Statera Biopharma, Inc. - Annual Report: 2014 (Form 10-K)

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United States

Securities and Exchange Commission

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014

or

For the transition period from                      to                     

Commission file number 001-32954

CLEVELAND BIOLABS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ¨    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates, computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter was $27,412,895. There were 3,435,534 shares of common stock outstanding as of February 12, 2014.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The definitive proxy statement relating to the registrant’s 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated by reference in Part III to the extent described therein. Such proxy statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.

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Cleveland BioLabs, Inc.

Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014

INDEX

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements give our current expectations of forecasts of future events. All statements other than statements of current or historical fact contained in this annual report, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, new products, budgets, liquidity, cash flows, projected costs, regulatory approvals or the impact of any laws or regulations applicable to us, and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “should,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “will,” and similar expressions, as they relate to us, are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations about future events. While we believe these expectations are reasonable, such forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. Our actual future results may differ materially from those discussed here for various reasons. When you consider these forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind these risk factors and other cautionary statements in this annual report including in Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in Item 1A “Risk Factors.”

Given these risks and uncertainties, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements included in this report are made only as of the date hereof. We do not undertake any obligation to update any such statements or to publicly announce the results of any revisions to any of such statements to reflect future events or developments. When used in the report, unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, the terms “Cleveland BioLabs” and “CBLI” refer to Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary BioLab 612, LLC, but not its consolidated joint venture, Panacela Labs, Inc., or its unconsolidated joint venture, Incuron, LLC. The “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. together with our wholly-owned subsidiary, BioLab 612, LLC, our consolidated joint venture, Panacela Labs, Inc. and our unconsolidated joint venture, Incuron, LLC.

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PART I

Item 1. Business

GENERAL OVERVIEW

We are an innovative biopharmaceutical company seeking to develop first-in-class pharmaceuticals designed to address diseases with significant unmet medical need. We combine our proven scientific expertise and our depth of knowledge about our products’ mechanisms of action into a passion for developing drugs to save lives. Our programs are focused on the implementation of novel pharmacological approaches to control cell death. Our proprietary drug candidates act via unique mechanisms that are designed to kill cancer and protect healthy cells. We conduct business in the United States and the Russian Federation. CBLI and our joint ventures, Incuron, LLC, or Incuron, and Panacela Labs, Inc., or Panacela, each have worldwide development and commercialization rights to product candidates in development, subject to certain financial obligations to our current licensors. CBLI’s most advanced product candidate is entolimod, which we are developing as a radiation countermeasure and an immunotherapy for oncology and other indications.

Entolimod is a Toll-like receptor 5, or TLR5, agonist, which we are developing as a radiation countermeasure for prevention of death from Acute Radiation Syndrome, or ARS, and as an oncology drug. We believe that entolimod is the most efficacious radiation countermeasure currently in development. Following is a summary of the clinical development of entolimod to date and regulatory status.

Entolimod is being developed under the U.S. Food & Drug Administration’s, or FDA’s, Animal Efficacy Rule, or the Animal Rule, for the indication of reducing the risk of death following exposure to potentially lethal irradiation occurring as a result of a radiation disaster (see “Government Regulation – Animal Rule”). If approved, we anticipate that entolimod will be administered within 25 hours following radiation exposure. We have completed two dose escalation clinical studies designed to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in a total of 150 healthy volunteers. Administration of entolimod was not associated with irreversible harm at any of the doses evaluated in these two studies. We have completed a Good Laboratory Practices, or GLP, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, pivotal study designed to evaluate the dose-dependent effect of entolimod on survival and biomarker induction in 179 non-human primates exposed to 7.2 Gy total body irradiation when entolimod or placebo were administered at 25 hours after radiation exposure. We have completed a GLP, randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled, pivotal study designed to evaluate the dose-dependent effect of entolimod on biomarker induction in 160 non-irradiated non-human primates. We met with the FDA in July 2014 to present our human dose-conversion and to discuss our intent to submit a pre-Emergency Use Authorization, or pre-EUA. The FDA confirmed that our existing efficacy and safety data and animal-to-human dose conversion are sufficient to proceed with a pre-EUA submission and agreed to accept a pre-EUA submission for review. We are currently preparing the pre-EUA dossier, which we anticipate filing in the first half of 2015. If the FDA authorizes the application, then Federal agencies are free to procure drug product to stockpile and distribute in the event of an emergency, i.e. prior to the drug being formally approved by FDA under a Biologics License Application, or BLA.

In January 2015, we announced that we had received notice that our proposal application to support further development of entolimod as a medical radiation countermeasure was recommended for funding subject to negotiations by the Department of Defense, or DoD, office of Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs, or CDMRP. The proposal application aims to conduct several pivotal animal efficacy studies required by the FDA for submission of a BLA. The Company’s receipt of this award is subject to successful negotiations and availability of funds.

Additionally, we completed enrollment in a Phase 1 open-label, dose-escalation trial of entolimod in patients with advanced cancer in the United States and began dosing in a small expansion study in the Russian Federation, which is enrolling additional patients at the highest doses achieved in the US study. Both studies include evaluation of immune cell response to administrations of entolimod. Preliminary evaluations of the completed study in the United States indicate that the tolerability profile in patients with advanced cancer was

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similar to that observed in two previously conducted studies in 150 healthy volunteers. Initial assessments of immunological response were consistent with TLR5 activation. Early analyses indicate that stable disease was observed in several patients with heavily pretreated cancers.

CORPORATE INFORMATION

We were incorporated in Delaware in June 2003 as a spin-off company from The Cleveland Clinic. We exclusively license our founding intellectual property from The Cleveland Clinic. In 2007, we relocated our operations to Buffalo, New York and became affiliated with Roswell Park Cancer Institute, or RPCI, through technology licensing and research collaboration relationships. Our common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CBLI.”

Our principal executive offices are located at 73 High Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, and our telephone number at that address is (716) 849-6810.

The CBLI logo and CBLI product names are proprietary trade names of CBLI, its subsidiary or joint ventures. We may indicate U.S. trademark registrations and U.S. trademarks with the symbols “^®” and “^TM”, respectively. Third-party logos and product/trade names are registered trademarks or trade names of their respective owners.

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PIPELINE

Our product development programs arise from both internally developed and in-licensed intellectual property from our innovation partners, The Cleveland Clinic and RPCI. In building the Company’s product development pipeline, we intentionally pursued targets with applicability across multiple therapeutic areas and indications. This approach gives us multiple product opportunities and ensures that our success is not dependent on any single product or indication.

Our primary product development programs and their respective development stages are illustrated below:

CBLI

Incuron

Panacela

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Our product development efforts were initiated by discoveries related to apoptosis, a tightly regulated form of cell death that can occur in response to internal stresses or external events such as exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals. Apoptosis is a major determinant of the tissue damage that occurs in a variety of medical conditions involving ischemia, or temporary loss of blood flow, such as cerebral stroke, heart attack and acute renal failure. In addition, apoptotic loss of cells of the hematopoietic, or HP, system and gastrointestinal, or GI, tract is largely responsible for the acute lethality of high-dose radiation exposure. On the other hand, apoptosis is also an important protective mechanism that allows the body to eliminate defective cells such as those with cancer-forming potential.

We have developed novel strategies to target the molecular mechanisms controlling apoptotic cell death for therapeutic benefit. These strategies take advantage of the fact that tumor and normal cells respond to apoptosis-inducing stresses differently due to tumor-specific defects in cellular signaling pathways such as inactivation of p53 (a pro-apoptosis regulator) and constitutive activation of NF-kB (a pro-survival regulator).

Thus, we designed two oppositely-directed general therapeutic concepts:

Entolimod Biodefense Indication

Our lead Protectan product candidate is entolimod, an engineered derivative of the Salmonella flagellin protein that was designed to retain its specific TLR5-activating capacity while increasing its stability, reducing its immunogenicity and enabling high-yield production. We are developing entolimod for dual indications: (i) as a radiation countermeasure for prevention of death from ARS, which we refer to as a Biodefense Indication; and (ii) as an oncology drug (discussed below).

The market for radiation countermeasures grew dramatically following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and the subsequent use of anthrax in a biological attack in the United States. Terrorist activities worldwide have continued in the intervening years and the possibility of chemical, biological, radiation and nuclear attacks continues to represent a perceived threat for governments world-wide. In addition to the U.S. government, we believe the potential markets for the sale of radiation countermeasures include U.S. and foreign state and local governments, including defense and public health agencies, non-governmental organizations and multinational companies, transportation and security companies, healthcare providers, hospitals and clinics, and nuclear power facilities.

Acute high-dose whole body or significant partial body radiation exposure induces massive apoptosis of cells of the HP system and GI tract, which leads to ARS, a potentially fatal condition for which there are currently no FDA-approved treatments. The threat of ARS is primarily limited to emergency/defense scenarios and is significant given the possibility of nuclear/radiological accidents, warfare or terrorist incidents. The scale of possible exposure (number of people affected) has been estimated by the U.S. government to be in the range of 500,000 based on a modeled 10-kiloton device detonation in New York City. And we believe the current lack of approved efficacious treatments to deal with such an event makes entolimod a compelling product candidate. It is not feasible or ethical to test the efficacy of entolimod as a radiation countermeasure in humans. Therefore, we are developing entolimod under the FDA’s Animal Rule guidance (see “Government Regulation – Animal Rule”). The Animal Rule authorizes the FDA to rely on data from animal studies to provide evidence of a product’s effectiveness under circumstances where there is a reasonably well-understood mechanism for the activity of the product. Under these requirements, and with the FDA’s prior agreement, medical countermeasures, like entolimod, may be approved for use in humans based on evidence of effectiveness derived from appropriate animal studies, evidence of safety derived from studies in humans and any additional supporting data.

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We met with the FDA in July 2014 to present our human dose-conversion and to discuss our intent to submit a pre-EUA. As a result of this meeting, the FDA agreed to accept a pre-EUA submission for review. We plan to submit a pre-EUA dossier in the first half of 2015 using the human dose of entolimod that we determined through our proprietary dose conversion methodology, which utilizes the data from our pivotal non-human primate studies and our clinical studies of entolimod in healthy volunteers. If authorized, pre-EUA status will allow entolimod to be sold into the National Stockpile and used under a state of emergency. Such authorization is not equivalent to full licensure through approval of a BLA, but precedes full licensure, and, importantly, would position entolimod for potential sales in advance of full licensure in the United States. We further believe pre-EUA status will position us to explore sales opportunities with foreign governments.

Our pivotal efficacy study conducted in 179 non-human primates demonstrated with a high degree of statistical significance that injection of a single dose of entolimod given to rhesus macaques 25 hours after exposure to a 70% lethal dose of total body irradiation improved animal survival by nearly three-fold compared to the control group. Dose-dependence of entolimod’s efficacy was demonstrated with doses above the minimal efficacious dose establishing a plateau at approximately 75% survival at 60 days after irradiation, as compared to 27.5% survival in the placebo-treated group.

Our pivotal study conducted in 160 non-irradiated non-human primates established the dose-dependent effect of entolimod on biomarkers for animal-to-human dose conversion.

Our clinical studies of entolimod in 150 healthy human subjects demonstrated the safety profile of entolimod and established the dose-dependent effect of entolimod on efficacy biomarkers in humans. In these studies, and in a Phase 1 oncology study that concluded enrollment in September 2014, transient decrease in blood pressure and elevation of liver enzymes were observed along with transient mild to moderate flu-like syndrome. Such effects are the most common adverse events and they are linked to up-regulation of cytokines that are also biomarkers for efficacy.

The FDA has granted Fast Track status to entolimod (see “Government Regulation – Fast Track Designation”) and Orphan Drug status for prevention of death following a potentially lethal dose of total body irradiation during or after a radiation disaster (see “Government Regulation – Orphan Drug Designation”).

In January 2015, we announced that we had received notice that our proposal application to support further development of entolimod as a medical radiation countermeasure was recommended for funding subject to negotiations by the DoD office of CDMRP. The proposal application aims to conduct several pivotal animal efficacy studies required by the FDA for submission of a BLA. The Company’s receipt of this award is subject to successful negotiations and availability of funds.

Entolimod Oncology Indication

In addition to developing entolimod as a radiation countermeasure for prevention of death from ARS, we are also developing entolimod as an oncology drug. We believe that entolimod has the potential to treat cancer by activating the innate and adaptive immune response in patients. In preclinical studies, entolimod produced tissue-specific activation of innate immune responses via interaction with its receptor, TLR5, and the liver was identified as a primary mediator of entolimod activity. Entolimod has also been shown to have a direct cytotoxic effect on tumors expressing TLR5 in animal models. Evaluations of local administration of entolimod in organs expressing TLR5, such as the bladder, have also been performed in animal models.

We have completed enrollment in a Phase 1 open-label, dose-escalation trial of entolimod in patients with advanced cancer in the United States and have begun dosing in a small expansion study in the Russian Federation enrolling additional patients at the highest doses achieved in the US study. Both studies include evaluation of immune cell response to administrations of entolimod. Preliminary evaluations of the completed study in the United States indicate that the tolerability profile in patients with advanced cancer was similar to that observed in two previously conducted studies in 150 healthy volunteers. Initial assessments of immunological response were consistent with TLR5 activation. Early analyses indicate that stable disease was observed in several patients with

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heavily pretreated cancers. The study in the Russian Federation is the first of two planned studies under a 149 million ruble matching funds development contract that we received in October 2013 from the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, or MPT (see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”).

We have worldwide development and commercialization rights to entolimod.

CBLB612

CBLB612 is a proprietary compound based upon a natural activator of another tissue-specific component of the innate immune system, the TLR2/TLR6 heterodimeric receptor. CBLB612 is a pharmacologically optimized synthetic molecule that structurally mimics naturally occurring lipopeptides of Mycoplasma (a genus of parasitic bacteria) and activates NF-kB pro-survival and immunoregulatory signaling pathways via specific binding to TLR2 on a subset of body tissues and cell types that express this receptor. Preclinical studies have shown that the efficacy of CBLB612 exceeds that of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, or G-CSF (Amgen’s Neupogen^®), the market-leading drug used for stimulation of white blood cell regeneration. CBLB612’s hematopoietic stem cell, or HSC, stimulatory activity outweighed that of G-CSF when the drugs were administered either as monotherapies, in either mice or non-human primates, or in combination with Plerixafor (Sanofi’s Mozobil^®, a chemokine receptor antagonist approved by the FDA as an HSC mobilizer). However, the highest degree of HSC mobilization was observed when CBLB612 was added to that combination. The strong synergistic effect of this triple drug combination provides further support for development of CBLB612 as a valuable stem cell mobilizing agent. In October 2014, we initiated a Phase 1, single-center, blind, placebo-controlled, single ascending dose study in the Russian Federation to evaluate the safety and tolerability of CBLB612 in healthy volunteers and measure response of various HP stem and progenitor cell types in order to gain a preliminary estimate of the drug’s HSC stimulatory efficacy under a 139 million ruble matching funds development contract that we received in July 2012 from MPT (see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”). We licensed CBLB612 to Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. for the territories of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. We have rest-of-world development and commercialization rights to CBLB612.

CBL0137

CBL0137 is the lead product candidate of our unconsolidated joint venture Incuron. CBL0137 is a small molecule with a multi-targeted mechanism of action that may be broadly useful for the treatment of many different types of cancer. CBL0137 may offer greater efficacy and substantially lower risk for the development of drug resistance than conventional chemotherapeutic agents. CBL0137 inhibits Nuclear Factor kappa-B, or NF-kB, Heat Shock Factor Protein-1, or HSF-1, and Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, or HIF1 alpha; these are transcription factors that are important for the viability of many types of tumors. The drug also activates tumor suppressor protein p53 by modulating intracellular localization and activity of chromatin remodeling complex Facilitates Chromatin Transcription, or FACT. CBL0137 has been shown to be efficacious in pre-clinical models of colon, lung, breast, renal, pancreatic, head and neck and prostate cancers; melanoma; glioblastoma; and neuroblastoma. It has also been shown to be efficacious in pre-clinical models of hematological cancers, including lymphoma, leukemia and multiple myeloma.

In the Russian Federation, Incuron is currently enrolling patients with advanced, resistant solid tumors to a Phase 1, multi-center, single-agent, dose-escalation study evaluating the oral administration of CBL0137. In the United States, Incuron is also currently enrolling patients with advanced resistant solid tumors to a Phase 1, multi-center, single-agent, dose-escalation study evaluating the intravenous administration of CBL0137. These studies are designed to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity of CBL0137. Incuron is conducting these parallel evaluations of oral and intravenous routes of administration and continuous low-dose versus interrupted high-dose schedules to reduce the company’s developmental risk by fully characterizing the clinical pharmacology of CBL0137. The design of a new Phase 1 dose-escalation and

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expansion study of CBL0137 in hematological malignancies was reviewed with the FDA in December 2014. Incuron is planning to initiate a multicenter study of CBL0137 in patients with hematological malignancies in 2015. This clinical trial is intended to assess the safety, pharmacology, and anticancer activity of CBL0137 in several types of hematological cancers.

In January 2015, updates on clinical progress with Curaxin CBL0137 were announced. A formal interim analysis of the 19 patients enrolled in the first six cohorts of the ongoing oral administration study indicated that the study medication was well tolerated at all investigated dose levels. The observation of drug exposure in plasma documented high oral bioavailability (typically estimated to be ³ 50%). To date, no dose-limiting toxicities have been observed with either oral or intravenous administration through the highest CBL0137 dose levels tested. Heavily pretreated patients with advanced cancers of the esophagus, colon, breast, cervix, and prostate have had stable disease for periods ranging from 4 to 6 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, or PBMCs, from evaluable blood samples have shown pharmacodynamic effects consistent with the expected mechanism of action of CBL0137.

Incuron holds worldwide development and commercialization rights to CBL0137. As of December 31, 2014, BioProcess Capital Ventures, or BCV, owned 53.04% of Incuron and we owned 46.96% and as more fully described in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements, we deconsolidated Incuron on November 25, 2014 as we no longer maintained a controlling equity interest, and commenced accounting for our investment in Incuron using the equity method.

Mobilan

Mobilan is the lead product candidate of our consolidated joint venture Panacela. Mobilan is a nanoparticle-formulated recombinant non-replicating adenovirus that directs expression of TLR5 and its agonistic ligand, flagellin. In pre-clinical studies, delivery of Mobilan to tumor cells results in constitutive autocrine TLR5 signaling and strong activation of the innate immune system with subsequent development of adaptive anti-tumor immune responses. Mobilan is in the pre-clinical stage of development as a universal anti-cancer therapy. In November 2014, Panacela filed an IND in the Russian Federation under a 149 million ruble matching funds development contract that it received in October 2013 from MPT (see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”). Panacela holds worldwide development and commercialization rights to Mobilan. As of December 31, 2014, we owned 57.78% of Panacela.

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS

Since our inception, strategic alliances and collaborations have been integral to our business. We have leveraged the experience, contacts and knowledge of our founders to engage funding partners in the Russian Federation and to develop and maintain academic-corporate innovation partnerships with The Cleveland Clinic and RPCI. Through these partnerships we have collaborated with world-class scientists to develop our novel technologies and accessed non-traditional funding sources, including federal and foreign government contracts and project-oriented funding to support the development of certain of our technologies. We have received project-oriented funding from Russian Federation based venture funds BCV, and Open Joint Stock Company “Rusnano”, or Rusnano, through the formation of Incuron and Panacela, both of which are co-located in the Russian Federation and the United States. We believe that these companies, as well as our wholly-owned subsidiary BioLab 612, may benefit from programs supporting domestic pharmaceutical industry development in the Russian Federation as well as the relative ease of enrolling patients as compared to western markets. We have negotiated exclusive licenses to rights in each of our technologies from The Cleveland Clinic and RPCI.

BioProcess Capital Partners

In December 2009, we entered into our Incuron joint venture with BioProcess Capital Partners, or BCP, to develop Curaxin compounds for treatment of oncological diseases. According to the terms of the agreement, we transferred rights in the Curaxin molecules to a new joint venture company, Incuron, in which BCP agreed to cause their affiliated fund, BCV, to contribute an aggregate of 549,497,000 Russian rubles (approximately $16.9 million) to support development of the compounds. As of September 30, 2014, Incuron had received all

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committed funding. On November 25, 2014, we affected the transfer of 3.05% of the Company’s participation interest in Incuron to BCV. The transfer of 3.05% of our participation interest was made pursuant to the Participation Agreement dated December 9, 2009, as amended by the First and Third Amendments to Participation Agreement dated April 13, 2010 and June 17, 2014, respectively, that governs the joint ownership of Incuron by the Company and BCV. As described in the Form 8-K filed by the Company on December 2, 2014, as a result of the transfer of 3.05% of our participation interests to BCV, the Company’s participation interest in Incuron decreased to 46.96%, BCV’s participation interest increased to 53.04%.

Rusnano

In October 2011, we entered into our Panacela joint venture with Rusnano to carry out a complete cycle of development and commercialization in the Russian Federation for the treatment of oncological, infectious or other diseases. We invested $3.0 million in Panacela preferred shares and warrants, and, together with certain third-party owners, assigned and/or provided exclusive licenses, as applicable, to Panacela to provide Panacela with worldwide development and commercialization rights to five preclinical product candidates in exchange for Panacela common shares. Rusnano invested $9.0 million in Panacela preferred shares and warrants. In 2013, Rusnano loaned Panacela $1.5 million through a convertible term loan, or the Panacela Loan, and revised their original investment agreement to remove the predetermined development milestones and timelines for further investment and provide that Rusnano may invest an additional $15.5 million at their option. As of December 31, 2014, we had an ownership stake of 57.78% in Panacela.

The Cleveland Clinic

In July 2004, CBLI entered into an exclusive license agreement with The Cleveland Clinic, or The Cleveland Clinic License, pursuant to which CBLI was granted an exclusive license to The Cleveland Clinic’s research base underlying our therapeutic platform. We entered into an amendment of The Cleveland Clinic License effective as of September 22, 2011, pursuant to which we were granted an exclusive license to The Cleveland Clinic’s research base underlying certain product candidates in development by Panacela, or Panacela Products, including Mobilan and several earlier stage compounds that are not currently material to our business. In consideration for The Cleveland Clinic License, we agreed to issue The Cleveland Clinic common stock and make certain milestone, royalty and sublicense royalty payments as described below.

The Cleveland Clinic License requires milestone payments, which may be credited against future royalties owed to The Cleveland Clinic, as described in the table below. We have also agreed to make milestone payments of up to approximately $6.5 million for each Panacela Product that achieves certain developmental and regulatory milestones, provided that if CBLI or an affiliate of CBLI and The Cleveland Clinic jointly own the Panacela Product, the milestone amounts will be reduced by 50%.

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The Cleveland Clinic License requires royalty payments of (a) 2% of net sales of any product candidate under a licensed patent solely owned by The Cleveland Clinic; and (b) 1% of net sales of any product candidate under a licensed patent that is jointly owned by The Cleveland Clinic and CBLI or an affiliate of CBLI. Further, if CBLI receives upfront sublicense fees or sublicense royalty payments for sublicenses granted by CBLI to third parties for any licensed patents solely owned by The Cleveland Clinic, CBLI will pay The Cleveland Clinic (i) 35% of such fees if the sublicense is granted prior to filing an IND application, (ii) 20% of such fees if the sublicense is granted after an IND filing but prior to final approval of the Product License Application or NDA, or (iii) 10% of such fees if the sublicense is granted after final approval of the relevant Product License Application or NDA, provided that such sublicense fees shall not be less than 1% of net sales. The above sublicense fees and sublicense royalty payments are reduced by 50% if The Cleveland Clinic and CBLI or an affiliate of CBLI jointly own the licensed patent.

Through December 31, 2014, CBLI had paid The Cleveland Clinic $150,000 for milestone payments on products limited to biodefense uses, and $400,000 for all other products.

As each patent covered by The Cleveland Clinic License expires, the license agreement will terminate as to such patent. The Cleveland Clinic may terminate The Cleveland Clinic License upon a material breach by us, as specified in the agreement. However, we may avoid such termination if we cure the breach within 90 days of receipt of a termination notice. CBLI may terminate The Cleveland Clinic License in its entirety or any specific patent licensed under the agreement by giving at least 90 days written notice of such termination to The Cleveland Clinic. The agreement will, subject to certain exceptions, automatically terminate with respect to a licensed product if The Cleveland Clinic does not receive a royalty payment for more than 1-year after the payment of royalties has begun.

Roswell Park Cancer Institute

We have entered into a number of agreements with RPCI relating to the licensure and development of our product candidates including:

In December 2007, CBLI entered into an agreement with RPCI pursuant to which CBLI has an option to exclusively license any technological improvements to our foundational technology developed by RPCI for the term of the agreement. We believe our option to license additional technology under the agreement potentially provides us with access to technology that may supplement our product pipeline in the future. In consideration for this option and exclusive license, we agreed to make certain milestone, royalty and sublicense royalty payments. Additionally, RPCI may terminate the license upon a material breach by us. However, we may avoid such termination if we cure the breach within 90 days of receipt of a termination notice. The license does not have a specified term; however, as each patent covered by this license agreement expires, the royalties to be paid on each product relating to the licensed patent shall cease.

In September 2011, Panacela entered into an agreement with RPCI, or the Panacela-RPCI License, to exclusively license certain rights Panacela Products, including Mobilan and several earlier stage compounds that are not currently material to our business, and to non-exclusively license certain know-how relating to the aforementioned product candidates for the limited purposes of research and development and regulatory, export and other government filings. Additionally, under the Panacela-RPCI Licnese, Panacela has a right to exclusively license (i) any technological improvements to the Panacela Products developed by RPCI before September 2016, and (ii) any technology jointly developed by Panacela and RPCI. In consideration for the Panacela-RPCI License, Panacela agreed to issue RPCI common stock and to make certain milestone, royalty and sublicense royalty payments as described below.

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The Panacela-RPCI License requires milestone payments for developmental and regulatory milestones reached in the United States of up to approximately $2.5 million for each Panacela Product that achieves certain developmental and regulatory milestones. Additionally, Panacela will owe additional payments of up to approximately $275,000 for each other country where a licensed Panacela Product achieves similar milestones. Through December 31, 2013, Panacela had not made any milestone payments to RPCI related to the above mentioned license agreement.

The Panacela-RPCI License requires royalty payments on net sales based on percentages in the low single digits. In addition, if Panacela sublicenses any of the licensed Panacela Products, Panacela will owe sublicensing fees ranging from 5% to 15% of fees received from sublicense by Panacela or an affiliate depending upon whether or not an IND has been filed or final approval of the relevant NDA has been obtained for such licensed product.

As each patent covered by the Panacela-RPCI License expires, the license agreement will terminate as to such patent. In addition, the license agreement will terminate with respect of the licensed know-how after 20 years. RPCI may terminate the license upon a material breach by us, as specified in the agreement. However, we may avoid such termination if we cure the breach within 90 days of receipt of a termination notice (or 30 days if notice relates to non-payment of amounts due to RPCI). Panacela may terminate the license agreement in whole or as to any specific patent licensed under the agreement by giving at least 60 days written notice of such termination to RPCI. The agreement will, subject to certain exceptions, automatically terminate with respect to a licensed Panacela Product if Panacela fails to market, promote and otherwise exploit the licensed technology so that RPCI does not receive a royalty payment during any 12-month period after the first commercial sale of such licensed product.

We have also entered into a number of sponsored research agreements with RPCI pursuant to which both parties have sponsored research to be conducted by the other party. Under the sponsored research agreement granted by RPCI to us, title to any inventions under the agreement is determined in a manner substantially similar to U.S. patent law, and we have the option to license, on an exclusive basis, the right to develop any inventions of RPCI (whether solely or jointly developed) under the agreement for commercial purposes. In addition, the sponsored research agreement may be terminated by one party if the other party becomes subject to bankruptcy or insolvency, the other party is debarred by the U.S. government or the other party breaches a material provision of the agreement and fails to cure such breach within 20 days of receiving written notice.

Under the sponsored research agreements granted by us to RPCI, we own any invention that is described in our research plan, co-own any inventions not described in our research plan that are made by Dr. Andrei Gudkov, and RPCI owns any other inventions not described in our research plan. We further have a right to exclusively license RPCI’s ownership in any invention developed under such sponsored research agreements that are owned by RPCI. Such sponsored research agreements with RPCI expire in 2015, although we expect to enter into similar future arrangements.

We entered into an asset transfer and clinical trial agreement with RPCI for the conduct, by RPCI, of our Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of entolimod in patients with advanced cancers and a clinical trial agreement for RPCI to conduct, as one site in a multi-site trial, our Phase 1 clinical trial to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous administration of CBL0137 in patients with metastatic or unresectable advanced solid cancers and lymphomas. Either party may terminate these agreements upon 30 days’ notice to the other party.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Our intellectual property consists of patents, trademarks, trade secrets and know-how. Our ability to compete effectively depends in large part on our ability to obtain patents for our technologies and products, maintain trade secrets, operate without infringing the rights of others and prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. We will be able to protect our proprietary technologies from unauthorized use by third parties only to the extent

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that they are covered by valid and enforceable patents, or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. As a result, patents or other proprietary rights are an essential element of our business. Our patent portfolio includes patents and patent applications with claims directed to compositions of matter, pharmaceutical formulations and methods of use. Some of our issued patents, and the patents that may be issued based on our patent applications, may be eligible for patent life extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 in the United States, supplementary protection certificates in the European Union or similar mechanisms in other countries or territories. The following are the patent positions relating to our product candidates as of December 31, 2014.

In the U.S., we have 16 issued or allowed patents relating to our clinical-stage programs expiring on various dates between 2024 and 2030 as well as numerous pending patent applications and foreign counterpart patent filings which relate to our proprietary technologies. These patents and patent applications include claims directed to compositions of matter and methods of use.

We have 11 issued or allowed U.S. patents covering entolimod, which expire between 2024 and 2029. These patents include composition of matter claims, as well as method of use claims relating to our biodefense indication, reducing effects of chemotherapy, and treatment of reperfusion injuries. In addition, we have pending U.S. patent applications related to compositions of matter, oncology methods of use, and others biodefense methods, which, if issued, will expire between 2025 and 2035.

We have 2 issued U.S. patents covering CBL0137, which expire in 2030. These patents include composition of matter claims as well as method of use claims relating to apoptosis induction along with inhibition of adaptive heat shock response. In addition, we have two pending U.S. patent applications that include CBL0137 oncology method of use claims, which, if issued, will expire in 2029 and uses in specific cancer claims, which, if issued, will expire in 2033. Further, we have pending international applications that concern various uses of CBL0137 that may give rise to national patents, which, if issued will expire in 2034.

We have 3 issued or allowed U.S. patents covering CBLB612 and related agents, which expire between 2026 and 2027. These patents include composition of matter and methods of use claims. In addition, we have a pending U.S. patent application that includes method of use claims relating to increasing mobility of hematopoietic stem cells, which, if issued will expire in 2028 and another method of use application which, if issued, will expire in 2035.

We have 1 pending U.S. patent application covering CBL0102, a Curaxin product that is the subject of an ongoing investigator-initiated study, which, if issued, will expire in 2025. This patent application includes method of use claims related to treatment of liver cancer. Further, we have a pending international application that concerns uses of CBL0102 that may give rise to national patents, which, if issued will expire in 2034.

In addition, as of December 31, 2014, we had more than a hundred additional patents and patent applications filed worldwide. Any patents that may issue from our pending patent applications would expire between 2024 and 2035, excluding patent term extensions. These patents and patent applications disclose compositions of matter and methods of use.

Our policy is to seek patent protection for the inventions that we consider important to the development of our business. We intend to continue to file patent applications to protect technology and compounds that are commercially important to our business, and to do so in countries where we believe it is commercially reasonable and advantageous to do so. We also rely on trade secrets to protect our technology where patent protection is deemed inappropriate or unobtainable. We protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, collaborators and contractors.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

In 2013, we transferred 26 laboratory and preclinical employee positions to Buffalo BioLabs, LLC, or BBL, an entity then owned in part by our Chief Scientific Officer and director, Dr. Andrei Gudkov, to enable us to better

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focus our on clinical development activities. In connection with this transaction, we entered into a Master Services Agreement with BBL, pursuant to which BBL agreed to perform laboratory and preclinical research services for us. As of December 31, 2014, our research and development group, including Russian-based personnel, consisted of 14 individuals. Our research and development focuses on management of outsourced preclinical research, clinical trials and manufacturing technologies. We invested $9.7 million, $19.5 million and $22.5 million in research and development in the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively.

SALES AND MARKETING

We currently do not have marketing, sales or distribution capabilities. We do, however, currently have worldwide development and commercialization rights for products arising out of substantially all of our programs. In order to commercialize any of these drugs, if and when they are approved for sale, we will need to enter into partnerships for the commercialization of the approved product(s) or develop the necessary marketing, sales and distribution capabilities.

COMPETITION

The biotechnology and biopharmaceutical industries are characterized by rapid technological developments and intense competition. This competition comes from both biotechnology and major pharmaceutical companies. Many of these companies have substantially greater financial, marketing and human resources than we do, including, in some cases, considerably more experience in clinical testing, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceutical products. There are also academic institutions, governmental agencies and other research organizations that are conducting research in areas in which we are working. They may also develop products that may be competitive with our product candidates, either on their own or through collaborative efforts. We expect to encounter significant competition for any products we develop. Our product candidates’ competitive position among other biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies will be based on, among other things, time to market, patent position, product efficacy, safety, reliability, availability, patient convenience, delivery devices and price. Additionally, competitive products may have superior safety or efficacy, be manufactured less expensively, or have better concept of operations, or CONOPs, usability for biodefense products. In these cases, we may not be able to commercialize our product candidates or achieve a competitive position in the market. This would adversely affect our business.

Specifically, the competition for entolimod and our other clinical-stage product candidates includes the following:

Entolimod Biodefense Indication

Product candidates for treatment of ARS face significant competition for U.S. government funding for both development and procurement of medical countermeasures and must satisfy government procurement requirements for biodefense products. Currently there are no FDA-approved drugs for the efficacious treatment of ARS. However, we are aware of a number of companies also developing radiation countermeasures to treat the effects of ARS including Amgen, Aeolus Pharmaceuticals, Araim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cellerant Therapeutics, Inc., Humanetics Corporation, Neumedicines, Inc., Onconova Therapeutics, Inc., RxBio, Inc., Soligenix, Inc., and the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences Centers. Although their approaches to treatment of ARS are different, we compete with these companies for U.S. government development funding and may ultimately compete with them for U.S. and foreign government purchase and stockpiling of radiation countermeasures. Additionally, our ability to sell to the government also can be influenced by indirect competition from other products, such as Neupogen^® (Amgen, Inc.), which was purchased for use as a radiation countermeasure in 2013.

Entolimod Oncology Program

Immunotherapies and targeted therapies are primary drivers of growth in cancer therapy. Examples of marketed drugs in these categories include: Keytruda^® (Merck) for advanced melanoma, Avastin^® (Roche) for a range of

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solid tumors including colorectal, lung, breast, renal and gastric cancers, Rituximab^® (Roche) for CD20-positive, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Arzerra^® (GlaxoSmithKline) for CD20-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia; Yervoy^® (Bristol-Myers Squibb) for melanoma, Herceptin^® (Roche) for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, or HER-2, positive tumors, Gleevec^® (Novartis) for Philadelphia chromosome tumor mutations, Erbitux^® (Eli Lilly) and Iressa^® (AstraZeneca) for epidermal growth factor receptor, or EGRF, expressing tumors and Zelboraf^® (Genentech) for BRAF-mutated tumors. These drugs may also be appropriate combination partners for entolimod in the appropriate treatment settings.

CBLB612

Hematopoietic stem cell mobilization is a smaller therapeutic category within oncology. However, leukapheresis of mobilized circulating hematopoietic stem cells has largely replace harvesting of bone marrow as a method of collecting progenitor cells in support of extremely high-dose chemotherapy regimens. G-CSF, marketed as Neupogen^® (Amgen), is the current standard against which other mobilization agents for stem cells have been measured. Mozobil^® (Sanofi) is a more recently developed drug designed to help increase the number of stem cells collected from a patient’s blood before being transplanted back into the body after high-dose chemotherapy. Combination of G-CSF with Mozobil^® increases the percentage of persons that respond to the therapy and produce enough stem cells for transplantation and is approved in the United States, European Union and Canada for treatment of patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma. While such drugs are potential competitors to CBLB612, they may also be appropriate drugs with which to combine CBLB612 to more efficiently harvest hematopoietic stems cells.

CBL0137

Chemotherapy is a large cancer drug category. These treatments are the foundation for treatment of all cancer types and used in most combination regimens. Drugs in this category include, among others, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, platinating agents, and antimicrotubule drugs. These drugs act on various cell division pathways and ultimately cause cell death. This cell division pathway may not always be specific to the cancer cell but often effects normal cells such as red blood cells, white blood cells and other healthy tissues. Although these drugs as a treatment category in general carry higher toxicities than targeted therapies, they are nonetheless an important drug category for improving patient survival. Such drugs are not universally competitive with a drug like CBL0137 but – in specific indications and treatment settings – may be combined with it in the therapy of certain cancers.

MANUFACTURING

Our product candidates are biologics and small molecules that can be readily synthesized by processes that we have developed. We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of our product candidates for pre-clinical, clinical or commercial quantities. We rely on third-party manufacturers, and in most cases only one third-party, to manufacture critical raw materials, drug substance and final drug product for our research, pre-clinical development and clinical trial activities. Commercial quantities of any drugs we seek to develop will have to be manufactured in facilities and by processes that comply with the FDA and other regulations, and we plan to rely on third parties to manufacture commercial quantities of products we successfully develop.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

Government authorities in the U.S. and in other countries, regulate the research, development, testing, manufacture, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, marketing, quality control, labeling and export and import of pharmaceutical products such as those that we are developing. We cannot provide assurance that any of our product candidates will prove to be safe or effective, will receive regulatory approvals or will be successfully commercialized.

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U.S. Drug Development Process

In the U.S., the FDA regulates drugs and drug testing under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and in the case of biologics, also under the Public Health Service Act. Our product candidates must follow an established process before they may be marketed in the U.S.:

Nonclinical testing. Nonclinical testing includes laboratory evaluation of a product candidate, its chemistry, formulation, safety and stability, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The conduct of the nonclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements including GMP and GLP. Prior to the initiation of GLP animal studies, including our pivotal studies for development of entolimod under the Animal Rule, an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, or IACUC, at each testing site must review and approve each study protocol and any amendments thereto.

We must submit to the FDA the results of nonclinical studies, which may include laboratory evaluations and animal studies, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, and the proposed clinical protocol for the first clinical trial of the drug as part of an IND. An IND is a request for FDA authorization to administer an investigational drug to humans. Such authorization must be secured prior to the interstate shipment and administration of any new drug that is not the subject of an approved NDA or BLA. Nonclinical tests and studies can take several years to complete, and despite completion of those tests and studies, the FDA may not permit clinical testing to begin.

The IND process. The FDA requires a 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND application before clinical trials may begin. This waiting period is designed to allow the FDA to review the IND to determine whether human research subjects will be exposed to unreasonable health risks. At any time during this 30-day period or at any time thereafter, the FDA may raise concerns or questions about the conduct of the trials as outlined in the IND and impose a “clinical hold” that may affect one or more specific studies or all studies conducted under the IND. In the case of a clinical hold, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials placed on hold can begin or continue. The IND application process may be extremely costly and could substantially delay development of our products. Moreover, positive results of preclinical animal tests do not necessarily indicate positive results in clinical trials.

Prior to the initiation of clinical studies, each clinical protocol must be submitted to the IND and to an independent Institutional Review Board, or IRB, at each medical site proposing to conduct the clinical trial. The IRB must review and approve each study protocol, and any amendments thereto, and study subjects must sign an informed consent. Protocols include, among other things, the objectives of the study, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the parameters to be used to monitor patient safety. Progress reports of work performed in support of IND studies must be submitted at least annually to the FDA. Reports of serious and unexpected adverse events must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators in a timely manner.

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Clinical trials. Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

We cannot be certain that we will successfully complete any phase of clinical testing of our product candidates within any specific time period, if at all. Clinical testing must meet requirements of IRB oversight, informed consent and GCP. The FDA, the sponsor, or the IRB at each institution at which a clinical trial is being performed may suspend a clinical trial at any time for various reasons, including a belief that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

During the development of a new drug, sponsors are given an opportunity to meet with the FDA at certain points. These meetings typically occur prior to submission of an IND, at the end of Phase 2 and before NDA or BLA submission. These meetings can provide an opportunity for the sponsor to share information about the data gathered to date, for the FDA to provide advice, and for the sponsor and FDA to reach agreement on the next phase of development. Sponsors typically use the end-of-Phase 2 meeting to discuss their Phase 2 clinical results and present their plans for the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial that they believe will support approval of the new drug.

The NDA or BLA process. If clinical trials are successful, the next step in the drug regulatory approval process is the preparation and submission to the FDA of an NDA or BLA, as applicable. The NDA or BLA, as applicable, is a vehicle through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for marketing and sale in the U.S. The NDA or BLA, as applicable, must contain a description of the manufacturing process and quality control methods, as well as results of preclinical tests, toxicology studies, clinical trials and proposed labeling, among other things. A substantial user fee must also be paid with the application, unless an exemption applies. Every newly marketed pharmaceutical must be the subject of an approved NDA or BLA.

Upon submission of an NDA or BLA, the FDA will make a threshold determination of whether the application is sufficiently complete to permit review, and, if not, will issue a refuse-to-file letter. If the application is accepted for filing, the FDA will attempt to review and take action on the application in accordance with performance goal commitments the FDA has made in connection with the prescription drug user fee law in effect at that time. Current timing commitments under the user fee law vary depending on whether an NDA or BLA is for a priority drug or not, and in any event are not a guarantee that an application will be approved or even acted upon by any specific deadline. The review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification. The FDA may refer the NDA or BLA to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved, but the FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee. The FDA may deny or delay approval of applications that do not meet applicable regulatory criteria or if the FDA determines that the data do not adequately establish the safety and efficacy of the drug. In addition, the FDA may approve a product candidate subject to the completion of post-marketing studies, commonly referred to as Phase 4 trials, to monitor the effect of the approved product. The FDA may also grant approval with restrictive product labeling, or may impose other restrictions on marketing or distribution such as the adoption of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS. The FDA has broad post-market regulatory and enforcement powers, including the ability to issue warning letters, levy fines and civil penalties, suspend or delay issuance of approvals, seize or recall products, and withdraw approvals.

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Manufacturing and post-marketing requirements. If approved, a pharmaceutical may only be marketed in the dosage forms and for the indications approved in the NDA or BLA, as applicable. Special requirements also apply to any samples that are distributed in accordance with the Prescription Drug Marketing Act. The manufacturers of approved products and their manufacturing facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other authorities where applicable, and must comply with ongoing requirements, including the FDA’s cGMP requirements. Once the FDA approves a product, a manufacturer must provide certain updated safety and efficacy information, submit copies of promotional materials to the FDA, and make certain other required reports. Product and labeling changes, as well as certain changes in a manufacturing process or facility or other post-approval changes, may necessitate additional FDA review and approval. Failure to comply with the statutory and regulatory requirements subjects the manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, such as untitled letters, warning letters, suspension of manufacturing, seizure of product, voluntary recall of a product, injunctive action or possible criminal or civil penalties. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy of the product occur following approval. Because we intend to contract with third parties for manufacturing of our products, our ability to control third party compliance with FDA requirements will be limited to contractual remedies and rights of inspection. Failure of third party manufacturers to comply with cGMP or other FDA requirements applicable to our products may result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production, failure of the government to grant approval for marketing, and withdrawal, suspension, or revocation of marketing approvals. With respect to post-market product advertising and promotion, the FDA imposes a number of complex regulations on entities that advertise and promote pharmaceuticals, which include, among others, standards for direct-to-consumer advertising, promoting drugs for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the drug’s approved labeling (known as “off-label use”), industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the internet. Failure to comply with FDA requirements can have negative consequences, including adverse publicity, enforcement letters from the FDA, mandated corrective advertising or communications with doctors, and civil or criminal penalties. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such off-label uses.

The FDA’s policies may change, and additional government regulations may be enacted which could prevent or delay regulatory approval of our potential products. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse governmental regulation that might arise from future legislative or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad.

Animal Rule

In 2002, the FDA amended its requirements applicable to BLAs/NDAs to permit the approval of certain drugs and biologics that are intended to reduce or prevent serious or life-threatening conditions based on evidence of safety from clinical trial(s) in healthy subjects and effectiveness from appropriate animal studies when human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. These regulations, which are known as the “Animal Rule”, authorize the FDA to rely on animal studies to provide evidence of a product’s effectiveness under circumstances where there is a reasonably well-understood mechanism for the activity of the agent. Under these requirements, and with the FDA’s prior agreement, drugs used to reduce or prevent the toxicity of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear substances may be approved for use in humans based on evidence of effectiveness derived from appropriate animal studies and any additional supporting data. Products evaluated under this rule must demonstrate effectiveness through pivotal animal studies, which are generally equivalent in design and robustness to Phase 3 clinical studies. The animal study endpoint must be clearly related to the desired benefit in humans and the information obtained from animal studies must allow for selection of an effective dose in humans. Safety under this rule is established under preexisting requirements, including safety studies in both animals (toxicology) and humans. Products approved under the Animal Rule are subject to additional requirements including post-marketing study requirements, restrictions imposed on marketing or distribution and requirements to provide information to patients.

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We intend to utilize the Animal Rule in seeking marketing approval for entolimod as a radiation countermeasure because we cannot ethically expose humans to lethal doses of radiation. Other countries may not at this time have established criteria for review and approval of these types of products outside their normal review process, i.e. there is no “Animal Rule” equivalent in countries other than the U.S., but some may have similar policy objectives in place for these product candidates. Given the nature of nuclear and radiological threats, we do not believe that the lack of established criteria for review and approval of these types of products in other countries will significantly inhibit us from pursuing sales of entolimod to foreign countries.

All data obtained from the pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of entolimod, in addition to detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product, would be submitted in a BLA to the FDA for review and approval for the manufacture, marketing and commercial shipment of entolimod.

Emergency Use Authorization

The Commissioner of the FDA, under delegated authority from the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or DHHS, may, under certain circumstances, issue an Emergency Use Authorization, or EUA, that would permit the use of an unapproved drug product or unapproved use of an approved drug product. Before an EUA may be issued, the Secretary must declare an emergency based on one of the following grounds:

In order to be the subject of an EUA, the FDA Commissioner must conclude that, based on the totality of scientific evidence available, it is reasonable to believe that the product may be effective in diagnosing, treating or preventing a disease attributable to the agents described above, that the product’s potential benefits outweigh its potential risks and that there is no adequate approved alternative to the product.

Although an EUA cannot be issued until after an emergency has been declared by the Secretary of DHHS, the FDA strongly encourages an entity with a possible candidate product, particularly one at an advanced stage of development, to contact the FDA center responsible for the candidate product before a determination of actual or potential emergency. Such an entity may submit a request for consideration that includes data to demonstrate that, based on the totality of scientific evidence available, it is reasonable to believe that the product may be effective in diagnosing, treating, or preventing the serious or life-threatening disease or condition. This is called a pre-EUA submission and its purpose is to allow FDA review considering that during an emergency, the time available for the submission and review of an EUA request may be severely limited. We met with the FDA in July 2014 to present our human dose-conversion and our intent to submit a pre-EUA for entolimod. As a result of this meeting, the FDA confirmed that our existing efficacy and safety data and animal-to-human dose conversion are sufficient to proceed with a pre-EUA submission and agreed to accept a pre-EUA for review. We plan to submit a pre-EUA in the first half of 2015 in order to inform and expedite the FDA’s issuance of an EUA, should one become necessary in the event of an emergency. The FDA does not have review deadlines with respect to pre-EUA submissions. Additionally, if we submit a pre-EUA, there is no guarantee that the FDA will agree that entolimod meets the criteria for EUA, or, if they do agree, that such agreement by the FDA will lead to procurement by the U.S. or other governments or further development funding.

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Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act

The Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, or PREP Act, provides immunity for manufacturers from all claims under state or federal law for “loss” arising out of the administration or use of a “covered countermeasure.” However, injured persons may still bring a suit for “willful misconduct” against the manufacturer under some circumstances. “Covered countermeasures” include security countermeasures and “qualified pandemic or epidemic products”, including products intended to diagnose or treat pandemic or epidemic disease, such as pandemic vaccines, as well as treatments intended to address conditions caused by such products. For these immunities to apply, the Secretary of DHHS must issue a declaration in cases of public health emergency or “credible risk” of a future public health emergency. Since 2007, the Secretary of DHHS has issued 8 declarations and six amendments under the PREP Act to protect countermeasures that are necessary to prepare the nation for potential pandemics or epidemics from liability.

Fast Track Designation

Entolimod has been granted Fast Track designation by the FDA for reducing the risk of death following total body irradiation. The FDA’s Fast Track designation program is designed to facilitate the development and review of new drugs, including biological products that are intended to treat serious or life-threatening conditions and that demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the conditions. Fast Track designation applies to a combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. Thus, it is the development program for a specific drug for a specific indication that receives Fast Track designation. The sponsor of a product designated as being in a Fast Track drug development program may engage in early communication with the FDA, including timely meetings and early feedback on clinical trials and may submit portions of an NDA or BLA on a rolling basis rather than waiting to submit a complete application. Products in Fast Track drug development programs also may receive priority review or accelerated approval, under which an application may be reviewed within six months after a complete NDA or BLA is accepted for filing or sponsors may rely on a surrogate endpoint for approval, respectively. The FDA may notify a sponsor that its program is no longer classified as a Fast Track development program if the Fast Track designation is no longer supported by emerging data or the designated drug development program is no longer being pursued. Receipt of Fast Track designation does not guarantee that we will experience a faster development process, review or approval as compared to conventional FDA procedures or that we will qualify or be able to take advantage of the FDA’s expedited review procedures.

Orphan Drug Designation

Entolimod has been granted Orphan Drug designation by the FDA for prevention of death following a potentially lethal dose of total body irradiation. Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan drug designation to a drug intended to treat a rare disease or condition which is defined as one affecting fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or more than 200,000 individuals where there is no reasonable expectation that the product development cost will be recovered from product sales in the United States. Orphan Drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA and does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process.

If an Orphan Drug-designated product subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product will be entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication, except in very limited circumstances for seven years as compared to five years for a standard new drug approval. As referenced above, we have received Orphan Drug designation for entolimod. We intend to seek Orphan Drug designation for our other products as appropriate, but an Orphan Drug designation may not provide us with a material commercial advantage.

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Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we are and will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and will be subject to a variety of foreign regulation governing commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. Other countries, at this time, do not have an equivalent to the Animal Rule and, as a result, do not have established criteria for review and approval of these types of products outside their normal review process, but some countries may have similar policy objectives in place for these product candidates.

As in the United States, the European Union may grant orphan drug status for specific indications if the request is made before an application for marketing authorization is made. The European Union considers an orphan medicinal product to be one that affects less than five of every 10,000 people in the European Union. A company whose application for orphan drug designation in the European Union is approved is eligible to receive, among other benefits, regulatory assistance in preparing the marketing application, protocol assistance and reduced application fees. Orphan drugs in the European Union also enjoy economic and marketing benefits, including up to ten years of market exclusivity for the approved indication, unless another applicant can show that its product is safer, more effective or otherwise clinically superior to the orphan designated product.

Our activities in Russia, through our subsidiaries and joint ventures, are regulated by the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, or Minzdrav. This federal executive authority is responsible for developing state policies as well as normative and legal regulations in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industries, including policies and regulations regarding the quality, efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. In addition, the Federal Service on Surveillance in Healthcare and Social Development, or Roszdravnadzor, is the subordinate executive authority to Minzdrav, which, among other things (i) performs control and surveillance of certain activities, including pre-clinical and clinical trials and monitors compliance with state standards for medical products and pharmaceutical activities; (ii) issues licenses for the manufacture of drug products and pharmaceutical activities; (iii) grants allowance for clinical trials, use of new medical technologies and import and export of medical products, including import of products for use in clinical trials; and (iv) reviews and grants or denies registrations of medical products for sale in Russia. The principal statute that governs our activities in Russia is the Federal Law No. 61-FZ “On the Use and Distribution of Medicines” of 12 April 2010 (as amended). This law regulates the research, development, testing, pre-clinical and clinical studies, governmental registration, quality control, manufacture, storage, transporting, export and import, licensing, advertisement, sale, transfer, utilization and destruction of medical products within the Russian Federation, among other things. All medical products must be registered in Russia and comply with stringent safety and quality controls and testing. In addition to Law No. 61-FZ, we are subject to a number of other laws, regulations and orders that regulate our activities in Russia relating to our drug development activities, taxation, corporate existence, labor laws and other areas. In particular, the existence, legal relations and transactions effected by our Russian subsidiaries and joint ventures are governed by the Federal Law No. 14-FZ “On Limited Liability Companies”, which was enacted on February 8, 1998 (as amended). Pursuant to this law, we must comply with equity holder and other approval requirements including those applicable to large transactions and affiliated transactions. Additionally, under the Russian Labor Code, our Russian subsidiaries and joint ventures must enter into employment contracts with each employee, afford them at least 28 paid vacation days, limit the working week to 40 hours per week and follow the code’s specific procedures and safeguards that serve to protect an employee’s rights in the event the employee in Russia is terminated.

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EMPLOYEES

As of February 12, 2015, CBLI and its consolidated subsidiaries and joint ventures had 33 employees, 19 of whom are located in the U.S. and 14 of whom are located outside of the U.S. Of these employees, 13 were employed on a full-time basis and 20 were employed on a part-time basis.

ENVIRONMENT

We have made, and will continue to make, expenditures for environmental compliance and protection. Expenditures for compliance with environmental laws and regulations have not had, and are not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations or competitive position.

AVAILABLE INFORMATION

Our internet website address is http://www.cbiolabs.com/. Through our website, we make available, free of charge, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, any amendments to those reports, proxy and registration statements, and all of our insider Section 16 reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. These SEC reports can be accessed through the “Investors” section of our website. The information found on our website is not part of this or any other report we file with, or furnish to, the SEC. Paper copies of our SEC reports are available free of charge upon request in writing to Corporate Secretary, Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. 73 High Street, Buffalo NY 14203. The content on any website referred to in this Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K unless expressly noted.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

RISKS RELATING TO OUR FINANCIAL POSITION AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL FINANCING

We will require substantial additional financing in order to meet our business objectives.

Since our inception, most of our resources have been dedicated to the pre-clinical and clinical development of our product candidates. In particular, we are currently conducting multiple clinical trials of our product candidates, each of which will require substantial funds to complete. We believe that we will continue to expend substantial resources for the foreseeable future developing our pre-clinical and clinical product candidates. These expenditures will include costs associated with research and development, conducting pre-clinical and clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and products from third-party manufacturers, as well as marketing and selling any products approved for sale. In addition, other unanticipated costs may arise. Because the outcome of our planned and anticipated clinical trials is highly uncertain, we cannot reasonably estimate the actual amounts of capital necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

As of December 31, 2014, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments amounted to $3.1 million. In addition, on February 6, 2015, we closed an equity transaction pursuant to which we received estimated net proceeds of $3.7 million. We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents, and marketable securities will allow us to fund our operating plan into June 2015.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with research, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products, we are unable to estimate the exact amounts of our total capital requirements. Our future capital requirements depend on many factors, including:

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When our available cash and cash equivalents become insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, or if and when we identify additional opportunities to do so, we will likely seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt securities or preferred stock or through additional credit facilities, these securities and/or the loans under credit facilities could provide for rights senior to those of our common stock and could contain covenants that would restrict our operations. Furthermore, any funds raised through collaboration and licensing arrangements with third parties may require us to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies or product candidates, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. In any such event, our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, the terms of the equity transaction that we consummated in February 2015 require us to seek stockholder approval of the exercisability of Series B pre-funded warrants sold in such transaction and the convertibility of Series A preferred convertible stock sold in such transaction. Until the latter of April 22, 2015 or until such stockholder approval is received, we are prohibited from selling additional equity or debt securities.

We may require additional capital beyond our currently forecasted amounts and additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. In particular, the decline in the market price of our common stock could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. In addition, the variable rate clause in our stock purchase agreement from our February 2015 equity transaction prohibits certain types of capital raising activities until twelve months following the date of the stockholder approval required by that transaction and pledge of assets in our loan and security agreement with Hercules Technology II, L.P., or Hercules, may inhibit our ability to attract future investors and/or lenders. Additionally, our corporate structure, including the ownership of several of our product candidates in our joint ventures, may deter third parties from entering into collaboration and licensing arrangements with us. If we fail to raise sufficient additional financing, on terms and dates acceptable to us, we may not be able to continue our operations and the development of our product candidates, our patent licenses may be terminated, and we may be required to reduce staff, reduce or eliminate research and development, slow the development of our product candidates, outsource or eliminate several business functions or shut down operations.

The report of our independent registered public accounting firm expresses substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

Our auditors, Meaden & Moore, LLP, have indicated in their report on the Company’s financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, that conditions exist that raise substantial doubt about our ability to

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continue as a going concern due to our recurring losses and substantial decline in our working capital. A “going concern” opinion could impair our ability to finance our operations through the sale of equity, incurring debt or other financing alternatives. Our ability to continue as a going concern will depend upon the availability and terms of future funding and our ability to limit our expenses. If we are unable to achieve these goals, our business would be jeopardized and the Company may not be able to continue. If we ceased operations, it is likely that all of our investors would lose their investment.

We have a history of operating losses. We expect to continue to incur losses and may not continue as a going concern.

We have incurred significant losses to date. We reported net income of approximately $0.04 million in 2014 and a net loss of $20.1 million in 2013. However, were it not for a one-time, non-cash gain of $14.2 million associated with the deconsolidation of Incuron, we would have incurred a net loss of approximately $14.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. We expect significant losses to continue for the next few years as we spend substantial sums on the continued research and development of our proprietary product candidates, and there is no certainty that we will ever become profitable as a result of these expenditures. As a result of losses that will continue throughout our development stage, we may exhaust our financial resources and be unable to complete the development of our product candidates.

Our ability to become profitable depends primarily on the following factors:

Even if we successfully develop and market our product candidates, we may not generate sufficient or sustainable revenue to achieve or sustain profitability.

We may be unable to service our existing debt due to lack of cash flow, which could lead to default.

In September 2013, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Hercules under which we borrowed $6.0 million. The current interest rate is 10.45%, with the initial 12 months of the facility requiring interest only payments and the following 30 months requiring interest and principal payments. The loan matures on January 1, 2017. In June 2014, we made a $4.0 million principal pre-payment, and we are currently paying approximately $76,000 per month for interest and principal, with a final principal and interest payment of approximately $305,000 and an end-of-term fee of $550,000 due in January 2017. As of December 31, 2014, the remaining principal and end-of-term obligations owed to Hercules was approximately $2.4 million. We granted Hercules a first priority security interest in substantially all of our assets, with the exception of (i) our intellectual property, where the security interest is limited to proceeds of intellectual property, and (ii) our equity interest in Incuron.

If we do not make the required payments when due, either at maturity, or at applicable installment payment dates, or if we breach the agreement, default under the agreement by having a material adverse event happen to the business of the Company or become insolvent, Hercules could elect to declare all amounts outstanding together with all accrued and unpaid interest and penalties, to be immediately due and payable. In order to continue our planned operations and satisfy our debt obligations with Hercules, we will need to raise additional capital in the future. Additional capital may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Even if we were able to repay the full amount in cash, any such repayment could leave us with little or no working capital for our

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business. If we are unable to repay these amounts, Hercules will have a first claim on our assets pledged under the loan agreement. If Hercules should attempt to foreclose on the collateral, there may not be any assets remaining for distribution to shareholders after repayment in full of such secured indebtedness. Any default under the loan agreement and resulting foreclosure would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to continue our operations.

Additionally, in September 2013, our majority-owned joint venture Panacela entered into a $1.5 million Convertible Loan Agreement with Rusnano, or the Rusnano Loan, and is required to pay all unpaid principal and interest under the loan in September 2015. The loan may be converted into shares of Panacela stock at any time at Rusnano’s option or will automatically convert upon certain financing events. In the event Panacela defaults on the loan and such default is not cured, Rusnano shall have the right to exercise a warrant to purchase shares of Cleveland BioLabs common stock equal to 69.2% of the outstanding amount remaining unpaid under the Rusnano Loan at the time of exercise, divided by the exercise price of $33.88 per share. As of December 31, 2014, that would amount to 38,504 shares, taking into account the 1:20 reverse split effected by the Company on January 28, 2015, or the Reverse Split.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards may be limited.

As of December 31, 2014, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, of $120.9 million to offset future taxable income, which begin to expire if not utilized by 2023. Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, substantial changes in our ownership, in certain circumstances, will limit the amount of NOLs that can be utilized annually in the future to offset taxable income. In particular, section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code imposed limitations on a company’s ability to use NOLs if a company experiences a more than 50% ownership change over a three-year period. As we have indicated, we believe that our funds will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements into June 2015. As such, we will need to secure additional financing and it is possible that as a result of such additional financing our ability to use our NOLs in future years may be limited. If we are limited in our ability to use our NOLs in future years in which we have taxable income, we will pay more taxes than if we were able to utilize our NOLs fully. A full valuation allowance has been recorded against our deferred tax assets, including the net operating loss carryforwards, as we believe it is more likely than not we will be unable to realize the benefit of these assets.

RISKS RELATED TO PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

We may not be able to successfully and timely develop our products.

Our product candidates range from ones currently in the research stage to ones currently in the clinical stage of development and all require further testing to determine their technical and commercial viability. Our success will depend on our ability to achieve scientific, clinical and technological advances and to translate such advances into reliable, commercially competitive products in a timely manner. In addition, the success of our subsidiaries and joint ventures will depend on their ability to meet developmental milestones in a timely manner or to fulfill certain other development requirements under contractual agreements, which are pre-requisites to their receipt of additional funding from their non-controlling interest holders or the government agency funding their government contracts. Products that we may develop are not likely to be commercially available for several years. The proposed development schedules for our products may be affected by a variety of factors, including, among others, technological difficulties, proprietary technology of others, the government approval process, the availability of funds, disagreements with the financial partners in our joint ventures, and changes in government regulation, many of which will not be within our control. Any delay in the development, introduction or marketing of our products could result either in such products being marketed at a time when their cost and performance characteristics would not be competitive in the marketplace or in the shortening of their commercial lives. In light of the long-term nature of our projects and the unproven technology involved, we may not be able to complete successfully the development or marketing of any products.

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We may fail to develop and commercialize some or all of our products successfully or in a timely manner because:

Our collaborative relationships with third parties could cause us to expend significant resources and incur substantial business risk with no assurance of financial return.

We anticipate substantial reliance upon strategic collaborations for marketing and commercialization of our product candidates and we may rely even more on strategic collaborations for R&D of our product candidates. Our business depends on our ability to sell drugs to both government agencies and to the general pharmaceutical market. Offering entolimod for its biodefense indication use to government agencies may require us to develop new sales, marketing or distribution capabilities beyond those already existing in the Company and we may not be successful in selling entolimod for its biodefense indication use in the United States or in foreign countries despite our efforts. Selling oncology drugs will require a more significant infrastructure. We plan to sell oncology drugs through strategic partnerships with pharmaceutical companies. If we are unable to establish or manage such strategic collaborations on terms favorable to us in the future, our revenue and drug development may be limited. To date, we have not entered into any strategic collaboration with a third party capable of providing these services and we can make no guarantee that we will be able to enter into a strategic collaboration in the future. In addition, we have not yet marketed or sold any of our product candidates or entered into successful collaborations for these services in order to ultimately commercialize our product candidates. We also rely on third-party collaborations with our manufacturers. Manufacturers producing our product candidates must follow cGMP regulations enforced by the FDA and foreign equivalents.

Establishing strategic collaborations is difficult and time-consuming. Our discussion with potential collaborators may not lead to the establishment of collaborations on favorable terms, if at all. Potential collaborators may reject collaborations based upon their assessment of our financial, regulatory or intellectual property position. Even if we successfully establish new collaborations, these relationships may never result in the successful development or commercialization of our product candidates or the generation of sales revenue. In addition, to the extent that we enter into collaborative arrangements, our drug revenues are likely to be lower than if we directly marketed and sold any drugs that we may develop.

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We will not be able to commercialize our product candidates if our pre-clinical development efforts are not successful, our clinical trials do not demonstrate safety or our clinical trials or pivotal animal studies do not demonstrate efficacy.

Before obtaining required regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive pre-clinical and clinical studies to demonstrate that our product candidates are safe and clinical or pivotal animal trials to demonstrate the efficacy of our product candidates. Pre-clinical and clinical testing is expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. Success in pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials or animal efficacy studies will be successful and interim results of a clinical trial or animal efficacy study do not necessarily predict final results. In addition, we must outsource our clinical trials and our animal studies required to obtain regulatory approval of our products. We are not certain that we will successfully or promptly finalize agreements for the conduct of these studies. Delay in finalizing such agreements would delay the commencement of our pre-clinical and clinical studies, such as animal efficacy studies for entolimod’s biodefense indication and clinical trials of entolimod, CBLB612 and CBL0137 for oncology indications. In addition, we are seeking final FDA agreement on the scope and design of our pivotal animal efficacy and human safety program for an entolimod biodefense BLA. Delay in agreement with the FDA on this program will delay conduct of the pivotal animal efficacy and human safety studies.

Agreements with contract research organizations, or CROs, and study investigators, for clinical or animal testing and with other third parties for data management services place substantial responsibilities on these parties, which could result in delays in, or termination of, our clinical trials if these parties fail to perform as expected. For example, if any of our clinical trial sites fail to comply with Good Clinical Practices or our pivotal animal studies fail to comply with Good Laboratory Practices we may be unable to use the data generated at those sites. In these studies, if contracted CROs or other third parties do not carry out their contractual duties or obligations or fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to their failure to adhere to our protocols or for other reasons, our clinical or animal studies may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may be unable to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our product candidates.

Our clinical trial operations will be subject to regulatory inspections at any time. If regulatory inspectors conclude that we or our clinical trial sites are not in compliance with applicable regulatory requirements for conducting clinical trials, we or they may receive warning letters or other correspondence detailing deficiencies and we will be required to implement corrective actions. If regulatory agencies deem our responses to be inadequate, or are dissatisfied with the corrective actions that we or our clinical trial sites have implemented, our clinical trials may be temporarily or permanently discontinued, we may be fined, we or our investigators may be the subject of an enforcement action, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or allow us to manufacture or market our products or we may be criminally prosecuted.

In addition, a failure of one or more of our clinical trials or animal studies can occur at any stage of testing and such failure could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue and could require us to reduce the scope of or discontinue our operations. We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, pre-clinical testing and the clinical trial or animal study process that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, including:

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Even if we or our collaborators complete our animal studies and clinical trials and receive regulatory approval, it is possible that a product may be found to be ineffective or unsafe due to conditions or facts that arise after development has been completed and regulatory approvals have been obtained. In this event, we may be required to withdraw such product from the market. To the extent that our success will depend on any regulatory approvals from government authorities outside of the United States that perform roles similar to that of the FDA, uncertainties similar to those stated above will also exist.

Our joint ventures have significant non-controlling interest holders and, as such, are not operated solely for our benefit.

As of December 31, 2014, we owned 46.96% of the equity interests in Incuron and 57.78% of the equity interests in Panacela. These entities have significant non-controlling interest holders, each of which are funds regulated by the Russian Federation government. As such, we share ownership and management of these entities with one or more parties who may not have the same goals, strategies, priorities or resources as we do.

In each of these entities, both we and our co-owners have certain rights. Each entity provides the right to each party to designate certain of the board members and certain decisions in respect of these entities may not be made without a supermajority vote of the equity holders or the consent of all of the equity holders. The right to transfer ownership interests in these entities is restricted by provisions such as rights of first refusal and tag along and drag along rights. In addition, the use of funds and other matters are subject to monitoring and oversight by both groups of equity holders. Furthermore, we are required to pay more attention to our relationship with our co-owners as well as with the entitites, and if a co-owner changes, our relationship may be materially adversely affected. These various restrictions may lead to additional organizational formalities as well as time-consuming procedures for sharing information and making decisions. In addition, the benefits from a successful joint venture are shared among the co-owners, so that we would not receive all the benefits from our successful joint ventures.

Panacela is in need of additional financial resources. In addition, as Panacela has not received additional funding since their loan from Rusnano in late 2013 and grant funding under their MPT contract, Panacela has not been able to pay certain of their obligations as they become due and may be unable to continue operations. Management is pursuing sources of additional financing. If Panacela does not receive additional financing and is unable to continue operations, it may cause us to experience a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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If parties on whom we rely to manufacture our product candidates do not manufacture them in satisfactory quality, in a timely manner, in sufficient quantities or at an acceptable cost, clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates could be delayed.

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities. Consequently, we rely on third parties as sole suppliers of our product candidates. We do not expect to establish our own manufacturing facilities and we will continue to rely on third-party manufacturers to produce supplies for pre-clinical, clinical and pivotal animal studies and for commercial quantities of any products or product candidates that we market or may supply to our collaborators. We also rely on third parties as sole providers of certain testing of our products. Our dependence on third parties for the manufacture and testing of our product candidates may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize any product candidates on a timely and competitive basis.

To date, our product candidates have only been manufactured in quantities sufficient for pre-clinical studies and initial clinical trials. We rely on a single collaborator for production of each of our product candidates. For a variety of reasons, dependence on any single manufacturer may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates in a timely and competitive basis. In addition, our current contractual arrangements alone may not be sufficient to guarantee that we will be able to procure the needed supplies as we complete clinical development and/or enter commercialization.

Additionally, in connection with our application for commercial approvals and if any product candidate is approved by the FDA or other regulatory agencies for commercial sale, we will need to procure commercial quantities from qualified third-party manufacturers. We may not be able to contract for increased manufacturing capacity for any of our product candidates in a timely or economic manner or at all. A significant scale-up in manufacturing may require additional validation studies and commensurate financial investments by the contract manufacturers. If we are unable to successfully increase the manufacturing capacity for a product candidate, the regulatory approval or commercial launch of that product candidate may be delayed or there may be a shortage of supply, which could limit our sales and could initiate regulatory intervention to minimize the public health risk.

Other risks associated with our reliance on contract manufacturers include the following:

Changes to the manufacturing process during the conduct of clinical trials or after marketing approval also require regulatory submissions and the demonstration to the FDA or other regulatory authorities that the product

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manufactured under the new conditions complies with cGMP requirements. These requirements especially apply to moving manufacturing functions to another facility. In each phase of investigation, sufficient information about changes in the manufacturing process must be submitted to the regulatory authorities and may require prior approval before implementation with the potential of substantial delay or the inability to implement the requested changes.

RISKS RELATING TO REGULATORY APPROVAL

We may not be able to obtain regulatory approval in a timely manner or at all and the results of future clinical trials and pivotal efficacy studies may not be favorable.

The testing, marketing and manufacturing of any product for use in the United States will require approval from the FDA. We cannot predict with any certainty the amount of time necessary to obtain FDA approval and whether any such approval will ultimately be granted. Obtaining approval for products requires testing in animals and human subjects of substances whose effects on humans are not fully understood or documented. Pre-clinical studies, animal efficacy studies or clinical trials may reveal that one or more products are ineffective or unsafe, in which event, further development of such products could be seriously delayed, terminated or rendered more expensive.

In addition, we expect to rely on an FDA regulation known as the “Animal Rule” to obtain approval for entolimod’s biodefense indication. The Animal Rule permits the use of animal efficacy studies together with human clinical safety trials to support an application for marketing approval of products when human efficacy studies are neither ethical nor feasible. These regulations have limited prior use and we have limited experience in the application of these rules to the product candidates that we are developing. Additionally, we may submit an application with the FDA for pre-EUA, so that entolimod may be used in an emergency situation. If and when we provide the FDA with the data to support a pre-EUA for entolimod’s biodefense indication we cannot guarantee that the FDA will review the data in a timely manner, or that the FDA will accept the data when reviewed. The FDA may decide that our data are insufficient for pre-EUA or BLA approval and require additional pre-clinical, clinical or other studies, refuse to approve our products, or place restrictions on our ability to commercialize those products. If we are not successful in completing the development, licensure and commercialization of entolimod for its biodefense indication, or if we are significantly delayed in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

The receipt of FDA approval may be delayed for reasons other than the results of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. For example, in 2011, the IND application for entolimod’s biodefense indication was transferred within the FDA from the Division of Biologic Oncology Products, or DBOP, to the Division of Medical Imaging Products, or DMIP. As a result of this transfer, we requested and participated in nine meetings with DMIP during 2011-2014 to review the product mechanisms of action, safety profile and preliminary estimation of an effective human dose. DMIP has agreed on the scope and design of the proposed pivotal animal efficacy program and has acknowledged that specific cytokines do play an important role in entolimod’s mechanism of action and, as such, can be used as biomarkers for animal-to-human dose-conversion. DMIP has also provided advice on the design of the remaining program needed for BLA submission. However, we are still in the process of reaching an agreement with FDA on certain elements of the design of our remaining clinical studies for entolimod. There can be no guarantee that we will reach a satisfactory agreement in a timely manner, or at all, or that DMIP will not request any additional information related to our pre-clinical or clinical programs.

Delays in obtaining FDA or any other necessary regulatory approvals of any proposed product or the failure to receive such approvals would have an adverse effect on our ability to develop such product, the product’s potential commercial success and/or on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

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Failure to obtain regulatory approval in international jurisdictions could prevent us from marketing our products abroad.

We intend to market our product candidates, including specifically the product candidates being developed by our subsidiaries and joint ventures, in the United States, Russia and other countries and regulatory jurisdictions. In order to market our product candidates in the United States, Russia and other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals in each of these countries and territories. The procedures and requirements for obtaining marketing approval vary among countries and regulatory jurisdictions and may involve additional clinical trials or other tests. In addition, we do not have in-house experience and expertise regarding the procedures and requirements for filing for and obtaining marketing approval for drugs in countries outside of the United States, Europe and Japan and may need to engage and rely upon expertise of third parties when we file for marketing approval in countries outside of the United States, Europe and Japan. Also, the time required to obtain approval in markets outside of the United States may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval, while still including all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not be able to obtain all of the desirable or necessary regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. Approval by a regulatory authority in a particular country or regulatory jurisdiction, such as the FDA in the United States or the Roszdravnadzor in Russia, does not ensure approval by a regulatory authority in another country.

We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our product candidates in any or all of the countries or regulatory jurisdictions in which we desire to market our product candidates. At this time, other countries do not have an equivalent to the Animal Rule and, as a result, such countries do not have established criteria for review and approval for this type of product outside their normal review process. Specifically, because such other countries do not have an equivalent to the Animal Rule, we may not be able to file for or receive regulatory approvals for entolimod’s biodefense indication outside the United States based on our animal efficacy and human safety data.

The Fast Track designation for entolimod may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.

We have obtained a “Fast Track” designation from the FDA for entolimod’s biodefense indication. However, we may not experience a faster development process, review or approval compared to conventional FDA procedures. The FDA may withdraw our Fast Track designation if the FDA believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical or pivotal development program. Our Fast Track designation does not guarantee that we will qualify for or be able to take advantage of the FDA’s expedited review procedures or that any application that we may submit to the FDA for regulatory approval will be accepted for filing or ultimately approved.

Any pre-EUA submission we make to the FDA may not be successful and, even if such submission is successful, it may not accelerate BLA approval of entolimod or result in any purchase by the U.S. government for this product.

In July 2014, we met with the FDA regarding human dose-conversion of entolimod and based on the results of that meeting, we plan to submit a pre-EUA dossier in the first half of 2015 in order to inform and expedite the FDA’s issuance of an EUA, should one become necessary in the event of an emergency. The FDA does not have review deadlines with respect to pre-EUA submissions and, therefore, the timing of any approval of a pre-EUA submission is uncertain. If we submit a pre-EUA, the FDA may decide not to accept the data or may decide that our data are insufficient for pre-EUA. The FDA may require additional pre-clinical, clinical or other studies, refuse to approve our products, or place restrictions on our ability to commercialize those products. Additionally, an authorization of our pre-EUA submission will not guarantee, and may not accelerate, BLA approval of entolimod as a radiation countermeasure. Further, even if our pre-EUA submission is authorized, there is no guarantee that such authorization will lead to procurement by the United States or other governments or any additional development funding as it is possible that the United States or other government may not be interested

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in our product or our proposed terms of sale for any number of reasons including, but not limited to, lack of available funding, potential lack of government co-sponsorship of our pre-EUA, perceptions about the safety and effectiveness of entolimod, the storage requirements for entolimod or one of our competitors receiving pre-EUA authorization for their product. If we are not successful in partnering entolimod or completing the development, licensure and commercialization of entolimod for its biodefense indication use, or if we are significantly delayed in doing so, our business may be materially harmed.

Even if our drug candidates obtain regulatory approval, we will be subject to on-going government regulation.

Even if our drug candidates obtain regulatory approval, our products will be subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record keeping requirements, submitting periodic reports to the FDA, reporting of any adverse experiences with the product and complying with REMS and drug sampling and distribution requirements. In addition, updated safety and efficacy information must be maintained and provided to the FDA. We or our collaborative partners, if any, must comply with requirements concerning advertising and promotional labeling, including the prohibition against promoting non-FDA approved or “off-label” indications or products. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in significant enforcement action by the FDA, including warning letters, orders to pull the promotional materials and substantial fines.

After FDA approval of a product, the discovery of problems with a product or its class, or the failure to comply with requirements may result in restrictions on a product, manufacturer or holder of an approved marketing application. These include withdrawal or recall of the product from the market or other voluntary or FDA-initiated action that could delay or prevent further marketing. Newly discovered or developed safety or effectiveness data, including from other products in a therapeutic class, may require changes to a product’s approved labeling, including the addition of new warnings and contraindications. Also, the FDA requires post-market clinical testing of products approved under the Animal Rule at the time of a declared emergency and may require post-market clinical testing of other products. They may also require surveillance to monitor the product’s safety or efficacy to evaluate long-term effects. It is also possible that rare but serious adverse events not seen in our drug candidates may be identified after marketing approval. This could result in withdrawal of our product from the market.

Compliance with post-marketing regulations may be time-consuming and costly and could delay or prevent us from generating revenue from the commercialization of our drug candidates.

If physicians and patients do not accept and use our drugs, we will not achieve sufficient product revenues and our business will suffer.

Even if we gain marketing approval of our drug candidates, government purchasers, physicians and/or patients may not accept and use them. Acceptance and use of these products may depend on a number of factors including:

The failure of our drugs, if approved for marketing, to gain acceptance in the market would harm our business and could require us to seek additional financing.

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RISKS RELATED TO OUR DEPENDENCE ON U.S. AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS AND GRANTS

If we are unable to procure additional government funding, we may not be able to fund future R&D and implement technological improvements, which would materially harm our financial conditions and operating results.

In 2014, we received 0.6% of our revenues from government contract and grant development work in connection with grants from the DoD and 95.2% of our revenues from government contract development work in the Russian Federation. In 2013 and 2012, we received 26.8% and 34.8% of our revenues from U.S. government contract and grant development work, and 73.2% and 65.2% of our revenues from Russian government contract development work.

These revenues have funded some of our personnel and other R&D and general and administrative, or G&A, costs and expenses. It is possible that we may not choose to apply for or, if we do apply, be able to procure new grants and contracts that provide sufficient funding, or any funding at all. If we do submit proposals for new grants or contracts, the review of such proposals may take significant time. In addition, in the event of a positive review of one or more of our proposals, it may take significant time from the time we receive the positive review to the finalization of a new contract or grant. Additionally, a positive review of a proposal in no way indicates that we will ultimately receive a grant or contract award. Contract and grant awards are subject to a significant amount of uncertainty, including, but not limited to, successful negotiation and availability of funds. In addition, in our experience, contracts from Russian government entities require matching funds and posting of performance guarantees. Therefore, we expect that our acceptance of new contracts or grants from Russian government entities will also be subject to our ability to provide matching funds and to post performance guarantees.

As an example of the uncertainty of U.S. government contracting, in January 2014, we announced that the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, or BARDA, had terminated negotiations related to our proposal for further development of entolimod as a medical radiation countermeasure, noting that all such negotiations are subject to the availability of funds. In addition, we announced in January 2015 that we had received notice that our proposal application to support further development of entolimod as a medical radiation countermeasure has been recommended for funding subject to negotiations by the DoD. There is no guarantee that this recommendation will quickly or ever lead to the funding by DoD of our proposal. The Company’s receipt of this award is subject to successful negotiations and availability of funds. Additionally, with regard to our current Russian contracts, in each instance where we have been successful in receiving a contract, the contracts have been subject to matching funds and we have had to post performance guarantees, which have restricted our ability to use funds previously classified as operating funds.

If we are unable to obtain sufficient grants and contracts on a timely basis or if our current grants or contracts are terminated our ability to fund future R&D would be diminished, which would negatively impact our ability to compete in our industry and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our future business may be harmed as a result of the foreign and U.S. government contracting process as it involves risks not present in the commercial marketplace.

We expect that a significant portion of the business that we will seek in the near future will be under government contracts or subcontracts, both U.S. and foreign, which may be awarded through competitive bidding. For example, as described above, we are seeking funding from the DoD to support further development of entolimod. Additionally, in the Russian federation we may seek additional funding from the Skolkovo Foundation or MPT. Competitive bidding for government contracts presents a number of risks that are not typically present in the commercial contracting process, which may include:

The U.S. government may choose to award future contracts for the supply of medical radiation countermeasures to our competitors instead of to us. If we are unable to win particular contracts, or if the government chooses not to fully exercise all options under contracts awarded to us, we may not be able to operate in the market for products that are provided under those contracts for a number of years. If we are unable to consistently win new contract awards, or if we fail to anticipate all of the costs and resources that will be required to secure such contract awards, our growth strategy and our business, financial condition and operating results could be materially adversely affected.

Additionally, government authorities have a high degree of discretion in Russia and have at times exercised their discretion selectively or arbitrarily, without hearing or prior notice, and sometimes in a manner that is perceived to be influenced, or may be influenced, by political or commercial considerations. The government also has the power, in certain circumstances, to interfere with the performance of, nullify or terminate contracts. Selective or arbitrary actions have included withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions. Federal and local government entities have also used common defects in documentation as pretexts for court claims and other demands to invalidate and/or to void transactions, apparently for political purposes. We cannot assure you that regulators, judicial authorities or third parties will not challenge our compliance with applicable laws, decrees and regulations in Russia. Selective or arbitrary government action could have a material adverse effect on our business and on the value of our common stock.

The market for U.S. and other government funding is highly competitive.

We have submitted or plan to submit applications for funding of various research studies of our product candidates to the U.S. and other governments. There is no guarantee that any proposals that we have or plan to submit will be funded even if we receive positive reviews of such proposals as funding by the government is

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highly competitive and limited to the availability of funds. Failure to receive funding from U.S. and other government sources for the development of our product candidates could impair our ability to fund the development programs for our product candidates and thus could result in delays in development, or even stopping of development, of certain indications for our product candidates.

Notably, our biodefense product candidate, entolimod, faces significant competition for U.S. government funding for both development and procurement of medical countermeasures for biological, chemical and nuclear threats, diagnostic testing systems and other emergency preparedness countermeasures. In addition, we may not be able to compete effectively if entolimod does not satisfy procurement requirements of the U.S. government with respect to biodefense products. Our opportunities to succeed in the biodefense industry could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects, are more convenient or are less expensive than any products that we may develop.

U.S. government agencies have special contracting requirements, which create additional risks.

We have historically entered into contracts with various U.S. government agencies. Due to these contracts with government agencies, we are subject to various federal contract requirements. Future sales to U.S. government agencies will depend, in part, on our ability to meet these requirements, certain of which we may not be able to satisfy.

U.S. government contracts typically contain unfavorable termination provisions and are subject to audit by the government at its sole discretion even after the end of the period of performance under the contract, which subjects us to additional risks. These risks include the ability of the U.S. government to unilaterally:

Pursuant to our government contracts, we are generally permitted to retain title to any patentable invention or discovery made while performing the contract. However, the U.S. government is generally entitled to receive a non-exclusive, non-transferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to the subject inventions throughout the world. In addition, our government contracts generally provide that the U.S. government retains unlimited rights in the technical data produced under such government contract.

Our business could be adversely affected by a negative audit by the U.S. government.

As a U.S. government contractor, we may become subject to periodic audits and reviews by U.S. government agencies such as the Defense Contract Audit Agency, or the DCAA. These agencies review a contractor’s performance under its contracts, cost structure and compliance with applicable laws, regulations and standards. The DCAA also reviews the adequacy of, and a contractor’s compliance with, its internal control systems and policies, including the contractor’s purchasing, property, estimating, compensation and management information systems. Any costs found to be improperly allocated to a specific contract will not be reimbursed, which such costs already reimbursed must be refunded.

Based on the results of these audits, the U.S. government may adjust our contract-related costs and fees, which have already been paid to us, including allocated indirect costs. In addition, if an audit or review uncovers any

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improper or illegal activity, we may be subject to civil and criminal penalties and administrative sanctions, including termination of our contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or prohibition from doing business with the U.S. government. We could also suffer serious harm to our reputation if allegations of impropriety were made against us. In addition, under U.S. government purchasing regulations, some of our costs, including most financing costs, amortization of intangible assets, portions of our R&D costs and some marketing expenses, may not be reimbursable or allowed under our contracts. Further, as a U.S. government contractor, we may become subject to an increased risk of investigations, criminal prosecution, civil fraud, whistleblower lawsuits and other legal actions and liabilities to which purely private sector companies are not.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We rely upon licensed patents to protect our technology. We may be unable to obtain or protect such intellectual property rights and we may be liable for infringing upon the intellectual property rights of others.

Our ability to compete effectively will depend on our ability to maintain the proprietary nature of our technologies and the proprietary technology of others with which we have entered into licensing agreements. We have entered into five separate exclusive license agreements to license our product candidates that are not owned by us and some product candidates are covered by up to three separate license agreements. Pursuant to these license agreements we maintain patents and patent applications covering our product candidates. We do not know whether any of these patent applications that are still in the approval process will ultimately result in the issuance of a patent with respect to the technology owned by us or licensed to us. The patent position of pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies, including ours, is generally uncertain and involves complex legal and factual considerations. The standards that the United States Patent and Trademark Office use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change. There is also no uniform, worldwide policy regarding the subject matter and scope of claims granted or allowable in pharmaceutical or biotechnology patents. Accordingly, we do not know the degree of future protection for our proprietary rights or the breadth of claims that will be allowed in any patents issued to us or to others.

Our technology may be found in the future to infringe upon the rights of others or be infringed upon by others. In such a case, others may assert infringement claims against us, and should we be found to infringe upon their patents, or otherwise impermissibly utilize their intellectual property, we might be forced to pay damages, potentially including treble damages, if we are found to have willfully infringed on such parties’ patent rights. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief which could effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell products. In addition to any damages we might have to pay, we may be required to obtain licenses from the holders of this intellectual property, enter into royalty agreements, or redesign our products so as not to utilize this intellectual property, each of which may prove to be uneconomical or otherwise impossible. Conversely, we may not always be able to successfully pursue our claims against others that infringe upon our technology and the technology exclusively licensed by us or developed with our collaborative partners. Thus, the proprietary nature of our technology or technology licensed by us may not provide adequate protection against competitors.

Moreover, the cost to us of any litigation or other proceeding relating to our patents and other intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, could be substantial and the litigation would divert our management’s efforts and our resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any litigation could limit our ability to continue our operations.

If we fail to comply with our obligations under our license agreement with third parties, we could lose our ability to develop our product candidates.

The manufacture and sale of any products developed by us may involve the use of processes, products or information, the rights to certain of which are owned by others. Although we have obtained exclusive licenses for

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our product candidates from The Cleveland Clinic and RPCI with regard to the use of patent applications as described above and certain processes, products and information of others, these licenses could be terminated or expire during critical periods and we may not be able to obtain licenses for other rights that may be important to us, or, if obtained, such licenses may not be obtained on commercially reasonable terms. Furthermore, some of our product candidates require the use of technology licensed from multiple third parties, each of which is necessary for the development of such product candidates. If we are unable to maintain and/or obtain licenses, we may have to develop alternatives to avoid infringing upon the patents of others, potentially causing increased costs and delays in product development and introduction or precluding the development, manufacture, or sale of planned products. Additionally, the patents underlying any licenses may not be valid and enforceable. To the extent any products developed by us are based on licensed technology, royalty payments on the licenses will reduce our gross profit from such product sales and may render the sales of such products uneconomical.

Our current exclusive licenses impose various development, royalty, diligence, record keeping, insurance, solvency and other obligations on us. If we breach any of these obligations and do not cure such breaches within the relevant cure period, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, which could result in us being unable to develop, manufacture and sell products that are covered by the licensed technology or enable a competitor to gain access to the licensed technology.

In addition, while we cannot currently determine the dollar amount of the royalty and other payments we will be required to make in the future under the license agreements, if any, the amounts may be significant. The dollar amount of our future payment obligations will depend on the technology and intellectual property we use in products that we successfully develop and commercialize, if any.

If we are not able to protect and control our unpatented trade secrets, know-how and other technology, we may suffer competitive harm.

We also rely on a combination of trade secrets, know-how, technology and nondisclosure and other contractual agreements and technical measures to protect our rights in the technology. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect and we rely on third parties to develop our products and thus must share trade secrets with them. We seek to protect our proprietary technology in part by entering into confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, material transfer agreements, collaborative research agreements, consulting agreements or other similar agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants prior to beginning research or disclosing proprietary information. These agreements will typically restrict the ability of our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants to publish data potentially relating to our trade secrets. Our academic collaborators typically have rights to publish data, provided that we are notified in advance and may delay publication for a specified time in order to secure our intellectual property rights arising from the collaboration. Despite our efforts to protect our trade secrets, our competitors may discover our trade secrets, either through breach of these agreements, independent development or publication of information including our trade secrets in cases where we do not have proprietary or otherwise protected rights at the time of publication. If any trade secret, know-how or other technology not protected by a patent or intellectual property right were disclosed to, or independently developed by, a competitor, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR INDUSTRY AND OTHER EXTERNAL FACTORS

The biopharmaceutical market in which we compete is highly competitive.

The biopharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapid and significant technological change. Our success will depend on our ability to develop and apply our technologies in the design and development of our product candidates and to establish and maintain a market for our product candidates. In addition, there are many companies, both public and private, including major pharmaceutical and chemical companies, specialized biotechnology firms, universities and other research institutions engaged in developing pharmaceutical and

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biotechnology products. Many of these companies have substantially greater financial, technical, research and development resources and human resources than us. Competitors may develop products or other technologies that are more effective than those that are being developed by us or may obtain FDA or other governmental approvals for products more rapidly than us. If we commence commercial sales of products, we still must compete in the manufacturing and marketing of such products, areas in which we have no experience.

Our growth could be limited if we are unable to attract and retain key personnel and consultants.

We have limited experience in filing and prosecuting regulatory applications to obtain marketing approval from the FDA or other regulatory authorities. The loss of services of one or more of our key employees or consultants could have a negative impact on our business or our ability to expand our research, development and clinical programs. We depend on our scientific and clinical collaborators and advisors, all of whom have outside commitments that may limit their availability to us. In addition, to the extent that we are unable to engage certain collaborators or advisors for certain periods of time due to lack of relevant work or lack of available funds, there is a risk that such collaborators or advisors will not be available to provide services in the future at such time when there is available work and/or funds. In addition, we believe that our future success will depend in large part upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled scientific, managerial and marketing personnel, particularly as we expand our activities in clinical trials, the regulatory approval process, external partner solicitations and sales and manufacturing. We routinely enter into consulting agreements with our scientific and clinical collaborators and advisors, opinion leaders and heads of academic departments in the ordinary course of our business. We also enter into contractual agreements with physicians and institutions who recruit patients into our clinical trials on our behalf in the ordinary course of our business. In addition, as a result of our 2013 corporate restructuring and workforce reductions, we may face additional challenges in retaining our existing senior management and key employees and recruiting new employees to join our company as our business needs change. We face significant competition for this type of personnel and for employees from other companies, research and academic institutions, government entities and other organizations. We cannot predict our success in hiring or retaining the personnel we require for continued growth.

We may be subject to damages resulting from claims that we, our employees or our consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We engage as employees and consultants individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including at competitors or potential competitors. Although no claims against us are currently pending, we may become subject to claims that we or our employees have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against these claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distract management.

We may incur substantial liabilities from any product liability and other claims if our insurance coverage for those claims is inadequate.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical trials and will face an even greater risk if the product candidates are sold commercially. An individual may bring a product liability claim against us if one of the product candidates causes, or merely appears to have caused, an injury. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against the product liability claim, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

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We currently have product liability insurance and intend to expand such coverage from coverage for clinical trials to include the sale of commercial products if marketing approval is obtained for any of our product candidates. However, insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

From time to time, we may also become subject to litigation, such as stockholder derivative claims or securities fraud claims, which could involve our directors and officers as defendants. We currently have director and officer, or D&O, insurance to cover such risk exposure for our directors and officers. Our bylaws require us to indemnify our current and past directors and officers from reasonable expenses related to the defense of any action arising from their service to us. Our certificate of incorporation and by-laws include provisions to indemnify the directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, including circumstances under which indemnification is otherwise discretionary. If our D&O insurance is insufficient to cover all such expenses for all directors and officers, we would be obligated to cover any shortfall, which may be substantial. Such expenditure could have a material adverse effect on our results of operation, financial condition and liquidity. Further, if D&O insurance becomes prohibitively expensive to maintain in the future, we may be unable to renew such insurance on economic terms or unable renew such insurance at all. The lack of D&O insurance may make it difficult for us to retain and attract talented and skilled directors and officers to serve our company, which could adversely affect our business.

Our former laboratories used certain chemical and biological agents and compounds that may be deemed hazardous and we are subject to various safety and environmental laws and regulations. Our compliance with these laws and regulations may result in significant costs, which could materially reduce our ability to become profitable.

Until late 2013, we operated laboratories that used hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological agents and compounds that could be dangerous to human health and safety or the environment and we currently sublease these laboratories for operation by other companies. As appropriate, we stored these materials and wastes resulting from their use at our laboratory facility pending their ultimate use or disposal and we currently require that our laboratory sub-lessors do the same. We contracted with a third party to properly dispose of these materials and wastes and our laboratory sub-lessors now manage such contracts. We were and continue to be subject to a variety of federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, generation, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and wastes. We may incur significant costs if we unknowingly failed to comply with environmental laws and regulations.

We rely significantly on information technology and any failure, inadequacy, interruption or security lapse of that technology, including any cybersecurity incidents, could harm our ability to operate our business effectively.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of third parties with which we contract are vulnerable to damage from cyber-attacks, computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. System failures, accidents or security breaches could cause interruptions in our operations, and could result in a material disruption of our product development and clinical activities and business operations, in addition to possibly requiring substantial expenditures of resources to remedy. The loss of product development or clinical trial data could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of, or damage to, our data or applications, or

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inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and our development programs and the development of our product candidates could be delayed.

Political or social factors may delay or impair our ability to market our products.

Entolimod is being developed to treat ARS, which is a disease that may be caused by terrorist acts. The political and social responses to terrorism have been highly charged and unpredictable. Political or social pressures may delay or cause resistance to bringing our products to market or limit pricing of our products, which would harm our business. Changes to favorable laws, such as the Project BioShield Act, could have a material adverse effect on our ability to generate revenue and could require us to reduce the scope of or discontinue our operations.

We hope to receive funding from U.S. or foreign government agencies for the development of entolimod and our products. Changes in government budgets and agendas, however, have previously resulted in termination of our contract negotiations and may, in the future, result in future funding being decreased and de-prioritized. In addition, government contracts contain provisions that permit cancellation in the event that funds are unavailable to the government agency. Furthermore, we cannot be certain of the timing of any future funding and substantial delays or cancellations of funding could result from protests or challenges from third parties. If the U.S. government fails to continue to adequately fund R&D programs, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenues to continue development of entolimod or continue our other operations. Similarly, if our pre-EUA submission for entolimod is authorized by the FDA, but the U.S. government does not place sufficient orders for this product, our future business may be harmed.

Failure to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar foreign laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

We are required to comply with the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, which prohibits U.S. companies from engaging in bribery or other prohibited payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Foreign companies, including some that may compete with us, are not subject to these prohibitions. Furthermore, foreign jurisdictions in which we operate may have laws that are similar to the FCPA to which we are or may become subject. This may place us at a significant competitive disadvantage. Corruption, extortion, bribery, pay-offs, theft and other fraudulent practices may occur from time to time in the foreign markets where we conduct business. Although we inform our personnel that such practices are illegal, we can make no assurance that our employees or other agents will not engage in illegal conduct for which we might be held responsible. If our employees or other agents are found to have engaged in such practices, we could suffer severe penalties and other consequences that may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with certain accounting provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.

Compliance with the FCPA and similar foreign anti-bribery laws is expensive and difficult, particularly in countries in which corruption is a recognized problem. In addition, such anti-bribery laws present particular challenges in the biotech or pharmaceutical industry, because, in many countries, hospitals are operated by the government and doctors and other hospital employees may be considered foreign officials.

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RISKS RELATING TO OUR SECURITIES

There is uncertainty regarding the application of the federal and state securities laws to our offering of common stock and warrants, and there is a corresponding risk that we could be required to refund the purchase price of securities offered to purchasers who so elect.

We conducted an offering under a registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and a concurrent private placement intended to comply with the requirements of Section 4(a)(2) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Rule 506(b) promulgated thereunder. Shares of common stock and warrants were offered and sold in combination. The shares of common stock and Series B pre-funded warrants were intended to be offered and sold in a transaction registered under the Securities Act, while the other warrants and shares of common stock issuable thereunder were intended to be offered and sold in a private placement exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act.

While we are aware of other transactions using a concurrent public/private offering approach, the SEC has not addressed whether concurrent public and private offerings and sales to the same prospective investors would adversely impact the public offering or preclude the private offering from satisfying the requirements of Rule 506(b). If the securities offered in our concurrent private placement do not satisfy the conditions of Rule 506(b), the offering would be a violation of Section 5 of the Securities Act and each purchaser would have the right to rescind its purchase of the securities, meaning that we would be required to refund the purchase price of the securities to each purchaser electing rescission. If that were to occur, we would face severe financial demands and reputational harm that could adversely affect our business and operations. Additionally, if we did not in fact qualify for the exemptions upon which it has relied, we may become subject to significant fines and penalties imposed by SEC. It is also possible that additional remedies may be available to purchasers under applicable state law.

If we are unable to obtain shareholder approval for the issuance of all of the shares of common stock upon conversion of the Series A convertible preferred stock, exercise of the Series B pre-funded warrants or exercise of the Series A warrants, we will owe dividend, redemption and other obligations on the Series A convertible preferred stock.

We agreed to seek approval from our shareholders as may be required by the applicable rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market, including the issuance of all of the shares of common stock upon conversion of the Series A convertible preferred stock, exercise of the Series B pre-funded warrants and exercise of the Series A warrants in excess of 19.99% of our issued and outstanding common stock on the closing date of the agreement, including certain adjustments to the conversion price of the Series A convertible preferred stock, exercise of the Series B pre-funded warrants and exercise of the Series A warrants. We refer to this approval as the “Shareholder Approval.” Each share of Series A convertible preferred stock will be convertible into common stock at any time at the election of the investor, subject to obtaining the Shareholder Approval for any amounts exceeding these thresholds. If we are unable to obtain the Shareholder Approval, we will be required to call a meeting every 65 days to continue seeking the Shareholder Approval until obtained or the Series A convertible preferred stock is no longer outstanding.

In addition, among other conditions, until we obtain Shareholder Approval, we will be required to continue complying with negative covenants that limit our ability to incur debt, incur liens, amend our charter documents, repurchase securities, pay dividends or enter into related party transactions, which could adversely impact our operations. Additionally, until we obtain Shareholder Approval, we are restricted from issuing any equity securities or granting any option to purchase our equity securities, which could materially adversely affect our ability to continue our operations.

Significant stockholders or potential stockholders may attempt to effect changes to our company, which could adversely affect our corporate governance, results of operations and financial condition.

Stockholders may from time to time attempt to effect changes, engage in proxy solicitations or advance stockholder proposals, such as the stockholder proposals recently made by Mikhail Mogutov, a beneficial owner

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of approximately 11.11% of our outstanding common stock, to nominate eight new directors, all of whom reside in Russia, and effect certain other corporate changes. Responding to proxy contests and other actions by activist stockholders can generally be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of our board of directors and senior management from the pursuit of business strategies. Additionally, stockholder campaigns, such as the proposals advanced by Dr. Mogutov, could result in corporate governance changes that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The price of our common stock has been and could remain volatile, which may in turn expose us to securities litigation.

The market price of our common stock has historically experienced and may continue to experience significant volatility. From January 2014 through December 2014, the market price of our common stock, which is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market, fluctuated from a high of $24.80 per share in the first quarter of 2014 to a low of $5.40 in the fourth quarter of 2014, after taking into account the effect of the Reverse Split. The listing of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market does not assure that a meaningful, consistent and liquid trading market will exist, and in recent years, the market has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have particularly affected the market prices of many smaller companies like us. Our common stock is thus subject to this volatility in addition to volatility caused by the occurrence of industry and company specific events. Factors that could cause fluctuations include, but are not limited to, the following:

As a result of the volatility of our stock price, we could be subject to securities litigation, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s attention and company resources from our business.

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We may be unable to maintain the listing of our common shares on NASDAQ despite the Reverse Split

The quantitative listing standards of the NASDAQ Stock Market, or NASDAQ, require, among other things, that listed companies maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share. We failed to satisfy this threshold for 30 consecutive trading days and on March 10, 2014, we received a letter from NASDAQ indicating that we had been provided an initial period of 180 calendar days, or until September 8, 2014, in which to regain compliance. On September 9, 2014, we received an additional 180 day compliance period ending on March 9, 2015. On January 28, 2015, we effected the Reverse Split. Following the Reverse Split, we regained compliance with NASDAQ’s minimum closing bid price requirements and were notified by the NASDAQ staff on February 12, 2015 that we had regained compliance with NASDAQ’s quantitative listing standards. The per share market price of the common stock will continue to be affected by our financial and operational results, financial position, including our liquidity and capital resources, product development, industry conditions, the market’s perception of the our business and other factors, which are unrelated to the number of common shares outstanding. There is a risk that, despite the Reverse Split, our common shares will be delisted from the NASDAQ if we fail to meet NASDAQ’s quantitative listing standards.

Issuance of additional equity may adversely affect the market price of our stock.

We are currently authorized to issue 160,000,000 shares of common stock and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock. As of December 31, 2014, after taking into account the effect of the Reverse Split, 2,858,126 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding and we had issued warrants to purchase 875,304 shares, exclusive of the Rusnano warrant described above as it was not exercisable at the time, and had granted 261,389 options. In addition, on February 6, 2015 we sold 1,406,028 shares of common stock or securities convertible into common stock and issued 1,406,028 warrants to purchase common stock. To the extent the shares of common stock are issued or options and warrants are exercised, holders of our common stock will experience dilution.

In the event of any future issuances of equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for, common stock, holders of our common stock may experience dilution. Furthermore, our outstanding warrants contain provisions that, in certain circumstances, could result in the number of shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of such warrants to increase and/or the exercise price of such warrants to decrease.

Moreover, our board of directors is authorized to issue preferred stock without any action on the part of our stockholders. Our board of directors also has the power, without stockholder approval, to set the terms of any such preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, conversion rights, dividend rights, preferences over our common stock with respect to dividends or if we liquidate, dissolve or wind up our business and other terms. For example, on February 6, 2015, we issued 717.4 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock, which is convertible into 239,135 of our common stock at a conversion price of $3.00 per share. The Series A convertible preferred stock has a liquidation preference over junior securities, including common stock. Additionally, the Company agreed to comply with negative covenants that limit our ability to incur debt, incur liens, amend our charter documents, repurchase securities, pay dividends or enter into related party transactions, which could adversely impact our operations until the date that (i) shareholder approval as may be required by NASDAQ for the February 6, 2015 transaction has been obtained (ii) the Series B pre-funded warrants issued in the transaction are no longer outstanding, and (iii) there is an effective registration statement registering the resale of all of the shares underlying the Series A convertible preferred stock. If we issue additional shares of preferred stock in the future that has preference over our common stock with respect to the payment of dividends or upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or if we issue preferred stock with voting rights that dilute the voting power of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could decrease. Additionally, the conversion of the Series A convertible preferred stock, or any preferred stock issued in the future, into our common stock could result in significant dilution to the holders of our common stock.

We also consider from time to time various strategic alternatives that could involve issuances of additional shares of common stock or shares of preferred stock, including but not limited to acquisitions and business combinations.

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these reports and we currently do not have any industry analysts covering us. In the event we do regain analyst coverage, there can be no assurance that analysts will provide favorable coverage. Our stock price may be adversely impacted by our current lack of analyst coverage as we may have less visibility in the financial markets than other companies in our industry, which may cause declined trading volume and stock price.

We have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock and investors may not receive funds without selling their common stock.

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock, nor do we expect to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain any additional future earnings to finance our operations and growth and, therefore, we have no plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock at this time. Any future determination to pay cash dividends on our common stock will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent on our earnings, financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, any contractual restrictions, regulatory and other restrictions on the payment of dividends by our subsidiaries to us and other factors that our board of directors deems relevant.

Accordingly, investors may have to sell some or all of their common stock in order to generate cash from your investment. Investors may not receive a gain on their investment when they sell our common stock and may lose the entire amount of their investment.

Provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover or impact operational control of our company, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as Delaware corporate law, contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control or changes in our management that a stockholder might consider favorable. These provisions include, among others, prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, advance notice for raising business or making nominations at meetings of stockholders and the issuance of preferred stock with rights that may be senior to those of our common stock without stockholder approval. These provisions would apply even if a takeover offer may be considered beneficial by some of our stockholders. If a change of control or change in management is delayed or prevented, the market price of our common stock could decline.

RISKS RELATED TO CONDUCTING BUSINESS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Political, economic and governmental instability in Russia could materially adversely affect our operations and financial results.

Political, ethnic, religious, historical and other differences have, on occasion, given rise to tensions within certain regions of Russia. Further, political and economic relations between Russia and the United States, two of the jurisdictions in which we operate, are complex. The current situation in Ukraine and Crimea along with the response of the governments of Russia, the United States, member states of the European Union, the European Union itself and other nations to this situation, have the potential to materially adversely affect our operations in Russia. In connection with the current situation in Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and certain other states have imposed a broad raft of sanctions against Russian and Crimean officials, Russian businesses and certain businessmen, including sectorial sanctions applicable to businesses operating in certain sectors of the economy, including energy and finance. Russia has responded with certain countermeasures, including limiting the import of certain goods from the United States and other countries. While we do not anticipate that the current sanctions will materially affect our business directly, if further sanctions are ordered by the European Union, the United States or other international interests, such sanctions may materially adversely affect our operations in Russia.

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In addition to geopolitical events, other factors, including the steady fall in oil prices, the global strengthening of the U.S. dollar and the Russian Central Bank’s reduction of currency rate support, have negatively affected the value of the Russian ruble relative to the U.S. dollar and this has drove increasing inflation. Continuing fluctuations in the rates at which the U.S. dollar are exchanged into Russian rubles may result in both foreign currency transaction and translation losses. We are subject to exchange rate fluctuations as (i) CBLI exchanges U.S. dollar-denominated funds into ruble-denominated funds in order to conduct operations of our Russian-based subsidiary BioLab 612, (ii) Panacela, Incuron (prior to deconsolidation in November of 2014) and BioLab 612 use their ruble-denominated funds to pay for services under U.S. dollar-denominated contracts, including payments to CBLI for services we provide to our subsidiary and joint ventures, and (iii) the U.S. dollar equivalent of ruble denominated assets and liabilities fluctuate from period-to-period causing us to record foreign currency translation adjustments which are reflected as a change in other comprehensive income (loss). As the U.S. dollar strengthens or weakens relative to the ruble, our ruble-denominated revenue and expenses decline or increase respectively, when translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes. Should exchange rates in effect at the time of this filing as compared to early 2014 and 2013, continue throughout the year, we expect the exchange rates to reduce our revenues and expenses in 2014 compared to 2013, and we would also record other comprehensive losses on our ruble denominated assets and liabilities when translated into the U.S. dollar. Additionally, the purchasing power of U.S. dollar denominated services is reduced, such as those being provided in the U.S. for Incuron’s clinical trial of the intravenous application of CBL0137.

Even before the current events mentioned above, and since the early 1990s, Russia has sought to transform from a one-party state with a centrally planned economy to a democracy with a market economy. As a result of the sweeping nature of various reforms and the failure of some of them, the political system of Russia remains vulnerable to popular dissatisfaction, including demands for autonomy from particular regional and ethnic groups. Current and future changes in the Russian government, major policy shifts or lack of consensus between various branches of the government and powerful economic groups could disrupt or reverse economic and regulatory reforms. Furthermore, the Russian economy is vulnerable to market downturns and economic slowdowns elsewhere in the world, and has experienced periods of considerable instability. Although the Russian economy showed positive trends until 2008, including annual increases in the gross domestic product, a relatively stable currency, strong domestic demand, rising real wages and a reduced rate of inflation, these trends were interrupted by the global financial crisis in late 2008, in which Russia experienced adverse economic and financial effects including a substantial decrease in the growth rate of gross domestic product, depreciation of local currency and a decline in domestic and international demand for its products and services. Economic instability in Russia could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Emerging markets, such as Russia, are subject to greater risks than more developed markets and financial turmoil in Russia could disrupt our business.

Investors in emerging markets, such as Russia, should be aware that these markets are subject to greater risks than more developed markets, including significant economic risks. For example, the Russian economy has periodically experienced high rates of inflation and is experiencing increased rates of inflation at present. According to The World Bank, the annual inflation rate in Russia, as measured by the consumer price index, was 5.1% in 2012 and 6.8% in 2013. Periods of higher inflation may slow economic growth. Inflation also is likely to increase some of our costs and expenses including the costs for our subsidiaries and joint ventures to conduct business operations, including any outsourced product testing costs.

Prospective investors in our common stock should note that emerging markets are subject to rapid change and that the information set out in this Annual Report on Form 10-K about our operations in Russia may become outdated relatively quickly.

Our subsidiary/joint venture research operations are conducted primarily in Russia, making them subject to political uncertainties relating to Russia and U.S.-Russian relations.

The majority of our subsidiary’s and joint ventures’ research activities are in Russia. Given the unprecedented level of hostility between the United States and Russia since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, our operations may

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be negatively and materially impacted by escalation of measures and counter-measures taken by the United States against Russia and Russia against the United States and their respective citizens and persons organized under their laws, including the adoption of measures that could require us to reduce, suspend or terminate our operations in Russia. For example, the organizations funding our activities in Russia are highly regulated and, in many instances, are controlled by the Russian government so our funding could be delayed, reduced or even terminated under expanded sanction regimes.

The legal system in Russia can create an uncertain environment for business activity, which could materially adversely affect our business and operations in Russia.

The legal framework to support a market economy remains new and in flux in Russia and, as a result, its legal system can be characterized by: inconsistencies between and among laws and governmental, ministerial and local regulations, orders, decisions, resolutions and other acts; gaps in the regulatory structure resulting from the delay in adoption or absence of implementing regulations; selective enforcement of laws or regulations, sometimes in ways that have been perceived as being motivated by political or financial considerations; limited judicial and administrative guidance on interpreting legislation; relatively limited experience of judges and courts in interpreting recent commercial legislation; a perceived lack of judicial and prosecutorial independence from political, social and commercial forces; inadequate court system resources; a high degree of discretion on the part of the judiciary and governmental authorities; and underdeveloped bankruptcy procedures that are subject to abuse.

In addition, as is true of civil law systems generally, judicial precedents generally have no binding effect on subsequent decisions. Not all legislation and court decisions in Russia are readily available to the public or organized in a manner that facilitates understanding. Enforcement of court orders can in practice be very difficult. All of these factors make judicial decisions difficult to predict and effective redress uncertain. Additionally, court claims and governmental prosecutions may be used in furtherance of what some perceive to be political or commercial aims.

Effective August 6, 2014, the Supreme State Commercial (Arbitrazh) Court was merged into the Russian Supreme Court and now exits as a sub-division of the Russian Supreme Court, known as the Judicial Collegium for Economic Disputes of the Supreme Court. A draft law on full merger of the commercial courts and courts of general jurisdiction reportedly is being prepared. As of the date of this Annual Report, the consequences of this merger process on the expeditious resolution of commercial disputes and stability of the prior decisions of the Supreme State Commercial (Arbitrazh) Court is unknown.

The untested nature of much of recent legislation in Russia and the rapid evolution of its legal system may result in ambiguities, inconsistencies and anomalies in the application and interpretation of laws and regulations. Any of these factors may affect our ability to enforce our rights under our contracts or to defend ourselves against claims by others, or result in our being subject to unpredictable requirements. These uncertainties also extend to property rights and the expropriation or nationalization of any of our entities, their assets or portions thereof, potentially without adequate compensation, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in the tax system in Russia or the arbitrary or unforeseen application of existing rules could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

There have been significant changes to the taxation system in Russia in recent years as the authorities have gradually replaced legislation regulating the application of major taxes such as corporate income tax, value added tax, corporate property tax and other taxes with new legislation. Effective January 1, 2015, the Russian tax law was amended as part of the government’s “deoffshorization” policy to, among other things, introduce a concept analogous to that of controlled foreign corporations found in other jurisdictions.

Tax authorities in Russia have also been aggressive in their interpretation of tax laws and their many ambiguities, as well as in their enforcement and collection activities. Technical violations of contradictory laws and

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regulations, many of which are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive application or interpretation, can lead to penalties. High-profile companies, particularly those operating in strategically sensitive sectors, can be perceived to be particularly vulnerable to aggressive application of unclear requirements. Many companies must negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors who may demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Our Russian subsidiary’s and joint ventures’ tax liabilities may become greater than the estimated amount that they have expensed to date and paid or accrued on the balance sheets, particularly if the tax benefits currently received in Russia are changed or removed. Any additional tax liability, as well as any unforeseen changes in tax laws, could materially adversely affect our future results of operations, financial condition or cash flows in a particular period.

In October 2006, the Supreme Arbitration Court of Russia issued a ruling that introduced the concept of an “unjustified tax benefit,” which is a benefit that may be disallowed for tax purposes. Specific examples cited by the court include benefits obtained under transactions lacking a business purpose (i.e., when the only purpose of a deal or structure is to derive tax benefits). The tax authorities have actively sought to apply this concept when challenging tax positions taken by taxpayers. Although the intention of the ruling was to combat tax abuse, in practice there is no assurance that the tax authorities will not seek to apply this concept in a broader sense than may have been intended by the court. In addition, the tax authorities and the courts have indicated a willingness to interpret broadly the application of criminal responsibility for tax violations.

The tax system in Russia imposes additional burdens and costs on our operations there and complicate our tax planning and related business decisions. For example, the tax environment in Russia has historically been complicated by contradictions in Russian tax law and ambiguity in areas such as the deductibility of certain expenses. This uncertainty could result in a greater than expected tax burden and potentially exposes us to significant fines and penalties and enforcement measures, despite our best efforts at compliance. These factors raise the risk of a sudden imposition of arbitrary or onerous taxes on our operations in these countries. This could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Selective or arbitrary government action may have an adverse effect on our business and the value of our common stock.

Government authorities have a high degree of discretion in Russia and have at times exercised their discretion selectively or arbitrarily, without hearing or prior notice, and sometimes in a manner that is perceived to be influenced, or may be influenced, by political or commercial considerations. The government also has the power, in certain circumstances, to interfere with the performance of, nullify or terminate contracts. Selective or arbitrary actions have included withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions. Federal and local government entities have also used common defects in documentation as pretexts for court claims and other demands to invalidate and/or to void transactions, apparently for political purposes. We cannot assure you that regulators, judicial authorities or third parties will not challenge our compliance with applicable laws, decrees and regulations in Russia. Selective or arbitrary government action could have a material adverse effect on our business and on the value of our common stock.

Shareholder liability under Russian legislation could cause us to become liable for the obligations of our subsidiaries and joint ventures.

The Russian Civil Code and the Law on Limited Liability Companies generally provide that shareholders in a Russian limited liability company are not liable for the obligations of the company and bear only the risk of loss of their investment. This may not be the case, however, when one person, an effective parent, is capable of determining decisions made by another, an effective subsidiary. The effective parent bears joint and several responsibilities for transactions concluded by the effective subsidiary in carrying out these decisions in certain circumstances.

In addition, a parent is secondarily liable for an effective subsidiary’s debts if an effective subsidiary becomes insolvent or bankrupt as a result of the action or inaction of the parent. This is the case no matter how the

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parent’s capability to determine decisions of the effective subsidiary arises. For example, this liability could arise through ownership of voting securities or by contract. In these instances, other shareholders of the effective subsidiary may claim compensation for the effective subsidiary’s losses from the parent that caused the effective subsidiary to act or fail to act, knowing that such action or inaction would result in losses. Accordingly, in CBLI’s position as a parent, there is a risk that it could be held liable in certain limited circumstances for the debts of its effective subsidiaries consequently, it is possible that CBLI could face material liability in this regard in the future, which could materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations.

Our Russian subsidiary/joint ventures can be forced into liquidation on the basis of formal noncompliance with certain legal requirements.

Incuron, BioLab 612 and Panacela Labs, LLC, the wholly-owned Russian subsidiary of Panacela, were organized under the laws of the Russian Federation. Certain provisions of Russian law may allow a court to order the liquidation of a locally organized legal entity on the basis of its formal noncompliance with certain requirements during formation, reorganization or during its operations. Additionally, Russian corporate law allows the government to liquidate a company if its net assets fall below a certain threshold. Similarly, there have also been cases in Russia in which formal deficiencies in the establishment process of a legal entity or noncompliance with provisions of law have been used by courts as a basis for liquidation of a legal entity. Weaknesses in the legal systems of Russia create an uncertain legal environment, which makes the decisions of a court or a governmental authority difficult, if not impossible, to predict. If involuntary liquidation of either of the aforementioned entities were to occur, such liquidation could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Crime and corruption could disrupt our ability to conduct our business.

Political and economic changes in Russia in recent years have resulted in significant dislocations of authority. The local and international press has reported the existence of significant organized criminal activity, particularly in large metropolitan centers. In addition, the local and international press has reported high levels of corruption, including the bribing of officials for the purpose of initiating investigations by government agencies. Press reports have also described instances in which state officials have engaged in selective investigations and prosecutions to further the interests of the state and individual officials, as well as private businesses, including competitors and corporate raiders. Corruption in Russia is perceived to be pervasive and, in some cases, is worsening. The government in Russia has recently pursued a campaign against corruption. However, there is no assurance that such laws or other laws enacted elsewhere will be applied with any effectiveness by the local authorities and the continuing effects of corruption, money laundering and other criminal activity could have a negative effect on the Russian economy and could materially adversely affect our business in Russia.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Description of Properties

Our corporate headquarters is located at 73 High Street, Buffalo, New York 14203. We have approximately 32,000 square feet of laboratory and office space under a twelve-year lease through June of 2019 with successive two-year renewals, of which 8,324 square feet was subleased to various companies. The sublease covering the majority of the subleased space may be terminated by either party upon 90 days written notice to the other party. This space serves as our corporate headquarters and U.S. corporate headquarters for Incuron and Panacela. In addition, we have less than 1,800 square feet under lease outside of the United States expiring at varying times through January 2016. We do not own any real property.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure

None.

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PART II

Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

STOCK EXCHANGE LISTING

Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CBLI.” We have not paid dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all future income for use in the operation of our business and for future stock repurchases and, therefore, we have no plans to pay cash dividends on our common stock at this time.

STOCK PRICES

The following table sets forth the range of high and low sale prices on The NASDAQ Capital Market, for each quarter during 2014 and 2013. On February 25, 2015, the last reported sale price of our common stock was $3.33 per share.

STOCKHOLDERS

As of December 31, 2014, there were approximately 32 stockholders of record of our common stock. Because many of our shares are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of beneficial stockholders represented by these record holders.

UNREGISTERED SALE OF SECURITIES

On June 20, 2014, we closed a private placement transaction, or the June Transaction, with certain accredited investors, or Purchasers, pursuant to which we issued and sold units that were immediately separable into an aggregate of 305,370 shares of our common stock, and warrants to purchase up to 154,186 additional shares of common stock, for an aggregate purchase price of $3.5 million, or $11.35 per unit. The warrants, which may be exercised for cash or by surrender of all or a portion of such warrant in a cashless exercise, have a per share exercise price of $11.20 and a five year term. The purchasers in the June Transaction consisted of Dr. Mikhail Mogutov, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Incuron and Chairman of the Investment Committee and founder of BCV, as well as one institutional investor and its affiliate that collectively beneficially own more than 5% of our common stock. The securities issued by us in the June Transaction and issuable upon exercise of the warrants, collectively, the Securities, have not been registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Act, and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements. We relied on the private placement exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Act and by Rule 506 of Regulation D, promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and in reliance on similar exemptions under applicable state laws.

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On January 9, 2014, we entered into a letter agreement, or the Placement Agency Agreement, with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, or HCW, pursuant to which we engaged HCW to act as our exclusive placement agent in connection with the issuance and sale of our Common Stock and warrants. Pursuant to the fee tail provision of the Placement Agency Agreement, which specifically excluded BioProcess Capital Partners and its affiliates, including Dr. Mogutov, we paid $30,000 to HCW upon the completion of the June Transaction.

ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

We made no repurchases of our securities during the year ended December 31, 2014.

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Item 6: Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data has been derived from our audited financial statements. The information below is not necessarily indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and the financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Form 10-K, in order to fully understand factors that may affect the comparability of the information presented below:

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations and other portions of this filing contains forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by the forward-looking information. Factors that may cause such differences include, but are not limited to, availability and cost of financial resources, results of our Research and Development, or R&D, efforts and clinical trials, product demand, market acceptance and other factors discussed in this annual report in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and the Company’s other Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, filings. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this filing.

OVERVIEW

We are an innovative biopharmaceutical company seeking to develop first-in-class pharmaceuticals designed to address diseases with significant unmet medical need. Our most advanced product candidate is entolimod, which we are developing as a radiation countermeasure and an immunotherapy for oncology and other indications. We conduct business in the United States and in the Russian Federation through several legal entities, one of which is wholly-owned, and two of which are owned in collaboration with financial partners. See Item 1, “Business” for more information on our product candidates and our strategic partnerships. We refer to Cleveland BioLabs, Inc., or CBLI, along with our wholly-owned subsidiary BioLab 612, LLC, or BioLab 612, as CBLI Stand-alone. We refer to CBLI Stand-alone, in combination with, consolidated joint venture Panacela Labs, Inc., or Panacela, as CBLI Consolidated. Our joint venture Incuron, LLC, or Incuron, was deconsolidated on November 25, 2014. As such, the Incuron balance sheet, including cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments and all of its other assets and liabilities are no longer part of our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014. In addition, Incuron’s detailed results of operations were consolidated through November 25, 2014, after which we recognized only our equitable interest in Incuron’s results of operation as a single line item classified as an operating expense in our Statement of Operations through December 31, 2014, as Incuron’s operations are an extension of our core business.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses.

On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to accrued expenses, income taxes, stock-based compensation, investments and in-process research and development. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed and determinable, collectability is reasonably assured, contractual obligations have been satisfied and title and risk of loss have been transferred to the customer. We generate our revenue from two different types of contractual arrangements: cost-reimbursable grants and contracts and fixed-price grants and contracts. Costs consist primarily of actual internal labor charges, subcontractor and material costs incurred, plus an allocation of fringe benefits, overhead and general and administrative expenses, based on the terms of the contract.

Revenues on cost-reimbursable grants and contracts are recognized in an amount equal to the costs incurred during the period, plus an estimate of the applicable fee earned. The estimate of the applicable fee earned is

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determined by reference to the contract: if the contract defines the fee in terms of risk-based milestones and specifies the fees to be earned upon the completion of each milestone, then the fee is recognized when the related milestones are earned. Otherwise, we compute fee income earned in a given period by using a proportional performance method based on costs incurred during the period as compared to total estimated project costs and application of the resulting fraction to the total project fee specified in the contract.

Revenues on fixed-price grants and contracts are recognized using a percentage-of-completion method, which uses assumptions and estimates, as appropriate. These assumptions and estimates are developed in coordination with the principal investigator performing the work under the fixed-price grants to determine levels of accomplishments throughout the life of the grant.

Stock-Based Compensation

We expense all share-based awards to employees and consultants, including grants of stock options and shares, based on their estimated fair value at the date of grant. Costs of all share-based payments are recognized over the requisite service period that an employee or consultant must provide to earn the award (i.e., the vesting period) and allocated to the functional operating expense associated with that employee or consultant.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, short-term investments, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximates fair value due to the relatively short maturity of these instruments. Common stock warrants, which are classified as liabilities, are recorded at their fair market value as of each reporting period.

The measurement of fair value requires the use of techniques based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect our market assumptions. The inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

We use the Black-Scholes model to determine the fair value of certain common stock warrants on a recurring basis and classify such warrants in Level 3. The Black-Scholes model utilizes inputs consisting of: (i) the closing price of our common stock; (ii) the expected remaining life of the warrants; (iii) the expected volatility using a weighted-average of historical volatilities of CBLI and a group of comparable companies; and (iv) the risk-free market rate.

As of December 31, 2014, we held approximately $1.0 million in accrued expenses classified as Level 3 securities for warrants to purchase common stock and for compensatory stock options not yet issued.

Income Taxes

Determining the consolidated provision for income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and related valuation allowance, if any, involves judgment. On an on-going basis, we evaluate whether a valuation allowance is needed to reduce our deferred income tax assets to an amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The evaluation process includes assessing historical and current results in addition to future expected results. Upon determining that we would be able to realize our deferred tax assets, an adjustment to the deferred tax valuation allowance would increase income in the period we make such determination.

Revenue

Our revenue originates from grants and contracts from both United States federal government sources and Russian Federation government sources and service contracts with Incuron. U.S. federal grants and contracts are

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provided to advance research and development for product candidates that are of interest for potential sale to the U.S. Department of Defense, or DoD, or the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or BARDA. State grants are usually designed to stimulate economic activity. Russian government contracts are provided to develop the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries in Russia. We provide various research, management, business development and clinical advisory and management services to Incuron.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development, or R&D, costs are expensed as incurred. Advance payments are deferred and expensed as performance occurs. R&D costs include the cost of our personnel consisting of salaries, incentive and stock-based compensation, out-of-pocket pre-clinical and clinical trial costs usually associated with contract research organizations, drug product manufacturing and formulation and a pro-rata share of facilities expense and other overhead items.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative, or G&A, functions include executive management, finance and administration, government affairs and regulations, corporate development, human resources, legal and compliance. The specific costs include the cost of our personnel consisting of salaries, incentive and stock-based compensation, out-of-pocket costs usually associated with attorneys (both corporate and intellectual property), bankers, accountants and other advisors and a pro-rata share of facilities expense and other overhead items.

Other Income and Expenses

Other recurring income and expenses primarily consists of interest income on our investments, changes in the market value of our derivative financial instruments and foreign currency transaction gains or losses.

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013

Revenue

Revenue decreased from $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 to $3.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, representing a decrease of $4.8 million, or 56%. In the year ended December 31, 2014, we received revenues associated with our contracts and/or grants from DoD, Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, or MPT, and Skolkovo Foundation. The revenues related to our contracts and grants are cost-based and vary as a direct function of the underlying contracted work, which varies between periods. For instance, both the DoD and Skolkovo Foundation contracts completed in the first half of 2014, the Xenomycin MPT contract was closed in the third quarter of 2014 and there were differences in the underlying research activities associated with the other MPT contracts, which collectively resulted in decreased revenues. Additionally, we received service contract revenue from Incuron after its deconsolidation. The revenue differences related to our contracts, grants and service contracts between the periods and details regarding the sources of our government grant and contract revenue are set forth in the following table:

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We anticipate our revenue over the next year will continue to be derived primarily from government grants and contracts and service contracts from Incuron. The following table sets forth information regarding our currently active contracts:

Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses decreased from $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 to $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, representing a decrease of $9.8 million, or 50%. $5.3 million of this net decrease related to reduced utilization of third-party vendors including reductions of $3.1 million for entolimod for a biodefense indication, $1.8 million for Panacela compounds, $0.7 million for Curaxin compounds, and $0.7 million for CBLB612, which were partially offset by a $1.0 million increase in entolimod for oncology applications. In addition, compensation expense decreased by $3.7 million primarily attributable to personnel transferred to Buffalo BioLabs, LLC in the fourth quarter of 2013. Of the $3.7 million in reduced compensation expense, $3.6 million relates to cash compensation and $0.1 million relates to non-cash compensation. Reduced facilities and travel costs accounted for $0.8 million of the net decrease. The following table sets forth our total R&D costs by drug candidate:

General and Administrative Expenses

G&A expenses decreased from $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, representing a decrease of $3.5 million, or 29%. $2.2 million of the reduction was due to a reduction in costs related to our personnel and consultants, of which $1.3 million relates to cash compensation and $0.9 million relates to non-cash compensation. $0.8 million was due to a reduced usage of outside professionals. In addition, $0.3 million was due to charges in 2013 associated with the execution of a bank guarantee at Biolab 612 and a non-cash idle facilities reserve. Travel expenses decreased by $0.2 million.

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Other Income and Expenses

Other net income increased from $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013 to $14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, representing a net income increase of $11.5 million, or 383%. The net increase was primarily attributable to a $14.2 million gain on the deconsolidation of Incuron described in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements which was partially offset by $1.1 million of other expenses related to interest associated with our loans, $1.1 million due to foreign exchange losses incurred due the depreciation of the ruble, a $0.2 million loss attributable to changes in the value of our warrant liability, and a $0.3 million loss in our equitable share of Incuron’s operating results for the period post deconsolidation.

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2013 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2012

Revenue

Revenue increased from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing an increase of $4.9 million, or 138%. This increase consisted of increases of $1.0 million from U.S. government contracts and $3.9 million from Russian government contracts, primarily due to increased development activities under Russian government contracts, including two new contracts from MPT that were awarded in the fourth quarter of 2013 for development of an oncology application of entolimod and Mobilan.

The following table sets forth details regarding the sources of our government grant and contract revenue in 2012 and 2013:

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Research and Development Expenses

R&D expenses decreased from $22.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $19.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing a decrease of $3.0 million, or 13%. This net decrease primarily reflected decreases of $2.7 million related to entolimod’s biodefense indication, as the development in 2013 focused on a less expensive, non-irradiated non-human primate study, and $1.6 million related to a narrowed scope of development for the compounds under development by Panacela. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $1.2 million related to Curaxin development, primarily due to the initiation of a clinical trial in the United States for CBL0137. The following table sets forth our R&D expenses by drug candidate:

General and Administrative Expenses

G&A costs increased from $11.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $12.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing an increase of $0.9 million, or 8%. This net increase was primarily attributable to increases of $1.0 million related to our Russian-based subsidiary and joint ventures, $0.4 million in corporate legal and intellectual property fees and $0.4 million due to a reduction in incentive tax refunds. These increases were partially offset by decreases of $0.7 million in business development expenses and $0.2 million in non-cash stock-based compensation.

Other Income and Expenses

Other income decreased from $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2012 to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2013, representing a decrease of $4.7 million, or 61%. The change in the fair market value of our stock yielded a change in the fair market value of our accrued warrant liability, which was the primary reason for this decrease.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We incurred net losses of $133.9 million from our inception through December 31, 2014. Historically, we have not generated, and do not expect to generate, revenue from sales of product candidates in the immediate future. Since our founding in 2003, we have funded our operations through a variety of means:

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At December 31, 2014, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $3.1 million, or $6.8 million after giving effect to our equity raise on February 6, 2015 described in Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Of that total, $0.5 million was restricted for the use of our consolidated joint venture, Panacela, leaving $2.6 million available for general use, or $6.3 million giving effect to our February 2015 offering. Furthermore, Panacela and Biolab 612 had an additional $1.7 million of restricted cash held for performance bonds in connection with their respective MPT grants, which are classified as a long-term asset.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operations decreased by $8.6 million to $14.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $23.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. After adjusting for non-cash items, the net loss decreased by $5.7 million, while changes in working capital provided cash and cash equivalents of $2.9 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities changed by $2.3 million to $1.8 million used for the year ended December 31, 2014 from $0.6 million provided for the year ended December 31, 2013. This change was primarily attributable to cash divested upon the deconsolidation of Incuron.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities increased by $3.3 million to $10.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, from $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we raised $9.7 million, net of offering costs, through the sale of equity securities, BCV made an equity investment in Incuron of $5.2 million, we repaid $4.2 million of debt owed to Hercules and we made $0.1 million in capital lease payments.

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Other

We have incurred cumulative net losses and expect to incur additional losses related to our research and development activities. We do not have commercial products and have limited capital resources. We will need additional funds to complete the development of our product candidates. Our plans with regard to these matters may include seeking additional capital through a combination of government contracts, collaborative agreements, strategic alliances, research grants and equity and debt financing. There is no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining additional financing on commercially reasonable terms or that we will be able to secure funding from anticipated government contracts and grants. Additionally, our ability to raise funds through equity or debt financing is currently limited by our requirement to receive stockholder approval of certain of the terms of our February 2015 equity transaction.

We believe that our funds as of December 31, 2014, combined with the net proceeds of $3.7 million from our February 2015 offering and the cash flows from existing government grants and contracts, will be sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements into June 2015. In order to finance the continued development of our product and to otherwise satisfy obligations as they mature, we will likely seek to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit facilities. Our success is dependent upon commercializing our research and development programs and our ability to obtain adequate future financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain future financing or, if obtained, what the terms of such future financing may be, or that any amount that we are able to obtain will be adequate to support our working capital requirements until we achieve profitable operations. If we are unable to raise adequate capital and/or achieve profitable operations, future operations might need to be scaled back or discontinued. The financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability of the carrying amount of recorded assets and liabilities that might result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

Our auditors, Meaden & Moore, LLP, have indicated in their report on our financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, that conditions exist that raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern due to our recurring losses and substantial decline in our working capital. Our ability to continue as a going concern will depend upon the availability and terms of future funding and our ability to limit our expenses. If we are unable to achieve these goals, our business would be jeopardized and the Company may not be able to continue. If we ceased operations, it is likely that all of our investors would lose their investment.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2014.

Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our financial statements, together with the independent registered public accounting firm report thereon, are incorporated by reference from the applicable information set forth in Part IV Item 15, “Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and

Stockholders of Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. and Subsidiaries

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the entity’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Cleveland BioLabs, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the entity will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the entity has suffered recurring losses from operations and has a net capital deficiency that raises substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ Meaden & Moore, Ltd.

MEADEN & MOORE, LTD.

Certified Public Accountants

Cleveland, Ohio

February 27, 2015

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CLEVELAND BIOLABS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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CLEVELAND BIOLABS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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CLEVELAND BIOLABS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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CLEVELAND BIOLABS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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CLEVELAND BIOLABS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY