SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT: NONE

        Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes o    No ý

        Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o    No ý

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý    No o

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý    No o

        Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer", "accelerated filer" and "smaller reporting company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

        Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No ý

        As of June 30, 2015, the aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant based on the closing price of the common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market was $659,264,478.

        The number of shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding as of February 29, 2016 was 49,400,473.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

        Certain portions of the registrant's definitive Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of the registrant's 2015 fiscal year end, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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SUPERNUS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
FORM 10-K
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015
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Unless the content requires otherwise, the words "Supernus," "we," "our" and "the Company" refer to Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and its subsidiary.

We are the owners of various U.S. federal trademark registrations(®) and registration applications(™), including the following marks referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to applicable U.S. intellectual property laws: "Supernus®," "Oxtellar XR®," "Trokendi XR®," "Microtrol®," "Solutrol®," and the registered Supernus Pharmaceuticals logo.

All other trademarks or trade names referred to in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, the trademarks and trade names in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are referred to without the ® and TM symbols, but such references should not be construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their rights thereto.

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PART I

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements, within the meaning of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the Securities Act of 1933, that involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements convey our current expectations or forecasts of future events. All statements contained in this Annual Report other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy, budgets, projected costs, plans and objectives of management for future operations. The words "may," "continue," "estimate," "intend," "plan," "will," "believe," "project," "expect," "seek," "anticipate," "should," "could," "would," "potential," or the negative of those terms and similar expressions may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. All of these forward-looking statements are based on information available to us at this time, and we assume no obligation to update any of these statements. Actual results could differ from those projected in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those identified in "Business," "Risk Factors," "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere. We urge you to review and consider the various disclosures made by us in this report, and those detailed from time to time in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, that attempt to advise you of the risks and factors that may affect our future results.

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS.

Overview

We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In 2013, we launched Oxtellar XR (extended-release oxcarbazepine) and Trokendi XR (extended-release topiramate), our two novel treatments for patients with epilepsy. In addition, we are developing multiple product candidates in psychiatry to address significant unmet medical needs and market opportunities for the treatment of Impulsive Aggression (IA) and for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). With SPN-810, we are initially developing the product to treat IA in patients who have ADHD. There are currently no approved products indicated for the treatment of IA. We subsequently plan to develop SPN-810 for treatment of IA in other CNS diseases, such as autism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and some forms of dementia.

Our extensive expertise in product development has been built over the past 25 years: initially as a standalone development organization, then as a U.S. subsidiary of Shire plc and, upon our acquisition of substantially all the assets of Shire Laboratories Inc. in late 2005, as Supernus Pharmaceuticals. We market our products in the United States through our own specialty sales force and have and will continue to seek strategic collaborations with other pharmaceutical companies to license our products outside the United States.

Our neurology portfolio consists of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, which are the first once-daily extended release oxcarbazepine and topiramate products, respectively, indicated for epilepsy in the U.S. market. These products are differentiated compared to their immediate release counterpart products by offering convenient once-daily dosing and unique pharmacokinetic profiles. We believe that a once-daily dosing regimen improves compliance, and that the unique smooth and steady pharmacokinetic profiles of once-daily dosing mitigate the blood level fluctuations that are typically associated with immediate release products that can result in adverse events (AEs) or decreased efficacy.

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Underlying our net product revenues of $143.5 million in 2015 is strong growth in prescriptions for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. Total prescriptions as reported by Intercontinental Marketing Services (IMS) have shown a steady increase quarter over quarter as shown in the following graph.

Strong Prescription Growth
Two Successful Product Launches

Source: IMS Monthly Prescriptions

Given the large and growing base of prescriptions for both topiramate and oxcarbazepine (annualized prescriptions of total topiramate market of 14.3 million and total oxcarbazepine market of 4.5 million), we expect to continue to expand our revenues for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR for the foreseeable future. We believe these products, together, have the potential to collectively achieve peak net sales in excess of $500 million annually.

Oxtellar XR is indicated for add-on, adjunctive or concomitant therapy of partial seizures in adults and in children 6 years to 17 years of age. Trokendi XR is indicated for initial monotherapy in patients 10 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and as add-on therapy in patients 6 years of age and older with partial onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures or with seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Our psychiatry product candidates include SPN-810 (molindone hydrochloride) and SPN-812 (viloxazine hydrochloride). We are developing SPN-810 as a novel treatment for IA in patients who have ADHD and SPN-812 for the treatment of ADHD. We initiated the Phase III clinical trials for SPN-810 during the third quarter of 2015 and initiated a Phase IIb clinical trial for SPN-812 in the fourth quarter of 2015. Patient dosing for all trials are anticipated in the first quarter of 2016. We expect to receive data from the first trial for SPN-810 in mid-2017 and data from the Phase IIb trial for SPN-812 by early 2017.

We have a successful track record of developing and launching novel products by applying proprietary technologies to known drugs to improve existing therapies and expand the treatment to new indications. Our key proprietary technology platforms include: Microtrol, Solutrol and EnSoTrol. These technologies have been utilized to create nine marketed products, including Trokendi XR and Oxtellar

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XR, Adderall XR, Intuniv (developed for Shire), and Orenitram (developed for United Therapeutics Corporation) as well as our key product candidates SPN-810 and SPN-812.

Products and Product Candidates

The table below summarizes our current pipeline of novel products and product candidates.

We are continuing to expand our intellectual property portfolio to provide additional protection for our technologies, products, and product candidates. We currently have five U.S. patents issued covering Oxtellar XR and six U.S. patents issued covering Trokendi XR, providing patent protection expiring no earlier than 2027 for each product.

Our Strategy

Our vision is to be a leading specialty pharmaceutical company developing and commercializing new medicines in neurology and psychiatry. Key elements of our strategy to achieve this vision are to:

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Drive growth and profitability.  We will continue to drive the revenue growth of Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR by continuing to dedicate sales and marketing resources in the United States.



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Advance our pipeline toward commercialization.  In 2015, we started trials for our product candidates in our psychiatry portfolio: SPN-810 as a novel treatment for IA in patients who have ADHD and SPN-812 for the treatment of ADHD. We initiated the Phase III clinical trials for SPN-810 during the third quarter of 2015 and a Phase IIb clinical trial for SPN-812 in the fourth quarter of 2015.



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Target strategic business development opportunities.  We are actively exploring a broad range of strategic opportunities that fit well with our strong presence in CNS. This includes in-licensing products and entering into co-promotion partnerships which are synergistic with our sales force call point for our marketed products and product candidates, co-development partnerships for our pipeline products, and growth opportunities through value-creating and transformative merger and acquisition transactions.



•

Continue to grow our pipeline.  We plan to continue to evaluate and develop additional CNS product candidates that we believe have significant commercial potential through our internal research and development efforts.

Our Neurology Portfolio

Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR are the first once-daily extended release oxcarbazepine and topiramate products indicated for patients with epilepsy in the U.S. market. These products differ from the immediate release products by offering once-daily dosing and unique pharmacokinetic profiles which we

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believe can have very positive clinical effects for some patients. We believe a once-daily dosing regimen improves adherence, making it more probable that patients maintain sufficient levels of medication in their bloodstream to protect against seizures. In addition, the unique smooth and steady pharmacokinetic profiles of our once-daily formulations reduce the peak to trough blood level fluctuations that are typically associated with immediate release products and may result in increased AEs, more symptomatic side effects and decreased efficacy.

Epilepsy Overview

Epilepsy is a complex neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrence of unprovoked seizures, which are sudden surges of electrical activity in the brain that impair a person's mental and/or physical abilities.

Compliance with drug treatment regimens is critically important to achieving effective control for patients with epilepsy. Patient non-compliance with anti-epileptic drug (AED) therapy is a serious issue and remains the most common cause of breakthrough seizures. Not only is taking all prescribed doses critical for epileptic patients, but the timing of when patients take their prescribed doses can also be crucial.

We believe extended release products, and in particular Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR, offer important advantages in the treatment of epilepsy. The release profiles of extended release products can produce more consistent and steadier plasma concentrations as compared to immediate release products, potentially resulting in fewer side effects, better tolerability, fewer emergency room visits, and improved efficacy. Improved tolerability may help patients improve adherence, have fewer breakthrough seizures and, correspondingly, enjoy a better quality of life.

Trokendi XR

Trokendi XR is the first once-daily extended release topiramate product indicated for patients with epilepsy in the U.S. market, and is designed to improve patient adherence over the current immediate release products, which must be taken multiple times per day. Trokendi XR's pharmacokinetic profile results in lower peak plasma concentrations, higher trough plasma concentrations, and slower input rate. This results in smoother and more consistent plasma concentrations than immediate release topiramate formulations can deliver. We believe that such a profile mitigates blood level fluctuations that are frequently associated with many side effects as well as mitigating the likelihood of breakthrough seizures that patients can suffer when taking immediate release products. Side effects may lead patients to skip doses, which could place them at higher risk for breakthrough seizures.

In August 2015, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted for review the Company's Supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) for Trokendi XR, requesting FDA approval to expand the indication for Trokendi XR to include treatment in adults for prophylaxis of migraine headache. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act guidelines, the FDA has set a target date in the second quarter of 2016 to complete its review.

Oxtellar XR

Oxtellar XR is the only once-daily extended release oxcarbazepine product indicated for the treatment of patients with epilepsy in the U.S. as adjunctive therapy. With its novel pharmacokinetic profile showing lower peak plasma concentrations, a slower rate of input, higher trough plasma concentrations, and smoother and more consistent blood levels compared to immediate release products, we believe Oxtellar XR improves the tolerability of oxcarbazepine and thereby reduces symptomatic side effects. In addition, Oxtellar XR once-per-day dosing is designed to improve patient adherence compared to the current immediate release products that must be taken multiple times per day.

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In a retrospective medical chart review of 200 patients treated with immediate release oxcarbazepine or Oxtellar XR, Oxtellar XR was associated with a significantly lower rate of inpatient hospitalization stays, lower rate of emergency department visits, and a higher rate of compliance. The patient charts were obtained from 17 geographically and clinically diverse sites across the U.S. and included non-academic and academic affiliated practices, general neurology, pediatric neurology, and epilepsy centers.

Oxtellar XR was one of several products prescribed to children whose safety profile was reviewed at a Pediatric Advisory Committee meeting in March 2015. The committee voted for the FDA to continue its safety monitoring of this product per its current routine. As suggested by the FDA as part of its routine review, safety information has been added to the Oxtellar XR label so that it comports with the Reference Listed Drug, Trileptal.

Sales and Marketing

We have established a commercial organization in the U.S. to support current and future sales of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. We believe our current sales force of over 150 sales representatives is effectively targeting healthcare providers, primarily neurologists, to support and grow our epilepsy franchise. Simultaneously promoting two epilepsy products allows us to leverage our commercial infrastructure with these prescribers. Assuming our sNDA is approved by the FDA, our intentions are to support the migraine indication without incrementally expanding the sales force.

If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates in our psychiatry portfolio, we anticipate adding sales representatives who can market our psychiatry products to the relevant population of physicians.

Manufacturing

We currently depend on third-party commercial manufacturing organizations (CMOs) for all manufacturing operations, including raw materials, dosage form production, and packaging. This encompasses product for commercial use, as well as product for preclinical research and clinical trials.

We have entered into agreements with Patheon Pharmaceuticals Inc., Packaging Coordinators, Inc and Catalent Pharma Solutions, leading CMOs headquartered in North America, for the manufacture and packaging of the final commercial products Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. These CMOs offer a comprehensive range of contract manufacturing and packaging service. Both commercial products as well as our product candidates are sourced from single third-party suppliers.

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of any of our product candidates beyond Phase II clinical trials, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations for Phase III clinical materials or commercial products in the foreseeable future. We currently employ internal resources to manage our manufacturing contractors.

Epilepsy Competition

Trokendi XR competes with all immediate release and extended release topiramate products, including Topamax, Qudexy XR, their related generic products as well as other anti-epileptic products. Oxtellar XR competes with all immediate release oxcarbazepine products, including Trileptal and its related generics as well as other anti-epileptic products.

Our Psychiatry Portfolio

Our psychiatry portfolio includes three product candidates for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The most advanced product candidate, SPN-810, has fast track status and is expected to be the first product approved for IA. SPN-812 and SPN-809 are the same active ingredient being developed for

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ADHD and depression, respectively. SPN-812 is currently in a Phase IIb trial and SPN-809 is Phase II ready.

IA Overview

The ADHD market, estimated as 69 million prescriptions as of 2015, is projected to grow at 3% annually, to approximately 75 million prescriptions by 2019. Market research we have conducted shows that, for adolescents and children, approximately 40% of ADHD prescriptions are currently written by child psychiatrists, psychiatrists, child neurologists, and high prescribing pediatricians. By 2019, we project that this group of physicians will collectively write approximately 16 million prescriptions for ADHD medication. Of these 16 million ADHD prescriptions, roughly one-third will be written for patients with IA or with IA and other comorbidities.

IA is not limited to individuals with ADHD. IA occurs in patients with other CNS disorders, including autism, alzheimer's, bipolar disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and intermittent explosive disorder. Market research we have conducted indicates that the prevalence of IA in autistic children and adolescents is approximately 45%, and the prevalence of IA in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder is approximately 60%. By 2019, we project that the estimated number of prescriptions for IA in these two categories would range between 4.0 million and 4.5 million.

ADHD Overview

ADHD is a common CNS disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD affects an estimated 6% to 9% of all school-age children and 3% to 5% of adults in the United States(1). An estimated 50% of children with ADHD continue to meet criteria for ADHD into adolescence(2). For the year ended December 31, 2015, according to data from IMS, the U.S. market for ADHD prescription drugs was $11.0 billion with 69 million prescriptions.

Diagnosis of ADHD requires a comprehensive clinical evaluation based on identifying patients who exhibit the core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Although many children may be inattentive, hyperactive or impulsive, the level of severity and degree of functional impairment, as well as considerations of what may be behind the underlying symptoms, determine which children meet the diagnosis and should be treated for ADHD.

Current Treatments for IA in Patients with ADHD

Currently, there are no approved medications for the treatment of IA. IA is characteristic of individuals who spontaneously react more strongly than normal to stimuli by committing verbal or physical acts against other people, property, or themselves. Based on our discussions with medical experts, the current treatment options for IA in patients with ADHD include psychosocial interventions, such as school-based or family-based behavioral therapies, which are usually not wholly effective. In the large, multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD(3), a seminal clinical trial designed by experts from key stakeholder communities such as the National Institute of Mental Health, researchers observed that after 14 months of either ADHD medication-only or a regimen that combined ADHD medication with behavioral interventions, 44% of those children with ADHD (or 26% of the total sample size in the trial) who initially exhibited aggression still had what can be described as IA at the end of the trial, demonstrating that psychosocial interventions may not work for a large percentage of children with ADHD who exhibit aggressive behaviors.

(1)

Dopheide, J.A., Attention-Deficit- Hyperactivity Disorder: An Update, published June 2009 in Pharmacotherapy.

(2)

Floet, A.M.W., Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, published February 2010 in Pediatrics in Review.

(3)

The MTA Cooperative Group, A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder, published December 1999 in Archives of General Psychiatry.

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In response, doctors have also tried to treat this group with off-label use of prescription medicines, such as mood stabilizers, stimulants and anti-psychotic drugs. Results have varied, but anti-psychotic drugs appear to have the best therapeutic potential. Unfortunately, many of these agents are associated with adverse effects including obesity, dyskinesia, lipid abnormalities, marked increases in prolactin, and increase in diabetes, which is of particular concern when treating pediatric populations.

SPN-810 (molindone hydrochloride)

We are developing SPN-810 (molindone hydrochloride) as a novel treatment for IA in patients who have ADHD. During 2014, the FDA granted fast track designation for SPN-810 for the treatment of IA in ADHD in conjunction with standard ADHD treatment. The fast track designation allows for more frequent interactions with the FDA, for the early submission of some sections of the marketing application, and carries the potential for an expedited review category for the New Drug Application (NDA). In early April 2015, the Company submitted to the FDA the IA outcome and assessment scale we propose to use in the Phase III SPN-810 trials. This scale was developed by the Company in close cooperation with the FDA, using current, stringent standards of testing theory and scale development. We met with the FDA in July 2015 to review this scale and to review our proposed primary endpoint for the Phase III trials. The FDA accepted our scale and agreed with our proposed primary endpoint. In December 2015, Supernus and FDA came to an agreement, via the Special Protocol Assessment process, on the conduct of our Phase III program for SPN-810.

Molindone hydrochloride was previously marketed in the United States as an anti-psychotic to treat schizophrenia under the trade name Moban, albeit at much higher dosages (50 to 225mg/day) than we are using in our development program (18 and 36 mg/day). Moban has not been commercially available since 2010 and the FDA has confirmed that this withdrawal from the market was not due to issues with safety or efficacy. Molindone hydrochloride is unusual among anti-psychotics in that it is less likely to be associated with weight gain and, in preclinical models, has not caused increases in prolactin levels as seen with other drugs.

In addition, we believe the lower doses tested for the proposed indication of IA in ADHD should be better tolerated than the higher doses approved to treat schizophrenia. The Phase IIb trial with SPN-810, which included 121 patients, showed that there was no difference in weight gain between patients treated with SPN-810 and placebo. Although initially we are developing SPN-810 as a novel treatment for IA in patients who have ADHD, if we are successful in demonstrating the effectiveness of SPN-810 in ADHD, we may then develop the product candidate for the treatment of other indications that can exhibit IA, e.g., patients with IA in autism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and some forms of dementia. In the aggregate, we believe the addressable market for SPN-810 is greater than $5.5 billion, including $3.0 billion in ADHD, $1.5 billion in autism and $1.0 billion in bipolar disorder.

We are developing an intellectual property position around the novel synthesis process for this product candidate, its novel use in IA, and novel formulations. Patents, if issued, from the applications could expire from 2029 to 2033. We have one patent issued in each of the U.S., Mexico and Australia markets, covering modified release formulations of molindone. In another family, covering the novel process of synthesis of the active ingredient, we have one patent issued in the U.S. In a third family, covering use of molindone in treating IA, we have one patent issued in Japan. We own all of the pending applications.

SPN-810 Development Program

In 2012, we completed a Phase IIb multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States in pediatric subjects 6 to 12 years of age diagnosed with ADHD and IA that is not controlled by optimal stimulant and behavioral therapy. The primary objective of the study was to

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assess the effect of SPN-810 in reducing IA as measured by the Retrospective-Modified Overt Aggression Scale (R-MOAS) after at least three weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints included the rate of remission of IA and measurement of the effectiveness of SPN-810 on Clinical Global Impression (CGI) and ADHD scales as well as evaluation of the safety and tolerability of the drug. Patients who completed the study were offered the opportunity to continue into an open-label phase of six months duration.

Analysis of treatment comparison was performed using both parametric and non-parametric statistical methods. The parametric method assumes that data are normally distributed. Under this method, mean results of each treatment group at the end of three weeks of treatment were compared to baseline in R-MOAS score for each of the four dose groups (high, medium, low and placebo) using the t-test. The non-parametric method does not assume that data are normally distributed. Under this method, the median results of the change from baseline at the end of three weeks of treatment in R-MOAS were computed for each of the four dose groups (high, medium, low and placebo). These are compared using the Wilcoxon Rank-sum test. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the median of each of the treatment groups: high, medium, low, with placebo at the end of 3 weeks of treatment using change from baseline to visit 10 in R-MOAS score as outcome variable. There was a statistically significant difference between the low dose and placebo (p=0.031) and also between the medium dose and placebo (p=0.024) at the a=0.05 level. There was no statistically significant difference between the high dose and placebo. Both the medium dose and low dose are superior to placebo. These results convinced us that both low and medium doses were effective, and this range of doses will be further evaluated in Phase III clinical trials.

A secondary efficacy variable was the proportion of children whose impulsive aggressive behavior remitted, with remission defined as R-MOAS £ 10 at the end of the study. Low and medium doses of SPN-810 showed statistically significant results versus placebo, with percent of patients who experienced remission of impulsive aggressive behavior of 51.9% (p=0.009) and 40.0% (p=0.043), respectively.

The CGI results (Severity and Improvement) are consistent with the findings for the R-MOAS, in that notable improvement (reduction in severity) occurred primarily in the low dose and medium dose groups. Scores on SNAP-IV Hyperactivity and Impulsivity items did not exhibit statistically significant differences across treatment groups, indicating that our efficacy against IA was specific, rather than being efficacious against the underlying ADHD. Numerical trends in SNAP-IV Oppositional Defiant Disorder scores, while not always significant, consistently favored the low dose and medium dose groups over placebo.

SPN-810 was well tolerated throughout the study across all doses. Sedation was the most frequently reported adverse reaction, with two subjects (7%) reporting this event in each of the four treatment groups including the placebo group. The next most frequently reported adverse reaction was increased appetite with two subjects (7%) reporting this event in each of the three active treatment groups and one subject (3%) in the placebo group. The two serious adverse events (AEs) that occurred were not drug-related. One patient in the low dose arm and two patients in the medium dose arm had severe AEs that were considered either possibly or definitely related to the drug. Six patients in total discontinued the study because of AEs in the active treatment arms: one in low dose; two in medium dose; and three in high dose. AEs requiring dose reduction were infrequent.

The frequency of AEs associated with extra-pyramidal symptoms was also low and the events were reversible. The data are too sparse to evaluate dose-related aspects of these reports, thus no clear dose-response relationship is evident. SPN-810 exhibited a very good safety and tolerability profile, with low incidence of AEs, and no unexpected, life threatening, or dose-limiting safety issues.

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SPN-812 (viloxazine hydrochloride)

We are developing SPN-812 as a novel non-stimulant for the treatment of ADHD. A Phase IIa trial, completed in 2011, showed that SPN-812 was effective in treating ADHD in adults.

In the second quarter of 2014, we initiated and completed a pharmacokinetic study for extended release formulations for SPN-812. The study was successful and we have selected an extended release formulation that will be the basis of our future trial. The FDA accepted our Investigational New Drug application (IND) for the extended-release formulation and we initiated a Phase IIb trial during the fourth quarter of 2015. We anticipate patient dosing in the first quarter of 2016.

ADHD affects 6% to 9% of all school-age children and 3% to 5% of all adults. As a non-stimulant, SPN-812 has the potential to address a $2.5 billion market opportunity. Current non-stimulant treatments for ADHD have achieved peak product sales of approximately $700 million each. SPN-812, a norepinepherine reuptake inhibitor, would provide an additional option to the few non-stimulant therapies currently available. We believe that SPN-812 could be more effective than other non-stimulant therapies due to its different pharmacological profile.

In addition, due to its demonstrated efficacy as an anti-depressant, SPN-812, if studied in that specific patient population and shown to be effective, may exhibit increased benefit in up to an estimated 40% of ADHD patients who also suffer from major depression(4).

We expect SPN-812, if approved, to have five year market exclusivity given its new chemical entity (NCE) status in the U.S.

We are developing an intellectual property position around the novel synthesis process for this product candidate, its novel use in ADHD and its novel delivery with extended release.

Our SPN-812 product candidate has three families of pending U.S. non-provisional and foreign counterpart patent applications. Patents, if issued, from the applications could expire from 2029 to 2033. We have one patent issued in Europe and one in Canada in one of these families, covering a method of treating ADHD using viloxazine hydrochloride. In another family, covering the novel process of synthesis, we have one patent issued each in Europe, Mexico, and Australia. We own all of the pending applications.

SPN-812 Development Program

We completed a proof-of-concept Phase IIa U.S. clinical trial of SPN-812 in adults for the treatment of ADHD in 2011. The trial was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 52 adults with a current diagnosis of ADHD (26 subjects per treatment group). Patients received treatment three times a day for a one-week titration followed by five weeks of maintenance therapy.

In this trial, SPN-812 was well tolerated and demonstrated a statistically significant improvement over placebo as a treatment for ADHD. The trial met the primary endpoints of safety and tolerability, and showed statistically significant median reduction versus placebo in both investigator-rated and patient-rated ADHD symptom scores.

Secondary endpoints of efficacy were measured by: (1) Total ADHD Symptom Score on the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS, a commonly-used measurement for ADHD in adults) as rated by each of the investigators, (2) the same scale as rated by each patient, and (3) the Clinical Global Improvement (CGI-I) score. When compared to baseline, patients receiving SPN-812 achieved overall

(4)

Biederman, J., New Insights Into the Comorbidity Between ADHD and Major Depression in Adolescent and Young Adult Females, published in April 2008 in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Report of CME Institute of Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc., published in August 2008 in Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.

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significant median reductions in scores for both the investigator-rated CAARS (11.5 vs. 6.0 points for placebo, p=0.0414) and in self-rated CAARS (10.5 vs. 1.0 point for placebo, p=0.0349). Although not statistically significant, a trend was observed for greater improvement in CGI-I scores in the SPN-812 treated group compared to placebo.

We initiated a Phase IIb clinical trial for SPN-812 in the fourth quarter of 2015. We anticipate patient dosing in the first quarter of 2016.

SPN-809 (viloxazine hydrochloride)

SPN-809 is a novel once-daily product candidate for the treatment of depression. SPN-809 is based on the same active ingredient as SPN-812. We currently have an open investigational new drug application (IND) for SPN-809 as a treatment of depression, the indication for which the active ingredient in SPN-809 was approved and marketed in Europe for many years, but was never approved in the U.S..

Because SPN-809 contains the same active ingredient as SPN-812, we expect that many of our activities related to the development of SPN-812 will also benefit the development of SPN-809.

ADHD Competition

Competition in the U.S. ADHD market has increased with the commercial launch of several products in recent years, including the launch of generic versions of branded drugs, such as Adderall XR. Shire plc is one of the leaders in the U.S. ADHD market with three products: Vyvanse, a stimulant prodrug product launched in 2007; Intuniv, a non-stimulant treatment launched in November 2009, and Adderall XR, an extended release stimulant treatment designed to provide once-daily dosing. Other stimulant products for the treatment of ADHD in the U.S. market include the following once-daily formulations: Concerta, Metadate CD, Ritalin LA, Focalin XR, Daytrana, and Adzenys XR-ODT. Other non-stimulants are Strattera and Kapvay. We are also aware of clinical development efforts by several other organizations including Alcobra, Sunovion, Neos Therapeutics, and Neurovance to develop additional treatment options for ADHD.

Our Proprietary Technology Platforms

We have a successful track record of developing novel products by applying proprietary technologies to known drugs to improve existing therapies and enable the treatment of new indications. Our key proprietary technology platforms include Microtrol, Solutrol and EnSoTrol. These technologies create novel customized product profiles designed to meet efficacy needs, more convenient and less frequent dosing, enhanced patient compliance, and improved tolerability in certain specific applications. We have employed our technologies in the development of a total of nine products that are currently on the market, including Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR along with the other seven products being marketed by companies for whom we have developed sustained release formulations. Trokendi XR uses the Microtrol multiparticulate delivery platform and Oxtellar XR uses the Solutrol matrix delivery platform. EnSoTrol was utilized to develop Orenitram, an oral formulation of treprostinil diethanolamine, or treprostinil, which was launched by United Therapeutics Corporation in 2014.

Intellectual Property and Exclusivity

Overview

We have been building and continue to build our intellectual property portfolio relating to our products and product candidates, including Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR. We seek patent protection, where appropriate, in the United States and internationally for our products and product candidates. Our policy is to protect our innovations and proprietary products by, among other things, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad (including Europe, Canada and other countries when

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appropriate). We also rely on trade secrets, know-how, continuing technological innovation and in-licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary position. We cannot be sure that patents will be granted with respect to any of our pending patent applications or with respect to any patent applications filed by us in the future, nor can we be sure that any of our existing patents or any patents that may be granted to us in the future will be commercially useful in protecting our technology.

Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other proprietary protection for the technologies and products we consider important to our business, defend our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate our business without infringing the patents and proprietary rights of third parties.

We have established and continue to build proprietary positions for Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, our pipeline product candidates and technologies in the United States and abroad.

Patents for both Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR have received numerous Paragraph IV Notice Letters and we have filed claims for infringement of our patents against the third-parties. As of February 5, 2016, litigation with respect to Oxtellar XR was resolved in favor of the Company pending appeal when a federal court ruled that three of our patents were found to be valid, and that Actavis infringed two of these three patents. For more information, please see Item 3—Legal Proceedings contained within this Form 10-K.

Patent Portfolio

Our extended release oxcarbazepine patent portfolio currently includes eight U.S. patents, five of which cover Oxtellar XR. We have also obtained two patents for extended release oxcarbazepine in Europe and one patent each in Canada, Japan, Australia, China, and Mexico. In addition, we have certain pending U.S. patent applications that cover various extended release formulations containing oxcarbazepine. The five issued U.S. patents covering Oxtellar XR will expire no earlier than 2027. We own all of the issued patents and the pending applications.

In addition to the patents and patent applications relating to Oxtellar XR, we currently have six U.S. patents that cover Trokendi XR. We have one patent issued each in Mexico, Australia, Japan and Canada for extended release topiramate. We have two patents issued in Europe for extended release topiramate and have a pending U.S. patent application that covers extended release formulations containing topiramate. The six issued U.S. patents covering Trokendi XR will expire no earlier than 2027. We own all of the issued patents and pending applications.

Our patent portfolio also contains patent applications relating to our other pipeline products. We have four families of pending U.S. non-provisional and foreign counterpart patent applications relating to our SPN-810 product candidate. Patents, if issued, could have terms expiring from 2029 to 2033. We have one patent issued each in the U.S., Mexico and Australia in one of these families, covering modified release formulations of molindone. In another family, covering a process for preparing molindone, we have one patent issued in the U.S. In a third family, covering use of molindone in treating IA, we have one patent issued in Japan. We own all of the pending applications.

With regard to our SPN-812 product candidate, we have three families of pending U.S. non-provisional and foreign counterpart patent applications. Patents, if issued, from the applications could expire from 2029 to 2033. We have one patent each issued in Europe and Canada in one of these families, covering a method of treating ADHD using viloxazine. In another family, covering the novel process of synthesis, we have one patent issued each in Europe, Mexico, and Australia. We own all of the issued patents and the pending applications.

The United States patent system permits the filing of provisional and non-provisional patent applications. A non-provisional patent application is examined by the United States Patent and

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Trademark Office (USPTO), and can mature into a patent once the USPTO determines that the claimed invention meets the standards for patentability. A provisional patent application is not examined for patentability, and automatically expires 12 months after its filing date. As a result, a provisional patent application cannot mature into a patent. The requirements for filing a provisional patent application are not as strict as those for filing a non-provisional patent application. Provisional applications are often used, among other things, to establish an early filing date for a subsequent non-provisional patent application. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the U.S., a patent's term may be lengthened by patent term adjustment (PTA), which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in granting a patent. In view of a recent court decision, the USPTO is under greater scrutiny regarding its calculations because the USPTO erred in calculating the PTA, which resulted in denying the patentee a portion of the patent term to which it was entitled. Alternatively, a patent's term may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent.

In evaluating the patentability of a claimed invention, the filing date of a non-provisional patent application is used by the USPTO to determine what information is prior art. If certain requirements are satisfied, a non-provisional patent application can claim the benefit of the filing date of an earlier filed provisional patent application. As a result, the filing date accorded by the provisional patent application may supersede information that otherwise could preclude the patentability of an invention.

The term of a patent that covers an FDA-approved drug may also be eligible for patent term extension (PTE) which permits patent term restoration as compensation for the patent term lost during the FDA regulatory review process. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, or the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, permits a PTE of up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent. The length of the PTE is related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval and only one patent applicable to an approved drug may be extended. Similar provisions are available in Europe and other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. In the future, if and when our pharmaceutical products receive FDA or other regulatory approval, we may be able to apply for PTEs on patents covering those products. Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of our SPN-810 and SPN-812 product candidates and issuance of a U.S. patent we may obtain a U.S. patent that is eligible for limited patent term restoration.

Other Intellectual Property Rights

We seek trademark protection in the U.S. and internationally where available and when appropriate. We have filed for trademark protection for several marks, which we use in connection with our pharmaceutical research and development collaborations as well as products. We are the owner of various United States federal trademark registrations (®) and registration applications (™), including the following marks referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K pursuant to applicable U.S. intellectual property laws: "Supernus®," "Microtrol®," "Solutrol®," "Trokendi XR®," "Oxtellar XR®," and the registered Supernus Pharmaceuticals logo.

From time to time, we may find it necessary or prudent to obtain licenses from third party intellectual property holders. Where licenses are readily available at reasonable cost, such licenses are considered a normal cost of doing business. In other instances, however, we may use the results of freedom-to-operate inquiries and internal analyses to guide our early-stage research away from areas where we are likely to encounter obstacles in the form of third party intellectual property. For example, where a third party holds relevant intellectual property and is a direct competitor, a license might not be available on commercially reasonable terms or available at all. We strive to identify potential third

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party intellectual property issues in the early stages of our research programs, in order to minimize the cost and disruption of resolving such issues.

To protect our competitive position, it may be necessary to enforce our patent rights through litigation against infringing third parties. We presently have cases pending against four parties to enforce our patent rights. See Item 3—Legal Proceedings. Litigation to enforce our own patent rights is subject to uncertainties that cannot be quantified in advance. In an adverse outcome in litigation, we could be prevented from commercializing a product or using certain aspects of our technology platforms as a result of patent infringement claims asserted against us. This could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, litigation involving our patents carries the risk that one or more of our patents will be held invalid (in whole or in part, on a claim-by-claim basis) or held unenforceable. Such an adverse court ruling could allow third parties to commercialize products or use technologies that are similar to ours, and then compete directly with us, without payment to us. See "Risk Factors—If we are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, it could be costly and time consuming to defend such a suit. An unfavorable outcome in that litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business."

In-Licensing Arrangements

Afecta Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We have entered into two license agreements with Afecta Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Afecta) pursuant to which we obtained an exclusive option to evaluate Afecta's CNS pipeline and to obtain exclusive worldwide rights to selected product candidates, including an exclusive license to SPN-810. We may pay up to $300,000 upon the achievement of certain milestones. If a product candidate is successfully developed and commercialized, we will be obligated to pay royalties to Afecta based on worldwide net product sales in the low-single digits.

Rune HealthCare Limited

In June 2006, we entered into a purchase and sale agreement with Rune HealthCare Limited (Rune) where we obtained the exclusive worldwide rights to a product concept from Rune for SPN-809. If we receive approval to market and sell any products covered by the agreement, we will be obligated to pay royalties to Rune based on net sales worldwide in the low-single digits.

Confidential Information and Inventions Assignment Agreements

We require our employees, temporary employees and consultants to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment, consulting or collaborative relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information developed or made known during the course of the relationship with us be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. The agreements provide that all inventions resulting from work performed for us or relating to our business and conceived or completed by the individual during employment or assignment, as applicable, shall be our exclusive property to the extent permitted by applicable law.

We seek to protect our products, product candidates and our technologies through a combination of patents, trade secrets, proprietary know-how, FDA exclusivity and contractual restrictions on disclosure.

Government Regulation

Product Approval

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, promotion, advertising, distribution,

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marketing, export and import of products such as those we are developing. Our product candidates must receive final approval from the FDA before they may be marketed legally in the U.S.

U.S. Drug Development Process

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) and through implementation of regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and ensuring compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process, or after approval, may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include the FDA's refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, product detention, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves the following:

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completion of preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies and formulation studies according to Good Laboratory Practices regulations;



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submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;



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performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials according to Good Clinical Practices (GCP) to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug for its intended use;



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submission to the FDA of an NDA for a new drug;



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satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the clinical study sites and/or manufacturing facility or facilities at which the drug is produced to assess compliance with current Good Clinical Practices and Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP); and



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FDA review and approval of the NDA.

The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Our total research and development expense was approximately $29.1 million and $19.6 million for each of 2015 and 2014, respectively. In order to continue the progress of our product candidates, significant increases in these expenditures will be required.

Once a suitable product candidate is successfully created, a preliminary development strategy is determined. Usually, an IND is opened with adequate preclinical and clinical trial material manufacturing supportive information to permit initiation of the first proposed clinical trial. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA places the clinical trial on a clinical hold within that 30-day time period. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. Clinical holds also may be imposed by the FDA at any time before or during trials due to safety concerns or non-compliance.

All clinical trials must be conducted under the supervision of one or more qualified investigators in accordance with GCP regulations. These regulations include the requirement that all research subjects provide informed consent. Further, an institutional review board (IRB) must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences at any institution. An IRB considers, among other things, whether the risks to individuals participating in the trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB also approves the information regarding the clinical trial and the consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed.

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Once an IND is in effect, each new clinical protocol and any amendments to the protocol must be submitted with the IND for FDA review, and to the IRBs for approval. Protocols detail, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria, and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety.

Human clinical trials for product candidates are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined:

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Phase I.  The product is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. In the case of some products for severe or life-threatening diseases, especially when the product may be too inherently toxic to ethically administer to healthy volunteers, the initial human testing may be conducted in patients.



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Phase II.  Phase II trials involve investigations in a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage and schedule.



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Phase III.  In Phase III, clinical trials are undertaken to further evaluate dosage, clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These trials are intended to establish the overall risk/benefit ratio of the product and provide an adequate basis for regulatory approval and product labeling.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the product candidate and finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

U.S. Review and Approval Processes

The results of product development, preclinical studies and clinical trials, along with descriptions of the manufacturing process, analytical tests conducted on the drug, proposed labeling and other relevant information are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA for a new drug, requesting approval to market the product.

NDAs are either standard 505(b)(1) or 505(b)(2) applications. For a standard application, all pertinent information must be part of the regulatory submission under that NDA number. For a 505(b)(2) application, the FDA permits the submission of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from clinical trials not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. The FDA interprets Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA to permit the applicant to rely upon the FDA's previous findings of safety and effectiveness for an approved product. The FDA requires submission of information needed to support any changes to a previously approved drug, such as published data or new studies conducted by the applicant, including bioavailability or bioequivalence studies, or clinical trials demonstrating safety and effectiveness. The FDA may then approve the new product candidate for all or some of the label indications for which the referenced product has been approved, as well as for any new indication sought by the Section 505(b)(2) applicant.

The submission of an NDA is subject to the payment of a substantial user fee; a waiver of such fee may be obtained under certain limited circumstances.

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In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, which was reauthorized under the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act of 2012, an NDA must contain, a priori, or propose clinical work that supports the product's use in all relevant pediatric subpopulations. The FDA may grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers of the data requirements. Pursuant to the FDA's approval of Oxtellar XR, we must conduct four pediatric post-marketing studies; however, the FDA granted a waiver for the pediatric study requirements for ages birth to one month and a deferral for submission of post-marketing assessments for children one month to six years of age. Pursuant to the FDA's approval of Trokendi XR, the FDA granted a deferral for submission of post-marketing pediatric studies in the following categories: (1) adjunctive therapy in partial onset seizures (POS) for children one month to less than six years of age, (2) initial monotherapy in POS and primary generalized tonic-clonic (PGTC) for children two years to less than ten years of age, and (3) adjunctive therapy in PGTC and adjunctive therapy in Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome from two years to less than six years of age. We are moving forward with a revised pediatric plan, in consultation with the FDA.

Section 505(b)(2) New Drug Applications

To the extent that a Section 505(b)(2) NDA relies on clinical trials conducted for a previously approved drug product or the FDA's prior findings of safety and effectiveness for a previously approved drug product, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant must submit patent certifications in its Section 505(b)(2) application with respect to any patents for the approved product on which the application relies that are listed in the FDA's publication, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly referred to as the Orange Book. Specifically, the applicant must certify for each listed patent that (1) the required patent information has not been filed; (2) the listed patent has expired; (3) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is not sought until after patent expiration; or (4) the listed patent is invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the proposed new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the previously approved product's listed patent or that such patent is invalid or unenforceable is known as a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge one or more listed patents through a Paragraph IV certification, the FDA will not approve the Section 505(b)(2) NDA application until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired. Further, the FDA will also not approve, as applicable, a Section 505(b)(2) NDA application until any non-patent exclusivity, such as, for example, five-year exclusivity for obtaining approval of an NCE, three year exclusivity for an approval based on new clinical trials, or pediatric exclusivity, listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product, has expired.

A section 505(b)(2) NDA applicant must send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the owner of the referenced NDA for the previously approved product and relevant patent holders within 20 days after the Section 505(b)(2) NDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. If the relevant patent holder elects to initiate litigation, the Section 505(b)(2) applicant may invest a significant amount of time and expense in the development of its product only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before its product may be commercialized. Alternatively, if the NDA applicant or relevant patent holder does not file a patent infringement lawsuit within the specified 45 day period, the FDA may approve the Section 505(b)(2) application at any time.

Notwithstanding the approval of many products by the FDA pursuant to Section 505(b)(2) over the last few years, some pharmaceutical companies and others have objected to the FDA's interpretation of Section 505(b)(2). If the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2), or if the FDA's interpretation is successfully challenged in court, this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) NDA that we submit.

In the NDA submissions for our product candidates, we intend to follow the 505(b)(2) development pathway when appropriate.

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FDA Review of New Drug Applications

The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted to ensure that they are sufficiently complete for substantive review before it accepts them for filing. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the NDA must be re-submitted with the additional information. The re-submitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether a product is safe and effective for its intended use and whether its manufacturing is cGMP-compliant to assure and preserve the product's identity, strength, quality and purity. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The FDA may refer the NDA to an advisory committee for review, evaluation and recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts who provide advice and recommendations when requested by the FDA on matters of importance that come before the agency. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee.

The approval process is lengthy and difficult and the FDA may refuse to approve an NDA if the applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied or may require additional clinical data or other data and information. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data. The FDA will issue a complete response letter if the agency decides not to approve the NDA in its present form. The complete response letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies that the FDA identified in the NDA. The deficiencies identified may be minor, for example, requiring labeling changes, or major, for example, requiring additional clinical trials. Additionally, the complete response letter may include recommended actions that the applicant might take to place the application in a condition for approval. If a complete response letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, withdraw the application, or then request an opportunity for a hearing.

If a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific diseases and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling. In addition, the FDA may require Phase IV testing which involves clinical trials designed to further assess a drug's safety and effectiveness after NDA approval and may require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized.

Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our product candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent term restoration of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product's approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension, and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent and within sixty days of approval of the drug. The

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USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration.

Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for an NCE. A drug is an NCE if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the therapeutic action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) or a Section 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. As an alternative to submission via 505(b)(2) approval, an applicant may choose to submit a full Section 505(b)(1) NDA, but such an NDA applicant would be required to conduct its own preclinical and adequate, well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Further, a Section 505(b)(2) application may be submitted after four years if it contains a Paragraph IV certification.

The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, Section 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application. Such clinical trials may, for example, support new indications, dosages, routes of administration or strengths of an existing drug, or for a new use, if new clinical investigations that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are determined by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application. This exclusivity, sometimes referred to as clinical investigation exclusivity, prevents the FDA from approving an application under Section 505(b)(2) for the same conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations before the expiration of three years from the date of approval. Such three-year exclusivity, however, would not prevent the approval of another application if the applicant submits a Section 505(b)(1) NDA and has conducted its own adequate, well-controlled clinical trials demonstrating safety and efficacy, nor would it prevent approval of a generic product or Section 505(b)(2) product that did not incorporate the exclusivity-protected changes of the approved drug product. The FDCA, FDA regulations and other applicable regulations and policies provide incentives to manufacturers to create modified, non-infringing versions of a drug to facilitate the approval of an ANDA or other application for generic substitutes.

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, provides an additional six months of exclusivity to be attached to any existing exclusivity (e.g., three or five year exclusivity) or patent protection for a drug. This six month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent delay, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued "Written Request" for such a trial. The current pediatric exclusivity provision was reauthorized in September 2007.

Post-Approval Requirements

Any drugs for which we receive FDA approval are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of AEs with the product, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, product sampling and distribution requirements, complying with certain electronic records and signature requirements and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements. In September 2007, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 was enacted, giving the FDA enhanced post-marketing authority, including the authority to require post-marketing studies and clinical trials, labeling changes based on new safety information, and compliance with risk evaluations and mitigation strategies approved by the FDA. The FDA strictly regulates labeling, advertising, promotion and other types of information on products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance

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with the provisions of the approved label. Further, manufacturers of drugs must continue to comply with cGMP requirements, which are extensive and require considerable time, resources and ongoing investment to ensure compliance. In addition, certain changes to the manufacturing process generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented and other types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications and additional labeling claims, are also subject to further FDA review and approval.

Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacturing and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP and other laws. The cGMP requirements apply to all stages of the manufacturing process, including the production, processing, sterilization, packaging, labeling, storage and shipment of the drug. Manufacturers must establish validated systems to ensure that products meet specifications and regulatory standards, and test each product batch or lot prior to its release. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties for the production of clinical quantities of our product candidates. Future FDA and state inspections may identify compliance issues at the facilities of our contract manufacturers that may disrupt production or distribution or may require substantial resources to correct.

The FDA may withdraw a product approval if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on the product or even complete withdrawal of the product from the market. Further, the failure to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements may result in administrative or judicial actions, such as fines, warning letters, holds on clinical trials, product recalls or seizures, product detention or refusal to permit the import or export of products, refusal to approve pending applications or supplements, restrictions on marketing or manufacturing, injunctions or civil or criminal penalties.

From time to time, legislation is drafted, introduced and passed by the United States Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the approval, manufacturing and marketing of products regulated by the FDA. For example, in July 2012, the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act was enacted, expanding drug supply chain requirements and strengthening FDA's response to drug shortages, among other things. In addition to new legislation, the FDA regulations and policies are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. It is impossible to predict whether further legislative or FDA regulation or policy changes will be enacted or implemented and what the impact of such changes, if any, may be.

Foreign Regulation

In addition to regulations in the United States, we are subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and commercial sales and distribution of our product candidates to the extent we choose to clinically evaluate or sell any products outside of the United States. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and the time may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary greatly from country to country. As in the United States, post-approval regulatory requirements, such as those regarding product manufacture, marketing, or distribution would apply to any product that is approved outside the United States.

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Third-Party Payor Coverage and Reimbursement

In both the United States and foreign markets, our ability to commercialize our product and product candidates successfully, and to attract commercialization partners for our product and product candidates, depends in significant part on the availability of adequate financial coverage and reimbursement from third party payors, including, in the United States, governmental payors such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, managed care organizations, and private health insurers. Medicare is a federally funded program managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), through local fiscal intermediaries and carriers that administer coverage and reimbursement for certain healthcare items and services furnished to the elderly and disabled. Medicaid is an insurance program for certain categories of patients whose income and assets fall below state defined levels and who are otherwise uninsured that is both federally and state funded and managed by each state. The federal government sets general guidelines for Medicaid and each state creates specific regulations that govern its individual program. Each payor has its own process and standards for determining whether it will cover and reimburse a procedure or particular product. Private payors often rely on the lead of the governmental payors in rendering coverage and reimbursement determinations. Therefore, achieving favorable CMS coverage and reimbursement is usually a significant gating issue for successful introduction of a new product. The competitive position of some of our products will depend, in part, upon the extent of coverage and adequate reimbursement for such products and for the procedures in which such products are used. Prices at which we or our customers seek reimbursement for our product candidates can be subject to challenge, reduction or denial by the government and other payors.

The United States Congress and state legislatures may, from time to time, propose and adopt initiatives aimed at cost containment, which could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. For example, in March 2010, President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act as amended by the HealthCare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which we refer to collectively as the HealthCare Reform Law, a sweeping law intended to broaden access to health insurance, reduce or constrain the growth of healthcare spending, enhance remedies against fraud and abuse, add new transparency requirements for healthcare and health insurance industries, impose new taxes and fees on the healthcare industry and impose additional healthcare policy reforms. Effective October 1, 2010, the HealthCare Reform Law revises the definition of "average manufacturer price" for reporting purposes, which could increase the amount of Medicaid drug rebates to states once the provision is effective. Further, since 2011, the HealthCare Reform Law imposes a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import branded prescription drug products. Substantial new provisions affecting compliance have also been enacted, which may require us to modify our business practices with healthcare practitioners. We will not know the full effects of the HealthCare Reform Law until applicable federal and state agencies issue regulations or guidance under the new law. Although it is too early to determine the effect of the HealthCare Reform Law, the new law appears likely to continue to put pressure on pharmaceutical pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs. Moreover, in the coming years, additional changes could be made to governmental healthcare programs that could significantly impact the success of our product candidates.

The cost of pharmaceuticals continues to generate substantial governmental and third party payor interest. We expect that the pharmaceutical industry will experience pricing pressures due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of managed care organizations and additional legislative proposals. Indeed, several candidates for election as President of the United States have publicly stated that the prices of pharmaceutical drugs are too high and that, if elected, will take efforts to enact policies to reduce and/or control these prices. Our results of operations could be adversely affected by current and future healthcare reforms.

Some third party payors also require pre-approval of coverage for new or innovative devices or drug therapies before they will reimburse healthcare providers that use such therapies. While we cannot

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predict whether any proposed cost-containment measures will be adopted or otherwise implemented in the future, the announcement or adoption of these proposals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain adequate prices for our product candidates and operate profitably.

Other HealthCare Laws and Compliance Requirements

In the United States, our activities are potentially subject to regulation by various federal, state and local authorities in addition to the FDA, including CMS, other divisions of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (e.g., the Office of Inspector General), the United States Department of Justice and individual United States Attorney offices within the Department of Justice, and state and local governments. These regulations include:

•

the federal healthcare program anti-kickback law, which prohibits, among other things, persons from soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;



•

federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other government reimbursement programs that are false or fraudulent, and which may apply to entities like us which provide coding and billing advice to customers;



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the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, which prohibits executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters and which also imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;



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the federal transparency requirements under the HealthCare Reform Law and similar state law provisions require manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and physician ownership and investment interests;



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the FDCA, which among other things, strictly regulates drug product marketing, prohibits manufacturers from marketing drug products for off-label use and regulates the distribution of drug samples; and



•

state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by federal laws, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Employees

As of December 31, 2015, we employed 344 full-time employees. seventy-three employees are engaged in research and development activities and 271 employees are engaged in selling, general and administrative activities. We consider relations with our employees to be good. None of our employees are represented by a labor union.

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ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks described below with all of the other information we include in this report and the additional information in the other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC" or the "Commission"). These risks may result in material harm to our business and our financial condition and results of operations. In this event, the market price of our common stock may decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are dependent on the commercial success of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR.

A substantial majority of our resources are focused on expanding the revenue generated by our approved products in the United States, Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR.

Our ability to generate significant product revenue from sales of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR in the near term will depend on, among other things, our ability to:

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defend our patents and intellectual property from generic competition;



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maintain commercial manufacturing arrangements with third-party manufacturers;



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produce, through a validated process, sufficiently large quantities of inventory of our products to meet demand;



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continue to maintain a wide variety of internal sales, distribution and marketing capabilities sufficient to sustain growth in sales of our products;



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continue to maintain and grow widespread acceptance of our products from physicians, health care payors, patients, pharmacists and the medical community;



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properly price and obtain adequate coverage and reimbursement of these products by governmental authorities, private health insurers, managed care organizations and other third-party payors;



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maintain compliance with ongoing FDA labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping, safety and other post-market requirements;



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obtain approval from the FDA to expand the labeling of our approved products for additional indications;



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adequately protect against and effectively respond to any claims by holders of patents and other intellectual property rights that our products infringe their rights; and



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adequately protect against and effectively respond to any unanticipated adverse effects or unfavorable publicity that develops in respect to our products, as well as the emergence of new or existing competitive products, which may be proven to be more clinically effective and cost-effective.

There are no guarantees that we will be successful in completing these tasks. In addition, we will need to continue investing substantial financial and management resources to maintain our commercial sales and marketing infrastructure and to recruit and train qualified marketing, sales and other personnel. In addition, we have expressed certain long term revenue expectations. If we cannot achieve those revenue expectations with respect to Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, this could result in a material adverse impact on our anticipated revenue, earnings and liquidity.

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Continued increase in sales of Oxtellar XR or Trokendi XR may be slow or limited for a variety of reasons including competing products or safety issues. If either Oxtellar XR or Trokendi XR is not successful in gaining broad commercial acceptance, our business would be harmed.

Any increase in sales of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR will be dependent on several factors including our ability to educate physicians and to increase physician awareness of the benefits and cost-effectiveness of our products relative to competing products. The degree of further market acceptance of any of our products or market acceptance of approved product candidates among physicians, patients, health care payors and the medical community will depend on a number of factors, including:

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acceptable evidence of safety and efficacy;



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relative convenience and ease of administration;



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the prevalence and severity of any adverse side effects; and



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availability of alternative treatments.



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pricing and cost effectiveness;

In addition, Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR will be subject to continual review by the FDA, and we cannot assure that newly discovered or reported safety issues will not arise. With the use of any newly marketed drug by a wider patient population, serious AEs may occur from time to time that initially do not appear to relate to the drug itself. Any safety issues could cause us to suspend or cease marketing of our approved products, cause us to modify how we market our approved products, subject us to substantial liabilities and adversely affect our revenues and financial condition. In the event of a withdrawal of either Oxtellar XR or Trokendi XR from the market, our revenues would decline significantly and our business would be seriously harmed and could fail.

We are involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming. For example, we are involved in several matters related to Paragraph IV Certification Notice Letters that we have received in connection with our products and our collaborators' products. In connection with an ANDA, a Paragraph IV Certification Notice Letter notifies the FDA that one or more patents listed in the FDA's Orange Book is alleged to be invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the ANDA product. These matters include claims related to Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, and are discussed in Part I, Item 3—Legal Proceedings.

In any infringement proceeding, including the foregoing, a court may decide that a patent of ours is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patients at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent application at risk of not issuing.

Interference proceedings brought by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents and patent applications or those of our collaborators. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if a prevailing party does not offer us a license on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. Litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distraction of our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our collaborators, misappropriation of our

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proprietary rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceeding or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, or perceive that the presence or continuation of these cases creates a level of uncertainty regarding our ability to increase or sustain products sales, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. There can be no assurance that our products or product candidates will not be subject to the same risks.

We are dependent on obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates and for additional indications for existing products.

Our ability to successfully commercialize any of our product candidates and for additional indications of existing products will depend on, among other things, our ability to:

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successfully complete our clinical trials;



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receive marketing approvals from the FDA;



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produce, through a validated process, sufficiently large quantities of our product candidates to permit successful clinical development and commercialization;



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establish commercial manufacturing arrangements with third-party manufacturers;



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build and maintain strong sales, distribution and marketing capabilities sufficient to commercially launch our product candidates;



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secure acceptance of our product candidates from physicians, health care payors, pharmacies, wholesalers, patients and the medical community; and



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manage our spending as costs and expenses increase due to undertaking clinical trials and commercially launching product candidates.

There are no guarantees that we will be successful in completing these tasks. If we are unable to successfully complete these tasks, we may not be able to commercialize any of our other product candidates in a timely manner, or at all, in which case we may be unable to maximize our revenues. In addition, if we experience unanticipated delays or problems, development costs could substantially increase and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to effectively market and sell our product candidates, if approved, in the United States.

We plan on building our sales and marketing capabilities in the United States to commercialize our product candidates if approved. We will build such capabilities by investing significant amounts of financial and management resources. Furthermore, the cost of establishing and maintaining marketing and sales capabilities may not be justifiable in light of the revenues generated by any of our product candidates.

If we are unable to establish and maintain adequate sales and marketing capabilities for our product candidates or are unable to do so in a timely manner, we may not be able to generate product revenues from these product candidates which may prevent us from maintaining profitability.

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Final marketing approval of any of our product candidates or additional indications for existing products by the FDA or other regulatory authorities may be delayed, limited, or denied, any of which would adversely affect our ability to generate operating revenues.

Our business depends on the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. We are not permitted to market any of our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA from the FDA, or in any foreign jurisdiction until we receive the requisite approvals from such jurisdiction. Satisfaction of regulatory requirements typically takes many years, is dependent upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product and requires the expenditure of substantial resources. We cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize our product candidates and we cannot, therefore, predict the timing of any future revenues from these product candidates, if any. In addition, we have sought approval from the FDA for Trokendi XR as a treatment for migraines; however, we cannot predict if, or when, we will obtain regulatory approval for this indication and, therefore, cannot predict the timing of any future revenues, if any, from the sale of Trokendi XR for this indication.

The FDA has substantial discretion in the drug approval process, including the ability to delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate or a prior approval supplement for many reasons. For example, the FDA:

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could reject or delay the marketing application for an NCE;



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could determine that we cannot rely on Section 505(b)(2) for any of our product candidates;



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could determine that the information provided by us was inadequate, contained clinical deficiencies or otherwise failed to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of any of our product candidates for any indication;



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may not find the data from bioequivalence studies and/or clinical trials sufficient to support the submission of an NDA or to obtain marketing approval in the United States, including any findings that the clinical and other benefits of our product candidates outweigh their safety risks;



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may disagree with our trial design or our interpretation of data from preclinical studies, bioequivalence studies and/or clinical trials, or may change the requirements for approval even after it has reviewed and commented on the design for our trials, the outcome and measurement scale used in the trials, and the clinical protocols whether with or without a special protocol assessment process;



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may determine that we have identified the wrong reference listed drug or drugs or that approval of our Section 505(b)(2) application of our product candidate is blocked by patent or non-patent exclusivity of the reference listed drug or drugs;



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may identify deficiencies in the manufacturing processes or facilities of third-party manufacturers with which we enter into agreements for the supply of raw materials, including the API or manufactured product candidates used in our product candidates, wherein those deficiencies may result in interruption in the ability to supply product;



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may approve our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request, or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-approval clinical trials;



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may change its approval policies or adopt new regulations; or



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may not approve the labeling claims that we believe are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates, or the addition of new indications to the label of our existing products.

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Notwithstanding the approval of many products by the FDA pursuant to Section 505(b)(1) and 505(b)(2), over the last few years, some pharmaceutical companies and others have objected to the FDA's interpretation of Section 505(b)(2). If the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2), or if the FDA's interpretation is successfully challenged in court, this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) application that we submit. Any failure to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates would significantly limit our ability to generate revenues, and any failure to obtain such approval for all of the indications and labeling claims we deem desirable could reduce our potential revenues.

We are subject to uncertainty relating to payment or reimbursement policies which, if not favorable for our products or product candidates, could hinder or prevent our commercial success.

Our ability or our collaborators' ability to successfully commercialize our products, including Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, and our product candidates, will depend in part on the coverage and reimbursement levels set by governmental authorities, private health insurers, managed care organizations and other third-party payors. As a threshold for coverage and reimbursement, third-party payors generally require that drug products be approved for marketing by the FDA. Third-party payors also are increasingly challenging the effectiveness of and prices charged for medical products and services. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs, in some instances, by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications or encouraging the use of lower-cost generic AEDs. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any of the products that we develop and, if reimbursement is available, the level of reimbursement. Moreover, that level of reimbursement may change over time as a result of decisions made by payors. Reduced or partial payment or reimbursement coverage could make our products or product candidates, including Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, less attractive to patients and prescribing physicians. We also may be required to sell our products or product candidates at a significant discount, which would adversely affect our ability to realize an appropriate return on our investment in our products or product candidates or compete on price.

We expect that private insurers and managed care organizations will consider the efficacy, cost effectiveness and safety of our products or product candidates, including Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, in determining whether to approve reimbursement for such products or product candidates and at what level. Moreover, they will consider the efficacy and cost effectiveness of comparable or competitive products in making reimbursement decisions for our products. Because each third-party payor individually approves payment or reimbursement, obtaining these approvals can be a time consuming and expensive process that could require us to provide scientific or clinical support for the use of each of our products or product candidates separately to each third-party payor. In some cases, it could take several months or years before a particular private insurer or managed care organization reviews a particular product, and we may ultimately be unsuccessful in obtaining coverage. Our competitors may have larger organizations, as well as existing business relationships with third-party payors relating to their products. Our business would be materially adversely affected if we do not receive approval for reimbursement of our products or product candidates from private insurers on a timely or satisfactory basis. Our products and product candidates may not be considered cost-effective, and coverage and reimbursement may not be available or sufficient to allow us to sell our products or product candidates on a profitable basis. Our business would also be adversely affected if private insurers, managed care organizations, the Medicare program or other reimbursing bodies or payors limit the indications for which our products or product candidates will be reimbursed.

In some foreign countries, particularly Canada and the countries of Europe, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to strict governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take six to twelve months or longer after the receipt of regulatory approval and product launch. To obtain favorable reimbursement for the indications sought or pricing

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approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our products or product candidates to other available therapies. If reimbursement for our products or product candidates is unavailable in any country in which reimbursement is sought, limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, our business could be materially harmed.

In addition, many managed care organizations negotiate the price of products and establish formularies which establish pricing and reimbursement levels. Exclusion of a product from a formulary can lead to its sharply reduced usage in the managed care organization's patient population. If our products or product candidates are not included within an adequate number of formularies or adequate payment or reimbursement levels are not provided, or if those policies increasingly favor generic products, our market share and gross margins could be negatively affected, which would have a material adverse effect on our overall business and financial condition.

We expect to experience pricing pressures due to potential healthcare reforms discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as due to cost control measures instituted by health maintenance organizations.

Our failure to successfully develop and market product candidates would impair our ability to grow.

As part of our growth strategy, we intend to develop and market additional product candidates. We may spend several years completing our development of any particular current or future internal product candidate, during which process, we can experience failure can occur at any stage. The product candidates to which we allocate our resources may not end up being commercially successful. In addition, because our internal research capabilities are limited, we may be dependent upon pharmaceutical companies, academic scientists and other researchers to sell or license products or technology to us. The success of this strategy depends partly upon our ability to identify, select, discover and acquire promising pharmaceutical product candidates and products.

The process of proposing, negotiating and implementing a license or acquisition of a product candidate or approved product is lengthy and complex. Other companies, including some with substantially greater financial, marketing and sales resources, may compete with us for the license or acquisition of product candidates and approved products. We have limited resources, including financial resources, to identify and execute the acquisition or in-licensing of third-party products, businesses and technologies and integrate them into our current infrastructure. Moreover, we may devote resources to potential acquisitions or in-licensing opportunities that are never completed, or we may fail to realize the anticipated benefits of such efforts. We may not be able to acquire the rights to additional product candidates on terms that we find acceptable, or at all.

In addition, future acquisitions may entail numerous operational and financial risks, including:

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exposure to unknown liabilities;



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disruption of our business and diversion of our management's time and attention to develop acquired products or technologies;



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incurrence of substantial debt, dilutive issuances of securities or depletion of cash to pay for acquisitions;



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higher than expected acquisition and integration costs;



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difficulty in combining the operations and personnel of any acquired businesses with our operations and personnel;



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increased operating expenses;

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impairment of relationships with key suppliers or customers of any acquired businesses due to changes in management and ownership; and



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inability to retain and/or motivate key employees of any acquired businesses.

Our clinical trials may fail to demonstrate acceptable levels of safety, efficacy or any other requirements of our product candidates, which could prevent or significantly delay regulatory approval.

We may be unable to sufficiently demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates to obtain regulatory approval. We must demonstrate with substantial evidence gathered in well-controlled studies, and to the satisfaction of the FDA with respect to approval in the United States and to the satisfaction of similar regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions with respect to approval in those jurisdictions, that each product candidate is safe and effective for use in the target indication. The FDA may require us to conduct or perform additional studies or trials to adequately demonstrate safety and efficacy, which could prevent or significantly delay our receipt of regulatory approval, increase clinical costs significantly, and, ultimately, delay the commercialization of that product candidate.

Further, any product candidate that we acquire may require additional development efforts prior to commercial sale, including extensive clinical testing and approval by the FDA and applicable foreign regulatory authorities. All product candidates are prone to risks of failure typical of pharmaceutical product development, including the possibility that a product candidate will not be shown to be sufficiently safe and effective for approval by regulatory authorities.

In addition, the results from the trials that we have completed for our product candidates may not be replicated in future trials, or we may be unable to demonstrate sufficient safety and efficacy to obtain the requisite regulatory approvals for our product candidates. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced development, even after promising results in earlier trials. If our product candidates are not shown to be safe and effective, our clinical development programs could be delayed or might be terminated.

We rely and will continue to rely on outsourcing arrangements for certain of our activities, including clinical research of our product candidates and manufacturing of our compounds and product candidates beyond Phase II clinical trials.

We rely on outsourcing arrangements for some of our activities, including manufacturing, preclinical and clinical research, data collection and analysis, and electronic submission of regulatory filings. We may have limited control over these third parties and we cannot guarantee that they will perform their obligations in an effective and timely manner. Our reliance on third parties, including third-party clinical research organizations (CROs) and CMOs entails risks including, but not limited to:

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non-compliance by third parties with regulatory and quality control standards;



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sanctions imposed by regulatory authorities if compounds supplied or manufactured by a third party supplier or manufacturer fail to comply with applicable regulatory standards;



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the possible breach of the agreements by the CROs or CMOs because of factors beyond our control or the insolvency of any of these third parties or other financial difficulties, labor unrest, natural disasters or other factors adversely affecting their ability to conduct their business; and



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termination or non-renewal of an agreement by the third parties, at a time that is inconvenient for us, because of our breach of the manufacturing agreement or based on their own business priorities.

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of any of our products or product candidates beyond Phase II clinical trials, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations for Phase III clinical materials or commercial products in the foreseeable

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future. We currently depend on third-party CMOs for all of our required raw materials and drug substance for our preclinical research and clinical trials. For Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, we currently rely on single suppliers for raw materials, including API, and rely on third-party suppliers and manufacturers for the final commercial products. If any of these vendors are unable to perform their obligations to us, including due to violations of the FDA's requirements, our ability to meet regulatory requirements, projected timelines, necessary quality standards for successful manufacture of our development and commercialization product would be adversely affected. Further, if we were required to change vendors, it could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs. Accordingly, the loss of any of our current or future third-party manufacturers or suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We have entered into supply agreements for both Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR with leading CMOs headquartered in North America for the manufacture of the final commercial products. However, there is a risk that the counterparties to these agreements will not perform their respective obligations or will terminate these agreements. We could also become embroiled in disputes with third party manufacturers for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR regarding the terms of our agreements, their performance or intellectual property rights, any of which could disrupt the sales of our products and adversely affect our reputation and revenue. In addition, we do not have contractual relationships for the manufacture of commercial supplies of all of our product candidates. The number of third-party manufacturers with the expertise, required regulatory approvals and facilities to manufacture drug substance and final drug product on a commercial scale is limited. Therefore, we may not be able to enter into such arrangements with third-party manufacturers in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to secure such contractual arrangements would harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates. Our costs could increase and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

Delays or failures in the completion of clinical development of our product candidates would increase our costs and delay or limit our ability to generate revenues.

Delays or failures in the completion of clinical trials for our product candidates could significantly raise our product development costs. We do not know whether current or planned trials will be completed on schedule, if at all. The commencement and completion of clinical development can be delayed or halted for a number of reasons, including:

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difficulties obtaining regulatory approval to commence a clinical trial or complying with conditions imposed by a regulatory authority regarding the scope or term of a clinical trial;



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delays in reaching or failure to reach agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs trial sites and investigators, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs, trial sites, and investigators;



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insufficient or inadequate supply or quantity of a product candidate for use in trials;



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difficulties obtaining IRB or ethics committee approval to conduct a trial at a prospective site;



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challenges recruiting and enrolling patients to participate in clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including competition from other programs for the treatment of similar conditions;



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severe or unexpected drug-related side effects experienced by patients in a clinical trial;



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difficulty retaining patients who have enrolled in a clinical trial but may be prone to withdraw due to side effects from the therapy, lack of efficacy or personal issues; and



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clinical holds; and



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clinical trials may also be delayed as a result of ambiguous or negative interim results.

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In addition, clinical trials may be suspended or terminated by us, a Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) or ethics committee overseeing the clinical trial at a trial site (with respect to that site), the FDA or other regulatory authorities due to a number of factors, including:

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failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or the trial protocols;



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observations during inspection of the clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or other regulatory authorities that ultimately result in the imposition of a clinical hold;



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unforeseen safety issues; or



•

lack of adequate funding to continue the trial.

In addition, failure to conduct the clinical trial in accordance with regulatory requirements or the trial protocols may result in the inability to use the data to support product approval. Changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur, and we may need to amend clinical trial protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical trial protocols to IRBs or ethics committees for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical trial.

In addition, many of the factors that cause, or lead to, a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may also ultimately lead to the denial of regulatory approval of our product candidates. If we experience delays in completion of, or if we terminate any of our clinical trials, our ability to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates may be materially harmed, and our commercial prospects and ability to generate product revenues will be diminished.

If other versions of extended or controlled release oxcarbazepine or topiramate are approved and successfully commercialized, then our business could be materially harmed.

Third parties have and may receive approval to manufacture and market their own versions of extended release oxcarbazepine or topiramate anti-epileptic drugs in the United States. For example, Upsher-Smith launched Qudexy XR (extended release topiramate) and its own authorized generic, both of which compete with Trokendi XR. Since Trokendi XR was not granted marketing exclusivity by the FDA, we may not be able to prevent the submission or approval of another full NDA for any competitor's extended or controlled release topiramate product candidate. However, we do have the right to defend our products against third parties who may infringe or are infringing our patents. In addition, we are aware of companies who are marketing modified-release oxcarbazepine products outside of the United States, such as Apydan, which is developed by Desitin Arzneimittel GmbH and requires twice-daily administration. If companies with modified-release oxcarbazepine products outside of the United States pursue or obtain approval of their products within the United States, such competing products may limit the potential success of Oxtellar XR in the United States, and our business and growth prospects would be materially impaired. Accordingly, if any third party is successful in obtaining approval to manufacture and market their own versions of extended release oxcarbazepine or topiramate in the United States, we may not be able to recover expenses incurred in connection with the development of or prospectively realize revenues from Oxtellar XR or Trokendi XR.

If we do not obtain marketing exclusivity for our product candidates, our business may suffer.

Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, three years of marketing exclusivity may be granted for the approval of new and supplemental NDAs, including Section 505(b)(2) applications, for, among other things, new indications, dosage forms, routes of administration, or strengths of an existing drug, or for a new use, if new clinical investigations that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are determined by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application. This exclusivity, which is

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sometimes referred to as clinical investigation exclusivity, prevents the FDA from approving an application under Section 505(b)(2) for the same conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations before the expiration of three years from the date of approval. Such exclusivity, however, would not prevent the approval of another application if the applicant submits a Section 505(b)(1) NDA and has conducted its own adequate, well-controlled clinical trials demonstrating safety and efficacy, nor would it prevent approval of a generic product or Section 505(b)(2) product that did not incorporate the exclusivity-protected changes of the approved drug product. Under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments, newly-approved drugs and indications may also benefit from a statutory period of non-patent marketing exclusivity. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments provide five-year marketing exclusivity to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for an NCE, meaning that the FDA has not previously approved any other drug containing the same API, or active moiety, which is the molecule responsible for the action of the drug substance. Although protection under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments will not prevent the submission or approval of another full Section 505(b)(1) NDA, such an NDA applicant would be required to conduct its own preclinical and adequate, well-controlled clinical trials to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

While the FDA granted a three year marketing exclusivity period for Oxtellar XR, it did not grant a similar marketing exclusivity period for Trokendi XR. If we are unable to obtain marketing exclusivity for our subsequent product candidates, then our competitors may obtain approval of competing products more easily than if we had such marketing exclusivity, and our future revenues could be reduced, possibly materially.

Our products and product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other characteristics that limit their commercial potential or delay or prevent their regulatory approval.

Undesirable side effects caused by any of our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt development and could result in the denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, and result in potential products liability claims. Undesirable side effects caused by any of our products could cause regulatory authorities to temporarily or permanently halt product sales which could have a material adverse effect on our business as a whole.

Immediate release oxcarbazepine and topiramate products, which use the same active pharmaceutical ingredients as Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, are known to cause various side effects, including but not limited to dizziness, paresthesia, headaches, cognitive deficiencies such as memory loss and speech impediment, digestive problems, somnolence, double vision, gingival enlargement, nausea, weight gain, oral malformation birth defects, visual field defects, and fatigue. The use of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR may cause similar side effects as compared to their reference products, or may cause additional or different side effects.

If our products cause side effects or if any of our product candidates receive marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by our products or product candidates, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

•

regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of the product candidate or otherwise require us to take the approved product off the market;



•

regulatory authorities may require additional warnings, or a narrowing of the indication, on the product label;



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we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the proper use of the medication and risks of side effects for distribution to patients;



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we may be required to modify the product in some way;

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•

the FDA may require us to conduct additional clinical trials or costly post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of the product;



•

sales of approved products may decrease significantly;



•

we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; and



•

our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining the commercial success of our products and product candidates and could substantially increase commercialization costs.

We may not be able to manage our business effectively if we are unable to attract, motivate and retain key members of our management team.

We may not be able to attract or motivate qualified management and scientific and clinical personnel in the future due to the intense competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology, pharmaceutical and other businesses. Our industry has experienced a high rate of turnover of management personnel in recent years. If we are not able to attract and motivate necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we may experience constraints that will significantly impede the achievement of our objectives.

We are highly dependent on the development, regulatory, commercial and financial expertise of our management, particularly Jack A. Khattar, our President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Khattar has an employment agreement and other members of the senior management team have executive retention agreements. If we lose key members of our management team, we may not be able to find suitable replacements in a timely fashion, if at all. We cannot be certain that future management transitions will not disrupt our operations and generate concern among employees and those with whom we do business.

In addition to the competition for personnel, our corporate offices are located in the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area, an area that is characterized by a high cost of living. As such, we could have difficulty attracting experienced personnel to our Company and may be required to expend significant financial resources in our employee recruitment efforts.

If our competitors develop or market alternatives for treatments of our target indications, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated.

The pharmaceutical industry is characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary therapeutics. We face competition from a number of sources, some of which may target the same indications as our products and product candidates, including large pharmaceutical companies, smaller pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. The availability of new products or approvals for new indications of existing products may limit the demand for and the price we are able to charge for any of our products we are able to differentiate them from competitive offerings. In addition to competition with our currently marketed products, we anticipate that we will face intense competition when our pipeline product candidates are approved by regulatory authorities and we begin the commercialization process for these products.

There are currently no marketed products and no known products in development for the treatment of IA in patients with ADHD. However, the off-label use of risperidone (Risperdal) and aripiprazole (Abilify) is common. These products are approved for irritability in autism which, as a result, may influence use of the products to treat IA in patients with ADHD.

In addition, several companies have various product candidates they are developing for ADHD which may compete with our SPN-812 product candidate. Non-stimulant ADHD products in Phase III

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development include SEP-225289 (dasotraline), a dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, being developed by Sunovion, and MG01CI (metadoxine), an extended release version of pyrrolidone carboxylate of pyridoxine, which is being developed by Alcobra. Sunovion reported positive data in adults from a first study with SEP-225289 at the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology meeting in 2014. An additional Phase III study in adults is planned, with pediatric work to follow. The Alcobra product did not meet its primary endpoint in an initial Phase III study reported in 2014. However, Alcobra is conducting additional clinical work in adults and adolescents.

Further, new developments, including the development of other drug technologies, may render our products

or product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. As a result, our products and product candidates may become obsolete before we recover expenses incurred in connection with their development or realize revenues from commercialization. Further, many competitors have substantially greater:

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capital resources;



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research and development resources and experience, including personnel and technology;



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drug development, clinical trial and regulatory resources and experience;



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sales and marketing resources and experience;



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manufacturing and distribution resources and experience;



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name recognition; and



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resources, experience and expertise in prosecution and enforcement of intellectual property rights.

As a result of these factors, our competitors may obtain regulatory approval of their products more rapidly than we are able to or may obtain patent protection or other intellectual property rights that limit or block us from developing or commercializing our product candidates. Our competitors may also develop drugs that are more effective, more useful, better tolerated, subject to fewer or less severe side effects, more widely prescribed or accepted or less costly than ours and may also be more successful than us in manufacturing and marketing their products. If we are unable to compete effectively with the products of our competitors or if such competitors are successful in developing products that compete with any of our product candidates that are approved, our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects may be materially and adversely affected. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry may result in even more resources being concentrated at competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances made in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment.

Our products and our product candidates, may be subject to restrictions or withdrawal from the market. We may be subject to penalties if we fail to comply with regulatory requirements.

Even though U.S. regulatory approval has been obtained for Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR, the FDA may still impose significant restrictions on a product's indicated uses or marketing or impose ongoing requirements for costly post-approval studies. Our product candidates would also be, and our approved product and our collaborators' approved products are, subject to ongoing FDA requirements governing the labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping and submission of safety and other information. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations. If we, our collaborators or a regulatory authority discovers previously unknown problems with a product, including side effects that are unanticipated in severity or frequency, or

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problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product or the manufacturer, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we or our collaborators, or our or our collaborators' approved products or product candidates, or the manufacturing facilities for our or our collaborators' approved products or product candidates fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements, a regulatory authority may:

•

issue warning letters or untitled letters;



•

impose civil or criminal penalties;



•

suspend regulatory approval;



•

suspend any ongoing bioequivalence and/or clinical trials;



•

refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications filed by us;



•

impose restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements, or suspension of production for a sustained period of time; or



•

seize or detain products or require us to initiate a product recall.

In addition, our product labeling, advertising and promotion of our approved products, are subject to regulatory requirements and continuing regulatory review. The FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product's approved labeling. The FDA and other authorities actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant sanctions. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. If we are found to have promoted off-label uses, we may be enjoined from such off-label promotion and become subject to significant liability, which would have an adverse effect on our reputation, business and revenues, if any. All of this notwithstanding, physicians may nevertheless prescribe our products to their patients in a manner that is inconsistent with the approved label.

If we fail to produce our products and product candidates in the volumes that we require on a timely basis, or fail to comply with stringent regulations applicable to pharmaceutical drug manufacturers, we may face delays in the development and commercialization of our products and product candidates, or withdrawal of products from the market.

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of any of our products or for the commercial production of our product candidates, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations for commercial products in the foreseeable future. We currently depend on third-party contract manufacturers for the supply of the APIs for our products or product candidates, including drug substance for our preclinical research and clinical trials. For Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, we currently rely on single suppliers for raw materials including API and we rely on single manufacturers to produce and package final dosage forms. Any future curtailment in the availability of raw materials could result in production or other delays with consequent adverse effects. In addition, because regulatory authorities must generally approve raw material sources for pharmaceutical products, changes in raw material suppliers may result in production delays or higher raw material costs.

The manufacture of pharmaceutical products requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Pharmaceutical companies often encounter difficulties in manufacturing, particularly in scaling up production of their products. These problems include manufacturing difficulties relating to production costs and yields,

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quality control, stability of the product and quality assurance testing, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with federal, state and foreign regulations. If we are unable to demonstrate stability in accordance with commercial requirements, or if our manufacturers were to encounter difficulties or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations to us, our ability to maintain or obtain FDA approval and to market our products and product candidates, respectively, would be jeopardized. In addition, any delay or interruption in producing clinical trial supplies could delay or prohibit the completion of our clinical trials, increase the costs associated with conducting our clinical trials and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new trials at significant additional expense or to terminate a trial.

Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products need to comply with cGMP requirements and other requirements as enforced by the FDA, including for electronic tracking and submission. These requirements include, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. Manufacturers of our products and product candidates may be unable to comply with these cGMP requirements and with other FDA and foreign regulatory requirements. A failure to comply with these requirements may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall, or withdrawal of product approval. If the safety of any of our products or product candidates is compromised due to failure to adhere to applicable laws or for other reasons, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for such product candidate or successfully commercialize such products, and we may be held liable for any injuries sustained as a result. Any of these factors could cause a delay in clinical development, regulatory submissions, approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, entail higher costs or result in our being unable to effectively commercialize our product candidates. Furthermore, if we fail to obtain the required commercial quantities on a timely basis from our suppliers and at commercially reasonable prices, we may be unable to meet demand for our approved products, and would lose potential revenues.

If the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities approve generic products that compete with any of our products or product candidates, the sales of those products or product candidates would be adversely affected.

Once an NDA, including a Section 505(b)(2) application, is approved, the product covered thereby becomes a "listed drug" which can, in turn, be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an ANDA. The FDCA, FDA regulations and other applicable regulations and policies provide incentives to manufacturers to create modified, non-infringing versions of a drug to facilitate the approval of an ANDA or other application for generic substitutes. These manufacturers might only be required to conduct a relatively inexpensive study to show that their product has the same active ingredient(s), dosage form, strength, route of administration, and conditions of use, or labeling, as our product and product candidate and that the generic product is bioequivalent to ours, meaning it is absorbed in the body at the same rate and to the same extent as our products and product candidate. These generic equivalents, which must meet the same quality standards as branded pharmaceuticals, would be significantly less costly than ours to bring to market. Companies that produce generic equivalents are generally able to offer their products at lower prices. Thus, regardless of the regulatory approval pathway, after the introduction of a generic competitor, a significant percentage of the sales of any branded product are typically lost to the generic product. Accordingly, competition from generic equivalents to our products and product candidates would materially, permanently and adversely impact our revenues, profitability and cash flows and substantially limit our ability to obtain a return on the investments we have made in our products and product candidates. In particular, as disclosed in Part I, Item 3—Legal Proceedings of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we received Paragraph IV Notice Letters against our Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR Orange Book patents from several generic drug makers. We have filed a lawsuit against each of these drug makers alleging infringement of our Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR patents. In October 2015, we reached a settlement agreement with one of these generic drug makers, Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., on the Trokendi XR case. While we intend

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to vigorously defend our product rights, in the event that we are not successful in these lawsuits, our future sales of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR will be significantly, adversely and permanently affected by competition from these generic drug manufacturers.

We intend to rely on third-party collaborators to market and commercialize our products and product candidates outside the United States. They may fail to effectively commercialize our products and product candidates.

Outside the United States, we utilize strategic partners where appropriate, to assist in the commercialization of our products. We currently possess limited resources and may not be successful in establishing collaborations or licensing arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all. We also face competition in our search for collaborators and licensing partners. By entering into strategic collaborations or similar arrangements, we will rely on third parties for financial resources and for development, commercialization, sales and marketing and regulatory expertise. Our collaborators may fail to develop or effectively commercialize our products because they cannot obtain the necessary regulatory approvals, they lack adequate financial or other resources or they decide to focus on other initiatives. Any failure of our third-party collaborators to successfully market and commercialize our products outside the United States would diminish our revenues and harm our results of operations.

Limitations on our patent rights relating to our products and product candidates may limit our ability to prevent third parties from competing against us.

To a significant degree, our success will depend on our ability to obtain and maintain patent protection for our proprietary technologies and our products, preserve our trade secrets, prevent third parties from infringing upon our proprietary rights and operate without infringing upon the proprietary rights of others. To that end, we seek patent protection in the United States and internationally for our product. Our policy is to actively seek to protect our proprietary position by, among other things, filing patent applications in the United States and abroad (including Europe, Canada and certain other countries when appropriate) relating to proprietary technologies that are important to the development of our business.

The strength of patents in the pharmaceutical industry involves complex legal and scientific questions and can have uncertain results. Patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time until they are published, and publication of discoveries in scientific or patent literature typically lags actual discoveries by several months or more. As a result, we cannot be certain that we were the first to conceive inventions covered by our patents and pending patent applications or that we were the first to file patent applications for such inventions. In addition, we cannot be certain that our patent applications will be granted, that any issued patents will adequately protect our intellectual property or that such patents will not be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented.

We also rely upon unpatented trade secrets, unpatented know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and our collaborators and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us. It is possible that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees and consultants that are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors. Any failure to adequately prevent disclosure of our trade secrets and other proprietary information could have a material adverse impact on our business.

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In addition, the laws of certain foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the United States, and therefore, we may encounter problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property in certain foreign jurisdictions.

If we are sued for infringing intellectual property rights of third parties, it could be costly and time consuming to defend such a suit. An unfavorable outcome in that litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell their approved products and our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our collaborators are developing product candidates. As the pharmaceutical industry expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our collaborators' approved products and our product candidates may give rise to claims of infringement of the patent rights of others. There may be issued patents of third parties of which we are currently unaware, that may be infringed by our collaborators' approved products or Oxtellar XR or Trokendi XR, which could prevent us from being able to maximize revenue generated by Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR or any of our product candidates, respectively. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications which may later result in issued patents that our collaborators' approved products or our product candidates may infringe.

We may be exposed to, or threatened with, future litigation by third parties alleging that our collaborators' approved products or our products or product candidates infringe their intellectual property rights. If one of our collaborators' approved products or our products or product candidates is found to infringe the intellectual property rights of a third party, we or our collaborators could be enjoined by a court and required to pay damages and could be unable to commercialize the applicable approved products and product candidates unless we obtain a license to the patent. A license may not be available to us on acceptable terms, if at all. In addition, during litigation, the patent holder could obtain a preliminary injunction or other equitable relief which could prohibit us from making, using or selling our approved products, pending a trial, which may not occur for several years.

There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry generally. If a third party claims that we or our collaborators infringe its intellectual property rights, we may face a number of issues, including, but not limited to:

•

infringement and other intellectual property claims which, regardless of merit, may be expensive and time-consuming to litigate and may divert our management's attention from our core business;



•

substantial damages for infringement, which we may have to pay if a court decides that the product at issue infringes on or violates the third party's rights. If the court finds that the infringement was willful, we could be ordered to pay treble damages and the patent owner's attorneys' fees;



•

a court prohibiting us from selling Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, or any product candidate approved in the future, if any, unless the third party licenses its rights to us, which it is not required to do;



•

if a license is available from a third party, we may have to pay substantial royalties, fees or grant cross-licenses to our intellectual property rights; and



•

redesigning Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, or any of our product candidates so they do not infringe, which may not be possible or may require substantial monetary expenditures and time.

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We depend on collaborators to work with us to develop, manufacture and commercialize their and our products and product candidates.

We have a license agreement with United Therapeutics Corporation to use one of our proprietary technologies for an oral formulation of treprostinil diethanolamine, or treprostinil, for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension, as well as for other indications. United Therapeutics Corporation launched Orenitram (treprostinil) in 2014, which triggered a milestone payment due to us of $2.0 million. In the third quarter of 2014 we recognized $30.0 million in revenue from HeatlhCare Royalty Partners III, L.P.'s purchase of certain of our rights under our license agreement with United Therapeutics Corporation related to the commercialization of Orenitram. We will retain full ownership of the royalty rights after a certain cumulative threshold payment to Health Care Royalty Partners has been reached. We are entitled to receive milestones and royalties for use of this formulation in other indications. If we materially breach any of our obligations under the license agreement, however, we could lose the potential to receive any future royalty payments thereunder, which could be financially significant to us.

Our future collaboration agreements may have the effect of limiting the areas of research and development that we may pursue, either alone or in collaboration with third parties. Much of the potential revenues from these future collaborations may consist of contingent payments, such as payments for achieving development milestones and royalties payable on sales of developed products. The milestone and royalty revenues that we may receive under these collaborations will depend upon our collaborators' ability to successfully develop, introduce, market and sell new products. Future collaboration partners may fail to develop or effectively commercialize products using our products, product candidates or technologies because they, among other things, may:

•

change the focus of their development and commercialization efforts or may have insufficient resources to effectively develop our product candidates. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies historically have re-evaluated their development and commercialization priorities following mergers and consolidations, which have been common in recent years in these industries. The ability of some of our product candidates to reach their potential could be limited if our future collaborators decrease or fail to increase development or commercialization efforts related to those product candidates;



•

decide not to devote the necessary resources due to internal constraints, such as limited personnel with the requisite scientific expertise or limited cash resources, or the belief that other drug development programs may have a higher likelihood of obtaining marketing approval or may potentially generate a greater return on investment;



•

develop and commercialize, either alone or with others, drugs that are similar to or competitive with the product candidates that are the subject of their collaborations with us;



•

not have sufficient resources necessary to carry the product candidate through clinical development, marketing approval and commercialization;



•

fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements;



•

not be able to obtain the necessary marketing approvals; or



•

breach or terminate their arrangement with us.

If collaboration partners fail to develop or effectively commercialize our products for any of these reasons, we may not be able to replace the collaboration partner with another partner to develop and commercialize the product under the terms of the collaboration. Further, even if we are able to replace the collaboration partner, we may not be able to do so on commercially favorable terms. As a result, the development and commercialization of the affected product or product candidate could be delayed, curtailed or terminated because we may not have sufficient financial resources or capabilities to

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continue development and commercialization of the product candidate on our own, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We have in-licensed or acquired a portion of our intellectual property necessary to develop certain of our psychiatry product candidates. If we fail to comply with our obligations under any of these arrangements, we could lose such licenses or intellectual property rights.

We are a party to and rely on several arrangements with third parties, such as those with Afecta and Rune, which give us rights to intellectual property that is necessary for the development of certain of our product candidates, including SPN-810 and SPN-809, respectively. In addition, we may enter into similar arrangements in the future for other product candidates. Our current arrangements impose various development, financial and other obligations on us. If we materially breach these obligations or if Afecta or Rune fail to adequately perform their respective obligations, these exclusive arrangements could be terminated, which would result in our inability to develop, manufacture and sell products that are covered by such intellectual property.

Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval in the United States, we or our collaborators may never receive approval to commercialize our product candidates outside of the United States.

To market any products outside of the United States, we must establish and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other jurisdictions regarding safety and efficacy. Approval procedures vary among jurisdictions and can involve product testing and administrative review periods different from, and greater than those in the United States. The time required to obtain approval in other jurisdictions might differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. The regulatory approval process in other jurisdictions may include all of the risks detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States as well as other risks. For example, legislation analogous to Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA in the United States, which relates to the ability of an NDA applicant to use published data not developed by such applicant, may not exist in other countries. In territories where data is not freely available, we may not have the ability to commercialize our products without negotiating rights from third parties to refer to their clinical data in our regulatory applications, which could require the expenditure of significant additional funds.

In addition, regulatory approval in one jurisdiction does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one jurisdiction may have a negative effect on the regulatory processes in others. Failure to obtain regulatory approvals in other jurisdictions or any delay or setback in obtaining such approvals could have the same adverse effects detailed above regarding FDA approval in the United States. As described above, such effects include the risks that any of our product candidates may not be approved for all indications requested which could limit the uses of our product candidates and have an adverse effect on their commercial potential or require costly post-marketing studies.

Guidelines and recommendations published by various organizations can reduce the use of our products and product candidates.

Government agencies promulgate regulations and guidelines directly applicable to us and to our products and product candidates. In addition, professional societies, practice management groups, private health and science foundations and organizations involved in various diseases from time to time may also publish guidelines or recommendations to the health care and patient communities. Recommendations of government agencies or these other groups or organizations may relate to such matters as usage, dosage, route of administration and use of concomitant therapies. Recommendations or guidelines suggesting the reduced use of our products or the use of competitive or alternative products that are followed by patients and health care providers could result in decreased use of our products.

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We face potential product liability exposure, and if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities.

The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any of our products expose us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products and product candidates. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liabilities. In addition, product liability claims may result in:

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decreased demand for any product that has received approval and is being commercialized;



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impairment of our business reputation and exposure to adverse publicity;



•

withdrawal of bioequivalence and/or clinical trial participants;



•

initiation of investigations by regulators;



•

costs of related litigation;



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distraction of management's attention from our primary business;



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substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;



•

loss of revenues; and



•

the inability to commercialize products for which we obtain marketing approval.

Our product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials is limited to $10 million per claim and $10 million in the aggregate, and covers bodily injury and property damage arising from our clinical trials, subject to industry-standard terms, conditions and exclusions. Our insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for all expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive, and, in the future, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated side effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline. If judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could decrease our cash balance and adversely affect our business.

Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent the commercial success of our products or product candidates.

The U.S. government (federal and certain states) and other non-U.S. governments have shown significant and increased interest in pursuing healthcare reform. Government-adopted reform measures could adversely impact the pricing of healthcare products and services in the U. S. or internationally and adversely impact the amount of reimbursement available from governmental agencies or commercial third-party payors. The continuing efforts of the U.S. and foreign governments, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce health care costs may adversely affect our ability to set prices for any approved product or to increase prices once launched. These initiatives could adversely impact our ability to generate revenues and achieve and maintain profitability.

In both the U. S. (federal and certain states) and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals and initiatives to change the health care system in ways that could adversely affect our ability to sell any approved product profitably. Some of these proposed and implemented reforms could result in reduced reimbursement rates for our products, which would adversely affect our business strategy, operations and financial results. For example, in March 2010, President Obama signed into law a comprehensive changes to the United States healthcare system,

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known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the HealthCare and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. These laws and their regulations, which we refer to collectively as the HealthCare Reform Law, may have far reaching consequences for biopharmaceutical companies like us. As a result of the HealthCare Reform Law, substantial changes could be made to the current system for paying for healthcare in the United States, including changes made in order to extend benefits to those who currently lack insurance coverage or changing coverage parameters. Extending coverage to a large population could substantially change the structure of the health insurance system and the methodology for reimbursing medical services and drugs. These structural changes could entail modifications to the existing system of private payors and government programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, creation of a new government-sponsored healthcare insurance source, or some combination of both, as well as other changes. Restructuring healthcare delivery system in the United States could impact the reimbursement for prescribed drugs, including our products and product candidates. If reimbursement for our approved products is substantially less than we expect in the future, or rebate obligations associated with them are substantially increased, our business could be materially and adversely impacted.

In 2007, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007 was enacted, giving the FDA enhanced post-marketing authority, including the authority to require post-marketing studies and clinical trials, labeling changes based on new safety information, and compliance with risk evaluations and mitigation strategies approved by the FDA. In 2012, the Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act was enacted, expanding drug supply chain requirements and strengthening FDA's response to drug shortages, and other changes. The FDA's exercise of this authority could result in delays or increased costs during product development, clinical trials and regulatory review, increased costs to assure compliance with post-approval regulatory requirements, and potential restrictions on the sale and/or distribution of any approved product. The Drug Quality and Security Act (DQSA) became law in 2013. The DQSA creates the requirement for companies to trace, verify and identify all products across all changes of ownership from manufacturer to dispenser.

Future federal and state proposals and other countries health care reforms could limit the prices that can be charged for the product candidates that we develop and may further limit our commercial opportunity. Our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by the HealthCare Reform Law by reducing the amounts that private insurers will pay and by other health care reforms that may be enacted or adopted in the future.

Implementation of the HealthCare Reform Law could cause us to incur significant compliance expenses or could subject us to substantial penalties and fines if our business is found to violate these requirements.

The HealthCare Reform Law is multi-faceted and is being implemented in phases. The financial impact of the HealthCare Reform Law on our business is on-going, and there can be no assurance that our business will not be materially harmed by future implementation of the HealthCare Reform Law. In addition, if we are not in full compliance with the HealthCare Reform Law, we could face enforcement action, fines and other penalties and we could receive adverse publicity.

The HealthCare Reform Law includes various provisions designed to strengthen fraud and abuse enforcement, such as increased funding for enforcement efforts and the lowering of the intent requirement of the federal anti-kickback statute and criminal health care fraud statute such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge or specific intent to violates the statute.

If our past or present operations are found to be in violation of any such laws or any other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from federal health care programs and/or the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

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The risk of our being found in violation of the HealthCare Reform Law, its underlying regulations, or other laws impacted by its implementation is made more complex by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are subject to a variety of interpretations. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against them, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management's attention from the operation of our business.

If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

As a supplier of pharmaceuticals, certain U.S. federal and state health care laws and regulations pertaining to patients' rights to privacy fraud and abuse are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The regulations include:

•

the federal healthcare program anti-kickback law, which prohibits, among other things, persons from soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;



•

federal false claims laws which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent, and which may apply to entities like us which provide coding and billing advice to customers;



•

the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, which prohibits executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters and which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;



•

the federal transparency requirements under the HealthCare Reform Law requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and medical supplies to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and physician ownership and investment interests;



•

the FDCA, which among other things, strictly regulates drug product marketing, prohibits manufacturers from marketing drug products for off-label use and regulates the distribution of drug samples; and



•

state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback, Sunshine Act, and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers, and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by federal laws, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations could be costly. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and impair our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our

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management's attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

As we continue to increase the size of our organization we may experience difficulties in managing growth.

Our personnel, systems and facilities currently in place may not be adequate to support future growth. Our future financial performance and our ability to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage our recent and any future growth. In 2015, we increased from 309 employees to 344 employees and increased revenues to $144.4 million from $122.0 million in 2014. Our need to effectively execute our growth strategy requires that we:

•

manage our regulatory approvals and clinical trials effectively;



•

manage our internal development efforts effectively while complying with our contractual obligations to licensors, licensees, contractors, collaborators and other third parties;



•

commercialize our product candidates;



•

improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures; and



•

attract, retain and motivate sufficient numbers of talented employees.

This growth could place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure and may require our management to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. We may not be able to make improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls. In addition, our growth will cause us to comply with an increasing number of regulations and statutory requirements. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenues could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy.

Our business involves the use of hazardous materials, and we must comply with environmental laws and regulations, which can be expensive and restrict how we do business.

Our activities and our third-party manufacturers' and suppliers' activities involve the controlled storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials owned by us. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to federal, state, city and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials. Although we believe that the safety procedures we use for handling and disposing of these materials comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of an accident, local, city, state or federal authorities may curtail the use of these materials and interrupt our business operations, including our commercialization and research and development efforts. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources. We do not currently maintain biological or hazardous materials insurance coverage.

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Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent process. There are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case.

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors and, as such, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed trade secrets or other proprietary information of their former employers. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data in our data centers and on our networks, including: intellectual property; our proprietary business information; that of our customers, suppliers and business partners; and personally identifiable information of our employees and patients in our clinical trials. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information and regulatory penalties, and could disrupt our operations and damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our business, revenues and competitive position.

Provisions in our agreement with Shire impose restrictive covenants on us, which could limit our ability to operate effectively in the future.

In 2005, we purchased substantially all of the assets of Shire Laboratories Inc. Pursuant to this agreement, we agreed to refrain perpetually from engaging in any research, formulation development, analytical testing, manufacture, technology assessment or oral bioavailability screening that relate to five specific drug compounds (amphetamine, carbamazepine, guanfacine, lanthanum and mesalamine) and any derivative thereof. Although these various restrictions and covenants on us do not currently impact our products, product candidates or business, they could in the future limit or delay our ability to take advantage of business opportunities that may relate to such compounds.

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Risks Related to Our Finances and Capital Requirements

We have been profitable from operations since the fourth quarter of 2014 and there is no assurance that we will continue to generate net income in the future.

In recent years, we have focused primarily on developing our current products and product candidates, with the goal of commercializing these products and supporting regulatory approval for these product candidates. We have financed our operations through various transactions including the following:

•

the completion of our $52.3 million initial public offering in May 2012;



•

the completion of our follow-on $49.9 million equity offering in November 2012; and



•

the completion of our $90 million private placement offering of 7.50% Convertible Senior Secured Notes Due 2019 (the Notes) in May 2013; and



•

the monetization of certain future royalty streams in 2014, under our existing license for Orenitram.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $144.6 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from costs incurred in connection with our development programs, expenses associated with launching our products, and from selling, general and administrative costs associated with our operations. We expect our research and development costs to continue to be substantial and to increase with respect to our product candidates as we advance those product candidates through preclinical studies, clinical trials, manufacturing scale-up and other pre-approval activities. We expect our selling, general and administrative costs to continue to increase as we continue to support the ongoing commercialization of our products.

Our prior losses have had an adverse effect on our stockholders' equity and and cash position. While we anticipate maintaining profitability in 2016 and beyond, we cannot be certain that we will do so. Any potential future losses, if and when they occur, could have an adverse impact on our stockholders' equity and working capital. Furthermore, since the completion of our initial public offering in May 2012, we have incurred additional costs associated with operating as a public company.

We may need additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development programs or commercialization efforts.

Developing product candidates, conducting clinical trials, establishing manufacturing relationships and marketing drugs are expensive and uncertain processes.

In addition, unforeseen circumstances may arise, or our strategic imperatives could change, causing us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, requiring us to seek to raise additional funds. We have no committed external sources of funds.

The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

•

our ability to successfully support our products in the marketplace and the rate of increase in the level of sales in the marketplace;



•

the rate of progress, clinical success, and cost of our trials and other product development programs for our product candidates;



•

the costs and timing of in-licensing additional product candidates or acquiring other complementary companies;



•

the timing of any regulatory approvals of our product candidates;

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•

the actions of our competitors and their success in selling competitive product offerings including generics; and



•

the status, terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing, co-promotion or other arrangements.

Additional financing may not be available when we need it or may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all. We may seek additional capital due to favorable market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If adequate funds are not available to us on a timely basis, or at all, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate one or more of our development programs or our commercialization efforts.

We may not be able to maintain or increase profitability.

Our ability to remain profitable depends upon our ability to generate increasing levels of revenues from sales of our products, Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, and while simultaneously funding the requisite research expenditures to gain FDA approval for our product candidates. 2013 was the first year in which we generated revenue from our first commercial products. Since that time, we have demonstrated the ability to become profitable, and subsequently maintain profitability while allocating cash flow to company's needs. Future revenues from these products will highly depend on our ability to grow demand for them and defend against potential generic competition.

Our operating results may fluctuate significantly.

We expect that any revenues we generate will fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year as a result of revenue from approved products, our license agreements, the amount of and timing for development milestones and product revenues received under our collaboration license agreements.

Our net income and other operating results will be affected by numerous factors, including:

•

the level of market acceptance for any approved product candidate and underlying demand for that product and wholesalers' buying patterns;



•

variations in the level of expenses related to our development programs;



•

the success of our bioequivalence and clinical trials through all phases of clinical development;



•

our execution of any collaborative, licensing or similar arrangements, and the timing of payments we may make or receive under these arrangements;



•

any delays in regulatory review and approval of product candidates in clinical development;



•

the timing of any regulatory approvals, if received, of additional indications for our existing products;



•

potential side effects of our products and our future products that could delay or prevent commercialization, cause an approved drug to be taken off the market, or result in litigation;



•

any intellectual property infringement lawsuit in which we may become involved;



•

our ability to maintain an effective sales and marketing infrastructure;



•

our dependency on third-party manufacturers to supply or manufacture our product candidates;



•

competition from existing products, new products, or potential generics to our products that may emerge;



•

regulatory developments affecting our products and product candidates; and



•

changes in reimbursement environment and regulatory changes.

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Due to the various factors mentioned above, and others, the results of any prior quarterly period should not be relied upon as an indication of our future operating performance. If our quarterly operating results fall below the expectations of investors or securities analysts, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Furthermore, any quarterly fluctuations in our operating results may, in turn, cause the price of our stock to fluctuate substantially.

Complying with increased financial reporting and securities laws reporting requirements has increased our costs and requires additional management resources. We may fail to meet these obligations.

We face increased legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses as a public company. Compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, as well as rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and NASDAQ, for example, has resulted in significant initial cost to us as well as ongoing increases in our legal, audit and financial reporting cost. We anticipate that these costs will further increase when we are no longer an "emerging growth company", which we will anticipate occurring no later than December 31, 2017. Beginning in 2015, we transitioned from being a "smaller reporting company" to an "accelerated filer" status which led to further increases in our legal, audit, NASDAQ listing fees and financial compliance costs. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act) requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. Our board of directors, management and outside advisors need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and require us to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage.

As a public company, we are subject to Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act relating to internal controls over financial reporting. We expect to incur significant expense and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with Section 404(a). We currently do not have an internal audit group, and we may need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. Implementing any necessary changes to our internal controls may require specific compliance training for our directors, officers and employees, entail substantial costs to modify or replace our existing accounting systems, and take a significant period of time to complete. Such changes may not, however, be effective in maintaining the adequacy of our internal controls. Any failure to maintain that adequacy, or consequent inability to produce accurate consolidated financial statements or other reports on a timely basis, could increase our operating costs and could materially impair our ability to operate our business. We cannot assure that our internal controls over financial reporting will prove to be effective.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results or prevent fraud. As a result, stockholders could lose confidence in our financial and other public reporting, which would harm our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports. Together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, these are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation, could cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by us conducted in connection with Section 404(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or the subsequent testing by our independent registered public accounting firm conducted in connection with Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act after we no longer qualify as an "emerging growth company," may reveal deficiencies in our internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses; or may require prospective or retroactive changes to our consolidated financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors

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to lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

We are required to disclose changes made in our internal control procedures on a quarterly basis and our management is required to assess the effectiveness of these controls annually. However, for as long as we are an "emerging growth company" under the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b). We could be an "emerging growth company" until December 31, 2017 unless one of three events occurs earlier than December 31, 2017; (1) we generate $1.0 billion of annual revenue at an earlier date, (2) we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt, or (3) we qualify as a large accelerated filer. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls will be very expensive and could detect problems that our management's assessment might not. Undetected material weaknesses in our internal controls could lead to financial statement restatements and require us to incur the expense of remediation.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes may be limited.

Our ability to utilize our U.S. Federal and state net operating losses or U.S. Federal tax credits is currently limited, and may be limited further, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The limitations apply if an ownership change, as defined by Section 382, occurs. Generally, an ownership change occurs when certain shareholders change their aggregate ownership by more than 50 percentage points over their lowest ownership percentage in a testing period, which is typically three years or since the last ownership change. We are already subject to Section 382 limitations due to cumulative ownership changes that, as of November 15, 2013, totaled more than 50%. As of December 31, 2015, we had U.S. Federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of $91.8 million and research and development tax credit carryforwards of $5.5 million available. Future changes in stock ownership may also trigger an additional ownership change and, consequently, another Section 382 limitation. Any limitation may result in expiration of a portion of the net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards before utilization which would reduce our gross deferred income tax assets and corresponding valuation allowance. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards to reduce U.S. Federal and state income tax may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future cash tax liability to us.

Risks Related to Our Indebtedness

The Indenture governing the Notes contains restrictions that will limit our operating flexibility.

The Indenture governing the Notes contains covenants that, among other things, restrict our and our existing and future subsidiaries' ability to take specific actions, even if we believe them to be in our best interest. These covenants include restrictions on our ability to:

•

incur additional indebtedness and issue certain types of preferred stock; and



•

enter into mergers, consolidations or sales or leases of all or substantially all of our assets.

These covenants may limit our operational flexibility and could prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities as they arise, growing our business or competing effectively.

We may not be permitted, by the agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness, to pay any interest make-whole payment upon conversion in cash, requiring us to issue shares for such amounts, which could result in significant dilution to our stockholders.

If a holder elects to convert some or all of their Notes, if, for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the 30 consecutive trading day period ending within five trading days prior to a

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conversion date, the last reported sale price of our common stock exceeds the applicable conversion price on each such trading day, we will pay such holder an interest make-whole payment in cash or common stock for the Notes being converted. We have the option to issue our common stock to any converting holder in lieu of making the interest make-whole payment in cash. If we elect to issue our common stock for such payment, then the stock will be valued at 95% of the simple average of the daily volume-weighted average price (VWAP) of our common stock for the 10 trading days ending on and including the trading day immediately preceding the conversion date. Agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness may prohibit us from making cash payments in respect of the interest make-whole amount upon a conversion. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in no event will the shares we deliver in connection with a conversion, including those delivered in connection with the interest make-whole amount and repayment of principal, exceed 221.7294 shares per $1,000 principal amount of Notes, subject to adjustment or, in aggregate, 19.96 million shares. If, pursuant to our election to deliver common stock in connection with the payment of the interest make-whole amount, we would be required to deliver a number of shares of common stock in excess of such threshold, we will deliver cash in lieu of any shares otherwise deliverable upon conversions in excess thereof (based on the simple average of the daily VWAP for the 10 trading days ending on and including the trading day immediately preceding the conversion date).

Risks Related to Securities Markets and Investment in Our Stock

We may issue additional shares of our common stock or instruments convertible into shares of our common stock, including in connection with the conversion of our Notes, and thereby materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Sales of our common stock, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our common stock which would impair our ability to raise future capital through the sale of additional equity securities.

We may conduct future offerings of our common stock, preferred stock or other securities convertible into our common stock to fund acquisitions, finance operations or for other purposes. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding 49,004,674 shares of common stock, of which approximately 2,062,272 shares are restricted securities that may be sold in accordance with the resale restrictions under Rule 144 of the Securities Act or pursuant to a resale registration statement. Also, as of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding options to purchase 2,699,007 shares of common stock that, if exercised, would result in these additional shares becoming available for sale. Approximately 6.5% of these shares and options are held by senior management of the Company. We have also registered all common stock subject to options outstanding or reserved for issuance under our 2005 Stock Plan, 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan. An aggregate of 1,330,973 and 206,584 shares of our common stock are reserved for future issuance under the 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, respectively. In addition, as of December 31, 2015, 1,915,150 shares of our common stock are presently reserved for future issuance upon conversion of the Notes. These shares will be eligible for resale in the public market upon issuance.

On December 17, 2014, the SEC declared effective our registration statement on Form S-3. Under the registration statement, we may offer and sell securities at a maximum aggregate offering price of up to $112.8 million.

We have never paid dividends on our capital stock, and because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain on an investment in our common stock.

We have paid no cash dividends on any of our classes of capital stock to date, and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. As a result,

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capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future. There is no guarantee that shares of our common stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports or publish unfavorable research or reports about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. We currently have very limited research coverage by securities and industry analysts. If securities or industry analysts presently covering our business do not continue such coverage or if additional securities or industry analysts do not commence coverage of our Company, the trading price for our stock could be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases to cover us or fails to regularly publish reports on us, interest in our stock could decrease, which could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Anti-takeover provisions under our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change of control which could negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as amended, may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control. These provisions include the following:

•

Our board of directors is divided into three classes serving staggered three-year terms, such that not all members of the board will be elected at one time. This staggered board structure prevents stockholders from replacing the entire board at a single stockholders' meeting.



•

Our board of directors has the right to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of the board of directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which prevents stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our board of directors.



•

Our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval, shares of preferred stock. The ability to authorize preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us.



•

Stockholders must provide advance notice to nominate individuals for election to the board of directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders' meeting. Furthermore, stockholders may only remove a member of our board of directors for cause. These provisions may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect such acquiror's own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our Company.



•

Our stockholders may not act by written consent. As a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to take certain actions outside of a stockholders' meeting.



•

Special meetings of stockholders may be called only by the chairman of our board of directors or a majority of our board of directors. As a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock would not be able to call a special meeting.



•

A supermajority (75%) of the voting power of outstanding shares of our capital stock is required to amend or repeal or to adopt any provision inconsistent with certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and to amend our by-laws, which make it more difficult to change the provisions described above.

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In addition, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These and other provisions in our certificate of incorporation, our bylaws and in the Delaware General Corporation Law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by the then-current board of directors.

We may not be able to maintain an active public market for our common stock.

We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our common stock will allow us to maintain an active trading market on The NASDAQ Global Market or a similar market or how liquid that market might become. If an active public market is not sustained, it may be difficult to sell shares of common stock at a price that is attractive to the investor, or at all. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling shares of our common stock and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies or products, product candidates or technologies by using our shares of common stock as consideration.

To the extent outstanding stock options are exercised, there will be dilution to new investors.

As of December 31, 2015, we had options to purchase 2,699,007 shares of common stock outstanding, with exercise prices ranging from $0.40 to $21.21 per share and a weighted average exercise price of $8.94 per share. Upon the vesting of each of these options, the holder may exercise his or her options, which would result in dilution to investors.

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially.

The market price for our common stock is likely to be volatile. In addition, the market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, including:

•

the commercial performance of Oxtellar XR, Trokendi XR, or any of our product candidates that receive marketing approval;



•

substitution of our products in favor of generic versions;



•

status of our ongoing patent infringement law suits;



•

the filing of ANDAs by generic companies seeking approval to market generic versions of our products;



•

plans for, progress in and results from clinical trials of our product candidates generally;



•

FDA or international regulatory actions, including actions on regulatory applications for any of our product candidates;



•

announcements of new products, services or technologies, commercial relationships, acquisitions or other events by us or our competitors;



•

market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;



•

fluctuations in stock market prices and trading volumes of similar companies;



•

fluctuations in stock market prices for the U.S. stock market;



•

variations in our quarterly operating results;



•

changes in accounting principles;



•

litigation or public concern about the safety of our products and/or potential products;



•

actual and anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly operating results;

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•

deviations in our operating results from the estimates of securities analysts;



•

additions or departures of key personnel;



•

sales of large blocks of our common stock, including sales by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;



•

changes in third-party coverage and reimbursement policies for our products and/or product candidates; and



•

discussion by us or our stock price in the financial or scientific press or online investor communities.

The realization of any of the risks described in these "Risk Factors" could have a dramatic, material and adverse impact on the market price of our common stock. In addition, class action litigation has often been instituted against companies whose securities have experienced periods of volatility. Any such litigation brought against us could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management attention, which could hurt our business, operating results and financial condition.

ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

None.

ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES.

Our principal executive offices are located at 1550 East Gude Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, where we occupy approximately 44,500 square feet of laboratory and office space. Our lease term expires in April 30, 2020 with an option for a five-year extension. We also lease approximately 20,530 square feet of office space in an adjacent building to our existing office space located at 1500 East Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850 with a co-terminus lease term date of April 30, 2020. We believe that these facilities are sufficient for our present and contemplated operations.

ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time and in the ordinary course of business, we are subject to various claims, charges and litigation. We may be required to file infringement claims against third parties for the infringement of our patents. We have filed such claims for infringement of the Orange Book patents listed for our products Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR.

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Actavis, Inc., et al., C.A. Nos. 13-4740; 14-1981 (RMB)(JS) (D.N.J.)

We received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter against two of our Oxtellar XR Orange Book patents (United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898 and 7,910,131) from generic drug maker Watson Laboratories, Inc.—Florida (WLF) n/k/a Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. (Actavis Labs FL) on June 26, 2013. On August 7, 2013, we filed a lawsuit against Actavis, Inc., Actavis Labs FL, Actavis Pharma, Inc., Watson Laboratories, Inc., and ANDA, Inc. (collectively Actavis) alleging infringement of United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898 and 7,910,131. We received a second Paragraph IV Notice Letter against later-issued Oxtellar XR Orange Book Patent United States Patent No. 8,617,600 on February 20, 2014. On March 28, 2014, we filed a second lawsuit against Actavis alleging infringement of United States Patent No. 8,617,600. We have since listed two additional Orange Book patents: United States Patent Nos. 8,821,930 and 9,119,791. Our United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898, 7,910,131, 8,617,600, 8,821,930, and 9,119,791 generally cover once-a-day oxcarbazepine formulations and methods of treating seizures using those formulations. The FDA Orange Book lists all five of our Oxtellar XR patents as expiring on April 13, 2027.

Both Complaints—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—allege, inter alia, that Actavis infringed our Oxtellar XR patents by submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a

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generic version of Oxtellar XR prior to the expiration of our patents. The two cases were consolidated for all purposes on October 8, 2015.

A seven-day bench trial for the consolidated action involving United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898, 7,910,131, and 8,617,600 was held between November 18 and December 4, 2015. On February 5, 2016, the Court issued an opinion and order finding that: (i) Actavis's ANDA products infringe United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898 and 7,910,131; (ii) Actavis's ANDA products do not infringe U.S. Patent No. 8,617,600 and (iii) United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898, 7,910,131, and 8,617,600 are valid. The Court entered a final judgment on February 18, 2016: (i) enjoining the FDA from approving Actavis's ANDA before the expiration date of United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898 and 7,910,131; and (ii) enjoining Actavis from commercially manufacturing, using, offering to sell, or selling within the United States, or importing into the United States, Actavis's ANDA Products until the expiration of United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898 and 7,910,131. On February 19, 2016, Actavis filed a Notice of Appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The appeal was docketed on February 24, 2016.

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Actavis, Inc., et al., C.A. Nos. 15-2499 (RMB)(JS) (D.N.J.)

We received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter against United States Patent No. 8,821,930 from Actavis Labs FL on February 21, 2015. On April 7, 2015, we filed a third lawsuit against Actavis alleging infringement of United States Patent No. 8,821,930.

The Complaint—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—alleges, inter alia, that Actavis infringed United States Patent No. 8,821,930 by submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a generic version of Oxtellar XR prior to the expiration of United States Patent No. 8,821,930. On April 30, 2015, Actavis answered the Complaint, denying the substantive allegations of that Complaint. Actavis Labs FL also asserted Counterclaims seeking declaratory judgments of non-infringement and invalidity of United States Patent No. 8,821,930. On June 9, 2015, we filed our Reply, denying the substantive allegations of those Counterclaims.

Following an October 7, 2015 Markman hearing, the Court issued a claim construction order for this case on October 9, 2015. The case is proceeding through fact discovery.

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. TWi Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al., C.A. Nos. 15-369 (RMB)(JS) (D.N.J.)

We received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter against United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898, 7,910,131, 8,617,600, and 8,821,930 from generic drug maker TWi Pharmaceuticals, Inc. on December 9, 2014. On January 16, 2015, we filed a lawsuit against TWi Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and TWi International LLC (d/b/a TWi Pharmaceuticals USA) (collectively TWi) alleging infringement of United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898, 7,910,131, 8,617,600, and 8,821,930.

The Complaint—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—alleges, inter alia, that TWi infringed our Oxtellar XR patents by submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a generic version of Oxtellar XR prior to the expiration of our patents. Filing the Complaint within 45 days of receiving TWi's Paragraph IV certification notice entitles Supernus to an automatic stay preventing the FDA from approving TWi's ANDA for 30 months from the date of our receipt of the first Paragraph IV certification notice. On February 13, 2015, TWi answered the Complaint and TWi Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and denied the substantive allegations of the complaint. TWi also asserted Counterclaims seeking declaratory judgments of non-infringement and invalidity of United States Patent Nos. 7,722,898 and 7,910,131. On March 20, 2015, we filed our Reply, denying the substantive allegations of those Counterclaims.

Following an October 7, 2015 Markman hearing, the Court issued a claim construction order for this case on October 9, 2015. The case is proceeding through fact discovery.

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Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Actavis, Inc., et al., C.A. Nos. 15-8342 (RMB)(JS) (D.N.J.)

We received a Paragraph IV Notice Letter against United States Patent No. 9,119,791 from Actavis Labs FL on October 15, 2015. On November 25, 2015, we filed a fourth lawsuit against Actavis alleging infringement of United States Patent No. 9,119,791.

The Complaint—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—alleges, inter alia, that Actavis infringed United States Patent No. 9,119,791 by submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a generic version of Oxtellar XR prior to the expiration of United States Patent No. 9,119,791. On January 29, 2016, Actavis answered the Complaint, denying the substantive allegations of that Complaint. Actavis Labs FL also asserted Counterclaims seeking declaratory judgments of non-infringement and invalidity of United States Patent No. 9,119,791. We have not yet filed a Reply. A telephonic status conference is currently set for March 9, 2016.

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Actavis, Inc., C.A. No. 14-6102 (SDW)(LDW) (D.N.J.)

We received three Paragraph IV Notice Letters against six Trokendi XR Orange Book patents, namely United States Patent Nos. 8,298,576, 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191, and 8,992,989 from generic drug maker Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. These patents cover once-a-day topiramate formulations and methods of treating seizures using those formulations. On October 1, 2014, we initiated a lawsuit against Actavis; the lawsuit alleges infringement of the Trokendi XR Orange Book patents. The FDA Orange Book currently lists United States Patent No. 8,298,576 as expiring on April 4, 2028 and United States Patent Nos. 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191, and 8,992,989 as expiring on November 16, 2027.

This action for patent infringement—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—alleges Actavis infringed the Trokendi XR patents by, inter alia, submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a generic version of Trokendi XR prior to the expiration of these patents. Actavis answered these allegations with affirmative defenses and counterclaims of noninfringement and invalidity of the patents in suit. Filing its October 1, 2014 Complaint within 45 days of receiving the first of three Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc. Paragraph IV Notice Letters entitles Supernus to an automatic stay preventing the FDA from approving Actavis's ANDA for 30 months from the date of our receipt of such Notice Letter.

This case has been consolidated for pretrial purposes with two other actions pending in the District of New Jersey concerning infringement of the Trokendi XR Orange Book patents, those actions being C.A. No. 14-7272 (against Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. and Cadila Healthcare Limited) and also C.A. No. 15-326 (against Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. and Par Pharmaceutical, Inc.). The Company has since entered into a settlement agreement with Par (see below). A Rule 16 scheduling conference was held on April 14, 2015. The Court issued a Scheduling Order on May 22, 2015, which was amended on July 28, 2015, August 24, 2015, October 5, 2015, and November 17, 2015. The case is proceeding through fact discovery. A Markman hearing took place on February 3, 2016. No date has been set for trial.

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc., C.A. No. 14-7272 (SDW)(LDW) (D.N.J.)

We received three Paragraph IV Notice Letters against six Trokendi XR Orange Book patents, namely United States Patent Nos. 8,298,576, 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191, and 8,992,989 from generic drug maker Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. These patents cover once-a-day topiramate formulations and methods of treating seizures using those formulations. On November 21, 2014, we initiated a lawsuit against Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. and Cadila Healthcare Limited (collectively Zydus); the lawsuit alleges infringement of the Trokendi XR Orange Book patents. The FDA Orange Book currently lists United States Patent No. 8,298,576 as expiring on April 4, 2028 and

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United States Patent Nos. 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191 and 8,992,989 as expiring on November 16, 2027.

This action for patent infringement—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—alleges Zydus infringed the Trokendi XR patents by, inter alia, submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a generic version of Trokendi XR prior to the expiration of these patents. Zydus answered these allegations with affirmative defenses and counterclaims of noninfringement and invalidity of the patents in suit. Filing its November 21, 2014 Complaint within 45 days of receiving the first of three Paragraph IV Notice Letters from Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. entitles Supernus to an automatic stay preventing the FDA from approving Zydus's ANDA for 30 months from the date of our receipt of such Notice Letter.

This case has been consolidated for pretrial purposes with two other actions pending in the District of New Jersey concerning infringement of the Trokendi XR Orange Book patents, those actions being C.A. No. 14-6102 (against Actavis, Inc., Actavis Laboratories FL, Inc., Actavis plc, Actavis Pharma, Inc., Watson Laboratories, Inc., and ANDA, Inc.) and also C.A. No. 15-326 (against Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. and Par Pharmaceutical, Inc.). The Company has since entered into a settlement agreement with Par (see below). A Rule 16 scheduling conference was held on April 14, 2015. The Court issued a Scheduling Order on May 22, 2015, which was amended on July 28, 2015, August 24, 2015, October 5, 2015, and November 17, 2015. The case is proceeding through fact discovery. A Markman hearing took place on February 3, 2016. No date has been set for trial.

Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc., C.A. No. 15-326 (SDW)(LDW) (D.N.J.)

We received three Paragraph IV Notice Letters against six Trokendi XR Orange Book patents, namely United States Patent Nos. 8,298,576, 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191, and 8,992,989 from generic drug maker Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. These patents cover once-a-day topiramate formulations and methods of treating seizures using those formulations. On January 16, 2015, we initiated a lawsuit against Par; the lawsuit alleges infringement of the Trokendi XR Orange Book patents. The FDA Orange Book currently lists United States Patent No. 8,298,576 as expiring on April 4, 2028 and United States Patent Nos. 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191, and 8,992,989 as expiring on November 16, 2027.

This action for patent infringement—filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey—alleges Par infringed the Trokendi XR patents by, inter alia, submitting to the FDA an ANDA seeking to market a generic version of Trokendi XR prior to the expiration of these patents. Par answered these allegations with affirmative defenses and counterclaims of noninfringement and invalidity of the patents in suit. Filing its January 16, 2015 Complaint within 45 days of receiving the first of three Paragraph IV Notice Letters from Par Pharmaceutical, Inc. entitles Supernus to an automatic stay preventing the FDA from approving Par's ANDA for 30 months from the date of our receipt of such Notice Letter.

The Company announced on October 15, 2015 that it has entered into a settlement agreement with Par regarding this case. The settlement permits Par to begin selling a generic version of Trokendi XR on April 1, 2025, or earlier under certain circumstances. The agreement is subject to a consent judgment that was entered by the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. In the consent judgment, Par acknowledges that the Orange Book-listed patents for Trokendi XR owned by Supernus, namely United States Patent Nos. 8,298,576, 8,298,580, 8,663,683, 8,877,248, 8,889,191, and 8,992,989, are valid and enforceable with respect to Par's ANDA product, and would be infringed by Par's ANDA product. The agreement has been submitted to the applicable governmental agencies.

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASE OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our common stock has been listed on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol "SUPN" since May 1, 2012. Prior to that date, there was no public trading market for our common stock. The following table sets forth for the periods indicated the high and low intra-day sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market.

On December 31, 2015, the closing price of our common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market was $13.44 per share. As of December 31, 2015, we had 16 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of common stockholders is greater than the number of record holders, and includes stockholders who are beneficial owners, but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of record also does not include stockholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and we do not currently anticipate declaring or paying cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance operations. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial conditions, future prospects, contractual restrictions and covenants and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant.

During the three months ended December 31, 2015, the Company granted options to employees to purchase an aggregate of 20,700 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $13.17 per share. The options are exercisable for a period of ten years from the grant date. These issuances were exempt from registration in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions not involving any public offering.

The following graph sets forth the Company's total cumulative stockholder return as compared to the NASDAQ Stock Market Composite Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, for the period beginning May 1, 2012 and ending December 31, 2015. Total stockholder return assumes $100 invested at the beginning of the period in the common stock of the Company, the stocks represented in the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Biotechnology Index, respectively. Total return assumes reinvestment of dividends; the Company has paid no dividends on its common stock. Historical price performance should not be relied upon as indicative of future stock performance.

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COMPARISON OF 44 MONTH CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN*
Among Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the NASDAQ Composite Index
and the NASDAQ Pharmaceutical Index

*

$100 invested on 5/1/12 in stock or 4/30/12 in index, including reinvestment of dividends. Fiscal year ending December 31.

Performance Graph Data

The performance graph and related information shall not be deemed "soliciting material" or be "filed" with the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the Company specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.

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ITEM 6.    SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

The following selected financial data should be read together with the information under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and our financial statements and the notes to those financial statement included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 and balance sheet data as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 set forth below have been derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The selected statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 set forth below has been derived from the audited financial statements for such year not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The historical periods presented here are not necessarily indicative of future results.

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Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

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ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, some of the information in this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations and involves risk and uncertainties. For example, statements regarding our expectations as to our plans and strategy for our business, future financial performance, expense levels and liquidity sources are forward-looking statements. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the "Risk Factors" section and elsewhere in this report.

Overview

We are a specialty pharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing products for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In 2013, we launched Oxtellar XR (extended-release oxcarbazepine) and Trokendi XR (extended-release topiramate), our two novel treatments for epilepsy. Since that time, we have significantly grown our net product sales.

Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR were the first once-daily extended release oxcarbazepine and topiramate products to be launched, indicated for patients with epilepsy in the U.S. market. Total net revenues from these products reached $143.5 million in 2015 representing significant growth compared to the $89.6 million in product revenue in 2014.

We are continuing to expand our intellectual property portfolio to provide additional protection for our technologies, products, and product candidates. We currently have five U.S. patents issued covering Oxtellar XR and six U.S. patents issued covering Trokendi XR, with the patents expiring no earlier than 2027 for each product.

In addition, we are developing multiple product candidates in psychiatry to address large unmet medical needs and market opportunities. With SPN-810, we are developing this product candidate to treat impulsive aggression (IA) in patients who have ADHD. There are currently no approved products indicated for the treatment of IA. With SPN-812, we are developing this product candidate to treat patients who have ADHD with a novel, non-stimulant medication.

Data from Intercontinental Marketing Services (IMS) shows 111,627 prescriptions filled for both drugs during the three months ended December 31, 2015, representing a 61.3% increase over the 69,208 product prescriptions for the fourth quarter of 2014 an increase of 10.8% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015. Product prescriptions for Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR totaled 378,173 for the year ended 2015, a 90.6% increase over the 198,391 product prescriptions for the year ended 2014. We expect the number of prescriptions filled for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR to continue to increase in subsequent years.

Net product sales for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $143.5 million, an increase of 60.2% over the last year period. Total net product sales for the fourth quarter of 2015 were $42.6 million, compared to total net product sales of $30.5 million for the same quarter last year, an increase of 39.6%.

Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2015 totaled $17.7 million. Excluding the $30 million royalty revenue recognized in 2014, operating loss for 2014 was $5.6 million. Operating income increased by $23.3 million from year ended December 31, 2014 to year ended December 31, 2015.

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We have received several Paragraph IV Notice Letters concerning Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR from various third-parties. In response to these Paragraph IV notice letters, we have initiated litigation against these third parties alleging infringement of our intellectual property rights. We intend to vigorously defend our intellectual property rights in each of these cases. We anticipate continuing to incur increasing amounts of legal fees and related expenses for these cases as they progress. (See Part I, Item 3—Legal Proceedings for additional information.)

We initiated two Phase III clinical trials for SPN-810 during the third quarter of 2015 and a Phase IIb clinical trial for SPN-812 in the fourth quarter of 2015.

On February 8, 2016, the Company announced a ruling that three patents covering Oxtellar XR were valid and that Actavis infringed on two of these three patents by submitting an ANDA to the FDA.

We expect to incur significant research and development expenses related to the continued development of each of our product candidates, with total cost of approximately $100 million for each of the two programs through FDA approval.

Critical Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates

The significant accounting policies and bases of presentation for our consolidated financial statements are described in Note 2 "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies." The preparation of our financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

We believe the following accounting policies and estimates to be critical:

Revenue Recognition and Net Sales Deductions

Revenue from product sales is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; delivery has occurred and title to the product and associated risk of loss has passed to the customer; the price is fixed or determinable; collection from the customer has been reasonably assured; all performance obligations have been met; and returns and allowances can be reasonably estimated. Product sales are recorded net of estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts, co-pay assistance and other deductions as well as estimated product returns (collectively, "sales deductions").

We derive our estimated sales deductions from an analysis of historical levels of deductions specific to each product. In addition, we also consider the impact of anticipated changes in product price, sales trends and changes in managed care coverage and co-pay assistance.

For a complete description of Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR gross revenues and gross to net adjustments, see Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplemental Data, Note 2, Revenue Recognition.

In the third quarter of 2014, the Company recognized $30.0 million in revenue from a royalty agreement related to HealthCare Royalty's (HC Royalty) purchase of certain of the Company's rights under the license agreement with United Therapeutics Corporation related to the commercialization of Orenitram. The Company recognized this revenue immediately because (1) the executed contract constituted persuasive evidence of an arrangement, (2) the delivery of the license had occurred and the Company has no current or future performance obligations, (3) the total consideration for the license amendment was fixed and known at the time of its execution and there were no rights of return, and (4) the cash was received and is non-refundable.

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Deferred Legal Fees

Deferred legal fees are comprised of costs incurred in connection with defense of patents for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR (see Part I, Item 3—Legal Proceedings).

Deferred legal fees have been incurred in connection with legal proceedings related to patents for Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR (see Part II, Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 6). Amortization of the deferred legal fees will begin upon successful outcome of the on-going litigation. Deferred legal fees will be charged to expense in the event of an unsuccessful outcome of the on-going litigation.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs primarily consist of employee-related expenses, including salaries and benefits; share-based compensation expense; expenses incurred under agreements with clinical research organizations (CROs), investigative sites, consultants and other vendors that conduct the Company's clinical trials; the cost of acquiring and manufacturing clinical trial materials; the cost of manufacturing materials used in process validation, to the extent that those materials are manufactured prior to receiving regulatory approval for those products and are not expected to be sold commercially; facilities costs that do not have an alternative future use; related depreciation and other allocated expenses; license fees for and milestone payments related to in-licensed products and technologies; and costs associated with animal testing activities and regulatory approvals.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014

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Net Product Sales.    Our net product sales of $143.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 are comprised of $33.2 million of revenue from Oxtellar XR and $110.3 million of revenue from Trokendi XR. Net product sales are based on gross revenue from shipments to distributors, less estimates for discounts, rebates, other sales deductions and returns. The increase in net product sales from 2014 to 2015 is primarily driven by increased prescriptions.

Our net product sales of $89.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014 are comprised of $24.7 million of revenue from Oxtellar XR and $64.9 million of revenue from Trokendi XR. Net product sales are based on gross revenue from shipments to distributors, less estimates for discounts, rebates, other sales deductions and returns.

Revenue from Royalty Agreement.    Revenue of $30.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2014 was a one-time payment pursuant to an agreement with HC Royalty.

Licensing Revenue.    Total licensing revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $0.9 million. There was $0.8 million in revenue generated from achievement of milestones in the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company recognized $2.5 million in licensing revenue in 2014.

Research and Development Expense.    Research and development expenses during the year ended December 31, 2015 were $29.1 million as compared to $19.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $9.5 million or 48.75%. This increase is due to preclinical and clinical trials and manufacturing scale up activities for both of our product candidates, SPN-810 and SPN-812. During 2015, we initiated two Phase III trials for SPN-810 and a Phase IIb trial for SPN-812. We expect R&D costs to increase significantly in 2016 and beyond, as we continue to advance these trials and the related development activities for both of these programs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.    Our selling, general and administrative expenses were $89.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $72.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2014, an increase of $16.7 million or 23.1%. The increase in SG&A expenses is primarily due the continued expansion of our sales and marketing efforts for both Trokendi XR and Oxtellar XR, including promotional material and grants. In addition, we expended effort to prepare for the launch of the migraine indication for Trokendi XR in 2016.

Interest Expense.    Interest expense was $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to $5.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease of $3.8 million was primarily due to a decrease in the principal amount of our outstanding 7.5% Convertible Senior Secured Notes due in 2019 (the Notes) from $36.1 million at December 31, 2014 to $8.5 million at December 31, 2015. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the $27.5 million of Notes and related accrued interest converted into 5.7 million common stock.

Changes in Fair Value of Derivative Liability.    During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized a non-cash gain of $0.2 million related to a change in estimated fair value of the interest make-whole derivative liability related to our Notes. This gain is primarily due to the passage of time and because our stock price remains above the $5.30 conversion price. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized a non-cash gain of $2.8 million related to a change in estimated fair value of the interest make-whole derivative liability related to our Notes. This gain is primarily due to the passage of time.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt.    During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized a non-cash loss on extinguishment of debt of $2.3 million related to the conversion of $27.5 million of our Notes. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized a non-cash loss on extinguishment of debt of $2.6 million related to the conversion of $13.4 million of our Notes.

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Income Tax.    During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded $1.0 million of current tax expense related primarily to an increase in our reserve for an uncertain tax position related to the Alternative Minimum Tax.

Net Income.    We realized net income of $14.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2015, compared to a net income of $19.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2014, a decrease of $5.9 million. Excluding the one-time payment of $30 million received from HC Royalty during 2014, there would have been a net loss of $10.1 million at year ended December 31, 2014. This change was primarily due to the revenue generated from our two commercial products, Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR, offset by increased expenses incurred in preparing for the late stage studies for two product candidates and an increase in marketing expenditures associated with ongoing support of Oxtellar XR and Trokendi XR.

Comparison of the year ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2013