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Taylor Morrison Home Corp - Quarter Report: 2020 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2020
OR

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                      to                     
Commission File Number: 001-35873  
TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its Charter)
Delaware 83-2026677
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 (I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
4900 N. Scottsdale Road, Suite 2000 85251
Scottsdale, Arizona
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
(480) 840-8100
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)  

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.00001 par valueTMHCNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).     Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large Accelerated Filer   Accelerated filer 
Non-accelerated filer  ¨  Smaller reporting company 
Emerging growth company    


If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange
Act. ¨ 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes      No  ý
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Class  Outstanding as of November 2, 2020
Common stock, $0.00001 par value  129,943,094


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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, unaudited)

September 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents$547,916 $326,437 
Restricted cash1,144 2,135 
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash549,060 328,572 
Owned inventory5,300,106 3,967,359 
Consolidated real estate not owned 122,776 19,185 
Total real estate inventory5,422,882 3,986,544 
Land deposits138,160 39,810 
Mortgage loans held for sale172,501 190,880 
Derivative assets6,800 2,099 
Lease right of use assets71,319 36,663 
Prepaid expenses and other assets, net223,891 85,515 
Other receivables, net90,722 70,447 
Investments in unconsolidated entities125,132 128,759 
Deferred tax assets, net273,983 140,466 
Property and equipment, net95,546 85,866 
Intangible assets, net950 637 
Goodwill663,502 149,428 
Total assets$7,834,448 $5,245,686 
Liabilities
Accounts payable$188,470 $164,580 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities398,489 325,368 
Lease liabilities80,270 42,317 
Income taxes payable30,497 3,719 
Customer deposits256,295 167,328 
Estimated development liability35,444 36,705 
Senior notes, net2,452,526 1,635,008 
Loans payable and other borrowings332,953 182,531 
Revolving credit facility borrowings285,000 — 
Mortgage warehouse borrowings109,593 123,233 
Liabilities attributable to consolidated real estate not owned 122,776 19,185 
Total liabilities4,292,313 2,699,974 
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (Note 16)
Stockholders’ Equity
Total stockholders’ equity3,542,135 2,545,712 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$7,834,448 $5,245,686 

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share amounts, unaudited)
 Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
Home closings revenue, net$1,640,584 $1,073,110 $4,376,218 $3,205,252 
Land closings revenue6,756 4,420 40,241 14,391 
Financial services revenue47,451 23,254 115,787 62,117 
Amenity and other revenue4,643 4,321 39,572 13,863 
Total revenue1,699,434 1,105,105 4,571,818 3,295,623 
Cost of home closings1,358,196 874,102 3,672,923 2,619,968 
Cost of land closings5,217 2,934 42,636 9,418 
Financial services expenses22,207 12,829 65,650 36,595 
Amenity and other expenses4,125 4,166 38,986 12,754 
Total cost of revenue1,389,745 894,031 3,820,195 2,678,735 
Gross margin309,689 211,074 751,623 616,888 
Sales, commissions and other marketing costs102,015 76,765 282,380 226,809 
General and administrative expenses45,152 42,334 146,790 120,990 
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities(2,957)(2,103)(8,878)(7,983)
Interest income, net(347)(959)(1,244)(2,250)
Other expense/(income), net1,830 389 7,424 (1,492)
Transaction expenses4,791 617 109,877 6,496 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net10,247 3,610 10,247 5,806 
Income before income taxes148,958 90,421 205,027 268,512 
Income tax provision33,759 23,385 52,162 68,307 
Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests 115,199 67,036 152,865 200,205 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests — joint ventures(422)(24)(3,845)(211)
Net income available to Taylor Morrison Home Corporation$114,777 $67,012 $149,020 $199,994 
Earnings per common share
Basic$0.88 $0.64 $1.17 $1.86 
Diluted$0.87 $0.63 $1.16 $1.84 
Weighted average number of shares of common stock:
Basic129,775 105,472 127,113 107,389 
Diluted131,433 106,852 128,081 108,599 

See accompanying Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands, unaudited)

 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
Income before non-controlling interests, net of tax$115,199 $67,036 $152,865 $200,205 
Post-retirement benefits adjustments, net of tax— — (13)(284)
Comprehensive income115,199 67,036 152,852 199,921 
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests — joint ventures(422)(24)(3,845)(211)
Comprehensive income available to Taylor Morrison Home Corporation$114,777 $67,012 $149,007 $199,710 

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data, unaudited)

For the three months ended September 30, 2020
  
 Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Treasury StockStockholders' Equity
 SharesAmountAmountSharesAmountRetained
Earnings
Accumulated 
Other
Comprehensive
Income/(Loss)
Non-controlling
Interest - Joint
Venture
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance – June 30, 2020129,678,751 $$2,915,702 25,379,911 $(433,687)$816,593 $871 $125,260 $3,424,740 
Net income— — — — — 114,777 — 422 115,199 
Exercise of stock options137,553 — 2,507 — — — — — 2,507 
Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for tax(1)
49,122 — (1,403)— — — — — (1,403)
Settlement of equity in connection with business combinations— — (1,301)— — — — — (1,301)
Stock compensation expense— — 5,272 — — — — — 5,272 
Distributions to non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — (12,628)(12,628)
Changes in non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — 9,749 9,749 
Balance – September 30, 2020129,865,426 $$2,920,777 25,379,911 $(433,687)$931,370 $871 $122,803 $3,542,135 
(1) Dollar amount represents the value of shares withheld for taxes.

For the three months ended September 30, 2019
 
 Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Treasury StockStockholders' Equity
 SharesAmountAmountSharesAmountRetained
Earnings
Accumulated 
Other
Comprehensive
Income
Non-controlling
Interest - Joint
Venture
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance – June 30, 2019105,184,522 $$2,079,224 19,943,432 $(343,526)$660,680 $2,285 $4,587 $2,403,251 
Net income— — — — — 67,012 — 24 67,036 
Exercise of stock options635,524 — 10,841 — — — — — 10,841 
Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for tax(1)
6,513 — (8)— — — — — (8)
Stock compensation expense— — 3,693 — — — — — 3,693 
Distributions to non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — (18)(18)
Changes in non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — 1,183 1,183 
Balance – September 30, 2019105,826,559 $$2,093,750 19,943,432 $(343,526)$727,692 $2,285 $5,776 $2,485,978 
(1) Dollar amount represents the value of shares withheld for taxes.

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data, unaudited)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2020
 Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Treasury StockStockholders' Equity
 SharesAmountAmountSharesAmountRetained
Earnings
Accumulated 
Other
Comprehensive
Income
Non-controlling
Interest - Joint
Venture
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance – December 31, 2019105,851,285 $$2,097,995 19,943,432 $(343,524)$782,350 $884 $8,006 $2,545,712 
Net income— — — — — 149,020 — 3,845 152,865 
Other comprehensive loss— — — — — — (13)— (13)
Exercise of stock options440,075 — 7,878 — — — — — 7,878 
Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for tax(1)
683,255 — (8,655)— — — — — (8,655)
Issuance of equity in connection with business combinations, including warrants28,327,290 — 787,877 — — — — — 787,877 
Repurchase of common stock(5,436,479)— 5,436,479 (90,163)— — — (90,163)
Stock compensation expense— — 22,154 — — — — — 22,154 
Stock compensation expense related to WLH acquisition— — 5,107 — — — — — 5,107 
WLH equity award accelerations due to change in control— — 8,421 — — — — — 8,421 
Distributions to non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — (36,301)(36,301)
Changes in non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — 147,253 147,253 
Balance – September 30, 2020129,865,426 $$2,920,777 25,379,911 $(433,687)$931,370 $871 $122,803 $3,542,135 
(1) Dollar amount represents the value of shares withheld for taxes.

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements












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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In thousands, except share data, unaudited)

For the nine months ended September 30, 2019
 
 Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital
Treasury StockStockholders' Equity
 SharesAmountAmountSharesAmountRetained
Earnings
Accumulated 
Other
Comprehensive
Income
Non-controlling
Interest - Joint
Venture
Total
Stockholders’
Equity
Balance – December 31, 2018112,965,856 $$2,071,579 11,554,084 $(186,087)$527,698 $2,001 $3,543 $2,418,735 
Net income— — — — — 199,994 — 211 200,205 
Other comprehensive income— — — 284 — 284 
Exercise of stock options754,880 — 12,746 — — — — — 12,746 
Issuance of restricted stock units, net of shares withheld for tax(1)
495,171 — (1,511)— — — — — (1,511)
Repurchase of common stock(8,389,348)— — 8,389,348 (157,439)— — — (157,439)
Stock compensation expense— — 10,936 — — — — — 10,936 
Distributions to non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — (35)(35)
Changes in non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures— — — — — — — 2,057 2,057 
Balance – September 30, 2019105,826,559 $$2,093,750 19,943,432 $(343,526)$727,692 $2,285 $5,776 $2,485,978 
(1) Dollar amount represents the value of shares withheld for taxes.
See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands, unaudited)

 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20202019
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests$152,865 $200,205 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities:
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities(8,878)(7,983)
Stock compensation expense27,260 10,936 
Loss on extinguishment of debt10,247 5,806 
Distributions of earnings from unconsolidated entities9,251 8,633 
Depreciation and amortization26,939 22,087 
Operating lease expense12,918 6,689 
Debt issuance costs/(premium) amortization(1,970)325 
Land held for sale write-downs4,347 — 
Deferred income taxes11,696 524 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Real estate inventory and land deposits439,842 (244,276)
Mortgages held for sale, prepaid expenses and other assets20,129 45,788 
Customer deposits84,475 19,543 
Accounts payable, accrued expenses and other liabilities(31,303)77,502 
Income taxes payable40,211 7,598 
Net cash provided by operating activities798,029 153,377 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Purchase of property and equipment(25,276)(18,675)
Payments for business acquisitions, net of cash acquired(279,048)— 
Distributions of capital from unconsolidated entities30,853 21,694 
Investments of capital into unconsolidated entities(24,011)(10,166)
Net cash used in investing activities(297,482)(7,147)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Increase in loans payable and other borrowings72,848 13,909 
Repayments of loans payable and other borrowings(110,177)(24,664)
Borrowings on revolving credit facility830,000 95,000 
Repayments on revolving credit facility(545,000)(95,000)
Borrowings on mortgage warehouse1,750,669 752,501 
Repayment on mortgage warehouse(1,809,252)(826,803)
Proceeds from the issuance of senior notes500,000 950,000 
Repayments on senior notes(861,775)(963,252)
Payment of deferred financing costs(6,202)(11,802)
Proceeds from stock option exercises7,877 12,746 
Payment of principle portion of finance lease(1,325)— 
Repurchase of common stock, net(90,163)(157,439)
Payment of taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards(8,654)(1,511)
Changes and (distributions to)/contributions to non-controlling interests of consolidated joint ventures, net(8,905)2,022 
Net cash used in financing activities(280,059)(254,293)
NET INCREASE/(DECREASE) IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS$220,488 $(108,063)
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH — Beginning of period328,572 331,859 
CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH — End of period$549,060 $223,796 
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Income taxes paid, net$(2,490)$(20,605)
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Change in loans payable issued to sellers in connection with land purchase contracts$136,803 $84,535 
Change in inventory not owned$(86,390)$8,444 
Issuance of common stock in connection with business acquisition$797,970 $— 
Net non-cash contributions from non-controlling interests$5,784 $— 
Non-cash portion of loss on debt extinguishment$1,723 $— 
Beginning operating lease right of use assets due to adoption of ASU 2016-02$— $27,384 
Beginning operating lease right of use liabilities due to adoption of ASU 2016-02$— $30,331 

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See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
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TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
NOTES TO THE UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. BUSINESS
Organization and Description of the Business — Taylor Morrison Home Corporation “TMHC” through its subsidiaries (together with TMHC referred to herein as “we,” “our,” “the Company” and “us”), owns and operates a residential homebuilding business and is a developer of lifestyle communities. As of September 30, 2020, we operated in the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, North and South Carolina, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. Our Company serves a wide array of consumer groups from coast to coast, including first time, move-up, luxury, and active adult. Our homebuilding segments operate under our Taylor Morrison, Darling Homes, and William Lyon Signature brand names. Our business is organized into multiple homebuilding operating components, and a financial services component, all of which are managed as four reportable segments: East, Central, West, and Financial Services. The communities in our homebuilding segments generally offer single and multi-family attached and detached homes. We are the general contractors for all real estate projects and retain subcontractors for home construction and land development. We also have an exclusive partnership with Christopher Todd Communities, a growing Phoenix-based developer of innovative, luxury rental communities to operate a “Build-to-Rent” homebuilding business. We serve as a land acquirer, developer, and homebuilder while Christopher Todd Communities provides community design and property management consultation. As part of our acquisition of William Lyon Homes (“WLH”), discussed below, we also acquired Urban Form Development, LLC (“Urban Form”), which primarily develops and constructs multi-use properties consisting of combinations of commercial space, retail, and multi-family units. Our Financial Services segment provides financial services to customers through our wholly owned mortgage subsidiary, operating as Taylor Morrison Home Funding, LLC (“TMHF”), title services through our wholly owned title services subsidiary, Inspired Title Services, LLC (“Inspired Title”), and homeowner’s insurance policies through our insurance agency, Taylor Morrison Insurance Services, LLC (“TMIS”).

On February 6, 2020, we completed the acquisition of WLH, one of the nation's largest homebuilders in the Western United States. WLH designs, constructs, markets and sells single-family detached and attached homes in California, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Washington, Oregon, and Texas. Refer to Note 3 - Business Combinations for additional information and a discussion of recent transaction settlements with certain WLH shareholders.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide and various state and local governments issued “shelter-in-place” orders which impacted and restricted various aspects of our business, primarily during the second quarter of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a widespread effect on the economy. During the third quarter, various states began a phased reopening of business operations; however, the United States continues to struggle with rolling outbreaks. As of the date of this filing, all of our operations are functioning, subject to regulated restrictions and safety constraints we have enacted in order to protect our employees, trade contractors, and customers. The impacts of COVID-19 are described throughout this filing.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation and Consolidation — The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The information included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 (the “Annual Report”). In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include all normal and recurring adjustments that are considered necessary for the fair presentation of our results for the interim periods presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for a full fiscal year.

Non-controlling interests - Joint Ventures
We consolidate certain joint ventures in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation.” The income from the percentage of the joint venture not owned by us is presented as “Net income attributable to non-controlling interests - joint ventures” on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Significant estimates include real estate development costs to complete, valuation of real estate, valuation of acquired assets,
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valuation of goodwill, valuation of development liabilities, valuation of equity awards, valuation allowance on deferred tax assets, and reserves for warranty and self-insured risks. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Goodwill — The excess of the purchase price of a business acquisition over the net fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed is capitalized as goodwill in accordance with ASC Topic 350, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other.ASC 350 requires that goodwill and intangible assets that do not have finite lives not be amortized, but rather assessed for impairment at least annually or more frequently if certain impairment indicators are present. We perform our annual impairment test during the fourth quarter or whenever impairment indicators are present. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we performed a qualitative impairment test as of September 30, 2020. Taking into consideration the fluctuations in the equity markets, general economic conditions, homebuilding industry conditions, the Company's overall financial performance, and the gap between our net assets and market capitalization as of September 30, 2020, we concluded there were no indicators that goodwill was impaired. We will continue to evaluate factors affecting these conclusions throughout 2020, and beyond, if necessary. Refer to Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis — COVID-19 Impact and Strategy and Item 1A. Risk Factors for discussion regarding the impacts of COVID-19.

In January 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”), which eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test and removes the requirement to determine the fair value of the individual assets and liabilities in order to calculate a reporting unit's implied goodwill. ASU 2017-04 was effective for us beginning on January 1, 2020. The adoption of ASU 2017-04 did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statement disclosures.

Real Estate Inventory — Inventory consists of raw land, land under development, homes under construction, completed homes, and model homes, all of which are stated at cost. In addition to direct carrying costs, we also capitalize interest, real estate taxes, and related development costs that benefit the entire community, such as field construction supervision and related direct overhead. Home vertical construction costs are accumulated and charged to cost of sales at the time of home closing using the specific identification method. Land acquisition, development, interest, real estate taxes and overhead are allocated to homes and units generally using the relative sales value method. These costs are capitalized to inventory from the point development begins to the point construction is completed. Changes in estimated costs to be incurred in a community are generally allocated to the remaining lots on a prospective basis. For those communities that have been temporarily closed or development has been discontinued, we do not allocate interest or other costs to the community’s inventory until activity resumes. Such costs are expensed as incurred.

We capitalize qualifying interest costs to inventory during the development and construction periods. Capitalized interest is charged to cost of sales when the related inventory is charged to cost of sales.

We assess the recoverability of our inventory in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment. We review our real estate inventory for indicators of impairment on a community-level basis during each reporting period. If indicators of impairment are present for a community, we first perform an undiscounted cash flow analysis to determine if the carrying value of the assets in that community exceeds the expected undiscounted cash flows. Generally, if the carrying value of the assets exceeds their estimated undiscounted cash flows, then the assets are deemed to be impaired and are recorded at fair value as of the assessment date. Our determination of fair value is primarily based on a discounted cash flow model which includes projections and estimates relating to sales prices, construction costs, sales pace, and other factors. Changes in these expectations may lead to a change in the outcome of our impairment analysis, and actual results may also differ from our assumptions. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, no impairment charges were recorded. Refer to Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis — COVID-19 Impact and Strategy and Item 1A. Risk Factors for discussion regarding the impacts of COVID-19.

In certain cases, we may elect to cease development and/or marketing of an existing community if we believe the economic performance of the community would be maximized by deferring development for a period of time to allow for market conditions to improve. We refer to such communities as long-term strategic assets. The decision may be based on financial and/or operational metrics as determined by us. If we decide to cease development, we will evaluate the project for impairment and then cease future development and marketing activity until such a time when we believe that market conditions have improved and economic performance can be maximized. Our assessment of the carrying value of our long-term strategic assets typically includes subjective estimates of future performance, including the timing of when development will recommence, the type of product to be offered, and the margin to be realized. In the future, some of these inactive communities may be re-opened while others may be sold. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had no inactive projects.

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In the ordinary course of business, we enter into various specific performance agreements to acquire lots. Real estate not owned under these agreements is consolidated into Consolidated real estate not owned with a corresponding liability in Liabilities attributable to consolidated real estate not owned in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As a method of acquiring land in staged takedowns, while limiting risk and minimizing the use of funds from our available cash or other financing sources, we may transfer our right under certain specific performance agreements acquired in the acquisition of WLH to entities owned by third parties (“land banking arrangements”). These entities use equity contributions from their owners and/or incur debt to finance the acquisition and development of the land. The entities grant us an option to acquire lots in staged takedowns. In consideration for this option, we make a non-refundable deposit of 15% to 25% of the total purchase price. We are not legally obligated to purchase the balance of the lots, but would forfeit any existing deposits and could be subject to financial and other penalties if the lots were not purchased. We do not have legal title to these entities or their assets and do not guarantee their liabilities. These land banking arrangements help us manage the financial and market risk associated with land holdings.

We evaluate our investments in unconsolidated and consolidated joint ventures for indicators of impairment. A series of operating losses of an investee or other factors may indicate that a decrease in value of our investment in the unconsolidated entity has occurred which is other-than-temporary. The amount of impairment recognized is the excess of the investment’s carrying amount over its estimated fair value. Additionally, we consider various qualitative factors to determine if a decrease in the value of the investment is other-than-temporary. These factors include age of the venture, stage in its life cycle, our intent and ability to recover our investment in the unconsolidated entity, financial condition and long-term prospects of the unconsolidated entity, short-term liquidity needs of the unconsolidated entity, trends in the general economic environment of the land, entitlement status of the land held by the unconsolidated entity, overall projected returns on investment, defaults under contracts with third parties (including bank debt), recoverability of the investment through future cash flows and our relationship with the other partners. If we believe that the decline in the fair value of the investment is temporary, then no impairment is recorded. We did not record any impairment charges for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. We will continue to evaluate these trends and their potential impact during the remainder of 2020. Refer to Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis — COVID-19 Impact and Strategy and Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion.

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets, net — Prepaid expenses consist of sales commissions, model home costs, such as design fees and furniture, and the unamortized issuance costs for the Revolving Credit Facility. Other assets consist of various operating and escrow deposits, pre-acquisition costs, and other deferred costs. Build-to-rent assets consist of land and development costs relating to our projects under construction. In connection with the acquisition of WLH, Prepaid expenses and other assets, net also include the assets for Urban Form which primarily consist of land and development costs relating to projects under construction.

Revenue Recognition — We recognize revenue in accordance with ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09” or “Topic 606”). The standard's core principle requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

Home and land closings revenue
Under Topic 606, the following steps are applied to determine the proper home closings revenue and land closings revenue recognition: (1) we identify the contract(s) with our customer; (2) we identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) we determine the transaction price; (4) we allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) we recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation. For our home sales transactions, we have one contract, with one performance obligation, with each customer to build and deliver the home purchased (or develop and deliver land). Based on the application of the five steps, the following summarizes the timing and manner of home and land sales revenue:
Revenue from closings of residential real estate is recognized when closings have occurred, the buyer has made the required minimum down payment, obtained necessary financing, the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer, and we have no continuing involvement with the property, which is generally upon the close of escrow. Revenue is reported net of any discounts and incentives.       
Revenue from land sales is recognized when a significant down payment is received, title passes and collectability of the receivable, if any, is reasonably assured, and we have no continuing involvement with the property, which is generally upon the close of escrow.

Amenity and other revenue
We own and operate certain amenities such as golf courses, club houses, and fitness centers, which require us to provide club members with access to the facilities in exchange for the payment of club dues. We collect club dues and other fees from the club members, which are invoiced on a monthly basis. Revenue from our golf club operations is also included in amenity and
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other revenue. Amenity and other revenue also includes revenue from the sale of assets which include multi-use properties as part of our Urban Form operations.

Financial services revenue
Mortgage operations and hedging activity related to financial services are not within the scope of Topic 606. Loan origination fees (including title fees, points, and closing costs) are recognized at the time the related real estate transactions are completed, which is usually upon the close of escrow. All of the loans TMHF originates are sold to third party investors within a short period of time, on a non-recourse basis. Gains and losses from the sale of mortgages are recognized in accordance with ASC Topic 860-20, Sales of Financial Assets. TMHF does not have continuing involvement with the transferred assets; therefore, we derecognize the mortgage loans at time of sale, based on the difference between the selling price and carrying value of the related loans upon sale, recording a gain/loss on sale in the period of sale. Also included in financial services revenue/expenses are realized and unrealized gains and losses from hedging instruments.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements —In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASU 2019-12”), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU 2019-12 is effective for us in our fiscal year beginning January 1, 2021. We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2019-12 on our condensed consolidated financial statements and disclosures.

3. BUSINESS COMBINATIONS

In accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations, all assets acquired and liabilities assumed from our acquisition of WLH on February 6, 2020 were measured and recognized at fair value as of the date of the acquisition to reflect the purchase price paid. Total purchase consideration of the WLH acquisition was $1.1 billion, consisting of multiple components: (i) cash of $95.6 million, (ii) the issuance of approximately 30.6 million shares of TMHC Common Stock with a value of $836.1 million, (iii) the repayment of $160.8 million of borrowings under WLH's Revolving Credit Facility, and (iv) the conversion of WLH issued equity instruments consisting of restricted stock units, restricted stock awards, options and warrants to TMHC awards and warrants with a value of $24.1 million.

On June 3 and 4, 2020, three dissenting former WLH shareholders filed petitions for appraisal in the Delaware Court of Chancery, in connection with the merger transaction whereby we acquired WLH. The petitioners did not accept the merger consideration and sought a judicial determination of the “fair value” of their shares. On June 29, 2020, we entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which the petitioners released their claims in exchange for a subsequent total cash payment of approximately $62.2 million. As a result, although the total purchase price for the acquisition remained unchanged, the total cash paid increased to $157.8 million, and the total equity issued, excluding warrants, comprised 28.3 million shares of TMHC Common Stock with a value of $773.9 million.

We performed a preliminary allocation of purchase price as of the acquisition date based on management's estimates of fair value. We determined the preliminary fair value of inventory on a community-level basis, using a reasonable range of market comparable gross margins based on the inventory geography and product type. These estimates are significantly impacted by assumptions related to expected average home selling prices and sales incentives, expected sales paces and cancellation rates, expected land development and construction timelines, and anticipated land development, construction, and overhead costs. Such estimates were made for each individual community and varied significantly between communities. We believe our estimates and assumptions are reasonable; however, the preliminary purchase price allocation is subject to further refinement and may require significant adjustments to arrive at the final purchase price allocation. The final determination of the fair value of certain assets and liabilities will be completed as soon as the necessary information is available, but no later than one year from the acquisition date.

The following is a summary as of September 30, 2020, of management's estimate of the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed on the date of acquisition. These estimates have been updated and revised to reflect our continuing effort to value several long-term inventory assets of the former WLH. In addition, we incur various costs and expenses in connection with our acquisitions. For the acquisition of WLH such costs primarily consisted of investment banking fees, severance, compensation, and legal fees, among other items, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, totaled $4.8 million and $109.9 million, respectively, which are presented in Transaction expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.
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(Dollars in thousands)
Acquisition DateFebruary 6, 2020
Assets acquired
Real estate inventory$2,066,902 
Prepaid expenses and other assets(1)
264,170 
Deferred tax assets, net145,213 
Goodwill(2)
514,074 
Total assets$2,990,359 
Less liabilities assumed
Accrued expenses and other liabilities$450,711 
Total debt(3)
1,306,578 
Non-controlling interest116,157 
Net assets acquired$1,116,913 
(1) Includes cash acquired.
(2) Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. We allocated $466.5 million and $47.6 million of goodwill to the West and Central homebuilding segments, respectively.
(3) See Note 9 - Debt for discussion relating to acquired debt.

The following presents the measurement period adjustments in fair value estimates from the previously reported provisional balances as of March 31, 2020:

Real estate inventory decreased by approximately $67.2 million
Prepaid expenses and other assets increased by approximately $2.5 million
Deferred tax assets, net increased by approximately $17.0 million
Accrued expenses and other liabilities increased by approximately $3.4 million

As a result of the changes in fair value estimates above, goodwill increased by approximately $51.4 million since the date of our provisional estimate. The current period fair value adjustments relating to the first and second quarter of 2020 included a reduction to cost of home closings of $2.3 million and a reduction to general and administrative expense of $0.2 million for the changes in depreciation and amortization as a result of the current estimate of prepaid expenses and other assets.

Unaudited Pro Forma Results of Business Combinations

The following unaudited pro forma information for the periods presented include the results of operations of our acquisition of WLH as if it had been completed on January 1, 2019. The pro forma results are presented for informational purposes only and do not purport to be indicative of the results of operations or future results that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place one year prior to the acquisition year. The pro forma information combines the historical results of the Company with the historical results of WLH for the periods presented.

The unaudited pro forma results do not give effect to any synergies, operating efficiencies, or other costs savings that may result from the acquisition, or other significant non-reoccurring expenses or transactions that do not have a continuing impact. Earnings per share utilizes pro forma net income available to TMHC and total weighted average shares of common stock. The pro forma amounts are based on available information and certain assumptions that we believe are reasonable.
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For the three months ended September 30,For the nine months ended
September 30,
(Dollars in thousands except per share data)
2020
(Pro forma)
2019
(Pro forma)
2020
(Pro forma)
2019
(Pro forma)
Total revenue$1,699,434 $1,571,994 $4,658,916 $4,683,845 
Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests$118,579 $81,165 $197,708 $166,559 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests — joint ventures(422)(8,054)(2,958)(19,235)
Net income available to TMHC $118,157 $73,111 $194,750 $147,324 
Weighted average shares - Basic130,110134,136131,274135,533
Weighted average shares - Diluted131,769135,515132,242136,743
Earnings per share - Basic $0.91 $0.55 $1.48 $1.09 
Earnings per share - Diluted$0.90 $0.54 $1.47 $1.08 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, total revenue included $431.3 million and $1.1 billion, respectively, from WLH since the date of acquisition. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, income before income taxes included losses of $23.1 million and $119.3 million, respectively, from WLH since the date of acquisition.
4. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to TMHC by the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share gives effect to the potential dilution that could occur if all outstanding dilutive equity awards to issue shares of Common Stock were exercised or settled.
The following is a summary of the components of basic and diluted earnings per share (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Numerator:
Net income available to TMHC $114,777 $67,012 $149,020 $199,994 
Denominator:
Weighted average shares – basic 129,775 105,472 127,113 107,389 
Restricted stock units 812 938 669 912 
Stock Options 520 442 252 298 
Warrants 326 — 47 — 
Weighted average shares – diluted131,433 106,852 128,081 108,599 
Earnings per common share – basic:
Net income available to Taylor Morrison Home Corporation$0.88 $0.64 $1.17 $1.86 
Earnings per common share – diluted:
Net income available to Taylor Morrison Home Corporation$0.87 $0.63 $1.16 $1.84 

The above calculations of weighted average shares excludes 1,098,706 and 3,013,093 anti-dilutive stock options for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Additionally, we excluded a total weighted average of 766,948 and 2,775,689 unvested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

5. REAL ESTATE INVENTORY AND LAND DEPOSITS
Inventory consists of the following (in thousands):
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As of
September 30,
2020
December 31, 2019
Real estate developed and under development $3,873,698 $2,805,506 
Real estate held for development or held for sale (1)
171,089 146,471 
Operating communities (2)
1,104,646 899,789 
Capitalized interest150,673 115,593 
Total owned inventory5,300,106 3,967,359 
Real estate not owned122,776 19,185 
Total real estate inventory$5,422,882 $3,986,544 
(1) Real estate held for development or held for sale includes properties which are not in active production. This includes raw land recently purchased or awaiting entitlement, and, if applicable, long-term strategic assets. As of December 31, 2019, all inventory relating to our Chicago operations were deemed held for sale and included in Total owned inventory on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of September 30, 2020, there was no held for sale inventory relating to our Chicago operations.
(2) Operating communities consist of all vertical construction costs relating to homes in progress and completed homes for all active inventory.

The development status of our land inventory is as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
As of
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
 Owned LotsBook Value of Land
and Development
Owned LotsBook Value of Land
and Development
Raw(1)
10,598 $284,326 13,804 $477,997 
Partially developed21,177 1,438,211 13,298 914,689 
Finished21,221 2,322,250 15,504 1,559,291 
Total52,996 $4,044,787 42,606 $2,951,977 
(1) Commercial assets are included in number of owned lots and book value of land and development.

Land Deposits — We provide deposits related to land options and land purchase contracts, which are capitalized when paid and classified as Land deposits until the associated property is purchased.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had the right to purchase 7,670 and 4,263 lots under land option purchase contracts, respectively, for an aggregate purchase price of $515.8 million and $289.7 million, respectively. We do not have title to the properties, and the creditors generally have no recourse against us. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our exposure to loss related to our option contracts with third parties and unconsolidated entities consisted of non-refundable deposits totaling $138.2 million and $39.8 million, respectively.

In connection with our acquisition of WLH, we acquired various land banking arrangements. As of September 30, 2020, we had the right to purchase 2,699 lots under such land agreements for an aggregate purchase price of $334.9 million.

Capitalized Interest — Interest capitalized, incurred and amortized is as follows (in thousands):

 Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
Interest capitalized - beginning of period$143,440 $111,802 $115,593 $96,031 
Interest incurred41,554 29,018 122,366 85,770 
Interest amortized to cost of home closings(34,321)(22,144)(87,286)(63,125)
Interest capitalized - end of period$150,673 $118,676 $150,673 $118,676 


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6. INVESTMENTS IN CONSOLIDATED AND UNCONSOLIDATED ENTITIES
Unconsolidated Entities
We have investments in a number of joint ventures with third parties, with ownership interests up to 50.0%. These entities are generally involved in real estate development, homebuilding and/or mortgage lending activities. Some of these joint ventures develop land for the sole use of the joint venture participants, including us, and others develop land for sale to both the joint venture participants and to unrelated builders. Our share of the joint venture profit relating to lots we purchase from the joint ventures is deferred until homes are delivered by us and title passes to a homebuyer.

Summarized, unaudited combined financial information of unconsolidated entities that are accounted for by the equity method is as follows (in thousands):
As of
September 30,
2020
December 31,
2019
Assets:
Real estate inventory$323,079 $367,225 
Other assets152,684 132,812 
Total assets$475,763 $500,037 
Liabilities and owners’ equity:
Debt$184,995 $178,686 
Other liabilities21,497 20,490 
Total liabilities206,492 199,176 
Owners’ equity:
TMHC125,132 128,759 
Others144,139 172,102 
Total owners’ equity269,271 300,861 
Total liabilities and owners’ equity$475,763 $500,037 

 Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
Revenues$38,305 $68,734 $133,452 $228,002 
Costs and expenses(29,309)(59,851)(107,156)(197,151)
Income of unconsolidated entities$8,996 $8,883 $26,296 $30,851 
TMHC’s share in income of unconsolidated entities$2,957 $2,103 $8,878 $7,983 
Distributions to TMHC from unconsolidated entities$11,849 $8,309 $40,104 $30,327 

Consolidated Entities
As a result of the acquisition of WLH, we have a total of 25 joint ventures as of September 30, 2020 for the purpose of land development and homebuilding activities, which we have determined to be variable interest entities (“VIEs”). As the managing member, we oversee the daily operations and have the power to direct the activities of the VIEs, or joint ventures. Based upon the allocation of income and loss per the applicable joint venture agreements and certain performance guarantees, we have potentially significant exposure to the risks and rewards of the joint ventures. Therefore, we are the primary beneficiary of the joint ventures, and the entities are consolidated as of September 30, 2020.

As of September 30, 2020, the assets of the consolidated joint ventures totaled $400.2 million, of which $19.1 million was cash and cash equivalents and $344.7 million was owned inventory. The liabilities of the consolidated joint ventures totaled $180.1 million, primarily comprised of notes payable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities.


7. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES
Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):
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As of
September 30, 2020
As of
December 31, 2019
Real estate development costs to complete$28,356 $20,598 
Compensation and employee benefits104,394 95,585 
Self-insurance and warranty reserves112,566 120,048 
Interest payable36,052 23,178 
Property and sales taxes payable25,353 12,537 
Other accruals91,768 53,422 
Total accrued expenses and other liabilities$398,489 $325,368 

Self-Insurance and Warranty Reserves – We accrue for the expected costs associated with our limited warranty, deductibles and self-insured amounts under our various insurance policies within Beneva Indemnity Company ("Beneva"), a wholly owned subsidiary. A summary of the changes in our reserves are as follows (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Reserve - beginning of period$117,462 $81,111 $120,048 $93,790 
Net additions to reserves due to WLH acquisition— — 9,130 — 
Other additions to reserves12,268 10,114 39,011 18,809 
Cost of claims incurred(19,180)(18,107)(61,444)(43,815)
Changes in estimates to pre-existing reserves2,016 1,141 5,821 5,475 
Reserve - end of period$112,566 $74,259 $112,566 $74,259 


8. ESTIMATED DEVELOPMENT LIABILITY

The estimated development liability consists primarily of estimated future utilities improvements in Poinciana, Florida and Rio Rico, Arizona for more than 8,000 home sites previously sold, in most cases prior to 1980. The estimated development liability is reduced by actual expenditures and is evaluated and adjusted, as appropriate, to reflect management’s estimate of potential completion costs. We obtained third-party engineer evaluations and recorded this liability at fair value during purchase accounting for our acquisition of AV Homes in 2018 to reflect the estimated completion costs. Future increases or decreases of costs for construction, material and labor, as well as other land development and utilities infrastructure costs, may have a significant effect on the estimated development liability.

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9. DEBT
Total debt consists of the following (in thousands):
As of
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
PrincipalUnamortized Debt Issuance (Costs)/PremiumCarrying ValuePrincipalUnamortized Debt Issuance CostsCarrying Value
5.875% Senior Notes due 2023
$350,000 $(1,442)$348,558 $350,000 $(1,867)$348,133 
5.625% Senior Notes due 2024
350,000 (1,839)348,161 350,000 (2,244)347,756 
5.875% Senior Notes due 2027
500,000 (5,222)494,778 500,000 (5,808)494,192 
6.625% Senior Notes due 2027(1)
300,000 21,715 321,715 — — — 
5.75% Senior Notes due 2028
450,000 (4,603)445,397 450,000 (5,073)444,927 
5.125% Senior Notes due 2030
500,000 (6,083)493,917 — — — 
Senior Notes subtotal$2,450,000 $2,526 $2,452,526 $1,650,000 $(14,992)$1,635,008 
Loans payable and other borrowings332,953 — 332,953 182,531 — 182,531 
Revolving Credit Facility285,000 — 285,000 — — — 
Mortgage warehouse borrowings109,593 — 109,593 123,233 — 123,233 
Total debt$3,177,546 $2,526 $3,180,072 $1,955,764 $(14,992)$1,940,772 
(1) Consists of remaining William Lyon Notes and New Notes issued by TM Communities in connection with the Exchange Offer as described below. Unamortized Debt Issuance (Cost)/Premium for such notes is reflective of fair value adjustments as a result of purchase accounting estimates.

Senior Notes
All of our senior notes (the “Senior Notes”) described below and the related guarantees are senior unsecured obligations and are not subject to registration rights. The indentures governing our senior notes (except for the William Lyon Notes) contain covenants that limit our ability to incur debt secured by liens and enter into certain sale and leaseback transactions and contain customary events of default. None of the indentures for the senior notes have financial maintenance covenants.
In connection with our acquisition of WLH, TM Communities offered to exchange (the “Exchange Offers”) any and all outstanding notes of three series of senior notes issued by WLH (the “William Lyon Notes”) for up to $1.1 billion aggregate principal amount of new notes (the “New Notes”) to be issued by TM Communities. The Exchange Offers were settled on February 10, 2020. All validly tendered and not validly withdrawn William Lyon Notes were accepted for exchange in the Exchange Offers and such William Lyon Notes were retired, canceled, and not reissued. Following such cancellation, $26.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2023 of WLH, $8.5 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2025 of WLH, and $9.6 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 of WLH remained outstanding. In connection with the consummation of the Exchange Offers, WLH entered into supplemental indentures to eliminate substantially all of the covenants in the indentures governing the William Lyon Notes, including the requirement to offer to purchase such notes upon a change of control and to eliminate certain other restrictive provisions and events that may lead to an “Event of Default” in such indentures. The New Notes were issued by TM Communities and consisted of $324.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Notes due 2023, $428.4 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2025, and $290.4 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027. The 6.00% Senior Notes due 2023 and 5.875% Senior Notes due 2025 were fully redeemed as of September 30, 2020. The William Lyon Notes and the New Notes are discussed further below.

As of September 30, we were in compliance with all of the covenants under the Senior Notes.

5.875% Senior Notes due 2023
On April 16, 2015, TM Communities issued $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2023 (the “2023 5.875% Senior Notes”), which mature on April 15, 2023. The 2023 5.875% Senior Notes are guaranteed by Taylor Morrison Home III Corporation, Taylor Morrison Holdings, Inc. and their homebuilding subsidiaries (collectively, the “Guarantors”). We are required to offer to repurchase the 2023 5.875% Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of their aggregate principal amount (plus accrued and unpaid interest) upon certain change of control events where there is a credit rating downgrade that occurs in connection with the change of control.
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Prior to January 15, 2023, the 2023 5.875% Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 100% plus a “make-whole” premium for payments through January 15, 2023 (plus accrued and unpaid interest). Beginning January 15, 2023, the 2023 5.875% Senior Notes are redeemable at par (plus accrued and unpaid interest).

6.00% Senior Notes due 2023
On July 22, 2020, $266.9 million of our 6.00% Senior Notes due 2023 (the “2023 6.00% Senior Notes”) were partially redeemed using the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2030 Senior Notes (as defined below) and cash on hand. On September 14, 2020, we redeemed the remaining $83.1 million of notes using cash on hand. The redemption price was equal to 100.0% of the principal amount, plus a make-whole premium of 0.11% plus 50 basis points, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding the redemption date. See “2030 Senior Notes and Redemption of the 2023 6.00% Senior Notes and Redemption of the 2025 Senior Notes” below for additional information regarding the redemption of the 2023 6.00% Senior Notes.

5.625% Senior Notes due 2024
On March 5, 2014, TM Communities issued $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.625% Senior Notes due 2024 (the “2024 Senior Notes”), which mature on March 1, 2024. The 2024 Senior Notes are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The change of control provisions in the indenture governing the 2024 Senior Notes are similar to those contained in the indentures governing our other Senior Notes.

Prior to December 1, 2023, the 2024 Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 100% plus a “make-whole” premium for payments through December 1, 2023 (plus accrued and unpaid interest). Beginning on December 1, 2023, the 2024 Senior Notes are redeemable at par (plus accrued and unpaid interest).

5.875% Senior Notes due 2025
On July 22, 2020 $333.1 million of our 5.875% Senior Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Senior Notes”) were partially redeemed using the net proceeds from the issuance of the 2030 Senior Notes (as defined below) and cash on hand. On September 14, 2020, we redeemed the remaining $103.8 million of notes using cash on hand. The redemption price was equal to 102.938% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding the redemption date. See “2030 Senior Notes and Redemption of the 2023 6.00% Notes and Redemption of the 2025 Senior Notes” below for additional information regarding the redemption of the 2025 Senior Notes.
5.875% Senior Notes due 2027
On June 5, 2019, TM Communities issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.875% Senior Notes due 2027 (the “2027 5.875% Senior Notes”), which mature on June 15, 2027. The 2027 5.875% Senior Notes are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The change of control provisions in the indenture governing the 2027 5.875% Senior Notes are similar to those contained in the indentures governing our other Senior Notes.

Prior to March 15, 2027, the 2027 5.875% Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 100% plus a “make-whole” premium for payments through March 15, 2027 (plus accrued and unpaid interest). Beginning on March 15, 2027, the 2027 5.875% Senior Notes are redeemable at par (plus accrued and unpaid interest).

6.625% Senior Notes due 2027

On February 10, 2020, we completed the Exchange Offers as described above following which we had $290.4 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 issued by TM Communities (the “2027 6.625% TM Communities Notes”) and $9.6 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 issued by WLH (the “2027 6.625% WLH Notes” and together with the 2027 6.625% TM Communities Notes, the “2027 6.625% Senior Notes”). The 2027 6.625% TM Communities Notes are obligations of TM Communities and are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The change of control provisions in the indenture governing the 2027 6.625% TM Communities Notes are similar to those contained in the indentures governing our other Senior Notes.

The 2027 6.625% Senior Notes mature on July 15, 2027. Prior to July 15, 2022, the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes may be redeemed in whole or in part at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount plus a “make-whole” premium, and accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the redemption date. On or after July 15, 2022, the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 103.313% of principal (plus accrued and unpaid interest). On or after July 15, 2023, the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 102.208% of principal (plus accrued and unpaid
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interest). On or after July 31, 2024, the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to a 101.104% of principal (plus accrued and unpaid interest). On or after July 15, 2025, the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 100% of principal (plus accrued and unpaid interest).

In addition, at any time prior to July 15, 2022, we may at the option on one or more occasions, redeem the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes (including any additional notes that may be issues in the future under the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes Indenture) in an aggregate principal amount not to exceed 40% of the aggregate principal amount of the 2027 6.625% Senior Notes at a redemption price (expressed as a percentage of principal amount) of 106.625%, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, to, but not including, the redemption date, with an amount equal to the net cash proceeds from one or more equity offerings.

5.75% Senior Notes due 2028

On August 1, 2019, TM Communities issued $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.75% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “2028 Senior Notes”), which mature on January 15, 2028. The 2028 Senior Notes are guaranteed by the same Guarantors that guarantee our other Senior Notes. The change of control provisions in the indenture governing the 2028 Senior Notes are similar to those contained in the indentures governing our other Senior Notes.

Prior to October 15, 2027, the 2028 Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 100% plus a “make-whole” premium for payments through October 15, 2027 (plus accrued and unpaid interest). Beginning on October 15, 2027, the 2028 Senior Notes are redeemable at par (plus accrued and unpaid interest).

Repayment of William Lyon Homes 7.00% Senior Notes due 2022

In connection with the acquisition, on February 6, 2020, we satisfied and discharged all $50.0 million of WLH’s 7.00% Senior Notes due 2022 using cash on hand and borrowings from our $800.0 million Revolving Credit Facility, for a total redemption amount of $52.0 million.

5.125% 2030 Senior Notes and Redemption of the 2023 6.00% Senior Notes and Redemption of the 2025 Senior Notes

On July 22, 2020, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Senior Notes”). The net proceeds of the offering, along with cash on hand, were used to redeem the entire principal amount of the 2023 6.00% Senior Notes, as well as the 2025 5.875% Senior Notes. As a result of the early redemption of the 2023 and 2025 Senior Notes, we recorded a total net loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $10.2 million in Loss on extinguishment of debt, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

The 2030 Senior Notes mature on August 1, 2030. The Senior Notes are guaranteed by the same Guarantors that guarantee our other Senior Notes. The 2030 Senior Notes and the related guarantees are senior unsecured obligations and are not subject to registration rights. The indenture governing the 2030 Senior Notes contains customary events of default that are similar to those contained in the indentures governing our other Senior Notes. The change of control provisions in the indenture governing the 2030 Senior Notes are similar to those contained in the indentures governing our other Senior Notes.

Prior to February 1, 2030, the 2030 Senior Notes are redeemable at a price equal to 100.0% plus a “make-whole” premium for payments through February 1, 2030 (plus accrued and unpaid interest). Beginning on February 1, 2030, the 2030 Senior Notes are redeemable at par (plus accrued and unpaid interest).


Revolving Credit Facility
On February 6, 2020 we terminated our $600.0 million Revolving Credit Facility, writing off $1.7 million of debt issuance costs during the first quarter of 2020 to Transaction expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and entered into a new $800.0 million Revolving Credit Facility with a maturity date of February 6, 2024. As a precautionary measure during the COVID-19 pandemic, we made the decision in the first quarter to borrow $485.0 million on our Revolving Credit Facility. During the third quarter we repaid $200.0 million of such borrowings. The outstanding amount due on our Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2020 was $285.0 million.

The Revolving Credit Facility includes $1.7 million and $1.8 million of unamortized debt issuance costs as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, which are included in Prepaid expenses and other assets, net on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, we had $71.9 million and $77.7 million,
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respectively, of utilized letters of credit, resulting in $443.1 million and $522.3 million, respectively, of availability under the Revolving Credit Facility.
The Revolving Credit Facility contains certain “springing” financial covenants, requiring us and our subsidiaries to comply with a maximum debt to capitalization ratio of not more than 0.60 to 1.00 and a minimum consolidated tangible net worth level of at least $2.0 billion. The financial covenants would be in effect for any fiscal quarter during which any (a) loans under the Revolving Credit Facility are outstanding during the last day of such fiscal quarter or on more than five separate days during such fiscal quarter or (b) undrawn letters of credit (except to the extent cash collateralized) issued under the Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate amount greater than $40.0 million or unreimbursed letters of credit issued under the Revolving Credit Facility are outstanding on the last day of such fiscal quarter or for more than five consecutive days during such fiscal quarter. For purposes of determining compliance with the financial covenants for any fiscal quarter, the Revolving Credit Facility provides that we may exercise an equity cure by issuing certain permitted securities for cash or otherwise recording cash contributions to our capital that will, upon the contribution of such cash to the borrower, be included in the calculation of consolidated tangible net worth and consolidated total capitalization. The equity cure right is exercisable up to twice in any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters and up to five times overall.

The Revolving Credit Facility contains certain restrictive covenants including limitations on incurrence of liens, dividends and other distributions, asset dispositions and investments in entities that are not guarantors, limitations on prepayment of subordinated indebtedness and limitations on fundamental changes. The Revolving Credit Facility contains customary events of default, subject to applicable grace periods, including for nonpayment of principal, interest or other amounts, violation of covenants (including financial covenants, subject to the exercise of an equity cure), incorrectness of representations and warranties in any material respect, cross default and cross acceleration, bankruptcy, material monetary judgments, ERISA events with material adverse effect, actual or asserted invalidity of material guarantees and change of control.

As of September 30, 2020, we were in compliance with all of the covenants under the Revolving Credit Facility.

Mortgage Warehouse Borrowings
The following is a summary of our mortgage warehouse borrowings (in thousands):

 As of September 30, 2020
FacilityAmount DrawnFacility Amount
Interest Rate(1)
Expiration Date
Collateral (2)
Warehouse A$40,232 $55,000 
LIBOR + 1.75%
On DemandMortgage Loans
Warehouse B30,238 75,000 
LIBOR + 2.50%
On DemandMortgage Loans
Warehouse C23,731 75,000 
LIBOR + 1.70%
On DemandMortgage Loans and Restricted Cash
Warehouse D(3)
15,392 80,000 
LIBOR + 1.75%
On DemandMortgage Loans
Total$109,593 $285,000 
 As of December 31, 2019
FacilityAmount DrawnFacility AmountInterest RateExpiration Date
Collateral (2)
Warehouse A$25,074 $45,000 
LIBOR + 1.75%
On DemandMortgage Loans
Warehouse B38,481 85,000 
LIBOR + 1.75%
On DemandMortgage Loans
Warehouse C59,678 100,000 
LIBOR + 1.70%
On DemandMortgage Loans and Restricted Cash
Total$123,233 $230,000 
(1) Subject to certain interest rate floors.
(2)The mortgage warehouse borrowings outstanding as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were collateralized by $172.5 million and $190.9 million, respectively, of mortgage loans held for sale, which comprise the balance of mortgage receivables, and approximately $1.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, of cash which is included in restricted cash in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.
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(3) Warehouse D is a mortgage warehouse facility assumed in connection with the acquisition of WLH. We renewed Warehouse D upon expiration on July 3, 2020 and the new expiration date is November 16, 2020. We intend on renewing this warehouse upon expiration.

Loans Payable and Other Borrowings
Loans payable and other borrowings as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019 consist of project-level debt due to various land sellers and seller financing notes from current and prior year acquisitions. The debt is obtained for specific communities that contains land banking, profit participation, and joint ventures. Project-level debt is generally secured by the land that was acquired and the principal payments generally coincide with corresponding project lot sales or a principal reduction schedule. The increase in our Loans payable and other borrowings balance as of September 30, 2020 compared to December 31, 2019, is primarily due to borrowings within our consolidated joint ventures acquired from WLH. Loans payable bear interest at rates that ranged from 0% to 8% at each of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019. We impute interest for loans with no stated interest rates.

10. FAIR VALUE DISCLOSURES
We have adopted ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements, for valuation of financial instruments. ASC Topic 820 provides a framework for measuring fair value under GAAP, expands disclosures about fair value measurements, and establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are summarized as follows:

Level 1 — Fair value is based on quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Fair value is determined using quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active or are directly or indirectly observable.

Level 3 — Fair value is determined using one or more significant inputs that are unobservable in active markets at the measurement date, such as a pricing model, discounted cash flow, or similar technique.

The fair value of our mortgage loans held for sale is derived from negotiated rates with partner lending institutions. The fair value of derivative assets includes interest rate lock commitments (“IRLCs”) and mortgage backed securities (“MBS”). The fair value of IRLCs is based on the value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted MBS prices and the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the IRLCs. We estimate the fair value of the forward sales commitments based on quoted MBS prices. The fair value of our mortgage warehouse borrowings, loans payable and other borrowings, the borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility approximate carrying value due to their short term nature and variable interest rate terms. The fair value of our Senior Notes is derived from quoted market prices by independent dealers in markets that are not active. There were no changes to or transfers between the levels of the fair value hierarchy for any of our financial instruments as of September 30, 2020, when compared to December 31, 2019.

The carrying value and fair value of our financial instruments are as follows:
  September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)Level in Fair
Value Hierarchy
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair
Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair
Value
Description:
Mortgage loans held for sale2$172,501 $172,501 $190,880 $190,880 
Derivative assets, net26,708 6,708 1,932 1,932 
Mortgage warehouse borrowings2109,593 109,593 123,233 123,233 
Loans payable and other borrowings2332,953 332,953 182,531 182,531 
5.875% Senior Notes due 2023 (1)
2348,558 367,500 348,133 378,669 
5.625% Senior Notes due 2024 (1)
2348,161 372,750 347,756 379,453 
5.875% Senior Notes due 2027 (1)
2494,778 550,000 494,192 548,870 
6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 (1)
2321,715 321,600 — — 
5.75% Senior Notes due 2028(1)
2445,397 489,375 444,927 491,913 
5.125% Senior Notes due 2030(1)
2493,917 532,500 — — 
Revolving Credit Facility 2285,000 285,000 — — 
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(1) Carrying value for Senior Notes, as presented, includes unamortized debt issuance costs and premiums. Debt issuance costs are not factored into the fair value calculation for the Senior Notes.

Fair value measurements are used for inventories on a nonrecurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that their carrying value is not recoverable. The following table presents the fair value for our inventories measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

(Dollars in thousands)For the Year Ended December 31,
Description:Level in
Fair Value
Hierarchy
2019
Inventories 3$16,509 

As of September 30, 2020, the fair value for such inventories was not determined as there were no events and circumstances that indicated their carrying value was not recoverable. As of December 31, 2019, the fair value of our Chicago assets held for sale and active inventories are $25.1 million, which is excluded from the value in the table presented above.


11. INCOME TAXES
The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 22.7% and 25.4%, respectively, compared to 25.9% and 25.4% for the same periods in 2019, respectively. For the three months ended September 30, 2020 the effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate primarily due to state income taxes, non-deductible executive compensation, uncertain tax positions and special deductions and credits relating to home building activities. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was driven primarily from expenses related to the acquisition of WLH which are currently not deductible for tax purposes.

On March 27, 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted into law.  The legislation contains a number of economic relief provisions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the ability to carryback tax losses five years for losses generated in tax years 2018, 2019 and 2020.  As of September 30, 2020, we have not recorded a tax benefit related to the CARES Act, but we are continuing to evaluate the impact of this legislation on the Company.
At September 30, 2020, our cumulative gross unrecognized tax benefits were $5.8 million compared to $6.2 million at December 31, 2019. If the unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2020 were to be recognized, approximately $4.6 million would affect the effective tax rate. We had $0.6 million of gross interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax positions accrued as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

As of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the net deferred tax assets included in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet were $274.0 million and $140.5 million, respectively. The increase in deferred tax assets is primarily due to the addition of the estimated fair value of deferred tax assets recorded from the acquisition of WLH.
12. STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Capital Stock

The Company’s authorized capital stock consists of 400,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Common Stock”), and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.00001 per share.

Stock Repurchase Program

On February 28, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors authorized a renewal of our stock repurchase program until December 31, 2020. The current stock repurchase program permits the repurchase of up to $100.0 million of our Common Stock. Repurchases of our Common Stock under the program will be effected, if at all, through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or other transactions through December 31, 2020. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we repurchased zero and 5,436,479 shares of Common Stock under the stock repurchase program, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, we repurchased zero and 8,389,348 shares of Common Stock under our stock repurchase program, respectively.
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Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)2020201920202019
Amount available for repurchase — beginning of period
$9,837 $— $— $57,437 
Additional amount authorized for repurchase— — 100,000 100,000 
Amount repurchased— — (90,163)(157,437)
Amount available for repurchase — end of period$9,837 $— $9,837 $— 

13. STOCK BASED COMPENSATION
Equity-Based Compensation
In April 2013, we adopted the Taylor Morrison Home Corporation 2013 Omnibus Equity Award Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan was most recently amended and restated in May 2017. The Plan provides for the grant of stock options, RSUs and other equity-based awards deliverable in shares of our Common Stock. As of September 30, 2020, we had an aggregate of 5,733,695 shares of Common Stock available for future grants under the Plan.

The following table provides information regarding the amount and components of stock-based compensation expense, all of which is included in general and administrative expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (in thousands):
 Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
Restricted stock units (1), (2)
$4,273 $2,747 $15,980 $8,105 
Stock options999 946 6,174 2,831 
Total stock compensation$5,272 $3,693 $22,154 $10,936 
(1) Includes compensation expense related to time-based RSUs and performance-based RSUs. Outstanding performance-based RSUs reflected in the table above are reported at target level of performance.
(2)Stock-based compensation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 includes expense recognized for equity awards associated with the acquisition of WLH, which were converted from WLH to TMHC equity awards.

At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the aggregate unrecognized value of all outstanding stock-based compensation awards was approximately $30.1 million and $20.8 million, respectively. The aggregate unrecognized value as of September 30, 2020 includes the stock-based compensation expense relating to the acquisition of WLH.

Restricted Stock Units – The following table summarizes the time-based RSU and performance-based RSU activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
UnitsWeighted Average
Grant Date Fair
Value
Balance at December 31, 20191,708,393 $19.06 
Granted724,370 24.32 
Vested(632,464)17.34 
Forfeited (1)
(43,230)16.29 
Balance at September 30, 2020(2)
1,757,069 $22.04 
(1) Forfeitures on time-based RSUs are a result of terminations of employment, while forfeitures on performance-based RSUs are a result of failing to attain certain goals as outlined in our stock based compensation awards or termination of employment. Outstanding performance-based RSUs reflected in the table above are reported at target level of performance.
(2) The balance as of September 30, 2020 excludes 120,792 unvested RSUs relating to the acquisition of WLH.

Our time-based RSUs consist of awards that settle in shares of Common Stock and have been awarded to our employees and members of our Board of Directors. Vesting of these RSUs is subject to continued employment with TMHC or an affiliate, or continued service on the Board of Directors, through the applicable vesting dates. Time-based RSUs granted to employees
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generally vest ratably over a three to four year period, based on the grant date. Time-based RSUs granted to members of the Board of Directors generally vest on the first anniversary of the grant date.

Additionally, we granted performance-based RSUs to certain employees of the Company. These awards will vest in full based on the achievement of certain performance goals over a three-year performance period, subject to the employee’s continued employment through the date the Compensation Committee certifies the applicable level of performance achieved and will be settled in shares of our Common Stock. The number of shares that may be issued in settlement of the performance-based RSUs to the award recipients may be greater or less than the target award amount depending on actual performance achieved as compared to the performance targets set forth in the awards.

Stock Options – The following table summarizes the stock option activity for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:
UnitsWeighted
Average Exercise
Price Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 20193,339,244 $18.98 
Granted(1)
828,253 21.95 
Exercised(2)
(372,021)17.43 
Canceled/Forfeited(1)
(96,817)18.84 
Outstanding at September 30, 2020(2)
3,698,659 $19.81 
Options exercisable at September 30, 2020(2)
1,803,042 $18.78 
(1)Excludes the number of options granted and canceled in the same period.
(2)Amount excludes 68,054 of options exercised relating to the acquisition of WLH.
(3)Amount excludes 214,416 of outstanding and exercisable options relating to the acquisition of WLH.
Options granted to employees generally vest and become exercisable ratably on the first, second, third, and fourth anniversary of the date of grant. Options granted to members of the Board of Directors vest and become exercisable ratably on the first, second and third anniversary of the date of grant. Vesting of the options is subject to continued employment with TMHC or an affiliate, or continued service on the Board of Directors, through the applicable vesting dates, and options expire within ten years from the date of grant.

14. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
The table below provides the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) for the periods presented (in thousands). There was no activity in the three months ended September 30, 2020 and September 30, 2019. Therefore, such periods are not presented.
Nine Months Ended September 30,
Total Post-Retirement Benefits Adjustments:20202019
Balance, beginning of period$884 $2,001 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax$(13)$284 
Balance, end of period$871 $2,285 

15. REPORTING SEGMENTS
We have multiple homebuilding operating components which are engaged in the business of acquiring and developing land, constructing homes, marketing and selling those homes, and providing warranty and customer service. We aggregate our homebuilding operating components into three reporting segments, East, Central, and West, based on similar long-term economic characteristics. The activity from our Build-to-Rent and Urban Form operations are included in our Corporate segment. We also have a financial services reporting segment. We have no inter-segment sales as all sales are to external customers.
In the current year, we experienced two reconsideration events with respect to our reporting segments. On February 6, 2020, we completed the acquisition of WLH. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic created operational management and structural challenges which could result in potential changes to our chief operating decision maker function. Therefore,
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for purposes of our 2020 segment reporting, the operating financial information of WLH has been categorized within our existing homebuilding reporting segments based on geography. We will continue to analyze our segment categorizations and expect to finalize our conclusions in conjunction with the finalization of purchase accounting for WLH as well as the finalization of operational alignment decisions resulting from changes made in response to COVID-19.

Our reporting segments are as follows:
 
EastAtlanta, Charlotte, Jacksonville, Orlando, Raleigh, Sarasota, Naples, and Tampa
CentralAustin, Dallas, Denver, and Houston
WestBay Area, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Portland, Seattle, Sacramento, and Southern California
Financial ServicesTaylor Morrison Home Funding, Inspired Title Services, and Taylor Morrison Insurance Services

Segment information is as follows (in thousands):

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
 EastCentralWestFinancial Services
Corporate
and
Unallocated(1)
Total
Total revenues$507,541 $426,275 $718,167 $47,451 $— $1,699,434 
Gross margin90,018 87,352 107,075 25,244 — 309,689 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(41,450)(33,181)(45,525)— (27,011)(147,167)
Equity in (loss)/income of unconsolidated entities— (5)325 2,637 — 2,957 
Interest and other expense, net (2)
(194)(359)(2,880)(1,442)(1,399)(6,274)
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net— — — — (10,247)(10,247)
Income/(loss) before income taxes$48,374 $53,807 $58,995 $26,439 $(38,657)$148,958 
(1) Includes the activity from our Build-To-Rent and Urban Form operations.
(2) Interest and other expense, net includes transaction related expenses and pre-acquisition write-offs of terminated projects.
 Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
 EastCentralWestFinancial ServicesCorporate
and
Unallocated
Total
Total revenues$439,498 $313,643 $328,710 $23,254 $— $1,105,105 
Gross margin74,368 58,021 68,260 10,425 — 211,074 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(39,560)(29,918)(23,366)— (26,255)(119,099)
Equity in (loss)/income of unconsolidated entities— (50)1,215 939 (1)2,103 
Interest and other (expense)/income, net(531)(159)63 — (3,030)(3,657)
Income/(loss) before income taxes$34,277 $27,894 $46,172 $11,364 $(29,286)$90,421 
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
 EastCentralWestFinancial
Services
Corporate
and
Unallocated(1)
Total
Total revenues$1,405,556 $1,280,479 $1,745,279 $115,787 $24,717 $4,571,818 
Gross margin226,771 234,723 240,864 50,137 (872)751,623 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(118,249)(101,405)(121,337)— (88,179)(429,170)
Equity in (loss)/income of unconsolidated entities— (166)899 8,164 (19)8,878 
Interest and other expense, net (2)
(308)(4,230)(16,170)(8,880)(86,469)(116,057)
Loss on extinguishment of debt— — — — $(10,247)$(10,247)
Income/(loss) before income taxes$108,214 $128,922 $104,256 $49,421 $(185,786)$205,027 
(1) Includes the activity from our Build-To-Rent and Urban Form operations.
(2) Interest and other income expense, net includes transaction related expenses and pre-acquisition write-offs of terminated projects.
 Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
EastCentralWestFinancial
Services
Corporate
and
Unallocated
Total
Total revenues$1,279,826 $931,592 $1,022,088 $62,117 $— $3,295,623 
Gross margin212,693 163,015 215,658 25,522 — 616,888 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(116,579)(87,478)(68,906)— (74,836)(347,799)
Equity in (loss)/income of unconsolidated entities— (220)3,771 4,274 158 7,983 
Interest and other expense, net(4,066)(715)(148)— (3,631)(8,560)
Income/(loss) before income taxes$92,048 $74,602 $150,375 $29,796 $(78,309)$268,512 

 As of September 30, 2020
 EastCentralWestFinancial Services
Corporate
and
Unallocated(1)
Total
Real estate inventory and land deposits$1,761,739 $1,179,559 $2,619,723 $— $21 $5,561,042 
Investments in unconsolidated entities— 47,338 73,307 4,477 10 125,132 
Other assets157,634 189,543 598,127 261,045 941,925 2,148,274 
Total assets$1,919,373 $1,416,440 $3,291,157 $265,522 $941,956 $7,834,448 
(1) Includes the assets from our Build-To-Rent and Urban Form operations.
 
 As of December 31, 2019
 EastCentralWestFinancial ServicesCorporate
and
Unallocated
Total
Real estate inventory and land deposits$1,841,904 $965,039 $1,219,411 $— $— $4,026,354 
Investments in unconsolidated entities— 37,506 86,996 4,015 242 128,759 
Other assets165,777 121,724 60,060 257,760 485,252 1,090,573 
Total assets$2,007,681 $1,124,269 $1,366,467 $261,775 $485,494 $5,245,686 

16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
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Letters of Credit and Surety Bonds — We are committed, under various letters of credit and surety bonds, to perform certain development and construction activities and provide certain guarantees in the normal course of business. Outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds under these arrangements totaled $1.1 billion and $623.3 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. Although significant development and construction activities have been completed related to these site improvements, the bonds are generally not released until all development and construction activities are completed. We do not believe that it is probable that any outstanding bonds as of September 30, 2020 will be drawn upon.

Legal Proceedings — We are involved in various litigation and legal claims in the normal course of our business operations, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. We are also subject to a variety of local, state, and federal laws and regulations related to land development activities, house construction standards, sales practices, mortgage lending operations, employment safety practices, and protection of the environment. As a result, we are subject to periodic examination or inquiry by various governmental agencies that administer these laws and regulations. We establish liabilities for legal claims and regulatory matters when such matters are both probable of occurring and any potential loss is reasonably estimable. At September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, our legal accruals were $25.9 million and $12.7 million, respectively. We accrue for such matters based on the facts and circumstances specific to each matter and revise these estimates as the matters evolve. In such cases, there may exist an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts currently accrued. Predicting the ultimate resolution of the pending matters, the related timing or the eventual loss associated with these matters is inherently difficult. Accordingly, the liability arising from the ultimate resolution of any matter may exceed the estimate reflected in the recorded reserves relating to such matters. While the outcome of such contingencies cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the resolution of such matters will have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Leases — Our leases primarily consist of office space, construction trailers, model home leasebacks, a ground lease, equipment, and storage units. We assess each of these contracts to determine whether the arrangement contains a lease as defined by ASC 842, Leases. Lease obligations were $80.3 million and $42.3 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. We recorded lease expense of approximately $4.3 million and $12.9 million, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, and $2.5 million and $6.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, within General and administrative expenses on our Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.

17. MORTGAGE HEDGING ACTIVITIES

We enter into IRLCs to originate residential mortgage loans held for sale, at specified interest rates and within a specified period of time (generally between 30 and 60 days), with customers who have applied for a loan and meet certain credit and underwriting criteria. These IRLCs meet the definition of a derivative and are reflected on the balance sheet at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in Financial Services revenue/expenses on the condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income. Unrealized gains and losses on the IRLCs, reflected as derivative assets or liabilities, are measured based on the fair value of the underlying mortgage loan, quoted Agency MBS prices, estimates of the fair value of the mortgage servicing rights (“MSRs”) and the probability that the mortgage loan will fund within the terms of the IRLC, net of commission expense and broker fees. The fair value of the forward loan sales commitment and mandatory delivery commitments being used to hedge the IRLCs and mortgage loans held for sale not committed to be purchased by investors are based on quoted Agency MBS prices.

The following summarizes derivative instrument assets (liabilities) as of the periods presented:

As of
September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
(Dollars in thousands)Fair ValueNotional AmountFair ValueNotional Amount
IRLCs$6,800 $305,170 $2,099 $86,434 
MBSs(1)
(92)460,000 (167)158,000 
Total$6,708 $1,932 
(1) Fair value of MBSs included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Total commitments to originate loans approximated $337.6 million and $94.5 million as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. This amount represents the commitments to originate loans that have been locked and approved by underwriting. The notional amounts in the table above includes mandatory and best effort loans, that have been locked and approved by underwriting.
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We have exposure to credit loss in the event of contractual non-performance by our trading counterparties in derivative instruments that we use in our rate risk management activities. We manage this credit risk by selecting only counterparties that we believe to be financially strong, spreading the risk among multiple counterparties, by placing contractual limits on the amount of unsecured credit extended to any single counterparty, and by entering into netting agreements with counterparties, as appropriate. Commitments to originate loans do not necessarily reflect future cash requirements as some commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon.


18. RELATED-PARTY TRANSACTIONS

From time to time we may engage in transactions with entities or persons that are affiliated with us. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and the three months ended September 30, 2019, we had no such activity. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, we engaged in a stock repurchase of 2.1 million shares of Common Stock, totaling $43.7 million, from one of our former principal equityholders, TPG Advisors VI, Inc.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
For purposes of this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the terms “the Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to Taylor Morrison Home Corporation (“TMHC”) and its subsidiaries. The Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this quarterly report.

Forward-Looking Statements
This quarterly report includes certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws regarding, among other things, our or management’s intentions, plans, beliefs, expectations or predictions of future events, which are considered forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on those statements because they are subject to numerous uncertainties and factors relating to our operations and business environment, all of which are difficult to predict and many of which are beyond our control. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, including descriptions of our business and operations strategy with respect to COVID-19. These statements often include words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “can,” “could,” “might,” “project” or similar expressions. These statements are based upon assumptions that we have made in light of our experience in the industry, as well as our perceptions of historical trends, current conditions, expected future developments and other factors that we believe are appropriate under the circumstances. As you read this quarterly report, you should understand that these statements are not guarantees of performance or results. They involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report and this quarterly report, and in our subsequent filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Although we believe that these forward-looking statements are based upon reasonable assumptions and currently available information, you should be aware that many factors, including those described under the heading “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report and this quarterly report, and in our subsequent filings with the SEC, could affect our actual financial results or results of operations and could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements.

Our forward-looking statements made herein are made only as of the date of this quarterly report. We expressly disclaim any intent, obligation or undertaking to update or revise any forward-looking statements made herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements are based, except as required by applicable law.

Business Overview
Our principal business is residential homebuilding and the development of lifestyle communities with operations geographically focused as of September 30, 2020, in Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Nevada, North and South Carolina, Oregon, Texas, and Washington. We serve a wide array of consumer groups from coast to coast, including first time, move-up, luxury, and active adult buyers, building single and multi-family attached and detached homes. Our homebuilding company operates under our Taylor Morrison, Darling Homes, and recently acquired William Lyon Signature, brand names. We also have an exclusive partnership with Christopher Todd Communities, a growing Phoenix-based developer of innovative, luxury rental communities to operate a “Build-to-Rent” homebuilding business. We serve as a land acquirer, developer, and homebuilder while Christopher Todd Communities provides community design and property management consultation. As part of our acquisition of William Lyon Homes (“WLH”), we also acquired Urban Form Development, LLC (“Urban Form”), which primarily develops and constructs multi-use properties consisting of combinations of commercial space, retail, and multi-family units. We also have operations which provide financial services to customers through our wholly owned mortgage subsidiary, Taylor Morrison Home Funding (“TMHF”), title services through our wholly owned title services subsidiary, Inspired Title Services, LLC (“Inspired Title”), and homeowner’s insurance policies through our insurance agency, Taylor Morrison Insurance Services, LLC (“TMIS”). Our business as of September 30, 2020, is organized into multiple homebuilding operating components, and a financial services component, all of which are managed as four reportable segments: East, Central, West and Financial Services, as follows:

East  Atlanta, Charlotte, Jacksonville, Orlando, Raleigh, Sarasota, Naples, and Tampa
CentralAustin, Dallas, Denver, and Houston
West  Bay Area, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Portland, Seattle, Sacramento, and Southern California
Financial Services  Taylor Morrison Home Funding, Inspired Title Services, and Taylor Morrison Insurance Services

As of September 30, 2020 we employed approximately 2,700 full-time equivalent persons. Of these, approximately 2,400 were
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engaged in corporate and homebuilding operations, and the remaining approximately 300 were engaged in financial
services.

In our homebuilding operations, we either directly, or indirectly through our subcontractors, purchase our significant materials necessary to construct a home such as drywall, cement, steel, lumber, insulation and the other building materials. While these materials are generally widely available from a variety of sources, from time to time we experience material shortages on a localized basis which can substantially increase the price for such materials and our construction process can be slowed. We generally have multiple sources for the materials we purchase and have not experienced significant delays due to unavailability of necessary materials.

Factors Affecting Comparability of Results

The Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this quarterly report. The primary factors that affect the comparability of our results of operations are COVID-19 and the acquisition of WLH.

COVID-19 Impact and Strategy
Notwithstanding the challenges brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, which began to impact our financial condition and results of operations in March 2020, our results for the first three quarters of 2020 were strong, with our net sales orders, average monthly sales pace and home closings each increasing significantly over the comparable prior year period. While certain regions of the United States are in various stages of reopening, the United States continues to struggle with rolling outbreaks of the virus and the effects of COVID-19 could continue to impact our financial condition and results of operations. Due to uncertainty surrounding this ongoing public health crisis and its continued impact on the U.S. economy, we cannot fully predict either the near-term or long-term effects that the pandemic will have on our business. Although customer traffic and sales initially slowed following the imposition of social distancing and government-mandated economic shutdowns in March 2020, resulting in higher rates of cancellation than usual as a result of buyers' economic uncertainty, we saw a recovery in net sales orders and average sales pace per community in the second and third quarters, with a 3.8 sales pace per community in the third quarter, the highest level since at least 2013. Similarly, home closings for the third quarter of 2020 were strong, as discussed further below. However, the duration and magnitude of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown, and could adversely affect our business in future periods.

Because residential construction was designated as an essential business in nearly all of our operating markets, our construction operations continued wherever appropriate during the first three quarters of 2020, despite the shelter-in-place orders and other restrictions on commercial activity. However, all Company operations have been conducted in compliance with federal, state, and local COVID-19 guidelines, orders, and ordinances governing construction and homebuilding activities. Since the height of the pandemic, the majority of the states in which we operate have begun to gradually resume normal business operations, and we have continued our construction operations in each of those states. From the beginning of the pandemic, we have and continue to take a number of strategic and actions in response to the COVID-19 crisis to continue to provide uninterrupted service to our customers while protecting their health and safety, as well as that of our employees and vendors. Specifically, we have focused on transforming our customer experience online through innovative digital options, including (i) shifting to a remote selling environment; (ii) providing virtual options for online home tours, design center selections and new home demonstrations; and (iii) offering “curbside” or “drive thru” closings nationwide.

We believe that our liquidity position is strong, and we have nearly $1.0 billion in available liquidity through a combination of cash on hand and available capacity under our revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2020. Our strong closings during the first three quarters of 2020 helped to bolster our already healthy liquidity position. Additionally, in July 2020, we issued $500.0 million of 5.125% Senior Notes due 2030 and completed certain Senior Notes redemptions with the net proceeds therefrom and cash on hand.

To mitigate the inherent business impacts and the uncertainty of the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, we implemented initiatives across the company to reduce all non-essential expenses and capital expenditures, including but not limited to temporarily reducing or deferring new land acquisitions, phasing development, and implementing a revised cadence on all new inventory home starts. These actions are expected to reduce the growth and may cause a decline of our lot count and the volume of homes delivered in the fourth quarter of 2020 and future periods.

We continue to monitor the impacts of COVID-19 and adjust our operations to limit and mitigate risk to our customers, employees, and business.
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Acquisition of WLH

On February 6, 2020, we completed the acquisition of WLH and incurred costs and expenses, primarily consisting of investment banking fees, severance, compensation, and legal fees, among other items. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recognized $4.8 million and $109.9 million, respectively, of such costs which are presented in Transaction expenses on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. In addition, our homebuilding gross margin was impacted by purchase accounting. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 we recognized an unfavorable purchase accounting adjustment of $8.9 million and $69.4 million, respectively, in Cost of home closings on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations.
Recent Developments

On July 22, 2020, we issued $500.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.125% Senior Notes due 2030 (the “2030 Senior Notes”). We used the net proceeds from the 2030 Senior Notes offering, together with cash on hand, to partially redeem the 2023 6.00% TM Communities Notes and the 2025 5.875% TM Communities Notes. On September 14, 2020, we redeemed the remaining balance of such notes. A total net loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $10.2 million is included in Loss on extinguishment of debt, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations for the three months ended September 30, 2020. Refer to Note 9 — Debt for additional information regarding these redemptions.

Third Quarter 2020 Highlights:
Monthly absorptions increased 53 percent to 3.8 net sales per community, the highest level in our public company history.
Total revenue increased 54 percent to $1.70 billion.
GAAP home closings gross margin equaled 17.2 percent.
Adjusted home closings gross margin, exclusive of purchase accounting impacts, equaled 17.8 percent.
SG&A as a percentage of home closings revenue declined 210 basis points to 9.0 percent.
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Results of Operations
The following table sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented:

Three Months Ended
September 30, 2020
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 (Dollars in thousands)
2020201920202019
Statements of Operations Data:
Home closings revenue, net$1,640,584 $1,073,110 $4,376,218 $3,205,252 
Land closings revenue6,756 4,420 40,241 14,391 
Financial services revenue47,451 23,254 115,787 62,117 
Amenity and other revenue4,643 4,321 39,572 13,863 
Total revenue1,699,434 1,105,105 4,571,818 3,295,623 
Cost of home closings1,358,196 874,102 3,672,923 2,619,968 
Cost of land closings5,217 2,934 42,636 9,418 
Financial services expenses22,207 12,829 65,650 36,595 
Amenity and other expenses4,125 4,166 38,986 12,754 
Gross margin309,689 211,074 751,623 616,888 
Sales, commissions and other marketing costs102,015 76,765 282,380 226,809 
General and administrative expenses45,152 42,334 146,790 120,990 
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities(2,957)(2,103)(8,878)(7,983)
Interest income, net(347)(959)(1,244)(2,250)
Other expense/(income), net1,830 389 7,424 (1,492)
Transaction expenses4,791 617 109,877 6,496 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net10,247 3,610 10,247 5,806 
Income before income taxes148,958 90,421 205,027 268,512 
Income tax provision33,759 23,385 52,162 68,307 
Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests115,199 67,036 152,865 200,205 
Net income attributable to non-controlling interests — joint ventures(422)(24)(3,845)(211)
Net income available to Taylor Morrison Home Corporation$114,777 $67,012 $149,020 $199,994 
Home closings gross margin17.2 %18.5 %16.1 %18.3 %
Sales, commissions and other marketing costs as a percentage of home closings revenue, net6.2 %7.2 %6.5 %7.1 %
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home closings revenue, net2.8 %3.9 %3.4 %3.8 %

Non-GAAP Measures
In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”), we have provided information in this Quarterly Report relating to: (i) adjusted income before income taxes, (ii) EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, (iii) adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share, (iv) net homebuilding debt to capitalization ratio, (v) adjusted home closings gross margin, and (vi) adjusted income before income taxes margin.

Adjusted income before income taxes is a non-GAAP financial measure that reflects our income before income taxes excluding the impact of purchase accounting adjustments related to the acquisition of William Lyon Homes (“WLH”), transaction expenses and loss on extinguishment of debt, as applicable. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP financial measures that measure performance by adjusting net income before allocation to non-controlling interests to exclude interest income/(expense), net, amortization of capitalized interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA), non-cash compensation expense, if any, purchase accounting adjustments relating to the acquisition of WLH, transaction expenses and loss on extinguishment of debt, as applicable. Adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share are non-GAAP financial measures that reflect the net income available to the Company excluding the impact of purchase accounting adjustments relating to the acquisition of WLH, transaction expenses, loss on extinguishment of debt and the tax impact due to such adjustments. Net homebuilding debt to capitalization ratio is a non-GAAP financial measure we calculate by dividing (i) total debt, less unamortized debt issuance costs/premiums and mortgage warehouse borrowings, net of unrestricted cash and cash
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equivalents, by (ii) total capitalization (the sum of net homebuilding debt and total stockholders’ equity). Adjusted home closings gross margin is a non-GAAP financial measure based on GAAP home closings gross margin (which is inclusive of capitalized interest), excluding purchase accounting adjustments relating to the acquisition of WLH.

Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our performance on a consolidated basis, as well as the performance of our regions, and to set targets for performance-based compensation. We also use the ratio of net homebuilding debt to total capitalization as an indicator of overall leverage and to evaluate our performance against other companies in the homebuilding industry. In the future, we may include additional adjustments in the above described non-GAAP financial measures to the extent we deem them appropriate and useful to management and investors.

We believe that adjusted income before income taxes and related margin, adjusted net income and adjusted earnings per share, as well as EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, are useful for investors in order to allow them to evaluate our operations without the effects of various items we do not believe are characteristic of our ongoing operations or performance and also because such metrics assist both investors and management in analyzing and benchmarking the performance and value of our business. Adjusted EBITDA also provides an indicator of general economic performance that is not affected by fluctuations in interest rates or effective tax rates, levels of depreciation or amortization, or unusual items. Because we use the ratio of net homebuilding debt to total capitalization to evaluate our performance against other companies in the homebuilding industry, we believe this measure is also relevant and useful to investors for that reason. We believe that adjusted home closings gross margin is useful to investors because it allows investors to evaluate the performance of our homebuilding operations without the varying effects of items or transactions we do not believe are characteristic of our ongoing operations or performance.

These non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, the comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures of our operating performance or liquidity. Although other companies in the homebuilding industry may report similar information, their definitions may differ. We urge investors to understand the methods used by other companies to calculate similarly-titled non-GAAP financial measures before comparing their measures to ours.

Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted Earnings Per Share
Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)20202019
Net income available to TMHC$114,777 $67,012 
William Lyon Homes related purchase accounting adjustments8,913 — 
Transaction expenses4,791 617 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net10,247 3,610 
Tax impact due to Transaction expenses and Loss on extinguishment of debt(5,810)(1,095)
Adjusted net income $132,918 $70,144 
Basic weighted average shares129,775 105,472 
Adjusted earnings per common share - Basic$1.02 $0.67 
Adjusted diluted weighted average shares131,433 106,852 
Adjusted earnings per common share - Diluted$1.01 $0.66 

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Adjusted Income Before Income Taxes and Related Margin
 Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019
Income before income taxes$148,958 $90,421 
William Lyon Homes related purchase accounting adjustments8,913 — 
Transaction expenses4,791 617 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net10,247 3,610 
Adjusted income before income taxes$172,909 $94,648 
Total revenues$1,699,434 $1,105,105 
Income before income taxes margin8.8 %8.2 %
Adjusted income before income taxes margin10.2 %8.6 %


Adjusted Home Closings Gross Margin
 Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019
Home closings revenue$1,640,584 $1,073,110 
Cost of home closings1,358,196 874,102 
Home closings gross margin$282,388 $199,008 
William Lyon Homes homebuilding related purchase accounting adjustments8,913 — 
Adjusted home closings gross margin$291,301 $199,008 
Home closings gross margin as a percentage of home closings revenue17.2 %18.5 %
Adjusted home closings gross margin as a percentage of home closings revenue17.8 %18.5 %


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EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Reconciliation
 Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019
Net income before allocation to non-controlling interests$115,199 $67,036 
Interest income, net(347)(959)
Amortization of capitalized interest34,321 22,144 
Income tax provision33,759 23,385 
Depreciation and amortization1,714 1,262 
EBITDA$184,646 $112,868 
Non-cash compensation expense5,272 3,693 
William Lyon Homes related purchase accounting adjustments8,913 — 
Transaction expenses4,791 617 
Loss on extinguishment of debt, net10,247 3,610 
Adjusted EBITDA $213,869 $120,788 
Total revenues$1,699,434 $1,105,105 
EBITDA as a percentage of total revenues10.9 %10.2 %
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of total revenues12.6 %10.9 %

Net Homebuilding Debt to Capitalization Ratio Reconciliation
(Dollars in thousands)As of
September 30, 2020
As of
June 30,
2020
Total debt$3,180,072 $3,769,740 
Less unamortized debt issuance premiums, net2,526 23,832 
Less mortgage warehouse borrowings109,593 149,784 
Total homebuilding debt$3,067,953 $3,596,124 
Less cash and cash equivalents547,916 674,685 
Net homebuilding debt$2,520,037 $2,921,439 
Total equity3,542,135 3,424,740 
Total capitalization$6,062,172 $6,346,179 
Net homebuilding debt to capitalization ratio41.6 %46.0 %

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Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared to Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
Average Active Selling Communities
 Three Months Ended September 30,
 20202019Change
East145 153 (5.2)%
Central122 135 (9.6)
West126 58 117.2 
Total393 346 13.6 %
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20202019Change
East146 162 (9.9)%
Central130 138 (5.8)
West116 59 96.6 
Total392 359 9.2 %

Average active selling communities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 increased by 13.6% and 9.2%, respectively. The increases are primarily attributable to new communities from our acquisition of WLH, which were partially offset by scheduled and unscheduled community close outs. The unscheduled close outs are a result of our strong sales environment which is driving certain communities to sell out ahead of schedule. The legacy WLH operations are primarily in the Western United States which drove the increases in the West region for both periods.

Net Sales Orders
Three Months Ended September 30,
 
Net Sales Orders (1)
Sales Value (1)
Average Selling Price
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change20202019Change20202019Change
East1,548 1,161 33.3 %$682,744 $463,201 47.4 %$441 $399 10.5 %
Central1,13375949.3 537,265 360,413 49.1 474 475 (0.2)
West1,744620181.3 946,439 331,133 185.8 543 534 1.7 
Total4,425 2,540 74.2 %$2,166,448 $1,154,747 87.6 %$490 $455 7.7 %

Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
Net Sales Orders (1)
Sales Value (1)
Average Selling Price
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change20202019Change20202019Change
East4,085 3,611 13.1 %$1,728,989 $1,469,468 17.7 %$423 $407 3.9 %
Central3,042 2,380 27.8 1,398,896 1,129,506 23.9 460 475 (3.2)
West4,217 1,974 113.6 2,221,838 1,061,312 109.3 527 538 (2.0)
Total11,344 7,965 42.4 %$5,349,723 $3,660,286 46.2 %$472 $460 2.6 %
(1) Net sales orders and sales value represent the number and dollar value, respectively, of new sales contracts executed with customers, net of cancellations.

East:
The number of net sales orders increased by 33.3% and 13.1%, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively. The increase in net sales orders was primarily due to increased
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demand in most of our Florida markets compared to the prior year. Our Florida markets, including the active adult market, gained strength during the three months ended September 30, 2020, despite the impacts of COVID-19. In addition, sales order pace increased 44% and 24% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively, which further contributed to the increase in net sales orders. Product and geographical mix contributed to the change in average selling price for both periods.

Central:
The number of net sales orders increased by 49.3% and 27.8% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively, while the average selling price decreased by 0.2% and 3.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively. The increase in net sales orders stemmed primarily from our Austin and Denver markets as a result of an increase in average outlets from the acquisition of WLH in those two particular markets. In addition, sales order pace increased 63% and 37% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively. The decrease in average selling prices was a result of product and geographical mix.

West:
The number of net sales orders increased by 181.3% and 113.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively, while the average selling price increased by 1.7% and decreased by 2.0% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year, respectively. Additional active selling communities resulting from the acquisition of WLH was the primary contributor to the increase in net sales orders. The decrease in average selling prices for the nine month period was a result of product and geographical mix driven by the acquired WLH communities which have a lower average selling price than legacy TMHC communities.

Sales Order Cancellations
Cancellation Rate(1)
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 2020201920202019
East8.1 %10.9 %11.7 %11.6 %
Central12.1 %13.8 %16.3 %12.8 %
West9.4 %11.0 %13.9 %13.3 %
Total Company9.7 %11.8 %13.8 %12.4 %
(1) Cancellation rate represents the number of canceled sales orders divided by gross sales orders.

The total company cancellation rate decreased to 9.7% from 11.8% and increased to 13.8% from 12.4%, respectively for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year. We believe the increase in cancellations for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 occurred as a result of the early impacts of COVID-19 during the first and second quarters, including an overall decrease in consumer confidence in general and the confidence of potential homebuyers in particular. However, the decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2020, exemplifies the returning consumer confidence after several months have passed since the onset of the pandemic. Refer to Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis — COVID-19 Impact and Strategy and Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion.

Sales Order Backlog
 As of September 30,
Sold Homes in Backlog (1)
Sales ValueAverage Selling Price
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change20202019Change20202019Change
East2,603 2,186 19.1 %$1,158,391 $935,273 23.9 %$445 $428 4.0 %
Central2,331 1,856 25.6 1,119,626 936,889 19.5 480 505 (5.0)
West2,827 1,253 125.6 1,474,011 662,440 122.5 521 529 (1.5)
Total7,761 5,295 46.6 %$3,752,028 $2,534,602 48.0 %$483 $479 0.8 %
(1) Sales order backlog represents homes under contract for which revenue has not yet been recognized at the end of the period (including homes sold but not yet started). Some of the contracts in our sales order backlog are subject to contingencies including mortgage loan approval and buyers selling their existing homes, which can result in cancellations.
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Total backlog units and total sales value increased by 46.6% and 48.0% at September 30, 2020, respectively, compared to September 30, 2019. The increase in backlog units and sales value was primarily due to increased active selling communities resulting from the acquisition of WLH, which contributed approximately 1,700 backlog units for the third quarter of 2020. The change in average selling price in each region for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year was as a result of product and geographical mix shifts across all segments.

Home Closings Revenue
 Three Months Ended September 30,
Homes ClosedHome Closings Revenue, NetAverage Selling Price
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change20202019Change20202019Change
East1,216 1,029 18.2 %$499,212 $434,446 14.9 %$411 $422 (2.6)%
Central913 653 39.8 423,642 309,954 36.7 464 475 (2.3)
West1,340 614 118.2 717,730 328,710 118.3 536 535 0.2 
Total3,469 2,296 51.1 %$1,640,584 $1,073,110 52.9 %$473 $467 1.3 %
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
Homes ClosedHome Closings Revenue, NetAverage Selling Price
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change20202019Change20202019Change
East3,298 3,063 7.7 %$1,362,082 $1,258,758 8.2 %$413 $411 0.5 %
Central2,791 1,944 43.6 1,270,215 924,411 37.4 455 476 (4.4)
West3,353 1,821 84.1 1,743,921 1,022,083 70.6 520 561 (7.3)
Total9,442 6,828 38.3 %$4,376,218 $3,205,252 36.5 %$463 $469 (1.3)%

East:
The number of homes closed and home closings revenue, net increased by 18.2% and 14.9%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year, and increased by 7.7% and 8.2%, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in both units and dollars for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same periods in the prior year was primarily due to higher opening backlog in the current year period compared to the prior year period. In addition, with respect to the nine-month period ended September 30, 2020, the East region experienced a decrease in both units and dollars during the second quarter of 2020 as a result of COVID-19 impacts, resulting in a lower year-over-year percentage increase in home closings and home closings revenues, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the third quarter ended September 30, 2020.

Central:
The number of homes closed and home closings revenue, net increased by 39.8% and 36.7%, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year, and increased by 43.6% and 37.4% respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year. These increases in both units and dollars were primarily due to the acquisition of WLH, as well as the Central region experiencing a higher opening backlog in the current year period compared to the same period in the prior year.

West:
The number of homes closed and home closings revenue, net each increased by approximately 118%, for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year, and increased by 84.1% and 70.6% respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year. The increase in both units and dollars was primarily due to the increase in active selling communities resulting from the acquisition of WLH. The increases for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were partially offset by the impacts of COVID-19 during the second quarter of 2020.

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Land Closings Revenue
Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change
East$4,123 $731 $3,392 
Central2,633 3,689 (1,056)
West— — — 
Total$6,756 $4,420 $2,336 
 Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change
East$29,977  C $7,205 $22,772 
Central10,264 7,181 3,083 
West— (5)
Total$40,241 $14,391 $25,850 

We generally purchase land and lots with the intent to build and sell homes. However, in some locations where we act as a
developer, we occasionally purchase land that includes commercially zoned parcels or areas designated for school or
government use, which we typically sell to commercial developers or municipalities, as applicable. We also sell residential lots
or land parcels to manage our land and lot supply on larger tracts of land. Land and lot sales occur at various intervals and varying degrees of profitability. Therefore, the revenue and gross margin from land closings will fluctuate from period to period, depending upon market opportunities. The increase in land closings revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 in the East region was due to the sale of our Chicago operations and certain commercial assets we previously acquired in the AV Homes acquisition in 2018.


Amenity and Other Revenue
Three Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change
East4,206 4,321 $(115)
Central— — — 
West437 — 437 
Corporate— — — 
Total$4,643 $4,321 $322 

Nine Months Ended September 30,
(Dollars in thousands)20202019Change
East$13,497  C $13,863 $(366)
Central— — — 
West1,358 — 1,358 
Corporate$24,717 $— $24,717 
Total$39,572 $13,863 $25,709 

Several of our communities operate amenities such as golf courses, club houses, and fitness centers. We provide club members access to the amenity facilities and other services in exchange for club dues and fees. Our Corporate region also includes the activity relating to our Urban Form operations from the acquisition of WLH. Urban Form primarily develops and constructs multi-use properties which consist of combinations of commercial space, retail, and multi-family units. Urban Form sold an asset in the quarter ended March 31, 2020, generating $24.7 million in revenue.


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Home Closings Gross Margin and Adjusted Home Closings Gross Margin
Three Months Ended September 30,
EastCentralWestConsolidated
(Dollars in thousands)20202019202020192020201920202019
Home closings revenue, net$499,213 $434,446 $423,641 $309,954 $717,730 $328,710 $1,640,584 $1,073,110 
Cost of home closings410,248 360,071 337,222 253,581 610,726 260,450 1,358,196 874,102 
Home closings gross margin88,965 74,375 86,419 56,373 107,004 68,260 282,388 199,008 
Purchase accounting adjustment— — 3,027 — 5,886 — 8,913 — 
Adjusted home closings gross margin$88,965 $74,375 $89,446 $56,373 $112,890 $68,260 $291,301 $199,008 
Home closings gross margin %17.8 %17.1 %20.4 %18.2 %14.9 %20.8 %17.2 %18.5 %
Adjusted home closings gross margin %17.8 %17.1 %21.1 %18.2 %15.7 %20.8 %17.8 %18.5 %
Nine Months Ended September 30,
 EastCentralWestConsolidated
(Dollars in thousands)20202019202020192020201920202019
Home closings revenue, net$1,362,082 $1,258,758 $1,270,215 $924,411 $1,743,921 $1,022,083 $4,376,218 $3,205,252 
Cost of home closings1,133,448 1,048,841 1,036,691 764,699 1,502,784 806,428 3,672,923 2,619,968 
Home closings gross margin228,634 209,917 233,524 159,712 241,137 215,655 703,295 585,284 
Purchase accounting adjustment— — 25,440 — 43,978 — 69,418 — 
Adjusted home closings gross margin$228,634 $209,917 $258,964 $159,712 $285,115 $215,655 $772,713 $585,284 
Home closings gross margin %16.8 %16.7 %18.4 %17.3 %13.8 %21.1 %16.1 %18.3 %
Adjusted home closings gross margin %16.8 %16.7 %20.4 %17.3 %16.3 %21.1 %17.7 %18.3 %

East:
Home closings gross margin percentage increased to 17.8% from 17.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and increased to 16.8% from 16.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The primary driver for the increases were product mix in our Florida markets. In addition, several markets in the East experienced higher vendor rebates, which was partially offset by by higher land and development costs for the current year period compared to the prior year period.

Central:
Home closings gross margin percentage increased to 20.4% from 18.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and to 18.4% from 17.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The increase for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was primarily driven by an increase in demand in the majority of our Central region's markets, which had lower construction costs. Geographic mix, product mix, and market appreciation also contributed to the increase in home closings margin percentage for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in the prior year.

West:
Home closings gross margin percentage decreased to 14.9% from 20.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and to 13.8% from 21.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The
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primary driver for the decrease was purchase accounting adjustments from the acquisition of WLH in several of the markets in the West. In addition, the product and geographical mix within legacy WLH yielded a lower homebuilding gross margin than our legacy markets.
Financial Services
Our Financial Services segment provides mortgage lending through our subsidiary, TMHF, title services through our subsidiary, Inspired Title, and homeowner's insurance policies through our insurance agency, TMIS. The following is a summary for the periods presented of financial services income before income taxes as well as supplemental data:
Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
($ In thousands)20202019Change20202019Change
Financial services revenue$40,341 $18,904 113.4 %$97,158 $50,632 91.9 %
Title services revenue5,789 3,170 82.6 14,780 8,596 71.9 
Financial services revenue - other1,321 1,180 11.9 3,849 2,889 33.2 
     Total financial services revenue47,451 23,254 104.1 %115,787 62,117 86.4 %
Financial services equity in income of unconsolidated entities2,637 939 180.8 8,164 4,274 91.0 %
     Total revenue50,088 24,193 107.0 123,951 66,391 86.7 
Financial services expenses22,207 12,829 73.1 65,650 36,595 79.4 
Financial services transaction expenses1,442 — — 8,880 — — 
Financial services income before income taxes$26,439 $11,364 132.7 %$49,421 $29,796 65.9 
Total originations:
     Number of Loans2,355 1,372 71.6 %6,136 3,663 67.5 %
     Principal$843,744 $474,332 77.9 %$2,107,622 $1,279,905 64.7 %

Three Months Ended
September 30,
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2020201920202019
Supplemental data:
     Average FICO score753 748 751 749 
Funded origination breakdown:
     Government (FHA,VA,USDA)17 %15 %16 %14 %
     Other agency80 %73 %79 %72 %
     Total agency97 %88 %95 %86 %
     Non-agency%12 %%14 %
Total funded originations100 %100 %100 %100 %

Financial services revenue increased by 104.1% and 86.4% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively compared to the same periods in the prior year. The increase in financial services revenue was due to increased mortgage closings primarily arising from the acquisition of WLH.

Sales, Commissions and Other Marketing Costs
Sales, commissions and other marketing costs, as a percentage of home closings revenue, net, decreased to 6.2% from 7.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 compared to the same period in 2019 and to 6.5% from 7.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same period in 2019. The decreases were primarily driven by our initiatives to reduce all non-essential expenses as a result of COVID-19 as well as sustained leverage in our sales and marketing functions.

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General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of home closings revenue, net, decreased to 2.8% from 3.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and to 3.4% from 3.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The decreases were primarily driven by an increase in home closings revenue, net as well as our initiatives to reduce all non-essential expenses as a result of COVID-19.

Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Entities
Equity in income of unconsolidated entities was $3.0 million and $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $8.9 million and $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Our joint ventures relating to our financial services segment experienced an increase in income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the same periods in the prior year, which was partially offset by several of our homebuilding joint ventures nearing close out.

Interest Income, Net
Interest income, net was $0.3 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $1.2 million and $2.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Interest income, net includes interest earned on cash balances offset by interest incurred but not capitalized on our long-term debt and other borrowings.

Other Income/Expense, Net
Other income/expense, net was $1.8 million and $0.4 million in expense for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and $7.4 million in expense and $1.5 million in income for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase in other expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 resulted from write-offs of higher pre-acquisition costs from projects we are no longer pursuing.

Transaction Expenses

Transaction expenses were $4.8 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively and $109.9 million and $6.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019. Transaction expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 consisted of acquisition related costs from the acquisition of WLH, which include investment banking fees, severance, compensation, legal fees, expenses relating to credit facility paydowns and terminations, and other various integration costs. Transaction expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 consisted of acquisition related costs from the acquisition of AV Homes which closed in the fourth quarter of 2018 and includes compensation, legal fees, and other various integration costs.

Income Tax Provision
The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 22.7% and 25.4%, respectively, compared to 25.9% and 25.4% for the same periods in 2019, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2020 relates to deductions and credits relating to homebuilding activities.

Net Income
Net income and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was $115.2 million and $0.87, respectively. Net income and diluted earnings per share for the three months ended September 30, 2019 was $67.0 million and $0.63, respectively. The increases in net income and earnings per share from the prior year were primarily attributable to higher homebuilding revenues, net as a result of the acquisition of WLH and higher gross margin dollars.

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity

We finance our operations through the following:

Borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility;
Our various series of Senior Notes;
Mortgage warehouse facilities;
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Project-level real estate financing (including non-recourse loans, land banking, and joint ventures);
Performance, payment and completion surety bonds, and letters of credit; and
Cash generated from operations.

We believe that we can fund our current and foreseeable liquidity needs for the next 12 months from:

Cash generated from operations; and
Borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility.

We may also access the capital markets to obtain additional liquidity through debt and equity offerings on an opportunistic basis. Generally, our principal uses of capital relate to land purchases, lot development, home construction, operating expenses, payment of debt service, income taxes, investments in joint ventures, stock repurchases, and the payment of various liabilities.

Cash flows for each of our communities depend on the status of the development cycle and can differ substantially from reported earnings. Early stages of development or expansion require significant cash expenditures for land acquisitions, on and off-site development, construction of model homes, general landscaping and other amenities. Because these costs are a component of our inventory and are not recognized in our statement of operations until a home closes, we incur significant cash outflows prior to recognition of earnings.

In response to emerging trends in the mortgage business, our wholly-owned mortgage subsidiary, TMHF, began retaining MSRs on certain of the loans it originates during the first quarter of 2020. Servicing advances TMHF makes may be subject to delays in recovery to the extent the loans we service go into forbearance or delinquency. We do not currently expect our MSR portfolio to become a significant part of TMHF’s business, though a substantial increase in the volume of loans that we service coupled with a significant increase in the number of such loans which become delinquent or subject to forbearance, could affect TMHF’s short-term liquidity and revenue from operations.

We believe we have adequate capital resources and sufficient access to external financing sources to satisfy our current and reasonably anticipated requirements for funds to conduct our operations and meet other needs in the ordinary course of our business. Refer to Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis — COVID-19 Impact and Strategy and Item 1A. Risk Factors for further discussion.

The table below summarizes our total cash and liquidity as of the dates indicated (in thousands):

As of
(Dollars in thousands)September 30, 2020December 31, 2019
Cash, excluding restricted cash$547,916 $326,437 
Revolving credit facility800,000 600,000 
Letters of credit outstanding(71,898)(77,719)
Revolving credit facility borrowings outstanding (1)
(285,000)— 
Revolving credit facility availability443,102 522,281 
 
Total liquidity $991,018 $848,718 
(1)As a precautionary measure during the COVID-19 pandemic, we made the decision in the first quarter of 2020 to borrow $485.0 million on our Revolving Credit Facility. We repaid $200.0 million on the Revolving Credit Facility in the third quarter of 2020.




Cash Flow Activities

Operating Cash Flow Activities
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Our net cash provided by operating activities was $798.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $153.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in cash provided by operating activities during 2020 was due to less spend on real estate inventory, land deposits, and an increase in customer deposits.

Investing Cash Flow Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $297.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to $7.1 million used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in cash used in investing activities during 2020 was due to the WLH acquisition.

Financing Cash Flow Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $280.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to $254.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The cash used in financing activities during 2020 was due to the repayments of senior notes in which we redeemed 7.00% Senior Notes 2022 for $52.0 million during the first quarter of 2020, the 2023 6.00% Senior Notes for $350.0 million and the 2025 5.875% Senior Notes for $436.9 million in the third quarter of 2020. These redemptions were partially offset by the issuance of our 2030 Senior Notes for $500.0 million.
In addition, we borrowed $485.0 million on our Revolving Credit Facility as a precautionary measure as a result of COVID-19 during the first quarter and repaid $200.0 million of the borrowings during the third quarter. The cash used in financing activities during 2019 was primarily for net repayments of debt and Common Stock repurchases.


Debt Instruments

For information regarding our debt instruments, including the terms governing our Senior Notes and our Revolving Credit Facility, see Note 9 - Debt to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this quarterly report.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements as of September 30, 2020

Investments in Land Development and Homebuilding Joint Ventures or Unconsolidated Entities
We participate in strategic land development and homebuilding joint ventures with third parties. Our participation in these entities, in some instances, enables us to acquire land to which we could not otherwise obtain access, or could not obtain access on terms that are as favorable. Our partners in these joint ventures historically have been land owners/developers, other homebuilders and financial or strategic partners. Joint ventures with land owners/developers have given us access to sites owned or controlled by our partners. Joint ventures with other homebuilders have provided us with the ability to bid jointly with our partners for large or expensive land parcels. Joint ventures with financial partners have allowed us to combine our homebuilding expertise with access to our partners’ capital.

In certain of our unconsolidated joint ventures, we enter into loan agreements, whereby we or one of our subsidiaries will provide the lenders with customary guarantees, including completion, indemnity and environmental guarantees subject to usual non-recourse terms.

As of September 30, 2020, total cash invested in unconsolidated joint ventures was $24.0 million.

Land Purchase and Land Option Contracts
We enter into land purchase and option contracts to procure land or lots for the construction of homes in the ordinary course of business. Lot option contracts enable us to control significant lot positions with a minimal initial capital investment and substantially reduce the risks associated with land ownership and development. As of September 30, 2020, we had outstanding land purchase and lot option contracts, excluding any land banking arrangements, of $515.8 million. We are obligated to close the transaction under our land purchase contracts. However, our obligations with respect to the option contracts are generally limited to the forfeiture of the related non-refundable cash deposits and/or letters of credit provided to obtain the options. At September 30, 2020, we had non-refundable deposits totaling $138.2 million.

In connection with our acquisition of WLH, we acquired various land banking arrangements. As of September 30, 2020, we had the right to purchase 2,699 lots under such land agreements for an aggregate purchase price of $334.9 million.


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Seasonality
Our business is seasonal. We have historically experienced, and in the future expect to continue to experience, variability in our results on a quarterly basis. We generally have more homes under construction, close more homes and have greater revenues and operating income in the third and fourth quarters of the year. Therefore, although new home contracts are obtained throughout the year, a higher portion of our home closings occur during the third and fourth calendar quarters. Our revenue therefore may fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis, and we must maintain sufficient liquidity to meet short-term operating requirements. Factors expected to contribute to these fluctuations include:
 
the timing of the introduction and start of construction of new projects;
the timing of project sales;
the timing of closings of homes, lots and parcels;
the timing of receipt of regulatory approvals for development and construction;
the condition of the real estate market and general economic conditions in the areas in which we operate, including the duration and extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and our planned reduced land investments and phased development as discussed above under "COVID-19 Impact and Strategy"
mix of homes closed;
construction timetables;
prevailing interest rates and the availability of financing, both for us and for the purchasers of our homes;
the cost and availability of materials and labor; and
weather conditions in the markets in which we build.

As a result of seasonal activity and the COVID-19 pandemic, our quarterly results of operations and financial position are not necessarily representative of the results we expect for the full year.

Inflation
We and the homebuilding industry in general may be adversely affected during periods of high inflation, primarily because of higher land, financing, labor and construction material costs. In addition, higher mortgage interest rates can significantly affect the affordability of mortgage financing to prospective homebuyers. We attempt to pass through to our customers increases in our costs through increased sales prices. However, during periods of soft housing market conditions, we may not be able to offset our cost increases with higher selling prices.
Critical Accounting Policies
There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 compared to those disclosed in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in our Annual Report.


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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest Rate Risk
Our operations are interest rate sensitive. We monitor our exposure to changes in interest rates and incur both fixed rate and variable rate debt. At September 30, 2020, approximately 88% of our debt was fixed rate and 12% was variable rate. None of our market sensitive instruments were entered into for trading purposes. For fixed rate debt, changes in interest rates generally affect the fair value of the debt instrument, but not our earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for variable rate debt, changes in interest rates generally do not impact the fair value of the debt instrument but may affect our future earnings and cash flows, and may also impact our variable rate borrowing costs, which principally relate to any borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and borrowings by TMHF under its various warehouse facilities. As of September 30, 2020, we had $285.0 million in outstanding borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. We had $443.1 million of additional availability for borrowings including $128.1 million of additional availability for letters of credit under our Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2020 (giving effect to $71.9 million of letters of credit outstanding as of such date). We are required to offer to purchase all of our outstanding Senior Notes at 101% of their aggregate principal amount upon the occurrence of specified change of control events. Other than in those circumstances, we do not have an obligation to prepay fixed rate debt prior to maturity and, as a result, we would not expect interest rate risk and changes in fair value to have a significant impact on our cash flows related to our fixed rate debt until such time as we are required to refinance, repurchase or repay such debt.

The following table sets forth principal cash flows by scheduled maturity and effective weighted average interest rates and estimated fair value of our debt obligations as of September 30, 2020. The interest rate for our variable rate debt represents the interest rate on our borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and mortgage warehouse facilities. Because the mortgage warehouse facilities are secured by certain mortgage loans held for sale which are typically sold within approximately 20 - 30 days, its outstanding balance is included as a variable rate maturity in the most current period presented.
 
 Expected Maturity DateFair
Value
(In millions, except percentage data)20202021202220232024ThereafterTotal
Fixed Rate Debt$39.6 $121.3 $82.8 $404.0 $360.7 $1,774.6 $2,783.0 $2,966.7 
Weighted average interest rate(1)
2.9 %2.9 %2.9 %5.4 %5.7 %5.7 %5.4 %
Variable Rate Debt(2),(3)
$394.6 $— $— $— $— $— $394.6 $394.6 
Weighted average interest rate2.6 %— — — — — 2.6 %
(1) Represents the coupon rate of interest on the full principal amount of the debt.
(2) Based upon the amount of variable rate debt outstanding at September 30, 2020, and holding the variable rate debt balance constant, each 1% increase in interest rates would increase the interest incurred by us by approximately $3.9 million per year.
(3) Amount in 2020 includes the outstanding balance on our Revolving Credit Facility which may be repaid at anytime, however the maturity of the facility is February 6, 2024.


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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), as of September 30, 2020.  Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2020, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level. Management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting for WLH, which was acquired on February 6, 2020, and represented 28.3% of the Company's consolidated total assets and 26.3% of the Company's consolidated homebuilding revenues as of and for the three months ended September 30, 2020.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

As mentioned above, the Company acquired WLH on February 6, 2020. The Company is in the process of reviewing the internal control structure as a result of the acquisition and, if necessary, will make appropriate changes to its overall internal control over financial reporting process

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PART II — OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
We are involved in various litigation and legal claims in the normal course of our business operations, including actions brought on behalf of various classes of claimants. We are also subject to a variety of local, state, and federal laws and regulations related to land development activities, house construction standards, sales practices, mortgage lending operations, employment practices, and protection of the environment. As a result, we are subject to periodic examination or inquiry by various governmental agencies that administer these laws and regulations. We establish liabilities for legal claims and regulatory matters when such matters are both probable of occurring and any potential loss is reasonably estimable. We accrue for such matters based on the facts and circumstances specific to each matter and revise these estimates as the matters evolve. In such cases, there may exist an exposure to loss in excess of any amounts currently accrued. In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of these legal and regulatory matters, we generally cannot predict the ultimate resolution of the pending matters, the related timing or the eventual loss. While the outcome of such contingencies cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that the resolution of such matters will have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows. However, to the extent the liability arising from the ultimate resolution of any matter exceeds the estimates reflected in the recorded reserves relating to such matter, we could incur additional charges that could be significant.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Part I, Item 1A. of our Annual Report include risk factors may materially affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Below is an update to the risk factors which affect our industry and our business. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth in our Annual Report, the information below and other information set forth elsewhere in this quarterly report. You should be aware that these risk factors and other information may not describe every risk facing our Company.

The scale and scope of the recent COVID-19 (coronavirus) outbreak and resulting pandemic is unknown and will adversely impact our business. The overall impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition could be material.

In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease was reported, and in March 2020, the WHO characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. Also in March 2020, the United States declared a national emergency and several states have declared public health emergencies concerning the outbreak and have taken preventative measures to try to contain the spread of the coronavirus. These measures have included “stay at home” orders and similar mandates for many individuals to restrict daily activities and for many businesses to curtail or cease normal operations.

We curtailed our investments in land acquisitions and phased development during 2020. These actions may reduce growth, and may cause a decline of our lot count and the volume of homes delivered in future periods. While certain jurisdictions have begun to ease the restrictions imposed at the outset of the pandemic, concerns remain regarding additional surges of the pandemic or the expansion of the economic impact thereof as a result of lifting these restrictions prematurely. Accordingly, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our future results of operations and overall financial performance remains uncertain.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected global economies, financial markets and the overall environment for our business. The scale and scope of the COVID-19 pandemic may heighten the potential adverse effects on our business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition described in the risk factors contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the impact of:

A decrease in consumer confidence generally and the confidence of potential homebuyers in particular,
Unfavorable general and local economic conditions for our customers, the markets in which we operate and the homebuilding industry generally, including a slowdown or severe downturn in the housing market,
Potential delays in home closings or higher rates of cancellations,
A significant disruption in service within our operations, including as a result of having to increasingly shift towards a remote selling environment, virtual appointments for house tours and new home demonstrations and “curbside” or “drive thru” closings,
A disruption to our financial services businesses, including our ability to sell and service the mortgages that we originate, as a result of evolving government regulation, liquidity concerns or otherwise,
Increased costs associated with compliance with substantial government regulation, including new laws or regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations, such as the classification of residential construction as “essential” business
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in the markets in which we operate and any changes to such classification, which laws or regulations may vary significantly by jurisdiction,
Economic and market conditions affecting the value of our land inventory or our option contracts or our investments in unconsolidated entities,
An increase in unemployment levels leading to a potential decrease in demand for our homes and/or an increase in the number of loan delinquencies and property repossessions,
Disruptions in our business strategy due to our curtailment of non-essential cash expenditures including, but not limited to, temporarily reducing or deferring new land acquisitions, phasing development and implementing a revised cadence on all new inventory homes starts,
Increase in the cost or availability of building materials or the availability of subcontractors, vendors or other third parties,
Demand from foreign buyers for our homes, particularly due to the widespread impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,
Fluctuations in equity market prices, interest rates and credit spreads limiting our ability to raise or deploy capital and affecting our overall liquidity,
Significant stock market declines resulting affecting the price of our common stock, and
Cyberattacks or other privacy or data security incidents due to the increased use of remote work environments and virtual platforms.

In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact our business and financial condition in other areas. We may experience decreased employee productivity, including as a result of division and corporate office team members shifting to a work-from-home protocol. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management, our directors or a significant percentage of our employees are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. Additionally, we have incurred, and may continue to incur, increased costs associated with implementing additional personal and workplace safety protocols and employee-related measures, including providing additional paid time off for all field team members and any team members testing positive for COVID-19 and covering out-of-pocket costs for any team members testing positive for COVID-19. We may also encounter delays in responsiveness by governments, municipalities, and other third parties in other matters arising in the ordinary course of business due to their prioritization of matters relating to COVID-19, including but not limited to the timely issuance of building permits, inspections, and entitlement approvals.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused stock market valuations to be highly volatile. As with many other companies, our stock price suffered a significant decline early in the second quarter of 2020 due to COVID-19 related uncertainty; however, our valuation had substantially recovered by the end of the current quarter. The potential magnitude and duration of the business and economic impacts from the unprecedented public health effort to contain and combat the spread of COVID-19 remain uncertain and could include, among other things, continued volatility in financial markets and the value of our common stock.

In connection with the preparation of our quarterly financial statements, we assessed the changes in circumstances that occurred during the quarter to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair values of any of our reporting units were below their carrying amounts. Significant factors we took into consideration included the fluctuations in the equity markets, general economic conditions, homebuilding industry conditions, the Company's overall financial performance, and the gap between our net assets and market capitalization as of September 30, 2020. We concluded there were no indicators that goodwill was impaired and did not perform a quantitative test. We will continue to monitor events and circumstances for changes that indicate goodwill would need to be reevaluated for impairment during current and future interim periods prior to the annual impairment test. These future events and circumstances include, but are not limited to, changes in the overall financial performance of our respective reporting units, potential changes in reporting units, impacts to our business as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other quantitative and qualitative factors relevant to the analysis.

There is significant uncertainty about the duration and extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as its impact on the U.S. economy and consumer confidence, the extent of which depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the severity and transmission rate of the virus, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions, the scope and timeline of efforts to restart the economy in various markets in which we operate and the impact of these and other factors on our employees, customers, suppliers and partners. Such impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition could be material.


ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
On February 28, 2020, we announced that our Board of Directors had authorized a renewal of the Company's stock repurchase program. The stock repurchase program previoulsy approved by the Board of Directors permitted the repurchase of up to $100 million of the Company's Common Stock until December 31, 2020. Repurchases of the Company's Common Stock under the
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program will occur from time to time, if at all, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or other transactions until December 31, 2020. There were no repurchases by the Company of its Common Stock during the three months ended September 30, 2020. Refer to Note 12. - Stockholders' Equity for additional discussion of the Company's stock repurchase program and repurchase activity as of September 30, 2020.

Any stock repurchase program is subject to prevailing market conditions and other considerations, including our liquidity, the terms of our debt instruments, legal requirements, planned land investment and development spending, acquisition and other investment opportunities and ongoing capital requirements.


ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
None.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.
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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
Exhibit
No.
  Description
2.1†^
2.2  
2.3†^
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1*
31.1*  
31.2*  
32.1**  
32.2**  
101.INS*  Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH*  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
101.CAL*  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEF*  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LAB*  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PRE*  Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104.1*Cover page from the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, formatted in inline XBRL (and contained in Exhibit 101).
* Filed herewith
** Furnished herewith
†^ Schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K.


The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them other than for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
  TAYLOR MORRISON HOME CORPORATION
  Registrant
DATE: November 2, 2020  
  /s/ Sheryl D. Palmer
  Sheryl D. Palmer
  Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
  /s/ C. David Cone
  C. David Cone
  Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
  /s/ Joseph Terracciano
  Joseph Terracciano
  Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)

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