SP Plus Corp - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

Or

For the transition period from               to

Commission file number: 000-50796

SP PLUS CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter periods that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company.

See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐                      No ☒

As of June 30, 2021, the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter, the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by nonaffiliates of the registrant was approximately $710.3 million. Solely for purposes of this disclosure, shares of common stock held by executive officers and directors of the registrant as of such date have been excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of executive officers and directors as affiliates is not necessarily a conclusive determination for any other purposes.

                                                                                                       DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant's definitive proxy statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held on May 11, 2022 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K. The 2022 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this report relates.

Audit Firm Id: 42 Auditor Name: Ernst & Young LLP Auditor Location: Chicago, Illinois, United States

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SP PLUS CORPORATION

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Forward-Looking Statements

The Business section and other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K ("Form 10-K") contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Many of the forward-looking statements are located in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations." Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as "future," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and SP Plus Corporation’s actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. of this Form 10-K under the heading "Risk Factors," which are incorporated herein by reference. The term the "Company" as used herein refers collectively to SP Plus Corporation and its wholly owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise stated. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

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PART I

Our Company

SP Plus Corporation, a Delaware corporation, which operates through its subsidiaries (collectively referred to as “SP+”, "we", "us", "our") facilitates the efficient movement of people, vehicles and personal belongings with the goal of enhancing the consumer experience while improving bottom line results for our clients. We provide technology-driven mobility solutions, professional parking management, ground transportation, remote baggage check-in and handling, facility maintenance, security and event logistics to aviation, commercial, hospitality, healthcare and government clients across North America.

Our Operations

Our experience in the industries we serve has allowed us to develop and standardize a rigorous system of processes and controls that enable us to deliver consistent, transparent, value-added and high-quality services that, primarily through our technology-driven mobility solutions, facilitate the movement of people, vehicles and personal belongings. We serve a variety of industries and have industry vertical specific specialization. Our Commercial segment serves clients in commercial real estate, residential communities, hotels and resorts, healthcare facilities, municipalities and government facilities, retail operations, large event venues, colleges and universities. Our Aviation segment primarily serves clients in the aviation industry (i.e. airports, airlines, cruise lines and certain hospitality clients with baggage and parking services).

We typically enter into contractual relationships with property owners or managers as opposed to owning facilities. We primarily operate under two types of arrangements: management type contracts and lease type contracts. See Part I. Industry Operating Arrangements for further discussion.

Our revenue is derived from a broad and diverse group of clients, industry vertical markets and geographies. Our clients include some of North America's largest private and public owners, municipalities and governments, managers and developers of major office buildings, residential properties, commercial properties, shopping centers and other retail properties, healthcare facilities and medical centers, sports and special event complexes, hotels and resorts, airlines and cruise lines. No single client accounted for more than 5% of our revenue, net of reimbursed management type contract revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2021. Additionally, we have built a diverse geographic footprint that spans operations in 46 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, and 4 Canadian provinces. Our strategy is focused on building scale and leadership positions in large, strategic markets in order to leverage the advantages of scale across a larger number of clients in a single market.

Services

As a professional service provider, we provide comprehensive, turn-key service offering packages to our clients. Under a typical management type contract structure, we are responsible for providing and supervising all personnel necessary to facilitate daily operations, which may include porters, baggage handlers, valet attendants, managers, bookkeepers, cashiers and a variety of ground transportation services, maintenance, marketing, customer service, and accounting and revenue control functions.

In addition to the conventional management services described above, we also offer an expanded range of ground transportation services, baggage delivery and handling services and other ancillary services as described below for each of our Segment:

Commercial

Aviation

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Industry Overview

Overview

The parking management, ground transportation services and baggage service providers, as well as technology solution providers that serve those industries, are large and fragmented. A substantial number of companies in these industries offer parking management services, ground transportation services, technology services and baggage services as non-core operations, and companies in these industries are large national competitors or small and private companies that operate in limited markets and geographies. Additionally, technological advancements are having an impact on both consumer behavior and information technology in these industries. From time to time, smaller operators find they lack the financial resources, economies of scale and/or management techniques required to compete for the business of increasingly sophisticated clients and the increasing demands of clients. We expect this trend to continue and will provide larger professional service and/or technology companies with greater opportunities to expand their businesses and potentially acquire smaller operators and/or technology companies. We also expect that new small operators and technology companies will continue to enter the market as they have in the past.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (“COVID-19”)

COVID-19 has impacted, and may continue to impact, our operations and results. The ultimate impact of COVID-19 on future operations is hard to predict, as new guidance is continually being communicated by the U.S. Department of State, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) and local governments. New guidance has and may include heightened government regulations, including vaccine mandates and travel advisories, which could impact our clients’ operations. In addition, certain industries have been impacted by workforce disruptions as a result of COVID-19. Currently, our operations have not experienced material disruptions as a result of employees who are unable or unwilling to work because of illness or fear of contracting COVID-19, or for other reasons. However, we have recently seen an increase in wages, as well as higher than normal open positions at our company. If this continues, our ability to grow and expand our business could be negatively impacted. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for risks related to COVID-19, as well as other risks related to our business and the industry.  

Industry Operating Arrangements

Professional service businesses, including our Company, operate primarily under two general types of arrangements, which include:

Management Type Contracts

Under management type contracts, the professional services operator typically receives a fixed and/or variable monthly fee for providing services and may receive an incentive fee based on the achievement of certain performance objectives. Professional services operators also generally charge fees for various ancillary services such as accounting support services, equipment leasing and consulting. Primary responsibilities under a management type contract include hiring, training and staffing personnel, and providing revenue collection, accounting, record-keeping, insurance and marketing services. The client is usually responsible for operating expenses associated with the client's operations, such as taxes, license and permit fees, insurance costs, payroll and accounts receivable processing and wages of personnel assigned to the operation, although some management type contracts, typically referred to as "reverse" management type contracts, require the professional service operator to pay certain of these cost categories but provide for payment to the operator of a larger management fee. Under a management type contract, the client usually is responsible for non-routine maintenance and repairs and capital improvements of the operation facility or location, such as structural and significant mechanical repairs. Management type contracts are typically for a term of one to three years (although the contracts may be terminated early and may contain renewal clauses).

Lease Type Contracts

Under lease type contracts, the professional services operator generally pays to the client or property owner a fixed base rent or fee, percentage rent that is tied to the financial performance of the operation, or a combination of both. The professional services operator collects all revenue and is responsible for most operating expenses, but typically is not responsible for major maintenance, capital expenditures or real estate taxes. In contrast to management type contracts, lease type contracts typically have longer terms of three to ten years, and often contain a renewal term and provide for a fixed payment to the client regardless of the facility's operating earnings. In addition, many of these lease type contracts may be canceled by the client for various reasons, including development of the real estate for other uses, and may be canceled by the client on as little as 30 days' notice without cause. Lease type contracts generally require larger capital investment by the professional services operator than do management type contracts and therefore tend to have longer contract periods.

General Business Trends

We believe that sophisticated clients recognize the potential for technology-driven mobility solutions, parking services, parking management, ground transportation services, baggage handling services and other ancillary services to be a profit generator and/or a service differentiator to their customers. By outsourcing these services, our clients are able to capture additional profit and improve customer experiences by leveraging unique technology, operational skills and controls that an experienced services and technology company can offer. Our ability to consistently deliver a uniformly high level of services to our clients, including the use of various technological solutions and enhancements, allows us to maximize the profit and/or customer experience for our clients and improves our ability to win contracts and retain existing clients.

Our Competitive Strengths

We believe we have the following key competitive strengths:

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Our Growth Strategy

Building on these competitive strengths, we believe we are well positioned to execute on the following growth strategies:

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Business Development

We place a specific focus on marketing and relationship efforts that pertain to those clients or prospective clients having a large regional or national presence. Accordingly, we assign dedicated executives to these existing or prospective clients to manage the overall relationship, as well as to reinforce existing account relationships and to develop new relationships, as well as to take any other action that may further our business development interests.

Competition

We face competition from large national competitors and numerous smaller, locally owned independent professional service providers and operators, offering an array of services and professional service solutions, which may include developers, hotels and resorts, airports, airlines, cruise lines, national services companies and other institutions that may elect to internally manage their own professional service offerings. Additionally, technological factors that improve ride-sharing capabilities increase the use of parking aggregators and the use of third-party technology-driven mobility solutions can impact our parking and parking management business. Some of our present and potential competitors have or may be able to obtain greater financial and marketing resources than we have, which may negatively impact our ability to retain existing contracts and gain new contracts. We also face significant competition in our efforts to provide ancillary services such as shuttle bus services and on-street parking enforcement because of the number of large companies that specialize in these services.

We compete for management contract type clients based on a variety of factors, including fees charged for services, providing a comprehensive suite of technology-driven mobility solutions, ability to generate revenues and control expenses for clients, accurate and timely reporting of operational results, providing high quality customer service and experience, and the ability to anticipate and respond to industry and technology related changes. Factors that affect our ability to compete for lease contract type locations include the ability to make financial commitments, long-term financial stability and the ability to generate revenues and control expenses. Factors affecting our ability to compete for employees include wages, benefits and working conditions.

Support Operations

We maintain regional and city offices throughout the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico. These offices serve as the centralized locations through which we provide the employees to staff our professional services as well as the on-site and support management staff to oversee those operations. Our administrative staff is primarily based in those same offices and facilitate the efficient, accurate and timely production and delivery of client deliverables, such as monthly reporting and invoicing. Having these all-inclusive operations and administrative teams located in regional and city offices throughout the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico allows us to add new professional services for new and existing clients in a seamless and cost-efficient manner.

Our overall basic corporate functions in the areas of finance, human resources, risk management, legal, purchasing and procurement, general administration, strategy, and product and technology development are primarily based in our Chicago corporate office, as well as the Nashville support office.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2021, we employed approximately 16,600 individuals, including 10,800 full-time and 5,800 part-time employees. Approximately 28% of our employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and represented by labor unions, which include various local operational employees. Various union locals represent local operational employees in the following cities: Akron (OH), Arlington, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston, Buffalo, Burbank, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Manchester (NH), Meadowlands, Miami, New York City, Newark, Oakland, Ontario (Canada), Orlando, Oxon Hill, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Portland, Richmond, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Santa Monica, Seattle, Washington, D.C. and Windsor Locks.

We are frequently engaged in collective bargaining negotiations with various union locals. No single collective bargaining agreement covers a material number of our employees. We believe that our employee relations are generally healthy, as evidenced by higher than average rate of tenure and rate of internal promotions.

Central to our ability to execute on our business strategy is the commitment of our employees to delivering excellence in execution of all aspects of our day-to-day operations. We strive to create an inclusive environment which promotes diversity across our organization and a safe and engaging work environment where our employees have the opportunity to succeed and grow. Through our comprehensive development programs and talent management systems, our employees refine their skills and are able to access continued training and career development opportunities. In addition to base salary, our compensation and benefits programs are structured to retain and motivate our employees.

The health and safety of our employees is of paramount importance. Because the safety is the responsibility of everyone, each employee is expected to take all safety and health polices seriously and help enforce these policies within the workplace. In 2020 and continuing through 2021, we quickly activated comprehensive health and safety protocols to ensure appropriate safety precautions to address COVID-19.  

Insurance

We purchase comprehensive liability insurance covering certain claims that occur in the operations that we lease or manage including coverage for general/garage liability, garage keepers legal liability, and auto liability. In addition, we purchase workers' compensation insurance for all eligible employees and umbrella/excess liability coverage. Under our various liability and workers' compensation insurance policies, we are obligated to pay directly or reimburse the insurance carrier for the deductible / retention amount for each loss covered by our general/garage liability, automobile liability, workers' compensation, and garage keepers legal liability policy. As a result, we are effectively self-insured for all claims up to the deductible / retention amount for each loss. We also purchase property insurance that provides coverage for loss or damage to our property and in some cases our clients' property, as well as business interruption coverage for lost operating income and certain associated expenses. Because of the size of the operations covered and our claims experience, we purchase insurance policies at prices that we believe represent a discount to the prices that would typically be charged to our clients on a stand-alone basis. The clients for whom we provide professional services pursuant to management type contracts have the option of purchasing their own liability insurance policies (provided that we are named as an additional insured party), but historically most of our clients have chosen to obtain insurance coverage by being named as additional insureds under our master liability insurance policies. Pursuant to our management type contracts, we charge those clients insurance-related costs.

We provide group health insurance with respect to eligible full-time employees (whether they work at leased facilities, managed facilities or in our support offices). We self-insure the cost of the medical claims for these participants up to a stop-loss limit. Pursuant to our management type contracts, we charge those clients insurance-related costs.

Regulation

Our business is subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations, and in some cases, municipal and state authorities directly regulate or impose extensive governmental restrictions concerning automobile capacity, pricing, structural integrity and certain prohibited practices. Additionally, many cities impose a tax or surcharge on parking services, which generally range from 10% to 50% of revenues collected. We collect and remit sales/parking taxes and file tax returns for ourselves and on behalf of our clients. We are affected by laws and regulations that may impose a direct assessment on us for failure to remit sales/parking taxes or to file tax returns for ourselves and on behalf of our clients.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in such property. Such laws typically impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. In connection with the operation of parking facilities, we may be potentially liable for any such costs.

Several state and local laws have been passed in recent years that encourage car-pooling and the use of mass transit or impose certain restrictions on automobile usage. These types of laws have adversely affected our revenues and could continue to do so in the future. For example, New York City and Boston imposed restrictions in the wake of terrorist attacks, which included street closures, traffic flow restrictions and a requirement for passenger cars entering certain bridges and tunnels to have more than one occupant during the morning rush hour. It is possible that cities could enact new or additional measures such as higher tolls, increased taxes and vehicle occupancy requirements in certain circumstances, which could adversely impact us. We are also affected by zoning and use restrictions and other laws and regulations that are common to any business that deals with real estate.

In addition, we are subject to laws generally applicable to businesses, including, but not limited to federal, state and local regulations relating to wage and hour matters, including minimum wage per hour laws and regulations imposed, employee classification, mandatory healthcare benefits, unlawful workplace discrimination, human rights laws and whistle blowing. Several cities in which we have operations either have adopted or are considering the adoption of so-called "living wage" ordinances, which could adversely impact our profitability by requiring companies that contract with local governmental authorities and other employers to increase wages to levels substantially above the federal minimum wage. In addition, we are subject to provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, as amended ("OSHA"), and related regulations. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with any regulation applicable to our business or any whistle-blowing claim, even if without merit, could result in costly litigation, regulatory action or otherwise harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In connection with ground transportation services and certain airline and cruise line transportation, baggage services and remote airline check-in services provided to our clients, the U.S. Department of Transportation, including the Transportation Security Administration (the "TSA"), the Federal Aviation Administration (the "FAA") and Department of Homeland Security, and various federal and state agencies, exercise broad powers over these certain transportation services, including shuttle bus operations, baggage delivery services, remote airline check-in, licensing and authorizations, safety, training and insurance requirements. Our employees must also comply with the various safety and fitness regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Transportation and other federal agencies, including those related to minimum training hours and requirements, drug and alcohol testing and service hours. We may become subject to new and more restrictive federal and state regulations. Compliance with such regulations may increase our operating costs.

Regulations by the FAA may affect our business. The FAA generally prohibits parking within 300 feet of airport terminals during times of heightened alert. The 300 feet rule and new regulations may prevent us from using a number of existing spaces during heightened security alerts at airports. Reductions in the number of parking spaces may reduce our operating income and cash flow.

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Various other governmental regulations affect our operation of property or facilities, both directly and indirectly, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (the "ADA"). Under the ADA, all public accommodations, including parking facilities, are required to meet certain federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. For example, the ADA requires parking facilities to include handicapped spaces, headroom for wheelchair vans, attendants' booths that accommodate wheelchairs and elevators that are operable by disabled persons. When negotiating contracts with clients, we generally require that the property owner contractually assume responsibility for any ADA liability in connection with the property or facility. There can be no assurance, however, that the property owner has assumed such liability for any given property or that we would not be held liable despite assumption of responsibility for such liability by the property owner. We believe that the parking facilities we operate are in substantial compliance with ADA requirements.

We are also subject to consumer credit laws and credit card industry rules and regulations relating to the processing of credit card transactions, including the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act and the Payment Card Data Security Standard. These laws and industry standards impose substantial financial penalties for non-compliance.

Intellectual Property

SP Plus®, SP+® and the SP+ logo, SP+ GAMEDAY®, Sphere ^TM, Technology by SP+^TM (and its related marks), Parking.com, Innovation In Operation®, Standard Parking® and the Standard Parking logo, CPC®, Central Parking System®, Central Parking Corporation®, USA Parking®, Focus Point Parking®, Allright Parking® and Bags^®, are service marks registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In addition, we have registered the names and, as applicable, the logos of all of our material subsidiaries and divisions as service marks with the United States Patent and Trademark Office or the equivalent state registry. We invented the Multi-Level Vehicle Parking Facility Musical Theme Floor Reminder System. We have also registered the copyright in our proprietary software, such as Client View©, Hand Held Program©, License Plate Inventory Programs© and ParkStat© with the United States Copyright Office. We also own the URL maketraveleasier.com. We deem our registered service marks to be important, but not critical, to our business and marketing efforts.

Corporate Information

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) are available free of charge at www.spplus.com as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such material with, or furnish it to, the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). We provide references to our website for convenience, but our website is not incorporated into this or any of our other filings with the SEC.

The following discussion of risk factors contains forward-looking statements. These risk factors may be important to understanding any statement in this Form 10-K or elsewhere. The following information should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes in Part IV, Item 15. "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Form 10-K.

The business, financial condition and operating results of the Company can be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below. Any one or more of such factors could directly or indirectly cause the Company's actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past or anticipated future results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition, results of operations and stock price.

Because of the following factors, as well as other factors affecting the Company's financial condition and operating results, past financial performance should not be considered to be a reliable indicator of future performance, and investors should not use historical trends to anticipate results or trends in future periods.

Risks related to our business and industry

COVID-19 has had, and is expected to continue to have a negative effect on the global economy, the United States economy and the global financial markets, and has disrupted, and is expected to continue to disrupt, our operations and our clients’ operations, all of which have had and will have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

COVID-19 and the resulting national health emergency has caused significant disruptions in the international and United States economies and financial markets. The spread of COVID-19 has caused illness, quarantines, cancellation of events and travel, business and school shutdowns, reduction in business activity and financial transactions, supply chain interruptions and overall economic and financial market instability.

We are continuing to take precautions to protect the safety and well-being of our employees, clients and customers. However, no assurance can be given that the steps being taken will be adequate or appropriate, nor can we predict the level or duration of disruption that will occur to our ability to continue to provide services to our clients.

The spread of COVID-19, including the spread of the Delta and Omicron variants, are having negative impacts on all aspects of our business, as many of the clients we serve may have reduced, suspended or closed operations. We have been, and will continue to be, negatively impacted by related developments, including heightened governmental regulations and travel advisories, recommendations by the U.S. Department of State and the CDC, and travel bans and restrictions, each of which has impacted, and is expected to continue to impact, the demand for the services we provide, including professional parking management, ground transportation, remote baggage check-in and handling, facility maintenance, security, event logistics, and other technology-driven mobility solutions.

The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our business, operations, and financial results, including the duration and magnitude of such effects, will depend on numerous evolving factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or assess, including, but not limited to:

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COVID-19 has already subjected our business, operations and financial condition to a number of risks, including, but not limited to, those discussed below.

As a result, we have taken steps to reduce operating costs and other expenses while improving efficiency, including eliminating non-essential spending and capital expenditures and suspending our stock repurchase program. Those steps, along with others we have taken and will take in the future, to reduce our costs may not be sufficient to offset any reduction in our revenues and, at the same time, may negatively impact our ability to attract and retain employees and senior management, retain or expand our client and customer base, continue to provide services sufficient to meet customer demand, including, in particular, following the end of COVID-19, and compete with others in our industries, and our reputation, revenues and market share may suffer as a result.

Our ability to grow our company may also be harmed by COVID-19. If COVID-19 or general economic weakness causes further deterioration for the travel, leisure and hospitality industry or the other industries to which we provide services, we may not be able to expand the geographies in which we provide our services or acquire businesses that may enable us to fuel our growth or otherwise execute our strategic growth plan.  In addition, once COVID-19 subsides, certain acquisition or other opportunities to grow our business may no longer be available, because such opportunities may have been pursued by our competitors or such opportunities may be too costly or time-consuming for us to pursue at that time. See “Risks relating to our acquisition strategy may adversely impact our results of operations.” See also “We are subject to intense competition that could constrain our ability to gain business and adversely impact our profitability.”

COVID-19 has caused, and, in the future, may continue to cause, us to incur additional expenses in light of the public health implications posed by COVID-19, including additional or accelerated investments in technology solutions which may be mandated by local, state, federal or other governmental authorities or by recommendations from the CDC.  The cost of investing in, implementing and maintaining such technology may be high, and such technology, whether purchased or developed internally, may not meet our needs or the needs of our clients and customers, in a timely, cost-effective manner or at all. During the course of implementing new technology into our operations, we may experience system interruptions and failures, which may result in additional costs to us. In addition, we may not recognize, in a timely manner or at all, the benefits that we may expect as a result of our implementing this or any other new technology into our operations.

The full impact of COVID-19 on our business and the industries in which we operate, as well as the effect on local, regional and global economic conditions, is highly uncertain, and its continuation, a future resurgence of COVID-19, or the existence of any future pandemic could precipitate or magnify the other risks described below in this Item 1A. “Risk Factors.”

We are subject to intense competition that could constrain our ability to gain business and adversely impact our profitability.

Competition is intense in the parking facility management, valet, ground transportation service, event management and baggage delivery businesses including other ancillary services that we offer. Providers of similar services have traditionally competed on the basis of cost and quality of service. As we have worked to establish ourselves as a leader in the industries in which we operate, we compete predominately on the basis of high levels of service and strong relationships. We may not be able to, or may choose not to compete with certain competitors on the basis of price. As a result, a greater proportion of our clients may switch to other service providers or elect to self-manage the services we provide.

The low cost of entry into these businesses has led to strongly competitive, fragmented markets consisting of various sized entities, ranging from small local or single lot operators to large regional and national businesses and multi-facility operators, as well as governmental entities and companies that can perform for themselves one or more of the services we provide. Regional and local-owned and operated companies may have additional insights into local or smaller markets and significantly lower labor and overhead costs, providing them with a competitive advantage in those regards. Competitors may also be able to adapt more quickly to changes in customer requirements, devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their services or develop technology that is as or more successful than our technology.

We provide nearly all of our services under contracts, many of which are obtained through competitive bidding, and many of our contracts require that our clients pay certain costs at specified rates. Our management type contracts are typically for a term of one to three years, although the contracts may be terminated by the client, without cause, on 30-days' notice or less, giving clients regular opportunities to attempt to negotiate a reduction in fees or other allocated costs. Any loss of a significant number of clients could, in the aggregate, materially adversely affect our operating results. We may experience higher operating costs related to changes in laws and regulations regarding employee benefits, employee minimum wage, and other entitlements promulgated by federal, state and local governments or as a result of increased local wages necessary to attract employees due to changes in the unemployment rate. If actual costs exceed the rates specified in the contacts or we are unable to renegotiate our specified rates in our contracts, our profitability may be negatively affected. Furthermore, these strong competitive pressures could impede our success in bidding for profitable business and our ability to maintain or increase prices even as costs rise, thereby reducing margins.

Changing consumer preferences and legislation affecting our industry or related industries may lead to a decline in parking demand, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Increased demand for ride sharing services, such as Uber and Lyft, and car sharing services, like Zipcar, along with the potential for driverless cars, may lead to a decline in parking demand in cities and urban areas. While we devote considerable effort and resources to analyzing and responding to consumer preference and changes in the markets in which we operate, consumer preferences cannot be predicted with certainty and can change rapidly. Changes in consumer behaviors, including the use of mobile phone applications and on-line parking reservation services that help drivers reserve parking with garage, lots and individual owner spaces, cannot be predicted with certainty and could change current customers' parking preferences, which may have an impact on the price customers are willing to pay for our services. Additionally, urban congestion and congestion pricing due to the aforementioned ride sharing services, or state and local laws that have been or may be passed encouraging carpooling and use of mass transit systems, may negatively impact parking demand and pricing that a customer would be willing to pay for our services. If we are unable to anticipate and respond to trends in the consumer marketplace and the industry, including, but not limited to, market displacement by livery service companies, car sharing companies and changing technologies, we could experience a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, several state and local laws have been passed in recent years that encourage the use of carpooling and mass transit. In the future, local, state and federal environmental regulatory authorities may pursue or continue to pursue, measures related to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions which may have the effect of decreasing the number of cars being driven. Such laws or regulations could adversely impact the demand for our services and our business.

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Our business success depends on our ability to preserve client relationships.

We primarily provide services pursuant to agreements that are cancelable by either party upon 30-days’ notice.   As we generally incur initial costs on new contracts, our business associated with long-term client relationships is generally more profitable than short-term client relationships.  Managing our existing client relationships, including those client relationships acquired as part of a business acquisition, is an important factor in contributing to our business success. If we lose a significant number of existing clients, or fail to win new clients, our profitability could be negatively impacted, even if we gain equivalent revenues from new clients or through client relationships acquired by acquisition.

We may have difficulty obtaining, maintaining or renewing coverage for certain insurable risks or coverage for certain insurable risks at a reasonable cost to us or at all.

We use a combination of insured and self-insured programs to cover workers' compensation, general/garage liability, automobile liability, property damage, healthcare and other insurable risks, and we provide liability and workers' compensation insurance coverage, consistent with our obligations to our clients under our various contracts. We are responsible for claims in excess of our insurance policies' limits, and, while we endeavor to purchase insurance coverage that is appropriate to our assessment of risk, we are unable to predict with certainty the frequency, nature or magnitude of claims or direct or consequential damages. If our insurance proves to be inadequate or unavailable, our business may be negatively affected.

Recent consolidation within the insurance industry could impact our ability to obtain or renew policies at competitive rates. Should we be unable to obtain or renew our excess, umbrella, or other commercial insurance policies at competitive rates, it could have a material adverse impact on our business, as would the occurrence of catastrophic uninsured claims or the inability or refusal of our insurance carriers to pay otherwise insured claims.

We are subject to volatility associated with our high deductible and high retention insurance programs, including the possibility that changes in estimates of ultimate insurance losses could result in material charges against our operating results.

We are obligated to reimburse our insurance carriers for, or pay directly, each loss incurred up to the amount of a specified deductible or self-insured retention amount. We also purchase property insurance that provides coverage for loss or damage to our property and, in some cases, our clients' property, as well as business interruption coverage for lost operating income and certain associated expenses. The deductible or retention applicable to any given loss under the property insurance policies varies based upon the insured values and the peril that causes the loss. Our financial statements reflect our funding of all such obligations based upon guidance and evaluation received from third-party insurance professionals. However, our actual obligations at any particular time may exceed the amount presently funded or accrued, in which case we would need to set aside additional funds to reserve for any such excess.

The determination of required insurance reserves is dependent upon significant actuarial judgments. We use the results of actuarial studies to estimate insurance rates and reserves for future periods and adjust reserves as appropriate for the current year and prior years. Changes in insurance reserves as a result of periodic evaluations of the liabilities can cause swings in operating results that may not be indicative of the performance of our ongoing business. Actual experience related to our insurance reserves can cause us to change our estimates for reserves, and any such changes may materially impact our results of operations, causing volatility in our operating results. Additionally, our obligations could increase if we receive a greater number of insurance claims, or if the severity of, or the administrative costs associated with, those claims generally increases.

Further, to the extent that we self-insure our losses, deterioration in our loss control and/or our continuing claim management efforts could increase the overall costs of claims within our retained limits. A material change in our insurance costs due to changes in the frequency of claims, the severity of claims, the costs of excess/umbrella premiums, regulatory changes, or consolidation within the insurance industry could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Because of the size of the operations covered and our claims experience, we purchase insurance policies at prices that we believe represent a discount to the prices that would typically be charged to clients on a stand-alone basis. The clients for whom we provide professional services pursuant to management type contracts have the option of purchasing their own liability insurance policies (provided that we are named as an additional insured party). Historically, most of our clients have chosen to obtain insurance coverage by being named as additional insureds under our master liability insurance policies. Pursuant to our management type contracts, we charge those clients an allocated portion of our insurance-related costs. Our inability to purchase such policies at competitive rates or charge clients for such insurance-related costs, could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We do not maintain insurance coverage for all possible risks.

We maintain a comprehensive portfolio of insurance policies to help protect us against loss or damage incurred from a wide variety of insurable risks. Each year, we review with our third party insurance advisers whether the insurance policies and associated coverages that we maintain are sufficient to adequately protect us from the various types of risk to which we are exposed in the ordinary course of business. That analysis takes into account various pertinent factors such as the likelihood that we would incur a material loss from any given risk, as well as the cost of obtaining insurance coverage against any such risk. We are responsible for claims in excess of our insurance policies' limits, and, while we endeavor to purchase insurance coverage that is appropriate to our assessment of risk, we are unable to predict with certainty the frequency, nature or magnitude of claims or direct or consequential damages, including, in particular, due to unforeseen events, such as COVID-19, natural disasters, severe weather conditions, pandemic outbreaks and acts of terrorism and other geopolitical events. In addition, we may sustain material losses resulting from an event or occurrence where our insurance coverage is believed to be sufficient, but such coverage is either inadequate or we cannot access the coverage.  Furthermore, our business interruption insurance, may not provide sufficient coverage, if any, for losses we incur in connection with these events, in addition to other specified exclusions. These scenarios may result in a material adverse impact on our results of operations.

Our risk management and safety programs may not have the intended effect of allowing us to reduce our insurance costs.

We attempt to mitigate our business and operating risks through the implementation of Company-wide safety and loss control programs designed to decrease the incidence of accidents or events that might increase our exposure or liability. However, our insurance coverage may not be adequate, despite our implementation of Company-wide safety and loss control efforts, or may be inaccessible in certain instances, either of which would result in additional costs to us and may adversely impact our results of operations.

Risks relating to our acquisition strategy may adversely impact our results of operations.

In the past, a significant portion of our growth has been generated by acquisitions. In light of recent events related to COVID-19, we expect that there will be a slowdown in the pace or size of our acquisitions, which, in addition to the other factors discussed above, could lead to a slower growth rate. Any acquisition we make may not provide us with any of the benefits that we anticipated or anticipate when entering into such transaction, particularly acquisitions in adjacent professional services. The process of integrating an acquired business may create unforeseen difficulties and expenses. The areas in which we may face risks in connection with any potential acquisition of a business include, but are not limited to:

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Our management type contracts and lease type contracts expose us to certain risks.

The loss or renewal on less favorable terms of a substantial number of management type contracts or lease type contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. A material reduction in the operating income associated with the integrated services we provide under management type contracts and lease type contracts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our management type contracts are typically for a term of one to three years, although the contracts may be terminated, without cause, on 30-days' notice or less, giving clients regular opportunities to attempt to negotiate a reduction in fees or other allocated costs. Any loss of a significant number of clients could in the aggregate materially adversely affect our operating results.

We are particularly exposed to increases in costs for locations that we operate under lease type contracts because we are generally responsible for all the operating expenses of our leased locations. Typically, during the first and fourth quarters of each year, seasonality generally impacts our performance with regard to moderating revenues, with the reduced levels of travel most clearly reflected in the parking activity associated with our airport and hotel businesses as well as increases in certain costs of parking services, such as snow removal, all of which negatively affects operating income.  The impact of COVID-19 on the seasonality of our business specifically, and the performance of our operations generally, will depend on, among other factors, the scale and duration of the pandemic and its impact on regulations, consumer behavior and consumer spending.

Deterioration in economic conditions in general could reduce the demand for our services and, as a result, reduce our earnings and adversely affect our financial condition.

Adverse changes in global, national and local economic conditions could have a negative impact on our business. Adverse economic conditions, including in relation to COVID-19, may result in client's customers reducing their discretionary spending, which includes travel and leisure spending. Because a portion of our revenue is tied to the volume of airline passengers, hotel guests, retail shoppers and sporting event attendees, our business could be adversely impacted by the curtailment of business travel, personal travel or discretionary spending caused by unfavorable changes in economic conditions and/or consumer confidence. Adverse changes in local, regional, national and international economic conditions could depress prices for our services or cause clients to cancel agreements for the services we provide to our clients and their customers.

In addition, our business operations tend to be concentrated in large urban areas. Many of our customers are workers who commute by car to their places of employment in these urban centers or who use services in the travel, leisure and hospitality industry. Our business could be materially adversely affected to the extent that weak economic conditions or demographic factors could result in the elimination of jobs and high unemployment in the large urban areas where our business operations are concentrated, as has occurred in the wake of COVID-19. In addition, increased unemployment levels, increased office vacancies in urban areas, movement toward home office or “work from home” alternatives or lower consumer spending could reduce demand for our services.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology, and potential disruption, cyber-attacks, cyber-terrorism and security breaches to our technology, or our third-party providers and clients, or the compromise of our data, present risks that could harm our business.

We are increasingly dependent on automated information technology systems to manage and support a variety of business processes and activities. In addition, a portion of our business operations is conducted electronically, increasing the risk of attack or interception that could cause loss or misuse of data, system failures, disruption of operations, unauthorized malware, computer or system viruses, or the compromise of data, such as theft of intellectual property or inappropriate disclosure of confidential, proprietary or personal information.

Furthermore, while we continue to devote resources to monitoring and updating our systems and implementing information security measures to protect our systems, the controls and procedures that we have in place may not be sufficient to protect us from security breaches. Improper activities by third parties, exploitation of encryption technology, new data-hacking tools and discoveries and other events or developments may result in a future compromise or breach of our networks, payment card terminals or other payment systems. In particular, the techniques used by criminals to obtain unauthorized access to sensitive data change frequently and often are not recognized until they have been deployed against a target. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures.

Additionally, our systems could be subject to damage or interruption from system conversions, power outages, computer or telecommunications failures, computer viruses and malicious attack, security breaches and catastrophic events. If our systems are damaged or fail to function properly, we may incur substantial repair and/or replacement costs, experience data loss or theft and impediments to our ability to manage customer transactions, which could adversely affect our operations and our results of operations. The occurrence of acts of cyber terrorism, such as website defacement, denial of automated payment services, sabotage of our proprietary on-demand technology or the use of electronic social media to disseminate unfounded or otherwise harmful allegations to our reputation, could have a material adverse effect on our business. Any disruptions to our information technology systems, breaches or compromise of data and/or misappropriation of information could result in lost sales, negative publicity, litigation, violation of privacy laws, business interruptions or damage to our reputation that, in turn, could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations. While we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions, cover certain aspects of cyber risks, such insurance coverage may be insufficient to cover all losses potentially incurred and would not remedy any damage to our reputation.

We do not have control over security measures taken by third-party vendors hired by our clients to prevent unauthorized access to electronic and other confidential information. There can be no assurance third-party vendors will not suffer an attack in the future in which unauthorized parties gain access to personal financial

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information of individuals associated with our company, our clients or our client's customers, and any such incident may not be discovered and remedied in a timely manner, or at all.

Labor disputes could lead to loss of revenues or expense variations.

When one or more of our major collective bargaining agreements becomes subject to renegotiation or we face union organizing drives, we may disagree with the union on important issues that, in turn, could lead to a strike, work slowdown or other job actions. We may not be able to renew existing labor union contracts on acceptable terms, particularly during times of economic distress, and, in such cases, we may not be able to staff sufficient employees for our short-term needs. A strike, work slowdown or other job action could in some cases disrupt our ability to provide services, resulting in reduced revenues. If declines in client service occur or if our clients are targeted for sympathy strikes by other unionized workers, contract cancellations could result. Negotiating a first time agreement or renegotiating an existing collective bargaining agreement could result in a substantial increase in labor and benefits expenses that we may be unable to pass through to clients. In addition, potential legislation could make it significantly easier for union organizing drives to be successful and could give third-party arbitrators the ability to impose terms of collective bargaining agreements upon us and a labor union if we are unable to agree with such union on the terms of a collective bargaining agreement. At December 31, 2021, approximately 28% of our employees were represented by labor unions and approximately 42% of our collective bargaining contracts are up for renewal in 2022, representing approximately 51% of our employees. In addition, at any given time, we may face a number of union organizing drives. When one or more of our major collective bargaining agreements becomes subject to renegotiation or when we face union organizing drives, we and the union may disagree on important issues that could lead employees to strike, work slowdown, or other job actions. In a market where we are unionized but our competitors are not unionized, we may lose clients as a result. A strike, work slowdown, or other job actions could disrupt our ability to provide services to our clients, resulting in reduced revenues or contract cancellations. Moreover, negotiating first-time collective bargaining agreements or renewing existing agreements, could result in substantial increases in labor and benefit costs that we may not be able to pass through to clients.

In addition, we make contributions to multi-employer benefit plans on behalf of certain employees covered by collective bargaining agreements, and we could be responsible for paying unfunded liabilities incurred by such benefit plans, which amount could be material. If we become responsible for any such liability or liabilities, we could experience a material adverse impact on our results of operations and financial condition.

Catastrophic events could disrupt our business and services.

Catastrophic events, including natural disasters, severe weather conditions, pandemic outbreaks and acts of terrorism or other geopolitical events, may cause economic dislocations throughout the country, lead to reduced levels of travel and result in an increase in certain costs of providing parking and remote bag check-in and handling services, any of which could negatively affect the use of our services and our operating income. In addition, terrorist attacks have resulted in, and may continue to result in, increased government regulation of airlines and airport facilities, including the imposition of minimum distances between parking facilities and terminals, resulting in the elimination of parking facilities we manage. We derive a significant percentage of our operating income from parking facilities and parking related services in and around airports. The FAA generally prohibits parking within 300 feet of airport terminals during periods of heightened security. Although the prohibition is not currently in effect, it may be reinstated in the future. The existing regulations governing parking within 300 feet of airport terminals during a period of heightened security or future regulations may prevent us from using certain parking spaces. Reductions in the number of parking spaces and air travelers may reduce our revenue and cash flow from both our leased facilities and those facilities and contracts we operate under management type contracts.

Because our business is affected by weather-related trends, typically in the first and fourth quarters of each year, our results may fluctuate from period to period, which could make it difficult to evaluate our business.

Weather conditions, including fluctuations in temperatures, snow or severe weather storms, heavy flooding, hurricanes or natural disasters, can negatively impact portions of our business. We have from time to time experienced fluctuations in our quarterly results arising from a number of factors, including the following:

These factors have typically had negative impacts to our operating income and could cause operating income reductions in the future. Fluctuations in our results could make it difficult to evaluate our business or cause instability in the market price of our common stock.

State and municipal government clients may sell or enter into long-term lease type contracts of parking-related assets with our competitors or property owners and developers may redevelop existing locations for alternative uses.

In order to raise additional revenue, a number of state and municipal governments have either sold or entered into long-term lease type contracts of public assets or may be contemplating such transactions. The assets that are the subject of such transactions have included government-owned parking garages located in downtown commercial districts and parking operations at airports. The sale or long-term leasing of such government-owned parking assets to our competitors or clients of our competitors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, property owners and developers may elect to redevelop existing locations for alternative uses other than parking or significantly reduce the number of existing spaces used for parking at those facilities in which we either lease through a lease type contract or operate through a management type contract. Reductions in the number of parking spaces or potential loss of contracts due to redevelopment by property owners may reduce our operating income and cash flow for both our lease type contracts and those facilities or contracts we operate under management type contracts.

We have investments in joint ventures and may be subject to certain financial and operating risks with our joint venture investments.

We have acquired or invested in a number of joint ventures, and may acquire or enter into joint ventures with additional companies. These transactions create risks such as:

As a result of future acquisitions or joint ventures in which we may invest, we may need to issue additional equity securities, spend our cash, or incur debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could reduce our profitability and harm our business. In addition, valuations supporting our acquisitions or investments in joint ventures could change rapidly given the global economic environment. We could determine that such valuations have experienced impairments, resulting in other-than-temporary declines in fair value that could adversely impact our financial results.

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Risks related to legal and regulatory matters

Adverse litigation judgments or settlements resulting from legal proceedings in which we may be involved could adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

In the normal course of business, we are from time to time involved in various legal proceedings. The outcome of these and any other legal proceedings cannot be predicted. It is possible that an unfavorable outcome of some or all of the legal proceedings could cause us to incur substantial liabilities that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Any significant adverse litigation, judgments or settlements could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Because our business employs a significant number of employees, we incur risks that these individuals will make claims against us for violating various employment-related federal, state and local laws. Some or all of these claims may lead to litigation, including class action litigation, and there may be negative publicity with respect to any alleged claims. Additionally, we are subject to legal and regulatory risks in the states where we have employees, including, for example, if there are new or unanticipated judicial interpretations of existing laws and those interpretations are applied to employers on a retroactive basis.

We operate in a highly regulated environment, and our compliance with laws and regulations, including any changes thereto, or our non-compliance with such laws and regulations, may impose significant costs on us.

Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, current or previous owners or operators of real property may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in their properties. This could apply to properties we either own or operate. These laws typically impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such hazardous or toxic substances. We may be potentially liable for such costs as a result of our operation of parking facilities. Additionally, we hold a partial ownership interest in four parking facilities, and companies that we previously acquired may have owned a large number of properties that we did not acquire. We may be held liable for certain costs as a result of such previous and current ownership. In addition, from time to time we are subject to legal claims and regulatory actions involving environmental issues at certain locations or otherwise in connection with our operations. The cost of defending against claims of liability, or remediation of a contaminated property, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In connection with ground transportation services and certain transportation and baggage services provided to our clients, including shuttle bus operations, baggage handling and delivery services and remote airline check-in services, the U.S. Department of Transportation, including the TSA and Department of Homeland Security, and various federal and state agencies exercise broad powers over these transportation and baggage related services, including, licensing and authorizations, safety, training and insurance requirements. Our employees must also comply with the various safety and fitness regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Transportation and other federal agencies, including those related to minimum training hours and requirements, drug and alcohol testing and service hours. We may become subject to new and more restrictive federal and state regulations, including in the wake of COVID-19. Compliance with such regulations could hamper our ability to provide qualified drivers and increase our operating costs. Our compliance with any new rules and regulations, directives, anticipated rules or other forms of regulatory oversight may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are also subject to consumer credit laws and credit card industry rules and regulations relating to the processing of credit card transactions, including the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act and the Payment Card Data Security Standard. These laws and industry standards impose substantial financial penalties for non-compliance.

In addition, we are subject to laws generally applicable to businesses, including, but not limited, to federal, state and local regulations relating to data privacy, wage and hour matters, employee classification, mandatory healthcare benefits, unlawful workplace discrimination and whistle blowing. Any actual or alleged failure to comply with any regulation applicable to our business or any whistle-blowing claim, even if without merit, could result in costly litigation, regulatory action or otherwise harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We collect and remit sales/parking taxes and file tax returns for and on behalf of ourselves and our clients. We are affected, and may in the future be affected, by laws and regulations that may impose a direct assessment on us for failure to remit sales/parking taxes and filing of tax returns for ourselves and on behalf of our clients.

We cannot predict changes in laws and regulations made by federal, state or local government. Any such changes may pose additional regulatory burden and costs on our business or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations.

Federal healthcare reform legislation may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We provide healthcare and other benefits to employees. In certain circumstances, we charge our clients insurance-related costs. Costs for health care have increased more rapidly than general inflation in the U.S. economy. If this trend in health care continues and we are unable to raise the rates we charge our clients to cover expenses incurred due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act or other healthcare initiatives, our operating profit could be negatively impacted.

Changes in tax laws or rulings could materially affect our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

We are subject to income and other tax laws in the United States (federal, state and local) and other foreign jurisdictions, which include Canada and Puerto Rico. Changes in tax laws, regulations, tax rulings, administrative practices or changes in interpretations of existing laws, could materially affect our business. Due to economic and political conditions, tax rates in various jurisdictions may be subject to significant change, with or without notice, and our effective tax rate could be affected by changes in the mix of earnings in countries with differing statutory tax rates or changes in tax laws or their interpretation, including in the United States (federal, state and local), Canada and Puerto Rico. For example, the U.S. Congress has advanced a variety of tax legislation proposals, and while the final form of any legislation is uncertain, the current proposals, if enacted, could have a material effect on our effective tax rate. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and our effective tax rates could be affected by numerous factors, including the relative amount of our foreign earnings, including earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates, the applicability of special tax regimes, losses incurred in jurisdictions for which we are not able to realize the related tax benefit, entry into new businesses or geographies, changes to our existing business and operations, acquisitions and investments and how they are financed and changes in the relevant tax, accounting and other laws regulation, administrative practices, principles and interpretations. Additionally, adverse changes in the underlying profitability and financial outlook of our operations or changes in tax law, as discussed above, could lead to changes in our valuation allowances against deferred tax assets on our consolidated balance sheets, which could materially affect our results of operations.

We are also subject to tax audits and examinations by governmental authorities in the United States (federal, state and local), Canada and Puerto Rico. We regularly assess the likelihood of an adverse outcome resulting from these examinations to determine the adequacy of our provision for taxes, but our assessments as to the outcome of such tax audits and examinations involve a number of assumptions and may ultimately prove to be incorrect. Negative unexpected results from one or more such tax audits or examinations or our failure to sustain our reporting positions on examination could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and our effective tax rate.

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Risks related to our liquidity and capital resources

The phase-out of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) could affect interest rates under our existing credit facility agreement, hedging activity, as well as our ability to seek future debt financing.

LIBOR is the basic rate of interest used in lending between banks on the London interbank market and is widely used as a reference for setting the interest rates on loans globally. We generally use LIBOR as a reference rate to calculate interest rates under the Senior Credit Facility and to establish the floor and ceiling ranges for the interest rate collar contracts that we entered into to manage interest rate risk associated with the Senior Credit Facility.

The U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it will phase out LIBOR. Banks currently reporting information used to set U.S dollar LIBOR are expected to stop doing so in 2023, and in 2021, the U.S. Federal Reserve Board and other regulatory bodies issued guidance encouraging banks and other financial market participants to cease entering into new contracts that use U.S.dollar LIBOR as a reference rate as soon as practicable and in any event no later than December 31, 2021.

While various bodies, including governmental agencies, are seeking to identify an alternative rate to replace LIBOR, including the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, there is uncertainty regarding which alternative reference rate will replace LIBOR. We may need to amend certain agreements that use LIBOR as a benchmark, and we cannot predict what alternative index or other amendments may be negotiated with our counterparties. As a result, our interest expense could increase and our available cash flow for general corporate requirements may be adversely affected. In addition, uncertainty as to the nature of the discontinuation of LIBOR, alternative reference rates or other reforms could have an adverse impact on the market for or value of any LIBOR-linked securities, loans and other financial obligations or extensions of credit held by or due to us or on our overall financial condition or results of operations.

Impairment charges could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price of acquired businesses over the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. October 1st is our annual impairment assessment date for goodwill. However, we could be required to evaluate the recoverability of goodwill prior to the annual assessment if we experience a significant under-performance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the use of acquired assets or our business strategy, and significant negative industry or economic trends. The goodwill impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level. If the fair value of one of our reporting units is less than its carrying value, we would record impairment for the excess of the carrying amount over the implied fair value. The valuation of our reporting units requires significant judgment in evaluation of recent indicators of market activity and estimated future cash flows, discount rates, and other factors. Future events may indicate differences from management’s judgments and estimates which could, in turn, result in impairment charges. Future events that may result in impairment charges include extended unfavorable economic impacts of COVID-19, increases in interest rates, which would impact discount rates, or other factors which could decrease revenues and profitability of our reporting units and changes in the cost structure of existing facilities.

We evaluate our long-lived assets, including lease right-of-use (“ROU”) and intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. These events and circumstances include, but are not limited to, a current expectation that a long-lived asset will be disposed of significantly before the end of its previously estimated useful life, a significant adverse change in the extent or manner in which we use a long-lived asset or asset group, a change in a long-lived asset’s physical condition or a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of the long-lived asset or asset group. When this occurs, a recoverability test is performed that compares the projected undiscounted cash flows from the use and eventual disposition of an asset or asset group to its carrying amount. If we conclude that the projected undiscounted cash flows are less than the carrying amount, impairment would be recorded for the excess of the carrying amount over the estimated fair value. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we concluded that certain ROU assets were impaired and recorded impairment charges amounting to $3.6 million. See Notes 1. Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Note 2. Leases to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Assumptions and estimates used to determine cash flows in the evaluation of impairment and the fair values used to determine the impairment are subject to a degree of judgment and complexity. Any future changes to the assumptions and estimates resulting from changes in actual results or market conditions from those anticipated may affect the carrying value of long-lived assets or asset groups and could result in additional impairment charges. Future events that may result in impairment charges include extended unfavorable economic impacts of COVID-19 or other factors which could decrease revenues and profitability of existing locations and changes in the cost structure of existing facilities.

We have incurred indebtedness, and we may incur indebtedness in the future, which could adversely affect our financial condition.

Our Amended Credit Agreement (as defined in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations), which was amended on February 16, 2021, provides for a Senior Credit Facility that includes a $325.0 million revolving credit facility and a $225.0 million term loan that is scheduled to mature in November 2023. The Senior Credit Facility is secured by a lien on all of our assets. In connection with our Amended Credit Agreement, the negative and financial covenants in the Credit Agreement were amended and some additional covenants were added, as described in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. Failure to comply with covenants or to meet payment obligations under our Senior Credit Facility could result in an event of default which, if not cured or waived, could result in the acceleration of outstanding debt obligations.

We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, which could cause the related risks to intensify. We may need to refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before their respective maturities. We may not be able to refinance any of our indebtedness, including indebtedness under our Senior Credit Facility, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. If we are unable to refinance our debt, we may default under the terms of our indebtedness, which could lead to an acceleration of debt repayment. We do not expect that we could repay all of our outstanding indebtedness if the repayment of such indebtedness was accelerated. If adequate capital is not available to us and our internal sources of liquidity prove to be insufficient, or if future financings require more restrictive covenants, such combination of events could adversely affect our ability to (i) acquire new businesses or enter new markets, (ii) service or refinance our existing debt, (iii) make necessary capital investments and (iv) make other expenditures necessary for the ongoing conduct of our business.

In addition, the terms of future debt agreements and amendments to our existing debt agreements could include more restrictive covenants, which may further restrict our business operations or cause future financing to be unavailable due to our covenant restrictions then in effect.

Our ability to maintain and expand our business will be dependent upon the availability of adequate capital.

The ability to maintain and expand our business will depend, in part, on the availability of adequate capital, which in turn will depend, in large part, on cash flow generated by our business and the availability of equity and debt capital. In addition, the Senior Credit Facility contains provisions that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness and/or make substantial investments or acquisitions. As a result, we may not have the ability to obtain adequate capital to maintain and expand our business.

The financial difficulties or bankruptcy of one or more of our major clients could adversely affect our results.

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Future revenue and our ability to collect accounts receivable depend in part on the financial strength of our clients. We estimate an allowance for doubtful accounts, which adversely impacts profitability. In the event that any of our clients experience financial difficulty, become unable to obtain financing or seek bankruptcy protection, our profitability could be impacted by our inability to collect accounts receivable in excess of the estimated allowance. Additionally, our future revenue could be reduced by the loss of any such clients or by the cancellation of lease type contracts or management type contracts by clients in bankruptcy.

The sureties for our performance bond program may elect not to provide us with new or renewal performance bonds for any reason.

As is customary in the industry, a surety provider can refuse to provide a bond principal with new or renewal surety bonds. If any existing or future surety provider refuses to provide us with surety bonds, either generally or because we are unwilling or unable to post collateral at levels sufficient to satisfy the surety's requirements, we may not be able to find alternate providers on acceptable terms, or at all. Our inability to provide surety bonds could also result in the loss of existing contracts. Failure to find a provider of surety bonds, and our resulting inability to bid for new contracts or renew existing contracts, could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

General risk factors

Our business success depends on retaining senior management and attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

Our future performance depends on the continuing services and contributions of our senior management to execute on our acquisition and growth strategies and to identify and pursue new opportunities. Our future success also depends, in large part, on our continued ability to attract and retain qualified personnel. Any unplanned turnover in senior management or the inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could have a negative effect on our results of operations.

Additionally, we must attract, train and retain a large and growing number of qualified employees while controlling labor costs. Our ability to control labor costs is subject to numerous internal and external factors, including changes in immigration policy, regulatory changes, prevailing wage rates, and competition we face from other companies to attract and retain qualified employees. We may not be able to attract and retain qualified employees in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Actions of activist investors could disrupt our business.

Public companies have been the target of activist investors, including, in particular, during times of economic and market turmoil. In the event that a third-party, such as an activist investor, proposes to change our governance policies, board of directors, or other aspects of our operations, our review and consideration of such proposals may create a significant distraction for our management and employees. This could negatively impact our ability to execute our long-term growth plan and may require our management to expend significant time and resources responding to such proposals. Such proposals may also create uncertainties with respect to our financial position and operations and may adversely affect our ability to attract and retain key employees.

Climate change may have a long-term impact on our business.

There are inherent climate-related risks wherever our business is conducted. Changes in market dynamics, stakeholder expectations, local, national and international climate change policies, and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events on critical infrastructure in the United States and abroad, all have the potential to disrupt our business and operations. Such events could result in a significant increase in our costs and expenses and harm our future revenue, cash flows and financial performance. Global climate change is resulting, and may continue to result, in certain natural disasters and adverse weather, such as droughts, wildfires, storms, sea-levels rising and flooding, occurring more frequently or with greater intensity, which could cause business disruptions and impact employees’ abilities to commute to work or to work from home effectively. Government failure to address climate change could result in greater exposure to economic and other risks from climate change and impact our ability to achieve climate goals.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

Our principal support office is located at 200 East Randolph Street, Suite 7700, Chicago, Illinois 60601.

Principal Properties as of December 31, 2021

In addition to the above properties, we have other offices, warehouses and parking facilities in various locations in the United States, Canada and Puerto Rico.

We believe that these properties are well maintained, in good operating condition and suitable for the purposes for which they are used.

General

We are subject to claims and litigation in the normal course of our business, including those related to labor and employment, contracts, personal injury and other related matters, some of which allege substantial monetary damages and claims. Some of these actions may be brought as class actions on behalf of a class or purported class of employees. While the outcomes of claims and legal proceedings brought against us are subject to significant uncertainty, our management believes the final outcome will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We accrue a charge when our management determines that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When a loss is probable, we record an accrual based on the reasonably estimable loss or range of loss. When no point of loss is more likely than another, we record the lowest amount in the estimated range of loss and, if material, disclose the estimated range. We do not record liabilities for reasonably possible loss contingencies, but do disclose a range of reasonably possible losses if they are material and we are able to estimate such a range. If we cannot provide a range of reasonably possible losses, we explain the factors that prevent us from determining such a range. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether an accrual should be established or adjusted. Estimating the probability that a loss will occur and estimating the amount of a loss or a range of loss involves significant estimation and judgment.

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Not applicable.

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PART II

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol "SP".

Holders

As of February 14, 2022, we estimate that there were approximately 9,000 registered holders of our common stock.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

There were no repurchases of equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2021.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

We have an amended and restated long-term incentive plan (the "Plan") that was adopted in conjunction with our initial public offering in 2004. On March 7, 2018, our Board of Directors (“Board”) approved an amendment and restatement of the Plan that increased the number of shares of common stock available under the Plan from 2,975,000 to 3,775,000. Company stockholders approved the Plan amendment and restatement on May 8, 2018. Under the Plan, we have granted stock options, stock grants and issued restricted stock units (“RSU’s”) and performance stock units (“PSU’s”) awards to certain employees. Forfeited and expired options under the Plan generally become available for reissuance. Additional information regarding the Plan appears in Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Note 6. Stock-Based Compensation to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

The status of the Plan on December 31, 2021 is as follows:

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Stock Performance Graph

The performance graph above shows the cumulative total stockholder return of our common stock for the period starting on December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2021. This performance is compared with the cumulative total returns over the same period of the Standard & Poor's (“S&P”) 500 Index and the S&P SmallCap 600 Commercial and Professional Services Index, which includes our direct competitor, ABM Industries Incorporated. The graph assumes that on December 31, 2016, $100 was invested in each of the other two indices, and assumes reinvestment of dividends. The stock performance shown in the graph represents past performance and should not be considered an indication of future performance.

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This Item 7. "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and other parts of this Form 10-K contain forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations of future events based on certain assumptions and include any statement that does not directly relate to any historical or current fact, including statements regarding the anticipated further impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (“COVID-19”) on our operations and financial condition. Forward-looking statements can also be identified by words such as "future," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "plans," "predicts," "will," "would," "could," "can," "may," and similar terms. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and SP Plus Corporation’s (“the Company”) actual results may differ significantly from the results discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-K, which are incorporated herein by reference. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes thereto included in Part IV, Item 15. "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Form 10-K. Each of the terms the "We" and "Our" as used herein refers collectively to SP Plus Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise stated. The Company assumes no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements for any reason, except as required by law.

General Overview

In evaluating our financial condition and operating performance, our primary area of focus is on our operating income. Revenue from lease type contracts includes all gross customer collections derived from our leased locations (net of local taxes), whereas revenue from management type contracts only includes our contractually agreed upon management fees and amounts attributable to ancillary services. Gross customer collections at facilities under management type contracts, therefore, are not included in our revenue. Accordingly, while a change in the proportion of our operating agreements that are structured as lease type contracts may cause significant fluctuations in reported revenue and cost of services, those changes will not artificially affect our gross profit. For example, as of December 31, 2021, 86% of our commercial business was operating under management type contracts. Only 64% of total revenue (excluding reimbursed management type contract revenue) for the year ended December 31, 2021, however, was from management type contracts. Under those contracts, the revenue collected from customers belongs to our clients.

We believe that sophisticated clients (which also include property owners) recognize the potential for technology-driven mobility solutions, parking services, parking management, ground transportation services, baggage handling services and other ancillary services to be a profit generator and/or a service differentiator to their customers. By outsourcing these services, they are able to capture additional profit and improve customer experiences by leveraging the unique operational skills and controls that an experienced services company can offer. Our ability to consistently deliver a uniformly high level of services to our clients, including the use of various technological enhancements, allows us to maximize the profit and/or customer experience to our clients and improves our ability to win contracts and retain existing clients. Our focus on customer service and satisfaction is a key driver of our high retention rate, which was approximately 91% and 87% for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, for the Commercial segment.

Commercial Segment Facilities

In order to mitigate some of the effects from COVID-19, we converted many of our lease locations to management locations during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. In addition, we were able to exit many less profitable contracts, which were for both lease and management locations. The following table reflects our Commercial facilities (by contractual type) operated at the end of the years indicated:

Revenue

We recognize services revenue from our contracts and certain fees for using our technology-driven mobility solutions as the related services are provided. Substantially all of our revenue comes from the following two sources:

Lease type contracts. Consists of all revenue received at lease type locations, including gross receipts (net of local taxes), consulting and real estate development fees, gains on sales of contracts and payments for exercising termination rights. As discussed in Note 4. Revenue in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, revenue from lease type contracts includes a reduction for certain expenses (primarily rent expense) related to service concession arrangements.

Management type contracts. Consists of management fees, including fixed, variable and/or performance-based fees, and amounts attributable to ancillary services such as accounting, equipment leasing, baggage services, payments received for exercising termination rights, consulting, developmental fees, gains on sales of contracts, insurance and other value-added services. We believe we generally can purchase required insurance at lower rates than our clients can obtain on their own because we effectively self-insure for all liability and worker’s compensation and health care claims by maintaining a large per-claim deductible. As a result, we have generated operating income on the insurance provided under our management type contracts by focusing on our risk management efforts and controlling losses. Management type contract revenues do not include gross customer collections at those facilities, as those revenues belong to the client rather than to us. Management type contracts generally provide us with a management fee regardless of the operating performance of the underlying facility.

Reimbursed Management Type Contract Revenue. Consists of the direct reimbursement from the client for operating expenses incurred under a management type contract, which are reflected in our revenue.

Cost of Services (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization)

Our cost of services consists of the following:

Lease type contracts. Consists of contractual rents or fees paid to the client and all operating expenses incurred in connection with operating the leased facility. Contractual rents or fees paid to the client are generally based on either a fixed contractual amount, a percentage of gross revenue or a combination thereof. Generally, under a lease type arrangement we are not responsible for major capital expenditures or real estate taxes.

Management type contracts. Cost of services under a management type contract is generally the responsibility of the client. As a result, these costs are not included in our results of operations. However, our reverse management type contracts, which typically provide for larger management fees, do require us to pay for certain costs and those costs are included in our results of operations.

Reimbursed Management Type Contract Expense. Consists of directly reimbursed costs incurred on behalf of a client under a management type contract, which are reflected in our cost of services.

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Gross Profit

Gross profit equals our revenue less the cost of generating such revenue (“cost of services”). This is one of the key metrics we use to examine our performance because it captures the underlying economic benefit to us of both lease and management type contracts.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include salaries, wages, payroll taxes, insurance, travel and office related expenses for our headquarters, field offices and supervisory employees.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation is determined using a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the various asset classes, or in the case of leasehold improvements, over the initial term of the operating lease or its useful life, whichever is shorter. Intangible assets determined to have finite lives, usually acquired through the acquisition of businesses, are amortized over their remaining estimated useful lives.

Operating Income (Loss)

Operating income represents gross profit less general and administrative expense, depreciation and amortization and impairment of goodwill and intangible assets. This is the key metric our Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) uses for making decisions, assessing performance and allocating resources to our Operating Segments, Commercial and Aviation.

Goodwill and other Intangible Assets, net

See Item 7. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates, which describes our policy relating to goodwill and other intangible assets, net.

Goodwill

Due to the impacts of COVID-19 on our operations, revenues for certain markets in which we operate decreased significantly during 2020 as compared to the expectations as of the October 1, 2019 annual impairment test. In addition, certain Aviation contracts were terminated during August 2020. The termination of these contracts and the ongoing impacts of COVID-19 on our expected future operating cash flows triggered us to complete a quantitative goodwill impairment analysis for our Aviation reporting unit as of August 31, 2020. Based on the quantitative analysis, we determined that the estimated carrying value exceeded implied fair value for the Aviation reporting unit and goodwill was impaired. No impairment was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021. See Note 10. Goodwill in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Other Intangibles Assets, net

As a result of the impact of COVID-19 on our expected future operating cash flows, we determined certain impairment testing triggers had occurred related to our Proprietary know how intangible assets within the Aviation segment as of June 30, 2020. Accordingly, we analyzed undiscounted cash flows for these intangible assets as of June 30, 2020. Based on the undiscounted cash flow analysis, we determined that estimated net carrying values exceeded undiscounted future cash flows for certain Proprietary know how intangible assets and therefore, as of June 30, 2020, certain Proprietary know how assets were impaired.

Additionally, as a result of the termination of certain contracts within the Aviation reporting unit during August 2020 and the ongoing impact of COVID-19 on our expected future operating cash flows, we determined certain impairment testing triggers had occurred related to our customer relationships and trade names and trademarks intangible assets. Accordingly, we analyzed undiscounted cash flows for these intangible assets as of August 31, 2020. Based on the undiscounted cash flow analysis, we determined that estimated net carrying values exceeded undiscounted future cash flows for certain customer relationships and trade names and trademarks intangible assets and therefore as of August 31, 2020, certain customer relationships and trade names and trademarks intangible assets were impaired. See Note 9. Other Intangible Assets, net in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

For both goodwill and intangible assets, future events may indicate differences from our judgments and estimates which could, in turn, result in impairment charges. Future events that may result in impairment charges include extended unfavorable economic impacts of COVID-19, increases in interest rates, which would impact discount rates, or other factors which could decrease revenues and profitability of existing locations and changes in the cost structure of existing facilities, such as increasing labor and benefit costs.

Long-Lived Assets

See Item 7. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates, which describes our policy relating to other long-lived assets.

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we determined certain impairment triggers had occurred for certain right-of-use (“ROU”) assets. See Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies and Practices and Note 2. Leases in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Assumptions and estimates used to determine cash flows in the evaluation of impairment and the fair values used to determine the impairment are subject to a degree of judgment and complexity. Any future changes to the assumptions and estimates resulting from changes in actual results or market conditions from those anticipated may affect the carrying value of long-lived assets or asset groups and could result in additional impairment charges. Future events that may result in impairment charges include extended unfavorable economic impacts of COVID-19, or other factors which could decrease revenues and profitability of existing locations and changes in the cost structure of existing facilities, such as increasing labor and benefit costs.

Segments

An operating segment is defined as a component of an enterprise that engages in business activities from which it may earn revenue and incur expenses, and about which separate financial information is regularly evaluated by our CODM. Our CODM is our chief executive officer. The CODM uses this separate discrete financial information by segment to allocate resources and assess performance, primarily based on operating income.

Our operating segments are Commercial and Aviation, which are described below.

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The Other segment includes costs related to our operational support teams and costs related to common and shared infrastructure, including finance, accounting, information technology, human resources, procurement and purchasing, legal and corporate development.

In December 2021, due to our continued focus on managing costs as a result of COVID-19, we changed our internal metric for how the CODM evaluates the business to operating income. In addition, we changed our internal segment information reported to the CODM. Certain revenue and expenses previously reported under Other are now included in Commercial and Aviation. All prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the Company’s current reporting structure.

Analysis of Results of Operations

As a result of COVID-19, we have executed on a strategy to successfully convert certain lease type contracts to management type contracts or terminate certain lease type contracts, which should provide a higher operating income over the contract term. In addition, for those locations that have remained leases, we have worked with landlords to receive rent concessions, receive cost concessions related to service concession arrangements or change lease terms to be more favorable to us. As COVID-19 subsides, we expect these concessions to decline.

New business relates to contracts that started during the current period. Contract terminations relate to contracts that have expired or terminated early during the current period but where we were operating the business in the comparative period presented. Conversions relate to contracts that were converted from lease type contracts to management type contracts after the prior year period.

2021 Compared to 2020

Consolidated results for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, included the following notable items:

Services revenue increased by $52.5 million, or 9.6%, attributable to the following:

Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) decreased by $96.9 million, or 18.7%, attributable to the following:

General and administrative expenses increased $2.8 million, or 3.3%, primarily related to higher compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, during the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by lower restructuring and other costs, cost reduction initiatives and impairment charges of $1.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 related to certain abandoned operating leases.

We recognized $135.3 million of impairment charges related to certain finite lived intangible assets and goodwill during the year ended December 31, 2020. Due to the impact of COVID-19 on our operations and the termination of certain Aviation contracts in August 2020, our projected future revenue, profitability and operating cash flows within the Aviation segment were expected to be lower than our prior projections. As a result, the implied fair value of certain asset groups related to finite lived intangible assets within the Aviation segment were lower than their carrying values, resulting in $75.8 million of impairment charges being recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, based on the quantitative goodwill impairment analysis performed by us as of August 31, 2020, the estimated carrying value for the Aviation reporting unit exceeded its implied fair value, resulting in $59.5 million of goodwill impairment charges being recorded during the year ended December 31, 2020. No similar impairment charges were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Our effective tax rate was 22.9% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 28.1% for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease in the effective tax rate is due to the finalization of our 2020 U.S. Federal income tax return during the year ended December 31, 2021, which resulted in a $2.0 million additional benefit related to the ability to carryback our 2020 U.S. Federal Net Operating Loss (“NOL”) to previous tax years that had a higher tax rate.

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The following tables summarize our revenues (excluding reimbursed management type contract revenue), gross profit, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets and operating income (loss) by segment for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Commercial

Gross Profit

General and administrative expense increased $2.8 million, or $15.1%, to $21.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily related to higher compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, during the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by cost reduction initiatives.

Operating Income increased $149.7 million, or 319.9%, to $102.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a loss of $46.8 million for the year ended December 31. 2020, primarily due to the $93.6 million decrease in lease impairment and the other factors noted above.

Aviation

Gross Profit

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General and administrative expenses decreased $0.2 million, or 1.7%, to $11.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease is primarily related to cost reduction initiatives and impairment charges related to certain abandoned operating leases during the year ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by higher compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Operating Income increased $136.7 million, or 119.0%, to $21.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to a loss $114.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets of $135.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, lower depreciation and amortization expense due to the impairment of intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2020 and the other factors noted above, partially offset by the $5.6 million of termination fees received during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Other

Operating expenses within the Other segment increased $0.3 million, or 0.5%, to $58.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $57.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to higher compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, during the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by lower restructuring and other costs, lower legal expenses and cost reduction initiatives.

2020 Compared to 2019

Consolidated results for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, include the following notable items:

Services revenue decreased by $385.9 million, or 41.3%, attributable to the following:

Cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) decreased by $188.2 million, or 26.6%, attributable to the following:

General and administrative expenses decreased $23.6 million, or 21.7%, for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily related to lower compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, and cost reduction initiatives during the year ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by an increase in restructuring and other costs and impairment charges of $1.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 related to certain abandoned operating leases.

We recognized $135.3 million of impairment charges related to certain finite lived intangible assets and goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2020 in the Aviation segment. No similar impairment charges were recognized during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Our effective tax rate was 28.1% for the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to 27.3% for the year ended December 31, 2019. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2020 reflects the benefit related to the ability to carryback our 2020 U.S. Federal NOL to tax years that had a higher tax rate.

The following tables summarize our revenues (excluding reimbursed management type contract revenue), gross profit, general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, impairment of goodwill and intangible assets and operating (loss) income by segment for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019.

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Commercial

Gross Profit

General and administrative expense decreased $13.3 million, or $41.7%, to $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $31.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily related to lower compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, and cost reduction initiatives during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Operating loss increased $149.0 million, or 145.8%, to $46.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to income of $102.2 million for the year ended December 31. 2020, primarily related to the factors noted above.

Aviation

Gross Profit

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General and administrative expenses decreased $6.3 million, or 34.4%, to $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $18.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease is primarily related to lower compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, and cost reduction initiatives during the year ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by impairment charges related to certain abandoned operating leases and higher restructuring and other expenses.

Operating loss increased $164.2 million, or 333.1%, to $114.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to income of $49.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019, primarily due to the impairment of goodwill and intangible assets of $135.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 and the factors noted above, partially offset by lower depreciation and amortization expenses as a result of the impairment of intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Other

Operating expenses within the Other segment decreased $3.9 million, or 6.3%, to $57.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, compared to $61.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower compensation expenses, including performance based compensation, and cost reduction initiatives during the year ended December 31, 2020, partially offset by higher restructuring and other costs.

Analysis of Financial Condition

Liquidity and Capital Resources

General

We continually project anticipated cash requirements for our operating, investing and financing needs, as well as cash flows generated from operating activities available to meet these needs. Our operating needs can include, among other items, commitments for cost of services, operating leases, payroll, insurance claims, interest and legal settlements. Our investing and financing spending can include payments for acquired businesses, joint ventures, capital expenditures, distributions to noncontrolling interests, share repurchases and payments on our outstanding indebtedness.

As of December 31, 2021, we had $15.7 million of cash and cash equivalents and $163.9 million of borrowing availability under our Senior Credit Facility (as defined below). COVID-19 and the resulting global disruptions have negatively affected the global economy, as well as our business and the businesses of our customers and clients. The full impact of COVID-19 on our business and the businesses of our customers and clients is unknown and highly unpredictable and could continue beyond the containment of COVID-19. In order to lessen the impacts from COVID-19, we have taken actions to improve our liquidity, including, without limitation, by reducing operating expenses and capital expenditures, suspending repurchases of our common stock and maximizing the NOL on our 2020 U.S. Federal income tax return in order to carry back the loss to previous years that had a higher tax rate. Based on these actions and our expectations regarding the impact of COVID-19 on our business, we believe we will be able to generate sufficient liquidity to satisfy our obligations and remain in compliance with our existing debt covenants for the next twelve months.

Outstanding Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2021, we had total indebtedness of approximately $324.0 million, a decrease of $38.1 million from $362.1 million as of December 31, 2020. The $324.0 million included:

Senior Credit Facility

On February 16, 2021 (the “Fourth Amendment Effective Date”), we entered into a fourth amendment (the “Fourth Amendment”) to our credit agreement (as amended prior to the Fourth Amendment Effective Date (as defined below), the “Credit Agreement”). Prior to the Fourth Amendment Effective Date and pursuant to the third amendment (the “Third Amendment”) to the Credit Agreement, which was entered into on May 6, 2020, the Senior Credit Facility permitted aggregate borrowings of $595.0 million consisting of (i) a revolving credit facility of up to $370.0 million at any time outstanding, which includes a letter of credit facility that is limited to $100.0 million at any time outstanding, and (ii) a term loan facility of $225.0 million (the entire principal amount of which we drew on November 30, 2018). Pursuant to the Credit Agreement as amended by the Fourth Amendment (the “Amended Credit Agreement”), the aggregate commitments under the revolving credit facility decreased by $45.0 million to $325.0 million.

Borrowings under the Senior Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate per annum based on our consolidated total debt to EBITDA ratio for the 12-month period ending as of the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal quarter, determined in accordance with (i) the applicable pricing levels set forth in the Credit Agreement (the “Applicable Margin”) for London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) loans, subject to a “floor” on LIBOR of 1.00%, or a comparable or successor rate to LIBOR approved by Bank of America, plus the applicable LIBOR rate, or (ii) the Applicable Margin for base rate loans plus the highest of (x) the federal funds rate plus 0.5%, (y) the Bank of America prime rate and (z) a daily rate equal to the applicable LIBOR rate plus 1.0%, except that the Fourth Amendment provided that, for the period from May 6, 2020 until the date on which we deliver a compliance certificate for the fiscal quarter ending June 30, 2022, (i) the interest rate applicable to both the term loan and revolving credit facilities was fixed at LIBOR plus 2.75% per annum and (ii) the per annum rate applicable to unused revolving credit facility commitments was fixed at 0.375% (the “Fixed Margin Rates”).

Also pursuant to the Fourth Amendment, (a) we were subject to a Minimum Liquidity test (as described in the Amended Credit Agreement) that required us to have liquidity of at least $40.0 million at each of March 31, 2021 and June 30, 2021, and (b) we are subject to a requirement that, at any time cash on hand exceeds $40.0 million for a period of three consecutive business days, we must repay revolving loans in an amount equal to such excess. Certain other negative and financial covenants were amended, which included restrictions on certain Investments, Permitted Acquisitions, Restricted Payments and Prepayments of Subordinated Debt (each as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement), through the delivery of the compliance certificate for the fiscal quarters ending March 31, 2022 or June 30, 2022, as applicable.

As of December 31, 2021, under the terms of the Fourth Amendment, we were required to maintain a maximum consolidated total debt to EBITDA ratio (as calculated in accordance with the Fourth Amendment) of not greater than 4.75:1.0 (with certain step-downs described in the Amended Credit Agreement). In addition, as of December 31, 2021, we were required to maintain a minimum consolidated fixed coverage ratio of not less than 3.0:1:0 (with certain step-ups described in the Amended Credit Agreement).

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During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred approximately $1.2 million for fees and other customary closing costs in connection with the Amended Credit Agreement.

Under the terms of the Amended Credit Agreement, term loans under the Senior Credit Facility are subject to scheduled quarterly payments of principal in installments equal to 1.875% of the initial aggregate principal amount of such term loan.

Events of default under the Amended Credit Agreement include failure to pay principal or interest when due, failure to comply with the financial and operational covenants, the occurrence of any cross default event, non-compliance with other loan documents, the occurrence of a change of control event, and bankruptcy and other insolvency events.

Each of our wholly owned domestic subsidiaries (subject to certain exceptions set forth in the Amended Credit Agreement) has guaranteed all existing and future indebtedness and liabilities of the other guarantors and the Company arising under the Credit Agreement. Our obligations under the Credit Agreement and such domestic subsidiaries’ guaranty obligations are secured by substantially all of their respective assets. The Senior Credit Facility matures on November 30, 2023. The proceeds from the Senior Credit Facility may be used to finance working capital, capital expenditures and acquisitions, as well as for other general corporate purposes. The Amended Credit Agreement did not change the guarantors, collateral, maturity date or permitted uses of proceeds, except as otherwise described above.

We were in compliance with our debt covenants as of December 31, 2021.

As of December 31, 2021, we had $163.9 million of borrowing availability under the Credit Agreement, of which we could have borrowed $163.5 million on December 31, 2021 and remained in compliance with the above described covenants as of such date. Our borrowing availability under the Amended Credit Agreement is limited only as of our fiscal quarter-end by the covenant restrictions described above. At December 31, 2021, we had $46.4 million letters of credit outstanding under the Senior Credit Facility and borrowings against the Senior Credit Facility aggregated to $302.1 million (excluding debt discount of $0.5 million and deferred financing costs of $1.5 million).

Stock Repurchases

On March 10, 2020, we suspended stock repurchases in order to help improve liquidity in response to the impacts of COVID-19.

In July 2019, the Board authorized us to repurchase, on the open market, shares of our outstanding common stock in an amount not to exceed $50.0 million in aggregate. Under this program, we repurchased 393,375 shares of common stock at an average price of $38.78 during the year ended December 31, 2020.  During the year ended December 31, 2019, we repurchased 652,000 shares of common stock at an average price of $38.88 under this program.

In March 2020, the Board authorized a new program to repurchase, on the open market, shares of our outstanding common stock in an amount not to exceed $50.0 million in aggregate. We have not repurchased shares under this program.

Since commencement, under all common stock repurchase programs, we have repurchased 2,034,742 shares of common stock through December 31, 2021. The remaining authorized amounts in the aggregate under the July 2019 and March 2020 repurchase programs as of December 31, 2021 were as follows:

Letters of Credit

We provided letters of credit totaling $13.2 million and $14.4 million to our casualty insurance carriers to collateralize our casualty insurance program as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We provided $33.2 million and $34.6 million in letters of credit to collateralize other obligations as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Interest Rate Collars

In May 2019, we entered into three-year interest rate collar contracts with an aggregate $222.3 million notional amount. The interest rate collars are used to manage interest rate risk associated with variable interest rate borrowings under the Credit Agreement. The interest rate collars establish a range where we will pay the counterparties if the one-month U.S. dollar LIBOR rate falls below the established floor rate, and the counterparties will pay us if the one-month U.S. dollar LIBOR rate exceeds the established ceiling rate of 2.5%. The interest rate collars settle monthly through the termination date of April 2022. No payments or receipts are exchanged on the interest rate collar contracts unless interest rates rise above or fall below the pre-determined ceiling or floor rates. The notional amount amortized consistently with the term loan portion of the Senior Credit Facility under the Credit Agreement prior to the Third Amendment. The interest rate collars were classified as cash flow hedges through May 5, 2020. On May 6, 2020, concurrent with entering into the Third Amendment, we de-designated the three-year interest rate collars. Prior to de-designation, the effective portion of the change in the fair value of the collars was reported in Accumulated other comprehensive loss. Upon de-designation, the balance in Accumulated other comprehensive loss is being reclassified to Other expense (income) in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) on a straight-line basis through April 2022, which is over the remaining life for which the interest rate collars had previously been designated as cash flow hedges. Changes in the fair value of the collars after de-designation are included within Other expense (income) in the Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, $2.5 million and $1.6 million of interest was paid related to the interest rate collars, respectively.

We do not enter into derivative instruments for any speculative purposes.

Daily Cash Collections

As a result of day-to-day activity at our parking locations, we collect significant amounts of cash. Lease type contract revenue is generally deposited into our local bank accounts, with a portion remitted to our clients in the form of rental payments according to the terms of the leases. Under management type contracts, clients may require us to deposit the daily receipts into one of our local bank accounts, with the cash in excess of our operating expenses and management fees remitted to the clients at negotiated intervals. Other clients may require us to deposit the daily receipts into client designated bank accounts and the clients then reimburse us for operating expenses and pay our management fee subsequent to month-end. Our working capital and liquidity may be adversely affected if a significant number of our clients require us to deposit all parking revenues into their respective accounts.

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Our liquidity also fluctuates on an intra-month and intra-year basis depending on the contract mix and timing of significant cash payments. Additionally, our ability to utilize cash deposited into our local accounts is dependent upon the availability and movement of that cash into our corporate accounts. For all these reasons, from time to time, we carry a significant cash balance, while also utilizing our Senior Credit Facility.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We had cash and cash equivalents of $15.7 million and $13.9 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The cash balances reflect our ability to utilize funds deposited into our bank accounts. Availability, timing of deposits and the subsequent movement of cash into our corporate bank accounts may result in significant changes to our cash balances.

Summary of Cash Flows

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash flows from operating activities and availability under our Senior Credit Facility. Our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 were as follows:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $13.2 million to $53.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 from $40.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in net cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from higher operating income, net of non-cash related items, due to improving business conditions, partially offset by the early repayment of deferred FICA taxes during the year ended December 31, 2021 and our significant efforts during March 2020 to control working capital to prepare for the uncertainty of COVID-19.

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $35.8 million to $40.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 from $76.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities primarily resulted from the impacts of COVID-19, partially offset by lower cash taxes and favorable working capital management.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $9.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, a decrease of $2.4 million from $11.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to the noncontrolling interest buyout of $1.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 as discussed below. Cash used to purchase leasehold improvements and equipment was $9.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to $8.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, reflecting our continued investment in technology initiatives during the year ended December 31, 2021.

Net cash used in investing activities was $11.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $1.0 million from $12.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. Cash used in to purchase leasehold improvements, equipment and cost of contracts was $11.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to $12.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold investments and equipment for $1.2 million and bought out a minority partner for $1.7 million as part of our decision to convert our agreement with Bradley International Airport to a standard management type agreement.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $42.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, an increase of $3.4 million from $39.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The increase was primarily due to higher payments on debt during the year ended December 31, 2021, partially offset by the repurchases of common stock during the year ended December 31, 2020 that were suspended in March 2020.

Net cash used in financing activities was $39.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, a decrease of $40.4 million from $79.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease was primarily due to lower repurchases of common stock and lower net payments on the Senior Credit Facility.

Summary Disclosures about Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

The following table summarizes certain contractual obligations at December 31, 2021 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods. We do not have significant short-term purchase obligations.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. The SEC has defined a company's critical accounting policies and estimates as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of the company's financial condition and results of operations, and which require the company to make its most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, we have identified the critical accounting policies and judgments addressed below. We base these estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Certain accounting estimates are particularly sensitive because of their complexity and the possibility that future events affecting them may differ materially from our current judgments and estimates.

This listing of critical accounting policies is not intended to be a comprehensive list of all of our accounting policies. We also have other key accounting policies, which involve the use of estimates, judgments, and assumptions that are significant to understanding our results, which are included in Note 1. Significant Accounting Policies and Practices in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part IV, Item 15. "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules."

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price paid over the fair value of net assets acquired. In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") authoritative accounting guidance on goodwill, we evaluate goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, or more often if events or circumstances change that could cause goodwill to become impaired. We have elected to assess the impairment of goodwill annually on October 1 or at an interim date if there is an event or change in circumstances indicating the carrying value may not be recoverable. The goodwill impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level; our reporting units represent our operating segments, consisting of Commercial and Aviation. Factors that could trigger an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the use of acquired assets or our business strategy, and significant negative industry or economic trends.

We may perform a qualitative, rather than quantitative, assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The determination of fair value of a reporting unit utilizes cash flow projections that assume certain future revenue and cost levels, comparable marketplace data, comparable company market valuations, assumed discount rates based upon current market conditions and other valuation factors, all of which involve the use of significant judgement and estimates. We also assess critical areas that may impact our business including economic conditions, market related exposures, competition, changes in service offerings and changes in key personnel.

Other intangible assets represent assets with finite lives that are amortized over their estimated useful lives. We evaluate the remaining useful life of other intangible assets on a periodic basis to determine whether events or circumstances warrant a revision to their remaining useful lives. In addition, other intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when circumstances change that would indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. Assumptions and estimates about future values and remaining useful lives of intangibles are complex and subjective. They can be affected by a variety of factors, including external factors such as industry and economic trends, and internal factors, such as changes in our business strategy and forecasts. Although we believe the historical assumptions and estimates are reasonable and appropriate, different assumptions and estimates could materially impact our reported financial results.

Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate long-lived assets, including ROU assets, leasehold improvements, equipment and construction in progress, for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset or asset group may not be recoverable. We group assets at the lowest level for which cash flows are separately identified in order to measure an impairment. Events or circumstances that would result in an impairment review include a significant change in the use of an asset, the planned sale or disposal of an asset, or a projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with the use of a long-lived asset or asset group. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of the asset to future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset or asset group. If the asset or asset group is determined to be impaired, the impairment recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the asset or asset group exceeds its fair value.

Assumptions and estimates used to determine cash flows in the evaluation of impairment and the fair values used to determine the impairment are subject to a degree of judgment and complexity. Any future changes to the assumptions and estimates resulting from changes in actual results or market conditions from those anticipated may affect the carrying value of long-lived assets and could result in additional impairment charges. Future events that may result in impairment charges include extended unfavorable economic impacts of COVID-19, or other factors, which could decrease revenues and profitability of existing locations.

Insurance Reserves

We purchase comprehensive casualty insurance covering certain claims that arise in connection with our operations. In addition, we purchase umbrella/excess liability coverage. Under the various liability and workers' compensation insurance policies, we are obligated to pay directly or reimburse the insurance carrier for the deductible / retention amount of each loss covered by our general / garage, automobile, workers' compensation and garage keepers legal liability policies. As a result, we are effectively self-insured for all claims within the deductible / retention amount of each loss. Any loss over the deductible / retention is the responsibility of the third-party insurer. We apply the provisions as defined in the guidance related to accounting for contingencies, in determining the timing and amount of expense recognition associated with claims against us. The expense recognition is based upon our determination of an unfavorable outcome of a claim being deemed as probable and capable of being reasonably estimated, as defined in the guidance related to accounting for contingencies. This determination requires the use of judgment in both the estimation of probability and the amount to be recognized as an expense. We utilize historical claims experience and exposures specific to each type of insurance, along with actuarial methods performed quarterly by a third party actuarial adviser in determining the required level of insurance reserves. As of December 31, 2021, the insurance reserve for general, garage, automobile and workers’ compensation liabilities was $47.6 million, of which $20.0 million and $27.6 million was recorded in Accrued and other current liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Future information regarding historical loss experience may require changes to the level of insurance reserves and could result in increased expense recognition in the future.

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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

Accounts receivable, net of the allowance for doubtful accounts, represents our estimate of the amount that ultimately will be realized in cash. We review the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts on an ongoing basis, primarily using a review of specific accounts, as well as historical collection trends and aging of receivables, and record adjustments to the allowance as necessary. Changes in economic conditions or other circumstances could have an impact on the collection of existing receivable balances or future allowance considerations.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense involves our judgment as to the ultimate resolution of any tax issues. Historically, our assessments of the ultimate resolution of tax issues have been reasonably accurate. The current open issues are not dissimilar from historical items.

Deferred income taxes are computed using the asset and liability method, such that deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for deductible temporary differences between U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities based on currently enacted tax laws and tax rates in effect for the periods in which these temporary differences are expected to reverse or be settled. Income tax expense is the tax payable for the period plus the change during the period in deferred income taxes. We have certain state NOL carry forwards which expire in 2041. We consider a number of factors in our assessment of the recoverability of our NOL carryforwards including their expiration dates and the limitations imposed due to the change in ownership, as well as future projections of income. Future changes in our operating performance, along with these considerations, may significantly impact the amount of NOLs ultimately recovered, and our assessment of their recoverability.

When evaluating our tax positions, we account for uncertainty in income taxes in our Consolidated Financial Statements. The evaluation of a tax position is a two-step process, the first step being recognition. The first step is to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that a tax position will be sustained upon tax examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on only the technical merits of the position and the weight of available evidence. If a tax position does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold, which is more than 50% likely of being realized, the benefit of that position is not recognized in our financial statements. The second step is measurement of the tax benefit. The tax position is measured as the largest amount of benefit that is more-likely-than-not of being realized, which is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate resolution with a taxing authority.

Legal and Other Contingencies

We are subject to claims and litigation in the normal course of our business, including those related to labor and employment, contracts, personal injury and other related matters, some of which allege substantial monetary damages and claims. Some of these actions may be brought as class actions on behalf of a class or purported class of employees. While the outcomes of claims and legal proceedings brought against us are subject to uncertainty, we believe the final outcome will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We accrue a charge when we determine that it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When a loss is probable, we record an accrual based on the reasonably estimable loss or range of loss. When no point of loss is more likely than another, we record the lowest amount in the estimated range of loss, and if material, disclose the estimated range. We do not record liabilities for reasonably possible loss contingencies, but do disclose a range of reasonably possible losses if they are material and we are able to estimate such a range. If we cannot provide a range of reasonably possible losses, we explain the factors that prevent us from determining such a range. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether an accrual should be established or adjusted. Estimating the probability that a loss will occur and estimating the amount of a loss or a range of loss involves significant estimation and judgment.

Interest Rates

Our primary market risk exposure consists of risk related to changes in interest rates. We use the variable rate Senior Credit Facility to finance our operations. The Senior Credit Facility exposes us to variability in interest payments due to changes in interest rates. If interest rates increase, interest expense increases and conversely, if interest rates decrease, interest expense also decreases. We believe that it is prudent to limit our exposure to an increase in interest rates. See Note 12. Borrowing Arrangements to our Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

If we were to borrow the entire $163.5 million available under the revolving credit facility, a one percent increase in the average market rate would result in an increase in our annual interest expense of $1.6 million. This amount is determined by considering the impact of the hypothetical interest rates on our borrowing cost, but does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Due to the uncertainty of the specific changes and their possible effects, the foregoing sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our financial structure.

Interest Rate Collars

See Item 7 of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K concerning Liquidity and Capital Resources for further discussion regarding our interest rate collars.

Foreign Currency Risk

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in the United States and, as such, are not subject to material foreign currency exchange risk. All foreign investments are denominated in U.S. dollars, with the exception of our investments in Canada. We had approximately $0.7 million of Canadian dollar denominated cash instruments as of December 31, 2021, and no debt instruments denominated in the Canadian dollar as of December 31, 2021. We do not hold any hedging instruments related to foreign currency transactions.

We monitor foreign currency positions and may enter into certain hedging instruments in the future if we determine that exposure to foreign exchange risk has increased.

The Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes and schedules required by this item are incorporated into this Form 10-K and set forth in Part IV, Item 15. "Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" herein.

None.

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Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Prior to the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 and under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Controller, we carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (the "Evaluation") as of the last day of the period covered by this Form 10-K.

Disclosure controls and procedures are defined by Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act as controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Based upon the Evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Controller concluded that, as of December 31, 2021, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to promote reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported accurately and within the time frames specified in the SEC's rules and forms and accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Inherent Limitations of the Effectiveness of Internal Control

Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

Management, including our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Corporate Controller, does not expect that our internal controls will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of internal controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Also, any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls in future periods are subject to the risk that those internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in business conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management's Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to our management and Board of Directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of our published financial statements.

Prior to the filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the last day of the period covered by the report. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission ("COSO") in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2017 Framework). Based on our Evaluation under the COSO Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.

Ernst & Young LLP has audited the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and, as part of its audit, has issued an attestation report, included herein, on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no significant changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2021, that were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

None.

Item 9C.      Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

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PART III

Information required by this item with respect to our directors and compliance by our directors, executive officers and certain beneficial owners of our common stock with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act is incorporated by reference to all information under the captions entitled "Board Matters—Nominees for Director," "Board Matters—Nomination Process," "Our Corporate Governance Practices—Codes of Conduct and Ethics," "Board Committees and Meetings," "Executive Officers" and "Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports" (if any) included in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

We have adopted a code of ethics as part of our compliance program. The code of ethics applies to our Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer), Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer) and Corporate Controller (Principal Accounting Officer). In addition, we have adopted a code of business conduct that applies to all of our officers and employees. Any amendments to, or waivers from, our code of ethics will be posted on our website www.spplus.com. A copy of these codes of conduct and ethics will be provided to you without charge upon request to investor_relations@spplus.com.

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to all information under the caption entitled "Board Committees and Meetings-Committees of the Board-Compensation Committee-Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation," "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Compensation Committee Report," "Executive Compensation," and "Non-Employee Director Compensation" included in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to all information under the caption entitled "Equity Compensation Plan Information" and "Security Ownership" included in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

Item 13.Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to all information under the caption "Board Matters—Nomination Process—Board Designees," "Our Corporate Governance Practices—Director Independence," "Our Corporate Governance Practices—Related-Party Transaction Policy," and "Transactions with Related Persons and Control Persons" included in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

Information required by this item is incorporated by reference to all information under the caption "Audit Committee Disclosure—Principal Accounting Fees and Services," and "Audit Committee Disclosure—Procedures for Audit Committee Pre-Approval of Audit and Permissible Non-Audit Services of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm" included in our 2022 Proxy Statement.

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PART IV

(a) Documents filed as part of this report

1. All Financial Statements

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

2. Financial Statement Schedule

Schedules are omitted since the required information is not present or is not present in amounts sufficient to require submission of the schedule, or because the information required is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.

3. Exhibits