good results and reducing our international expenses by $4 million, compared to last year. The emphasis in Mexico was to break even, which occurred in the last month of the fiscal year 2008, with a reduction in operating expenses of $2.6 million on a full year basis.

 

Revenues

 

Our total revenues were $3.8 million for the year ended March 31, 2008, a 16% decline from the prior year level of $4.5 million. The $798,000, or 22%, decline in product revenues was primarily due to $521,000, or 86%, lower sales to our customer Alkem Laboratories Limited, in India, and a $395,000, or 16%, decline in Mexico sales. Alkem is responsible for bottling, labeling, shipping and selling their Microcyn product called “Oxum” through their own sales force in India. Sales to Alkem in the prior year were driven by large initial stocking orders of samples used during their initial product launch. Although the large initial stocking orders did not recur in the year ended March 31, 2008, Alkem continues to sell and ship product to doctors and patients in India in steadily growing volumes. Sales in Mexico have also declined $395,000 over the prior year, a result of the reduction in our sales force in Mexico as we executed our strategy of lowering expenses in our international subsidiaries and focusing our resources on U.S. clinical and development initiatives. More specifically, with the reduction of the sales force in Mexico from 70 to 30 people, we have focused on the growth of sales to pharmacies and not sales to hospitals due to the higher profitability and higher sales price attainable from pharmacies. Consequently, the decline in hospital sales was partially offset by 37% growth in sales to pharmacies compared to the prior year.

 

The following table shows our product revenues by country (note that sales in India are reported as part of our European operating segment):

 

 

The $90,000, or 10%, increase in service revenues was due primarily to an increase in the number of tests performed by our services business.

 

Gross Profit/Loss

 

We reported gross profit from our products business of $1.1 million, or 38% of product revenues, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2008, compared to a gross profit of $1.6 million, or 43%, in the year ago period. This decrease is due primarily to the lower sales volumes in India, and the relatively high fixed cost component in our European facility where this product is produced. Margins in Mexico have also decreased from year to year due to lower sales volumns, and a slight increase in the cost of production in the current year. We reported losses from our services business of $23,000 for the year ended March 31, 2008, compared to a $31,000 loss in the prior year.

 

We expect gross profits to increase as a percentage of sales in future periods as we grow our Microcyn-based products business.

Research and Development Expense

 

Research and development expense increased $5.3 million, or 117%, to $9.8 million for the year ended March 31, 2008, from $4.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2007. This increase was primarily the result of $3.1 million higher clinical development costs from $894,000 during the year ended March 31, 2007 to $4.0 million during the year ended March 31, 2008. These clinical development costs included $489,000 and $2.9 million in contract research organization fees related to our Phase II clinical trials in the years ended March 31, 2007 and 2008 respectively. In addition, our other research and development expenses increased as we grew the product development team, expanded the scope of our new product development initiatives, and continued to enhance our cGMP manufacturing capabilities at our U.S. research and development facility.

 

We expect research and development expenses to increase in future periods as we incur the costs associated with clinical trials and as we continue to expand our new product development programs.

 

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

 

Selling, general and administrative expense decreased $2.8 million, or 17%, to $13.7 million for the year ended March 31, 2008, from $16.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2007. Primarily this decrease was due to $4.0 million lower selling, general and administrative expenses in our Europe and Mexico subsidiaries as we executed our strategy of shifting our company resources away from expanding markets internationally through a reduction in force in these subsidiaries.

 

This decrease was offset in part by a $1.2 million increase in our U.S. selling, general, and administrative expenses, primarily the result higher outside service expenses as compared to the year ago period. Outside service expenses were $1.2 million higher than the prior year, primarily due to $350,000 higher legal fees as Oculus has relied more on outside counsel for both public company related SEC filings and IP protection work, $259,000 higher accounting fees, and $228,000 higher fees related to Sarbanes Oxley compliance and other finance projects. Bonus expense also increased $577,000 to $837,000 during the year ended March 31, 2008, as the compensation plans for executives and employees were increased to more closely correspond to market levels. Insurance expense also increased $315,000 over the prior year due to the new directors and officers liability insurance initiated following our IPO in January 2007. These increases were offset in part by $245,000 lower travel expense as the executive team was not required to travel to Mexico and Europe as often as they had in the prior year, and $357,000 lower stock compensation expense.

 

We expect that selling, general and administrative expenses will stay relatively constant in future periods. We are, however, currently assessing strategies for initiating a sales and marketing launch in the United States of our Dermacyn Wound Care product using current or additional 510(k) claims that, if initiated, will lead to higher sales and marketing expenses as early as the year ending March 31, 2009.

 

Interest income and expense and other income and expense

 

Interest expense increased $60,000 to $1.0 million for the year ended March 31, 2008, from $956,000 in the year ago period, primarily due to higher average debt balance during the year ended March 31, 2008 as compared to the year ago period. Interest income increased $318,000 to $630,000 for the year ended March 31, 2008, from $312,000 in the year ago period, primarily due to higher interest bearing investments in the current year.

 

Other income and expense primarily consists of non-cash charges due to the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates, and the resulting gain or loss booked for the revaluation of our intercompany notes payable denominated in non-local currencies. During the year ended March 31, 2008, the U.S. dollar became weaker in relation to the Mexican peso and the Euro, and a net $2,594,000 gain on foreign exchange was recorded accordingly. During the year ended March 31, 2007, the U.S. Dollar became weaker in relation to the Mexican Peso and the Euro, and a $407,000 gain on foreign exchange was recorded.

 

We expect that interest expense will decrease in future periods as we continue to pay down our current debt balance, and interest income will fluctuate in proportion to our interest bearing investments.

Comparison of Years Ended March 31, 2007 and 2006

 

Revenues

 

We experienced growth in revenues in both our product and services businesses resulting in reported revenues of $4.5 million in the year ended March 31, 2007, an increase of 76% from the prior year level of $2.6 million.

 

The $1.7 million, or 87%, increase in product revenues was due primarily to higher sales volumes in Mexico and Europe, and sales to a new customer, Alkem Laboratories Limited, in India. The following table shows our product revenues by country (note that sales to India are reported as part of our European operating segment):

 

 

The $246,000, or 40%, increase in service revenues was due primarily to an increase in the number of tests performed by our services business.

 

Gross Profit/Loss

 

We reported gross profit from our Microcyn products business of $1.6 million, or 43% of product revenues, in the year ended March 31, 2007, compared to the prior year reported gross loss of $1.9 million, or -98% of product revenues. The gross loss in the year ended March 31, 2006 was adversely affected by $1.0 million of non-recurring inventory write-downs and approximately $200,000 of non-recurring charges associated with the relocation of our Mexico manufacturing facility during the year. Excluding these charges, our gross loss from product sales in the year ended March 31, 2006 would have been $685,000, or -35% of product revenues. The increase in product gross margin, excluding these non-recurring charges, from -35% in the year ended March 31, 2006, to 43% in the year ended March 31, 2007, was primarily due to improvements in manufacturing efficiencies through the consolidation of our worldwide manufacturing from three sites to two during the year. In April 2006, we transitioned the United States facility from a product manufacturing site into a research and development facility, and began producing all products for sales outside of Mexico in our facility in Europe. The remaining improvements in gross profits were due to a full year of benefit from the relocation of our Mexican manufacturing site during the year ended March 31, 2006 from Morelia, Mexico into a lower-cost manufacturing facility in Zapopan, Mexico.

 

We reported a gross loss from our services business of $31,000, or -4% of service revenues, in the year ended March 31, 2007, compared to the prior year reported gross loss of $385,000, or -62% of service revenues. This improvement in margin from -62% to -4% was due primarily to the growth in sales volume of our services which moved our service revenues closer to exceeding the relatively high fixed cost of our laboratory facility. Additionally, we discontinued our consulting service business during the year ended March 31, 2006 which had a positive impact on our services margin.

 

Research and Development Expense

 

Research and development expense increased $1.9 million, or 73%, to $4.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2007, from $2.6 million for the year ended March 31, 2006. This increase was primarily the result of higher personnel costs associated with the expansion of our research and development teams. The expansion of these teams was through both an internal shift in our U.S. operations from product manufacturing to research and development, as well as through the hiring of outside personnel. The expansion of the research and development teams helps support our increased attention to product development and the management of regulatory trials designed to obtain FDA drug approvals for our Microcyn products.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense

 

Selling, general and administrative expense increased $587,000, or 4%, to $16.5 million for the year ended March 31, 2007, from $15.9 million for the year ended March 31, 2006. This increase was primarily due to a $966,000 increase in non-cash stock-based compensation expense recorded during the year ended March 31, 2007. This increase in stock compensation charges was primarily the result of charges incurred for the options issued to a new board member, which are amortized over the two-year agreement, and for the warrants issued for the settlement of litigation with a past employee. This increase was offset in the current year by lower outside service expenses, primarily in legal and accounting fees.

 

Interest income and expense and other income and expense

 

Interest expense increased $784,000 to $956,000 for the year ended March 31, 2007, from $172,000 in the year ended March 31, 2006, primarily due to the issuance of $8.2 million of new debt during the year. The new debt had amortized debt issuance costs booked as non-cash interest of $402,000, and normal interest expense of $441,000 during the year ended March 31, 2007.

 

Other income and expense primarily consists of non-cash charges due to the fluctuation of foreign exchange rates, and the resulting gain or loss booked for the revaluation of our intercompany notes payable denominated in non-local currencies. During the year ended March 31, 2007, the U.S. dollar became weaker in relation to the Mexican peso and the Euro, and a net $407,000 gain on foreign exchange was recorded accordingly. In comparison, during the year ended March 31, 2006, the U.S. Dollar became stronger in relation to the Mexican Peso and the Euro, and a $283,000 loss on foreign exchange was recorded. Additionally, during the year ended March 31, 2006, we incurred $113,000 in loss on the disposal of assets.

 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and, as of March 31, 2008, we had an accumulated deficit of $90.8 million. We have not yet achieved profitability, and we will need to generate significant product revenues to achieve profitability in the future.

 

Sources of Liquidity

 

Since our inception, substantially all of our operations have been financed through the sale of $99 million of our common and convertible preferred stock. These net proceeds include $21.9 million raised in our initial public offering in January 2007, and net proceeds of $21.7 million raised from the sale of common stock sold during the year ended March 31, 2008 in offerings described further below. We have received additional funding through various debt and financing transactions, as described further below. We have also used our revenues to date as a source of additional liquidity. As of March 31, 2008, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $18.8 million.

 

In June 2006, we entered into a loan and security agreement with a financial institution to borrow a maximum of $5.0 million. Under this facility we borrowed $4.2 million, and paid back $2.4 million in principal as of March 31, 2008. The terms of this facility include monthly principal payments over three years, plus interest payments of 8.5% per annum. Pursuant to provisions of the loan and security agreement, we no longer have the ability to borrow under this facility.

 

On November 7, 2006, we signed a loan agreement with Robert Burlingame, under which Mr. Burlingame advanced to us $4.0 million, which funded on November 10, 2006, accruing interest at an annual rate of 7%. The principal and all accrued interest under the loan agreement were to be paid promptly after the closure of a private placement of securities, such as our private placement in August 2007. In August 2007, we paid all principal and outstanding interest under this loan agreement from cash, including $2.0 million of restricted cash.

 

On August 13, 2007, we closed the private placement of 1,262,500 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $8.00 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 416,622 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $9.50 per share for gross proceeds of $10.1 million and net proceeds of $9.1 million (after deducting the placement agent’s commission and other offering expenses). The exercise price for the warrants was adjusted to

$8.63 in March 2008, after the anti-dilution provisions of the warrants were triggered by our registered direct offering. The investor warrants are now exercisable for an additional 41,977 shares.

 

On February 13, 2008, we filed a shelf registration statement, which was declared effective on February 26, 2008. In connection with this S-3, we may, from time to time, offer and sell preferred stock, either separately or represented by depositary shares, common stock or warrants, either separately or in units, in one or more offerings. The preferred stock and warrants may be convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common. The aggregate initial offering price of all securities sold under the shelf registration statement will not exceed $75,000,000. We may offer these securities independently or together in any combination for sale directly to investors or through underwriters, dealers or agents. We will set forth the names of any underwriters, dealers or agents and their compensation in supplements to the prospectus.

 

On March 31, 2008, we closed the registered direct placement of 2,634,578 shares of our common stock at a purchase price of $5.25 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,317,278 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.85 per share for gross proceeds of $13.3 million and net proceeds of $12.6 million (after deducting the placement agent’s commission and other offering expenses). On April 1, 2008, there was a second closing of the same offering of 18,095 shares of its common stock at a purchase price of $5.25 per share, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,047 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.85 per share for gross proceeds of $95,000.

 

Cash Flows

 

As of March 31, 2008, we had cash and cash equivalents of $18.8 million, compared to $19.1 million at March 31, 2007 and $7.4 million at March 31, 2006.

 

Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2008 was $17.4 million, primarily due to the $20.3 million net loss for the period. This use of cash was offset in part by a $1.5 million increase in accrued expenses, due primarily to the discretionary bonus amounts accrued during the year, and other non-cash charges, including $1.3 million of stock-based compensation, $740,000 of depreciation and amortization and $522,000 of non-cash interest expense, and to a lesser extent the $637,000 decrease in accounts receivable, resulting primarily from improved collections from customers in our Mexico subsidiary. Net cash used during the year ended March 31, 2007 was $18.1 million, primarily due to the $19.8 million net loss for the period and to a lesser extent due to a $433,000 decrease in accrued liabilities due to the payment on accrued clinical expenses related to our Phase II trial on treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, a $287,000 increase in accounts receivable due to the timing of payments made from our customers, and a $245,000 decrease in accounts payable due to the timing of payments made to our vendors. These uses of cash during the year ended March 31, 2007 were offset in part by non-cash charges of $1.6 million of stock-based compensation, $672,000 of depreciation and $547,000 of non-cash interest expense. Net cash used in operating activities during the year ended March 31, 2006 was $19.7 million, primarily due to the $21.1 million net loss for the period, and to a lesser extent the $849,000 increase in accounts receivables due to slow collections from customers of our Mexico subsidiary, and an $887,000 increase in our prepaid expenses. These uses of cash were offset in part by a $1.9 million increase in accounts payable as several large accounts for legal and accounting expenses were outstanding at the fiscal year end, and non-cash charges including $651,000 of depreciation and amortization, and $597,000 of stock based compensation.

 

Net cash used in investing activities was $617,000, $877,000, and $419,000 for the years ended March 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Primarily this cash was used during the year ended March 31, 2008 for upgrading our U.S. research and clinical facility to cGMP compliance, the purchase of equipment to support increased personnel in our United States facility, and to buy laboratory equipment to further our research and development capacities. In the years ended March 31, 2007 and 2006, net cash for investing activities were used primarily for investment in fixed assets and other capital expenditures to support increased personnel and manufacturing facility expansion in Europe and Mexico.

 

Net cash provided by financing activities was $17.8 million, $30.6 million, and $26.1 million for the years ended March 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended March 31, 2008 was primarily related to the sale of common stock of $21.7 million during the year ended March 31, 2008 consisting of $9.1 million net cash raised in a private placement in August 2007, and the $12.6 million net cash

raised in a registered direct offering in March 2008. The net amounts received from financing were decreased by $2.0 million in restricted cash released for the repayment of the $4.0 million loan from Bob Burlingame. These cash increases were offset in part by $6.1 million in debt payments including the entire repayment of the $4.0 loan from Bob Burlingame. The net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended March 31, 2007 was primarily related to our initial public offering which raised net cash of $21.9 million in January 2007, and to a lesser extent the $9.1 million in proceeds from the issuance of debt during the year, including $4.0 Burlingame note and $4.2 million in debt from a financial institution, and $2.9 million of net proceeds raised from our Series C sale of convertible preferred stock. These cash additions were offset in part by $2.0 million of cash restricted for the payment of the Bob Burlingame loan, and $1.7 million of principal payments made on outstanding debt. The net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended March 31, 2006 was primarily related to $27.0 million of net proceeds raised from our Series B sale of convertible preferred stock, offset in part by $953,000 of principal payments made on outstanding debt.

 

Contractual Obligations

 

As of March 31, 2008, we had contractual obligations as follows (long-term debt and capital lease amounts include principal payments only):

 

 

We currently lease approximately 12,000 square feet of office, research and manufacturing space in Petaluma, California, which serves as our principal executive offices. We also lease approximately 28,000 square feet of office space in an adjacent building for research and development under the lease agreement. The lease was scheduled to expire on September 30, 2007. On September 13, 2007, we entered into Amendment No. 4 to the property lease agreement for our facility in Petaluma, California. The amendment extends the lease expiration date to September 30, 2010.

 

We lease approximately 12,000 square feet of office and manufacturing space and approximately 5,000 square feet of warehouse space in Zapopan, Mexico, under a lease that expires in April 2011 and 2009. We lease approximately 5,000 square feet of office space and approximately 14,000 square feet of manufacturing and warehouse space in Sittard, The Netherlands, under a lease that was scheduled to expire on January 31, 2009. On February 15, 2008, we extended this lease to January 2011. As we expand, we may need to establish manufacturing facilities in other countries.

 

We believe that our properties will be adequate to meet our needs through March 2009.

 

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as such term is defined in rules promulgated by the SEC.

 

Operating Capital and Capital Expenditure Requirements

 

We expect to continue to incur substantial operating losses in the future as we continue our FDA clinical trials on our Microcyn technology to treat diabetic foot ulcers, and the subsequent commercialization of an FDA approved drug. We can not assure that such approvals will be obtained, but if we do obtain them, it will take at least several years to obtain the necessary regulatory approvals to commercialize Microcyn as a drug in the United States.

 

We currently anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents together with our future revenues and interest we earn on these balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements to continue our sales and marketing and some research and development activities through March 2009.

 

However, in order to fund the pivotal clinical trials, execute our product development strategy, and to commercialize Microcyn as a drug product in the United States, we anticipate a need to raise additional funds prior

to March 31, 2009, and in periods following, through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaborations or other means. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities would result in dilution to our stockholders. To the extent that we raise additional funds through collaborative arrangements, it may be necessary to relinquish some rights to our technologies or to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We do not know whether additional funding will be available on acceptable terms, or at all. A failure to secure additional funding when needed may require us to curtail certain operational activities, including regulatory trials, sales and marketing, and international operations and would have a material adverse effect on our future business and financial condition.

 

Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

 

Use of Estimates

 

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from these estimates. These estimates and assumptions include reserves and write-downs related to receivables and inventories, the recoverability of long-term assets, deferred taxes and related valuation allowances and valuation of equity instruments.

 

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

In February 2007, FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, “The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities” (“SFAS 159”). SFAS 159, which includes an amendment to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 115, “Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities” (“SFAS 115”), permits entities the option to measure many financial instruments and certain other items at fair value. SFAS 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. The Company is in the process of determining the impact that SFAS 159 will have on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

 

In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, “Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements-an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51” (“SFAS 160”). SFAS 160 establishes accounting and reporting standards for ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the parent, the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the parent and to the noncontrolling interest, changes in a parent’s ownership interest and the valuation of retained noncontrolling equity investments when a subsidiary is deconsolidated. SFAS 160 also establishes disclosure requirements that clearly identify and distinguish between the interests of the parent and the interests of the noncontrolling owners. SFAS 160 is effective as of the beginning of an

entity’s fiscal year that begins after December 15, 2008. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS 160 on its financial condition and results of operations.

 

In December 2007, the SEC issued SAB No. 110, Certain Assumptions Used in Valuation Methods — Expected Term (“SAB 110”) According to SAB 110, under certain circumstances the SEC staff will continue to accept beyond December 31, 2007 the use of the simplified method in developing an estimate term of share options that possess certain characteristics in accordance with SFAS 123(R) beyond December 31, 2007. We adopted SAB 110 effective January 1, 2008 and continue to use the simplified method in developing the expected term used for our valuation of stock-based compensation.

 

In February 2008, SFAS 157 was amended by FSP 157-2, “Effective Date of FASB Statement No. 157: Fair Value Measurements” (“FSP 157-2”). As such, SFAS 157 (as amended) is partially effective for measurements and disclosures of financial assets and liabilities for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007 and is fully effective for measurement and disclosure provisions on all applicable assets and liabilities for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2008. We are currently evaluating the impact that FSP 157-2 will have on our consolidated financial statements.

 

In March 2008, the FASB issued SFAS No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities (“SFAS 161”). SFAS 161 is intended to improve financial reporting about derivative instruments and hedging activities by requiring enhanced disclosures to enable investors to better understand their effects on an entity’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows. SFAS 161 achieves these improvements by requiring disclosure of the fair values of derivative instruments and their gains and losses in a tabular format. It also provides more information about an entity’s liquidity by requiring disclosure of derivative features that are credit risk-related. Finally, it requires cross-referencing within footnotes to enable financial statement users to locate important information about derivative instruments. SFAS 161 will be effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, will be adopted by the Company beginning in the first quarter of 2009. The Company does not expect there to be any significant impact of adopting SFAS 161 on its financial position, cash flows and results of operations.

 

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies that do not require adoption until a future date are not expected to have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

 

 

Interest Rate Market Risk

 

Our exposure to interest rate risk is confined to our excess cash in highly liquid money market funds denominated in U.S. dollars. The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital to fund operations. We also seek to maximize income from our investments without assuming significant risk. We do not use derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio. Our cash and investments policy emphasizes liquidity and preservation of principal over other portfolio considerations.

 

Foreign Currency Market Risks

 

We have two significant subsidiaries, one each in Europe and Mexico. Revenues and expenses associated with these subsidiaries are denominated in foreign currency. Accordingly, our operating results are affected by exchange rate fluctuations between the U.S. dollar and these foreign currencies. In order to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations, we maintain minimal cash balances in the foreign subsidiaries. However, if we are successful in our efforts to grow internationally, our exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations, primarily the Euro and Mexican Peso, may increase.

We are also exposed to foreign currency risk related to the Euro denominated and U.S. dollar denominated intercompany receivables. Because our intercompany receivables are accounted for in Euros and U.S. dollars, any appreciation of the Euro or Mexican Peso will result in a gain or loss to the consolidated statements of operations.

 

We do not currently enter into forward exchange contracts to hedge exposure denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instrument for trading or speculative purposes. In the future, if we believe our currency exposure merits, we may consider entering into transactions to help mitigate the risk.

 

Oculus Innovative Sciences, Inc.
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

 

 

To the Audit Committee of the

Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Oculus Innovative Sciences, Inc. and Subsidiaries

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Oculus Innovative Sciences, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2008. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Oculus Innovative Sciences, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of March 31, 2008 and 2007, and the consolidated results of their operations and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2008 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Oculus Innovative Sciences, Inc. and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2008, based on the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated, June 11, 2008, expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

/s/ Marcum & Kliegman LLP

 

New York, New York

June 11, 2008

OCULUS INNOVATIVE SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 

 

The accompanying footnotes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

OCULUS INNOVATIVE SCIENCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS