SUNPOWER CORP - Annual Report: 2023 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
| ☒ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023
OR
| ☐ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 | ||||
For the transition period from ______________ to ______________
Commission File Number 001-34166
SunPower Corporation
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
| Delaware | 94-3008969 | ||||||||||||||||
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | ||||||||||||||||
| 1414 Harbour Way South | Suite 1901 | Richmond | California | 94804 | |||||||||||||
| (Address of Principal Executive Offices) | (Zip Code) | ||||||||||||||||
(408) 240-5500
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
51 Rio Robles, San Jose, California, 95134
(Former address, if changed since last report)
_________________________________________
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol | Name of exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share | SPWR | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC | ||||||
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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Sections 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
| Large accelerated filer | ☒ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||||
| Non-accelerated filer | ☐ | Smaller reporting company | ☐ | ||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ☐ | ||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to 240.10D-1(b). ☐
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant on July 3, 2022 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $1.3 billion. Such aggregate market value was computed by reference to the closing price of the common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on July 3, 2022. For purposes of determining this amount only, the registrant has defined affiliates as including TotalEnergies Solar INTL SAS, formerly known as Total Solar International SAS, Total Energies Nouvelles Activités USA and Total Gas & Power USA, SAS and the executive officers and directors of the registrant on July 3, 2022.
The total number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock as of March 3, 2023 was 174,859,570.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Parts of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the registrant’s 2023 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference in Items 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 of Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
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SunPower Corporation
Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023
Table of Contents
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INTRODUCTORY NOTES
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
The sections titled “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” as well as other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and certain information incorporated herein by reference, contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are statements that do not represent historical facts and may be based on underlying assumptions. We use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “seek,” “should,” “will,” “would,” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, our plans and expectations regarding future financial results, expected operating results, business strategies, the sufficiency of our cash and our liquidity, projected costs and cost reduction measures, development and ramp of new products and improvements to our existing products, the impact of recently adopted accounting pronouncements, supply chain challenges, the adequacy of our agreements with our suppliers, our ability to monetize our solar projects, legislative actions and regulatory compliance, competitive positions, management’s plans and objectives for future operations, our ability to obtain financing, our ability to comply with debt covenants or cure any defaults, our ability to repay our obligations as they come due, our ability to continue as a going concern, trends in average selling prices, the success of our joint ventures and acquisitions, warranty matters, outcomes of litigation, cost of compliance with applicable regulations, interest and credit risk, general business and economic conditions in our markets, industry trends, the impact of changes in government incentives, expected restructuring charges, statements regarding the impact on our business of the COVID-19 pandemic and related public health measures, macroeconomic trends and uncertainties, and the likelihood of any impairment of project assets, long-lived assets, and investments, our ability to obtain necessary environmental permits, our environmental compliance initiatives, our commitment to energy sustainability, our diversity, equity, and inclusion initiative and related programs, our commitments to making renewable energy more accessible for historically underserved communities, increasing workforce diversity, expanding access for customers, ensuring industry equity and dealer and supplier diversity, our environmental, social, and governance initiatives and report, setting and upholding high standards for our employees, officers and directors, and sound corporate governance, and our human capital management strategies and initiatives. These forward-looking statements are based on information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and current expectations, forecasts and assumptions and involve a number of risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements. Such risks and uncertainties include a variety of factors, some of which are beyond our control. Please see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” herein and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for additional information on risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ. These forward-looking statements, including those set forth in “Business” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” should not be relied upon as representing our views as of any subsequent date, and we are under no obligation to, and expressly disclaim any responsibility to, update or alter our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law.
RISK FACTORS SUMMARY
The following is a summary of the principal risks that could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition:
Risks Related to COVID-19 Pandemic
•We continue to experience economic and other impacts as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, as well as the business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition of many of our suppliers, dealers, and customers.
Risks Related to Our Sales Channels
•Our results of operations are subject to significant fluctuations and are inherently unpredictable.
•The execution of our growth strategy is dependent upon the continued availability of third-party financing arrangements for our projects, including our residential finance programs and offerings through SunPower Financial, and is affected by general economic conditions and other factors.
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•With the launch and growth of SunPower Financial, we are increasingly subject to risk related to our financing offerings directly to consumers. If our consumer underwriting and origination processes contain errors or incorrect inputs from consumers or third parties (such as credit bureaus), our reputation and relationships with capital providers and contractors could be harmed. Further, economic and other changes resulting in increases in default rates could increase our cost of capital.
•If we and our partners fail to successfully execute our research and development plans and cost reduction roadmap, or fail to develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services, we may be unable to compete effectively, and our ability to generate revenues, cash flows, and profits would suffer.
•The reduction, modification, or elimination of government incentives could cause our revenue to decline and harm our financial results.
•Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar power products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products and services.
•A change in the solar investment tax credit could adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.
•As our sales to residential customers have grown, including through dealers and directly to consumers, and with the launch of SunPower Financial, we have increasingly become subject to substantial financial services and consumer protection laws and regulations. Any failure to comply with laws and regulations relating to interactions by us or third parties (such as our dealers and sub-servicers) with consumers or with licensing requirements applicable to our business could result in negative publicity, claims, investigations and litigation, and may adversely affect our financial performance.
•We do not typically maintain long-term agreements with our customers and accordingly we could lose customers without warning, which could adversely affect our business results.
•Our business could be adversely affected by seasonal trends, poor weather, labor shortages, and construction cycles.
•The competitive environment in which we operate often requires us to undertake customer obligations or provide indemnifications, which may turn out to be costlier than anticipated and, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Supply Chain
•We depend on a limited number of suppliers for certain critical components, and finished products, including our solar modules, microinverters, and storage solutions. Any shortage, interruption or delay, deterioration of our relationships with, or price change from these suppliers could adversely affect our business, prevent us from delivering products to our customers within required timeframes, and could in turn result in sales and installation delays, cancellations, penalty payments, or loss of market share.
•Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.
Risks Related to Our Operations
•If we have quality issues with our solar and related products, such as the third-party connector issue we experienced in fiscal 2021, our sales, profit, and cash flows could decrease and our relationships with our customers and our reputation may be harmed.
•Acquisitions of other companies, project development pipelines, and other assets, or investments in or joint ventures with other companies, as well as divestitures and other significant transactions, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, and dilute our stockholders’ equity.
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•If we cannot offer residential lease customers an attractive value proposition due to an inability to continue to monetize tax benefits in connection with our residential lease arrangements, an inability to obtain financing for our residential lease programs, challenges implementing our third-party ownership model in new jurisdictions, declining costs of retail electricity, or other reasons, we may be unable to continue to increase the size of our residential lease program, which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
•We install a significant portion of residential solar power systems and are subject to risks associated with construction, safety, cost overruns, delays, and other contingencies any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
•We utilize term loans and other financing structures to fund acquisitions, development, construction, and expansion of certain solar projects, and such funds may or may not continue to be available as required to further our plans. Furthermore, such project financing increases our consolidated debt.
PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Corporate History
SunPower has been a leader in the solar industry for over 30 years, originally incorporated in California in 1985 and reincorporated in Delaware in 2004 in connection with our initial public offering. In November 2011, our stockholders approved the reclassification of all outstanding former class A common stock and class B common stock into a single class of common stock listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “SPWR.” In fiscal 2011, we became a majority-owned subsidiary of TotalEnergies Solar INTL SAS (“Total,” formerly Total Solar International SAS) and TotalEnergies Gaz & Electricité Holdings SAS (“Total Gaz,” formerly Total Gaz Electricité Holdings France SAS), each a subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE (“TotalEnergies SE,” formerly Total SE). On September 12, 2022, Total and Total Gaz sold to GIP III Sol Acquisition, LLC (“GIP Sol”) 50% less one unit of the equity interests in a newly formed Delaware limited liability company, Sol Holding, LLC (“HoldCo”), which is now the record holder of the majority of SunPower common stock (see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 3. Transactions with Total and TotalEnergies SE” for more details on the transaction).
Company Overview
SunPower Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “SunPower,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading solar technology and energy services provider that offers fully integrated solar, storage, and home energy solutions to customers primarily in the United States and Canada through an array of hardware, software, and financing options and “Smart Energy” solutions. Our Smart Energy initiative is designed to add layers of intelligent control to homes, buildings, and grids—all personalized through easy-to-use customer interfaces. We are a leader in the U.S. Distributed Generation (“DG”) storage and energy services market, providing customers control over electricity consumption and resiliency during power outages, while providing cost savings to homeowners and also reducing carbon emissions and contributing to a more sustainable grid. The five pillars of our strategy include: 1) Customer Care: provide a world-class customer experience that moves beyond the initial system sale to create a lifetime relationship with SunPower, 2) Products: offer all market segments a growing ecosystem of integrated high-value, high-performance products and services, 3) Growth: optimize a multi-channel strategy of distributed dealer network, geographically diverse SunPower Direct channel, and new home builder partnerships for above-market growth, 4) Digital Innovation: enable operational excellence that supports our dealers, accelerates sales, improves financial products and adds customer control and monitoring of systems for optimum efficiency, and 5) Financial Solutions: expand affordable and easy-to-use customer financing products, reducing the biggest barrier to solar adoption.
On August 26, 2020, we completed the spin-off (the “Spin-Off”) of Maxeon Solar Technologies, Ltd. (“Maxeon Solar”), a Singapore public company limited by shares, consisting of certain non-U.S. operations and assets of our former SunPower Technologies business unit. As a result of the Spin-Off, we no longer consolidate Maxeon Solar within our financial results of continuing operations. For all periods prior to the Spin-Off, the financial results of Maxeon Solar are presented as net earnings from discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of operations.
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On October 4, 2021, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) to acquire all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Solar Holdings, LLC (“Blue Raven”), and 35% of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Albatross Software LLC (“Albatross”), an affiliate of Blue Raven. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to pay to the sellers up to $145.0 million in initial cash consideration, which amount was subject to a customary working capital adjustment. The Purchase Agreement also provided that the Company would make certain cash payments to Blue Raven executives, employees and service providers, which are included in the aggregate purchase price, in accordance with related agreements entered into between such individuals and Blue Raven. During fiscal 2022, we completed cash payments to Blue Raven executives, employees, and service providers in an amount of $20.0 million, and a holdback amount paid to key employees, which was accelerated after the sale to GIP Sol, of $4.5 million. Our obligations under this acquisition are complete.
Recent Developments
Sale of the C&I Solutions Business
On February 6, 2022, we signed an Equity Purchase Agreement (the “Definitive Agreement”) with TotalEnergies Renewables USA, LLC (“TotalEnergies Renewables”), a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE, for the sale of our Commercial and Industrial Solutions (“C&I Solutions”) business for a preliminary purchase price of $190.0 million, subject to the terms and considerations set forth in the Definitive Agreement. The transaction closed on May 31, 2022, and upon closing, we received net cash consideration of $149.2 million based on the estimated net assets of the business on that date.
For all periods presented, the financial results of C&I Solutions are presented as net earnings from discontinued operations on the consolidated statement of operations, as well as assets and liabilities of discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets. See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 2. Discontinued Operations” for more details on the transaction.
Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”)
On August 16, 2022, the IRA was enacted. The IRA includes, among other things, an expansion and extension of the solar investment tax credit (“ITC”) for eligible solar energy systems through at least 2032. The IRA allows qualifying taxpayers (either individual taxpayers in the case of a residential system sold via cash or loan, or corporate taxpayers in the case of a residential third-party owned system or residential multifamily system) to credit 30% of the fair market value of the solar or solar paired battery storage system from their U.S. federal income taxes starting in 2022, thus returning a significant portion of the fair market value of the solar system to the taxpayer. Beginning in 2023, a new standalone battery storage ITC, also at a value of 30% of the fair market value of the system, is available. Under the terms of the IRA, the solar, solar paired battery storage, and standalone battery storage ITCs will remain at 30% through the end of 2032, reduce to 26% for 2033, reduce to 22% for 2034, and further reduce to 0% or 10% after the end of 2034 (with the percentage dependent on the eligibility of the taxpayer associated with the residential system). The IRA also includes provisions beginning in 2023 that, depending on the location of a particular system and/or its ability to satisfy certain domestic content or low-income customer requirements, allows for substantial increases in the percentage value of the ITC for eligible systems that qualify, including residential single family home third-party owned systems and residential multifamily building systems, beyond the 30% minimum.
Finally, the IRA includes numerous additional provisions regarding extension and expansion of other tax credits or federal incentive programs related to our business, including the renewal and extension of the tax credits applicable to electric vehicle charging equipment. We believe the enactment of the IRA is favorable to our business as it may increase demand for our services due to the extensions and expansions of tax credits, which in turn help reduce the costs of our products and services for our customers. However, the impact of the IRA cannot be known with certainty, as we may not recognize all the expected benefits. We are continuing to evaluate the overall impact and applicability of the IRA to our results of operations going forward.
Segment Information
As a result of the sale of our C&I Solutions business, we now operate in a single operating segment, providing solar power systems and services to residential customers. While our chief executive officer, as the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), reviews financial information by different functions and revenue streams, he considers the business on a consolidated basis for purposes of allocating resources and reviewing overall business performance.
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Our COVID-19 Response
We continue to closely monitor the COVID-19 pandemic, and the health and safety of our employees and contractors is a top priority. In an effort to protect our employees and contractors, we continue to review and comply with all health and safety regulations and public health guidance, as well as updating our protocols as necessary. We may take further actions as government authorities require or recommend or as we determine to be in the best interests of our employees, customers, partners, and suppliers.
Outlook
We believe the execution of our strategy will provide attractive opportunities for profitable growth over the long term. With the acquisition of Blue Raven, we expanded our geographic footprint, particularly outside of California, in the U.S. residential solar and battery storage space, to address the growing demand for residential solar and battery storage across the country, such as the under-penetrated areas in Northwest, Midwest and Atlantic regions. Further, on May 31, 2022, we completed the sale of our C&I Solutions business to TotalEnergies Renewables, as part of our growing focus on and investment in our residential solar and battery storage business. We strongly believe that the time is now for residential consumers to adopt solar energy and battery storage, with flexible financing options and favorable clean energy incentives, via the federal IRA and at the state and local level that make it easier for consumers to achieve electricity bill savings and resiliency, while helping to fight against the increasing impact of climate change. We believe the most significant elements of uncertainty in executing on our strategy are the impact of ongoing global supply chain constraints on component and services costs and consumer spending, as well as the ability of our sales channels, supply chain, and distribution centers to operate with minimal disruption in the near term. In addition, the new net energy metering program (“NEM 3.0”) in California may result in some market disruption that in turn may impact our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and outlook. As the NEM 3.0 program will go into effect on April 15, 2023, we expect an increased level of demand, particularly for solar systems for new and current customers seeking to expand their existing solar system, through the first quarter of fiscal 2023. The typical solar customer under the NEM 3.0 program will see less utility bill savings in comparison to the current program, NEM 2.0, therefore, solar demand after April 15, 2023 is unknown. However, with NEM 3.0, the addition of battery storage can increase utility bill savings for the typical customer substantially more than with solar only. This illustrates the importance of storage to the solar proposition for California homeowners, and we will pivot our marketing and sales strategy accordingly.
Solutions
With our investment in our residential solar business, we offer solutions to existing residential and new homes markets, and our all-in-one solutions include a full suite of renewable energy systems: solar, storage, EV chargers, software, and services. As part of our solutions-based approach, we focus on our SunPower Equinox and SunVault products for our residential customers. The Equinox and SunVault products systems are pre-engineered modular solutions for residential applications that combine our high-efficiency solar module technology with integrated plug-and-play power stations, cable management systems, and mounting hardware that enable our dealers and installers to quickly and easily complete system installations and for our end customers to manage their energy production. Our Equinox systems utilize both high efficiency premium interdigitated back contact (“IBC”) cell technology panels and lower cost mono passivated emitter and rear contact (“PERC”) panels coupled with alternating-current microinverters for residential applications, where we are also working to expand our initiatives on storage and smart energy solutions. Additionally, we continue to expand our offerings of high-quality products for the mainstream market with our U-Series product line, which we believe will enhance our ability to rapidly expand our footprint with minimal capital cost.
We continue to see a significant and increasing number of opportunities in technologies and capabilities adjacent to our core product offerings that we believe can significantly reduce our Customer Cost of Energy (“CCOE”) and expand the lifetime value of a customer, including the integration of energy storage and energy management functionality into our systems, and have made investments to realize those opportunities, enabling our customers to make intelligent energy choices by addressing how they buy and use energy. We offer solar panels that use micro-inverters designed to eliminate the need to mount or assemble additional components on the roof or the side of a building and enable optimization and monitoring at the solar panel level to ensure maximum energy production by the solar system. In addition, our acquisition of Blue Raven in fiscal 2021 expanded our offerings and increased our opportunities to deliver solar power generation solutions to our customers, with an expanded footprint into new territories of the United States as well.
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OneRoof®
Our latest roofing system, OneRoof®, is a Class A fire-rated, UL-certified roofing system that replaces concrete roofing tiles for a fully integrated roof-plus-solar solution. With flexible design configurations, integrated panel clips, and built-in grounding, installation is simple and designed specifically for new homes. With direct-to-deck attachments, self-aligning modules, and snap-in-place module attachments, OneRoof installs two to three times faster than conventional mounting, and is cost efficient by replacing roof materials. Kynar-coated metal components add a rugged layer of roof protection that lasts longer than typical composite shingles and are covered by our Complete Confidence Warranty. Our Complete Confidence Warranty covers products, parts, and service for 25 years, monitoring hardware for 10 years, and the Kynar-coated-steel finish for 5 years. OneRoof sits seamlessly with the rest of the roof for a sleek, low-profile look with virtually no visible parts. Interlocking flashings and pans with individually sealed screws create a watertight barrier against harsh conditions, including wind-driven rain, and is built to last. OneRoof is the only complete roof-integrated solar system, paired with the world’s best solar.
SunVault™ Storage
Our SunVault™ storage solution is primarily designed for residential customers and its two-box solution fits in indoor or outdoor areas. Homeowners get reliable backup power during an outage and the system provides the flexibility to manage energy as they deem fit. SunVault storage integrates with SunPower solar systems, creating a holistic home solar plus storage solution designed, installed, and warranted by one company. Its intelligent software shifts when drawing power from the grid, maximizing the use of solar, as well as provides real-time updates as to home energy use, solar and storage usage, through customized settings. With less than 0.5% of homes in the United States having storage, and power outages continuing to rise, our storage solutions provide an attractive way to use solar. We expect to release additional updates to our SunVault solution nationwide within the next fiscal year. The updated solution will extend the offering to new segments of the market that are currently not serviced, which will significantly enhance our total serviceable market.
In addition, our Virtual Power Plant (“VPP”), launched during fiscal 2021, enables SunVault energy storage customers to get paid for sharing stored solar energy with utilities during peak demand and contribute to a more stable power grid in their community. VPPs enable utilities to request energy from efficient, renewable energy resources like distributed solar and energy storage and disperse it among all grid-connected customers to create a more stable and sustainable source of power. The coordination of the charge and discharge of a participating customer’s battery and sharing of the energy to the utility is performed by SunPower on the customer’s behalf. SunPower also allows customers to reserve a portion of their stored energy for emergency use, even as they participate in a VPP. Customers participating in the VPP will be notified prior to discharging of the battery and can set their battery threshold levels through customized settings, and in turn are compensated by the utility for their participation.
Flexible Financing Options
We have a long track record of attracting low-cost capital from diverse sources, including tax equity and debt investors. Since inception, we have raised tax equity investment funds to finance the installation of solar energy systems.
Advances in financing are playing a big part in driving increased profits and dealer loyalty. We sell our residential solar energy solutions to end customers through a variety of means, including cash and financed systems sales directly to end customers and sales to resellers, including our third-party dealer network.
During fiscal 2021, we launched an in-house finance company, SunPower FinancialTM which offers a complete range of financing products and an increased set of financing options for our customers. Through SunPower Financial, we offer financing programs that are designed to provide customers with a variety of options to obtain high-efficiency solar products and systems, including loans arranged through our third-party lending partners, in some cases for no money down, or leases at competitive energy rates. SunPower Financial was designed to make renewable energy affordable for more homeowners and increase access to underserved populations by supporting a new line of financial products featuring expanded eligibility. The launch of SunPower Financial supported our commitment to increase access to solar energy for residential customers who live in historically underserved communities by 25% by 2025, in accordance with our 25x25 diversity, equity and inclusion (“DE&I”) initiative we launched in fiscal 2021.
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Additionally, since the launch of SunPower Financial, our customers now have broader choices for purchasing, as well as affordable financing of, solar power systems from us. Further, since its launch in 2011, our residential lease program, in partnership with third-party investors, typically provides U.S. customers SunPower systems under 20-year lease agreements that include system maintenance and warranty coverage, including warranties on system performance. SunPower residential lease customers have the option to purchase their leased solar systems upon the sale or transfer of their home. These financing options enhance our ability to provide individually tailored solar solutions to a broad range of residential customers and expand our lifetime value for a customer.
Supply
The majority of the solar panels used in our residential system solutions are sourced from Maxeon Solar under the terms of our master supply agreement, dated as of February 14, 2022 and amended on December 31, 2022, which replaces the supply agreement we entered into with Maxeon Solar in connection with the Spin-Off. During fiscal 2022, we also began sourcing various modules and components for our residential systems from Waaree Energies Ltd. and Hanwha Qcells through a series of purchase agreements. In addition, we entered into a new supply agreement with Maxeon Solar dated as of December 31, 2022, for the purchase of certain designated residential solar products, including high efficiency premium IBC solar panels, during fiscal 2024 and 2025. We have secured supply of domestically assembled panels, through our agreements with Hanwha Qcells which are being manufactured in Dalton, Georgia. Thus, we have the potential to benefit from the IRA through incentives for corporations to utilize domestic content in third-party owned systems.
We work with our suppliers and partners to ensure the reliability of our supply chain. We are continuing to diversify our supply base by forging new supplier relationships for single-sourced parts to support supply continuity and new products. We have also contracted with certain suppliers for multi-year supply agreements, under which we have annual minimum purchase obligations. In addition, we have begun new partnerships with minority-owned business organizations through our 25x25 DE&I initiative, where we are committed to ensuring industry equity and increasing our supplier diversity. For more information about our purchase commitments and obligations, see “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Contractual Obligations” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies.”
Technology
Energy Management Services
“Energy Management Services” is a path to harness our world’s energy potential by connecting the most powerful and reliable solar systems, batteries and electric vehicles on the market with an increasingly vast array of actionable data that help customers make smarter decisions about their energy use. Our ‘Energy Management Services’ initiative is designed to add intelligent control to any permutation of residential distributed energy resources our customers choose to procure, and to enhance the overall customer experience of owning a SunPower system. In order to enable and enhance the portfolio of Smart Energy Management Services solutions we offer, we plan to continue to invest in integrated technology solutions that allow customers to both manage and optimize their CCOE. These investments include, but are not limited to, rate arbitrage and targeted self-consumption to generate maximum bill savings in the most complex utility tariff frameworks and connecting customer systems to VPP and other grid services opportunities. We believe that investing in these areas will continue to pay dividends as markets mature and renewable deployments accelerate outside California.
Inverters
Every solar power system needs an inverter to transform the direct current electricity collected from the solar panels into utility-grade alternating current (“AC”) power that is ready for use. We sell inverters manufactured by third parties, some of which are SunPower-branded for residential customers. Subsequent to the sale of our microinverter business in August 2018, we procure microinverters for both field installation and the manufacture and distribution of AC modules for the U.S. residential market from Enphase Energy, Inc. (“Enphase”). Panels coupled with these microinverters perform better in shaded applications compared to conventional string inverters and allow for optimization and monitoring at the solar panel level, enabling maximum energy production by the solar system.
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Warranties
SunPower provides a workmanship warranty ranging from 5 to 25 years from installation, and a 25-year standard warranty for previously SunPower-manufactured microinverters. We also warrant our installed systems for defective materials and workmanship for the warranty term, as well as provide a separate system output performance warranty to customers that have subscribed to our post-installation monitoring and maintenance services. We pass through to customers warranties from the original equipment manufacturers of certain system components such as solar panels, monitoring equipment and inverters. For such components, our warranties may exceed the warranty coverage from the original equipment manufacturers. For solar energy systems we do not install directly, we receive workmanship warranties from our solar partners.
Customers
Our scope and scale allow us to deliver solar and battery storage solutions for residential customers, including individual homeowners and new home builders. We operate in 49 U.S. states, as well as Canada, and leverage a combination of direct sales and a broad partner ecosystem to efficiently reach our customer base.
Our internal sales team, SunPower Direct, including a dedicated new homes division, and our third-party dealer network of more than 700 local dealers have deployed hundreds of thousands of SunPower rooftop solar systems to residential customers. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Revenue” for our significant customers.
Competition
The market for solar power is competitive and continually evolving. We continue to face increased competition from inflation-driven price increases and supply shortages, which could lead to loss of sales or market share. Our solar power products and systems compete with many competitors in the solar power market, including, but not limited to:
•SunRun, Inc., Sunnova Energy International Inc., Tesla, Inc., SolarEdge, Complete Solaria Inc., Amicus Solar, GAF Energy, ADT Solar, REC Group, Generac Holdings Inc., Maxeon Solar Technologies, Ltd., Enphase Energy, Inc., and Sunlight Financial Holdings Inc.
The residential solar energy market in general competes with other energy providers including electricity produced from conventional fossil fuels or large-scale renewable energy sources supplied by utilities. We also face competition from resellers that have developed related offerings that compete with our products and services, or have entered into strategic relationships with other existing solar power system providers. During fiscal 2022, we launched our Dealer Accelerator Program where we made minority investments in solar dealers to advance their growth in coordination with the rapid growth of their direct business, as well as increase our own strategic relationships. We also compete for limited government funding for research and development contracts, customer tax rebates and other programs that promote the use of solar, and other renewable forms of energy with other renewable energy providers and customers.
We believe the key competitive factors in the market for solar energy management solutions, including systems, storage, and software, are:
•total system quality;
•customer experience;
•warranty protection, quality, and customer service;
•Levelized Cost of Energy (“LCOE”) evaluation;
•CCOE evaluation;
•power, efficiency, and performance under realistic operating conditions;
•aesthetic appearance of solar panels and systems;
•total system price;
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•established sales channels to customers;
•bankability, strength, and reputation of our Company;
•wind, snow, and structural load capability;
•speed and ease of installation through modular solutions;
•dealer and installer training and operational excellence;
•strength of distribution relationships;
•high-productivity sales and commissioning software tools for dealers;
•leveraging extensive fleet data for reliability;
•availability of efficient third-party or in-house financing;
•ITC and federal regulation;
•third-party loan providers and interest rates; and
•offer complete integrated solutions.
We believe that we can compete favorably with respect to each of these elements, particularly with regard to system quality, customer experience and strength of distribution relationships. We may be at a disadvantage in comparison to some companies with total system price and broader product lines. For more information on risks related to our competition, please see the risk factors set forth under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—If we and our partners fail to successfully execute our research and development plans and cost reduction roadmap, or fail to develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services, we may be unable to compete effectively, and our ability to generate revenues, cash flows, and profits would suffer.”
Intellectual Property
We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trade secret, trademark, and contractual protections to establish and protect our proprietary rights. “SunPower” and the “SunPower” logo are our registered trademarks in the United States for use with solar cells, solar panels, energy monitoring systems, inverters, and mounting systems. We also hold registered trademarks for, among others, “SunPower Equinox,” “SunPower Giving,” “SunPower Horizons,” “Bottle the Sun,” “Demand Better Solar,” “EDDiE,” “EnergyLink,” “Equinox,” “Experiential Learning. Expanding Opportunities.,” “InvisiMount,” “Light on Land,” “Smarter Solar,” “Sol,” “SunTile,” “SunVault,” “OneRoof,” “The Future of Energy. Today,” “Blue Raven Solar,” and “The Power of One” in certain countries. We are seeking and will continue to seek registration of the “SunPower” trademark and other trademarks in additional countries as we believe is appropriate. As of January 1, 2023, we held registrations for 35 trademarks in the United States, and had 8 trademark registration applications pending. We also held 20 trademark registrations and had zero trademark applications pending in foreign jurisdictions. We typically require our business partners to enter into confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements before we disclose any sensitive aspects of our solar cells, technology, or business plans. We typically enter into proprietary information agreements with employees, consultants, vendors, customers, and joint venture partners.
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We own multiple patents and patent applications that cover aspects of the technology in the solar panels, mounting products, energy storage, software, and electrical and electronic systems that we sell. We continue to file for and receive new patent rights on a regular basis. The lifetime of a utility patent typically extends for 20 years from the date of filing with the relevant government authority. We assess appropriate opportunities for patent protection of those aspects of our technology, designs, methodologies, and processes that we believe provide significant competitive advantages to us, and for licensing opportunities of new technologies relevant to our business. As of January 1, 2023, we held 238 patents in the United States (439 licensed to Maxeon Solar or its affiliates), which will expire at various times through 2046, and had 54 U.S. patent applications pending (67 licensed to Maxeon Solar or its affiliates). We also had 202 patents and had 33 patent applications pending in foreign jurisdictions. While patents are an important element of our intellectual property strategy, our business as a whole is not dependent on any one patent or any single pending patent application. We additionally rely on trade secret rights to protect proprietary information and know-how. We therefore typically require employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality agreements to protect them.
When appropriate, we enforce our intellectual property rights against other parties. For more information about risks related to our intellectual property, please see the risk factors set forth under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property—We depend on our intellectual property, and we may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and could result in the loss of significant rights,” “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property—We rely substantially upon trade secret laws and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary rights, and, if these rights are not sufficiently protected, our ability to compete and generate revenue could suffer,” and “Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property—We may not obtain sufficient patent protection on the technology embodied in the solar and other products we currently manufacture and market, which could harm our competitive position and increase our expenses.”
Regulations
Public Policy Considerations
Different public policy mechanisms have been used by governments to accelerate the adoption and use of solar power and energy storage. Examples of customer-focused financial mechanisms include capital cost rebates, performance-based incentives, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, and net energy metering. Some of these government mandates and economic incentives are scheduled to be reduced or to expire, or could be eliminated altogether, while others are scheduled to be extended or expanded. Capital cost rebates provide funds to customers based on the cost and size of a customer’s solar power or energy storage system. Performance-based incentives provide funding to a customer based on the energy produced by their solar power system or stored by their energy storage system. Feed-in tariffs pay customers for solar power system generation based on energy produced, at a rate generally guaranteed for a period of time. Tax credits reduce a customer’s taxes at the time the taxes are due. Net energy metering or net energy billing allows customers to deliver to the electric grid any excess electricity produced by their on-site solar power systems, and for those customers to be fairly credited for that excess electricity.
In addition to the mechanisms described above, new market development mechanisms to encourage the use of renewable energy sources continue to emerge. For example, many states in the United States have adopted (and subsequently expanded) renewable portfolio standards which mandate that a certain portion of electricity delivered to customers come from eligible renewable energy resources. Some states additionally mandate that a certain portion of that eligible renewable energy must be distributed generation. Many states have also adopted community solar programs and energy storage mandates. Further, changes in federal and state policies including introduction of new legislation may pose incremental risks or provide opportunities for the Company’s business that may impact our future operations and financial condition. For more information about how we avail ourselves of the benefits of public policies and the risks related to public policies, please see the risk factors set forth under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” including “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—The reduction, modification, or elimination of government incentives could cause our revenue to decline and harm our financial results,” “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar power products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products and services,” and “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.”
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Environmental, Social, Governance (“ESG”)
U.S. and international regulators, investors and other stakeholders are increasingly focused on environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) matters. New domestic and international laws and regulations relating to ESG matters, including human capital, diversity, sustainability, and climate change are under consideration, which may include specific, target-driven disclosure requirements or obligations. Our response will require additional processes and implementation of new practices and reporting all entailing additional compliance risk. The rules and regulations related to ESG are constantly evolving and changing, however, we do not expect any amendments to have a material effect on our operations and financial position.
We use, generate, and discharge materials which may be classified as toxic, volatile, or otherwise hazardous chemicals and wastes which have resulted from our research and development activities. We are subject to a variety of U.S. federal, state, and local laws and regulations related to the purchase, storage, use, and disposal of hazardous materials. We believe that we have all environmental permits necessary to conduct our business and expect to obtain all necessary environmental permits for future activities. We believe that we have properly handled our hazardous materials and wastes and have appropriately remediated any contamination at any of our premises. We are currently not subject to any litigation pertaining to environment regulations and cost of compliance with applicable regulations is expected to be commensurate with our historical spend and other companies in the industry.
In addition to our existing environmental compliance initiatives, we have engaged additional resources to provide comprehensive oversight and reporting of the ESG components across our processes and business units. We published our fiscal 2021 Environmental, Social, and Governance Report (“2021 ESG Report”) in June 2022, as a continuation of our commitment to sustainability. This report describes the Company’s sustainability and innovation strategies and addresses other environmental and social governance matters such as waste minimization and recycling, minimization of impact on natural resources, and progress we have made in our pledge under our 25X25 DE&I initiative. The 2021 ESG Report can be found on our website at https://us.sunpower.com/why-sunpower/sustainability. This website reference is provided for convenience only and the content on the referenced website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We plan to publish our 2022 ESG Report in the beginning of the second quarter of fiscal 2023.
Information concerning certain limited activities related to Iran
All the information concerning the activities of our affiliate TotalEnergies SE and its affiliated companies (collectively, the “TotalEnergies”) related to Iran that took place in 2022 provided in this section is disclosed pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “U.S. Exchange Act”).
In addition, information for 2022 is provided concerning the payments made by TotalEnergies’ affiliates to, or additional cash flow that operations of TotalEnergies affiliates generate for the government of Iran (identified by the United States as a state sponsor of terrorism) or any entity controlled by such government.
TotalEnergies believes that these activities are not subject to sanctions under applicable international economic sanctions regimes, including those adopted by the United States and the European Union (the “Sanctions Regime”).
TotalEnergies’ operational activities related to Iran were stopped in 2018 following the withdrawal of the United States from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (“JCPOA”) in May 2018 and prior to the re-imposition of U.S. secondary sanctions on the oil industry as of November 5, 2018.
Statements in this section concerning companies controlled by TotalEnergies SE intending or expecting to continue activities described below are subject to such activities continuing to be permissible under applicable international economic sanctions regimes and are based on information provided to us by Total Energies.
Exploration & Production
The Tehran branch office of Total E&P South Pars S.A.S., a wholly-owned subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE, which opened in 2017 for the purposes of the development and production of phase 11 of the South Pars gas field, ceased all operational activities prior to November 1, 2018. In addition, since November 2018, TotalEnergies EP Iran BV maintains a local representative office in Tehran with four employees solely for non-operational functions.
Concerning payments made to Iranian entities in 2022, TotalEnergies EP Iran BV and Elf Petroleum Iran collectively made payments of approximately IRR 3.35 billion (€100,5391) to the Iranian administration for taxes and social security contributions concerning the staff of this representative office. None of these payments were executed in US dollars.
1 Converted using the average exchange rate for fiscal year 2022, as published by the Central Bank of Iran.
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Since November 30, 2018, TotalEnergies E&P UK Limited (“TEP UK”), a wholly owned subsidiary, holds a 1% interest in a joint-venture relating to the Bruce field in the United Kingdom (the “Bruce Field Joint-Venture”) with Serica Energy (UK) Limited (“Serica”) (98%, operator) and BP Exploration Operating Company Limited (“BPEOC”) (1%), following the completion of the sale of 42.25% of TEP UK’s interest in the Bruce Field Joint-Venture on November 30, 2018 pursuant to a sale and purchase agreement dated August 2, 2018 entered into between TEP UK and Serica.
The Bruce Field Joint-Venture is party to an agreement governing certain transportation, processing and operation services provided to another joint-venture at the Rhum field in the UK (the “Bruce Rhum Agreement”). The licensees of the Rhum field are Serica (50%, operator) and the Iranian Oil Company UK Ltd (“IOC UK”), a subsidiary of NIOC (50%), an Iranian government-owned corporation. Under the terms of the Bruce Rhum Agreement, the Rhum field owners pay a proportion of the operating costs of the Bruce field facilities calculated on a gas throughput basis.
In November 2018, the US Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Asset Control (“OFAC”) granted a conditional license to BPEOC and Serica authorizing provision of services to the Rhum field following the re-imposition of US secondary sanctions. The principal condition of the license is that the ownership of shares in IOC UK by Naftiran Intertrade Company Limited (the trading branch of the NIOC) are transferred into and held in a Jersey-based trust, thereby ensuring that the Iranian government does not derive any economic benefit from the Rhum field so long as US sanctions against these entities remain in place. IOC UK’s interest is managed by an independent management company established by the trust and referred to as the “Rhum Management Company” (“RMC”). If necessary, TEP UK liaises with RMC in relation to the Bruce Rhum Agreement and TEP UK expects to continue liaising with RMC on the same basis in 2023.
In January 2021, OFAC renewed the conditional license to Serica authorizing the provision of services to the Rhum field, until January 31, 2023, subject to early termination if the trust arrangements described above should terminate. In addition, OFAC confirmed that, to the extent that the license remains valid and Serica represents that the conditions set out in the license are met, activities and transactions of non-US persons involving the Rhum field or the Bruce field, including in relation to the operation of the trust, IOC UK and RMC will not be exposed to US secondary sanctions with respect to Iran. Following an application filed with the FOCA on November 9, 2022, Serica received in January 2023 the renewal of its license until January 31, 2025.
IOC UK’s share of costs incurred under the Bruce Rhum Agreement has been paid to TEP UK in 2022 by RMC. In 2022, based upon TEP UK’s 1% interest in the Bruce Field Joint Venture and income from the net cash flow sharing arrangement with Serica, gross revenue to TEP UK from IOC UK’s share of the Rhum field resulting from the Bruce Rhum Agreement was approximately £1.9 million. This amount was used to offset operating costs on the Bruce field and as such, generated no net profit to TEP UK. TEP UK expects to continue this activity in 2023.
TEP UK is also party to an agreement with Serica whereby TEP UK uses reasonable endeavors to evacuate Rhum NGL from the St Fergus Terminal (the “Rhum NGL Agreement”). TEP UK provides this service subject to Serica having title to all of the Rhum NGL to be evacuated and Serica having a valid license from OFAC for the activity. The service is provided on a cost basis, and TEP UK charges a monthly handling fee that generates an income of approximately £39,500 per annum relating to IOC UK’s 50% interest in the Rhum field. After costs, TEP UK generates little profit from this arrangement. TEP UK expects to continue this activity in 2023.
Gas, Renewables & Power
In 2022, TotalEnergies Electricité et Gaz France, a wholly owned subsidiary, supplied electricity to the Iranian Embassy in Paris (France). This activity generated a gross turnover of approximately €33,050 and a net margin of approximately €3,660 in 2022. TotalEnergies Electricité et Gaz France expects to continue this activity in 2023.
Marketing & Services
In 2022, TotalEnergies Marketing France, a wholly owned subsidiary, provided fuel payment cards to be used in TotalEnergies' service stations to the Iranian Embassy and the Iranian delegation to UNESCO located in Paris (France). This activity generated a gross turnover of approximately €20,500 (without tax) and a net profit of approximately €427 in 2022. TotalEnergies Marketing France expects to continue this activity in 2023.
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In 2022, TotalEnergies Marketing Belgium, a wholly owned subsidiary, provided fuel payment cards to be used in TotalEnergies' service stations to the Iranian Embassy located in Brussels (Belgium). This activity generated a gross turnover of approximately €17,104 (without tax) and a net profit of approximately €1,770 in 2022. TotalEnergies Marketing Belgium expects to continue this activity in 2023.
Patents & Trademarks
In 2022, TotalEnergies made small payments to Iranian authorities related to the maintenance and protection of trademarks and designs in Iran and may make similar small payments in 2023. These payments are not prohibited by applicable Sanctions Regimes.
Seasonal Trends and Economic Incentives
Our business is subject to industry-specific seasonal fluctuations including changes in weather patterns and economic incentives, such as changes to the amount and timing of the ITC, among others. Sales have historically reflected these seasonal trends with the largest percentage of total revenues realized during the last two quarters of our fiscal year. The construction of solar power systems or installation of solar power components and related revenue may decline during cold and/or rainy winter months. In the United States, many customers make purchasing decisions during peak high heat seasons (summer) or towards the end of the year in order to take advantage of tax credits or for other budgetary reasons. In addition, revenues may fluctuate due to the timing of project sales, construction schedules, and revenue recognition of certain projects, which may significantly impact our quarterly results of operations.
Human Capital Management
SunPower had a team of about 4,710 full-time employees worldwide as of January 1, 2023. About 3,480 of these employees were located in the United States, and about 1,230 were located in the Philippines. Of these employees, approximately 2,725 were engaged in construction projects, 100 in research and development, 1,415 in sales and marketing, and 470 in general and administrative services. Our employees are not represented by labor unions on an ongoing basis, we have not experienced a work stoppage, and we believe our relations with our employees to be good. We have a strong management team, and we believe they have the right experience to effectively implement our growth strategies and lead SunPower for long-lasting success. We also have approximately 2,280 contractors engaged in various activities worldwide as of January 1, 2023.
How SunPower develops, attracts, and retains personnel
With our mission To Change the Way Our World is Powered, we work to attract top talent to join the SunPower team. Given the technical nature of our business, our success depends in part on our ability to attract and retain skilled employees through a focus on university recruiting, experienced mid-career talent, and working with technical trade partners. We are dedicated to creating a diverse, inclusive, and safe work environment where each person can deliver their best every day. We believe our work environment fosters a rich, equitable culture that allows us to make an impact on our world. We launched our 25x25 DE&I initiative in fiscal 2021, designed to ensure benefits of home solar and storage serve American families, job seekers and businesses that have been historically underserved. We value a culture of respect and dignity and celebrate the differences of our employees.
SunPower employees are responsible for understanding our vision and values, and how their actions support the achievement of our vision on a daily basis. We drive high levels of performance and improvement on an on-going basis through our long-standing tradition of management by objectives and SMART goals, with a clear link back to our core values: Put Safety First, Deliver Superior Experiences, Accountability, Do The Right Thing, Innovate Relentlessly, and Be Fast and Nimble. Our employees generally receive feedback and coaching from their managers on at least a semi-annual basis, ensuring ongoing development. Through bespoke learning and development opportunities, we ensure our employees have the opportunity to achieve their career goals within SunPower.
Attraction and retention of key employees contributes to our ability to remain competitive, and we have a comprehensive total rewards system to help ensure we are compensating and rewarding our employees in line with market practice, providing a competitive benefits programs, and providing flexibility through programs like our Volunteer Time Off initiative. Our ongoing support of our employees' financial, health and wellness needs will continue to be essential. Our pay-for-performance philosophy helps align employee interests with those of our stockholders by rewarding achievements that meet or exceed corporate goals, and grants of stock-based awards under our 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan are intended to align compensation with the price performance of our common stock.
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The importance of diversity, equity, and inclusion
SunPower is an equal opportunity employer, and we are committed to maintaining a diverse and inclusive work environment and creating a strong culture of diversity, equity, and inclusion, strengthened by the launch of our 25x25 DE&I initiative.
Our differences make us stronger. We are diverse in race, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, faith, veteran status, ability, and much more. We celebrate these differences. The way we identify ourselves also extends beyond these foundations to diversity of thought and perspective, a range of approaches to problem-solving, and different life experiences. The value we place on diversity is reflected in the way we treat each other and our communities.
Together we are powerful. The power of inclusion is in valuing everyone and their unique contribution. It is important for all our employees to be respected, welcomed, and feel that they are part of something bigger. A culture of inclusion leads to more innovation, healthier working relationships, better decision-making, more fulfilled employees, a better ability to serve our customers, and ultimately a company that does well by doing good.
We lead with intention. SunPower values diversity of all kinds, and our people and leadership are encouraged to foster inclusion. Our leaders are expected to lead by example. This starts with building awareness on the part of every SunPower employee and holding ourselves accountable. We are committed to never stop listening, learning, and improving.
More information about SunPower’s diversity, equity, and inclusion programs is available on our website and in our published 2021 ESG report. The content of our website including, without limitation, our 2021 ESG Report, is not incorporated by reference into this report. Our 2022 ESG report is expected to be published in the second fiscal quarter of 2023.
A strong safety culture
We are committed to protecting the environment, providing a safe workplace, and protecting the health and safety of our employees, contractors, customers, and other stakeholders. We pursue continual improvement by setting targets and objectives to promote health and safety while aiming to conserve natural resources, minimize waste, and provide an environmentally friendly workplace. We work to ensure that all jobs and processes are planned and performed in a safe, healthy, and environmentally friendly manner. We have also launched a third-party Safety Program Assessment, reinstituted Executive Safety Walks, live training, and increased Safety Resources.
The health and safety of our employees and contractors continues to be a top priority. In an effort to protect our employees and contractors, we continue to review and comply with all health and safety regulations and public health guidance, as well as updating our protocols as necessary.
Available Information
We make available our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) free of charge on our website at www.sunpower.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The contents of our website are not incorporated into, or otherwise to be regarded as part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Copies of such material may be obtained, free of charge, upon written request submitted to our corporate headquarters: SunPower Corporation, Attn: Investor Relations, 1414 Harbour Way South, Suite 1901, Richmond, California, 94804. Copies of materials we file with the SEC may also be accessed on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov.
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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our business is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Although we believe that we have identified and discussed below key risk factors affecting our business, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that are not currently known to us or that are not currently believed by us to be material that may also harm our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Risks Related to COVID-19 Pandemic
We continue to experience economic and other impacts as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, as well as the business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition of many of our suppliers, dealers, and customers.
The pandemic has affected our employees and their ability to work, our ability to conduct our business operations around the globe, demand for our products, our supply chains, the ability of some of our customers to purchase and pay for our products, and caused us to reallocate and prioritize our planned spending in our strategic initiatives.
The COVID-19 pandemic could adversely affect our business and operations, including our manufacturing operations, bookings, and sales, and our ability to continue to invest in all of our planned research and development and other initiatives. In addition, new governmental orders and restrictions may be issued in some locations if the pandemic recurs or worsens. During a prolonged reduction in manufacturing operations or demand, the business and financial condition of our suppliers and customers may deteriorate, resulting in liquidity challenges, bankruptcies, permanent discontinuation of operations, or an inability to make timely deliveries or payments to us. Our suppliers and vendors may also request new or changed credit terms, which could effectively increase the prices we pay for raw materials and supplies and affect our cash flows.
We may experience a decline in demand for our solar panels due to decrease in consumer spending caused by macro-economic factors such as the continued impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and rising inflation in the U.S. Additionally, if credit markets become more challenging, customers may be unable or unwilling to finance the cost of our products, and the parties that have historically provided this financing may cease to do so, or only do so on terms that are substantially less favorable for our customers, any of which could adversely affect our revenues and growth of our business. Cancellations or rescheduling of customer orders could result in the delay or loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce, or delay the incurrence of, our corresponding inventory and operating expenses. In addition, changes in forecasts or the timing of orders from these or other customers expose us to the risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory.
In addition to the risks described above, the pandemic and associated economic and other impacts may also have the effect of heightening the other risks described in this risk factors section; in particular, see the “Risks Related to our Sales Channels,” “Risks Related to our Liquidity,” “Risks Related to our Supply Chain,” and “Risks Related to our Operations.” The overall effect that the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition will depend on future developments, including the ultimate duration and scope of the pandemic, the impact on our suppliers, dealers, and customers, and the speed with which economic conditions, operations, and the demand for our products change.
Risks Related to the Spin-Off
If the distribution of Maxeon Solar ordinary shares in the Spin-Off does not qualify as a tax‑free distribution under the Internal Revenue Code, then the distribution could be treated as a dividend to our stockholders and we could have a potential withholding obligation with respect to that dividend and under certain circumstances we may have indemnification obligations to Maxeon Solar.
We received a tax opinion from our counsel as to the tax‑free nature of the Spin-Off to our stockholders. We did not obtain a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) with respect to the distribution of Maxeon Solar ordinary shares and instead are relying solely on the tax opinion for comfort that the distribution qualifies for tax‑free treatment to our stockholders for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code.
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The tax opinion was based on, among other things, certain undertakings made by us and Maxeon Solar, as well as certain representations and assumptions as to factual matters made by parties to the distribution. The failure of any factual representation or assumption to be true, correct, and complete, or any undertaking to be fully complied with, could affect the validity of the tax opinion. An opinion of counsel represents counsel’s best legal judgment, is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and the IRS or the courts may not agree with the conclusions set forth in the tax opinion. In addition, the tax opinion was based on current law, and cannot be relied upon if current law changes with retroactive effect.
If the Spin-Off distribution does not qualify as a tax‑free distribution to our stockholders under Section 355 of the Internal Revenue Code, then the distribution could be treated as a dividend to our stockholders, and we could have a potential withholding obligation with respect to such dividend, and we could be required to indemnify Maxeon Solar for any taxes and related costs if the failure of the distribution to so qualify is the result of certain actions or misrepresentations by us, but we will not be required to indemnify any of our stockholders. In the event we are required to indemnify Maxeon Solar for taxes incurred in connection with the Spin-Off, the indemnification obligation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flow.
We might not be able to engage in certain strategic transactions because we have agreed to certain restrictions to comply with U.S. federal income tax requirements for a tax‑free spin‑off.
To preserve the intended tax treatment of the distribution of Maxeon Solar ordinary shares in the Spin-Off, we are undertaking to comply with certain restrictions under current U.S. federal income tax laws for spin‑offs, including (i) continuing to own and manage our historic business and (ii) limiting sales or redemptions of our common stock. These restrictions could prevent us from pursuing otherwise attractive business opportunities, result in our inability to respond effectively to competitive pressures, industry developments and future opportunities and may otherwise harm our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. If these restrictions, among others, are not followed, the Spin-Off distribution could be treated as a dividend to our stockholders and subject us to a potential withholding tax obligation. In addition, we could be required to indemnify Maxeon Solar for any tax liability incurred by Maxeon Solar as a result of our non‑compliance with these restrictions, and such indemnity obligations could be substantial.
Certain members of our Board of Directors and management may have actual or potential conflicts of interest because of their ownership of shares of Maxeon Solar and SunPower or their relationships with Maxeon Solar following the Spin-Off.
Certain members of our Board of Directors and management own shares of Maxeon Solar and/or options to purchase shares of Maxeon Solar, which could create, or appear to create, potential conflicts of interest when our directors and executive officers are faced with decisions that could have different implications for SunPower and Maxeon Solar.
Risks Related to Our Sales Channels
Our results of operations are subject to significant fluctuations and are inherently unpredictable.
We do not know whether our revenue will continue to grow, or if it will continue to grow sufficiently to outpace our expenses, which we also expect to grow. As a result, we may not be profitable on a quarterly or annual basis. Our revenue, results of operations, and cash flow are difficult to predict and have in the past fluctuated significantly from quarter to quarter. The principal reason for these significant fluctuations in our results is that, at times, we may derive a substantial portion of our total revenues from our large customers, consequently:
•our inability to monetize our projects as planned, or any delay in obtaining the required government support or initial payments to begin recognizing revenue under the relevant recognition criteria, and the corresponding revenue impact, may similarly cause large fluctuations in our revenue and other results of operations;
•our ability to monetize projects as planned is also subject to market conditions, including fluctuations in demand based on the availability of regulatory incentives and other factors, changes in the internal rate of return expected by customers in light of market conditions, the increasing number of power plants being constructed or available for sale, and competition for financing, which can make both financing and disposition more challenging and may significantly affect project sales prices;
•market conditions may deteriorate after we have committed to projects, resulting in delays in disposing of projects, or changes in amounts realized on disposition, which may lead to significant fluctuations in the period-over-period profile of our results of operations and our cash available for working capital needs;
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•in the event a project is subsequently canceled, abandoned, or is deemed unlikely to occur, we will charge all prior capital costs as an operating expense in the quarter in which such determination is made, which could materially adversely affect results of operations;
•a delayed disposition of a project could require us to recognize a gain on the sale of assets instead of recognizing revenue;
•in the event of a customer bankruptcy, our customers may seek to terminate or renegotiate the terms of current agreements or renewals; and
•the failure by any significant customer to pay for orders, whether due to liquidity issues or otherwise, could materially and adversely affect our financial results.
Sales to our customers are susceptible to fluctuations in volumes and revenue, as well as fluctuations in demand based on the availability of regulatory incentives and other factors. In addition, demand from our customers may fluctuate based on the perceived cost-effectiveness of the electricity generated by our solar power systems as compared to conventional energy sources, such as natural gas and coal (which fuel sources are subject to significant price swings from time to time), and other non-solar renewable energy sources, such as wind. Declining or increasing average selling prices affect our sales volumes, and therefore lead to large fluctuations in revenue.
Further, our revenue mix of component sales versus project sales can fluctuate dramatically from quarter to quarter, which may adversely affect our margins and results of operations in any given period.
Any of the foregoing may cause us to miss our financial guidance for a given period, which could adversely impact the market price for our common stock and our liquidity.
We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue and a significant portion of our expenses is fixed in the short term. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would materially adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows for that quarter. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—Our business could be adversely affected by seasonal trends, poor weather, labor shortages, and construction cycles,” “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—The reduction, modification, or elimination of government incentives could cause our revenue to decline and harm our financial results,” and “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar power products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products and services.”
Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.
On February 4, 2022, the President of the United States issued Proclamation 10339, extending the safeguard tariffs on imported solar cells and modules to provide relief to U.S. manufacturers and impose safeguard tariffs on imported solar cells and modules for an additional four years, based on the investigations, findings, and recommendations of the U.S. International Trade Commission (the “International Trade Commission”). Modules are subject to a four-year tariff at a rate of 14.75% in the first year, declining 0.25% in each of the three subsequent years, to a final tariff rate of 14% in 2026. Cells are subject to a tariff-rate quota, under which the first 5 gigawatts (“GW”) of cell imports each year will be exempt from tariffs; and cells imported after the 5 GW quota has been reached will be subject to the same 14.75% tariff as modules in the first year, with the same 0.25% decline in each of the three subsequent years. The tariff-free cell quota applies globally, without any allocation by country or region.
The tariffs could materially and adversely affect our business, cash flows, and results of operations. While solar cells and modules based on IBC technology, like Maxeon Solar’s X-Series (Maxeon 3) and M-Series (Maxeon 6), and related products were granted exclusion from these safeguard tariffs on September 19, 2018 and continue to be excluded under the extension announced in early 2022, bifacial products are also excluded from the safeguard measures, while solar products based on other technologies continue to be subject to the safeguard tariffs. Although we are actively engaged in efforts to mitigate the effect of these tariffs, there is no guarantee that these efforts will be successful.
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Following investigation into allegations that imports of solar cells and modules completed in Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand, or Vietnam, using components from China, were circumventing the antidumping and countervailing duty ("AD/CVD") orders on solar cells and modules from China, the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) issued preliminary determinations on December 2, 2022, that circumvention was occurring in each of the four Southeast Asian countries. Although the modules that we sell to our customers are generally either outside the scope of the circumvention inquiry or are exempted from collection of AD/CVD duties and cash deposits until June 6, 2024, as described in Presidential Proclamation 10414 and the subsequent regulations promulgated by Commerce, a change in the scope of the final determination by Commerce, the scope or duration of the relief granted by the Proclamation, subsequent congressional review of Commerce's determination, or the suppliers, origin of components, or manufacturing locations for our modules, may materially increase the price of our solar products and result in significant additional costs to us, our resellers, and our resellers’ customers, thereby reducing demand, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Additionally, the Office of the United States Trade Representative (“USTR”) initiated an investigation under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 into the Chinese government’s acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation. In notices published June 20, 2018, August 16, 2018, and September 21, 2018, the USTR imposed additional import duties of up to 25% on certain Chinese products covered by the Section 301 remedy. These tariffs include certain solar power system components and finished products, including those purchased from our suppliers for use in our products and used in our business. The United States and China may continue taking additional retaliatory measures in response to actions taken by the other country, which may result in changes to existing trade agreements and terms including additional tariffs on imports from China or other countries.
Trade tensions between China and the United States, the imposition of tariffs, and continuing uncertainty surrounding the trade and tariff environment have caused, and could continue to cause, market volatility, price fluctuations, supply shortages, and project delays, any of which could harm our business, and our pursuit of mitigating actions may divert substantial resources from other projects. In addition, future tariffs could materially increase the price of our solar products and result in significant additional costs to us, our resellers, and our resellers’ customers, which could cause a significant reduction in demand for our solar power products and greatly reduce our competitive advantage.
The execution of our growth strategy is dependent upon the continued availability of third-party financing arrangements for our projects, including our residential finance programs and offerings through SunPower Financial, and is affected by general economic conditions and other factors.
Our growth strategy, including portions of our 25x25 DE&I growth initiative, depends on third-party financing arrangements, and with the addition of SunPower Financial, our ability to provide financing directly to our customers. We often require project financing for development and construction of certain of our projects, which require significant investments before the equity is later sold to investors. SunPower Financial relies on third-party capital providers to provide financing options through our platform to customers. As our business grows, SunPower Financial will need additional funding sources for those financing options, either from its existing capital providers or by entering into program funding agreements with new capital providers. We regularly look to minimize our cost of capital, and in support of that strategy, we will from time to time provide temporary capital support for consumer financial products in order to maximize the benefits from new funding sources. Our failure to obtain additional funding commitments in an amount needed to fund projected volume, or failure to extend our existing commitments or identify new capital providers or renewing existing providers on favorable economic terms could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
In addition, many purchasers of our systems have entered into third-party arrangements to finance their systems over an extended period of time, while many end-customers have chosen to purchase solar electricity under a Power Purchase Agreement (“PPA”) with an investor or financing company that purchases the system from us or our authorized dealers. We often execute PPAs directly with the end-user, with the expectation that we will later assign the PPA to a financier. Under such arrangements, the financier separately contracts with us to acquire and build the solar power system, and then sells the electricity to the end-user under the assigned PPA. When executing PPAs with end-users, we seek to mitigate the risk that financing will not be available for the project by allowing termination of the PPA in such event without penalty. These structured finance arrangements are complex and may not be feasible in many situations.
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Global economic conditions, including conditions that may make it more difficult or expensive for us to access credit and liquidity, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results. Credit markets are unpredictable, and if they become more challenging, we may be unable to obtain project financing for our projects, customers may be unable or unwilling to finance the cost of our products, we may have difficulties in reaching agreements with financiers to finance the construction of our solar power systems, or the parties that have historically provided this financing may cease to do so, or only do so on terms that are substantially less favorable for us or our customers, any of which could materially and adversely affect our revenue and growth. As a result of economic conditions, certain of our capital partners have either reduced the amount of available capital for such financing or made the terms of such financing less favorable. Our plans to continue to grow our residential finance program may be delayed if credit conditions prevent us from obtaining or maintaining arrangements to finance those programs. We are actively arranging additional third-party financing for our residential finance program; however, if we encounter challenging credit markets, we may be unable to arrange additional financing partners for our residential finance programs in future periods, which could have a negative impact on our sales. In the event we enter into a material number of financing arrangements with customers without obtaining corresponding third-party financing, our cash, working capital, and results of operations could be negatively affected. In addition, a rise in interest rates would likely increase our customers’ cost of financing or leasing our products and could reduce their profits and expected returns on investment in our products. The general reduction in available credit to would-be borrowers or lessees, worldwide economic uncertainty, and the condition of worldwide housing markets could delay or reduce our sales of products to new homebuilders and authorized resellers.
The availability of financing depends on many factors, including market conditions, tax rates, the demand for and supply for residential solar installations, and resulting risks of refinancing or disposing of such projects. It also depends in part on government incentives, such as tax incentives. In the long term, as we look toward markets not supported (or supported less) by government incentives, we will continue to need to identify financiers willing to finance residential solar systems without such incentives. Our failure to effectively do so could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.
The lack of project financing, due to tighter credit markets or other reasons, could limit our ability to offer competitive financing options for potential customers, thus reducing our revenues from the sale of such projects. We may in some cases seek to pursue partnership arrangements with financing entities to assist customers to obtain financing for the purchase or lease of our systems, which would expose us to credit or other risks. We face competition for financing partners and if we are unable to continue to offer a competitive investment profile, we may lose access to financing partners or they may offer financing on less favorable terms than to our competitors, which could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results.
With the launch and growth of SunPower Financial, we are increasingly subject to risk related to our financing offerings directly to consumers. If our consumer underwriting and origination processes contain errors or incorrect inputs from consumers or third parties (such as credit bureaus), our reputation and relationships with capital providers and contractors could be harmed. Further, economic and other changes resulting in increases in default rates could increase our cost of capital.
Our ability to attract capital providers for SunPower Financial on favorable economic terms is dependent in part on our ability to effectively evaluate a consumer’s credit profile and likelihood of default and potential loss in accordance with the capital provider’s origination policies. We use FICO scores and various credit bureau attributes to conduct this evaluation, and if any of these contain errors, or if the data provided by consumers or third parties (such as credit bureaus) is incorrect or stale, our approvals or denials may be based on faulty information. Additionally, following the date of the credit report that we obtain and review, a consumer may default on, or become delinquent in the payment of, a pre-existing debt obligation, take on additional debt, or experience other adverse financial events. If such inaccuracies or events are not detected before the customer’s funding has funded, the customer may have a greater risk of default than expected. Greater defaults could damage our reputation and relationships with contractors and capital providers, causing a decrease in our ability to originate financing, or an increase in our cost of capital.
Our cost of capital is also determined in part based on the default averages in SunPower Financial’s consumer loan and lease borrower portfolios, which is increasingly impactful as this business line grows. If general economic conditions worsen significantly, or an increase in delinquencies and defaults by our consumer loan borrowers and lessees otherwise occurs, and we are not able to adjust our underwriting processes to address the change in credit environment, our cost of capital may increase. Any increase in our cost of capital may cause a decrease in our margins, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
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In addition, we may be subject to regular audits by our capital providers and their regulators, as well as other parties involved in SunPower Financial’s processes, such as credit bureaus. These audits may include reviews of our policies and procedures with respect to consumer protection, privacy practices, information technology and security practices, and other areas of our operations. If we do not perform well in these audits, or if significant deficiencies are identified, our existing capital providers may become unwilling to extend the terms of their existing agreements with us, we may have more difficulty in engaging new capital providers on favorable economic terms or at all, our cost of capital may increase, and we could suffer reputational damage, and our business and financial position could be negatively impacted.
If we and our partners fail to successfully execute our research and development plans and cost reduction roadmap, or fail to develop and introduce new and enhanced products and services, we may be unable to compete effectively, and our ability to generate revenues, cash flows, and profits would suffer.
Our solar panels, including the solar panels we source from Maxeon Solar, are competitive in the market as compared with lower-cost conventional solar cells, due to our products’ higher efficiencies, among other things. Given the historical general downward pressure on prices for solar panels driven by increasing supply and technological change, a component of our business strategy has been to take advantage of reductions in manufacturing costs to remain competitive. We and our suppliers also focus on standardizing products with the goal of driving down our installation costs. If our competitors are able to drive down their manufacturing and installation costs or increase the efficiency of their products faster than we can, or if competitor products are exempted from tariffs and quotas and ours are not, our products may become less competitive even when adjusted for efficiency. Further, as raw materials costs and other third-party component costs increase, as they have recently, our suppliers may not meet our cost reduction targets. If we and our partners cannot effectively execute our cost reduction roadmap, our competitive position may suffer, we could lose market share, and our margins may be adversely affected if we face downward pricing pressure.
The solar power market is characterized by continually changing technology and improving features, such as increased efficiency, higher power output, and enhanced aesthetics. Technologies developed or sold by our direct competitors, including concentrating solar cells, solar thermal electric, and other solar technologies, may provide energy at lower costs than our products. We also face competition in some markets from other energy generation sources, including conventional fossil fuels, wind, biomass, and hydro. In addition, other companies could potentially develop a highly reliable renewable energy system that mitigates the intermittent energy production drawback of many renewable energy systems. Companies could also offer other value-added improvements from the perspective of utilities and other system owners, in which case such companies could compete with us even if the cost of electricity associated with any such new system is higher than that of our systems. We also compete with traditional utilities that supply energy to our potential customers. Such utilities have greater financial, technical, operational, and other resources than we do. If electricity rates decrease and our products become less competitive by comparison, our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Our failure to further refine technology, reduce costs in the manufacturing process, and develop and introduce new solar power products and related system components could cause the products we offer to become less competitive or obsolete, which could reduce our market share and cause our sales to decline. This risk requires us to work continuously with our suppliers to develop new solar power products and enhancements for existing solar power products to keep pace with evolving industry standards, competitive pricing and changing customer preferences, expectations, and requirements. It is difficult to successfully predict the products and services our customers will demand. If we cannot continually improve the efficiency and prove the reliability of our solar panels and solutions as compared with those of our competitors, our pricing will become less competitive, we could lose market share, and our margins would be adversely affected.
As we introduce new or enhanced products or integrate new technology and components into our products, we will face risks relating to such transitions including, among other things, the incurrence of high fixed costs, technical challenges, acceptance of products by our customers and dealers, disruption in customers’ and dealers’ ordering patterns, insufficient supplies of new products to meet demand, possible product and technology defects arising from the integration of new technology, and a potentially different sales and support environment relating to any new technology. Our failure to manage the transition to newer products or the integration of newer technology and components into our products could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels-Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.”
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In addition, uncertainty with respect to Chinese government policies, including subsidies or other incentives for solar projects, may cause increased, decreased, or volatile supply and/or demand for solar products, which could negatively impact our revenue, earnings, and cash flow. Finally, the imposition by the United States of tariffs and quotas could materially adversely affect our ability to compete with other suppliers and developers in the U.S. market, including the aforementioned Section 201, Section 301, and AD/CVD duties and tariffs. Because of the uncertainty created by these tariffs and duties, the cost to source these materials for our products could materially increase, which could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels-Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.”
The reduction, modification, or elimination of government incentives could cause our revenue to decline and harm our financial results.
The market for on-grid applications, where solar power is used to supplement a customer’s electricity purchased from the utility network or sold to a utility under tariff, depends in part on the availability and size of government mandates and economic incentives because, at present, the cost of solar power generally exceeds retail electric rates in many locations and wholesale peak power rates in some locations. Incentives and mandates vary by geographic market. Various government bodies where we do business have provided incentives in the form of feed-in tariffs, rebates, and tax credits and or other incentives and mandates, such as renewable portfolio standards and net metering, to end-users, distributors, system integrators, and manufacturers of solar power products to promote the use of solar energy in on-grid applications and to reduce dependency on other forms of energy. These various forms of support for solar power are subject to change (as, for example, occurred in 2020 with California’s adoption of building standards requiring the installation of solar systems on new homes, and in 2022 with California’s adoption of changes to its net energy metering program), and are expected in the longer term to decline. Even changes that may be viewed as positive (such as extensions of U.S. tax credits related to solar power) can have negative effects if they result, for example, in delaying purchases that otherwise might have been made before expiration or scheduled reductions in such credits. Governmental decisions regarding the provision of economic incentives often depend on political and economic factors that we cannot predict and that are beyond our control. The reduction, modification, or elimination of grid access, government mandates, or economic incentives in one or more of our customer markets would materially and adversely affect the growth of such markets or result in increased price competition, either of which could cause our revenue to decline and materially adversely affect our business and financial results.
Existing regulations and policies and changes to these regulations and policies may present technical, regulatory, and economic barriers to the purchase and use of solar power products, which may significantly reduce demand for our products and services.
The market for electric generation products is heavily influenced by federal, state, and local government laws, regulations, and policies concerning the electric utility industry in the United States and abroad, as well as policies promulgated by electric utilities. These regulations and policies often relate to electricity pricing and technical interconnection of customer-owned electricity generation, and changes that make solar power less competitive with other power sources could deter investment in the research and development of alternative energy sources as well as customer purchases of solar power technology, which could in turn result in a significant reduction in the demand for our solar power products. The market for electric generation equipment is also influenced by trade and local content laws, regulations, and policies that can discourage growth and competition in the solar industry and create economic barriers to the purchase of solar power products, thus reducing demand for our solar products. In addition, on-grid applications depend on access to the grid, which is also regulated by government entities. We anticipate that our solar power products and their installation will continue to be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with federal, state, local, and foreign regulations relating to construction, safety, environmental protection, utility interconnection and metering, trade, and related matters. It is difficult to track the requirements of individual states or local jurisdictions and design equipment to comply with the varying standards. Any new regulations or policies pertaining to our solar power products may result in significant additional expenses to us, our resellers, and our resellers’ customers, which could cause a significant reduction in demand for our solar power products. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels-Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.”
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A change in the solar investment tax credit could adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.
We have incorporated into our financial planning and agreements with our customers certain assumptions regarding the future level of U.S. tax incentives, including the ITC, which is administered by the IRS. On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law by President Joe Biden. The IRA includes, among other things, an expansion and extension of the ITC for eligible solar energy systems through at least 2032. We hold projects and have sold projects, or expect to sell projects, to certain customers based on certain underlying assumptions regarding the ITC. We have also accounted for certain projects and programs in our business using the same assumptions.
Owners of our qualifying projects and our residential lease program have applied or will apply for the ITC and the assumptions regarding expected tax benefits, both in timing and amount, are made in accordance with the guidance provided by the IRS. Any changes to the IRS guidance which we relied upon in structuring our projects, failure to comply with the requirements, including the safe harbor guidance, lower levels of incentives granted, or changes in assumptions including the estimated residual values and the estimated fair market value of financed and installed systems for the purposes of the ITC, could materially and adversely affect our business and financial results. If the IRS disagrees, as a result of any future review or audit, with the fair market value of, or other assumptions concerning, our solar projects or systems that we have constructed or that we construct in the future, including the systems for which tax incentives have already been paid, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. We also have obligations to indemnify certain of our customers and investors for the loss of tax incentives. We may have to recognize impairments or lower margins than initially anticipated for certain of our projects or our residential lease program. Additionally, if the amount or timing of ITCs received varies from what we have projected, our revenues, margins, and cash flows could be adversely affected and we may have to recognize losses, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
There are continuing developments in the interpretation and application of how companies should calculate their eligibility and level of ITC incentives. There have been recent cases in the U.S. district courts that challenge the criteria for a true lease, which could impact whether the structure of our residential lease program qualifies under the ITC. If the IRS redetermines the amount of the ITC, investors may be required to make corresponding adjustments to their taxable income or other changes. Such adjustments may provide us with an indication of IRS practice regarding the valuation of residential leased solar assets, and we would consider such adjustments in our accounting for our indemnification obligations to investors who receive ITCs.
As our sales to residential customers have grown, including through dealers and directly to consumers, and with the launch of SunPower Financial, we have increasingly become subject to substantial financial services and consumer protection laws and regulations. Any failure to comply with laws and regulations relating to interactions by us or third parties (such as our dealers and sub-servicers) with consumers or with licensing requirements applicable to our business could result in negative publicity, claims, investigations and litigation, and may adversely affect our financial performance.
As we continue to seek to expand our retail customer base and expand our direct sales channel, our activities with customers, especially our financing activities with our residential customers, are subject to numerous federal, state, and local laws, including consumer protection laws. For example, in December 2021, we announced the launch of SunPower Financial, our new in-house financial products business. If we are unable to successfully operate this business, we may not realize its anticipated benefits. This initiative requires that our subsidiary maintain certain non-bank financial services licenses in a number of jurisdictions. While we believe we have obtained all necessary licenses, the application of some consumer finance licensing laws to our financial products offerings is unclear. If we are is found to be in violation of applicable licensing requirements by a court or a state, federal, or local enforcement agency, we could be subject to fines, damages, injunctive relief (including required modification or discontinuation of our business in certain areas), criminal penalties and other penalties or consequences, including indemnification obligations to its capital providers, and financing originated through SunPower Financial could be rendered void or unenforceable, in whole or in part, any of which could have a material adverse effect on SunPower’s business, financial condition and results of operations.
Federal, state, and local laws and regulations impose other requirements and limitations related to financial services and other consumer activities, including with respect to terms of credit, disclosures, truth-in-lending, equal credit opportunity, fair credit reporting, consumer leasing, telephone and digital marketing, privacy and cybersecurity, home improvement contracts. These laws and regulations are implemented and enforced by a number of federal, state and local governmental entities. For example, the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”) has broad rule-making and enforcement authority with respect to a wide range of consumer financial protection laws that regulate consumer finance businesses, such as our solar financing business. Compliance with these regulatory requirements may increase the costs of, impose additional restrictions on, or otherwise adversely affect companies providing such financial services.
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Claims arising out of actual or alleged violations of law may be asserted against us by individuals or governmental entities and may expose us to significant damages or other penalties, including fines. In addition, our affiliations with third-party dealers and sub-servicers for our financial products may subject us to alleged liability in connection with actual or alleged violations of law by such third-parties, whether or not actually attributable to us, which may expose us to significant damages and penalties, and we may incur substantial expenses in defending against legal actions related to third-parties, whether or not we are ultimately found liable.
With SunPower Financial, we are subject to a complex and constantly evolving consumer finance regulatory environment, which is difficult to predict, and which may affect our business and financial performance.
With SunPower Financial, and the introduction of new financial products, we are subject to additional state and federal regulatory regimes in connection with financial products and consumer credit transactions. The complex regulatory environment of the consumer credit industry is subject to constant change and modification. Some of these laws and regulations have been enacted only recently and ambiguities may create uncertainty, which may lead to regulatory investigations, governmental enforcement actions and private causes of action, such as class action lawsuits, with respect to our compliance with such laws or regulations. The laws to which we and SunPower Financial may be subject, directly or indirectly, include, among others:
•state laws and regulations that impose requirements related to loan disclosures and terms, credit discrimination and unfair, deceptive or abusive business acts or practices;
•the Truth-in-Lending Act, and its implementing Regulation Z, and similar state laws, which require certain disclosures to borrowers regarding the terms and conditions of their loans and credit transactions;
•Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, and Section 1031 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which prohibits unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices (“UDAAP”), in connection with any consumer financial product or service;
•the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, and its implementing Regulation B, which prohibit creditors from discriminating against credit applicants on the basis of race, color, sex, age, religion, national origin, marital status, the fact that all or part of the applicant’s income derives from any public assistance program or the fact that the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under the Federal Consumer Credit Protection Act or any applicable state law;
•the Fair Credit Reporting Act (the “FCRA”), and its implementing Regulation V, as amended by the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act, which promotes the accuracy, fairness and privacy of information in the files of consumer reporting agencies;
•the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and its implementing Regulation F, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, as well as state debt collection laws, all of which provide guidelines and limitations concerning the conduct of debt collectors in connection with the collection of consumer debts;
•the Bankruptcy Code, which limits the extent to which creditors may seek to enforce debts against parties who have filed for bankruptcy protection;
•the California Consumer Privacy Act, which includes limitations on the disclosure of consumer personal information by financial institutions to nonaffiliated third parties, requires financial institutions to limit the use and further disclosure of personal information by nonaffiliated third parties to whom they disclose such information and requires financial institutions to disclose certain privacy policies and practices with respect to information sharing with affiliated and nonaffiliated entities as well as to safeguard personal consumer information, and other privacy laws and regulations;
•the Gramm Leach Bliley Act, and its implementing Regulation P, which requires financial institutions to disclose certain information to consumers about the privacy and use of their data and which imposes certain data security requirements on financial institutions;
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•the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act, which allows active duty military members to suspend or postpone certain civil obligations, and prohibits certain creditor self-help remedies, including repossession, so that the military member can devote his or her full attention to military duties;
•the Military Lending Act, enacted in 2006 and implemented by the Department of Defense, which imposes a 36% cap on the “all-in” annual percentage rates charged on certain loans to active-duty members of the U.S. military, reserves and National Guard and their dependents;
•the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which provide disclosure requirements, guidelines and restrictions on the electronic transfer of funds from consumers’ bank accounts; and
•the Bank Secrecy Act, which relates to compliance with anti-money laundering, due diligence and record-keeping policies and procedures.
While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, and hired compliance personnel dedicated to SunPower Financial to oversee them, there can be no assurance that these policies and procedures will be effective. Failure to comply with these laws and with regulatory requirements applicable to our business could subject us to damages, revocation of licenses, class action lawsuits, administrative enforcement actions, civil and criminal liability, indemnification obligations to our capital providers, repurchase obligations and reputational damage, any of which may harm our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
The current regulatory environment, increased regulatory compliance requirements and enhanced regulatory enforcement could result in significant operational and compliance costs and may prevent us from offering certain products and services in the future. In addition, from time to time, through our operational and compliance controls, we may identify compliance issues that require us to make operational changes and, depending on the nature of the issue and contractual obligations to our various capital providers, result in financial remediation to impacted capital providers or consumers. These self-identified issues and voluntary remediation payments could be significant, depending on the issue and the number of capital providers, contractors or consumers impacted, and also could generate litigation or regulatory investigations that subject us to additional risk.
We do not typically maintain long-term agreements with our customers and accordingly we could lose customers without warning, which could adversely affect our business results.
Our product sales to residential dealers typically are not made under long-term agreements. We often contract to construct or sell projects with no assurance of repeat business from the same customers in the future. Although cancellations of our purchase orders to date have been infrequent, our customers may cancel or reschedule purchase orders with us on relatively short notice. Cancellations or rescheduling of customer orders could result in the delay or loss of anticipated sales without allowing us sufficient time to reduce, or delay the incurrence of, our corresponding inventory and operating expenses. In addition, changes in forecasts or the timing of orders from these or other customers expose us to the risks of inventory shortages or excess inventory. These circumstances, in addition to the completion and non-repetition of projects, declining average selling prices, changes in the relative mix of sales of solar equipment versus solar project installations, and the fact that our supply agreements are generally long-term in nature and many of our other operating costs are fixed, could cause our results to fluctuate and may result in a material adverse effect in our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Our business could be adversely affected by seasonal trends, poor weather, labor shortages, and construction cycles.
Our business is subject to significant industry-specific seasonal fluctuations. Our sales have historically reflected these seasonal trends, with the largest percentage of our total revenues realized during the second half of each fiscal year. There are various reasons for this seasonality, mostly related to economic incentives, such as changes to the amount and timing of ITC, and weather patterns. For example, in the United States, many customers make purchasing decisions towards the end of the year in order to take advantage of tax credits. In addition, sales in the new home development market are often tied to construction market demands, which tend to follow national trends in construction, including declining sales during cold and/or rainy weather months.
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The competitive environment in which we operate often requires us to undertake customer obligations or provide indemnifications, which may turn out to be costlier than anticipated and, in turn, materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
We are often required, as a condition of financing or at the request of our end customer, to undertake certain obligations such as:
•system output performance warranties;
•system maintenance;
•indemnification for site damage or environmental impacts that we may be required to provide for certain projects in some cases with very high or no caps or limitations of liability; and
•indemnification against losses as a result of reductions in benefits received under ITC and of the Treasury grant programs under Section 1603 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
Such financing arrangements and customer obligations involve complex accounting analyses and judgments regarding the timing of revenue and expense recognition, and in certain situations these factors may require us to defer revenue or profit recognition until projects are completed or until contingencies are resolved, which could adversely affect our revenues and profits in a particular period. In addition, we may experience significant losses as the result of such responsibilities and indemnification obligations, which may adversely impact our business, cash flows, and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Liquidity
We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain access to external financing necessary to fund our operations and make adequate capital investments as planned due to the general economic environment, cost inflation, and/or the market pressure driving down the average selling prices of our solar power products, among other factors.
To develop new products, support future growth, achieve operating efficiencies, and maintain product quality, we may need to make significant capital investments in product and process technology as well as enhancing our digital capabilities. In addition, we invest a significant amount of capital to develop solar power systems for sale to customers. The delayed disposition of such projects, or the inability to realize the full anticipated value of such projects on disposition, could have a negative impact on our liquidity. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Operations-Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.”
Certain of our customers also require performance bonds issued by a bonding agency, or bank guarantees or letters of credit issued by financial institutions, which are returned to us upon satisfaction of contractual requirements. If there is a contractual dispute with the customer, the customer may withhold the security or make a draw under the security, which could have an adverse impact on our liquidity.
We manage our working capital requirements and fund our committed capital expenditures, including the development and construction of our planned solar power projects, with our current cash and cash equivalents, cash generated from operations, and funds available from our construction financing providers. We may be unable to find adequate credit support on acceptable terms, or at all, in which case our ability to obtain adequate amounts of debt financing may be harmed. The lenders under our credit facilities may also require us to repay our indebtedness to them in the event that our obligations under other indebtedness or contracts in excess of the applicable threshold amount are accelerated and we fail to discharge such obligations. If our capital resources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, for example, due to cross acceleration of indebtedness, we may seek to sell additional equity investments or debt securities or obtain other debt financings. Market conditions, however, could limit our ability to raise capital by issuing new equity or debt securities on acceptable terms, or at all, and lenders may be unwilling to lend funds on acceptable terms, or at all. The sale of additional equity investments or convertible debt securities may result in additional dilution to our stockholders. Additional debt would result in increased expenses and could impose new restrictive covenants that may be different from those restrictions contained in the covenants under certain of our current debt agreements. Financing arrangements, including project financing for our solar power projects and letters of credit facilities, may not be available to us, or may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us. If additional financing is not available, we may be forced to seek to sell assets or reduce or delay capital investments, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
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If we cannot generate sufficient cash flows, find other sources of capital to fund our operations and projects, make adequate capital investments to remain technologically and price competitive, or provide bonding or letters of credit required by our projects, we may need to sell additional equity investments or debt securities, or obtain other debt financings. If adequate funds from these or other sources are not available on acceptable terms or at all, our ability to fund our operations including making digital investments, develop and construct solar power projects, develop and expand our distribution network, maintain our research and development efforts, provide collateral for our projects, meet our debt service obligations, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly impaired. Our inability to do any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
We have a significant amount of debt outstanding and debt service requirements. Our substantial indebtedness and other contractual commitments could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, as well as our ability to meet our payment obligations under such debt.
As of January 1, 2023, we had approximately $507.6 million of outstanding debt. On January 17, 2023, we repaid the outstanding principal amount of $425.0 million of our 4.00% debentures due 2023 (refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies-Liquidity”).
This level of debt could have material consequences on our future operations, including:
•making it more difficult for us to meet our payment and other obligations under our outstanding debt;
•resulting in an event of default if we fail to comply with the financial and other restrictive covenants contained in our debt agreements (with certain covenants becoming more restrictive over time), which event of default could result in all or a significant portion of our debt becoming immediately due and payable;
•reducing the availability of our cash flows to fund working capital, capital expenditures, project development, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes, and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for these purposes;
•subjecting us to the risk of increased sensitivity to interest rate increases on our indebtedness with variable interest rates, including borrowings under our Credit Agreement with Bank of America, N.A, as administrative agent and collateral agent and the L/C issuers and lenders party thereto.
•limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, and increasing our vulnerability to, changes in our business, the industry in which we operate, and the general economy; and
•placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors that have less debt or have lower leverage ratios.
In the event, expected or unexpected, that any of our joint ventures are consolidated with our financial statements, such consolidation could significantly increase our indebtedness.
Our ability to meet our payment and other obligations under our debt instruments depends on our ability to generate significant cash flows, which, to some extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, and regulatory factors as well as other factors that are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that our business will generate cash flows from operations, or that future borrowings will be available to us under our existing or any future credit facilities or otherwise, in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our payment obligations under our debt and to fund other liquidity needs. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows to service our debt obligations, we may need to refinance or restructure our debt, sell assets, reduce or delay capital investments, or seek to raise additional capital. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in any sale of assets, refinancing, or restructuring effort. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Operations-We may in the future be required to consolidate the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of certain of our existing or future joint ventures, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, and gross margin”, “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels-Changes in international trade policies, tariffs, or trade disputes could significantly and adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows,” and “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies-Liquidity.”
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Although we are currently in compliance with the affirmative and negative covenants in our debt agreements, we cannot assure that we will be able to remain in compliance with such covenants in the future. We may not be able to cure future violations or obtain waivers from our creditors in order to avoid a default. An event of default under any of our debt agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations.
Our credit and other agreements contain restrictions that may limit our ability to operate our business.
We may be unable to respond to changes in business and economic conditions, engage in transactions or make investments that might otherwise be beneficial to us, or obtain additional financing, because our debt agreements and our Affiliation Agreement with Total contain, and any of our other future similar agreements may contain, restrictions that limit our ability to, among other things:
•incur additional debt, assume obligations in connection with letters of credit, or issue guarantees;
•create liens;
•make certain investments or acquisitions;
•enter into transactions with our affiliates;
•sell certain assets;
•redeem capital stock or make other restricted payments;
•declare or pay dividends or make other distributions to stockholders; and
•merge or consolidate with any person.
Our ability to comply with these covenants is dependent on our future performance, which will be subject to many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including prevailing economic conditions. In addition, our failure to comply with these covenants could result in a default under our other debt instruments, which could permit the holders to accelerate such debt. If any of our debt is accelerated, we may not have sufficient funds available to repay such debt, which could materially and negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Supply Chain
We depend on a limited number of suppliers for certain critical components, and finished products, including our solar modules, microinverters, and storage solutions. Any shortage, interruption or delay, deterioration of our relationships with, or price change from these suppliers could adversely affect our business, prevent us from delivering products to our customers within required timeframes, and could in turn result in sales and installation delays, cancellations, penalty payments, or loss of market share.
We are party to master supply agreements with a limited number of suppliers for critical components of our solar systems, including Maxeon Solar for the exclusive supply of high efficiency solar modules. Under these supply agreements, we are required to purchase, and our suppliers are required to supply, specified amounts of certain products during their respective terms, at prices that may be subject to periodic adjustment based on agreed commodity price indices, and for which we and our suppliers may be subject to penalties or early termination relating to delivery delays, failure to purchase minimum product volumes, and other customary provisions. Because we have a limited number of suppliers of such critical products, any delay or failure to supply the necessary products, or supply such products in a manner that meets our quality and quantity requirements, substantial changes to commodity price indices, and any significant deterioration in our relationship with our key suppliers, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
In addition, we purchase microinverters, batteries, and other system components from a limited number of suppliers, which means we may be exposed to supply issues, price changes, and quality issues. If we fail to maintain our relationships with these and other suppliers, we may not be able to meet anticipated demand, and we may be impacted by price changes and delays. If one or more of the suppliers we rely on ceases or reduces production, we may be unable to quickly identify alternate suppliers or to qualify alternative products on commercially reasonable terms, and our business and financial performance may suffer.
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The manufacturing process for our components may have long lead times, and in some cases relies on the continued availability of key raw materials, which could impact our suppliers’ ability to meet our demand for these components. To the extent the processes and technologies that our suppliers use to manufacture components are proprietary, we may be unable to obtain comparable components from alternative suppliers. The financial markets could limit our suppliers’ ability to raise capital if required to expand their production to satisfy their operating capital requirements or make the necessary investments in new technologies. As a result, they could be unable to supply necessary products, including new products, raw materials, inventory, and capital equipment which we would require to support our planned sales operations to us, which would in turn negatively impact our sales volume, profitability, and cash flows. The failure of a supplier to supply raw materials or components in a timely manner, or to supply raw materials or components that meet our quality, quantity, and cost requirements, could impair our ability to manufacture our products or could increase our cost of production. If we cannot obtain substitute materials or components on a timely basis or on acceptable terms, we could be prevented from delivering our products to our customers within required time frames.
While global solar cell and panel production capacity has materially increased overall, supply chain constraints have led to an environment of constrained capacity among solar cell and solar panel manufacturers. Supply chain constraints and inflationary pressures may cause the cost of solar cells and panels, and other components of the products we sell, to rise, and our suppliers may seek to pass these costs on to us, which would increase our costs and could result in lower margins and revenues, and could have a material adverse impact on our business, cash flows, and financial condition. Conversely, an increase in the global supply of solar cells and panels, and increasing competition, may cause substantial downward pressure on the prices of such products, limiting our ability to sell our differentiated panels at a premium, causing us to lose sales or market share, resulting in lower revenues, earnings, and cash flows. For example, we have received requests from multiple suppliers to adjust pricing based on cost increases pertaining to raw materials, shipping and logistics, and finished goods, and are evaluating whether these requests are valid or permitted under our contracts. We ultimately may have to accept these and other future cost increases, whether for business or contractual reasons.
In addition, our supply chain is subject to natural disasters and other events beyond our control, such as raw material, component, and labor shortages, global and regional shipping and logistics constraints, work stoppages, epidemics or pandemics, including effects experienced as a result of pandemics, such as COVID-19, earthquakes, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, power outages, or other natural disasters, and the physical effects of climate change, including changes in weather patterns (including floods, fires, tsunamis, drought, and rainfall levels), water availability, storm patterns and intensities, and temperature levels. Human rights concerns, including forced labor and human trafficking, in foreign countries and associated governmental responses have the potential to disrupt our supply chain, and our operations could be adversely impacted. For example, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security issued a withhold release order on June 24, 2021 applicable to silica-based products made by a major producer of polysilicon used by manufacturers of solar panels in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, over allegations of widespread, state-backed forced labor in the region, and on December 23, 2021, the President of the United States signed the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (“UFLPA”) into law, which creates a rebuttable presumption that all goods manufactured even partially in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region are the product of forced labor and therefore not entitled to entry at U.S. ports. The UFLPA also builds on the 2020’ Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act by expanding its authorization of sanctions to cover foreign individuals responsible for human rights abuses related to forced labor. Although we do not believe that raw materials used in the products we sell are sourced from this or other regions with forced labor concerns, any delays or other supply chain disruption resulting from these concerns or any of the supply chain risks articulated above, associated governmental responses, or a desire to source products, components, or materials from other manufacturers or regions could result in shipping, sales and installation delays, cancellations, penalty payments, or loss of revenue and market share, or may cause our key suppliers to seek to re-negotiate terms and pricing with us, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. In addition, the requirements of these laws and other legislation that has been introduced, or may be introduced in the future relating to these issues, may cause us to incur substantially higher compliance and due diligence costs in connection with procurement and may result in higher import costs and potentially import bans, any of which could have additional adverse impacts on our business and results of operations.
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We utilize term loans and other financing structures to fund acquisitions, development, construction, and expansion of certain solar projects, and such funds may or may not continue to be available as required to further our plans. Furthermore, such project financing increases our consolidated debt.
Certain of our subsidiaries and other affiliates are separate and distinct legal entities and, except in limited circumstances, have no obligation to pay any amounts due with respect to our indebtedness or indebtedness of other subsidiaries or affiliates, and do not guarantee the payment of interest on or principal of such indebtedness. Such subsidiaries may borrow funds to finance particular projects. In the event of a default under a project financing which we do not cure, the lenders or lessors generally have rights to the project and related assets. In the event of foreclosure after a default, we may not be able to retain any interest in the collateral supporting such financing. In addition, any such default or foreclosure may trigger cross default provisions in our other financing agreements, including our corporate debt obligations, which could materially and adversely affect our financial condition. In the event of our bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization (or the bankruptcy, liquidation, or reorganization of a subsidiary or affiliate), such subsidiaries’ or other affiliates’ creditors, including trade creditors and holders of debt issued by such subsidiaries or affiliates, will generally be entitled to payment of their claims from the assets of those subsidiaries or affiliates before any assets are made available for distribution to us or the holders of our indebtedness. As a result, holders of our corporate indebtedness will be effectively subordinated to all present and future debts and other liabilities (including trade payables) of certain of our subsidiaries.
Risks Related to Our Operations
If we have quality issues with our solar and related products, such as the third-party connector issue we experienced in fiscal 2021, our sales, profit, and cash flows could decrease and our relationships with our customers and our reputation may be harmed.
Products as complex as ours may contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced. For example, we identified an issue with third-party connectors used in certain of our products, and recorded accounting charges of $19.8 million related to repair costs during fiscal 2021. In addition, our solar panels may contain defects that are not detected until after they are shipped or are installed because we and our suppliers cannot test for all possible scenarios. These defects could cause us to incur significant warranty, non-warranty, and re-engineering costs, which may not be covered by manufacturer warranties, and could significantly affect our customer relations and business reputation. If we deliver products with errors or defects, or if there is a perception that such products contain errors or defects, our credibility and the market acceptance and sales of our products could be harmed. In addition, some of our arrangements with customers include termination or put rights for non-performance. In certain limited cases, we could incur liquidated damages or even be required to buy back a customer’s system at fair value on specified future dates if certain minimum performance thresholds are not met.
Acquisitions of other companies, project development pipelines, and other assets, or investments in or joint ventures with other companies, as well as divestitures and other significant transactions, could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, and dilute our stockholders’ equity.
To further our business strategy and maintain our competitive position, we have acquired a number of other companies and entered into joint ventures in past years, including our SunStrong and Solar Sail joint ventures with Hannon Armstrong Sustainable Infrastructure Capital, Inc. (“Hannon Armstrong”), the sale of our C&I Solutions business in fiscal 2022, and our acquisition of Blue Raven in fiscal 2021. In the future, we may acquire additional companies, project pipelines, products, or technologies, make strategic investments, and enter into additional joint ventures or other strategic initiatives.
Acquisitions, joint ventures, and divestitures involve a number of risks that could harm our business and performance, including:
•insufficient experience with technologies and markets in which an acquired business or joint venture is involved, which may be necessary to successfully operate and/or integrate the business or the joint venture;
•problems integrating acquired operations, personnel, IT infrastructure, technologies, or products with the existing business and products, or potential failure to satisfy post-closing obligations with respect to strategic initiatives;
•diversion of management time and attention from the core business to an acquired business or joint venture or in connection with a strategic transaction;
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•potential litigation or claims relating to such acquisitions, divestitures or joint ventures, including litigation arising from disagreements with counterparties or claims by or on behalf of our stockholders, such as the pending dispute regarding certain post-closing purchase price adjustments and the lawsuit purportedly filed by our stockholders, in each case, in connection with the disposition of our C&I Solutions business, which are described in more detail in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 2. Discontinued Operations and Note 17. Subsequent Events,” respectively;
•potential failure to retain or hire key technical, management, sales, and other personnel of the acquired business or joint venture;
•difficulties in retaining or building relationships with suppliers and customers of the acquired business or joint venture, particularly where such customers or suppliers compete with us;
•potential failure of the due diligence processes to identify significant issues with product quality and development or legal and financial liabilities, among other things;
•potential inability to obtain, or obtain in a timely manner, approvals from governmental authorities or work councils, which could delay or prevent acquisitions, delay our ability to achieve synergies, or adversely impact our successful operation of acquired companies or joint ventures;
•potential necessity to re-apply for permits as a result of acquired or divested projects;
•problems managing joint ventures with our partners, meeting capital requirements for expansion, potential litigation with joint venture partners and reliance upon joint ventures which we do not control;
•differences in philosophy, strategy, or goals with our joint venture partners;
•subsequent impairment of the acquired assets, including intangible assets; and
•assumption or retention of liabilities including, but not limited to, lawsuits, tax examinations, warranty issues, environmental matters, and liabilities associated with compliance with laws (for example, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”)).
Additionally, we may decide that it is in our best interests to enter into acquisitions or joint ventures that are dilutive to earnings per share or that negatively impact margins or cash flow as a whole in the short to medium term. In an effort to reduce our cost of revenues, we have and may continue to enter into acquisitions or joint ventures involving suppliers or manufacturing partners, which would expose us to additional supply chain risks. Acquisitions or joint ventures could also require investment of significant financial resources and require us to obtain additional equity financing, which may dilute our stockholders’ equity, or require us to incur additional indebtedness. Such equity or debt financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all. In addition, we could in the future make additional investments in our joint ventures or guarantee certain financial obligations of our joint ventures, which could reduce our cash flows, increase our indebtedness, and expose us to the credit risk of our joint ventures.
To the extent that we invest in upstream suppliers or downstream channel capabilities, we may experience competition or channel conflict with certain of our existing and potential suppliers and customers. Specifically, existing and potential suppliers and customers may perceive that we are competing directly with them by virtue of such investments and may decide to reduce or eliminate their supply volume to us or order volume from us.
Acquisitions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, the use of our available cash, or the incurrence of debt, which could harm our financial results. Further, we may not realize some or all of the anticipated strategic, financial, operational, marketing, or other benefits from the acquisitions, joint ventures, or other strategic initiatives. We cannot predict with certainty when the benefits expected from these transactions will occur or the extent to which they will be achieved.
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If we cannot offer residential lease customers an attractive value proposition due to an inability to continue to monetize tax benefits in connection with our residential lease arrangements, an inability to obtain financing for our residential lease programs, challenges implementing our third-party ownership model in new jurisdictions, declining costs of retail electricity, or other reasons, we may be unable to continue to increase the size of our residential lease program, which could have a material, adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Our residential lease program has been, and continues to be, eligible for the ITC. We have relied on, and expect to continue to rely on, financing structures that monetize a substantial portion of those benefits. If we were unable to continue to monetize the tax benefits in our financing structures or such tax benefits were reduced or eliminated, we might be unable to provide financing or pricing that is attractive to our customers.
Changes in existing law and interpretations by the IRS and the courts could reduce the willingness of financing partners to invest in funds associated with our residential lease program. Additionally, benefits under the ITC programs are tied, in part, to the fair market value of our systems, as ultimately determined by the federal agency administering the benefit program. This means that, in connection with implementing financing structures that monetize such benefits, we need to, among other things, assess the fair market value of our systems in order to arrive at an estimate of the amount of tax benefit expected to be derived from the benefit programs. We incorporate third-party valuation reports that we believe to be reliable into our methodology for assessing the fair market value of our systems, but these reports or other elements of our methodology may cause our fair market value estimates to differ from those ultimately determined by the federal agency administering the applicable benefit program. If the amount or timing of the ITC received in connection with our residential lease program varies from what we have projected, due to discrepancies in our fair value assessments or otherwise, our revenues, cash flows, and margins could be adversely affected.
Additionally, if any of our financing partners that currently provide financing for our solar systems decide not to continue to provide financing due to general market conditions, changes in tax benefits associated with our solar systems, concerns about our business or prospects, or any other reason, or if they materially change the terms under which they are willing to provide future financing, we will need to identify new financing partners and negotiate new financing terms.
See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Supply Chain—A change in the solar investment tax credit could adversely affect our business, revenues, margins, results of operations, and cash flows.”
We have to continuously build and improve infrastructure to support our residential lease program, and any failure or delay in implementing the necessary processes and infrastructure could adversely affect our results of operations. We establish credit approval limits based on the credit quality of our customers. We may be unable to collect rent payments from our residential lease customers in the event they enter into bankruptcy or otherwise fail to make payments when due. If we experience higher customer default rates than we currently experience or if we lower credit rating requirements for new customers, it could be more difficult or costly to attract future financing. See also under this section, “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—The execution of our growth strategy is dependent upon the continued availability of third-party financing arrangements for our projects, including our residential finance programs and offerings through SunPower Financial, and is affected by general economic conditions and other factors.”
We make certain assumptions in accounting for our residential lease program, including, among others, assumptions in accounting for our residual value of the leased systems. As our residential lease program grows, if the residual value of leased systems does not materialize as assumed, it will adversely affect our results. At the end of the term of the lease, our customers have the option to extend the lease and certain of those customers may either purchase the leased systems at fair market value or return them to us. Should there be a large number of returns, we may incur de-installation costs in excess of amounts reserved.
We believe that, as with our other customers, retail electricity prices factor significantly into the value proposition of our products for our residential lease customers. If prices for retail electricity or electricity from other renewable sources decrease, our ability to offer competitive pricing in our residential lease program could be jeopardized because such decreases would make the purchase of our solar systems or the purchase of energy under our lease agreements and PPAs less economically attractive.
Our leases are third-party ownership arrangements. Sales of electricity by third parties face regulatory challenges in some states and jurisdictions. Other challenges pertain to whether third-party owned systems qualify for the same levels of rebates or other non-tax incentives available for customer-owned solar energy systems. Reductions in, or eliminations of, this treatment of these third-party arrangements could reduce demand for our residential lease program.
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We install a significant portion of residential solar power systems and are subject to risks associated with construction, safety, cost overruns, delays, and other contingencies any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
We install many of our residential solar power systems. We attempt to estimate all essential costs at the time we construct solar power systems; however, these cost estimates are preliminary and may or may not be covered by contracts between us or the subcontractors, suppliers, and any other parties that may become necessary to complete the project. In addition, we require qualified, licensed subcontractors to install most of our systems. Thus, if the cost of materials or skilled labor were to rise dramatically, an installation faced substantial delays, or if financing costs were to increase, our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected.
We have significant supplier relationships outside the United States, as well as certain international activities and customers, which may subject us to additional business risks, including logistical complexity and political instability.
A portion of our supply agreements are with manufacturers and equipment vendors located outside of the United States, and, although our business is primarily U.S.-focused, we do have legacy customers and projects as well as assets located outside of the United States.
Risks we face in conducting business internationally include:
•multiple, conflicting, and changing laws and regulations relating to employment, environmental protection, international trade, and other government approvals, permits, and licenses and regulatory requirements;
•financial risks, such as longer sales and payment cycles, greater difficulty enforcing rights and remedies under, including collecting accounts receivable, and capital controls or other restrictions on the transfer of funds;
•currency fluctuations, government-fixed foreign exchange rates, the effects of currency hedging activity, and the potential inability to hedge currency fluctuations;
•political and economic instability, including wars, acts of terrorism, political unrest, boycotts, curtailments of trade, nationalization of assets, and other business restrictions;
•trade barriers such as import and export requirements or restrictions, licensing requirements, tariffs, taxes and other restrictions and expenses for which we may have responsibility, which could increase the prices of our products and make us less competitive in some countries; and
•liabilities associated with compliance with laws (for example, the FCPA in the United States and similar laws outside of the United States).
We have a complex organizational structure that includes global entities. This increases the potential impact of adverse changes in laws, rules, and regulations affecting the free flow of goods and personnel, and therefore heightens some of the risks noted above. Further, we must work with our suppliers to effectively manage the flow of products in light of these risks. If we fail to do so, our available inventory may not correspond with product demand. If we are unable to successfully manage any such risks, any one or more could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
We may not be able to expand our business or manage our future growth effectively.
We may not be able to expand our business or manage future growth. We plan to continue to improve our operations and processes and expand our sales and operations, which will require:
•enhancing our customer resource management and other systems;
•implementing and improving additional and existing administrative, financial and operations systems, procedures and controls, including the need to centralize, update and integrate our global financial internal controls;
•hiring additional employees and expanding our contractor relationships;
•expanding and upgrading our technological capabilities;
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•managing numerous relationships with our customers, suppliers, and other third parties;
•maintaining adequate liquidity and financial resources; and
•continuing to increase our revenues from operations.
Maintaining adequate liquidity is dependent upon a variety of factors, including continued earnings from operations, working capital improvements, and compliance with our indentures and credit agreements. If we are unsuccessful in any of these areas, we may not be able to achieve our growth strategy as planned during the foreseeable future. In addition, we need to manage our organizational growth, including rationalizing reporting structures, support teams, and enabling efficient decision making. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, we may not be able to take advantage of market opportunities, develop new products, satisfy customer requirements, execute our business plan, or respond to competitive pressures.
We may incur unexpected warranty and product liability claims that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.
In our project installations, our current standard warranty for our solar power systems differs by geography and end-customer application and usually includes a limited warranty of up to 10 years for defects in workmanship, after which the customer may typically extend the period covered by its warranty for an additional fee. We also typically provide a system output performance warranty, separate from our standard solar panel product warranty, to customers that have subscribed to our post-installation O&M services. The long warranty period and nature of the warranties create a risk of extensive warranty claims long after we have completed a project and recognized revenues. Warranty and product liability claims may also result from defects or quality issues in certain technology and components (whether manufactured by us or third parties) that we incorporate into our solar power systems, such as solar cells, panels, inverters, and microinverters, over which we may have little or no control. See also under this section “Risks Related to Our Supply Chain—We depend on a limited number of suppliers for certain critical components, and finished products, including our solar modules, microinverters, and storage solutions. Any shortage, interruption or delay, deterioration of our relationships with, or price change from these suppliers could adversely affect our business, prevent us from delivering products to our customers within required timeframes, and could in turn result in sales and installation delays, cancellations, penalty payments, or loss of market share.”
While we generally have recourse through the manufacturer warranties we receive from our suppliers we may be responsible for repairing or replacing defective parts during our warranty period, often including those covered by manufacturers’ warranties, or incur other non-warranty costs. If a manufacturer disputes or otherwise fails to honor its warranty obligations, we may be required to incur substantial costs before we are compensated, if at all, by the manufacturer. Furthermore, our warranties may exceed the period of any warranties from our suppliers covering components, such as third-party solar cells, third-party panels, and third-party inverters, included in our systems. In addition, manufacturer warranties may not fully compensate us for losses associated with third-party claims caused by defects or quality issues in their products. For example, most manufacturer warranties exclude certain losses that may result from a system component’s failure or defect, such as the cost of de-installation, re-installation, shipping, lost electricity, lost renewable energy credits or other solar incentives, personal injury, property damage, and other losses. In certain cases, the direct warranty coverage we provide to our customers, and therefore our financial exposure, may exceed our recourse available against cell, panel, or other manufacturers for defects in their products. In addition, in the event we seek recourse through warranties, we will also be dependent on the creditworthiness and continued existence of the suppliers to our business. In the past, certain of our suppliers have entered bankruptcy and our likelihood of a successful warranty claim against such suppliers is minimal.
Increases in the defect rate of SunPower or third-party products, including components, could cause us to increase the amount of warranty reserves and have a corresponding material, negative impact on our results of operations. Further, potential future product or component failures could cause us to incur substantial expense to repair or replace defective products or components, and we have agreed in some circumstances to indemnify our customers and our distributors against liability from some defects in our solar products. A successful indemnification claim against us could require us to make significant damage payments. Repair and replacement costs, as well as successful indemnification claims, could materially and negatively impact our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.
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Like other retailers, distributors, and manufacturers of products that are used by customers, we face an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims in the event that the use of the solar power products into which solar cells, solar panels, and microinverters are incorporated results in injury, property damage, or other damages. We may be subject to warranty and product liability claims in the event that our solar power systems fail to perform as expected or if a failure of our solar power systems or any component thereof results, or is alleged to result, in bodily injury, property damage, or other damages. Since our solar power products are electricity-producing devices, it is possible that our systems could result in injury, whether by product malfunctions, defects, improper installation, or other causes. In addition, since we only began selling our solar cells and solar panels in the early 2000s and the products we are developing incorporate new technologies and use new installation methods, we cannot predict the extent to which product liability claims may be brought against us in the future or the effect of any resulting negative publicity on our business. Moreover, we may not have adequate resources to satisfy a successful claim against us. We rely on our general liability insurance to cover product liability claims. A successful warranty or product liability claim against us that is not covered by insurance or is in excess of our available insurance limits could require us to make significant payments of damages. In addition, quality issues can have various other ramifications, including delays in the recognition of revenue, loss of revenue, loss of future sales opportunities, increased costs associated with repairing or replacing products, and a negative impact on our goodwill and reputation, any of which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
We may in the future be required to consolidate the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of certain of our existing or future joint ventures, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, and gross margin.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board has issued accounting guidance regarding variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that affects our accounting treatment of our existing and future joint ventures. To ascertain whether we are required to consolidate an entity, we determine whether it is a VIE and if we are the primary beneficiary in accordance with the accounting guidance. Factors we consider in determining whether we are the VIE’s primary beneficiary include the decision-making authority of each partner, which partner manages the day-to-day operations of the joint venture and each partner’s obligation to absorb losses or right to receive benefits from the joint venture in relation to that of the other partner. Changes in the financial accounting guidance, or changes in circumstances at each of these joint ventures, could lead us to determine that we have to consolidate the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of such joint ventures. The consolidation of our VIEs would significantly increase our indebtedness and could have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, and gross margin. In addition, we may enter into future joint ventures or make other equity investments, which could have an adverse impact on us because of the financial accounting guidance regarding VIEs.
Our headquarters and other facilities, as well as the facilities of certain subcontractors and suppliers, are located in regions that are subject to epidemics, earthquakes, floods, fires, and other natural disasters, and climate change and climate change regulation could have an adverse effect on our operations.
Our headquarters and research and development operations are located in California, and we have significant operations in Texas and the Philippines, as well as offices and operations in several other U.S. states. Any significant epidemic, earthquake, flood, fire, or other natural disaster in these areas or in countries where our suppliers are located could materially disrupt our management operations and/or our production capabilities, could result in damage or destruction of all portion of our facilities or could result in our experiencing a significant delay in delivery, or substantial shortage, of our products and services.
In addition, the potential physical impacts of climate change on our operations may include changes in weather patterns (including floods, fires, tsunamis, drought, and rainfall levels), water availability, storm patterns and intensities, and temperature levels. These potential physical effects may adversely affect the cost, sales, and financial performance of our operations.
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Compliance with environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with these regulations may result in adverse publicity and potentially significant monetary damages and fines.
We are required to comply with all foreign, U.S. federal, state, and local laws and regulations regarding pollution control and protection of the environment. In addition, under some statutes and regulations, a government agency, or other parties, may seek recovery and response costs from owners or operators of property where releases of hazardous substances have occurred or are ongoing, even if the owner or operator was not responsible for such release or otherwise at fault. We use, generate, and discharge toxic, volatile and otherwise hazardous chemicals and wastes in our research and development. Any failure by us to control the use of, or to restrict adequately the discharge of, hazardous substances could subject us to, among other matters, potentially significant monetary damages and fines or liabilities or suspensions in our business operations. In addition, if more stringent laws and regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of compliance with these new laws and regulations could be substantial. If we fail to comply with present or future environmental laws and regulations, we may be required to pay substantial fines, suspend production or cease operations, or be subjected to other sanctions.
In addition, U.S. legislation includes disclosure requirements regarding the use of “conflict” minerals mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such “conflict” minerals. We have incurred and will incur additional costs to comply with the disclosure requirements, including costs related to determining the source of any of the relevant minerals and metals used in our products. The implementation of these requirements could affect the sourcing and availability of minerals used in the manufacture of solar products. As a result, there may only be a limited pool of suppliers who provide conflict free minerals, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain products in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Since our supply chain is complex, we have not been able to sufficiently verify, and in the future we may not be able to sufficiently verify, the origins for these conflict minerals used in our products. As a result, we may face reputational challenges with our customers and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all conflict minerals used in our products.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We depend on our intellectual property, and we may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend and could result in the loss of significant rights.
From time to time, we, our customers, or our third parties with whom we work may receive letters, including letters from other third parties, and may become subject to lawsuits with such third parties alleging infringement of their patents. Additionally, we are required by contract to indemnify some of our customers and our third-party intellectual property providers for certain costs and damages of patent infringement in circumstances where our products are a factor creating the customer’s or these third-party providers’ infringement liability. This practice may subject us to significant indemnification claims by our customers and our third-party providers. We cannot assure investors that indemnification claims will not be made or that these claims will not harm our business, results of operations, cash flows, and/or financial condition. Intellectual property litigation is very expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention from our business and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, and/or financial condition. If there is a successful claim of infringement against us, our customers or our third-party intellectual property providers, we may be required to pay substantial damages to the party claiming infringement, stop selling products or using technology that contains the allegedly infringing intellectual property, or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. Parties making infringement claims may also be able to bring an action before the International Trade Commission that could result in an order stopping the importation into the United States of solar products for our use. Any of these judgments could materially damage our business. We may have to develop non-infringing technology, and our failure in doing so or in obtaining licenses to the proprietary rights on a timely basis could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We have filed, and may continue to file, claims against other parties for infringing our intellectual property that may be very costly and may not be resolved in our favor.
To protect our intellectual property rights and to maintain our competitive advantage, we have filed, and may continue to file, suits against parties who we believe infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time consuming, could divert management’s attention from our business, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows, or financial condition, and our enforcement efforts may not be successful. In addition, the validity of our patents may be challenged in such litigation. Our participation in intellectual property enforcement actions may negatively impact our results.
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We rely substantially upon trade secret laws and contractual restrictions to protect our proprietary rights, and, if these rights are not sufficiently protected, our ability to compete and generate revenue could suffer.
We seek to protect our proprietary manufacturing and design processes, documentation, and other written materials primarily under trade secret and copyright laws. We also typically require employees, consultants, and third parties, such as our vendors and customers, with access to our proprietary information to execute confidentiality agreements. The steps we take to protect our proprietary information may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our technology. Our systems may be subject to intrusions, security breaches, or targeted theft of our trade secrets. In addition, our proprietary rights may not be adequately protected because:
•others may not be deterred from misappropriating our technologies despite the existence of laws or contracts prohibiting such misappropriation and information security measures designed to deter or prevent misappropriation of our technologies;
•policing unauthorized use of our intellectual property may be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, the remedy obtained may be inadequate to restore protection of our intellectual property, and moreover, we may be unable to determine the extent of any unauthorized use; and
•reports we file in connection with government-sponsored research contracts are generally available to the public and third parties may obtain some aspects of our sensitive confidential information.
Reverse engineering, unauthorized copying, or other misappropriation of our proprietary technologies could enable third parties to benefit from our technologies without compensating us for doing so. Any such activities or any other inabilities to adequately protect our proprietary rights could harm our ability to compete, to generate revenue, and to grow our business.
We may not obtain sufficient patent protection on the technology embodied in the solar and other products we currently manufacture and market, which could harm our competitive position and increase our expenses.
Although we substantially rely on trade secret laws and contractual restrictions to protect the technology in the solar and other products we currently manufacture and market, our success and ability to compete in the future may also depend to a significant degree upon obtaining patent protection for our proprietary technology. We currently own multiple patents and patent applications which cover aspects of the technology in the solar and energy storage systems, software, and mounting systems that we currently manufacture and market. Material patents that relate to our systems products and services primarily relate to our software offerings for our dealers and customers, energy storage products, rooftop mounting products and ground-mounted tracking products. We intend to continue to seek patent protection for those aspects of our technology, designs, and methodologies and processes that we believe provide significant competitive advantages.
Our patent applications may not result in issued patents, and even if they result in issued patents, the patents may not have claims of the scope we seek or we may have to refile patent applications due to newly discovered prior art. In addition, any issued patents may be challenged, invalidated, or declared unenforceable, or even if we obtain an award of damages for infringement by a third party, such award could prove insufficient to compensate for all damages incurred as a result of such infringement.
The term of any issued patent is generally 20 years from its earliest filing date and if our applications are pending for a long time period, we may have a correspondingly shorter term for any patent that may issue. Our present and future patents may provide only limited protection for our technology and may be insufficient to provide competitive advantages to us. For example, competitors could develop similar or more advantageous technologies on their own or design around our patents. Also, patent protection in certain foreign countries may not be available or may be limited in scope and any patents obtained may not be readily enforceable because of insufficient judicial effectiveness, making it difficult for us to aggressively protect our intellectual property from misuse or infringement by other companies in these countries. Our inability to obtain and enforce our intellectual property rights in some countries may harm our business. In addition, given the costs of obtaining patent protection, we may choose not to protect certain innovations that later turn out to be important.
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We may not be able to prevent others from using the term SunPower or similar terms, or other trademarks which we hold, in connection with their solar power products which could adversely affect the market recognition of our name, our revenue, and our brand value.
“SunPower” and the SunPower logo are our registered trademarks in the United States for use with solar cells, solar panels, energy monitoring systems, inverters, and mounting systems. We hold registered trademarks for SunPower Equinox, EnergyLink, InvisiMount, The Power of One, SunVault, and many more marks, in certain countries, including the United States. We have not registered, and may not be able to register, these trademarks in other key countries. In addition, if there are jurisdictions where another proprietor has already established trademark rights in marks containing “SunPower,” or our other chosen brands, we may face trademark disputes and may have to market our products with other trademarks or without our trademarks, which may undermine our marketing efforts. We may encounter trademark disputes with companies using marks which are confusingly similar to the SunPower mark, or our other marks, which if not resolved favorably, could cause our branding efforts to suffer. In addition, we may have difficulty in establishing strong brand recognition with consumers if others use similar marks for similar products.
Our past and possible future reliance on government programs to partially fund our research and development programs could impair our ability to commercialize our solar power products and services.
Government funding of some of our research and development efforts imposed certain restrictions on our ability to commercialize results and could grant commercialization rights to the government. In some funding awards, the government is entitled to intellectual property rights arising from the related research. Such rights include a nonexclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice or have practiced each subject invention developed under an award throughout the world by or on behalf of the government. Other rights include the right to require us to grant a license to the developed technology or products to a third party or, in some cases, if we refuse, the government may grant the license itself, if the government determines that action is necessary because we fail to achieve practical application of the technology, because action is necessary to alleviate health or safety needs, to meet requirements of federal regulations, or to give the United States industry preference. Accepting government funding can also require that manufacturing of products developed with federal funding be conducted in the United States.
Risks Related to Our Equity Securities
Total and GIP’s ownership of our common stock may adversely affect the liquidity and value of our common stock.
As of September 15, 2022, Total and GIP owned approximately 50.5% of our outstanding common stock. Total completed a cash tender offer, in June 2011, to acquire 60% of our then outstanding shares of common stock. As of January 2, 2022, ownership of our outstanding common stock by Total and its affiliates was approximately 51%.
On May 24, 2022, Total and TotalEnergies Gaz & Electricité Holdings France SAS (collectively, “Sellers”) agreed to sell 50% less one unit of the equity interests in HoldCo, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company which upon closing of such transaction would be the record holder of all of the shares of our common stock held by Sellers, to GIP Sol (the “Transaction”). In connection with the completion of the Transaction on September 12, 2022, TotalEnergies Renewables, GIP Sol, and HoldCo entered into a Letter Agreement concerning certain governance rights with respect to HoldCo and the shares of our common stock held directly by HoldCo.
The Board of Directors of SunPower currently includes five designees from HoldCo, giving HoldCo majority control of our Board of Directors. As a result, subject to the restrictions in the Affiliation Agreement, HoldCo possesses significant influence and control over our affairs. Our non-HoldCo stockholders have reduced ownership and voting interest in the Company and, as a result, have less influence over the management and policies of the Company than they exercised prior to Total’s tender offer. As long as HoldCo controls us, the ability of our other stockholders to influence matters requiring stockholder approval is limited. HoldCo’s stock ownership and relationships with members of our Board of Directors could have the effect of preventing minority stockholders from exercising significant control over our affairs, delaying or preventing a future change in control, impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover, or other business combination or discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, limiting our financing options. These factors in turn could adversely affect the market price of our common stock or prevent our stockholders from realizing a premium over the market price of our common stock. The Affiliation Agreement limits Total, any affiliate of Total and any member of a group under Section 13(d) of the Exchange Act of which Total is a member, including GIP (the “Total Group”), from effecting, seeking, or entering into discussions with any third party regarding any transaction that would result in the Total Group beneficially owning our shares in excess of certain thresholds during a standstill period. The Affiliation Agreement also imposes certain limitations on the Total Group’s ability to seek to effect a tender offer or merger to acquire 100% of our
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outstanding voting power. Such provisions may not be successful in preventing the Total Group from engaging in transactions which further increase their ownership and negatively impact the price of our common stock. See also “Risks Related to Our Liquidity-We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flows or obtain access to external financing necessary to fund our operations and make adequate capital investments as planned due to the general economic environment, cost inflation, and/or the market pressure driving down the average selling prices of our solar power products, among other factors.” Finally, the market for our common stock has become less liquid and more thinly traded as a result of the Total tender offer. The lower number of shares available to be traded could result in greater volatility in the price of our common stock and affect our ability to raise capital on favorable terms in the capital markets.
If we cease to be considered a “controlled company” within the meaning of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we will be subject to additional corporate governance requirements.
If we cease to be considered a “controlled company” under the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, we will be subject to additional corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that:
•a majority of our Board of Directors consist of independent directors;
•our Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities;
•our Compensation Committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and
•there be an annual performance evaluation of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Compensation Committee.
The Nasdaq listing rules provide for phase-in periods for these requirements (including that each such committee consist of a majority of independent directors within 90 days of ceasing to be a “controlled company”), but we must be fully compliant with the requirements within one year of the date on which we cease to be a “controlled company.” Currently, we do not have a majority of independent directors on our Board of Directors and only two of the four members of each of our Nominating and Governance Committee and our Compensation Committee are independent. During this transition period, our stockholders may not have the same protections afforded to stockholders of companies that are subject to all of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules and the ability of our independent directors to influence our business policies and affairs may be reduced. In addition, we may not be able to attract and retain the number of independent directors needed to comply with Nasdaq corporate governance rules during the transition period.
In addition, as a result of potentially no longer being a “controlled company,” we may need to obtain certain consents, waivers, and amendments in connection with our existing debt agreements. Any failure to obtain such consents, waivers, and amendments might cause cross defaults under other agreements and may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
Substantial issuances or dispositions of our common stock or other securities, could dilute ownership and earnings per share or cause the market price of our stock to decrease.
In our equity offering in 2019, we sold an aggregate of 25,300,000 shares of common stock, and we may in the future seek to sell additional common stock or other securities. Sales of our common stock in the public market or sales of any of our other securities will or could, as applicable, dilute ownership and earnings per share, and even the perception that such sales could occur could cause the market prices of our common stock to decline.
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The price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.
Our common stock has experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations. The trading price of our common stock could be subject to further wide fluctuations due to many factors, including the factors discussed in this risk factors section. In addition, the stock market in general, and The Nasdaq Global Select Market and the securities of technology companies and solar companies in particular, have experienced severe price and volume fluctuations. These trading prices and valuations, including our own market valuation and those of companies in our industry generally, may not be sustainable. These broad market and industry factors may decrease the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. In the past, stockholders have initiated class action lawsuits against companies following periods of volatility in the market prices of their stock. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could cause us to incur substantial costs and divert management’s attention and resources from our business.
We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends. For the foreseeable future, we intend to retain any earnings, after considering any dividends on any preferred stock, to finance the development of our business, and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will be dependent upon then-existing conditions, including our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects, and other factors that our Board of Directors considers relevant. Accordingly, holders of our common stock must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize a return on their shares of common stock.
Delaware law and our certificate of incorporation and by-laws contain anti-takeover provisions and our Board of Directors entered into a rights agreement and declared a rights dividend, any of which could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable.
Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control or changes in our management. These provisions include the following:
•the right of the Board of Directors to elect a director to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the Board of Directors;
•the prohibition of cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would otherwise allow less than a majority of stockholders to elect director candidates;
•the requirement for advance notice for nominations for election to the Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting;
•our Board of Directors is divided into three classes of directors, with the classes to be as nearly equal in number as possible;
•stockholders may not call special meetings of the stockholders, except by Total under limited circumstances; and
•our Board of Directors is able to alter our by-laws without obtaining stockholder approval.
Our ability to use our net operating loss and credit carryforwards to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.
As of January 1, 2023, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $147.3 million for tax purposes, California state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $638.1 million for tax purposes, credit carryforwards of approximately $74.0 million for federal tax purposes, and California credit carryforwards of $2.4 million for state tax purposes. Our ability to utilize a portion of the net operating loss and credit carryforwards is dependent upon our being able to generate taxable income in future periods or being able to carryback net operating losses to prior year tax returns. Our ability to utilize net operating losses may be limited due to restrictions imposed on utilization of net operating loss and credit carryforwards under federal and state laws upon a change in ownership.
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Section 382 of the Code imposes restrictions on the use of a corporation’s net operating losses, as well as certain recognized built-in losses and other carryforwards, after an “ownership change” occurs. A Section 382 “ownership change” occurs if one or more stockholders or groups of stockholders who own at least 5% of our stock increase their ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage within the prior three-year period (calculated on a rolling basis). Issuances or sales of our stock (including certain transactions involving our stock that are outside of our control) could result in an ownership change under Section 382. If an “ownership change” occurs, Section 382 would impose an annual limit on the amount of pre-change net operating losses and other losses we can use to reduce our taxable income generally equal to the product of the total value of our outstanding equity immediately prior to the “ownership change” and the applicable federal long-term tax-exempt interest rate for the month of the “ownership change” (subject to certain adjustments).
A portion of our U.S. federal net operating losses were generated prior to 2018, and these losses may be carried forward for up to 20 years. The annual limitation may effectively provide a cap on the cumulative amount of pre-ownership change losses, including certain recognized built-in losses that may be utilized. Such pre-ownership change losses in excess of the cap may be lost. In addition, if an ownership change were to occur, it is possible that the limitations imposed on our ability to use pre-ownership change losses and certain recognized built-in losses could cause a net increase in our U.S. federal income tax liability and require U.S. federal income taxes to be paid earlier than otherwise would be paid if such limitations were not in effect.
On June 29, 2020, the California Assembly Bill (“AB 85”) suspended the use of California net operating loss deduction and limited the maximum business incentive tax credit utilization to $5.0 million annually starting with tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022. California Senate Bill (“SB 113”) was enacted on February 9, 2022 and restores the use of net operating losses and business tax credits one year earlier. State legislatures may consider additional limitations on tax attributes in order to raise tax revenues. As a result, our state income tax may increase if more states adopt restrictions on the use of tax attributes.
As discussed in “Risk Factors—Risks Related to the Spin-Off,” the Spin-Off has resulted in a fully taxable event to SunPower, for which we recognized taxable gain that was offset with prior year losses, thus resulting in a significant reduction in our net operating loss carryforwards.
General Risk Factors
A change in our effective tax rate could have a significant adverse impact on our business, and an adverse outcome resulting from examination of our income or other tax returns could adversely affect our results.
A number of factors may adversely affect our future effective tax rates, such as the jurisdictions in which our profits are determined to be earned and taxed; changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; adjustments to estimated taxes upon finalization of various tax returns; adjustments to our interpretation of transfer pricing standards; changes in available tax credits, grants and other incentives; changes in stock-based compensation expense; the availability of loss or credit carryforwards to offset taxable income; changes in tax laws or the interpretation of such tax laws (for example federal and state taxes); and changes in U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). A change in our effective tax rate due to any of these factors may adversely affect our future results from operations.
Significant judgment is required to determine the recognition and measurement attributes prescribed in the accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes. The accounting guidance for uncertainty in income taxes applies to all income tax positions, including the potential recovery of previously paid taxes, which if settled unfavorably could adversely affect our provision for income taxes. In addition, we are subject to examination of our income tax returns by various tax authorities. We regularly assess the likelihood of adverse outcomes resulting from any examination to determine the adequacy of our provision for income taxes. An adverse determination of an examination could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. See also “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 13. Income Taxes.”
Additionally, U.S. tax reform may lead to further changes in (or departure from) these norms. As these and other tax laws and related regulations change, our results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition could be materially impacted. Given the unpredictability of these possible changes and their potential interdependency, it is very difficult to assess whether the overall effect of such potential tax changes would be cumulatively positive or negative for our earnings and cash flow.
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Fluctuations in interest rates could adversely affect our business and financial results.
We are exposed to interest rate risk because many of our customers depend on debt financing to purchase our solar power systems. An increase in interest rates could make it difficult for our customers to obtain the financing necessary to purchase our solar power systems on favorable terms, or at all, and thus lower demand for our solar power products, reduce revenue and adversely affect our results of operations and cash flow. Our ability to directly finance the purchase of solar power systems using retail installment contracts at attractive pricing may be negatively impacted by rising interest rates. An increase in interest rates could lower a customer’s return on investment in a system or make alternative investments more attractive relative to solar power systems, which, in each case, could cause our customers to seek alternative investments that promise higher returns or demand higher returns from our solar power systems, which could reduce our revenue and gross margin and adversely affect our financial results. Our interest expense would increase to the extent interest rates rise in connection with our variable interest rate borrowings. Conversely, lower interest rates have an adverse impact on our interest income. See also “Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” and under this section “Risks Related to Our Sales Channels—The execution of our growth strategy is dependent upon the continued availability of third-party financing arrangements for our projects, including our residential finance programs and offerings through SunPower Financial, and is affected by general economic conditions and other factors.”
While we believe we currently have effective internal control over financial reporting, we may identify a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting that could cause investors to lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements and result in a decrease in the value of our common stock.
Our management is responsible for maintaining internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Management concluded that as of the end of each of fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020, our internal control over financial reporting and our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.
We need to continuously maintain our internal control processes and systems and adapt them as our business grows and changes. This process is expensive, time-consuming, and requires significant management attention. We cannot guarantee that our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and fraud. Furthermore, as we grow our business or acquire other businesses, our internal controls may become more complex and we may require significantly more resources to ensure they remain effective. Failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, either in our existing business or in businesses that we may acquire, could harm our results of operations or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify material weaknesses in our internal controls, the disclosure of that fact, even if quickly remedied, may cause investors to lose confidence in our financial statements and the trading price of our common stock may decline.
Remediation of a material weakness could require us to incur significant expense and if we fail to remedy any material weakness, our financial statements may be inaccurate, our ability to report our results of operations on a timely and accurate basis may be adversely affected, our access to the capital markets may be restricted, the trading price of our common stock may decline, and we may be subject to sanctions or investigation by regulatory authorities, including the SEC or The NASDAQ Global Select Market. We may also be required to restate our financial statements from prior periods.
Our insurance for certain indemnity obligations we have to our officers and directors may be inadequate, and potential claims could materially and negatively impact our financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations.
Pursuant to our certificate of incorporation, by-laws, and certain indemnification agreements, we indemnify our officers and directors for certain liabilities that may arise in the course of their service to us. Although we currently maintain directors and officers liability insurance for certain potential third-party claims for which we are legally or financially unable to indemnify them, such insurance may be inadequate to cover certain claims, or may prove prohibitively costly to maintain in the future. In addition, in previous years, we have primarily self-insured with respect to potential third-party claims. If we were required to pay a significant amount on account of these liabilities for which we self-insured, our business, financial condition, cash flows, and results of operations could be materially harmed.
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Our success depends on the continuing contributions of our key personnel, and the loss of services of any principal member of our management team could adversely affect our operations.
We rely heavily on the services of our key executive officers. We are investing significant resources in developing new members of management as we complete our strategic transformation, and the loss of services of any principal member of our management team could adversely affect our operations. The competition for qualified personnel is intense in our industry, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining sufficient numbers of qualified personnel to support our anticipated growth. We also cannot guarantee that any employee will remain employed with us for any definite period of time since all of our employees, including our key executive officers, serve at-will and may terminate their employment at any time for any reason.
Future sales of our common stock in the public market could lower the market price for our common stock.
In the future, we may sell additional shares of our common stock to raise capital. We cannot predict the size of future issuances or the effect, if any, that they may have on the market price for our common stock. In addition, a substantial number of shares of our common stock is reserved for issuance upon the exercise of stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, and warrants. The issuance and sale of substantial amounts of common stock, or the perception that such issuances and sales may occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock and impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities.
Our business is subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws, rules, policies, and other obligations regarding privacy, data protection, and other matters.
We are subject to federal, state, and international laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, retention, security, and transfer of customer, employee, and business partner personally identifiable information (“PII”), including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) and the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), as well as regulation in other jurisdictions. In many cases, these laws and regulations apply not only to third-party transactions, but also to transfers of information between one company and its subsidiaries, and among the subsidiaries and other parties with which it has commercial relations. We collect and use data that may be subject to these laws and regulations, including personal and financial data concerning customers, employees and business partners, in the ordinary course of our business. In addition, the introduction of new products or expansion of our activities in certain jurisdictions may subject us to additional laws and regulations. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, including the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which can be enforced by private parties or government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. In addition, the application and interpretation of these laws and regulations, including CCPA and CPRA, are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. These existing and proposed laws and regulations can be costly to comply with, require significant management time and attention and can delay or impede certain business practices or the development of new products or expansion into new jurisdictions. Furthermore, even if we comply with these laws and regulations in the ordinary course of our business, in the event of a breach of our information technology systems or other unauthorized access to the data we collect, use and store, we may incur significant costs, including negative publicity, resulting from the actions we are required to take in order to comply with applicable notice and other requirements.
A failure by us, our suppliers, or other parties with whom we do business to comply with posted privacy policies or with federal, state, or international privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations, including CCPA and CPRA, could result in inquiries, investigations, proceedings, enforcement actions, claims, litigation or other actions by governmental entities or others, including customers or other affected individuals, any or all of which could subject us to fines or damages, which may be significant, demands or requirements that we modify or cease existing business practices, damage to our reputation and brand, loss of customers, employees, suppliers and partners, negative publicity and numerous other potential costs and liabilities. Any of these potential consequences, costs and other liabilities could detrimentally affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition.
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Significant breaches of our information technology systems could lead to disclosure of our internal information and customer data, impairment of our ability to protect our intellectual property, damage to our reputation or relationships with current or prospective dealers and customers, disrupted access to our online services and exposure to government investigations and enforcement actions, litigation and other liabilities, any or all of which could subject us to significant reputational, financial, legal, and operational consequences.
Our business requires us to develop, collect, use and store confidential and proprietary information, intellectual property, commercial banking information, and personal and financial information concerning customers, employees, and business partners, and corporate information concerning internal processes and business functions. Despite our implementation of security measures and controls, we are subject to a wide variety of consistently evolving security threats, including that criminals or other unauthorized actors, which may include nation-state and nation-state-supported actors or organizations, may be able to breach our security measures and gain access to and misappropriate our confidential information or the confidential information of customers and other third parties, disrupt access to our systems or introduce malware, ransomware or other vulnerabilities into our environment.
Where appropriate, we use encryption and authentication technologies to secure the transmission and storage of data. However, the confidentiality, integrity or availability of our confidential data, or operational access to our network, systems or applications may be materially compromised as a result of security breaches (either of our systems and of the systems of third parties on which we rely), employee error, malfeasance, faulty password management, or other irregularity or malicious effort, and result in persons obtaining unauthorized access to our systems and confidential information. Likewise, while we devote resources to network security, data encryption, and other security measures to protect our systems and data, and require similar measures from third parties on which we rely, these measures cannot provide absolute security. Because the techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable, or degrade service, or sabotage systems change frequently, and/or target end users through phishing and other malicious techniques, and/or may be difficult to detect for long periods of time, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, implement adequate preventative measures, or promptly identify, contain, and remediate intrusions. In addition, hardware, software, or applications we develop or procure from third parties may contain defects in design or manufacture or other problems, or third parties on which we rely may fail to implement reasonable administrative, technical, and physical safeguards that could unexpectedly compromise information security. Unauthorized parties may also attempt to gain access to our or to third party systems or facilities through fraud, trickery, or other forms of deceiving our team members, contractors, and temporary staff. We have experienced attacks and breaches of our systems in the past, and in February 2022, we discovered unauthorized access to certain of our systems. Together with outside cybersecurity firms, we conducted an investigation into the circumstances of this activity to determine its nature, scope, duration, and impacts. Our investigation has concluded, and our analysis showed no indication that personally identifiable information was accessed, and no evidence that customer or financial data were impacted. We experienced limited interruptions to our business operations related to our containment and remediation efforts.
We expect to continue to experience an increasing number of attacks on our systems, and there can be no assurance that we will not experience additional breaches in the future. If we experience, or are perceived to have experienced, a significant security breach, or fail to detect, contain, and remediate a significant security breach, or fail to implement disclosure controls and procedures that provide for timely and accurate disclosure of security breaches deemed material to our business, including corrections or updates to previous disclosures, we could be exposed to a risk of significant loss, impairment of our ability to protect our intellectual property, increased insurance costs, remediation and prospective prevention costs, damage to our reputation and brand, loss of customers, employees, suppliers, and partners, litigation and possible liability, government investigations and enforcement actions, costs to comply with, and potential penalties for any violations of, applicable laws or regulations, including laws and regulations relating to the collection, use, and security of personally identifiable information and data and consumer protection laws related to our financing activities with residential customers, and other damage to our business, any or all of which could detrimentally affect our business, results of operations, cash flows, and financial condition. Although we maintain insurance that is intended to address certain of these risks, our insurance coverage may not cover or be sufficient to cover all losses or claims that may result from a cyber breach or related incident.
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We could be adversely affected by any violations of the FCPA and foreign anti-bribery laws.
The FCPA generally prohibits companies and their intermediaries from making improper payments to non-U.S. government officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. Other countries in which we operate or have supplier or vendor relationships also have anti-bribery laws, some of which prohibit improper payments to government and non-government persons and entities. Our policies mandate compliance with these anti-bribery laws. In addition, due to the level of regulation in our industry, the sale of our legacy international projects may require substantial government contact where norms can differ from U.S. standards. While we implement policies and procedures and conduct training designed to facilitate compliance with these anti-bribery laws, thereby mitigating the risk of violations of such laws, our employees, subcontractors and agents may take actions in violation of our policies and anti-bribery laws. Any such violation, even if prohibited by our policies, could subject us to criminal or civil penalties or other sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows, and reputation.
We may be subject to information technology system failures or network disruptions that could damage our business operations, financial conditions, or reputation.
We may be subject to information technology system failures and network disruptions. These may be caused by natural disasters, accidents, power disruptions, telecommunications failures, acts of terrorism or war, computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins, or similar events or disruptions. System redundancy may be ineffective or inadequate, and our disaster recovery planning may not be sufficient for all eventualities. Such failures or disruptions could result in delayed or canceled orders. System failures and disruptions could also impede the manufacturing and shipping of products, delivery of online services, transactions processing, and financial reporting.
If securities or industry analysts change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us, our business or our market. If one or more of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
ITEM 1B: UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2: PROPERTIES
The tables below present details for each of our principal properties:
| Facility | Location | Approximate Square Footage | Ownership | Year When Lease Term Ends | ||||||||||
| Corporate headquarters | California, U.S. | 163,000 | Leased | 2023 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | Texas, U.S. | 46,000 | Leased | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | Texas, U.S. | 23,000 | Leased | 2024 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | Philippines | 129,000 | Leased | 2026 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | Utah, U.S. | 54,169 | Leased | 2027 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | Georgia, U.S. | 2,000 | Leased | 2023 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | North Carolina, U.S. | 2,000 | Leased | 2023 | ||||||||||
| Global support offices | Washington, U.S. | 17,969 | Leased | 2027 | ||||||||||
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The disclosure under “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies-Legal Matters” is incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 4: MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
PART II
ITEM 5: MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the trading symbol “SPWR.”
As of March 3, 2023, there were approximately 575 holders of record of our common stock. A substantially greater number of holders are in “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers, and other financial institutions.
Dividends
We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our common stock, and we do not currently intend to pay a cash dividend on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Certain of our debt agreements place restrictions on our and our subsidiaries’ ability to pay cash dividends. For more information on our common stock and dividend rights, see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 14. Common Stock.”
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
The following table sets forth all purchases made by or on behalf of us or any “affiliated purchaser,” as defined in Rule 10b-18(a)(3) under the Exchange Act, of shares of our common stock during each of the indicated periods.
| Period | Total Number of Shares Purchased1 | Average Price Paid Per Share | Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | Maximum Number of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Publicly Announced Plans or Programs | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| October 3, 2022 through October 30, 2022 | 11,999 | $ | 22.98 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| October 31, 2022 through November 27, 2022 | 28,160 | $ | 17.53 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| November 28, 2022 through January 1, 2023 | 7,313 | $ | 23.72 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 47,472 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 The shares purchased represent shares surrendered to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees.
ITEM 7: MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following information should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences are discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Our fiscal year ends on the Sunday closest to the end of the applicable calendar year. All references to fiscal periods apply to our fiscal quarter or year, which end on the Sunday closest to the calendar month end.
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Overview
SunPower is a leading solar technology and energy services provider that offers fully integrated solar, storage, and home energy solutions to customers primarily in the United States and Canada through an array of hardware, software, and financing options and “Smart Energy” solutions. Our Smart Energy initiative is designed to add layers of intelligent control to homes, buildings, and grids—all personalized through easy-to-use customer interfaces. We are a leader in the U.S. Distributed Generation (“DG”) storage and energy services market, providing customers control over electricity consumption and resiliency during power outages, while providing cost savings to homeowners and also reducing carbon emissions and contributing to a more sustainable grid. The five pillars of our strategy include: 1) Customer Care: provide a world-class customer experience that moves beyond the initial system sale to create a lifetime relationship with SunPower, 2) Products: offer all market segments a growing ecosystem of integrated high-value, high-performance products and services, 3) Growth: optimize a multi-channel strategy of distributed dealer network, geographically diverse SunPower Direct channel, and new home builder partnerships for above-market growth, 4) Digital Innovation: enable operational excellence that supports our dealers, accelerates sales, improves financial products and adds customer control and monitoring of systems for optimum efficiency, and 5) Financial Solutions: expand affordable and easy-to-use customer financing products, reducing the biggest barrier to solar adoption. For more information about our business, please refer to the section titled “Part I. Item 1. Business” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023.
Recent Developments
For a discussion on our key transactions and developments during the fiscal year, please refer to the section titled “Part 1. Item 1. Business” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8. of Part II of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a full description of recent accounting pronouncements, including the expected dates of adoption and estimated effects on financial condition and results of operations, which is incorporated herein by reference.
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Results of Operations
Results of operations in dollars and as a percentage of net revenues were as follows:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| in thousands | % of Revenue | in thousands | % of Revenue | in thousands | % of Revenue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 1,741,072 | 100 | $ | 1,132,029 | 100 | $ | 870,017 | 100 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenues | 1,377,169 | 79 | 902,718 | 80 | 733,371 | 84 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 363,903 | 21 | 229,311 | 20 | 136,646 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 24,759 | 1 | 15,711 | 1 | 19,322 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sales, general, and administrative | 339,323 | 20 | 204,166 | 18 | 138,815 | 16 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges (credits) | 244 | — | 4,519 | — | 2,604 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets | — | — | (294) | — | 45 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on business divestitures | — | — | (5,290) | — | (10,334) | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expense (income) from transition services agreement, net | 69 | — | (4,255) | — | (6,260) | (1) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating income (loss) | (492) | — | 14,754 | 1 | (7,546) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | 97,039 | 6 | (1,531) | — | 664,405 | 76 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees | 96,547 | 6 | 13,223 | 1 | 656,859 | 76 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Benefits from (provision for) income taxes | 8,164 | — | (7,267) | — | (57,665) | (7) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees | 2,323 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 107,034 | 6 | 5,956 | 1 | 599,194 | 69 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (income) loss from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4,676) | — | 145 | — | 1,187 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to stockholders | $ | 102,358 | 6 | $ | 6,101 | 1 | $ | 600,381 | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Total Revenues
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | % Change | January 2, 2022 | % Change | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 1,741,072 | 54 | % | $ | 1,132,029 | 30 | % | $ | 870,017 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Our total revenues increased by 54% during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, largely due to higher volume in organic residential business across all channels, primarily from our dealer and SunPower Direct networks, increase in pricing during fiscal 2022, and the acquisition of Blue Raven in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. This was partially offset by a reduction in revenue during the second quarter of fiscal 2022 from the reversal of variable consideration on two of our legacy large power plant projects that we sold in fiscal 2018 and 2019, as well as the wind-down of our Light Commercial business which began in the first quarter of fiscal 2022.
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Our total revenues increased by 30% during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to higher volume in residential cash, loan, and new home lease channels, as demand increased from the decreasing effects of COVID-19 for a majority of fiscal 2021, as well as consolidation of Blue Raven business beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. This was partially offset by the discontinuation of manufacturing in our Hillsboro, Oregon facility during fiscal 2021.
One customer accounted for approximately 10%, 18%, and 23% of total revenues for the years ended January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, and January 3, 2021, respectively, primarily within solar power systems sales revenue category.
Total Cost of Revenues and Gross Margin
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | % Change | January 2, 2022 | % Change | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cost of Revenues | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenues | $ | 1,377,169 | 53 | % | $ | 902,718 | 23 | % | $ | 733,371 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross Margin | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total gross margin | 21 | % | 20 | % | 16 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Our total cost of revenues increased by 53% during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, as a result of organic revenue growth from our residential businesses across all channels and the Blue Raven acquisition in the fourth quarter of 2021, as well as increasing material, freight, and labor costs due to inflationary pressures. This was partially offset by a decrease in cost of revenues as a result of the wind-down of our Light Commercial business beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2022.
Our total cost of revenues increased by 23% during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily as a result of lower dealer fees due to changes in product mix, with higher volume through non-installing dealers and SunPower Direct channels, partially offset by one-time quality related charges of $19.8 million for a cracking issue that developed over time in certain factory-installed connectors within third-party equipment, recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.
Our gross margin remained fairly constant during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021.
Our gross margin increased by 4 percentage points during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to a change in product mix towards more sales using non-installing dealers and SunPower Direct, and resulting lower costs on dealer fees, as well as higher volume of cash, loan, and new home lease channels as compared to fiscal 2020, and consolidation of the Blue Raven business beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021. In addition, the increase was due to the discontinuation of manufacturing in our Hillsboro, Oregon, facility during fiscal 2021, which generated losses. This was partially offset by one-time quality related charges of $19.8 million for a cracking issue in certain factory-installed connectors within third-party equipment supplied to SunPower, recorded in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.
Research and Development (“R&D”)
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| R&D | $ | 24,759 | $ | 15,711 | $ | 19,322 | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | 1 | % | 1 | % | 2 | % | ||||||||||||||
R&D expense increased by $9.0 million during the fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to higher labor costs from increased headcount during fiscal 2022, as well as higher capitalization of labor costs on software development after reaching technological feasibility under ASC 985-20 during fiscal 2022.
R&D expense decreased by $3.6 million during the fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to higher capitalization of labor costs on software development after reaching technological feasibility under ASC 985-20 during fiscal 2020, as well as a one-time credit received from the Department of Energy for qualified expenses during fiscal 2021.
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Sales, General, and Administrative (“SG&A”)
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| SG&A | $ | 339,323 | $ | 204,166 | $ | 138,815 | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | 20 | % | 18 | % | 16 | % | ||||||||||||||
SG&A expenses increased by $135.2 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to the acquisition of Blue Raven in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, increased strategic hiring across digital and business functions to support our growth strategy, increased investment in various subscriptions, licenses, and consulting, increased marketing and advertising expenses to support our sales strategy, as well as increased acquisition-related charges and transaction costs for corporate strategic transactions such as acquisitions and divestitures.
SG&A expenses increased by $65.4 million during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to the consolidation of Blue Raven upon its acquisition in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, as well as higher non-recurring transaction costs and amortization of acquired intangible assets in 2021, increased labor costs from incremental hires, and accelerated vesting of restricted stock units held by our former chief executive officer. The total increase in SG&A was partially offset by proceeds associated with the settlement of litigation during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021.
Restructuring charges (credits)
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges (credits) | $ | 244 | $ | 4,519 | $ | 2,604 | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||
Restructuring charges decreased by $4.3 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to the decrease in restructuring charges for our January 2021 restructuring plan in fiscal 2022, as well as benefits in the second quarter of fiscal 2022 caused by the transfer of employees to Maxeon Solar as a result of the agreements entered into with Maxeon Solar during the quarter.
Restructuring charges increased by $1.9 million during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to charges incurred during fiscal 2021 related to the January 2021 restructuring plan adopted in connection with the closure of our Hillsboro, Oregon, manufacturing facility, whereas a substantial portion of the 2019 and legacy restructuring plan charges had already been incurred prior to fiscal 2020.
(Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets | $ | — | $ | (294) | $ | 45 | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||
(Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets decreased by $0.3 million in fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to the large majority of residential lease assets being sold in prior years and no impairment was recorded in fiscal 2022 on the remaining portfolio.
(Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets increased by $0.3 million in fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to remeasurement of impairment for certain on-balance sheet residential leases based on the expected fair market value during fiscal 2021, as compared to fiscal 2020 where we recorded an immaterial impairment on remaining residential lease assets since a substantial majority of such assets were sold in prior years.
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(Gain) loss on business divestitures, net
| Fiscal Year Ended | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on business divestitures, net | $ | — | $ | (5,290) | $ | (10,334) | |||||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | — | % | — | % | (1) | % | |||||||||||||||||
(Gain) loss on business divestitures, net decreased by $5.3 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to the gain on sale of our residential leases to SunStrong that occurred during fiscal 2021, and no business divestitures recorded during fiscal 2022.
(Gain) loss on business divestitures, net decreased by $5.0 million during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to the gain on sale of our residential leases to SunStrong of $5.3 million during fiscal 2021, compared to the gain on sale of $10.3 million of our O&M business during fiscal 2020.
Expense (income) from transition services agreement, net
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Expense (income) from transition services agreement, net | $ | 69 | $ | (4,255) | $ | (6,260) | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | — | % | — | % | (1) | % | ||||||||||||||
Income from transition services agreement, net was lower by $4.3 million in fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to the termination of a majority of the services as of the end of fiscal 2021, in accordance with the underlying agreement with Maxeon Solar.
Income from the transition services agreement, net was lower by $2.0 million in fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to the completion and termination of certain services during fiscal 2021, in accordance with the underlying agreement with Maxeon Solar.
Other Income (Expense), Net
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | $ | 3,200 | $ | 168 | $ | 753 | ||||||||||||||
| Interest expense | (21,566) | (24,031) | (28,683) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | 115,405 | 22,332 | 692,335 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | $ | 97,039 | $ | (1,531) | $ | 664,405 | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | 6 | % | — | % | 76 | % | ||||||||||||||
Interest income increased by $3.0 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to interest earned from our money market fund investments.
Interest income remained fairly constant during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020.
Interest expense decreased by $2.5 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to a gain of $2.3 million recorded from changes in fair value of our interest rate swaps during fiscal 2022.
Interest expense decreased by $4.7 million during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to the repayment of our 2021 convertible debentures in the second quarter of fiscal 2021, as well as higher interest expense on our other outstanding debt arrangements in fiscal 2020.
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Other income increased by $93.1 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to a $115.2 million gain on an equity investment with readily determinable fair value during fiscal 2022, as compared to a gain of $21.0 million during fiscal 2021.
Other income decreased by $670.0 million during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to a $21.0 million gain on an equity investment with readily determinable fair value during fiscal 2021, as compared to a gain of $690.8 million during fiscal 2020.
Income Taxes
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefits from (provision for) income taxes | $ | 8,164 | $ | (7,267) | $ | (57,665) | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | — | % | (1) | % | (7) | % | ||||||||||||||
For fiscal 2022, our income tax benefit of $8.2 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $96.5 million was primarily due to the reversal of deferred taxes previously accrued for California due to the enactment of Senate Bill 113 which restored our ability to utilize net operating losses in 2022, partially offset by state tax expense on realized gains from sale of equity investments.
For fiscal 2021, our income tax provision of $7.3 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $13.2 million was primarily due to deferred tax liability related to mark-to-market unrealized gains on equity investments and state taxes on the sale of investments, partially offset by the benefit from stock-based compensation windfall deduction and true-up of prior year estimated state tax liability.
For fiscal 2020, our income tax provision of $57.7 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $656.9 million was primarily due to state tax expenses arising from the taxable gains related to the Spin-Off transaction, withholding taxes from foreign dividend distributions, sale of equity investments, and deferred tax liability related to mark-to-market unrealized gain on equity investments.
We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets in the United States and Mexico to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with the estimates of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize additional deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, or if we subsequently determine that realization of an amount previously recorded is unlikely, we would record an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would change income tax provision in the period of adjustment.
As of the end of fiscal 2022, as part of our continuing operations, an insignificant amount of the accumulated foreign earnings was located outside of the United States and may be subject to foreign income tax or withholding tax liability upon repatriations. However, the accumulated foreign earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries; therefore, no provision for such foreign taxes has been made. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable.
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Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees | $ | 2,323 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| As a percentage of revenues | — | % | — | % | — | % | ||||||||||||||
Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees increased by $2.3 million during fiscal 2022, primarily due to a fair value adjustment recorded as a result of our assessment of our equity investments with fair value option (“FVO”) during fiscal 2022.
Net Loss (Income) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
| Fiscal Year | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except percentages) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests | $ | (4,676) | $ | 145 | $ | 1,187 | ||||||||||||||
In September 2019, we entered into the Solar Sail, LLC (“Solar Sail”) and Solar Sail Commercial Holdings, LLC (“Solar Sail Commercial”) joint ventures with Hannon Armstrong to finance the purchase of 200 megawatts of panel inventory in accordance with IRS safe harbor guidance to preserve the 30% federal ITC for third-party owned commercial and residential systems. We determined that we hold controlling interests in Solar Sail and Solar Sail Commercial, and therefore we have fully consolidated these entities. We apply the hypothetical liquidation at book value (“HLBV”) method in allocating recorded net income (loss) to each investor based on the change in the reporting period, of the amount of net assets of the entity to which each investor would be entitled to under the governing contractual arrangements in a liquidation scenario.
The net income attributable to noncontrolling interests increased by $4.8 million during fiscal 2022 as compared to fiscal 2021, primarily due to higher volume of sale of safe harbor panels by Solar Sail, and lower allocation of net loss, including tax credits and accelerated tax depreciation benefits using HLBV method to noncontrolling interests in Solar Sail and Solar Sail Commercial.
The net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests decreased by $1.0 million during fiscal 2021 as compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to a lower allocation of net loss including tax credits and accelerated tax depreciation benefits, using the HLBV method, to noncontrolling interests in Solar Sail and Solar Sail Commercial.
Critical Accounting Estimates
We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses recorded in our financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.
These estimates may change as new events occur and additional information is obtained. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.
In addition to our most critical estimates discussed below, we also have other key accounting policies that are less subjective and, therefore, judgments involved in their application would not have a material impact on our reported results of operations (See “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”).
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Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue from contracts with customers when we have completed our performance obligations under an identified contract. The revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration for the corresponding performance obligations for the goods and services transferred.
Solar Power Systems and Component Sales
A majority of our revenue is generated by sales of fully functioning solar power systems to our customers. We sell our products through a network of installing and non-installing dealers and resellers, as well as our internal sales team. Usually, our performance obligation is to design and install a fully functioning solar energy system. We recognize revenue when the solar power system is fully installed and the final permit is received from the authority having jurisdiction, as we deem our performance obligation under the contract to be complete at such time, and the customer retains all of the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the solar power system. In situations when we are not responsible for construction and installation of solar power systems, usually when the sales are made by one of our installing dealers or resellers, we recognize revenue when the components of the solar power system are delivered at the customer site. All costs to obtain and fulfill contracts associated with system sales are expensed as a cost of revenue when we have fulfilled our performance obligations.
Revenue is generally recognized at transaction price, net of costs of financing, or other consideration paid to the customers. Also, our arrangements may contain clauses that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. Variable consideration is estimated at each measurement date at its most likely amount to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur and true-ups are applied prospectively as such estimates change.
We apply for and receive state, local, and utility rebates and Solar Renewable Energy Credits (“SRECs”) in certain jurisdictions for power generated by solar energy systems we have sold to customers. We retain control of the rights to future SRECs and sell the SRECs generated from qualifying solar power systems to a public utility. SREC revenue is estimated net of any variable consideration related to possible liquidated damages if we were to deliver fewer SRECs than contractually committed, and is generally recognized upon delivery of the SRECs to the public utility and corresponding collection of cash.
Accounting for Business Combinations
We record all acquired assets and liabilities, including goodwill, other identifiable intangible assets, and contingent consideration, at fair value. The initial recording of goodwill, other identifiable intangible assets, and contingent consideration, requires certain estimates and assumptions concerning the determination of the fair values and useful lives. The judgments made in the context of the purchase price allocation can materially affect our future results of operations. Accordingly, for significant acquisitions, we obtain assistance from third-party valuation specialists. The valuations calculated from estimates are based on information available at the acquisition date. Goodwill is not amortized, but is subject to annual tests for impairment or more frequent tests if events or circumstances indicate it may be impaired. Other intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives and are subject to impairment if events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to realize the carrying amount. For additional details see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets.”
Product Warranties
We provide a workmanship warranty of up to 25 years from installation and a 25-year standard warranty for previously SunPower-manufactured microinverters. We also warrant our installed systems for defective materials and workmanship for periods ranging up to 25 years. We pass through to customers warranties from the original equipment manufacturers of certain system components such as solar panels, monitoring equipment and inverters. For such components, our warranties may exceed the warranty coverage from the original equipment manufacturers. For solar energy systems we do not install directly, we receive workmanship warranties from our solar partners.
In addition, we also provide a separate system output performance warranty to customers that have subscribed to our post-installation monitoring and maintenance services which expires upon termination of these services related to the system. The warrantied system output performance level varies by system depending on the characteristics of the system and the negotiated agreement with the customer, and the level declines over time to account for the expected degradation of the system. Actual system output is typically measured annually for purposes of determining whether warrantied performance levels have been met. The warranty excludes system output shortfalls attributable to force majeure events, customer curtailment, irregular weather, and other similar factors. In the event that the system output falls below the warrantied performance level during the applicable warranty period, and provided that the shortfall is not caused by a factor that is excluded from the performance
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warranty, the warranty provides that we will pay the customer a liquidated damage based on the value of the shortfall of energy produced relative to the applicable warrantied performance level.
We maintain reserves to cover the expected costs that could result from these warranties. Our expected costs are generally in the form of product replacement or repair. Warranty reserves are based on our best estimate of such costs and are recognized as a cost of revenue. We continuously monitor product returns for warranty failures and maintain a reserve for the related warranty expenses based on various factors including historical warranty claims, results of accelerated lab testing, field monitoring, vendor reliability estimates, and data on industry averages for similar products. Due to the potential for variability in these underlying factors, the difference between our estimated costs and our actual costs could be material to our consolidated financial statements. If actual product failure rates or the frequency or severity of reported claims differ from our estimates or if there are delays in our responsiveness to outages, we may be required to revise our estimated warranty liability. Historically, warranty costs have been within management’s expectations.
Inventories
Inventories are accounted for on a first-in-first-out basis and are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We evaluate the realizability of our inventories, including future purchase commitments under fixed-price long-term supply agreements, based on assumptions about expected demand and market conditions. Our assumption of expected demand is developed based on our analysis of bookings, sales backlog, sales pipeline, market forecast, and competitive intelligence. Our assumption of expected demand is compared to available inventory, production capacity, available third-party inventory, and growth plans. In addition, expected demand by geography has changed historically due to changes in the availability and size of government mandates and economic incentives.
Obligations related to non-cancellable purchase orders for inventories match current and forecasted sales orders that will consume these ordered materials and actual consumption of these ordered materials are compared to expected demand regularly. We anticipate total obligations related to long-term supply agreements for inventories will be realized because quantities are less than our expected demand for our solar power products over a period of years; however, if raw materials inventory balances temporarily exceed near-term demand, we may elect to sell such inventory to third parties to optimize working capital needs. Our classification of our inventory as either current or long-term inventory requires us to estimate the portion of on-hand inventory that we estimate will be realized over the next 12 months.
Retail installment contract receivables, net
Our retail installment contracts offer a long-term loan to our customers at affordable rates to finance their purchase. These retail installment contracts allow us to extend credit to the customers to pay for the solar power systems they purchased, on an installment basis, with a term of typically 20 - 25 years.
Revenue from the sale of solar power systems underlying these retail installment contracts is recognized similar to other contracts, when the solar power system is fully installed and final permit is received from the authority having jurisdiction, as we deem our performance obligation under the contract to be complete at such time, and the customer retains the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the solar power system. Further, in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, given the long-term nature of these receivables, a significant financing component is deemed to exist. We adjust the transaction price to quantify and defer the significant financing component at contract inception, using the discount rate that would be reflective of a separate financing transaction between the entity and its customer at contract inception. We measure the retail installment contracts using the amortized cost method, where the significant financing component amount is deferred and recognized as revenue over the contract term.
Accounting for Income Taxes
As of the end of fiscal year 2022, and as part of SunPower’s continuing operations, an insignificant amount of the accumulated foreign earnings was located outside of the United States and may be subjected to foreign income tax or withholding tax liability upon repatriations. However, the accumulated foreign earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries; therefore, no such foreign taxes have been provided. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable.
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We record a valuation allowance to reduce our U.S. and Mexico deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider historical levels of income, expectations and risks associated with the estimates of future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize additional deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, or if we subsequently determine that realization of an amount previously recorded is unlikely, we would record an adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance, which would change income tax provision in the period of adjustment. As of January 1, 2023, we believe there is insufficient evidence to realize additional U.S. and Mexico deferred tax assets beyond the state net operating losses that can be benefited with projected future taxable income; however, the reversal of the valuation allowance, which could be material, could occur in a future period.
The calculation of tax expense and liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations, including in the tax valuation of projects sold to tax equity partnerships and other third parties. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period in which we determine the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate tax assessment, a further charge to expense would result. We accrue interest and penalties on tax contingencies which are classified as “Provision for income taxes” in our Consolidated Statements of Operations and are not considered material. In addition, foreign exchange gains (losses) may result from estimated tax liabilities which are expected to be realized in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Cash Flows
A summary of the sources and uses of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash is as follows:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | $ | (181,482) | $ | (44,476) | $ | (187,391) | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | $ | 492,971 | $ | 54,294 | $ | 129,190 | ||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | $ | (58,070) | $ | (108,009) | $ | (153,852) | ||||||||||||||
Operating Activities
The $137.0 million increase in cash used in operations for fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021 was primarily due to changes in operating assets and liabilities. Cash used in operations increased year over year due to prepaid expenses and other current assets from on-balance sheet retail installment contracts, increased deferred revenue, and higher inventories, partially offset by lower net payment for accounts payable and other accrued liabilities.
The $142.9 million decrease in cash used in operations for fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 was primarily due to a lower net loss in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020, after excluding non-cash items, most significantly, the Enphase mark-to-market adjustment as well as depreciation and amortization. Also, we saw a lower net cash outflow from changes in operating assets and liabilities in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020, primarily due to lower payments for accounts payable and other accrued liabilities, and net cash inflow from change in contract assets and contract liabilities, partially offset by lower collection from accounts receivable.
Investing Activities
The $438.7 million increase in net cash provided by investing activities for fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021 primarily resulted from cash received from the sale of equity investments and the C&I Solutions sale in fiscal 2022, as well as an increase due to cash paid for the acquisition of Blue Raven in fiscal 2021, partially offset by higher purchases of property, plant, and equipment and cash paid for new equity investments under the Dealer Accelerator Program in fiscal 2022.
The $74.9 million decrease in net cash provided by investing activities for fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 was primarily due to lower cash proceeds from sale of equity investment and business divestitures, as well as cash outflow on the acquisition of Blue Raven in fiscal 2021.
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Financing Activities
The $49.9 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities in fiscal 2022 compared to fiscal 2021 primarily resulted from repayment of convertible debt in fiscal 2021, partially offset by higher cash paid on purchases of stock for tax withholding obligations and for distributions to noncontrolling interests in fiscal 2022.
The $45.8 million decrease in net cash used in financing activities in fiscal 2021 compared to fiscal 2020 primarily resulted from lower cash outflow on repurchase of convertible debt, partially offset by higher net repayment of bank loans and other debt, as well lower cash inflow in fiscal 2021 due to one-time proceeds from Maxeon Solar green convertible debt in fiscal 2020.
Debt and Credit Sources
For information about the terms of debt instruments and changes thereof in the period, see “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data-Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements-Note 11. Debt and Credit Sources”.
Liquidity
As of January 1, 2023, we had unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $377.0 million compared to $123.7 million as of January 2, 2022. These cash balances were held primarily in the U.S.; however, we had approximately $1.2 million held outside of the United States. This offshore cash is used to fund our business operations in Mexico, Canada, and the Asia Pacific region, which require local payment for payroll, materials, and other expenses. We use our available cash on-hand and short-term equity investments as well as various types of recourse and non-recourse debt as a primary source of funding for our operations, capital expenditure, and mergers and acquisitions.
While we continue to move towards a less capital-intensive business model in the near-term, with the sale of our C&I Solutions business which closed in the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we will continue to need capital in order to grow our business, including investments in customer acquisition, product and digital, as well as mergers and acquisition activities. We will seek to raise additional required capital through various cost-effective sources, including accessing the capital markets.
Overall, we maintain working capital and debt levels that we establish through consideration of a number of factors, including cash flow expectations, cash requirements for operations, our cost of capital, and targeted capital structure. We may also make debt purchases and/or exchanges for debt or equity from time to time through tender offers, exchange offers, redemptions, open market purchases, private transactions, or otherwise, or seek to raise additional debt or equity capital, depending on market conditions.
We believe that our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our obligations over the next 12 months from the date of issuance of our financial statements, including the repayment of our 4.00% senior convertible debentures due 2023 (the “4.00% debentures due 2023”) of $425.0 million plus the remaining interest of $8.5 million, $100.0 million of which were held by TotalEnergies, which matured on January 15, 2023. Since the remaining holders of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 did not elect to convert their bonds into our common stock prior to their maturity, we repaid the outstanding principal amount and remaining interest of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 on January 17, 2023. To fulfill our obligations under the 4.00% debentures due 2023, we used cash on hand, proceeds from the sale of our remaining 0.5 million shares of Enphase common stock which we sold on January 5, 2023, and $100.0 million from our Term Loan Facility with Bank of America and Bank of the West which we drew down on January 11, 2023. On January 26, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our Revolver facility where we increased our Revolver commitments to a total principal amount of $200.0 million to support our operations and growth.
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our material contractual obligations and cash requirements for future periods as of January 1, 2023:
| Payments Due by Fiscal Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | Total | 2023 | 2024-2025 | 2026-2027 | Beyond 2027 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Convertible debt, including interest1 | $ | 433,491 | $ | 433,491 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other debt, including interest2 | 87,916 | 87,572 | 162 | 162 | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Operating lease commitments3 | 50,079 | 14,666 | 21,401 | 12,157 | 1,855 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Supply agreement commitments4 | 717,216 | 367,054 | 344,855 | 1,562 | 3,745 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 1,288,702 | $ | 902,783 | $ | 366,418 | $ | 13,881 | $ | 5,620 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Convertible debt, including interest, relates to the aggregate of $425.0 million in outstanding principal amount of our 4.00% debentures due 2023, and interest of $8.5 million which is payable upon maturity in fiscal 2023. For the purpose of the table above, we assume that all holders of our convertible debt will continue to hold through the date of maturity, and will not convert. Refer to Note 3. Transactions with Total and TotalEnergies SE.
2 Other debt, including interest, primarily relates to our non-recourse financing and other debt arrangements as described in Note 11. Debt and Credit Sources.
3 Operating lease commitments primarily relate to various facility lease agreements including leases entered into that have not yet commenced.
4 Supply agreement commitments primarily relate to arrangements entered into with several suppliers, including Maxeon Solar, for purchase of photovoltaic solar modules, as well as with a supplier for module-level power electronics and alternating current cables. These agreements specify future quantities and pricing of products to be supplied by the vendors for periods of two years and five years, respectively, and there are certain consequences, such as forfeiture of advanced deposits and liquidated damages relating to previous purchases, in the event we terminate these arrangements.
Liabilities Associated with Uncertain Tax Positions
Due to the complexity and uncertainty associated with our tax positions, we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period in which cash settlement will be made for our liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions in other long-term liabilities. Therefore, they have been excluded from the table above. As of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, total liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions were $12.3 million and $14.7 million, respectively, and are included within “Other long-term liabilities” in our consolidated balance sheets as they are not expected to be paid within the next twelve months.
ITEM 7A: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Credit Risk
We have certain financial instruments that subject us to credit risk. These consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, and advances to suppliers. We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to our financial instruments. Our investment policy requires cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, and investments to be placed with high-quality financial institutions and limits the amount of credit risk from any one issuer. We additionally perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition whenever deemed necessary and generally do not require collateral.
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We are exposed to credit risk from certain customers and their potential payment delinquencies on our retail installment contracts. These retail installment contracts have a typical term of 20 - 25 years and require customers to make monthly payments. As of January 1, 2023, the average Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score of our customers under a retail installment contract agreement remained at or above 740, which is generally categorized as a “Very Good” credit profile by the Fair Isaac Corporation. However, existing and future customers’ credit profiles may decline due to economic headwinds. As of fiscal 2022, our retail installment contract portfolio did not experience any customer defaults, however, they may occur as we continue our business. Based on our estimate of expected credit losses, historical write-off experience, and current account knowledge, our reserve for this exposure is minimal. If we experience customer credit defaults, our revenue and our ability to raise capital could be adversely affected. If economic conditions worsen, certain customers may face liquidity concerns and may be unable to satisfy their payment obligations to us on a timely basis or at all, which could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
Interest Rate Risk
We are exposed to interest rate risk from our financing receivables based on the fixed rate of interest as established by the underlying contract between us and the customer. This risk is significant to our business because our financing model is sensitive to interest rate fluctuations.
As of January 1, 2023, our retail installment contract receivables had a fair value of $77.6 million. A hypothetical 50 basis points increase or decrease in market interest rates in the financing contracts would change the fair value of these receivables by a decrease or increase of approximately $3.6 million and $3.4 million, respectively.
Also, we are exposed to interest rate risk because many of our customers depend on debt financing to purchase our solar power systems, as well as our long-term financing receivables through our retail installment contract receivable program. Further increases in market interest rates could make it difficult for our customers to obtain the financing necessary to purchase our solar power systems on favorable terms, or at all.
We also enter into interest rate swap agreements to reduce the impact of changes in interest rates on our non-recourse floating rate debt. As of January 1, 2023, we had interest rate swap derivatives not designated as hedges with aggregate notional value of $72.1 million.
Equity Price Risk Involving Minority Investments in Joint Ventures and Other Public and Non-Public Companies
As of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, we did not have material minority investments in joint ventures or other public and non-public companies that are accounted for using the measurement alternative method in accordance with the guidance in ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities.
For our shares of Enphase common stock (NASDAQ: ENPH), for fiscal 2022 and 2021, we recorded a gain of $115.2 million and a gain of $21.0 million, respectively, within “other, net” in our consolidated statement of operations. During the year ended January 1, 2023, we sold two million shares of Enphase common stock in open market transactions for cash proceeds of $440.1 million. During the year ended January 2, 2022, we sold one million shares of Enphase common stock in open market transactions for cash proceeds of $177.8 million. As of January 1, 2023, we retained 0.5 million shares of Enphase common stock.
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Interest Rate Risk and Market Price Risk Involving Debt
As of January 1, 2023, we had outstanding convertible debentures with an aggregate face value of $425.0 million, consisting of our 4.00% debentures due in 2023, which bear a fixed rate of interest. The fair market value of our debentures is subject to interest rate risk, market price risk, and other factors due to the convertible feature of the debentures. The fair market value of the debentures will generally increase as interest rates fall and decrease as interest rates rise. When our common stock price is in-the-money relative to these fixed stock price conversion rates, the fair market value of the debentures will generally increase as the market price of our common stock increases, and decrease as our common stock’s market price falls, based on each debenture’s respective fixed conversion rate. The interest and market value changes affect the fair market value of the debentures, but do not impact our financial position, cash flows, or results of operations due to the fixed nature of the debt obligations, except to the extent increases in the value of our common stock may provide the holders the right to convert such debentures into stock, or cash, in certain instances, but only applicable during periods when our common stock is in-the-money relative to such conversion rights. A hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in our stock price would have an immaterial impact on the fair market value of these debentures. There is no other material impact of such change on our consolidated financial statements. On January 17, 2023, we repaid the outstanding principal amount of $425.0 million of our 4.00% debentures due 2023, as well as the remaining interest of $8.5 million which was payable upon maturity.
We also have interest rate risk relating to our other outstanding debt, besides debentures, which bear fixed rates of interest (Refer to Note 11. Debt and Credit Sources). The interest and market value changes affect the fair market value of these debts, but do not impact our financial position, cash flows, or results of operations due to the fixed nature of the debt obligations. A hypothetical 10 basis points increase or decrease in market interest rates related to these debts would have an immaterial impact on the fair market value of these debts.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
SUNPOWER CORPORATION
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
| Page | |||||
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | |||||
| Financial Statements | |||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Equity | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | |||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of SunPower Corporation
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SunPower Corporation (the Company) as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 1, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 1, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of January 1, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 9, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
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| Warranty reserves | |||||
| Description of the Matter | As discussed in Notes 1 and 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company provides a workmanship warranty of up to 25 years from installation and a 25-year standard warranty for SunPower-manufactured microinverters (standard product warranty). The standard product warranty reserve comprises a material portion of the Company’s total warranty reserve of $78.9 million as of January 1, 2023, and is generally computed using a statistical model that incorporates assumptions based on management’s best estimate of expected costs that could result from these warranties. This estimate considers a variety of factors, including historical warranty claims, results of accelerated lab testing, field monitoring, vendor reliability estimates, and industry data for similar products. Auditing the Company’s standard product warranty statistical model involved a high degree of subjectivity due to significant measurement uncertainty associated with the estimate given the relatively short period of available historical data in relation to the future warranty period, and the sensitivity of the Company’s estimation of required reserves to changes in significant assumptions, including management’s projection of future failure rates and expected product repair or replacement costs. | ||||
| How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit | We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of the Company’s internal controls over the warranty reserve process. This included controls over the development and review of the significant assumptions and data underlying the standard product warranties reserve computation. Our audit procedures included, among others, evaluating the significant assumptions used by the Company in estimating the standard product warranty reserve. For example, we assessed the historical accuracy of management's estimates, obtained support to evaluate repair or replacement cost estimates and failure rate assumptions, and performed sensitivity analyses to evaluate the effect of potential changes in assumptions that were most significant to the estimate. We also involved specialists to assist in the evaluation of the methodology applied, including the recalculation of management’s assumptions, within the Company’s statistical model. | ||||
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2012.
San Jose, California
March 9, 2023
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of SunPower Corporation
Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited SunPower Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 1, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, SunPower Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 1, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 1, 2023, and the related notes and our report dated March 9, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
63
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
San Jose, California
March 9, 2023
64
SunPower Corporation
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except share par values)
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 377,026 | $ | 123,735 | |||||||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, current portion2 | 9,855 | 691 | |||||||||
| Short-term investments | 132,480 | 365,880 | |||||||||
Accounts receivable, net1 | 174,577 | 121,268 | |||||||||
| Contract assets | 50,692 | 25,994 | |||||||||
| Inventories | 316,815 | 214,432 | |||||||||
| Advances to suppliers, current portion | 9,309 | 462 | |||||||||
Prepaid expenses and other current assets1 | 197,760 | 100,212 | |||||||||
Current assets of discontinued operations1 | — | 120,792 | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 1,268,514 | 1,073,466 | |||||||||
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, net of current portion2 | 15,151 | 14,887 | |||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 74,522 | 33,560 | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 36,926 | 31,654 | |||||||||
| Solar power systems leased, net | 41,779 | 45,502 | |||||||||
| Goodwill | 126,338 | 126,338 | |||||||||
| Other intangible assets, net | 24,192 | 24,879 | |||||||||
Other long-term assets1 | 192,585 | 156,994 | |||||||||
| Long-term assets of discontinued operations | — | 47,526 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 1,780,007 | $ | 1,554,806 | |||||||
| Liabilities and Equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
Accounts payable1 | $ | 242,229 | $ | 138,514 | |||||||
Accrued liabilities1 | 145,229 | 101,980 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, current portion | 11,356 | 10,753 | |||||||||
Contract liabilities, current portion1 | 144,209 | 62,285 | |||||||||
| Short-term debt | 82,404 | 109,568 | |||||||||
Convertible debt, current portion1 | 424,919 | — | |||||||||
Current liabilities of discontinued operations1 | — | 86,496 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 1,050,346 | 509,596 | |||||||||
| Long-term debt | 308 | 380 | |||||||||
Convertible debt, net of current portion1 | — | 423,677 | |||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 29,347 | 28,566 | |||||||||
| Contract liabilities, net of current portion | 11,555 | 18,705 | |||||||||
Other long-term liabilities1 | 112,797 | 141,197 | |||||||||
Long-term liabilities of discontinued operations1 | — | 42,661 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 1,204,353 | 1,164,782 | |||||||||
Commitments and contingencies (Note 9) | |||||||||||
| Equity: | |||||||||||
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 10,000 shares authorized; none issued and outstanding as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022 | — | — | |||||||||
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 367,500 shares authorized; 188,287 shares issued and 174,269 shares outstanding as of January 1, 2023; 186,452 shares issued and 173,052 shares outstanding as of January 2, 2022 | 174 | 173 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 2,855,930 | 2,714,500 | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (2,066,175) | (2,122,212) | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) | 11,568 | 11,168 | |||||||||
Treasury stock, at cost: 14,018 shares of common stock as of January 1, 2023; 13,401 shares of common stock as of January 2, 2022 | (226,646) | (215,240) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders' equity | 574,851 | 388,389 | |||||||||
| Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries | 803 | 1,635 | |||||||||
| Total equity | 575,654 | 390,024 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and equity | $ | 1,780,007 | $ | 1,554,806 | |||||||
1 We have related-party balances for transactions made with TotalEnergies SE and its affiliates, Maxeon Solar Technologies, Ltd. (“Maxeon Solar”), and unconsolidated entities in which we have a direct equity investment. These related-party balances are recorded within the “accounts receivable, net,” “prepaid expenses and other current assets,” “other long-term assets,” “accounts payable,” “accrued liabilities,” “convertible debt, current portion,” “contract liabilities, current portion,” “convertible debt, net of current portion,” “other long-term liabilities,” “current assets of discontinued operations,” “current liabilities of discontinued operations,” and “long-term liabilities of discontinued operations” financial statement line items on our consolidated balance sheets (see Note 3, Note 9, Note 10, Note 11, and Note 12).
2 Amounts included in the “Restricted cash and cash equivalents, current portion” and “Restricted cash and cash equivalents, net of current portion” financial statement line items on our consolidated balance sheets include cash balances set aside for various financial obligations including loans, distributions, letter of credit facilities, and other projects’ related cash transactions.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
65
SunPower Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share data)
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues1 | $ | 1,741,072 | $ | 1,132,029 | $ | 870,017 | ||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenues | 1,377,169 | 902,718 | 733,371 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | 363,903 | 229,311 | 136,646 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||||||||
Research and development1 | 24,759 | 15,711 | 19,322 | |||||||||||||||||
Sales, general, and administrative1 | 339,323 | 204,166 | 138,815 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring charges (credits) | 244 | 4,519 | 2,604 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets | — | (294) | 45 | |||||||||||||||||
(Gain) loss on business divestitures, net1 | — | (5,290) | (10,334) | |||||||||||||||||
Expense (income) from transition services agreement, net1 | 69 | (4,255) | (6,260) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 364,395 | 214,557 | 144,192 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (492) | 14,754 | (7,546) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest income | 3,200 | 168 | 753 | |||||||||||||||||
Interest expense1 | (21,566) | (24,031) | (28,683) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | 115,405 | 22,332 | 692,335 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | 97,039 | (1,531) | 664,405 | |||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees | 96,547 | 13,223 | 656,859 | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefits from (provision for) income taxes | 8,164 | (7,267) | (57,665) | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees | 2,323 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations | 107,034 | 5,956 | 599,194 | |||||||||||||||||
(Loss) income from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated investees1 | (47,155) | (46,046) | (127,889) | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefits from (provision for) income taxes | 584 | 2,048 | 3,307 | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated investees | — | — | (586) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinued operations | (46,571) | (43,998) | (125,168) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | 60,463 | (38,042) | 474,026 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (income) loss from continuing operations attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4,676) | 145 | 1,187 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss (income) from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests | 250 | 539 | (165) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (income) loss attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4,426) | 684 | 1,022 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to stockholders | 102,358 | 6,101 | 600,381 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to stockholders | (46,321) | (43,459) | (125,333) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 56,037 | $ | (37,358) | $ | 475,048 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share attributable to stockholders - basic: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | 0.59 | $ | 0.03 | $ | 3.54 | ||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | (0.27) | $ | (0.25) | $ | (0.74) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share - basic | $ | 0.32 | $ | (0.22) | $ | 2.80 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share attributable to stockholders - diluted: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | 0.59 | $ | 0.03 | $ | 3.12 | ||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | $ | (0.27) | $ | (0.25) | $ | (0.64) | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share - diluted | $ | 0.32 | $ | (0.22) | $ | 2.48 | ||||||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic | 173,919 | 172,436 | 169,801 | |||||||||||||||||
| Diluted | 174,603 | 175,116 | 197,242 | |||||||||||||||||
1 We have related-party transactions with TotalEnergies SE and its affiliates, Maxeon Solar, and unconsolidated entities in which we have a direct equity investment. These related-party transactions are recorded within the “total revenues,” “total cost of revenues,” “operating expenses: research and development,” “operating expenses: sales, general, and administrative,” “operating expenses: (gain) loss from business divestitures, net,” “operating expenses: expense (income) from transition services agreement, net,” “other income (expense), net: interest expense,” and “(loss) income from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity in (losses) earnings of unconsolidated investees” financial statement line items in our consolidated statements of operations (see Note 3, Note 10, and Note 12).
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
66
SunPower Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 60,463 | $ | (38,042) | $ | 474,026 | ||||||||||||||
| Components of other comprehensive income (loss): | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Translation adjustment | (44) | (15) | 2,783 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net change in derivatives | — | 570 | (741) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net gain (loss) on long-term pension liability adjustment | 444 | 1,798 | (1,123) | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefit from (provision for) income taxes | — | 16 | (15) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total other comprehensive income (loss) | 400 | 2,369 | 904 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total comprehensive income (loss) | 60,863 | (35,673) | 474,930 | |||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive (loss) income attributable to noncontrolling interests | (4,426) | 684 | 1,022 | |||||||||||||||||
| Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 56,437 | $ | (34,989) | $ | 475,952 | ||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
67
SunPower Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(In thousands)
| Common Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Value | Additional Paid-in Capital | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss | Accumulated Deficit | Total Stockholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interests | Total Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at December 29, 2019 | 168,121 | $ | 168 | $ | 2,661,819 | $ | (192,633) | $ | (9,512) | $ | (2,449,679) | $ | 10,163 | $ | 11,336 | $ | 21,499 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | 475,048 | 475,048 | (1,022) | 474,026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 904 | — | 904 | — | 904 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of restricted stock to employees, net of cancellations | 3,597 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 24,101 | — | — | — | 24,101 | — | 24,101 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of treasury stock | (1,290) | (1) | — | (12,843) | — | — | (12,844) | — | (12,844) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distributions to non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (1,392) | (1,392) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Contributions to non-controlling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of Maxeon Solar green convertible notes | — | — | 52,167 | — | — | — | 52,167 | — | 52,167 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Impact of Maxeon Solar Spin-Off | — | — | (52,167) | — | 17,407 | (110,615) | (145,375) | (6,625) | (152,000) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at January 3, 2021 | 170,428 | 170 | 2,685,920 | (205,476) | 8,799 | (2,085,246) | 404,167 | 2,319 | 406,486 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | (37,358) | (37,358) | (684) | (38,042) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 2,369 | — | 2,369 | — | 2,369 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of restricted stock to employees, net of cancellations | 2,905 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 3 | — | 3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock to executive1 | 101 | — | 2,999 | — | — | — | 2,999 | — | 2,999 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 25,511 | — | — | — | 25,511 | — | 25,511 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bond/debentures conversion | 4 | — | 159 | — | — | — | 159 | — | 159 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of treasury stock | (387) | — | — | (9,739) | — | — | (9,739) | — | (9,739) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other adjustments | — | — | (89) | (25) | — | 392 | 278 | — | 278 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at January 2, 2022 | 173,051 | $ | 173 | $ | 2,714,500 | $ | (215,240) | $ | 11,168 | $ | (2,122,212) | $ | 388,389 | $ | 1,635 | $ | 390,024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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SunPower Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Equity
(In thousands)
| Common Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Value | Additional Paid-in Capital | Treasury Stock | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income | Accumulated Deficit | Total Stockholders’ Equity | Noncontrolling Interests | Total Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at January 2, 2022 | 173,051 | $ | 173 | $ | 2,714,500 | $ | (215,240) | $ | 11,168 | $ | (2,122,212) | $ | 388,389 | $ | 1,635 | $ | 390,024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | — | — | — | — | — | 56,037 | 56,037 | 4,426 | 60,463 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other comprehensive income | — | — | — | — | 400 | — | 400 | — | 400 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of restricted stock to employees, net of cancellations | 1,835 | 1 | — | — | — | — | 1 | — | 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation expense | — | — | 26,434 | — | — | — | 26,434 | — | 26,434 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distributions to noncontrolling interests | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (9,201) | (9,201) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of treasury stock | (617) | — | — | (11,406) | — | — | (11,406) | — | (11,406) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Gain on sale of C&I Solutions business, net of tax2 | — | — | 112,290 | — | — | — | 112,290 | 3,943 | 116,233 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income taxes3 | — | — | 2,706 | — | — | — | 2,706 | — | 2,706 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balances at January 1, 2023 | 174,269 | $ | 174 | $ | 2,855,930 | $ | (226,646) | $ | 11,568 | $ | (2,066,175) | $ | 574,851 | $ | 803 | $ | 575,654 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 As TotalEnergies Renewables is a subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE, our parent company, the sale of our C&I Solutions business was a transaction under common control. As such, total gain on sale of our C&I Solutions business was included in Additional Paid-in-Capital within our consolidated statements of equity. Refer to Note 2. Discontinued Operations for further details.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
69
SunPower Corporation
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 60,463 | $ | (38,042) | $ | 474,026 | ||||||||||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 34,600 | 11,506 | 48,304 | |||||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 26,434 | 25,902 | 24,817 | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-cash interest expense | 3,664 | 5,042 | 6,562 | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity in (earnings) losses of unconsolidated investees | (2,323) | — | 586 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on equity investments | (114,710) | (21,712) | (692,100) | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on retirement of convertible debt | — | — | (2,182) | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on sale of investments | — | (1,162) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on business divestitures, net | — | (224) | (10,334) | |||||||||||||||||
| Unrealized (gain) loss on derivatives | (2,293) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Dividend from equity method investees | 120 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred income taxes | (13,973) | 5,688 | 19,241 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on sale and impairment of residential lease assets | — | (226) | 1,024 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | 1,209 | (5,670) | 534 | |||||||||||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | (63,611) | (18,549) | 98,962 | |||||||||||||||||
| Contract assets | (9,617) | 34,850 | (12,063) | |||||||||||||||||
| Inventories | (111,349) | (5,325) | (29,808) | |||||||||||||||||
| Project assets | 295 | 4,398 | (8,187) | |||||||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (202,474) | (32,701) | (6,161) | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 11,257 | 11,257 | 10,552 | |||||||||||||||||
| Advances to suppliers | (9,165) | (462) | 13,482 | |||||||||||||||||
| Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities | 122,986 | (16,269) | (78,269) | |||||||||||||||||
| Contract liabilities | 100,584 | 10,229 | (35,976) | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease liabilities | (13,579) | (13,006) | (10,401) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities | (181,482) | (44,476) | (187,391) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of property, plant, and equipment | (48,807) | (10,024) | (14,577) | |||||||||||||||||
| Investments in software development costs | (5,690) | (3,519) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property, plant, and equipment | — | 900 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for solar power systems | — | (635) | (6,528) | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of marketable securities | — | — | (1,338) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities of marketable securities | — | — | 6,588 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash outflow upon Maxeon Solar Spin-Off, net of proceeds | — | — | (131,136) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash received from sale of investments | — | 1,200 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from business divestitures, net of de-consolidated cash | 146,303 | 10,516 | 15,418 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired | — | (124,200) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for equity investments under the Dealer Accelerator Program and other | (30,920) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of equity investment | 440,108 | 177,780 | 253,039 | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from return of capital from equity investments | — | 2,276 | 7,724 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for investments in unconsolidated investees | (8,173) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Dividend from equity method investee | 150 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities | 492,971 | 54,294 | 129,190 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from bank loans and other debt | 146,211 | 152,081 | 216,483 | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of bank loans and other debt | (182,274) | (180,771) | (227,677) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of non-recourse residential and commercial financing, net of issuance costs | — | — | 14,789 | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of non-recourse residential and commercial financing | — | (9,798) | (9,044) | |||||||||||||||||
| Contributions from noncontrolling interests attributable to residential projects | — | — | 22 | |||||||||||||||||
| Distributions to noncontrolling interests attributable to residential projects | (9,201) | — | (1,392) | |||||||||||||||||
| Repayment of convertible debt | — | (62,757) | (334,732) | |||||||||||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of Maxeon Solar green convertible debt | — | — | 200,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| Payments for financing leases | (1,401) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Receipt of contingent asset of a prior business combination | — | — | 2,245 | |||||||||||||||||
| Settlement of contingent consideration arrangement of a prior business combination | — | — | (776) | |||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock to executive | — | 2,998 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Equity offering costs paid | — | — | (928) | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of stock for tax withholding obligations on vested restricted stock | (11,405) | (9,762) | (12,842) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities | (58,070) | (108,009) | (153,852) | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | — | — | 200 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | 253,419 | (98,191) | (211,853) | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period | 148,613 | 246,804 | 458,657 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period | $ | 402,032 | $ | 148,613 | $ | 246,804 | ||||||||||||||
| Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash to the consolidated balance sheets, including discontinued operations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 377,026 | 127,130 | $ | 232,765 | |||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents, current portion | 9,855 | 4,157 | 5,518 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents, net of current portion | 15,151 | 17,326 | 8,521 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash | $ | 402,032 | $ | 148,613 | $ | 246,804 | ||||||||||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Costs of solar power systems funded by liabilities | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 635 | ||||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment acquisitions funded by liabilities (including financing leases) | $ | 12,428 | $ | 1,320 | $ | 866 | ||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations | $ | 15,469 | $ | 19,628 | $ | 22,794 | ||||||||||||||
| Working capital adjustment related to C&I Solutions sale | $ | 7,005 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| De-consolidation of right-of-use assets and lease obligations | $ | — | $ | 3,340 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| Debt repaid in sale of commercial projects | $ | — | $ | 5,585 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| Fair value of contingent consideration for business combination | $ | — | $ | 11,100 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| Assumption of liabilities in connection with business divestitures | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 9,056 | ||||||||||||||
| Holdbacks in connection with business divestitures | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 7,199 | ||||||||||||||
| Costs of solar power systems sourced from existing inventory | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,018 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for interest | $ | 21,064 | $ | 25,289 | $ | 31,704 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for income taxes | $ | 7,437 | $ | 22,825 | $ | 18,708 | ||||||||||||||
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. ORGANIZATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Organization
SunPower Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, “SunPower,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a leading solar technology and energy services provider that offers fully integrated solar, storage, and home energy solutions to customers primarily in the United States and Canada through an array of hardware, software, and financing options and “Smart Energy” solutions. Our Smart Energy initiative is designed to add layers of intelligent control to homes, buildings, and grids—all personalized through easy-to-use customer interfaces. We are a leader in the U.S. Distributed Generation (“DG”) storage and energy services market, providing customers control over electricity consumption and resiliency during power outages, while providing cost savings to homeowners and also reducing carbon emissions and contributing to a more sustainable grid. The five pillars of our strategy include: 1) Customer Care: provide a world-class customer experience that moves beyond the initial system sale to create a lifetime relationship with SunPower, 2) Products: offer all market segments a growing ecosystem of integrated high-value, high-performance products and services, 3) Growth: optimize a multi-channel strategy of distributed dealer network, geographically diverse SunPower Direct channel, and new home builder partnerships for above-market growth, 4) Digital Innovation: enable operational excellence that supports our dealers, accelerates sales, improves financial products and adds customer control and monitoring of systems for optimum efficiency, and 5) Financial Solutions: expand affordable and easy-to-use customer financing products, reducing the biggest barrier to solar adoption.
SunPower was a majority-owned subsidiary of TotalEnergies Solar INTL SAS (“Total,” formerly Total Solar International SAS) and TotalEnergies Gaz & Electricité Holdings France SAS (“Total Gaz,” formerly Total Gaz Electricité Holdings France SAS), each a subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE (“TotalEnergies SE,” formerly Total SE). On September 12, 2022, Total and Total Gaz sold to GIP III Sol Acquisition, LLC (“GIP Sol”) 50% less one unit of the equity interests in a newly formed Delaware limited liability company, Sol Holding, LLC (“HoldCo”), which is now the record holder of the majority of SunPower common stock (see Note 3. Transactions with Total and TotalEnergies SE).
On August 26, 2020, we completed the spin-off (the “Spin-Off”) of Maxeon Solar Technologies, Ltd. (“Maxeon Solar”), a Singapore public company limited by shares, consisting of certain non-U.S. operations and assets of our former SunPower Technologies business unit. As a result of the Spin-Off, we no longer consolidate Maxeon Solar within our financial results of continuing operations. For all periods prior to the Spin-Off, the financial results of Maxeon Solar are presented as net earnings from discontinued operations on the consolidated statements of operations.
On October 4, 2021, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (“Purchase Agreement”) to acquire all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Blue Raven Solar Holdings, LLC (“Blue Raven”), and 35% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in Albatross Software LLC (“Albatross”), an affiliate of Blue Raven. Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to pay to the sellers up to $145.0 million in initial cash consideration, which amount is subject to a customary working capital adjustment. The Purchase Agreement also provided that the Company would make certain cash payments to Blue Raven executives, employees and service providers, which are included in the aggregate purchase price, in accordance with related agreements entered into between such individuals and Blue Raven. The acquisition was accounted for in accordance with the guidance in ASC 805, Business Combinations. During fiscal 2022, we completed cash payments to Blue Raven executives, employees, and service providers in an amount of $20.0 million, and a holdback amount paid to key employees, which was accelerated after the sale to GIP Sol, of $4.5 million. Our obligations under this acquisition are complete.
On February 6, 2022, we signed an Equity Purchase Agreement (the “Definitive Agreement”) with TotalEnergies Renewables USA, LLC (“TotalEnergies Renewables”), a Delaware limited liability company and wholly owned subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE, for the sale of our Commercial and Industrial Solutions (“C&I Solutions”) business for a preliminary purchase price of $190.0 million, subject to the terms and considerations set forth in the Definitive Agreement. The transaction closed on May 31, 2022, and upon closing, we received net cash consideration of $149.2 million based on the estimated net assets of the business on that date. Refer to Note 2. Discontinued Operations for more details on the transaction.
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Liquidity
We believe that our cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to meet our obligations over the next 12 months from the date of issuance of our financial statements, including the repayment of our 4.00% senior convertible debentures due 2023 (the “4.00% debentures due 2023”) of $425.0 million plus the remaining interest of $8.5 million, $100.0 million of which were held by TotalEnergies, which matured on January 15, 2023. Since the remaining holders of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 did not elect to convert their bonds into our common stock prior to their maturity, we repaid the outstanding principal amount and remaining interest of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 on January 17, 2023. To fulfill our obligations under the 4.00% debentures due 2023, we used cash on hand, proceeds from the sale of our remaining 0.5 million shares of Enphase common stock which we sold on January 5, 2023, and $100.0 million from our Term Loan Facility with Bank of America and Bank of the West which we drew down on January 11, 2023. On January 26, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our Revolver facility where we increased our Revolver commitments to a total principal amount of $200.0 million to support our operations and growth (refer to Note 7. Fair Value Measurements and Note 11. Debt and Credit Sources).
Basis of Presentation and Preparation
Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared by us in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“United States” or “U.S.,” and such accounting principles, “U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of SunPower, all of our subsidiaries, and special purpose entities, as appropriate under U.S. GAAP. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The assets of the special purpose entities that we establish in connection with certain project financing arrangements for customers are not designed to be available to service our general liabilities and obligations.
Fiscal Periods
We have a 52-to-53-week fiscal year that ends on the Sunday closest to December 31. Accordingly, every fifth or sixth year will be a 53-week fiscal year. The current fiscal year, fiscal 2022, is a 52-week fiscal year, fiscal 2021 was a 52-week fiscal year, and fiscal 2020 was a 53-week fiscal year. Our fiscal 2022 ended on January 1, 2023, fiscal 2021 ended on January 2, 2022, and fiscal 2020 ended on January 3, 2021.
Management Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions believed to be reasonable. Our actual financial results could materially differ from those estimates. Significant estimates in these consolidated financial statements include revenue recognition, specifically nature and timing of satisfaction of performance obligations, standalone selling price of performance obligations, and variable consideration; credit losses, including estimating macroeconomic factors affecting historical recovery rate of receivables; inventory and project asset write-downs; long-lived assets and goodwill impairment, specifically estimates for valuation assumptions including discount rates and future cash flows; fair value of investments, including equity investments for which we apply the fair value option and other financial instruments; valuation of goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a business combination; valuation of contingent consideration in a business combination; valuation of contingencies such as warranty and litigation; the incremental borrowing rate used in discounting of lease liabilities; the fair value of indemnities provided to customers and other parties; and income taxes and tax valuation allowances.
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Cash Equivalents
Highly liquid investments with original or remaining maturities of ninety days or less at the date of purchase are considered cash equivalents.
Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents
We maintain cash and cash equivalents in restricted accounts pursuant to various letters of credit, surety bonds, loan agreements, and other agreements in the normal course of business.
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Lease Accounting
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Our operating lease agreements are primarily for real estate and are included within operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Our finance lease agreements are for vehicle finance leases and are included within property, plant, and equipment, net, accrued liabilities, and other long-term liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. We elected the practical expedient to combine our lease and related non-lease components for all our leases.
ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. Variable lease payments that do not depend on an index or rate are excluded from the ROU assets and lease liabilities and are recognized in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. We use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. ROU assets also include any lease prepayments made and exclude lease incentives. Many of our lessee agreements include options to extend the lease, which we do not include in our minimum lease terms unless they are reasonably certain to be exercised. Rental expense for lease payments related to our operating and finance leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. In addition, for our finance leases, we recognize the interest on the financing component related to the leases.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair value of a financial instrument is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The carrying values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, and accounts payable approximate their respective fair values due to their short-term maturities. Equity investments with readily determinable fair value are carried at fair value based on quoted market prices or estimated based on market conditions and risks existing at each balance sheet date. Equity investments without readily determinable fair value are measured at cost less impairment and are adjusted for observable price changes in orderly transactions for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer. During fiscal 2022, we recorded a fair value adjustment of $1.8 million related to our equity investments with Fair Value Option (“FVO”). The fair value adjustment was included within “equity in losses of unconsolidated investees” in our consolidated statements of operations for the years ended January 1, 2023 (see Note 7. Fair Value Measurements).
In addition, we have derivative financial instruments which are carried at fair value based on observable price changes in orderly transactions for financial instruments with similar characteristics. Changes in fair value of our derivative financial instruments are recognized immediately, and included in “interest expense” in our consolidated statements of operations (see Note 7. Fair Value Measurements).
Inventories
Inventories are accounted for on a first-in-first-out basis and are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. We evaluate the realizability of our inventories, including purchase commitments under fixed-price long-term supply agreements, based on assumptions about expected demand and market conditions. Our assumption of expected demand is developed based on our analysis of bookings, sales backlog, sales pipeline, market forecast, and competitive intelligence. Our assumption of expected demand is compared to available inventory, production capacity, available third-party inventory, and growth plans. In addition, expected demand by geography has changed historically due to changes in the availability and size of government mandates and economic incentives.
Our classification of our inventory as current inventory requires us to estimate the portion of on-hand inventory that can be realized over the next 12 months. All of our inventory was classified as current as of January 1, 2023. (See Note 5. Balance Sheet Components).
Property, Plant, and Equipment
Property, plant, and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation, excluding solar power systems leased to residential customers, is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as presented below. Solar power systems leased to residential customers are depreciated using the straight-line method to their estimated residual values over the lease terms of up to 20 years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful lives of the assets or the remaining term of the lease. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.
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| Useful Lives in Years | |||||
| Leasehold improvements | 1 to 20 | ||||
| Testing equipment and tools | 2 to 10 | ||||
| Computer equipment and software | 2 to 7 | ||||
| Solar power systems | 30 | ||||
| Furniture and fixtures | 3 to 5 | ||||
Software Development Costs
Our internal software development costs primarily relate to three categories: 1) internal-use software development costs, 2) implementation costs incurred in cloud computing arrangements (“CCA”), and 3) external-use software development costs. We capitalize these costs incurred to purchase or develop software for internal use, implementation costs incurred for CCA, and software development costs for software to be sold externally.
Our internal-use software development costs are capitalized in the application development stage in accordance with ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software. These capitalized costs are reflected in “Property, plant and equipment, net” on the consolidated balance sheets and are depreciated over the estimated useful life of the software. The useful life of our internal-use software development costs is generally 2 to 3 years.
We also capitalize our costs incurred in CCA that is a service contract, consistent with our policy for software developed or obtained for internal use, in accordance with ASC 350-40, Internal-Use Software. The capitalized costs are reflected in “Other long-term assets” and “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” on our consolidated balance sheets and expensed over the term of the related hosting arrangement and service period.
Our external-use software development costs developed to be sold or leased externally are capitalized upon the establishment of technological feasibility for a product in accordance with ASC 985-20, Software to be Sold or Leased Externally. These software development costs are reflected in “Other intangible assets, net” on our consolidated balance sheets and amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated economic life of the product, or the service period, whichever is shorter.
Estimated Credit Losses
We are exposed to credit losses in the event of nonperformance by the counterparties to our financial and derivative instruments. Financial and derivative instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, investments, accounts receivable, notes receivable, and advances to suppliers. Our investment policy requires cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, and investments to be placed with high-quality financial institutions and to limit the amount of credit risk from any one issuer. We regularly evaluate the credit standing of our counterparty financial institutions.
In addition, we recognize an allowance for credit loss at the time a receivable is recorded based on our estimate of expected credit losses, historical write-off experience, and current account knowledge, and adjust this estimate over the life of the receivable as needed. We evaluate the aggregation and risk characteristics of a receivable pool and develop loss rates that reflect historical collections, current forecasts of future economic conditions over the time horizon we are exposed to credit risk, and payment terms or conditions that may materially affect future forecasts.
We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers’ financial condition whenever deemed necessary and generally we do not require collateral from our leasing customers. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts based on the expected collectability of all accounts receivable, which takes into consideration an analysis of historical bad debts, specific customer creditworthiness and current economic trends. Qualified customers under our residential lease program are generally required to have a minimum credit score. We believe that our concentration of credit risk is limited because of our large number of customers, credit quality of the customer base, small account balances for most of these customers, and customer geographic diversification.
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As of January 1, 2023, we had no customers that accounted for at least 10% of our accounts receivable balance. As of January 2, 2022, one customer accounted for 12.1% of our accounts receivable balance. As of January 1, 2023, we reported $174.6 million of accounts receivable, net of allowances of $14.8 million. Based on the aging analysis as of January 1, 2023, 75% of our trade accounts receivable was outstanding less than 60 days. Refer to Note 5. Balance Sheet Components for more details on changes in allowance for credit losses. We have not seen significant changes to the recovery rate of our accounts receivables as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and more recent inflationary pressures and economic downturn, but we are continuing to actively monitor the impact on our expected credit losses.
Retail installment contract receivables, net
In fiscal 2021, we launched SunPower FinancialTM, with an objective to make renewable energy affordable for more homeowners and increase access to underserved populations by offering a new line of financial products featuring expanded eligibility. The offering includes entering into a retail installment contract, together with a sale of the solar power system, offering a long-term loan to our customers at affordable rates to finance their purchase. These retail installment contracts allow us to extend credit to the customers to pay for the solar power systems they purchased, on an installment basis, with a term of typically 20 - 25 years.
Revenue from the sale of solar power systems underlying these retail installment contracts is recognized similar to other contracts, when the solar power system is fully installed and final permit is received from the authority having jurisdiction, as we deem our performance obligation under the contract to be complete at such time, and the customer retains the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the solar power system. Further, in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, given the long-term nature of these receivables, a significant financing component is deemed to exist. We adjust the transaction price to quantify and defer the significant financing component at contract inception, using the discount rate that would be reflective of a separate financing transaction between the entity and its customer at contract inception. The significant financing component amount is deferred and recognized as revenue over the contract term. We recognize the interest income as revenue given the contracts are entered into in connection with the sales of our solar power systems and within our ordinary business activities.
We are exposed to credit risk from certain customers and their potential payment delinquencies on these retail installment contracts, given the typical term of 20 - 25 years. As of January 1, 2023, the average Fair Isaac Corporation (“FICO”) score of our customers under a retail installment contract agreement remained at or above 740, which is generally categorized as a “Very Good” credit profile by the Fair Isaac Corporation. However, existing and future customers’ credit profiles may decline due to economic headwinds. As of fiscal 2022, our retail installment contract portfolio did not experience any customer defaults, however, they may occur as we continue our business.
As of January 1, 2023, the receivables are classified within current and non-current assets, based on the underlying contractual payment terms, as “accounts receivable, net” and “other long-term assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.
Income Taxes
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for temporary differences between financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are provided against deferred tax assets when management cannot conclude that it is more likely than not that some portion or all deferred tax assets will be realized.
As applicable, interest and penalties on tax contingencies are included in “(Provision for) benefits from income taxes” in the consolidated statements of operations and such amounts were not material for any periods presented. In addition, foreign exchange gains (losses) may result from estimated tax liabilities, which are expected to be settled in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
Investments in Equity Interests
Investments in entities in which we can exercise significant influence, but do not own a majority equity interest or otherwise control, are accounted for under the equity method. We record our share of the results of these entities as “Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees” on the consolidated statements of operations. We monitor our investments for other-than-temporary impairment by considering factors such as current economic and market conditions and the operating performance of the entities and record reductions in carrying values when necessary. The fair value of privately held investments is estimated using the best available information as of the valuation date, including current earnings trends, undiscounted cash flows, and other company specific information, including recent financing rounds.
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We have elected the fair value option in accordance with the guidance in ASC 825, Financial Instruments, for our investment in the SunStrong Capital Holdings, LLC (“SunStrong”), Dorado Development Partners, LLC (“Dorado DevCo”), and SunStrong Partners, LLC (“SunStrong Partners”) joint ventures, to mitigate volatility in reported earnings that results from the use of different measurement attributes. We initially computed the fair value for our investments consistent with the methodology and assumptions that market participants would use in their estimates of fair value with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist. The fair value computation is updated using the same methodology on an annual basis, during the third fiscal quarter, considering material changes in the business of SunStrong, Dorado DevCo, and SunStrong Partners or other inputs. The investments are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because we estimate the fair value of the investments using the income approach based on the discounted cash flow method which considered estimated future financial performance, including assumptions for, among others, forecasted contractual lease income, lease expenses, residual value of these lease assets and long-term discount rates, and forecasted default rates over the lease term and discount rates, some of which require significant judgment by management and are not based on observable inputs (See Note 5. Balance Sheet Components, Note 7. Fair Value Measurements, and Note 10. Equity Investments).
Product Warranties
We provide a workmanship warranty of up to 25 years from installation and a 25-year standard warranty for previously SunPower-manufactured microinverters. We also warrant our installed systems for defective materials and workmanship for periods ranging up to 25 years. We pass through to customers warranties from the original equipment manufacturers of certain system components such as solar panels, monitoring equipment and inverters. For such components, our warranties may exceed the warranty coverage from the original equipment manufacturers. For solar energy systems we do not install directly, we receive workmanship warranties from our solar partners.
In addition, we also provide a separate system output performance warranty to customers that have subscribed to our post-installation monitoring and maintenance services which expires upon termination of these services related to the system. The warrantied system output performance level varies by system depending on the characteristics of the system and the negotiated agreement with the customer, and the level declines over time to account for the expected degradation of the system. Actual system output is typically measured annually for purposes of determining whether warrantied performance levels have been met. The warranty excludes system output shortfalls attributable to force majeure events, customer curtailment, irregular weather, and other similar factors. In the event that the system output falls below the warrantied performance level during the applicable warranty period, and provided that the shortfall is not caused by a factor that is excluded from the performance warranty, the warranty provides that we will pay the customer a liquidated damage based on the value of the shortfall of energy produced relative to the applicable warrantied performance level.
We maintain reserves to cover the expected costs that could result from these warranties. Our expected costs are generally in the form of product replacement or repair. Warranty reserves are based on our best estimate of such costs and are recognized as a cost of revenue. We continuously monitor product returns for warranty failures and maintain a reserve for the related warranty expenses based on various factors including historical warranty claims, results of accelerated lab testing, field monitoring, vendor reliability estimates, and data on industry averages for similar products. Due to the potential for variability in these underlying factors, the difference between our estimated costs and our actual costs could be material to our consolidated financial statements. If actual product failure rates or the frequency or severity of reported claims differ from our estimates or if there are delays in our responsiveness to outages, we may be required to revise our estimated warranty liability. Historically, warranty costs have been within management’s expectations (see Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies).
Revenue Recognition
We recognize revenue from contracts with customers when we have completed our performance obligations under an identified contract. The revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration for the corresponding performance obligations for the goods and services transferred.
Solar Power Systems and Component Sales
A majority of our revenue is generated by sales of fully functioning solar power systems to our customers. We sell our products through a network of installing and non-installing dealers and resellers, as well as our internal sales team. Usually, our performance obligation is to design and install a fully functioning solar energy system. We recognize revenue when the solar power system is fully installed and the final permit is received from the authority having jurisdiction, as we deem our performance obligation under the contract to be complete at such time, and the customer retains all of the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the solar power system. In situations when we are not responsible for construction and installation of solar power systems, usually when the sales are made by one of our installing dealers or resellers, we recognize revenue when
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the components of the solar power system are delivered at the customer site. All costs to obtain and fulfill contracts associated with system sales are expensed as a cost of revenue when we have fulfilled our performance obligations.
Revenue is generally recognized at transaction price, net of costs of financing, or other consideration paid to the customers. Also, our arrangements may contain clauses that can either increase or decrease the transaction price. Variable consideration is estimated at each measurement date at its most likely amount to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur and true-ups are applied prospectively as such estimates change.
We apply for and receive state, local, and utility rebates and Solar Renewable Energy Credits (“SRECs”) in certain jurisdictions for power generated by solar energy systems we have sold to customers. We retain control of the rights to future SRECs and sell the SRECs generated from qualifying solar power systems to a public utility. SREC revenue is estimated net of any variable consideration related to possible liquidated damages if we were to deliver fewer SRECs than contractually committed, and is generally recognized upon delivery of the SRECs to the public utility and corresponding collection of cash.
Stock-Based Compensation
We provide stock-based awards to our employees, executive officers, and directors through various equity compensation plans including our employee stock option and restricted stock plans. We measure and record compensation expense for all stock-based payment awards based on estimated fair values. The fair value of restricted stock awards and units is based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant. We have not granted stock options since fiscal 2008. Under current accounting guidance, we have made a policy election to estimate forfeitures at the date of grant, and we update such estimate on an annual basis. Our estimate of forfeitures is based on our historical activity, which we believe is indicative of expected forfeitures. In subsequent periods if the actual rate of forfeitures differs from our estimate, the forfeiture rates are required to be revised, as necessary. Changes in the estimated forfeiture rates can have a significant effect on stock-based compensation expense since the effect of adjusting the rate is recognized in the period the forfeiture estimate is changed.
We also grant performance share units to executive officers and certain employees that require us to estimate expected achievement of performance targets over the performance period. This estimate involves judgment regarding future expectations of various financial performance measures. If there are changes in our estimate of the level of financial performance measures expected to be achieved, the related stock-based compensation expense may be significantly increased or reduced in the period that our estimate changes.
Advertising Costs
Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expense totaled approximately $46.4 million, $18.9 million, and $6.4 million in fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.
Research and Development (“R&D”) Expenses
R&D expense consists primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, depreciation, and the cost of solar cell and solar panel materials and services used for the development of products, including experiments and testing. R&D costs are expensed as incurred, except for software development costs which qualify for capitalization. R&D expenses are reported net of contributions under contracts with governmental agencies.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in equity during a period from non-owner sources. Our comprehensive income (loss) for each period presented is comprised of (i) our net income (loss); (ii) foreign currency translation adjustment of our foreign subsidiaries whose assets and liabilities are translated from their respective functional currencies at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date and revenues and expenses are translated at average exchange rates prevailing during the applicable period; (iii) changes in unrealized gains or losses, net of tax, for the effective portion of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges; and (iv) net gain (loss) on long-term pension liability adjustment.
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Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests represents the portion of net assets in consolidated subsidiaries that are not attributable, directly or indirectly, to us. Beginning in fiscal 2013, we have entered into facilities with third-party investors under which the investors are determined to hold noncontrolling interests in entities fully consolidated by us. The net assets of the shared entities are attributed to the controlling and noncontrolling interests based on the terms of the governing contractual arrangements. We further determined the hypothetical liquidation at book value method (“HLBV Method”) to be the appropriate method for attributing net assets to the controlling and noncontrolling interests as this method most closely mirrors the economics of the governing contractual arrangements. Under the HLBV Method, we allocate recorded income (loss) to each investor based on the change, during the reporting period, of the amount of net assets each investor is entitled to under the governing contractual arrangements in a liquidation scenario.
Long-Lived Assets Impairment
We evaluate our long-lived assets, including property, plant, and equipment, solar power systems leased and to be leased, and other intangible assets with finite lives, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant under-performance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of acquired assets, and significant negative industry or economic trends. Our impairment evaluation of long-lived assets includes an analysis of estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets over their remaining estimated useful lives. If our estimate of future undiscounted net cash flows is insufficient to recover the carrying value of the assets over the remaining estimated useful lives, we record an impairment loss in the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the fair value. Fair value is generally measured based on either quoted market prices, if available, or discounted cash flow analysis.
For purposes of the impairment evaluation, long-lived assets are grouped with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. We must exercise judgment in assessing such groupings and levels. We then compare the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group (including the eventual disposition of the asset group at residual value) to the asset group’s carrying value to determine if the asset group is recoverable. If our estimate of future undiscounted net cash flows is insufficient to recover the carrying value of the asset group, we record an impairment loss in the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds the fair value. Fair value is generally measured based on (i) internally developed discounted cash flows for the asset group, (ii) third-party valuations, and (iii) quoted market prices, if available. If the fair value of an asset group is determined to be less than its carrying value, an impairment in the amount of the difference is recorded in the period that the impairment indicator occurs. There were no indicators of impairment during fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020, and therefore no cash flow analysis was performed.
Goodwill Impairment
We test goodwill impairment at least annually during the last day of the third fiscal quarter, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The evaluation of impairment is performed at the reporting unit level. We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill prior to completing a quantitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including existing goodwill.
If goodwill is determined more likely than not to be impaired upon an initial assessment of qualitative factors, the next step is to compare the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including existing goodwill. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The amount of impairment is limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit.
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In measuring the fair value of the reporting units, we make estimates and judgments about our future cash flows using an income approach defined as Level 3 inputs under fair value measurement standards. The income approach, specifically a discounted cash flow analysis, includes assumptions for, among others, forecasted revenue, gross margin, operating income, working capital cash flow, perpetual growth rates and long-term discount rates, all of which require significant judgment by management. The sum of the fair values of our reporting units are also compared to our total external market capitalization to validate the appropriateness of its assumptions and such reporting unit values are adjusted, if appropriate. These assumptions also consider the current industry environment and the resulting impact on our expectations for the performance of our business. In the event that management determines that the value of goodwill has become impaired, we will incur an accounting charge for the amount of the impairment during the fiscal quarter in which the determination is made. Refer to Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets for additional details on our goodwill impairment test performed during fiscal 2022.
Accounting for Business Divestitures
From time to time, we may dispose of significant assets or portions of our business by sale or exchange for other assets. In accounting for such transactions, we apply the applicable accounting guidance under U.S. GAAP pertaining to discontinued operations and disposals of components of an entity. Our assessment includes whether such disposal represents a significant strategic shift in our operations and on the extent of our continuing involvement in relation to that portion of our business. We evaluate the significance of our intended divestiture transactions in relation to our consolidated financial measures to determine whether a disposal of assets or a business qualifies as discontinued operations. We recognize disposal related costs that are not part of divestiture consideration as general and administrative expense as they are incurred. These costs typically include transaction and disposal costs, such as legal, accounting, and other professional fees.
Business Combinations
We record all acquired assets and liabilities, including goodwill, other intangible assets, and contingent consideration at fair value. The initial recording of goodwill, other intangible assets, and contingent consideration requires certain estimates and assumptions concerning the determination of the fair values and useful lives. The judgments made in the context of the purchase price allocation can materially impact our future results of operations. Accordingly, for significant acquisitions, we obtain assistance from third-party valuation specialists. The valuations calculated from estimates are based on information available at the acquisition date (see Note 6. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets). We charge acquisition related costs that are not part of the consideration to sales, general, and administrative expense as they are incurred. These costs typically include transaction and integration costs, such as legal, accounting, and other professional fees.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)—Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity. The amendment reduces the number of accounting models used for convertible debt instruments and convertible preferred stock, which results in fewer embedded conversion features separately recognized from the host contracts. ASU 2020-06 is effective no later than the first quarter of fiscal 2022. Early adoption is permitted no earlier than the first quarter of fiscal 2021, and the ASU should be applied retrospectively. We adopted the ASU during the first quarter of fiscal 2022. The adoption did not have any impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-10, Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance, which requires business entities to disclose information about transactions with a government that are accounted for by applying a grant or contribution model by analogy (for example, IFRS guidance in IAS 20 or guidance on contributions for not-for-profit entities in ASC 958-605). For transactions within scope, the new standard requires the disclosure of information about the nature of the transaction, including significant terms and conditions, as well as the amounts and specific financial statement line items affected by the transaction. ASU 2021-10 is effective no later than the first quarter of fiscal 2022. We adopted the ASU during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. The adoption did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2022, the ASU 2022-06, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848, which extends the optional transition relief to ease the potential burden in accounting for reference rate reform on financial reporting. The transition relief is provided through December 30, 2024 based on the expectation that the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) will cease to be published as of June 30, 2023. We adopted the ASU during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022, and it did not have any impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
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Note 2. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS
On February 6, 2022, we signed the Definitive Agreement with TotalEnergies Renewables for the sale of our C&I Solutions business. The transaction closed on May 31, 2022 pursuant to the terms of the Definitive Agreement, and TotalEnergies Renewables acquired all of the issued and outstanding common stock of our C&I Solutions business. The preliminary purchase price of $190.0 million was subject to certain adjustments, including cash, indebtedness, and an estimated closing date working capital adjustment. Upon closing, we received net cash consideration of $149.2 million based on the estimated net assets of the business on that date. As of the third quarter of fiscal 2022, we recorded a payable of $7.0 million to Total, based on our review of the closing date working capital and our submission of the Closing Statement. On October 25, 2022, we received a notice of disagreement from TotalEnergies Renewables with respect to the Closing Statement. We and TotalEnergies Renewables subsequently engaged in discussions, which were unsuccessful in resolving the areas of disagreement. Accordingly, as set forth in the Definitive Agreement, we have appointed an independent accountant to adjudicate the amount owed under the Closing Statement. TotalEnergies Renewables has asserted that the payable should be approximately $52.0 million, however we continue to believe no adjustment is required to the working capital provision of $7.0 million that we previously recorded, as it reflects our books and records at the time of close in accordance with GAAP and the Definitive Agreement.
The sale of the C&I Solutions business was a common control transaction in accordance with the guidance in ASC 805, Business Combinations, as TotalEnergies Renewables was a wholly owned subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE that held a more than 50% voting interest in the Company and TotalEnergies Renewables as of the sale on May 31, 2022. As such, the difference between the total cash consideration received and the net book value of the C&I Solutions business, and the estimated working capital adjustment recorded, was recorded as an equity transaction. Accordingly, the gain was recorded as “additional paid-in capital” with a portion of the gain recorded in “non-controlling interest” due to the transfer of our safe harbor inventory from our consolidated VIE, Solar Sail, LLC (“Solar Sail”), to Total. As of January 1, 2023, given HoldCo is now the record holder of the majority of SunPower common stock since September 12, 2022, when Total and Total Gaz sold 50% less one unit of the equity interests in HoldCo to GIP Sol, we are no longer consolidated by Total.
We also incurred transaction costs in connection with the sale of $11.4 million for the year ended January 1, 2023, which were expensed as incurred and included within “loss from discontinued operations before income taxes” in our consolidated statements of operations. We began incurring these transaction costs in the second quarter of fiscal 2021, and incurred transaction costs of $3.5 million in the year ended January 2, 2022.
The following table presents the gain on sale of our C&I Solutions business recorded within our consolidated statements of equity for the year ended January 1, 2023:
| Twelve Months Ended | ||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | |||||||
| Net cash consideration | $ | 149,171 | ||||||
| Less: Working capital adjustments based on Closing Statement | 7,005 | |||||||
Less: Net book value of assets sold | 24,562 | |||||||
| Less: Income taxes impact from sale | 1,371 | |||||||
| $ | 116,233 | |||||||
| Gain on sale of C&I Solutions business - within additional paid-in capital | $ | 112,290 | ||||||
| Gain on sale of C&I Solutions business - within non-controlling interest | $ | 3,943 | ||||||
In accordance with the accounting guidance, the C&I Solutions business is presented as discontinued operations for the period up to and including the date of the sale, including the first quarter of fiscal 2022 as the signing of the Definitive Agreement had occurred and the sale represented a strategic shift in our business with major impacts on our current and historical financial results. As such, for all periods presented, the financial results of C&I Solutions are presented as net earnings from discontinued operations on the consolidated statement of operations, as well as assets and liabilities of discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheets.
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The following table presents the assets and liabilities of C&I Solutions as of January 2, 2022, presented as assets and liabilities of discontinued operations on the consolidated balance sheet:
| (In thousands) | January 2, 2022 | ||||
| Assets | |||||
| Current assets: | |||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 3,395 | |||
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents, current portion | 3,466 | ||||
| Accounts receivable, net | 5,522 | ||||
| Contract assets | 55,673 | ||||
| Inventories | 28,561 | ||||
| Advances to suppliers, current portion | 2,813 | ||||
| Project assets - plants and land, current portion | 8,105 | ||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 13,257 | ||||
| Total current assets of discontinued operations | 120,792 | ||||
| Restricted cash and cash equivalents, net of current portion | 2,439 | ||||
| Property, plant and equipment, net | 1,734 | ||||
| Operating lease right-of-use assets | 27,572 | ||||
| Other long-term assets | 15,781 | ||||
| Total assets of discontinued operations | $ | 168,318 | |||
| Liabilities | |||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 38,541 | |||
| Accrued liabilities | 16,895 | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities, current portion | 1,400 | ||||
| Contract liabilities, current portion | 26,559 | ||||
| Short-term debt | 3,101 | ||||
| Total current liabilities of discontinued operations | 86,496 | ||||
| Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion | 10,200 | ||||
| Contract liabilities, net of current portion | 9,096 | ||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 23,365 | ||||
| Total liabilities of discontinued operations | $ | 129,157 | |||
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The following table presents financial results of C&I Solutions presented as discontinued operations in the consolidated statement of operations in the corresponding periods:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 36,710 | $ | 191,464 | $ | 254,811 | ||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenues | 59,860 | 199,168 | 224,331 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gross (loss) profit | (23,150) | (7,704) | 30,480 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating expenses | 22,131 | 34,512 | 28,947 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating (loss) income | (45,281) | (42,216) | 1,533 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other (expense) income, net | (1,874) | (3,830) | (3,823) | |||||||||||||||||
| (Loss) earnings before income taxes | (47,155) | (46,046) | (2,290) | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefits from (provision for) income taxes | 584 | 2,048 | 116 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinued operations | (46,571) | (43,998) | (2,174) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net loss (income) from discontinued operations attributable to noncontrolling interests | 250 | 539 | 1,148 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to stockholders | $ | (46,321) | $ | (43,459) | $ | (1,026) | ||||||||||||||
The following table presents significant non-cash items and capital expenditures of discontinued operations:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | $ | 85 | $ | 2,592 | $ | 6,494 | ||||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | 21 | 2,970 | 2,365 | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on change in valuation of equity method investments | — | (726) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on sale of investments | — | (1,162) | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Loss (gain) on business divestiture | — | 5,066 | (10,334) | |||||||||||||||||
Note 3. TRANSACTIONS WITH TOTAL AND TOTALENERGIES SE
In June 2011, Total completed a cash tender offer to acquire 60% of our then outstanding shares of common stock at a price of $23.25 per share, for a total cost of approximately $1.4 billion. In December 2011, we entered into a Private Placement Agreement with Total, under which Total purchased, and we issued and sold, 18.6 million shares of our common stock for a purchase price of $8.80 per share, thereby increasing Total's ownership to approximately 66% of our outstanding common stock as of that date.
On May 24, 2022, Total and Total Gaz (collectively, “Sellers”) agreed to sell 50% less one unit of the equity interests in HoldCo, which upon closing of such transaction would be the record holder of all of the shares of our common stock held by Sellers, to GIP Sol (and such transaction, the “Transaction”).
On September 12, 2022, Sellers closed the Transaction. In connection with the completion of the Transaction, TotalEnergies Renewables, GIP Sol, and HoldCo entered into a Letter Agreement, dated September 12, 2022, concerning certain governance rights with respect to HoldCo and the shares of our common stock held directly by HoldCo. Specifically, TotalEnergies Renewables and GIP Sol agreed to, among other things, take all actions necessary to cause HoldCo to designate and elect to our board of directors (the “Board”) such individuals as HoldCo is entitled to appoint pursuant to the Affiliation Agreement; provided, however, that for so long as HoldCo is entitled to appoint at least five directors to our Board, GIP Sol shall have the right to appoint two of such five directors. The Letter Agreement also contained certain provisions on voting and on the transfer of HoldCo interests and common stock of the Company.
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For the year ended January 1, 2023, ownership of our outstanding common stock by TotalEnergies SE and its affiliates, and GIP Sol, was approximately 50%. Subsequent to the spin-off of Maxeon Solar Technologies, Ltd. (“Maxeon Solar”) completed on August 26, 2020 (the “Spin-Off”), Total received a pro rata distribution of ordinary shares of Maxeon Solar, and its percentage ownership of shares of SunPower did not change.
Affiliation Agreement
In April 2011, we and Total entered into an Affiliation Agreement that governs the relationship between Total and us (the “Affiliation Agreement”). Until the expiration of a standstill period specified in the Affiliation Agreement (the “Standstill Period”), and subject to certain exceptions, Total, TotalEnergies SE, and any of their respective affiliates and certain other related parties (collectively, the “TotalEnergies”) may not effect, seek, or enter into discussions with any third party regarding any transaction that would result in the Total Group beneficially owning our shares in excess of certain thresholds, or request us or our independent directors, officers, or employees to amend or waive any of the standstill restrictions applicable to the Total Group. The Standstill Period ends when Total holds less than 15% ownership of us.
The Affiliation Agreement imposes certain limitations on the Total Group’s ability to seek to effect a tender offer or merger to acquire 100% our outstanding voting power and imposes certain limitations on the Total Group’s ability to transfer 40% or more of our outstanding shares or voting power to a single person or group that is not a direct or indirect subsidiary of TotalEnergies SE. During the Standstill Period, no member of the Total Group may, among other things, solicit proxies or become a participant in an election contest relating to the election of directors to our board of directors (the “Board”).
The Affiliation Agreement provides Total with the right to maintain its percentage ownership in connection with any new securities issued by us, and Total may also purchase shares on the open market or in private transactions with disinterested stockholders, subject in each case to certain restrictions.
The Affiliation Agreement also imposes restrictions with respect to our and our Board’s ability to take certain actions, including specifying certain actions that require approval by the directors other than the directors appointed by Total and other actions that require stockholder approval by Total.
On April 19, 2021, we entered into an amendment to the Affiliation Agreement with Total (the “April Affiliation Agreement Amendment”). The April Affiliation Agreement Amendment provided that our Board would include 11 members, composed of our president and chief executive officer, our immediate past chief executive officer, (“Mr. Werner”), six directors designated by Total, and three non-Total-designated directors. If the ownership of our voting securities by Total, together with the controlled subsidiaries of TotalEnergies SE, declines below certain thresholds, the number of members of the Board that Total is entitled to designate will be reduced as set forth in the Affiliation Agreement. Pursuant to the April Affiliation Agreement Amendment, Mr. Werner resigned from his position as a member of the Board on November 1, 2021. On October 29, 2021, we entered into a further amendment to the Affiliation Agreement (the “October Affiliation Agreement Amendment”), which provided that our Board would remain at 11 members until March 31, 2022 and allowed for the appointment of one additional independent director to fill the vacancy created by Mr. Werner’s resignation from the Board, which was filled as of December 31, 2021. The October Affiliation Agreement Amendment further provided that, after March 31, 2022, the Board would revert to nine members, at which time one independent director and one Total designee would resign from the Board. As previously disclosed, on March 31, 2022, one independent director and one Total designee resigned from the Board, and the Board reverted to nine members as of such date.
In accordance with the Letter Agreement entered into by TotalEnergies Renewables, GIP Sol, and HoldCo on September 12, 2022, GIP had the right to appoint two designees to our Board. On September 23, 2022, two Total designees resigned from the Board, and on September 26, 2022, the Board appointed two GIP designees.
Cooperation Agreement
In December 2020, we entered into a Strategic Cooperation Framework Agreement (the “Cooperation Agreement”) with Total that governed the ongoing relationship between us and Total with respect to development and sale of certain future commercial solar power projects. As a result of the sale of our C&I Solutions business on May 31, 2022, we transferred our obligations under the Cooperation Agreement to TotalEnergies Renewables.
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4.00% Debentures Due 2023
In December 2015, we issued $425.0 million in principal amount of our 4.00% debentures due 2023. An aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 was acquired by Total. Interest is payable semi-annually, beginning on July 15, 2016. The 4.00% debentures due 2023 are convertible into shares of our common stock at any time. When issued, the initial conversion rate in respect of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 was 32.7568 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of debentures (which was equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $30.53 per share). After giving effect to the Spin-Off, effective September 1, 2020, the conversion rate adjusted to 40.1552 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of debentures (which is equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $24.90 per share), which provides Total the right to acquire up to 4,015,515 shares of our common stock. Notice of the conversion rate adjustment was delivered to Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, the trustee, in accordance with the terms of the indenture governing the 4.00% debentures due 2023. The applicable conversion rate may further adjust in certain circumstances, including a fundamental change, as described in the indenture governing the 4.00% debentures due 2023. If not earlier repurchased or converted, the 4.00% debentures due 2023 mature on January 15, 2023. The sale of our C&I Solutions business during the second quarter, and the resulting classification as discontinued operations in these consolidated financial statements, does not qualify as a fundamental change under the indenture.
On January 17, 2023, we repaid the outstanding principal amount of $425.0 million of our 4.00% debentures due 2023, $100.0 million of which were held by TotalEnergies, as well as the remaining interest on the 4.00% debentures due 2023 of $8.5 million which was payable upon maturity.
Related-Party Transactions with Total and its Affiliates:
The following are balances and transactions entered into with Total and its affiliates.
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | $ | 489 | $ | 238 | ||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2,898 | — | ||||||||||||
| Other long-term assets | 1,284 | — | ||||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 8,033 | — | ||||||||||||
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other income: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gain on early retirement of convertible debt | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 1,857 | ||||||||||||||
| (Income) expense from transition services agreement, net | (281) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Sublease income (recorded in sales, general, and administrative expense) | (499) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Guarantee fees incurred under the Credit Support Agreement | — | — | 13 | |||||||||||||||||
Interest expense incurred on the 0.875% debentures due 2021 | — | — | 1,238 | |||||||||||||||||
Interest expense incurred on the 4.00% debentures due 2023 | 4,000 | 4,000 | 4,000 | |||||||||||||||||
| Included within discontinued operations: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | 335 | 54,285 | 127,872 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total cost of revenues | 7,679 | 46,404 | 95,458 | |||||||||||||||||
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Note 4. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS
Disaggregation of Revenue
The following tables represent disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers for fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Solar power systems sales | $ | 1,340,407 | $ | 786,708 | $ | 540,690 | ||||||||||||||
| Component sales | 337,076 | 240,911 | 185,858 | |||||||||||||||||
| Light commercial sales | 46,543 | 72,126 | 97,136 | |||||||||||||||||
| Services and other | 17,046 | 32,284 | 46,333 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 1,741,072 | $ | 1,132,029 | $ | 870,017 | ||||||||||||||
We recognize revenue from contracts with customers when we have completed our performance obligations under an identified contract. The revenue is recognized in an amount that reflects the consideration for the corresponding performance obligations for the goods and services transferred.
Contract Assets and Liabilities
Contract assets consist of unbilled receivables which represent revenue that has been recognized in advance of billing the customer, which is common for our residential cash and loan customers. Contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue and customer advances, which represent consideration received from a customer prior to transferring control of goods or services to the customer under the terms of a sales contract. Total contract assets and contract liabilities balances as of the respective dates are as follows:
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Contract assets | $ | 51,001 | $ | 31,925 | ||||||||||
| Contract liabilities | 155,764 | 80,990 | ||||||||||||
During the year ended January 1, 2023, the increase in contract assets of $19.1 million was primarily driven by an increase in residential cash projects that have met revenue recognition based on applicable milestones, but have not yet been billed to customers. The increase in contract liabilities of $74.8 million, during the year ended January 1, 2023, was primarily due to an increase in invoiced contracts related to our cash and loan projects waiting for revenue recognition, as well as an increase in customer advances.
During the year ended January 2, 2022, the decrease in contract assets of $24.2 million was primarily driven by a settlement for milestone achievement for one legacy power plant project, as well as a collection of variable consideration on a power plant development project sold in prior years. The increase in contract liabilities of $6.8 million, during the year ended January 2, 2022, was primarily due to an increase in invoiced contracts waiting for revenue recognition, as well as an increase in billings in excess of cost.
During the year ended January 1, 2023, we recognized revenue of $41.9 million that was included in contract liabilities as of January 2, 2022. During the year ended January 2, 2022, we recognized revenue of $35.7 million that was included in contract liabilities as of January 3, 2021.
As of January 1, 2023, we have entered into contracts with customers for sales of solar power systems and components for an aggregate transaction price of $990.8 million, the substantial majority of which we expect to recognize over the next 12 months.
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Note 5. BALANCE SHEET COMPONENTS
Accounts Receivable, Net
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, gross | $ | 189,636 | $ | 135,912 | ||||||||||
| Less: allowance for credit losses | (14,750) | (14,375) | ||||||||||||
| Less: allowance for sales returns | (309) | (269) | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable, net | $ | 174,577 | $ | 121,268 | ||||||||||
Allowance for Credit Losses
| (In thousands) | Balance at Beginning of Period | Charges (Releases) to Expenses / Revenues | Additions (Deductions) | Balance at End of Period | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for credit losses: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Year ended January 1, 2023 | $ | 14,375 | $ | 2,706 | $ | (2,331) | $ | 14,750 | ||||||||||||||||||
Year ended January 2, 2022 | 13,850 | 2,447 | (1,922) | 14,375 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Year ended January 3, 2021 | 15,148 | 2,375 | (3,673) | 13,850 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allowance for sales returns: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Year ended January 1, 2023 | $ | 269 | $ | 40 | $ | — | $ | 309 | ||||||||||||||||||
Year ended January 2, 2022 | 181 | 88 | — | 269 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Year ended January 3, 2021 | 285 | (104) | — | 181 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Inventories
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Photo-voltaic modules | $ | 156,292 | $ | 130,671 | ||||||||||
| Microinverters | 46,088 | 24,040 | ||||||||||||
| Energy Storage | 63,327 | 26,849 | ||||||||||||
| Other solar power system component materials | 51,108 | 32,872 | ||||||||||||
Inventories1 | $ | 316,815 | $ | 214,432 | ||||||||||
1 Photovoltaic modules are classified as finished goods, while the remaining components of total inventories are classified as raw materials.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred project costs | $ | 126,896 | $ | 52,165 | ||||||||||
| Deferred costs for solar power systems | 34,124 | 18,834 | ||||||||||||
| Related-party receivables | 3,959 | 3,684 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 32,781 | 25,529 | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | $ | 197,760 | $ | 100,212 | ||||||||||
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Property, Plant and Equipment, Net
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Testing equipment and tools | $ | 1,157 | $ | 3,848 | ||||||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 14,342 | 28,936 | ||||||||||||
| Solar power systems | 10,271 | 6,500 | ||||||||||||
| Computer equipment | 14,411 | 23,112 | ||||||||||||
| Internal-use software | 70,621 | 34,083 | ||||||||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | 8,088 | 8,582 | ||||||||||||
| Transportation equipment | 3,941 | 2,174 | ||||||||||||
| Vehicle finance leases | 12,316 | — | ||||||||||||
| Work-in-progress | 5,958 | 4,076 | ||||||||||||
| Property, plant and equipment, gross | 141,105 | 111,311 | ||||||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and impairment | (66,583) | (77,751) | ||||||||||||
Property, plant and equipment, net1 | $ | 74,522 | $ | 33,560 | ||||||||||
1 Property, plant and equipment is predominantly located in the U.S.
Other Long-term Assets
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Equity investments with readily determinable fair value | $ | — | $ | 91,473 | ||||||||||
| Equity investments without readily determinable fair value | 31,751 | 807 | ||||||||||||
| Equity investments with fair value option | 18,346 | 8,374 | ||||||||||||
Cloud computing arrangements implementation costs1 | 9,179 | 11,692 | ||||||||||||
| Deposits with related parties | 7,329 | 11,000 | ||||||||||||
| Retail installment contract receivables, net of current portion | 98,001 | — | ||||||||||||
| Long-term deferred project costs | 3,110 | 4,542 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term prepaid taxes | — | 4,145 | ||||||||||||
| Derivative assets | 2,293 | — | ||||||||||||
| Debt issuance cost | 3,556 | — | ||||||||||||
| Other | 19,020 | 24,961 | ||||||||||||
| Other long-term assets | $ | 192,585 | $ | 156,994 | ||||||||||
1 As of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, $5.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, was included in amortization expense related to the amortization of our capitalized CCA costs.
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Accrued Liabilities
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Employee compensation and employee benefits | $ | 36,452 | $ | 15,641 | ||||||||||
| Interest payable | 8,549 | 8,005 | ||||||||||||
| Short-term warranty reserves | 43,174 | 24,158 | ||||||||||||
| Restructuring reserve | 2 | 2,137 | ||||||||||||
| Legal expenses | 2,830 | 9,052 | ||||||||||||
| Taxes payable | 8,167 | 4,606 | ||||||||||||
Payable to related parties1 | 7,005 | — | ||||||||||||
| 2,949 | — | |||||||||||||
| Other | 36,101 | 38,381 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | $ | 145,229 | $ | 101,980 | ||||||||||
1 Includes the payable to Total recorded as of January 1, 2023 in connection with the sale of our C&I Solutions business, based on the latest estimate of closing date working capital.
Other Long-term Liabilities
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred revenue | $ | 35,864 | $ | 40,321 | ||||||||||
| Long-term warranty reserves | 35,706 | 56,124 | ||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits | 12,295 | 14,689 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term pension liability | 3,683 | 3,758 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term deferred tax liabilities | 1,139 | 15,834 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term taxes payable | — | 866 | ||||||||||||
| Related-party liabilities | 1,458 | 1,458 | ||||||||||||
| 7,878 | — | |||||||||||||
| Other | 14,774 | 8,147 | ||||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | $ | 112,797 | $ | 141,197 | ||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Cumulative translation adjustment | $ | 9,576 | $ | 9,620 | ||||||||||
| Net gain on long-term pension liability obligation | 1,992 | 1,548 | ||||||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive income | $ | 11,568 | $ | 11,168 | ||||||||||
Note 6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS
Goodwill
On October 4, 2021, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement to acquire all of the issued and outstanding membership interests of Blue Raven Solar Holdings, LLC (“Blue Raven”) and 35% of the issued and outstanding membership interests in Albatross Software, LLC, an affiliate of Blue Raven. Goodwill presented on our consolidated financial statements represents Goodwill resulting from the acquisition of Blue Raven.
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We test goodwill impairment at least annually during the last day of the third fiscal quarter, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that goodwill might be impaired. The evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current fair value of our reporting unit to the book value (including goodwill). We have the option to perform a qualitative assessment of goodwill prior to completing a quantitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. After assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we concluded that as of October 2, 2022, the date our qualitative test was performed, it is more likely than not the fair value of our reporting unit with goodwill is greater than the book value and, therefore, that there is no goodwill impairment.
Other Intangible Assets
The following table represents our other intangible assets with finite useful lives:
| (In thousands) | Gross Carrying Amount | Accumulated Amortization | Net Book Value | |||||||||||||||||
As of January 1, 2023: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | 3,700 | $ | (1,542) | $ | 2,158 | ||||||||||||||
| Brand | 15,800 | (4,937) | 10,863 | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-compete agreements | 3,400 | (1,417) | 1,983 | |||||||||||||||||
| Software development costs | 9,250 | (62) | 9,188 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 32,150 | $ | (7,958) | $ | 24,192 | ||||||||||||||
| As of January 2, 2022: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Developed technology | $ | 3,700 | $ | (308) | $ | 3,392 | ||||||||||||||
| Brand | 15,800 | (988) | 14,812 | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-compete agreements | 3,400 | (283) | 3,117 | |||||||||||||||||
| Software development costs | 3,579 | (21) | 3,558 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 26,479 | $ | (1,600) | $ | 24,879 | ||||||||||||||
Aggregate amortization expense for intangible assets was $6.4 million, $1.6 million, and $0.1 million for fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. No impairment loss was recorded for intangible assets for the fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020.
As of January 1, 2023, the estimated future amortization expense related to intangible assets with finite useful lives for each of the next three fiscal years was as follows:
| Expected Amortization Expense | ||||||||
| Fiscal Year | (In thousands) | |||||||
| 2023 | $ | 12,443 | ||||||
| 2024 | 8,787 | |||||||
| 2025 | 2,962 | |||||||
| Total | $ | 24,192 | ||||||
Note 7. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Fair value is estimated by applying the following hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement (observable inputs are the preferred basis of valuation):
•Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 — Measurements are inputs that are observable for assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly, other than quoted prices included within Level 1.
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•Level 3 — Prices or valuations that require management inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
We measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. There were no transfers between fair value measurement levels during any presented period.
The following table summarizes our assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022:
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | Total Fair Value | Level 3 | Level 2 | Level 1 | Total Fair Value | Level 3 | Level 2 | Level 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 297,474 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 297,474 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other long-term assets: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity investments with FVO | 18,346 | 18,346 | — | — | 8,374 | 8,374 | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Equity investments with readily determinable fair value | 132,480 | — | — | 132,480 | 457,352 | — | — | 457,352 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Interest rate swaps | 2,293 | — | 2,293 | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 450,593 | $ | 18,346 | $ | 2,293 | $ | 429,954 | $ | 465,726 | $ | 8,374 | $ | — | $ | 457,352 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Money market funds
During fiscal 2022, we entered into investments in money market funds with Bank of America in the amount of $297.5 million, which are recorded within “cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheets. The money market funds are classified within Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy as we value the funds using observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for securities with identical characteristics.
Equity investments with fair value option (“FVO”)
We have elected the FVO in accordance with the guidance in ASC 825, Financial Instruments, for our investment in the SunStrong, Dorado DevCo, and SunStrong Partners joint ventures, to mitigate volatility in reported earnings that results from the use of different measurement attributes (see Note 10. Equity Investments). We initially computed the fair value for our investments consistent with the methodology and assumptions that market participants would use in their estimates of fair value with the assistance of a third-party valuation specialist. The fair value computation is updated using the same methodology on an annual basis, during the third fiscal quarter, considering material changes in the business of SunStrong, Dorado DevCo, and SunStrong Partners or other inputs. The investments are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because we estimate the fair value of the investments using the income approach based on the discounted cash flow method which considered estimated future financial performance, including assumptions for, among others, forecasted contractual lease income, lease expenses, residual value of these lease assets and long-term discount rates, and forecasted default rates over the lease term and discount rates, some of which require significant judgment by management and are not based on observable inputs.
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The following table summarizes movements in equity investments for the year ended January 1, 2023. There were no internal movements between Level 1 or Level 2 fair value measurements to or from Level 3 fair value measurements for the year ended January 1, 2023.
| (In thousands) | Beginning balance as of January 2, 2022 | Equity Distribution | Additional Investment | Other adjustment 1 | Ending balance as of January 1, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Equity investments with FVO | $ | 8,374 | $ | — | $ | 8,172 | $ | 1,800 | $ | 18,346 | |||||||
1 During the year ended January 1, 2023, we recorded a fair value adjustment of $1.8 million as a result of our assessment of the fair value of our equity investments with FVO during the year. The fair value adjustment was recorded within “Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees” in our consolidated statement of operations.
Level 3 significant unobservable inputs sensitivity
The following table summarizes the significant unobservable inputs used in Level 3 valuation of our investments carried at fair value as of January 1, 2023. Included in the table are the inputs or range of possible inputs that have an effect on the overall valuation of the financial instruments.
| 2022 | ||||||||||||||
| Assets: | Fair value | Valuation Technique | Unobservable input | Range (Weighted Average) | ||||||||||
| Other long-term assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Equity investments | $ | 18,346 | Discounted cash flows | Discount rate Residual value | 12.5%-13% 1 7.5% 1 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 18,346 | ||||||||||||
1 The primary unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of our equity investments, when using a discounted cash flow model, are the discount rate and residual value. Significant increases (decreases) in the discount rate in isolation would result in a significantly lower (higher) fair value measurement. We estimate the discount rate based on risk appropriate projected cost of equity. We estimate the residual value based on the contracted systems in place in the years being projected. Significant increases (decreases) in the residual value in isolation would result in a significantly higher (lower) fair value measurement.
Equity investments with readily determinable fair value
In connection with the divestment of our microinverter business to Enphase on August 9, 2018, we received 7.5 million shares of Enphase common stock (NASDAQ: ENPH). The common stock received was recorded as an equity investment with readily determinable fair value (Level 1), with changes in fair value recognized in net income in accordance with ASU 2016-01 Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Liabilities. For fiscal 2022 and 2021, we recorded a gain of $115.2 million and a gain of $21.0 million, respectively, within “other, net” in our consolidated statement of operations. During the year ended January 1, 2023, we sold two million shares of Enphase common stock in open market transactions for cash proceeds of $440.1 million. During the year ended January 2, 2022, we sold one million of shares of Enphase common stock in open market transactions for cash proceeds of $177.8 million. As of January 1, 2023, we retained 0.5 million shares of Enphase common stock.
On January 5, 2023, we sold the remaining 0.5 million shares of Enphase common stock in open market transactions for cash proceeds of $121.7 million, with a loss of $10.8 million.
Interest Rate Swaps
In connection with the entry into our loan and security purchase agreement with Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, and other financial institutions to finance our retail installment contract receivables on June 30, 2022, we also entered into interest rate swaps under the agreement, which convert the floating rate loan to a fixed rate. The interest rate swaps were entered into to mitigate the risks associated with interest rate volatility. The swaps terminate in March of 2024, unless we terminate early with the maturity of the loan, subject to any early termination costs.
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The interest rate swaps qualify as derivatives in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The fair value of the interest rate swaps is determined using a discounted cash flow model that incorporates an assessment of the risk of non-performance by the interest rate swap counterparty and an evaluation of credit risk in valuing derivative instruments. The valuation model uses various inputs including contractual terms, interest rate curves, credit spreads and measures of volatility.
As of January 1, 2023, we recorded derivative assets of $2.3 million, within “other long-term assets” in our consolidated balance sheets related to the interest rate swaps. These interest rate swap derivatives not designated as hedges had an aggregate notional value of $72.1 million as of January 1, 2023. In addition, we recognize changes in the fair value of the interest rate swaps immediately, and recorded a gain of $2.3 million within “interest expense” in our consolidated statement of operations for fiscal 2022.
Equity investments without readily determinable fair value
These equity investments are securities in privately held companies without readily determinable market values. We periodically adjust the carrying value of our equity securities to cost less impairment. Equity investments without readily determinable fair value are classified within Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy because we estimate the value based on valuation methods using a combination of observable and unobservable inputs including valuation ascribed to the issuing company in subsequent financing rounds, volatility in the results of operations of the issuers and rights and obligations of the securities we hold.
Retail installment contract receivables, net
The aggregate carrying value of our long-term retail installment contracts as of January 1, 2023 was $107.7 million, included within “accounts receivable, net” and “other long-term assets” on our consolidated balance sheets. We measure the retail installment contracts using the amortized cost method, where the significant financing component amount is deferred and recognized as revenue over the contract term. The fair value of these receivables as of January 1, 2023 was $77.6 million. The fair value was determined using Level 2 inputs based on weighted average market indexed-based pricing from our retail installment loan purchase agreement pricing list and quarterly market interest rates as reported by an independent pricing source.
Note 8. RESTRUCTURING
January 2021 Restructuring Plan
During the first quarter of fiscal 2021, we adopted a restructuring plan to realign and optimize workforce requirements concurrent with the planned closure of our manufacturing facility in Hillsboro, Oregon. In connection with the restructuring plan, which included actions implemented in the first quarter of fiscal 2021, a majority of our approximately 170 primarily manufacturing employees exited the business. We expected to incur restructuring charges totaling approximately $7.0 million to $9.0 million, consisting primarily of severance benefits (between $4.0 million and $5.0 million) and real estate lease termination costs (between $3.0 million and $4.0 million).
In connection with the closure, in April 2021, we signed agreements with two independent third parties to sell certain assets and liabilities, as well as retain and engage certain employees at the facility in providing R&D services. The proceeds for the assets and sale of R&D services, reduced our previously anticipated restructuring charges by approximately $1.2 million.
As of January 1, 2023, we had incurred cumulative costs of approximately $3.4 million in restructuring charges, primarily relating to the payment of severance benefits. The 2021 restructuring plan is substantially completed, with the only remaining activities on the plan relating to severance payments for certain employees retained.
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December 2019 Restructuring Plan
During the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, we adopted a restructuring plan to realign and optimize workforce requirements in light of changes to our business, including the Spin-Off. In connection with the restructuring plan, which included actions implemented in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2019, we expected between 145 and 160 non-manufacturing employees, representing approximately 3% of our global workforce, to exit over a period of approximately 12 to 18 months. Between 65 and 70 of these employees were expected in the legacy SunPower Technologies business unit and corporate function, and most of whom exited our company following the Spin-Off, and the remainder of which exited upon completion of transition services. As the legacy SunPower Energy Services business unit refined its focus on distributed generation, storage, and energy services, 80 to 90 employees exited during the fourth fiscal quarter of 2019 and the first half of 2020. As of January 1, 2023, we had incurred approximately $6.1 million in restructuring charges consisting primarily of severance and retention benefits. The 2019 restructuring plan was completed during the second quarter of fiscal 2022.
The following table summarizes the comparative periods-to-date restructuring charges by plan recognized in our consolidated statements of operations:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| January 2021 Restructuring Plan: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Severance and benefits | $ | (155) | $ | 3,517 | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
Other costs1 | 1 | 42 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Total January 2021 Restructuring Plan2 | (154) | 3,559 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| December 2019 Restructuring Plan: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Severance and benefits | (53) | 978 | 459 | |||||||||||||||||
Other costs1 | — | 112 | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total December 2019 Restructuring Plan | (53) | 1,090 | 465 | |||||||||||||||||
Other restructuring2 | 451 | (130) | (80) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total restructuring charges (credits) | $ | 244 | $ | 4,519 | $ | 385 | ||||||||||||||
1 Other costs primarily represent associated legal and advisory services, and costs of relocating employees.
2 Other restructuring charges during the year ended January 1, 2023 included $0.5 million of severance costs for certain employees as a result of our announcement to exit the Light Commercial business which began in the first quarter of fiscal 2022.
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The following table summarizes the restructuring reserve activities during the year ended January 1, 2023:
| Fiscal Year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | 2021 | Charges (Benefits) | (Payments) Recoveries | 2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| January 2021 Restructuring Plan: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severance and benefits | $ | 764 | $ | (155) | $ | (607) | $ | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other costs1 | — | 1 | (1) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total January 2021 Restructuring Plan | 764 | (154) | (608) | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| December 2019 Restructuring Plan: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Severance and benefits | 1,373 | (53) | (1,320) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other costs1 | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total December 2019 Restructuring Plan | 1,373 | (53) | (1,320) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Other restructuring2 | — | 451 | (451) | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total restructuring reserve activities | $ | 2,137 | $ | 244 | $ | (2,379) | $ | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
1 Other costs primarily represent associated legal and advisory services, and costs of relocating employees.
2 Other restructuring charges during the year ended January 1, 2023 included $0.5 million of severance costs for certain employees as a result of our announcement to exit the Light Commercial business which began in the first quarter of fiscal 2022.
Note 9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Facility and Equipment Leases
We lease certain facilities under non-cancellable operating leases from third parties. Our operating leases are subject to renewal options for periods ranging from one year to ten years. We also lease certain vehicle finance leases which are cancellable with a fee and subject to renewal options of month-to-month after the initial term, and recorded and presented within “property, plant, and equipment, net” on our consolidated balance sheets (see Note 5. Balance Sheet Components).
We have disclosed quantitative information related to the lease contracts we have entered into as a lessee by aggregating the information based on the nature of asset such that the assets of similar characteristics and lease terms are shown within one single financial statement line item.
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The tables below present the summarized quantitative information with regard to facility and equipment lease contracts we have entered into:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating lease expense | $ | 13,979 | $ | 12,787 | $ | 13,563 | ||||||||||||||
| Finance lease expense: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortization expense | 1,401 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Interest expense on lease liabilities | 352 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Sublease income | (1,365) | (437) | (271) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 14,367 | $ | 12,350 | $ | 13,292 | ||||||||||||||
| Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows for operating leases | $ | 16,301 | $ | 15,478 | $ | 18,984 | ||||||||||||||
| Operating cash flows for finance leases | $ | 352 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| Financing cash flows for finance leases | $ | 1,401 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| Right-of-use assets and property, plant, and equipment obtained in exchange for leases: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | $ | 15,469 | $ | 19,628 | $ | 22,794 | ||||||||||||||
| Finance leases | $ | 11,339 | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | |||||||||||||
| Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years): | ||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | 3.7 | 3.6 | ||||||||||||
| Finance leases | 3.4 | — | ||||||||||||
| Weighted-average discount rate: | ||||||||||||||
| Operating leases | 8.0 | % | 8.5 | % | ||||||||||
| Finance leases | 7.0 | % | — | % | ||||||||||
The future minimum lease payments to be paid under non-cancellable leases in effect as of January 1, 2023, are as follows (in thousands):
| Operating Leases | Finance Leases | |||||||||||||
As of January 1, 2023 | (In thousands) | |||||||||||||
| 2023 | $ | 14,296 | 3,569 | |||||||||||
| 2024 | 12,122 | 3,402 | ||||||||||||
| 2025 | 8,394 | 3,211 | ||||||||||||
| 2026 | 6,994 | 1,751 | ||||||||||||
| 2027 | 4,225 | 214 | ||||||||||||
| Thereafter | 1,794 | — | ||||||||||||
| Total lease payments | 47,825 | 12,147 | ||||||||||||
| Less: imputed interest | (7,122) | (1,320) | ||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 40,703 | $ | 10,827 | ||||||||||
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Purchase Commitments
Future purchase obligations under non-cancellable purchase orders and long-term supply agreements as of January 1, 2023 are as follows:
| (In thousands) | Fiscal 2023 | Fiscal 2024 | Fiscal 2025 | Fiscal 2026 | Fiscal 2027 | Thereafter | Total1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Future purchase obligations | $ | 367,054 | $ | 184,926 | $ | 159,929 | $ | 778 | $ | 784 | $ | 3,745 | $ | 717,216 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Total future purchase obligations consisted of $717.2 million related to long-term supply agreements.
The future purchase obligations presented above primarily consist of commitments to purchase photovoltaic modules pursuant to the supply agreement with Maxeon Solar entered into on August 26, 2020, as well as commitments to purchase Module-Level Power Electronics (“MLPEs”) supplied by one vendor. On February 14, 2022, we entered into a Master Supply Agreement (the “Master Supply Agreement”) with Maxeon Solar, which replaced the previous supply agreement dated as of August 26, 2020, as amended. The Master Supply Agreement was extended on December 31, 2022 to remain effective until December 31, 2023, and increases the minimum product volumes, updates the pricing of products for fiscal 2023, and extended the exclusive supply relationship with Maxeon Solar for certain products.
In addition, on December 31, 2022, we entered into a new Master Supply Agreement with Maxeon Solar for the purchase of certain designated residential solar products, including high efficiency premium IBC solar panels, during fiscal 2024 and 2025. The Master Supply Agreement will remain in effect until December 31, 2025.
We review the terms of all our long-term supply agreements annually and assess the need for any accruals for estimated losses on adverse purchase commitments, such as lower of cost or net realizable value adjustments that will not be recovered by future sales prices, forfeiture of advanced deposits and liquidated damages, as necessary.
Product Warranties
The following table summarizes accrued warranty activities for fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the beginning of the period | $ | 80,282 | $ | 62,801 | $ | 85,762 | ||||||||||||||
| Accruals for warranties issued during the period | 15,308 | 46,284 | 2,860 | |||||||||||||||||
| Settlements and adjustments during the period | (16,693) | (28,803) | (25,821) | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the end of the period | $ | 78,897 | $ | 80,282 | $ | 62,801 | ||||||||||||||
In connection with a cracked connectors issue identified in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, we recorded a one-time quality charge of $19.8 million during the fiscal year ended January 2, 2022. The total charge was estimated using assumptions of cost to be incurred on labor and material based on our plan and quoted third-party prices to replace all the installed and uninstalled connectors. During fiscal 2022, there have been no significant changes to the original estimate. We plan to complete the majority of the repairs through fiscal 2023.
Liabilities Associated with Uncertain Tax Positions
Total liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions were $12.3 million and $14.7 million as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, respectively. These amounts are included within “other long-term liabilities” on our consolidated balance sheets in their respective periods as they are not expected to be paid within the next 12 months. Due to the complexity and uncertainty associated with our tax positions, we cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period in which cash settlement, if any, would be made for our liabilities associated with uncertain tax positions in other long-term liabilities.
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Indemnifications
We are a party to various agreements under which we may be obligated to indemnify the counterparty with respect to certain matters. Typically, these obligations arise in connection with contracts and license agreements or the sale of assets, under which we customarily agree to hold the other party harmless against losses arising from a breach of warranties, representations and covenants related to such matters as title to assets sold, negligent acts, damage to property, validity of certain intellectual property rights, non-infringement of third-party rights, and certain tax-related matters including indemnification to customers under Section 48(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, regarding solar commercial investment tax credits (“ITCs”) and U.S. Treasury Department (“U.S. Treasury”) cash grant payments under Section 1603 of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (each a “Cash Grant”). Further, in connection with our sale of residential lease assets in fiscal 2018 to SunStrong, we provide Hannon Armstrong Sustainable Infrastructure Capital, Inc. (“Hannon Armstrong”) indemnification related to cash flow losses arising from a recapture of California property taxes on account of a change in ownership, recapture of federal tax attributes and cash flow losses from leases that do not generate the promised savings to homeowners. The maximum exposure to loss arising from the indemnification for SunStrong is limited to the consideration received for the solar power systems. In each of these circumstances, payment by us is typically subject to the other party making a claim to us that is contemplated by and valid under the indemnification provisions of the particular contract, which provisions are typically contract-specific, as well as bringing the claim under the procedures specified in the particular contract. These procedures typically allow us to challenge the other party’s claims or, in case of breach of intellectual property representations or covenants, to control the defense or settlement of any third-party claims brought against the other party. Further, our obligations under these agreements may be limited in terms of activity (typically to replace or correct the products or terminate the agreement with a refund to the other party), duration or amount. In some instances, we may have recourse against third parties or insurance covering certain payments made by us.
In certain circumstances, we are contractually obligated to compensate customers and investors for losses they may suffer as a result of reductions in benefits received under ITCs and U.S. Treasury Cash Grant programs. The indemnity expires in conjunction with the statute of limitation and recapture periods in accordance with the underlying laws and regulations for such ITCs and related benefits. We apply for ITCs and Cash Grant incentives based on guidance provided by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) and the U.S. Treasury, which include assumptions regarding the fair value of the qualified solar power systems, among others. Certain of our development agreements, sale-leaseback arrangements, and financing arrangements with tax equity investors incorporate assumptions regarding the future level of incentives to be received, which in some instances may be claimed directly by our customers and investors. Generally, such obligations would arise as a result of reductions to the value of the underlying solar power systems as assessed by the IRS. At each balance sheet date, we assess and recognize, when applicable, the potential exposure from these obligations based on all the information available at that time, including any audits undertaken by the IRS. The maximum potential future payments that we could have to make under this obligation would depend on the difference between the eligible basis claimed on the tax filing for the solar energy systems sold or transferred to indemnified parties and the values that the IRS may determine as the eligible basis for the systems for purposes of claiming ITCs or Cash Grants. We use the eligible basis for tax filing purposes determined with the assistance of independent third-party appraisals to determine the ITCs that are passed through to and claimed by the indemnified parties. We continue to retain certain indemnities, specifically, around ITCs, Cash Grants and California property taxes, even after the underlying portfolio of assets is sold to a third party. For contracts that have such indemnification provisions, we recognize a liability under ASC 460, Guarantees, for the estimated premium that would be required by a guarantor to issue the same guarantee in a standalone arm’s-length transaction with an unrelated party. We recognize such liabilities at the greater of the fair value of the indemnity or the contingent liability required to be recognized under ASC 450, Contingencies. We initially estimate the fair value of any such indemnities provided based on the cost of insurance policies that cover the underlying risks being indemnified and may purchase such policies to mitigate our exposure to potential indemnification payments. After an indemnification liability is recorded, we derecognize such amount typically upon expiration or settlement of the arrangement. As of January 1, 2023, and January 2, 2022, our provision was $5.4 million and $9.6 million, respectively, primarily for tax related indemnifications.
SunPower is party to various supply agreements (collectively, the “Hemlock Agreements”) with Hemlock Semiconductor Operations, LLC (f/k/a Hemlock Semiconductor Corporation) and its affiliate, Hemlock Semiconductor, LLC, for the procurement of polysilicon. In connection with the Spin-Off, SunPower and Maxeon Solar entered into an agreement pursuant to which Maxeon Solar received the benefit of SunPower’s rights under the Hemlock Agreements (including SunPower’s deposits and advanced payments thereunder) and, in return, Maxeon Solar agreed to perform all of SunPower’s existing and future obligations under the Hemlock Agreements, including all take-or-pay obligations (the “Back-to-Back Agreement”). As we remain a party to the Hemlock Agreements, we are contractually liable to the vendor along with Maxeon Solar.
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During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, Hemlock communicated to us and Maxeon Solar that they believe that certain price escalation clauses for silicon metal have been triggered and would apply to all purchases of polysilicon for 2022 deliveries. During the third quarter of fiscal 2022, Maxeon Solar and Hemlock reached an agreement on this matter. As of January 1, 2023, Maxeon Solar’s commitment under the Hemlock Agreement has been finalized with Maxeon Solar's remaining obligations under the agreements amounting to $9.0 million, in the form of unpaid invoices only, for fiscal 2023. With the agreement that was reached, we do not have any current exposure under the Hemlock Agreements as of the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023, and we are fully indemnified by Maxeon Solar under the Back-to-Back Agreement and against any further claims. As such, we do not carry any liability for the Hemlock Agreements on our consolidated financial statements as long as Maxeon Solar complies with its obligations under the Hemlock Agreements and the Back-to-Back Agreement.
Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement entered into by us and Maxeon Solar, we agreed to indemnify Maxeon Solar for any liabilities arising out of certain existing litigation relating to businesses contributed to Maxeon Solar in connection with the Spin-Off. We expect to be actively involved in managing this litigation together with Maxeon Solar. The indemnity qualifies for the criteria for accounting under the guidance in ASC 460, and we have recorded the liability of litigation of $4.7 million as of January 1, 2023.
Pursuant to the Definitive Agreement entered into by us and TotalEnergies Renewables in connection with the sale of our C&I Solutions business, we have agreed to indemnify TotalEnergies Renewables for certain projects that were sold as part of our business prior to the sale. As such, we have retained $21.1 million of warranty reserves related to our indemnifications as of January 1, 2023.
Legal Matters
Class Action Lawsuit
On February 16, 2022, a purported securities class action lawsuit was filed against the Company and certain of its officers and directors (the “Defendants”) in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California by putative shareholder Piotr Jaszczyszyn purportedly on behalf of a class consisting of those who acquired the Company's securities from August 3, 2021 to January 20, 2022. The complaint was filed following the Company’s January 20, 2022 announcement that it had identified a cracking issue that developed over time in certain factory-installed connectors and that it expects to record approximately $27.0 million of supplier-quality related charges in the fourth quarter of 2021 and approximately $4.0 million in the first quarter of 2022, and alleges violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Specifically, the lawsuit claims that Defendants failed to disclose the following to investors: (1) that certain connectors used by the Company suffered from cracking issues; (2) that, as a result, the Company was reasonably likely to incur costs to remediate the faulty connectors; (3) that, as a result, the Company’s financial results would be adversely impacted; and (4) that, as a result, Defendants’ positive statements about the Company’s business, operations, and prospects were materially misleading and/or lacked a reasonable basis. On October 13, 2022, the Court appointed Steamfitters Local 449 Pension & Retirement Security Funds as lead plaintiff in the action. On December 15, 2022, lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint that named the same defendants and brought the same claims as the previous complaint. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the amended complaint is currently due on February 24, 2023. The Company intends to vigorously defend the purported securities class action lawsuit and cannot reasonably estimate any loss or range of loss that may arise from the litigation. Accordingly, the Company can provide no assurance as to the scope and outcome of this matter and no assurance as to whether it will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.
We are also party to various other litigation matters and claims, including but not limited to intellectual property, environmental, and employment matters, that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of our business. While we believe that the ultimate outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on us, their outcomes are not determinable and negative outcomes may adversely affect our financial position, liquidity, or results of operations.
Note 10. EQUITY INVESTMENTS
Our equity investments consist of equity investments with readily determinable fair value, investments without readily determinable fair value, equity investments accounted for using the fair value option, and equity method investments.
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Our share of earnings (losses) from equity investments accounted for under the equity method is reflected as “Equity in earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees” in our consolidated statements of operations. Mark-to-market gains and losses on equity investments with readily determinable fair value are reflected as “other, net” under other income (expense), net in our consolidated statements of operations. The carrying value of our equity investments, classified as “other long-term assets” on our consolidated balance sheets, are as follows:
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Equity investments with readily determinable fair value: | ||||||||||||||
| Enphase Energy, Inc. | $ | 132,480 | $ | 457,352 | ||||||||||
| Total equity investments with readily determinable fair value | 132,480 | 457,352 | ||||||||||||
| Equity investments without readily determinable fair value: | ||||||||||||||
| OhmConnect investment | 5,000 | — | ||||||||||||
| Equity method investments under the Dealer Accelerator Program | 26,471 | — | ||||||||||||
| Other equity investments without readily determinable fair value | 280 | 807 | ||||||||||||
| Total equity investments without readily determinable fair value | 31,751 | 807 | ||||||||||||
| Equity investments with fair value option: | ||||||||||||||
| SunStrong Capital Holdings, LLC | 9,871 | 8,371 | ||||||||||||
| Dorado Development Partners, LLC | 8,173 | — | ||||||||||||
| SunStrong Partners, LLC | 302 | 3 | ||||||||||||
| Total equity investment with fair value option | 18,346 | 8,374 | ||||||||||||
| Total equity investments | $ | 182,577 | $ | 466,533 | ||||||||||
Equity investments without readily determinable fair value
In February 2022, we made an equity investment in OhmConnect, Inc. (“OhmConnect”). We accounted for the investment as an equity investment without readily determinable fair value in accordance with the guidance in ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities.
In fiscal 2022, we launched our Dealer Accelerator Program to help speed the adoption of renewable energy across the U.S. by making minority investments in solar dealers to advance their growth in coordination with the rapid growth of their direct business. As part of the program, dealers receive preferred access to SunPower equipment, battery storage, and financial products offerings. In addition, we provide the dealers with enhanced lead generation and business strategy support.
During fiscal 2022, we entered into four equity investments as part of the Dealer Accelerator Program. The equity investments made were in Sea Bright Solar, Inc. of $2.0 million for an equity interest of 20.0%, Freedom Solar Holdings, LLC of $9.4 million for an equity interest of 4.5%, EmPower CES, LLC of $6.0 million for an equity interest of 20.0%, and Renova Energy Corp. of $8.5 million for an equity interest of 10.6%. All of these equity investments were accounted for as equity method investments without readily determinable fair value in accordance with the guidance in ASC 323, Investments - Equity Method and Joint Ventures, given the material intra-entity transactions that exist under our exclusive supplier agreements as a result of our investments. We recognize our earnings from our equity method investments in the fiscal quarter after the corresponding earnings are recognized by the investee, and recorded earnings from equity method investments of $0.5 million during the year ended January 1, 2023. In addition, during the year ended January 1, 2023, we received a dividend from one of our investees in the amount of $0.3 million.
Variable Interest Entities (“VIEs”)
A VIE is an entity that has either (i) insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (ii) equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. Under ASC 810, Consolidation, an entity that holds a variable interest in a VIE and meets certain requirements would be considered to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE and is required to consolidate the VIE in its consolidated financial statements. In order to be considered the primary beneficiary of a VIE, an entity must hold a variable interest in the VIE and have both:
•The power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE; and
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•The right to receive benefits from, or the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could be potentially significant to the VIE.
We follow guidance on the consolidation of VIEs that requires companies to utilize a qualitative approach to determine whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE. The process for identifying the primary beneficiary of a VIE requires consideration of the factors that indicate a party has the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the investees’ economic performance, including powers granted to the investees’ governing board and, to a certain extent, a company’s economic interest in the investee. We analyze our investments in VIEs and classify them as either:
•A VIE that must be consolidated because we are the primary beneficiary or the investee is not a VIE and we hold the majority voting interest with no significant participative rights available to the other partners; or
•A VIE that does not require consolidation because we are not the primary beneficiary or the investee is not a VIE and we do not hold the majority voting interest.
As part of the above analysis, if it is determined that we have the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the investees’ economic performance, we consider whether or not we have the obligation to absorb losses or rights to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE.
Unconsolidated VIEs
In March 2022, we entered into a joint venture with Hannon Armstrong and SunStrong to form Dorado DevCo, a jointly-owned entity, to hold our residential lease solar power projects. Similar to our prior joint ventures for residential lease assets, SunPower and Hannon Armstrong will make total capital contributions of up to $7.9 million into Dorado DevCo for 50% equity interest, each. SunStrong, our existing joint venture with Hannon Armstrong, was appointed as a manager of the entity. We also entered into a development asset purchase agreement to provide development services for solar power systems sold into the fund.
With respect to our interest in Dorado DevCo, we determined there is not sufficient equity at risk in the joint venture, thus, we determined the joint venture is a VIE as considered under the guidance in ASC 810, Consolidation. Based on the assessment of the required criteria for consolidation, we determined that SunStrong, as the manager of Dorado DevCo, has the power to make decisions over activities that significantly affect Dorado DevCo and subsidiaries. We and Hannon Armstrong do not have the power to unilaterally make decisions that affect the performance of the investee, and we do not have kick-out rights to unilaterally buyout the other party's equity interests, while Hannon Armstrong has a right to purchase our equity interest of the investee. In addition, much of our exposure to absorb the losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, or the right to receive the economic interest from the VIE, is in our capacity as a developer and service provider, where we provide development services at market terms. Therefore, we concluded we are not the primary beneficiary of the investee.
During the year ended January 1, 2023, we made a $8.2 million capital contribution in the equity method investee. The investment contributed to our equity investment balance in SunStrong and is classified in “other long-term assets” on our consolidated balance sheets.
We have elected the FVO in accordance with the guidance in ASC 825, Financial Instruments, for our investments in SunStrong, SunStrong Partners, and Dorado DevCo, our unconsolidated VIEs. Refer to Note 7. Fair Value Measurements.
Summarized Financial Information of Unconsolidated VIEs
The following table presents summarized consolidated financial statements for SunStrong, a significant investee, based on unaudited information provided to us by the investee:1
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Summarized statements of operations information: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Revenues | $ | 147,946 | $ | 136,428 | $ | 123,772 | ||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | (768) | 5,575 | (10,788) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to parents | 10,751 | (37,913) | 52,483 | |||||||||||||||||
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| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Summarized balance sheet information: | ||||||||||||||
| Current assets | $ | 88,561 | $ | 93,722 | ||||||||||
| Long-term assets | 1,823,437 | 1,626,125 | ||||||||||||
| Current liabilities | 94,414 | 65,872 | ||||||||||||
| Long-term liabilities | 1,378,462 | 1,295,540 | ||||||||||||
1 Note that amounts are reported one quarter in arrears as permitted by applicable guidance.
Related-Party Transactions with Investees
Related-party transactions and balances with SunStrong, SunStrong Partners, Dorado DevCo, and our dealer accelerator equity investees are as follows:
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts receivable | $ | 33,864 | $ | 22,089 | ||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 3,959 | 2,055 | ||||||||||||
| Other long-term assets | 6,549 | 11,000 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | 165 | 53 | ||||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 97 | 676 | ||||||||||||
| Contract liabilities | 63,504 | 17,442 | ||||||||||||
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Revenues and fees received from investees for products/services | $ | 251,265 | $ | 202,386 | $ | 201,130 | ||||||||||||||
| (Gain) loss on business divestitures, net | — | (224) | — | |||||||||||||||||
Consolidated VIEs
Our sale of solar power systems to residential consumers in the United States are eligible for the ITC. On August 16, 2022, the IRA was enacted. The IRA includes, among other things, an expansion and extension of the ITC for eligible solar energy systems through at least 2032. The IRA increased the ITC and allows qualifying homeowners to credit 30% of the cost of the solar or solar paired battery storage system from their U.S. federal income taxes starting in 2022, as well as a new standalone battery storage ITC also at a value of 30% of the cost of the system beginning in 2023. Under the terms of the IRA, the solar, solar paired battery storage, and standalone battery storage systems for qualifying homeowners will remain at 30% through the end of 2032, reduce to 26% for 2033, reduce to 22% for 2034, and further reduce to 0% or 10% after the end of 2034 (with percentage dependent on the eligibility of the taxpayer associated with the residential system). The IRA also includes provisions beginning in 2023 that, depending on the location of a particular system and/or its ability to satisfy certain domestic content or low-income customer requirements, allows for substantial increases in the percentage value of the ITC for eligible systems that qualify, beyond the 30% minimum. IRS guidance on the current law provides for the ability to obtain a safe harbor with respect to the ITC on qualifying solar power systems, allowing preservation of the current ITC rates for projects that are completed after the scheduled reduction in rates assuming other required criteria as prescribed by the IRS are met.
In September 2019, we entered into the Solar Sail and Solar Sail Commercial Holdings, LLC (“Solar Sail Commercial”) joint ventures with Hannon Armstrong, to finance the purchase of 200 megawatts (“MW's”) of panel inventory in accordance with IRS safe harbor guidance, to preserve the 30% federal ITC, under the current law for third-party owned systems. The companies expected to increase the volume in later years, for which Hannon Armstrong extended a secured financing of up to $112.6 million; however, no additional amount was borrowed as of January 1, 2023 (Refer to Note 11. Debt and Credit Sources for other terms and conditions of this facility). The portion of the value of the safe harbored panels was funded by equity contributions in the joint venture of $6.0 million each by SunPower and Hannon Armstrong.
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Based on the relevant accounting guidance summarized above, we determined that Solar Sail and Solar Sail Commercial are VIEs and after performing the assessment of required criteria for consolidation, we determined that we are the primary beneficiary of Solar Sail and Solar Sail Commercial as we have power to direct the activities that significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and we have exposure to significant profits or losses, and as such, we consolidate both of these entities.
Total revenue of these consolidated VIEs was $23.1 million and $18.0 million for the fiscal years ended January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022, respectively. The assets of these consolidated VIEs are restricted for use only by the particular investee and are not available for our general operations. As of January 1, 2023, we had $30.5 million of assets from the consolidated VIEs.
Note 11. DEBT AND CREDIT SOURCES
The following table summarizes our outstanding debt on our consolidated balance sheets:
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | Face Value | Short-term | Long-term | Total1, 2 | Face Value | Short-term | Long-term | Total1, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Recourse Debt: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.00% debentures due 20235 | $ | 424,991 | $ | 424,919 | $ | — | $ | 424,919 | $ | 424,991 | $ | — | $ | 423,677 | $ | 423,677 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Asset-Backed Loan4 | — | — | — | — | 60,800 | 60,579 | — | 60,579 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Safe Harbor Loan3 | — | — | — | — | 48,529 | 47,894 | — | 47,894 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total recourse debt | $ | 424,991 | $ | 424,919 | $ | — | $ | 424,919 | $ | 534,320 | $ | 108,473 | $ | 423,677 | $ | 532,150 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Recourse Debt: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Credit Suisse Warehouse Loan | $ | 71,577 | $ | 70,443 | $ | — | $ | 70,443 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | $ | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Debt | 12,269 | 11,961 | 308 | 12,269 | 1,475 | 1,095 | 380 | 1,475 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total non-recourse debt | $ | 83,846 | $ | 82,404 | $ | 308 | $ | 82,712 | $ | 1,475 | $ | 1,095 | $ | 380 | $ | 1,475 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 508,837 | $ | 507,323 | $ | 308 | $ | 507,631 | $ | 535,795 | $ | 109,568 | $ | 424,057 | $ | 533,625 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Refers to the total carrying value of the outstanding debt arrangement.
2 See table below for discussion on the fair value of the convertible debt. The carrying value of all of our non-convertible debt approximates the fair value, based on our intention to fully repay or transfer the obligations at their face values plus any applicable interest, and is categorized within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
3 In June 2022, we repaid the remaining outstanding principal amount of our $47.6 million loan with Hannon Armstrong under the Safe Harbor facility.
4 In September 2022, we repaid the outstanding principal amount of our $61.7 million asset-backed loan with Bank of America, N.A. and terminated the facility.
5 On January 17, 2023, we repaid the remaining outstanding principal amount of $425.0 million of our 4.00% debentures due 2023.
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As of January 1, 2023, the aggregate future contractual maturities of our outstanding debt, at face value, were as follows:
| (In thousands) | Fiscal 2023 | Fiscal 2024 | Fiscal 2025 | Fiscal 2026 | Fiscal 2027 | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Aggregate future maturities of outstanding debt | $ | 508,529 | $ | 66 | $ | 70 | $ | 74 | $ | 78 | $ | 20 | $ | 508,837 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Convertible Debt
The following table summarizes our outstanding convertible debt:
| January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | Carrying Value | Face Value | Fair Value1 | Carrying Value | Face Value | Fair Value1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Convertible debt: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4.00% debentures due 2023 | $ | 424,919 | $ | 424,991 | $ | 431,720 | $ | 423,677 | $ | 424,991 | $ | 501,489 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | 424,919 | $ | 424,991 | $ | 431,720 | $ | 423,677 | $ | 424,991 | $ | 501,489 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 The fair value of the convertible debt was determined using Level 2 inputs based on quarterly market prices as reported by an independent pricing source.
Our outstanding convertible debentures are senior, unsecured obligations ranking equally with all of our existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness.
September 2011 Letter of Credit Facility with Deutsche Bank and Deutsche Bank Trust Company Americas (together, “Deutsche Bank Trust”)
In September 2011, we entered into a letter of credit facility with Deutsche Bank Trust which provides for the issuance, upon our request, of letters of credit to support our obligations in an aggregate amount not to exceed $200.0 million. Each letter of credit issued under the facility is fully cash-collateralized and we have entered into a security agreement with Deutsche Bank Trust, granting them a security interest in a cash collateral account established for this purpose.
In August 2022, we terminated our letter of credit facility with Deutsche Bank Trust and had no letters of credit issued and outstanding under the facility.
October 2021 Letter of Credit Facility with Bank of the West
In October 2021, we entered into a letter of credit facility with Bank of the West which provides for the issuance, upon our request, of letters of credit to support our obligations in an aggregate amount not to exceed $25.0 million. Each letter of credit issued under the facility is 50% cash secured and we have entered into a security agreement with Bank of the West, granting them a security interest in a cash collateral account established for this purpose.
As of January 1, 2023, letters of credit issued and outstanding under the Bank of the West facility totaled $23.8 million, which were collateralized with $12.5 million of restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets.
Loan Facility with Credit Suisse AG
On June 30, 2022, we entered into a loan and security purchase agreement with Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch, and other financial institutions, to finance our retail installment contract receivables. The agreement provided for a $100.0 million delayed draw term loan which will mature on December 29, 2023. In connection with the loan agreement, we have established a special purpose entity acting as the borrower under the facility.
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The loans under the agreement bear interest at a rate as adjusted by the benchmark adjustment, as defined in the term loan agreement, or the base rate plus the applicable margin for such loans. In addition, we also entered into an interest rate swap under the agreement, which converts the floating rate loan to a fixed rate. The swap terminates in March of 2024, unless we terminate early with the maturity of the loan, subject to any early termination costs. The term loan agreement contains customary representations and warranties as well as customary affirmative and negative covenants, including a covenant that any assets of the special purpose borrowing entity will not be available to other creditors of any of our other SunPower entities.
As of January 1, 2023, we had $71.6 million borrowings outstanding under the term loan facility, of which $8.2 million is being held in a Liquidity Reserve Account, in accordance with the loan and security purchase agreement, and is collateralized with restricted cash on the consolidated balance sheets. All borrowings outstanding under the term loan facility have a weighted average interest rate of between 5.4% to 6.4%.
Revolver and Term Loan Facility with Bank of America and Bank of the West
On September 12, 2022, we entered into a Credit Agreement with BofA Securities, Inc. and Bank of the West, as joint lead arrangers and joint bookrunners, and Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, Collateral Agent, Swingline Lender, and an L/C Issuer. The Credit Agreement consists of a revolving credit facility (the “Revolver”) and a term loan facility (“Term Loan Facility” and, together with the Revolver, the “Facilities”), each facility providing for an aggregate principal amount of $100.0 million. The Credit Agreement was amended on January 26, 2023, and provided for, among other things, an increase of the Revolver commitments by $100.0 million (the “Increased Revolving Commitments”), including CitiBank, N.A. and JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A. as the 2023 Incremental Revolving Lenders’. The Increased Revolving Commitments are governed by the same terms and conditions applicable to the Revolver commitments under the Credit Agreement prior to the effectiveness of the Amendment. The Revolver will mature on September 12, 2027, while the Term Loan Facility matures on (a) September 12, 2027, or (b) on September 12, 2024 if all or a portion of the outstanding 4.00% debentures due 2023 have converted into equity interests of the Company; provided that the portion of the Term Loan Facility that is applied to repay any of the 4.00% debentures due 2023 that do not convert will still mature on September 12, 2027 regardless of the conversion of other 4.00% debentures due 2023. As the remaining holders of our 4.00% debentures due 2023 did not elect to convert their bonds into our common stock prior to their maturity, the Term Loan Facility will mature on September 12, 2027.
The interest rate for borrowings under the Facilities is based on, at the Company's option, either (1) the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50% and (b) Bank of America's “prime rate” and (c) SOFR plus a margin, or (2) SOFR plus a margin. A commitment fee of between 0.25% and 0.35%, depending on our Total Net Leverage Ratio, is payable quarterly on the undrawn portion of the Revolver.
The Credit Agreement contains affirmative and negative covenants customarily applicable to senior secured credit facilities, including covenants restricting the ability of the Company and certain of our subsidiaries, subject to negotiated exceptions, to: incur additional indebtedness; create liens or guarantee obligations; enter into sale-leaseback transactions; merge, liquidate or dispose of assets; make acquisitions or other investments; enter into hedging agreements; pay dividends and make other distributions and engage in transactions with affiliates. Under the Credit Agreement, the Company's Restricted Subsidiaries may not invest cash or property in, or loan to, our Unrestricted Subsidiaries amounts exceeding the limitations set forth in the Credit Agreement.
As of January 1, 2023, we had no borrowings under the Revolver and Term Loan Facilities, and there were issued but undrawn letters of credit outstanding under the Facilities of $0.1 million. The letters of credit have a maximum aggregate amount that can be issued of $50.0 million, which is included within the total principal amount of the Revolver facility.
On January 11, 2023 and January 31, 2023, we borrowed $100.0 million and $50.0 million on our Term Loan Facility and Revolver, respectively, pursuant to the Credit Agreement. The interest rate for the borrowings is SOFR plus a margin.
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Note 12. RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS
In connection with the Spin-Off, we entered into certain agreements with Maxeon Solar, including a transition services agreement, supply agreement, and collaboration agreement.
During the second quarter of fiscal 2022, we entered into a First Amendment to the Cross License Agreement (the “Amendment”) with Maxeon Solar to amend the Cross License Agreement that we entered into in connection with the Spin-off, pursuant to which the Company and Maxeon Solar exclusively and non-exclusively licensed certain intellectual property rights. The Amendment provides for certain adjustments to the scope of Maxeon Solar’s non-exclusive license to the Company. In connection with the Amendment and in anticipation of the expiration of the Collaboration Agreement with Maxeon Solar in August 2022, the Company and Maxeon Solar also entered into ancillary agreements providing for the settlement of certain payments due under the Collaboration Agreement as well as transition services arrangement, the sublease, subject to landlord consent, of the research and development facility located in San Jose, California, the transfer of certain assets, and support to complete a collaboration project that was completed in fiscal 2022.
We recorded a net loss of $4.3 million in the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023 in connection with the above agreements, that is presented within “research and development expenses” and “sales, general, and administrative expense” on our consolidated statements of operations.
The below table summarizes our transactions with Maxeon Solar for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023, January 2, 2022, and January 3, 2021:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Purchases of photo-voltaic modules (recorded in cost of revenues) | $ | 190,633 | $ | 224,576 | $ | 96,217 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development expenses reimbursement received | 18,626 | 33,475 | 12,473 | |||||||||||||||||
| Income (expense) from transition services agreement, net | (350) | 5,876 | 6,260 | |||||||||||||||||
| Sublease income (recorded in sales, general, and administrative expense) | 639 | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
The Company had the following balances related to transactions with Maxeon Solar as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022:
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Prepaid and other current assets | $ | 607 | $ | 1,928 | ||||||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 11,239 | 7,493 | ||||||||||||
| Accounts payable | 38,486 | 27,724 | ||||||||||||
| Other long-term liabilities | 1,458 | 1,458 | ||||||||||||
Refer to Note 3. Transactions with Total and TotalEnergies SE. for related-party transactions with Total and its affiliates and to Note 10. Equity Investments for related-party transactions with SunStrong, SunStrong Partners, Dorado DevCo, and our dealer accelerator equity investees.
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Note 13. INCOME TAXES
In the year ended January 1, 2023, our income tax benefit of $8.2 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $96.5 million was primarily due to the reversal of deferred taxes previously accrued for California due to the enactment of Senate Bill 113 which restored our ability to utilize net operating losses in 2022, partially offset by state tax expense on realized gains from sale of equity investments. In the year ended January 2, 2022, our income tax provision of $7.3 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $13.2 million was primarily due to deferred tax liability related to mark-to-market unrealized gains on equity investments and state taxes on the sale of investments, partially offset by the benefit from stock-based compensation windfall deduction and true-up of prior year estimated state tax liability. In the year ended January 3, 2021, our income tax provision of $57.7 million on income from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $656.9 million was primarily due to state tax expenses arising from the taxable gains related to the Spin-Off transaction, withholding taxes from foreign dividend distributions, sale of equity investments, and deferred tax liability related to mark-to-market unrealized gain on equity investments.
In the year ended January 1, 2023, our income tax benefit of $0.6 million on a loss from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $47.2 million was primarily due to the state tax benefit of operating losses of the C&I Solutions business prior to the sale of the business. In the year ended January 2, 2022, our income tax benefit of $2.0 million on a loss from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $46.0 million was primarily due to the state tax benefits related to discontinued operations. In the year ended January 3, 2021, our income tax benefit of $3.3 million on a loss from discontinued operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees of $127.9 million was primarily related to the Maxeon spin-off and the allocation of state tax benefit related to discontinued operations, offset by foreign taxes in foreign jurisdictions that were profitable.
The sale of the C&I Solutions business to TotalEnergies Renewables resulted in a taxable gain in fiscal year 2022. The tax impact of $1.4 million was recorded in “additional paid-in capital” within our consolidated statements of equity, consistent with the accounting treatment of the gain and tax accounting guidance.
On August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law by President Joe Biden. The IRA includes, among other provisions, a 15% minimum tax based on “adjusted financial statement income” exceeding $1.0 billion starting in 2023, and a 1% excise tax on net repurchases of stock after December 31, 2022. We do not expect these tax provisions of the IRA to have a significant impact on our business.
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The geographic distribution of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity earnings (losses) of unconsolidated investees and the components of provision for income taxes are summarized below:
| Fiscal Year | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Geographic distribution of income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and equity in earnings of unconsolidated investees: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. income (loss) | $ | 97,920 | $ | 10,126 | $ | 662,319 | ||||||||||||||
| Non-U.S. income (loss) | (1,373) | 3,097 | (5,460) | |||||||||||||||||
| Income (loss) before income taxes and equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated investees | $ | 96,547 | $ | 13,223 | $ | 656,859 | ||||||||||||||
| Provision for income taxes: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Current tax (expense) benefit | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal | $ | 2,322 | $ | (125) | $ | (846) | ||||||||||||||
| State | (8,002) | (4,095) | (35,499) | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign | (493) | 568 | (7,900) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total current tax (expense) benefit | (6,173) | (3,652) | (44,245) | |||||||||||||||||
| Deferred tax benefit (expense) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Federal | (438) | — | — | |||||||||||||||||
| State | 15,162 | (3,022) | (13,716) | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign | (387) | (593) | 296 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total deferred tax benefit (expense) | 14,337 | (3,615) | (13,420) | |||||||||||||||||
| Benefit from (provision for) income taxes | $ | 8,164 | $ | (7,267) | $ | (57,665) | ||||||||||||||
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The benefit from (provision for) for income taxes differs from the amounts obtained by applying the statutory U.S. federal tax rate to income before taxes as shown below:
| Fiscal Year | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Statutory rate | 21 | % | 21 | % | 21 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Tax benefit (expense) at U.S. statutory rate | $ | (20,275) | $ | (2,777) | $ | (137,956) | ||||||||||||||
| Foreign rate differential | (1,272) | (222) | (3,694) | |||||||||||||||||
| State income taxes, net of benefit | 7,361 | (4,485) | (44,064) | |||||||||||||||||
| Section 956 and Subpart F | — | (493) | (2,431) | |||||||||||||||||
| Tax credits (investment tax credit and other) | (331) | 1,661 | 1,323 | |||||||||||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | 18,771 | (9,445) | 202,157 | |||||||||||||||||
| Unrecognized tax benefits | 2,273 | (2,105) | (6,977) | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-controlling interest & nontaxable income | 844 | 740 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| Global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) | — | (355) | (794) | |||||||||||||||||
| Section 163L interest | (630) | (840) | (1,189) | |||||||||||||||||
| Maxeon Spin-Off taxable gain | — | — | (54,537) | |||||||||||||||||
| Excess tax benefit on stock-based compensation | 2,380 | 13,789 | 711 | |||||||||||||||||
Non-deductible executive compensation | (151) | (2,734) | (1,256) | |||||||||||||||||
| Other, net | (806) | (1) | (8,958) | |||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 8,164 | $ | (7,267) | $ | (57,665) | ||||||||||||||
| As of | ||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 85,288 | $ | 163,436 | ||||||||||
| Tax credit carryforwards | 24,870 | 52,678 | ||||||||||||
| Reserves and accruals | 39,239 | 60,208 | ||||||||||||
| Stock-based compensation stock deductions | 4,675 | 3,187 | ||||||||||||
| Basis difference on third-party project sales | 28,658 | 35,013 | ||||||||||||
| Identified intangible assets | 13,002 | 5,644 | ||||||||||||
| Other | 1,806 | 2,131 | ||||||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 197,538 | 322,297 | ||||||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (121,720) | (173,481) | ||||||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance | 75,818 | 148,816 | ||||||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Fixed asset basis difference | (18,713) | (15,031) | ||||||||||||
| Investments | (36,456) | (118,885) | ||||||||||||
| Other | (21,163) | (29,697) | ||||||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (76,332) | (163,613) | ||||||||||||
| Net deferred tax liabilities | $ | (514) | $ | (14,797) | ||||||||||
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As of January 1, 2023, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of $147.3 million for tax purposes, of which $26.1 million was generated prior to 2018 and will expire at various dates from 2033 to 2035. The remaining federal net operating loss carryforward of $121.2 million was generated in fiscal year 2018 and after and can be carried forward indefinitely under the Tax Cuts and Job Acts of 2017 (“The Tax Act”). As of January 1, 2023, we had California state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $638.1 million for tax purposes, of which $59.5 million relates to debt issuance and the tax benefit of which will be recorded to equity when realized. These California net operating loss carryforwards will expire at various dates from 2029 to 2039. We also had gross credit carryforwards of approximately $74.0 million for federal tax purposes, of which $16.6 million relate to debt issuance and will benefit equity when realized. We had gross California credit carryforwards of $2.4 million for state tax purposes, of which $1.1 million relate to debt issuance and will benefit equity when realized. These federal credit carryforwards will expire at various dates from 2024 to 2042, and the California credit carryforwards do not expire. Our ability to utilize a portion of the net operating loss and credit carryforwards is dependent upon our being able to generate taxable income in future periods or being able to carryback net operating losses to prior year tax returns. Our ability to utilize net operating losses may be limited due to restrictions imposed on utilization of net operating loss and credit carryforwards under federal and state laws upon a change in ownership.
As of the end of fiscal year 2022, as part of SunPower’s continuing operations, an insignificant amount of the accumulated foreign earnings was located outside of the United States and may be subjected to foreign income tax or withholding tax liability upon repatriations. However, the accumulated foreign earnings are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in our foreign subsidiaries; therefore, no such foreign taxes have been provided. Determination of the amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability related to these earnings is not practicable.
On June 29, 2020, the California Assembly Bill (“AB 85”) suspended the use of California net operating loss deduction and limited the maximum business incentive tax credit utilization to $5.0 million annually starting with tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2022. Subsequently on February 9, 2022, California Senate Bill (“SB 113”) was enacted and restores the use of net operating losses and business tax credits that were suspended or limited under AB 85 one year earlier, allowing tax attributes to be used in fiscal year 2022.
Valuation Allowance
Our valuation allowance is related to deferred tax assets in the United States and Mexico and was determined by assessing both positive and negative evidence. When determining whether it is more likely than not that deferred assets are recoverable, with such assessment being required on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis, we believe that sufficient uncertainty exists with regard to the realizability of these assets such that a valuation allowance is necessary. Factors considered in providing a valuation allowance include the lack of a significant history of consistent profits, the lack of consistent profitability in the solar industry, the limited capacity of carrybacks to realize these assets, and other factors. Based on the absence of sufficient positive objective evidence, we are unable to assert that it is more likely than not that we will generate sufficient taxable income to realize the U.S. net deferred tax assets. Should we achieve a certain level of profitability in the future, we may be in a position to reverse the valuation allowance which would result in a non-cash income statement benefit. The change in valuation allowance for continuing operations for fiscal 2022 and 2021 was $51.8 million and $31.8 million, respectively.
Unrecognized Tax Benefits
Current accounting guidance contains a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement.
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A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits for continuing operations during fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020 is as follows:
| Fiscal Year | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance, beginning of year | $ | 84,213 | $ | 86,953 | $ | 73,439 | ||||||||||||||
| Additions for tax positions related to the current year | 122 | 2,345 | 15,179 | |||||||||||||||||
| Additions for tax positions from prior years | 103 | 113 | 41 | |||||||||||||||||
| Reductions for tax positions from prior years/statute of limitations expirations | (14,444) | (5,129) | (1,634) | |||||||||||||||||
| Foreign exchange (gain) loss | (8) | (69) | (72) | |||||||||||||||||
| Balance at the end of the period | $ | 69,986 | $ | 84,213 | $ | 86,953 | ||||||||||||||
Included in the unrecognized tax benefits at fiscal 2022 and 2021 for continuing operations is $10.0 million and $16.7 million, respectively, that if recognized, would result in a reduction of our effective tax rate. The amounts differ from the long-term liability recorded of $12.3 million and $14.7 million as of fiscal 2022 and 2021, respectively, primarily due to accrued interest and penalties.
We believe that events that could occur in the next 12 months and cause a change in unrecognized tax benefits include, but are not limited to, the following:
•commencement, continuation or completion of examinations of our tax returns by the U.S. or foreign taxing authorities; and
•expiration of statutes of limitation on our tax returns.
The calculation of unrecognized tax benefits involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. Uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the impact of legislative, regulatory, and judicial developments, transfer pricing and the application of withholding taxes. We regularly assess our tax positions in light of legislative, bilateral tax treaty, regulatory, and judicial developments in the countries in which we do business. We determined that an estimate of the range of reasonably possible change in the amounts of unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months cannot be made.
Classification of Interests and Penalties
We accrue interest and penalties on tax contingencies and classify them as “provision for income taxes” in our consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest as of January 1, 2023 and January 2, 2022 was approximately $1.1 million and $2.3 million, respectively. Accrued penalties as of January 1, 2023 was $1.3 million and not material for the period ending January 2, 2022.
Tax Years and Examination
We file tax returns in each jurisdiction in which we are registered to do business. In the United States and many of the state jurisdictions, and in many foreign countries in which we file tax returns, a statute of limitations period exists. After a statute of limitations period expires, the respective tax authorities may no longer assess additional income tax for the expired period. Similarly, we are no longer eligible to file claims for refund for any tax that we may have overpaid. The following table summarizes our major tax jurisdictions and the tax years that remain subject to examination by these jurisdictions as of January 1, 2023:
| Tax Jurisdictions | Tax Years | ||||
| United States | 2019 and onward | ||||
| California | 2018 and onward | ||||
| Philippines | 2020 and onward | ||||
While the respective tax authorities may no longer assess additional taxes for expired periods, they may adjust net operating loss and credit carryovers amounts which were generated from such years.
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We are under tax examinations in various jurisdictions. We do not expect the examinations to result in a material assessment outside of existing reserves. If a material assessment in excess of current reserves results, the excess will adversely impact earnings in the period of assessment.
Note 14. COMMON STOCK
Common Stock
Voting Rights - Common Stock
All common stockholders are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to be voted on by our stockholders, subject to the preferences applicable to any preferred stock outstanding.
Dividends - Common Stock
All common stockholders are entitled to receive equal per share dividends when and if declared by the Board of Directors, subject to the preferences applicable to any preferred stock outstanding. Certain of our debt agreements place restrictions on our and our subsidiaries’ ability to pay cash dividends.
Shares Reserved for Future Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans
We had shares of common stock reserved for future issuance as follows:
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Equity compensation plans | 27,339 | 22,908 | ||||||||||||
Note 15. NET INCOME (LOSS) PER SHARE
We calculate basic net income (loss) per share by dividing earnings allocated to common stockholders by the basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period.
Diluted weighted-average shares is computed by using the basic weighted-average number of common shares outstanding plus any potentially dilutive securities outstanding during the period using the if-converted method, except when their effect is anti-dilutive. Potentially dilutive securities include restricted stock units and the outstanding senior convertible debentures.
The guidance in ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, requires that companies use income from continuing operations as a “control number” or benchmark to determine whether potential common shares are dilutive or antidilutive. When calculating discontinued operations, we used the same number of potential common shares used in computing the diluted per-share amount of income from continuing operations in computing all other reported diluted per-share amounts, even if the effect will be antidilutive compared to their respective basic per-share amounts.
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The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to stockholders:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share amounts) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic net income (loss) per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Numerator: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders - continuing operations | $ | 102,358 | $ | 6,101 | $ | 600,381 | ||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders - discontinued operations | (46,321) | (43,459) | (125,333) | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders | $ | 56,037 | $ | (37,358) | $ | 475,048 | ||||||||||||||
| Denominator: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted-average common shares | 173,919 | 172,436 | 169,801 | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic net (loss) income per share - continuing operations | $ | 0.59 | $ | 0.03 | $ | 3.54 | ||||||||||||||
| Basic net (loss) income per share - discontinued operations | (0.27) | (0.25) | (0.74) | |||||||||||||||||
| Basic net (loss) income per share | $ | 0.32 | $ | (0.22) | $ | 2.80 | ||||||||||||||
Diluted net income (loss) per share: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Numerator: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income attributable to stockholders - continuing operations | $ | 102,358 | $ | 6,101 | $ | 600,381 | ||||||||||||||
Add: Interest expense on 0.875% debentures due 2021, net of tax | — | — | 1,824 | |||||||||||||||||
Add: Interest expense on 4.00% debentures due 2023, net of tax | — | — | 12,499 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income available to common stockholders - continuing operations | 102,358 | 6,101 | 614,704 | |||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income available to common stockholders - discontinued operations | $ | (46,321) | $ | (43,459) | $ | (125,333) | ||||||||||||||
| Denominator: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Basic weighted-average common shares | 173,919 | 172,436 | 169,801 | |||||||||||||||||
| Effect of dilutive securities: | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units | 684 | 2,680 | 318 | |||||||||||||||||
0.875% debentures due 2021 | — | — | 10,055 | |||||||||||||||||
4.00% debentures due 2023 | — | — | 17,068 | |||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive weighted-average common shares: | 174,603 | 175,116 | 197,242 | |||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive net (loss) income per share - continuing operations | $ | 0.59 | $ | 0.03 | $ | 3.12 | ||||||||||||||
| Dilutive net (loss) income per share - discontinued operations | (0.27) | (0.25) | (0.64) | |||||||||||||||||
| Dilutive net (loss) income per share | $ | 0.32 | $ | (0.22) | $ | 2.48 | ||||||||||||||
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The following is a summary of outstanding anti-dilutive potential common stock that was excluded from diluted net income (loss) per share attributable to stockholders in the following periods:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Restricted stock units | 3,168 | 1,651 | 3,250 | |||||||||||||||||
0.875% debentures due 2021 | — | 1,575 | — | |||||||||||||||||
4.00% debentures due 2023 | 17,068 | 17,068 | — | |||||||||||||||||
Note 16. STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION
The following table summarizes the consolidated stock-based compensation expense by line item in our consolidated statements of operations:
| Fiscal Year Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands) | January 1, 2023 | January 2, 2022 | January 3, 2021 | |||||||||||||||||
| Cost of revenues | $ | 4,757 | $ | 2,754 | $ | 2,148 | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 1,830 | 3,044 | 1,299 | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales, general, and administrative | 19,801 | 17,134 | 13,741 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total stock-based compensation expense | $ | 26,388 | $ | 22,932 | $ | 17,188 | ||||||||||||||
As of January 1, 2023, the total unrecognized stock-based compensation related to outstanding restricted stock units was $63.4 million, which we expect to recognize over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years.
Equity Incentive Programs
Stock-based Incentive Plans
During fiscal 2022, SunPower had one stock incentive plan: the SunPower Corporation 2015 Omnibus Incentive Plan (“2015 Plan”). The 2015 Plan was adopted by our Board of Directors in February 2015 and was approved by stockholders in June 2015. The 2015 Plan allows for the grant of options, as well as grant of stock appreciation rights, restricted stock grants, restricted stock units, and other equity rights. The 2015 Plan also allows for tax withholding obligations related to stock option exercises or restricted stock awards to be satisfied through the retention of shares otherwise released upon vesting.
The 2015 Plan includes an automatic annual increase mechanism equal to the lower of three percent of the outstanding shares of all classes of our common stock measured on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year, 6 million shares, or such other number of shares as determined by our Board of Directors. As of January 1, 2023, approximately 27.0 million shares were available for grant under the 2015 Plan.
Incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, and stock appreciation rights may be granted at no less than the fair value of the common stock on the date of grant. The options and rights become exercisable when and as determined by our Board of Directors, although these terms generally do not exceed ten years for stock options. We have not granted stock options since fiscal 2008. All previously granted stock options have been exercised or expired and accordingly no options remain outstanding. Under the 2015 Plan, the restricted stock grants and restricted stock units typically vest in equal installments annually over , , or four years.
The majority of shares issued are net of the minimum statutory withholding requirements that we pay on behalf of our employees. During fiscal 2022, 2021, and 2020, we withheld 0.6 million, 0.4 million, and 1.3 million shares, respectively, to satisfy the employees’ tax obligations. We have typically paid for such withholding requirements in cash to the appropriate taxing authorities. Shares withheld are treated as common stock repurchases for accounting and disclosure purposes and reduce the number of shares outstanding upon vesting.
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Restricted Stock Units
The following table summarizes our non-vested restricted stock units’ activities:
| Restricted Stock Units | ||||||||||||||
| Shares (in thousands) | Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share1 | |||||||||||||
Outstanding as of January 3, 2021 | 7,167 | $ | 13.75 | |||||||||||
| Granted | 1,932 | 30.47 | ||||||||||||
Vested2 | (2,905) | 14.67 | ||||||||||||
| Forfeited | (1,325) | 15.72 | ||||||||||||
Outstanding as of January 2, 2022 | 4,869 | 19.30 | ||||||||||||
| Granted | 3,038 | 20.08 | ||||||||||||
Vested2 | (1,835) | 17.40 | ||||||||||||
| Forfeited | (1,794) | 19.11 | ||||||||||||
Outstanding as of January 1, 2023 | 4,278 | $ | 20.74 | |||||||||||
1 We estimate the fair value of our restricted stock awards and units at our stock price on the grant date.
2 Vested restricted stock awards include shares withheld on behalf of employees to satisfy the minimum statutory tax withholding requirements.
Note 17. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
Delaware Stockholder Derivative Action
On February 6, 2023, Plaintiff Jeffrey Edelman filed a putative stockholder derivative complaint in the Delaware Court of Chancery, purportedly on behalf of SunPower, against Total SE, HoldCo, TotalEnergies Renewables, Francois Badoual, Bernadette Baudier, Peter Faricy, Vinayak Hegde, Catherine A. Lesjak, Thomas R. McDaniel, Nathalie Portes-Laville, Julien Pouget, Vincent Stoquart, Denis Toulouse, Franck Trochet, Thomas H. Werner, Laurent Wolffsheim, and Patrick Wood III, current or former directors and officers of the Company, captioned Edelman v. TotalEnergies SE et al., No. 2023-0136 (Del. Ch. filed Feb. 6, 2023). The derivative complaint challenges the acquisition of SunPower’s C&I Solutions business by TotalEnergies Renewables, which was announced on February 10, 2022, and alleges that the transaction was not entirely fair to the Company and that Total underpaid for the business. The derivative complaint alleges breach of fiduciary duty claims against the current or former directors and officers of the Company for adopting an unfair process and for approving the acquisition, and it brings claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment against Total SE, HoldCo, and TotalEnergies Renewables as controllers. Plaintiff seeks monetary damages from the defendants on behalf of the Company, together with costs and attorney’s fees. Plaintiff also seeks rescissory relief or the unwinding of the acquisition. The Company cannot reasonably estimate any loss or range of loss that may arise from the litigation.
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SELECTED UNAUDITED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA
Consolidated Statements of Operations:1
| Three Months Ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| (In thousands, except per share data) | January 1, 2023 | October 2, 2022 | July 3, 2022 | April 3, 2022 | January 2, 2022 | October 3, 2021 | July 4, 2021 | April 4, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total revenues | $ | 497,312 | $ | 475,711 | $ | 417,772 | $ | 350,277 | $ | 347,830 | $ | 283,312 | $ | 260,751 | $ | 240,136 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gross profit | $ | 104,648 | $ | 105,447 | $ | 81,499 | $ | 72,309 | $ | 60,245 | $ | 62,389 | $ | 60,711 | $ | 45,966 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations | $ | 8,618 | $ | 142,632 | $ | (41,711) | $ | (2,505) | $ | 39,037 | $ | (72,444) | $ | 87,105 | $ | (47,742) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinued operations | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (20,616) | $ | (25,955) | $ | (18,043) | $ | (11,863) | $ | (12,336) | $ | (1,756) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) | $ | 8,618 | $ | 142,632 | $ | (62,327) | $ | (28,460) | $ | 20,994 | $ | (84,307) | $ | 74,769 | $ | (49,498) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to stockholders | $ | 7,613 | $ | 139,407 | $ | (42,496) | $ | (2,166) | $ | 38,861 | $ | (72,707) | $ | 87,094 | $ | (47,147) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net (loss) income from discontinued operations attributable to stockholders | $ | — | $ | — | $ | (20,616) | $ | (25,705) | $ | (18,665) | $ | (11,669) | $ | (11,887) | $ | (1,238) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) attributable to stockholders | $ | 7,613 | $ | 139,407 | $ | (63,112) | $ | (27,871) | $ | 20,196 | $ | (84,376) | $ | 75,207 | $ | (48,385) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) per share attributable to stockholders - basic:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | 0.04 | $ | 0.80 | $ | (0.24) | $ | (0.01) | $ | 0.22 | $ | (0.42) | $ | 0.50 | $ | (0.28) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | — | — | (0.12) | (0.15) | (0.11) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.01) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share - basic | 0.04 | 0.80 | (0.36) | (0.16) | 0.11 | (0.49) | 0.43 | (0.29) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Net income (loss) per share attributable to stockholders - diluted:2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Continuing operations | $ | 0.04 | $ | 0.74 | $ | (0.24) | $ | (0.01) | $ | 0.22 | $ | (0.42) | $ | 0.46 | $ | (0.28) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discontinued operations | — | — | (0.12) | (0.15) | (0.11) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.01) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net income (loss) per share - diluted | 0.04 | 0.74 | (0.36) | (0.16) | 0.11 | (0.49) | 0.39 | (0.29) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 During fiscal 2022, we completed the sale of our C&I Solutions business which resulted in material retrospective changes to our consolidated statements of operations. Refer to Note 2. Discontinued Operations for further details.
2 Quarterly basic and diluted earnings per share amounts may not add up to the full fiscal year total presented due to rounding. Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated by dividing net earnings by basic and diluted shares outstanding, respectively.
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ITEM 9: CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES
None.
ITEM 9A: CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally, in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible disclosure controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure control and procedure also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.
Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of January 1, 2023 at a reasonable assurance level.
Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting using the criteria described in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) ("COSO"). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of January 1, 2023 based on the criteria described in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO. Management reviewed the results of its assessment with our Audit Committee.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of January 1, 2023 has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We regularly review our system of internal control over financial reporting and make changes to our processes and systems to improve controls and increase efficiency, while ensuring that we maintain an effective internal control environment. Changes may include such activities as implementing new, more efficient systems, consolidating activities, and migrating processes.
During fiscal 2022, we implemented a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system. In connection with this implementation, we modified the design and documentation of our internal control processes and procedures relating to the new system. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal year that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B: OTHER INFORMATION
None.
ITEM 9C: DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
Information appearing under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
We have adopted a code of ethics, titled Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, that applies to all of our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and principal accounting officer. We have made it available, free of charge, on our website at www.sunpower.com, and if we amend it or grant any waiver under it that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, or principal accounting officer, we will promptly post that amendment or waiver on our website.
ITEM 11: EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
Information appearing under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
ITEM 12: SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Information appearing under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
ITEM 13: CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
Information appearing under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
ITEM 14: PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
Information appearing under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to our proxy statement for the 2023 annual meeting of stockholders.
PART IV
ITEM 15: EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
The following documents are filed as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission:
1. Financial Statements:
| Page | |||||
Reports of Ernst & Young LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) | |||||
| Consolidated Balance Sheets | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) | |||||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows | |||||
| Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements | |||||
2. Financial Statement Schedule:
All financial statement schedules are omitted as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements under Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
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3. Exhibits:
| EXHIBIT INDEX | ||||||||
| Exhibit Number | Description | |||||||
| 4.1 | ||||||||
| 4.2 | ||||||||
| 4.3 | ||||||||
| 4.4 | ||||||||
| 4.8* | ||||||||
| 10.1 | ||||||||
| 10.2 | ||||||||
| 10.3 | ||||||||
| 10.4 | ||||||||
| 10.5 | ||||||||
| 10.6 | ||||||||
| 10.7 | ||||||||
| 10.8 | ||||||||
| 10.9 | ||||||||
| 10.10^ | ||||||||
| 10.11^ | ||||||||
| 10.12* | ||||||||
| 10.13^ | ||||||||
118
| 10.14 | ||||||||
| 10.15† | ||||||||
| 10.16† | ||||||||
| 10.17 | ||||||||
| 10.18 | ||||||||
| 10.19 | ||||||||
| 10.20 | ||||||||
| 10.21* | ||||||||
| 10.22^ | ||||||||
| 10.23 | ||||||||
| 10.24^ | ||||||||
| 10.25 | ||||||||
| 10.26^ | ||||||||
| 10.27^ | ||||||||
| 10.28 | Letter Agreement regarding Consent and Waiver Relating to Replacement Financing and Certain Other Matters, dated as July 9, 2020, by and among SunPower Corporation, Maxeon Solar Technologies, Pte. Ltd. and Tianjin Zhonghuan Semiconductor Co., Ltd (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 5, 2020). | |||||||
| 10.29 | ||||||||
| 10.30 | ||||||||
| 10.31 | ||||||||
| 10.32 | ||||||||
| 10.33 | ||||||||
| 10.34 | ||||||||
119
| 10.35 | ||||||||
| 10.36 | ||||||||
| 10.37 | ||||||||
| 10.38 | ||||||||
| 10.39 | ||||||||
| 10.40^ | ||||||||
| 10.41 | Securities Purchase Agreement, dated October 4, 2021, by and among SunPower Corporation, Falcon Acquisition HoldCo, Inc., Peterson Partners VII, L.P., Jenny Lynn Lee, as Trustee of The Keyhole Canyon Trust, dated July 28, 2021, Michael R. Cahill, as Trustee of The Skein Trust, dated July 13, 2021, Michael R. Cahill, as Trustee of The Gosling Trust, dated July 13, 2021, Jeffrey Lee, Benjamin Peterson, Michael Rands, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and Peterson Partners VII, L.P., solely in its capacity as Sellers’ representative (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on November 4, 2021). | |||||||
| 10.42 | ||||||||
| 10.43 | ||||||||
| 10.44† | ||||||||
| 10.45 | ||||||||
| 10.46 | ||||||||
| 10.47 | ||||||||
| 10.48 | ||||||||
| 10.49 | ||||||||
| 21.1* | ||||||||
| 23.1* | ||||||||
| 24.1* | ||||||||
| 31.1* | ||||||||
| 31.2* | ||||||||
| 32.1** | ||||||||
101.SCH* | XBRL Taxonomy Schema Document. | |||||||
101.CAL* | XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document. | |||||||
120
101.LAB* | XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document. | |||||||
101.PRE* | XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document. | |||||||
101.DEF* | XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document. | |||||||
| 104 | The cover page from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 1, 2023 is formatted in Inline XBRL. | |||||||
Exhibits marked with a caret (^) are director and officer compensatory arrangements.
Exhibits marked with an asterisk (*) are filed herewith.
Exhibits marked with two asterisks (**) are furnished and not filed herewith.
Exhibits marked with an extended cross (†) are subject to a request for confidential treatment filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
ITEM 16: FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
121
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereto duly authorized.
| SUNPOWER CORPORATION | ||||||||
Dated: March 9, 2023 | By: | /s/ GUTHRIE DUNDAS | ||||||
| Guthrie Dundas | ||||||||
| Interim Chief Financial Officer | ||||||||
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /S/ PETER FARICY | Chief Executive Officer and Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Peter Faricy | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /S/ GUTHRIE DUNDAS | Interim Chief Financial Officer | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Guthrie Dundas | (Principal Financial Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /S/ VICHHEKA HEANG | Vice President, Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Vichheka Heang | (Principal Accounting Officer) | |||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Nathalie Portes-Laville | ||||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Thomas R. McDaniel | ||||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
Vincent Stoquart | ||||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Jonathan Fieldsend | ||||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Jonathan Bram | ||||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Nathaniel Anschuetz | ||||||||||||||
| * | Director | March 9, 2023 | ||||||||||||
| Vinayak Hegde | ||||||||||||||
* By: /S/ GUTHRIE DUNDAS
Guthrie Dundas
Power of Attorney
122