Tectonic Financial, Inc. - Annual Report: 2022 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                                      to                                    .

Commission File Number: 001-38910

TECTONIC FINANCIAL, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 720-9000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to filed such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The shares of registrant’s common stock are not listed or quoted on an exchange, and as a result, there is no public market price to calculate the aggregate market value.

The number of shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock as of March 29, 2023 was 7,068,884 shares.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (this “Form 10-K”) contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). When used in this Form 10-K, words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “predict,” “project,” and similar expressions, as they relate to us or our management, identify forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are not historical facts and are based on information currently available to our management. Accordingly, we caution you that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, assumptions, estimates and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable as of the date made, actual results could differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including but not limited, to those listed in “Item 1A-Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K and the following:

Such statements reflect the current views of our management with respect to future events and are subject to these and other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth strategy and liquidity. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or otherwise revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

Our Company

Tectonic Financial, Inc. (the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) is a financial holding company headquartered in Dallas, Texas offering banking, trust, investment advisory, third-party administration and recordkeeping, securities brokerage, underwriting, and insurance services to high net worth individuals, small businesses and institutions across the United States. The Company was formed in late 2016 for the purpose of acquiring T Bancshares, Inc. (“T Bancshares”), and its wholly owned subsidiary, T Bank, National Association (the “Bank”). T Bancshares was incorporated under the laws of the State of Texas on December 23, 2002 to serve as the bank holding company for the Bank. On May 13, 2019, we completed a merger with Tectonic Holdings, LLC (“Tectonic Holdings”), a company with whom we had common ownership (the “Tectonic Merger”). Through the Tectonic Merger, we acquired Tectonic Advisors, LLC (“Tectonic Advisors”) and Sanders Morris Harris LLC (“Sanders Morris”), as well as its subsidiary, HWG Insurance Agency LLC (“HWG”), which expanded our financial services to include investment advisory, securities brokerage, investment banking, and insurance services.

As of December 31, 2022, we had, on a consolidated basis, $612.5 million in assets, $445.8 million in total loans held for investment, $33.9 million in loans held for sale, $493.0 million in deposits and $96.5 million in shareholders’ equity. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $17.0 million. The Company’s Series B preferred stock is traded through the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “TECTP”.

Operating Segments

Overview

We operate through three business segments: Banking, Other Financial Services, and HoldCo operations.

Banking

General. The Bank is a full-service commercial bank offering a broad range of commercial and consumer banking services to small- to medium-sized businesses, single-family residential and commercial contractors and consumers. The Bank strives to generate an attractive risk-adjusted return on assets and capital by providing niche lending services and generating significant non-interest income through its factoring and trust services. Lending services include commercial loans to small- to medium-sized businesses and professional concerns as well as consumers. The Bank offers a wide range of deposit services including demand deposits, regular savings accounts, money market accounts, individual retirement accounts, and certificates of deposit with fixed rates and a range of maturity options. The Bank also offers trust services. These services are provided through a variety of delivery systems including automated teller machines, mobile banking and internet banking.

Lending Services. From its single location, the Bank operates three lending verticals where it has established expertise: SBA and U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”), dental and other professionals and traditional community banking. We believe our lending products provide an important diversity of risk and opportunity, which differentiates us from most community banks our size. The Bank also offers factoring services through its Integra Division. See the discussion of “Factored Receivables” below.

SBA and USDA. The Bank originates and services commercial and real estate loans under programs guaranteed by the SBA and the USDA representing approximately 57.9% of the Bank’s total lending services as of December 31, 2022. Generally 75% to 80% of the principal balance of these loans is guaranteed by these agencies. The CARES Act increased the SBA 7(a) guaranty on 7(a) loans to 90% for loans originated from February 1, 2020 through September 30, 2021. These loans generally offer borrowers more flexible terms and conditions than available through conventional commercial loans. Examples of more flexible terms include longer amortization periods, lower required down payments, and less borrower operating history. These loans are generally secured by equipment, real estate, and other tangible collateral. Loan-to-value ratios may, in some instances, be higher than conventional loans. Loans secured by business assets that do not include real estate have terms that are generally not more than 10 years and are fully amortizing. Loans secured by real estate as the principal collateral are generally 25 years or less and are also generally fully amortizing. Loans can be adjustable rate loans, but may also be fixed for the term of the loan. Repayment of the loans is based on an analysis of the borrower’s ability to generate sufficient income from operations. This analysis may rely more heavily on projected future earnings than on conventional loans. The Bank also analyzes the industry sector to determine the feasibility of the projected income.

There is generally an active secondary market for the guaranteed portion of these loans. Because the guaranteed portion carries the full faith and credit guarantee of an agency of the U.S. government, the guaranteed portion of the loan can generally be sold for a premium at the time of the sale. We may sell the guaranteed portion or retain the guaranteed portion on our balance sheet based on, among other things, our view of the premiums being paid for such guaranteed portions, our desire to generate additional capital for the Bank and/or the funding costs and sources to fund such loans. As the guaranteed portion of the SBA/USDA loans age, the premium that such portions can generate typically declines. Therefore, we typically make the determination about whether to sell the guaranteed portion of such loans shortly after such loans are certified as guaranteed by either the SBA or USDA, as applicable.

Dental and Other Professionals. The Bank offers loans to the dental industry and other small- to medium sized businesses. The principal referral source of the dental loans is Cain Watters. Most of the partners of Cain Watters are stockholders in the Company, and four partners serve on our board of directors. Cain Watters has been highly successful in providing a variety of consulting services to dentists and dental companies for over 30 years with a national client base. Cain Watters refers loans to a variety of lenders (including the Bank), who compete on price, terms and service. We view the dental lending vertical as highly competitive.

Traditional Community Banking. The Bank offers traditional lending services, including commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction and, on a very limited basis, consumer loans (each as further described below). The majority of these loans are to commercial enterprises in the Dallas, Texas area.

  Commercial and Industrial Loans. Loans for commercial purposes in various lines of businesses are a major component of the Bank’s loan portfolio. The targets in the commercial loan markets are retail establishments, professional service providers, in particular dentists, and small- to medium-sized businesses. See “—Dental and Other Professionals” above. Commercial lending generally involves greater credit risk than residential mortgage or consumer lending and involves risks that are different from those associated with commercial real estate lending. The terms of these loans vary by purpose and by type of underlying collateral, if any. The commercial loans are primarily underwritten on the basis of the borrower’s ability to service the loan from income and their creditworthiness. Although commercial loans may be collateralized by equipment or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default may represent an insufficient source of repayment because equipment and other business assets may, among other things, be obsolete or of limited use. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness and projected cash flow of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is considered a secondary source of repayment. On some of these loans, the Bank takes a security interest in real estate as a prudent practice and measure and not as the principal collateral for the loan.

The Bank will typically make equipment loans for a fixed term of generally not more than 10 years at fixed or variable rates, with the loan fully amortized over the term. Loans to support working capital will typically have terms not exceeding one year and will usually be secured by accounts receivable, inventory or personal guarantees of the principals of the business. For loans secured by accounts receivable or inventory, principal will typically be repaid or reduced with cash generated as the accounts receivable and/or inventory is converted into cash, and for loans secured with other types of collateral, principal will typically be repaid over the term of the loan or due at maturity.

Real Estate Loans. The Bank makes owner occupied and non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, residential and commercial construction and development loans, and residential real estate loans. The Bank often uses appraisals to assess the collateral value of such real estate. However, the Company’s use of appraisals in deciding whether to make a loan on or secured by real property does not ensure the value of the real property collateral if it must ultimately be foreclosed upon and sold.

Commercial Real Estate. Commercial real estate loan terms generally are limited to 25 years or less. Interest rates may be fixed or adjustable, although rates typically are not fixed for loans with maturity dates exceeding 10 years. The Bank generally requires personal guarantees from the principal owners of the property supported by a review by the Bank’s management of the principal owners’ personal financial statements. Risks associated with commercial real estate loans include fluctuations in the value of real estate, tenant vacancy rates and the quality of the borrower’s management.

Residential Real Estate. The Bank’s residential real estate loans consist of loans to acquire and renovate existing homes for subsequent re-sale, residential new construction loans, residential loans purchased in the secondary market, residential rental properties, and on a limited basis, traditional mortgage lending for one-to-four family owner occupied property. Loans are generally made in accordance with the Bank’s appraisal and loan policy with the ratio of the loan principal to the value of collateral (typically established by independent appraisal).

Consumer Installment Loans. On a limited basis, the Bank makes loans to individuals for personal, family and household purposes, including secured and unsecured installment and term loans. These loans are typically to the principals and employees of our business customers. Repayment of consumer loans depends upon the borrower’s financial stability and is more likely to be adversely affected by divorce, job loss, illness and personal hardships than repayment of other loans. Because many consumer loans are secured by depreciable assets such as boats, cars and trailers, the loan should be amortized over the useful life of the asset. The loan officer will review the borrower’s past credit history, past income level, debt history and, when applicable, cash flow and determine the impact of all these factors on the ability of the borrower to make future payments as agreed. The principal competitors for consumer loans are the established banks and finance companies in our market.

Lending Policy. The Bank’s delegations of authority, which are approved by its board of directors, provide for various levels of officer lending authority. The Bank has an independent third-party review that evaluates the quality of loans on a periodic basis and determines if loans are originated in accordance with the guidelines established by its board of directors. Additionally, our board of directors has formed a directors’ loan committee with members named by board resolution to provide the following oversight

We believe we follow a relatively conservative lending policy, but one that we believe permits prudent risks to assist businesses and consumers in our lending market. Interest rates vary depending on our cost of funds, the loan maturity, the degree of risk and other loan terms. The Bank does not make any loans to any of its directors, executive officers or their affiliates.

Lending Limits. The Bank’s lending activities are subject to a variety of lending limits. Differing limits apply based on the type of loan or the nature of the borrower, including the borrower’s relationship to the Bank. In general, however, the Bank is able to loan to any one borrower a maximum amount equal to either:

These legal limits will increase or decrease as the Bank’s capital increases or decreases as a result of its earnings or losses, among other reasons.

Credit Risks. The principal economic risk associated with each category of loans that the Bank makes is the creditworthiness of the borrower. Borrower creditworthiness is affected by general economic conditions and the strength of the relevant business market segment. General economic factors affecting a borrower’s ability to repay include interest, inflation and employment rates, as well as other factors affecting a borrower’s customers, suppliers and employees. The well-established financial institutions in our primary service area currently make proportionately more loans to medium- to large-sized businesses than the Bank. Many of the Bank’s anticipated commercial loans will likely be made to small- to medium-sized businesses that may be less able to withstand competitive, economic and financial pressures than larger borrowers.

Factored Receivables. The Bank’s factored receivables portfolio is originated by its Integra Division. The Bank acquired Integra Factoring Solutions, LLC (“Integra”) on July 1, 2021, and offers financing to smaller transportation companies across the United States primarily through factoring of accounts receivables through its Integra Division. We directly purchase the receivables generated by our clients, primarily transportation companies, at a discount to their face value. The transactions are structured to provide the clients with immediate working capital when there is a mismatch between trade payable payments to the client for services rendered and the required payment of operating costs, such as fuel and insurance costs, incurred to provide such good or service. The receivables are typically collected 30 to 60 days after delivery.

Investments. The Bank invests a portion of its assets available for sale securities, which include U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government agencies, mortgage-backed securities, direct obligations of quasi government agencies including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Bank. In addition, the Bank may make investments in held to maturity assets, including certain municipal or state obligations or securities that it believes have a similar risk profile thereto. These investments include, among other things, securities issued pursuant to Property Assessed Clean Energy programs and Public Improvement District/Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone (“PID/TIRZ”) investments. These investment contracts or bonds originate under a contractual obligation between the property owners, the local county or city administration, and a third-party administrator and sponsor. Generally, as a property assessment, the total assessment is repaid in installments over a period of 5 to 32 years by the then current property owner(s). Investments in instruments other than U.S. Treasuries carry a degree of risk, including risk of default, market fluctuations and lack of liquidity.

Deposit Services. To fund its loan and securities portfolio, the Bank offers a wide range of deposit services including demand deposits, regular savings accounts, money market accounts, individual retirement accounts, and certificates of deposit with fixed rates and a range of maturity options. In addition, the Bank can access uninvested cash from customers of its trust department by moving portions of it into money market deposits. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank deposits included $32.5 million available from the funds of trust clients.

In addition, the Bank offers participant-directed retirement accounts in its trust line of business. The Bank offers its money market account insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) as an investment option for those retirement plans. We believe, based on management’s past experience, that up to 5% of retirement assets under participant direction are invested in FDIC insured accounts like those we offer.

In addition to traditional lobby banking services, the Bank offers robust e-banking services, via on-line and mobile devices, to both consumers and businesses. These services include remote check deposits, bill payment, electronic transfer of funds between financial institutions, person-to-person payments, positive pay, as well as traditional internet services such as balance inquiries and internal funds transfers. The Bank provides a courier and mobile banking concierge service throughout the Dallas MSA and offers its customers free usage of any automated teller machine in the world through its debit card. We are also in the early stages of implementing an on-line only option to open transaction, savings, and certificate deposits that will be marketed via the internet to attract consumer deposits.

As of December 31, 2022, the Bank had total deposits of approximately $499.6 million which includes $6.6 million of intercompany deposits of the parent company and other subsidiaries, for a net balance of $493.0 million. Time deposits of $250 thousand and over totaled $85.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The Bank had $40.0 million of brokered deposits through an Insured Cash Sweep One-Way Buy agreement as of December 31, 2022.

Borrowings. In addition to deposits, we utilize advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Dallas (the “FHLB”), and other borrowings, such as a line of credit with the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (the “FRB”), borrowings under the Paycheck Protection Program Liquidity Facility (“PPPLF”), and long-term subordinated notes as supplementary funding sources to finance our operations. At December 31, 2022, the Company had no borrowings with the FHLB or the FRB under the lines of credit. The bank repaid its PPPLF borrowings from the FRB during 2022 and subordinated debt at T Bancshares, net of debt issuance costs, totaled $12.0 million, or 2.33% of total liabilities.

Other Financial Services

General. We provide a variety of investment and insurance services to our clients through one or more subsidiaries, including investment advisory, asset management, stock and bond investments, institutional trading, private investments and access to public offerings and other investments. By providing our clients with a broad array of investment products and services, we believe that we can attract clients seeking differentiated investment solutions and retain them over a longer period of time. These services include:

Trust Services. The Company provides trust services to individuals and defined contribution and benefit plans established by small businesses for their owners and employees. We have approximately 1,900 trust accounts in 48 states. The Bank has established common pooled funds to comingle our clients’ capital to invest in stocks, bonds, exchange-traded funds or other investments and thereby provide a smaller investor with broader diversification and access to professional investment advisors. The Bank has approximately $1.6 billion in market value of trust assets as of December 31, 2022.

We currently have six common pooled funds for qualified plans and another three for personal trust (individual) investors. Each common pooled fund is established for a particular asset class or investment strategy, and each invests in stocks, bonds and/or exchange traded funds (depending on the fund’s strategy), often selected by a registered investment sub-advisor(s) retained by the Bank to serve the particular common pooled fund. The suite of common pooled funds provides an investor with the ability to diversify across asset classes (e.g., equities, fixed income or real assets) and managers. We also have common pooled funds that invest in ETFs (as selected by Tectonic Advisors), which provide our investors with the ability to invest in passive portfolios. We believe that the benefit of a common pooled fund is that it provides investors with access to managers that might not be accessible to individual or smaller investors, sometimes with a lower cost than in a mutual fund format.

The Bank has retained Tectonic Advisors under a long-term contract to provide investment advisory services in selecting managers and certain investments and constructing the allocations of the common pooled funds. The Bank generates fees by providing administrative services to the common pooled funds and providing trust services to the plans and the individual investors.

Cain Watters has referred substantially all of the clients of the Bank’s Trust Division. Cain Watters specializes in providing financial planning, accounting, tax and advisory services to small businesses, principally dental practices. Cain Watters refers certain of its clients to the trust department to provide custodial and fiduciary services for their defined benefit and contribution plans and also their personal assets. Cain Watters is not obligated to make such referrals and refers its clients to other service providers that are competitive with the Bank. The Bank competes on the basis of service and investment performance. However, the Bank and Cain Watters are parties to an agreement which, among other provisions, obligates each party to preserve the other’s business relationship with their mutual clients. This agreement was renewed on December 1, 2022 under an automatic extension clause, and was subsequently extended effective January 31, 2023 to a duration that terminates upon the dissolution of either party or upon a mutually agreeable date in the event of the sale of the Company. The partners of Cain Watters own approximately 29.5% of the Company, and four partners of Cain Watters serve on the board of directors of the Company.

Third Party Administration. In January 2019, the Bank acquired substantially all of the assets and liabilities of The Nolan Company (“Nolan”), a TPA based in Overland Park, Kansas. Nolan operates as a department within the Bank doing business under the name of The Nolan Company. Founded in 1979, Nolan provides clients with retirement plan design and administrative services, specializing in ministerial recordkeeping, administration, actuarial and design services for retirement plans of small businesses and professional practices. We believe that offering TPA services allows us to serve our clients more fully and to attract new clients to our trust platform.

Investment Advisory. Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris are registered investment advisors regulated by the SEC. They provide investment advisory and due diligence services to their respective clients for an asset-based or a performance-based fee.

Tectonic Advisors provides investment advice to the Bank’s Trust committee in the management of its $1.6 billion of common pooled funds under a long-term agreement that has been in effect since 2006, the current form of which renewed in December 2022 under an automatic extension clause within the agreement, and was subsequently extended effective January 31, 2023 to a duration that terminates upon the dissolution of either party or upon a mutually agreeable date in the event of a sale of the Company. Pursuant to this agreement, Tectonic Advisors provides investment advice, asset allocation advice and third party manager research for the construction of portfolios. Tectonic Advisors provides advice on six common pooled funds, which are combined in various manners to develop different portfolios for investors (ranging from a conservative allocation to an aggressive allocation). Tectonic Advisors works with the Bank’s trust department, and its trust committee, in the management of these common pooled funds and portfolios and meets with the trust department and trust committee on a quarterly basis.  In addition to services provided to the Bank, Tectonic Advisors provides investment advisory research and due diligence services to Cain Watters under a continuing agreement.

In providing investment advisory services to individuals and families, Tectonic Advisors’ and Sanders Morris’ investment advisor representatives first determine the risk profile of the investor, which considers the age, investment time horizon, tolerance for risk and investment objectives. Once determined, the advisor makes a recommendation on asset allocation and populates each asset class (e.g., domestic equity, international equity, fixed income, etc.) among mutual funds, exchange traded funds, common stocks and/or bonds, and alternative investments to provide exposure to each such asset class. The asset allocation and investments populating each asset class are revisited periodically based on interaction with the client, his or her changing risk profile, investment performance, changing market conditions and/or other factors, as the advisor deems appropriate.

Brokerage. Through Sanders Morris, we purchase and sell stocks and other securities for high net worth clients, often on a discretionary basis, in consideration for brokerage commissions based on trading activity. In addition, we provide institutional trading and other services to money managers, institutions, and individual accounts. We also provide clients with access to private investments that are sourced by us in consideration for a placement fee or commission. Finally, we provide margin loans offered through our clearing firm (Pershing LLC) and periodically serve as a member of an underwriting or selling group member in public offerings, which we offer to our clients. As of December 31, 2022, Sanders Morris has approximately $3.0 million in net regulatory capital as defined by FINRA to support its broker-dealer activities.

Sanders Morris earns revenue by charging fees and trading commissions for managing the investment assets of clients. Fees and trading commissions are typically charged based on trading activity and/or portfolio size. In addition, we also generate substantial revenue from a traditional, commission-based structure where we earn commissions on client purchase and sale transactions. Sanders Morris also serves as a placement agent on a “best efforts” basis of private placements of equity and fixed income securities. Sanders Morris participates in syndicates of public offerings, typically as a selling group member. Sanders Morris can also participate in public offerings as an underwriter, which means that Sanders Morris takes principal risk on the placement of the securities but earns a higher fee.

Finally, Sanders Morris has an institutional trading business, which is based in Dallas, Texas. This group provides trading, proprietary trading ideas and research, structured solutions and other financial services to clients that include: registered investment advisors, high net worth families and individuals, money managers, hedge funds and others. This business typically charges a commission on trading activity. It competes on the basis of service and solutions.

Insurance. Through our insurance agency, HWG, we provide disability and life insurance as a broker. HWG is an insurance agency licensed under the Texas Department of Insurance. HWG generates its commissions through the sale of policies as a broker to clients and also receives renewal premiums from past policies sold (and which are renewing). HWG is currently generating most of its revenues from renewals, and continues to tailor its team to generate new business.

Competition

The market for financial services is rapidly changing and intensely competitive and is likely to become more competitive as the number and types of market entrants increases. The Bank competes in both lending and attracting funds with a wide range of financial institutions within our markets, including local, regional and national commercial banks, savings and loan associations, and credit unions. We also compete with consumer finance companies, pension trusts, mutual funds, insurance companies, mortgage bankers and brokers, brokerage and investment banking firms, asset management and advisory firms, online and discount brokers, private trust companies, venture capital, private equity and hedge funds, asset-based nonbank lenders, government agencies, third-party payment processors, financial technology companies and certain other non-financial institutions, which may offer more favorable financing alternatives than the Bank. We believe that our principal competitive advantages include our regional focus and our long-standing relationships with our clients.

In addition, the investment services business (including brokerage, private placements, syndication, and other financial advice) is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors influencing our businesses are:

The financial services industry has become considerably more concentrated as many securities firms have either ceased operations, been acquired by, or merged into other firms. Many of these larger firms have significantly greater financial and other resources than we do and can offer their customers more product offerings, lower pricing, broader research capabilities, access to international markets, and other products and services we do not offer, which may give these firms a competitive advantage over us.

As we seek to expand our business, we face competition in the pursuit of clients interested in our services, the recruitment and retention of wealth management professionals, and the identification and acquisition of other wealth management firms that can be integrated into our group.

Our Market Area

We are based in Dallas, Texas, which is our largest market. The Bank’s principal banking markets include Dallas, Tarrant, Denton, Collin and Rockwall counties in North Texas. However, our business is also national in scope. Our national business includes: banking for small businesses (particularly dental practices), SBA and USDA loans, trust and custodial services, and participant directed recordkeeping and third-party administration. In addition, we provide investment advisory and brokerage services through Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris.

Human Capital Resources

We had approximately182 employees as of December 31, 2022. We believe our employee relations to be good and we have no collective bargaining agreements with any employees.

As part of our business philosophy, we believe that we must offer and maintain market competitive compensation and benefit programs in order to attract and retain employees who serve our customers, including competitive compensation, paid time off, an employee retirement plan, bonus and other incentive compensation plans, and modern equipment and support.

The health and well-being of our employees is a priority for our business. Our full-time officers and employees are provided hospitalization and major medical insurance. We pay a substantial portion of the premiums for these coverages. We also provide other basic insurance coverages including dental, life, and long-term disability insurance.

Other Available Information

We file or furnish with the SEC annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and other reports required by Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Electronic copies of our SEC filings are available to the public at the SEC’s website at https://www.sec.gov. In addition, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and other reports required by Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act are available through our website, www.t.financial, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC.

The Company routinely posts important information for investors on its website, www.t.financial. The Company intends to use its website as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Company’s website, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts.

Our website and the information contained on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this Form 10-K.

SUPERVISION AND REGULATION

Set forth below is a description of the significant elements of the laws and regulations applicable to the Company and its operating subsidiaries. The description is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the statutes, regulations and policies that are described. Moreover, these statutes, regulations and policies are continually under review by the U.S. Congress and state legislatures, and federal and state regulatory agencies. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to the Company or its operating subsidiaries could have a material effect on our business.

Regulatory Agencies

As a registered bank holding company, the Company is subject to the supervision and regulation of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (the “Federal Reserve”) and, acting under delegated authority, the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas (the “Reserve Bank”), pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended (the “BHC Act”). As a national bank, the Bank is subject to the supervision and regulation of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”). Sanders Morris is a registered broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA, and a registered investment advisor with the SEC. Tectonic Advisors is an SEC registered investment advisor. HWG is an insurance agency registered with the TDI.

Bank Holding Company Regulation

BHC Act. As a registered bank holding company, the Company is required to furnish to the Federal Reserve annual and quarterly reports of its operations and may also be required to furnish such additional information and reports as the Federal Reserve or the Reserve Bank may require. The Company elected to become a financial holding company in 2018, as further described under “—Financial Holding Company Status.”

Under the BHC Act, the Company must obtain the prior approval of the Federal Reserve before (i) acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of any class of voting securities of any bank or bank holding company if, after the acquisition, the Company would directly or indirectly own or control 5% or more of the class; (ii) acquiring all or substantially all of the assets of another bank or bank holding company; or (iii) merging or consolidating with another bank holding company.

Under the BHC Act, any company must obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve prior to acquiring control of the Company or the Bank. For purposes of the BHC Act, “control” is conclusively presumed to exist upon the acquisition of 25% or more of the outstanding voting securities of a bank or bank holding company, but may arise based on facts and circumstances even with ownership below 5.00% up to 24.99%. On September 30, 2020, the Federal Reserve’s final rule revising the Federal Reserve’s regulations related to determinations of whether a company has “control” over another company, including a bank holding company or a bank, for purposes of the BHC Act, became effective. The final rule created a tiered system of non-control presumptions based upon the percentage of any class of voting securities held by an acquirer and the presence of other indicia of control. The final rule’s four categories of tiered presumptions of non-control, based upon the percentage of ownership of any class of voting securities held by an acquirer, are (i) less than 5%, (ii) 5% to 9.99%, (iii) 10% to 14.99%, and (iv) 15% to 24.99%. By codifying the non-control presumptions, the final rule provides greater transparency with respect to the total level of equity, representative directors, management interlocks, limiting contractual provisions and business relationships that would be permissible to the Federal Reserve in order to avoid a determination of control. The Federal Reserve’s final rule applies to control determinations under the BHC Act, but does not apply to the Change in Bank Control Act, as amended (the “CIBCA”).

Change in Bank Control Act. The CIBCA and the related regulations of the Federal Reserve require any person or group of persons acting in concert (except for companies required to make application under the BHC Act), to file a written notice with the Federal Reserve before the person or group acquires control of the Company. The CIBCA provides that a person, which includes a natural person or entity, directly or indirectly, has “control” of a bank or bank holding company if it (i) owns, controls, or has the power to vote 25% or more of the voting securities of the bank or bank holding company, (ii) controls the election of directors, trustees, or general partners of the company, (iii) has a controlling influence over the management or policies of the company, or (iv) conditions in any manner the transfer of 25% or more of the voting securities of the company upon the transfer of 25% or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities of another company. Accordingly, the CIBCA requires that prior to the acquisition of any class of voting securities of a bank or bank holding company that prior notice to the Federal Reserve be provided, if, immediately after the transaction, the acquiring person (or persons acting in concert) will own, control, or hold the power to vote 25% or more of any class of voting securities of the bank or bank holding company. A rebuttable presumption of control arises under the CIBCA where a person (or persons acting in concert) controls 10% or more, but less than 25%, of a class of the voting stock of a company or insured bank (i) which is a reporting company under the Exchange Act, such as the Company, or (ii) such ownership interest is greater than the ownership interest held by any other person (or persons acting in concert).

Permitted Activities. The BHC Act also limits the investments and activities of bank holding companies. In general, a bank holding company is prohibited from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares of a company that is not a bank or a bank holding company or from engaging directly or indirectly in activities other than those of banking, managing or controlling banks, providing services for its subsidiaries and various non-bank activities that are deemed to be closely related to banking. The activities of the Company are subject to these legal and regulatory limitations under the BHC Act and the implementing regulations of the Federal Reserve.

Volcker Rule. Section 13 of the BHC Act, commonly known as the “Volcker Rule,” generally prohibits insured depository institutions and their affiliates (including their holding companies) from sponsoring or acquiring an ownership interest in certain investment funds, including hedge funds and private equity funds. The Volcker Rule also places restrictions on proprietary trading, which could impact certain hedging activities. However, Section 203 of the EGRRCPA, exempts community banks from the restrictions of the Volcker Rule if (i) the community bank, and every entity that controls it, has total consolidated assets equal to or less than $10 billion; and (ii) trading assets and liabilities of the community bank, and every entity that controls it, is equal to or less than 5% of its total consolidated assets. As the consolidated assets of the Company are less than $10 billion and the Company does not currently exceed the 5% threshold, this aspect of the Volcker Rule does not have any impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements at this time.

Financial Holding Company Status. A bank holding company may also elect to become a “financial holding company,” by which a qualified bank holding company may engage, directly or through its non-bank subsidiaries, in any activity that is financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity or in any other activity that is complementary to a financial activity and does not pose a substantial risk to the safety and soundness of depository institutions or the financial system generally. A bank holding company can successfully elect to be regulated as a financial holding company if all of its depository institution subsidiaries meet certain prescribed standards pertaining to management, capital adequacy and compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act (“CRA”), such as being “well-capitalized” and “well-managed,” and must have a CRA rating of at least “satisfactory.” Financial holding companies remain subject to regulation and oversight by the Federal Reserve.

If a financial holding company ceases to meet the above requirements, the Federal Reserve’s regulations provide that the financial holding company must enter into an agreement with the Federal Reserve to comply with all applicable capital and management requirements. Until the financial holding company returns to compliance, the Federal Reserve may impose limitations or conditions on its activities, and the company may not commence any of the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies or acquire a company engaged in such financial activities without prior approval of the Federal Reserve. Restrictions imposed on a financial holding company’s activities by the Federal Reserve may not necessarily be made known to the public. If the financial holding company does not return to compliance within 180 days, the Federal Reserve may require divestiture of the financial holding company’s depository institutions. Failure to satisfy the financial holding company requirements could also result in loss of financial holding company status. Tectonic Financial, Inc. made this election in 2019, and became a financial holding company.

Source of Strength. In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act and long-standing Federal Reserve policy, a bank holding company is required to act as a source of financial and managerial strength to any subsidiary bank. The holding company is expected to commit resources to support its subsidiary bank, including at times when the holding company may not be in a financial position to provide such support. A bank holding company’s failure to meet its source-of-strength obligations may constitute an unsafe and unsound practice. The source-of-strength doctrine most directly affects bank holding companies in situations where the bank holding company’s subsidiary bank fails to maintain adequate capital levels.

Sound Banking Practice. The Federal Reserve also has the power to order a bank holding company to terminate any activity or investment, or to terminate its ownership or control of any subsidiary, when it has reasonable cause to believe that the continuation of such activity or investment or such ownership or control constitutes a serious risk to the financial safety, soundness or stability of any subsidiary bank of the bank holding company. For example, a holding company could not impair its subsidiary bank’s soundness by causing it to make funds available to non-banking subsidiaries or their customers if the Federal Reserve believed it not prudent to do so.

The Federal Reserve has the power to assess civil money penalties for unsafe or unsound practices. The Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 (“FIRREA”), expanded the Federal Reserve’s authority to prohibit activities of bank holding companies and their non-banking subsidiaries which represent unsafe and unsound banking practices or which constitute violations of laws or regulations. FIRREA increased the amount of civil money penalties, which the Federal Reserve can assess for activities conducted on a knowing and reckless basis, if those activities caused a substantial loss to a depository institution. The penalties can be as high as $1.0 million for each day the activity continues. FIRREA also expanded the scope of individuals and entities against which such penalties may be assessed.

Dividends, Distributions, Stock Redemptions and Repurchases. Dividends and distributions from our subsidiary companies are the Company’s principal source of cash revenues. The Company’s earnings and activities are affected by legislation, regulations, local legislative and administrative bodies and decisions of courts in the jurisdictions in which we conduct business. These include limitations on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company and the Company’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders. Consistent with its policy that bank and financial holding companies should serve as a source of financial strength for their subsidiary banks, it is the policy of the Federal Reserve that bank holding companies should pay cash dividends on preferred and common stock only out of income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition. The policy provides that bank holding companies should not maintain a level of cash dividends that undermines the bank holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiary. Consistent with such policy, a banking organization should have comprehensive policies on dividend payments that clearly articulate the organization’s objectives and approaches for maintaining a strong capital position and achieving the objectives of the policy statement.

In addition, we are subject to certain restrictions on the making of distributions as a result of the requirement that the Bank maintain an adequate level of capital as described below. As a Texas corporation, we are restricted under the Texas Business Organizations Code (the “TBOC”) from paying dividends under certain conditions. Under Texas law, we cannot pay dividends to shareholders if the dividends exceed our surplus or if after giving effect to the dividends, we would be insolvent.

In the event that the Board authorizes the payment of a dividend by the Company, any such dividend will be consistent with our capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition (as a financial holding company). However, there can be no assurance that this will be the case in the future and, if it is found that our dividend is not consistent with our capital needs and/or asset quality or if our financial condition deteriorates, we may not be able to pay dividends on B preferred stock.

Bank holding companies must consult with the Federal Reserve before redeeming or repurchasing any equity or other capital instrument included in tier 1 or tier 2 capital prior to stated maturity, if (x) such redemption or repurchase could have a material effect on the level or composition of the organization’s capital base, or (y) as a result of such redemption or repurchase, there is a net reduction of the outstanding amount of common stock or preferred stock outstanding below the amounts outstanding at the beginning of the quarter in which the redemption or repurchase occurs. In addition, bank holding companies are unable to repurchase shares equal to 10% or more of their net worth if they would not be well-capitalized (as defined by the Federal Reserve) after giving effect to such repurchase. Bank holding companies experiencing financial weaknesses, or that are at significant risk of developing financial weaknesses, must consult with the Federal Reserve before redeeming or repurchasing common stock or other regulatory capital instruments.

Imposition of Liability for Undercapitalized Subsidiaries. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”), requires bank regulators to take “prompt corrective action” to resolve problems associated with insured depository institutions. In the event an institution becomes “undercapitalized,” it must submit a capital restoration plan. The capital restoration plan will not be accepted by the regulators unless each company “having control of” the undercapitalized institution “guarantees” the subsidiary’s compliance with the capital restoration plan until it becomes “adequately capitalized.” For purposes of this statute, the Company has control of the Bank. Under FDICIA, the aggregate liability of all companies controlling a particular institution is limited to the lesser of 5% of the depository institution’s total assets at the time it became undercapitalized or the amount necessary to bring the institution into compliance with applicable capital standards. FDICIA grants greater powers to bank regulators in situations where an institution becomes “significantly” or “critically” undercapitalized or fails to submit a capital restoration plan. For example, a bank holding company controlling such an institution can be required to obtain prior Federal Reserve approval of proposed distributions, consent to a merger or divest the troubled institution or other affiliates.

Anti-Tying Restrictions. Bank holding companies and affiliates are prohibited from tying the provision of services, such as extensions of credit, to other services offered by the holding company or its affiliates. While we and our other affiliates offer services, no such services are tied to one another or conditioned upon one another.

Bank Regulation

The Bank is a national bank chartered under the National Bank Act. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve. In addition, its deposits are insured by the FDIC to the maximum extent permitted by law. National banks, such as the Bank, are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and examination by the OCC. As an insured depository institution and member bank, the Bank is also subject to regulation by the FDIC and the Federal Reserve, although the OCC is the Bank’s primary federal regulator. The bank regulatory agencies have the power to enforce compliance with applicable banking laws and regulations. These requirements and restrictions include requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the nature and amount of loans that may be made and the interest that may be charged thereon and restrictions relating to investments and other activities of the Bank.

National Banking Associations. Banks organized as national banking associations under the National Bank Act are subject to regulation and examination by the OCC. The supervision and regulation by the OCC is primarily intended to protect the interests of depositors of the Bank, not the Bank’s shareholders. The National Bank Act, among other things:

Deposit Insurance. The FDIC insures the deposits of federally insured banks, such as the Bank, and thrifts, up to prescribed statutory limits for each depositor through the Deposit Insurance Fund (the “DIF”), and safeguards the safety and soundness of the banking and thrift industries. The Dodd-Frank Act set the standard maximum deposit insurance amount as $250,000. The amount of FDIC assessments paid by each insured depository institution is based on the Bank’s total assets and its relative risk of default as measured by regulatory capital ratios and other supervisory factors. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, each institution’s assessment base is determined based on its average consolidated total assets less average tangible equity, and there is a scorecard method for calculating assessments that combines CAMELS (an acronym that refers to the five components of a bank’s condition that are addressed: capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and liquidity) ratings and specified forward-looking financial measures to determine each institution’s risk to the DIF.

In accordance with the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC adopted a plan to restore the DIF to the 1.35% ratio but did not change its assessment schedule. Under the FDIC's restoration plan, FDIC staff will update its projections for the DIF balance and DIF reserve ratio at least semiannually while the restoration plan is in effect. On October 18, 2022, the FDIC adopted a final rule applicable to all insured depository institutions increasing initial base deposit insurance assessment rate schedules by 2 basis points, beginning in the first quarterly assessment period of 2023. The FDIC also issued a notice maintaining a DIF reserve ratio of 2.0% for 2023. The increase in assessment rate schedules is intended to increase the likelihood that the DIF reserve ratio reaches the statutory minimum of 1.35% by September 30, 2028, the statutory deadline set by the Dodd-Frank Act. The new assessment rate schedules will remain in effect unless and until the DIF reserve ratio meets or exceeds 2.0% in order to support growth in the DIF in progressing toward the FDIC's long-term goal of a 2.0% designated reserve ratio for the DIF. FDIC staff may in the future recommend additional assessment rate adjustments if deemed necessary.

In addition, if there are additional bank or financial institution failures or if the FDIC otherwise determines to increase assessment rates, the Bank may be required to pay higher FDIC insurance premiums.

Additionally, under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the “FDIA”), the FDIC may terminate deposit insurance upon a finding that the institution has engaged in unsafe and unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations, or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC.

Payment of Dividends. The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank. The Company historically has received all of its revenue from distributions from Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris. However, to the extent the Company desires to have dividends paid by the Bank, the Bank may be limited in its ability to pay dividends without prior regulatory approval. The Bank is required by federal law to obtain the prior approval of the OCC to declare and pay dividends if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year would exceed the total of (1) the Bank’s net profits (as defined and interpreted by regulation) for that year plus (2) its retained net profits (as defined and interpreted by regulation) for the preceding two calendar years, less any required transfers to surplus. In addition, the Bank may only pay dividends to the extent that retained net profits (including the portion transferred to surplus) exceed bad debts (as defined by regulation).

The payment of dividends by the Bank is affected by the requirement to maintain adequate capital pursuant to applicable capital adequacy guidelines and regulations, and the Bank is generally prohibited from paying any dividends if, following payment thereof, the institution would be undercapitalized. Notwithstanding the availability of funds for dividends, however, the OCC may prohibit the payment of dividends by the Bank if the OCC determines such payment would constitute an unsafe or unsound practice. In addition, under the Basel III Rule, institutions that seek the freedom to pay dividends will have to maintain the capital conservation buffer.

Regulatory Capital Requirements. Under the Basel III capital regulations, the minimum capital level requirements are (i) a common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio of 4.5%; (ii) a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0%; (iii) a total capital ratio of 8.0%; and (iv) a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0%. CET1 generally consists of common stock; retained earnings; accumulated other comprehensive income, or AOCI, unless an institution elects to exclude AOCI from regulatory capital; and certain minority interests; all subject to applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Tier 1 capital generally consists of CET1 and noncumulative perpetual preferred stock. Tier 2 capital generally consists of other preferred stock and subordinated debt meeting certain conditions plus an amount of the allowance for loan and lease losses up to 1.25% of assets. Total capital is the sum of Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank exceeded all Basel III regulatory minimum capital requirements.

In addition to the minimum capital requirements, the Bank must maintain a capital conservation buffer that consists of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, repurchasing shares and paying discretionary bonuses.

The CET1 requirements also changed the risk-weighting of certain assets including a 150% risk weight (up from 100%) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition development and construction loans and for non-residential mortgage loans that are 90 days or more past due or otherwise on non-accrual status; a 20% (up from 0%) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable; and a 250% risk weight (up from 100%) for mortgage servicing rights and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital.

Community Bank Leverage Ratio. On September 17, 2019, the federal banking regulators published final rules implementing a simplified measure of capital adequacy for certain banking organizations that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets. Under the final rules, which went into effect on January 1, 2020, depository institutions and depository institution holding companies that have less than $10 billion in total consolidated assets and meet other qualifying criteria, including a leverage ratio of greater than 9%, off-balance-sheet exposures of 25% or less of total consolidated assets and trading assets plus trading liabilities of 5% or less of total consolidated assets, are deemed “qualifying community banking organizations” and are eligible to opt into the “Community Bank Leverage Ratio,” or CBLR, framework. A qualifying community banking organization that elects to use the CBLR framework and that maintains a leverage ratio of greater than 9% is considered to have satisfied the generally applicable risk-based and leverage capital requirements under the Basel III Rules and, if applicable, is considered to have met the “well capitalized” ratio requirements for purposes of its primary federal regulator’s prompt corrective action rules, discussed below. The final rules include a two-quarter grace period during which a qualifying community banking organization that temporarily fails to meet any of the qualifying criteria, including the greater-than-9% CBLR requirement, is generally still deemed “well capitalized” so long as the banking organization maintains a leverage capital ratio greater than 8%. A banking organization that fails to maintain a leverage capital ratio greater than 8% is not permitted to use the grace period and must comply with the generally applicable requirements under the Basel III Rules and file the appropriate regulatory reports.

Although the Company and the Bank are qualifying community banking organizations, the Company and the Bank have elected not to use the CBLR framework, but may make such an election in the future.

Prompt Corrective Regulatory Action. Under applicable federal statutes, the OCC is required to take “prompt corrective action” if the Bank does not meet specified minimum capital requirements. For these purposes, the law establishes five capital categories: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized. Under the OCC’s prompt corrective action regulations, an institution is deemed to be:

If the Bank were to become undercapitalized, it would be subject to growth limitations and would be required to submit a capital restoration plan to the OCC. The OCC may not accept such a plan without determining, among other things, that the plan is based on realistic assumptions and is likely to succeed in restoring the Bank’s capital. In addition, for a capital restoration plan to be acceptable, the Company must guarantee that the Bank will comply with such capital restoration plan. If the Bank were to fail to submit an acceptable plan, it would be treated as if it were “significantly undercapitalized.” “Significantly undercapitalized” depository institutions may be subject to a number of requirements and restrictions, including orders to sell sufficient voting stock to become “adequately capitalized,” requirements to reduce total assets and cessation of receipt of deposits from correspondent banks and other depositary sources, particularly if such deposits are higher cost deposits. “Critically undercapitalized” institutions are subject to the appointment of a receiver or conservator.

As of December 31, 2022, the Bank qualified as “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action rules.

Interstate Banking and Branching. Effective June 1, 1997, the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (the “Riegle-Neal Act”) amended the FDIA, and certain other statutes, to permit state and national banks with different home states to merge across state lines with approval of the appropriate federal banking agency, unless the home state of a participating bank had passed legislation prior to May 31, 1997 expressly prohibiting interstate mergers. Under the Riegle-Neal Act, once a state or national bank has established branches in a state, that bank may establish and acquire additional branches at any location in the state at which any bank involved in the interstate merger transaction could have established or acquired branches under applicable federal or state law. If a state opts out of interstate branching within the specified time period, no bank in any other state may establish a branch in the state which has opted out, whether through an acquisition or de novo.

However, under the Dodd-Frank Act, the national branching requirements have been relaxed and national banks and state banks are able to establish branches in any state if that state would permit the establishment of the branch by a state bank chartered in that state. The OCC accepts applications for interstate merger and branching transactions, subject to certain limitations on the ages of the banks to be acquired and the total amount of deposits within the state that a bank or financial holding company may control. Since our primary service area is Texas, we do not expect that the ability to operate in other states will have any material impact on our growth strategy. We may, however, face increased competition from out-of-state banks that branch or make acquisitions in our primary markets in Texas.

Restrictions on Transactions with Affiliates. The Bank is subject to the provisions of Section 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act (the “Affiliates Act”). Affiliates of a bank include, among other entities, the bank’s holding company and companies that are under common control with the bank. In our case, Tectonic Advisors, Sanders Morris, HWG and Cain Watters are all considered affiliates.

These provisions place limits on the amount of:

The total amount of the above transactions is limited in amount, as to any one affiliate, to 10% of the Bank’s capital and surplus and, as to all affiliates combined, to 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus. In addition to the limitation on the amount of these transactions, each of the above transactions must also meet specified collateral requirements. The Bank must also comply with other provisions designed to avoid the purchase or acquisition of low-quality assets from affiliates. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded the scope of Section 23A of the Affiliates Act, which now includes investment funds managed by an institution as an affiliate, as well as other procedural and substantive hurdles.

Section 23B of the Affiliates Act, among other things, prohibits the Bank from engaging in any transaction with an affiliate unless the transaction is on terms substantially the same, or at least as favorable to the bank or its subsidiaries, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with nonaffiliated companies.

Loans to Insiders. Under federal law, the Bank is also subject to restrictions on extensions of credit to its executive officers, directors, principal shareholders and their related interests. These extensions of credit (1) must be made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with third parties, (2) must follow credit underwriting procedures at least as stringent as those applicable to comparable transactions with third parties, and (3) must not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features. The Dodd-Frank Act expanded coverage of transactions with insiders by including credit exposure arising from derivative transactions (which are also covered by the expansion of Section 23A of the Affiliates Act). The Dodd-Frank Act prohibits an insured depository institution from purchasing or selling an asset to an executive officer, director, or principal shareholder (or any related interest of such a person) unless the transaction is on market terms, and, if the transaction exceeds 10% of the institution’s capital, it is approved in advance by a majority of the disinterested directors.

Commercial Real Estate Lending Concentrations. The federal banking agencies, including the OCC, have promulgated guidance governing financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. The guidance provides that a bank has a concentration in commercial real estate lending if (i) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 100% or more of total capital or (ii) total reported loans secured by multifamily and non-farm nonresidential properties (excluding loans secured by owner-occupied properties) and loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 300% or more of total capital and the bank’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased 50% or more during the prior 36 months. If a concentration is present, management must employ heightened risk management practices that address the following key elements: including board and management oversight and strategic planning, portfolio management, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing, and maintenance of increased capital levels as needed to support the level of commercial real estate lending. On December 18, 2015, the federal banking agencies jointly issued a “statement on prudent risk management for commercial real estate lending.” As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not exceed the levels to be considered to have a concentration in commercial real estate lending and believes its credit administration to be consistent with the recently published policy statement.

Brokered Deposit Restrictions. Well capitalized institutions are not subject to limitations on brokered deposits, while an adequately capitalized institution is able to accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits only with a waiver from the FDIC and are subject to certain restrictions on the yield paid on such deposits. Undercapitalized institutions are generally not permitted to accept, renew, or roll over brokered deposits. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank qualified as “well capitalized” for purposes of the brokered deposit restrictions.

Technology Risk Management and Consumer Privacy. Federal banking regulators have issued various policy statements emphasizing the importance of technology risk management and supervision in evaluating the safety and soundness of depository institutions with respect to banks that contract with outside vendors to provide data processing and core banking functions. The use of technology-related products, services, delivery channels and processes exposes a bank to various risks, particularly operational, privacy, security, strategic, reputation and compliance risk. Banks are generally expected to prudently manage technology-related risks as part of their comprehensive risk management policies by identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling risks associated with the use of technology.

Under Section 501 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (the “GLBA”), the federal banking agencies have established appropriate standards for financial institutions regarding the implementation of safeguards to ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information, protection against any anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of such records and protection against unauthorized access to or use of such records or information in a way that could result in substantial harm or inconvenience to a customer. Among other matters, the rules require each bank to implement a comprehensive written information security program that includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards relating to customer information.

Under the GLBA, a financial institution must also provide its customers with a notice of privacy policies and practices. Section 502 prohibits a financial institution from disclosing nonpublic personal information about a customer to nonaffiliated third parties unless the institution satisfies various notice and opt-out requirements and the customer has not elected to opt out of the disclosure. Under Section 504, the agencies are authorized to issue regulations as necessary to implement notice requirements and restrictions on a financial institution’s ability to disclose nonpublic personal information about customers to nonaffiliated third parties. Under the final rule the regulators adopted, all banks must develop initial and annual privacy notices which describe in general terms the bank’s information sharing practices. Banks that share nonpublic personal information about customers with nonaffiliated third parties must also provide customers with an opt-out notice and a reasonable period of time for the customer to opt out of any such disclosure (with certain exceptions). Limitations are placed on the extent to which a bank can disclose an account number or access code for credit card, or deposit or transaction accounts to any nonaffiliated third party for use in marketing.

In November 2021, the federal bank regulatory agencies issued a joint rule establishing computer-security incident notification requirements for banking organizations and their service providers. Beginning May 1, 2022, a bank holding company, such as the Company, and an FDIC-supervised depository institution, such as the Bank, are required to notify the Federal Reserve or FDIC, respectively, as soon as possible and no later than 36 hours after a determination that a computer-security incident that rises to the level of a notification incident has occurred.

Anti-Money Laundering. Under federal law, including the Bank Secrecy Act (the “BSA”), as amended by the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (the “USA PATRIOT Act”), and as further amended by the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (the “National Defense Authorization Act”), and implementing regulations, certain types of financial institutions, including insured depository institutions, must maintain anti-money laundering (“AML”) programs that include established internal policies, procedures and controls; a designated compliance officer; an ongoing training program; and testing of the program by an independent audit function. Financial institutions are restricted from entering into specified financial transactions and account relationships and must meet enhanced standards for due diligence, client identification and recordkeeping, including in their dealings with non-U.S. financial institutions and non-U.S. clients. Financial institutions must take reasonable steps to conduct enhanced scrutiny of account relationships to guard against money laundering and to report any suspicious information maintained by financial institutions.

On May 10, 2016, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (“FinCEN”) issued a final rule regarding customer due diligence requirements for covered financial institutions in connection with their BSA and anti-money laundering policies. The final rule adds a requirement that banks understand the nature and purpose of customer relationships and identify the “beneficial owner” (25% or more ownership interest) of legal entity customers. The formal implementation date was May 11, 2018. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and they must consider an institution’s anti-money laundering compliance when considering regulatory applications filed by the institution, including applications for banking mergers and acquisitions. The regulatory authorities have imposed “cease and desist” orders and civil money penalty sanctions against institutions found to be violating these obligations.

Further, on January 1, 2021, Congress passed the National Defense Authorization Act, which enacted the most significant overhaul of the BSA and related AML laws since the USA PATRIOT Act. Notable amendments include (1) significant changes to the collection of beneficial ownership information and the establishment of a beneficial ownership registry, which requires corporate entities (generally, any corporation, limited liability company, or other similar entity with 20 or fewer employees and annual gross income of $5 million or less) to report beneficial ownership information to FinCEN (which will be maintained by FinCEN and made available upon request to financial institutions); (2) enhanced whistleblower provisions, which provide that one or more whistleblowers who voluntarily provide original information leading to the successful enforcement of violations of the anti-money laundering laws in any judicial or administrative action brought by the Secretary of the Treasury or the Attorney General resulting in monetary sanctions exceeding $1 million (including disgorgement and interest but excluding forfeiture, restitution, or compensation to victims) will receive not more than 30 percent of the monetary sanctions collected and will receive increased protections; (3) increased penalties for violations of the BSA; (4) improvements to existing information sharing provisions that permit financial institutions to share information relating to suspicious activity reports (SARs) with foreign branches, subsidiaries, and affiliates (except those located in China, Russia, or certain other jurisdictions) for the purpose of combating illicit finance risks; and (5) expanded duties and powers of FinCEN. Many of the amendments, including those with respect to beneficial ownership, require the Department of Treasury and FinCEN to promulgate rules.

Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) Regulation. The United States has imposed economic sanctions that affect transactions with designated foreign countries, nationals and others. These are typically known as the OFAC rules based on their administration by OFAC. The OFAC-administered sanctions targeting countries take many different forms. Generally, however, they contain one or more of the following elements: (i) restrictions on trade with, or investment in, a sanctioned country, including prohibitions against direct or indirect imports from and exports to a sanctioned country and prohibitions on “U.S. persons” engaging in financial transactions relating to making investments in, or providing investment-related advice or assistance to, a sanctioned country; and (ii) the blocking of assets in which the government or specially designated nationals of the sanctioned country have an interest by prohibiting transfers of property subject to U.S. jurisdiction (including property in the possession or control of U.S. persons). Blocked assets (e.g., property and bank deposits) cannot be paid out, withdrawn, set off or transferred in any manner without a license from OFAC. The Bank is responsible for, among other things, blocking accounts of, and transactions with, such targets and countries, prohibiting unlicensed trade and financial transactions with them and reporting blocked transactions after their occurrence. Failure to comply with these sanctions could have serious legal and reputational consequences.

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (“CFPB”). The CFPB was created under the Dodd-Frank Act to centralize responsibility for consumer financial protection with broad rulemaking, supervision and enforcement authority over a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and thrifts, including the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”), Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act, Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, Truth in Savings Act, Fair Debt Collection Act, the consumer financial privacy provisions of the GLBA and certain other statutes. Banking institutions with total assets of $10.0 billion or less, such as the Bank, remain subject to the supervision and enforcement of their primary federal banking regulator with respect to the federal consumer financial protection laws and such additional regulations as may be adopted by the CFPB.

Community Reinvestment Act. The CRA and the regulations issued thereunder are intended to encourage banks to help meet the credit needs of their entire communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with safe and sound operations. The regulators examine banks and assign each bank a public CRA rating. The CRA then requires bank regulators to take into account the bank’s record of meeting the needs of its community when considering certain applications by a bank, including applications to establish a banking center or to conduct certain mergers or acquisitions. The Federal Reserve is also required to consider the CRA records of a bank holding company’s controlled banks when considering an application by the bank holding company to acquire a bank or to merge with another bank holding company.

The federal banking agencies have adopted regulations which measure a bank’s compliance with its CRA obligations on a performance based evaluation system. This system bases CRA ratings on an institution’s actual lending service and investment performance rather than the extent to which the institution conducts needs assessments, documents community outreach or complies with other procedural requirements. The ratings range from a high of “outstanding” to a low of “substantial noncompliance.” The Bank had a CRA rating of “satisfactory” as of its most recent CRA assessment.

On May 5, 2022, the federal banking regulators issued a joint proposed rule to revise regulations implementing the CRA, which seeks to strengthen the purpose of the CRA, adapt to changes in the banking industry, including the expanded role of mobile and online banking, provide clarity and consistency in the application of CRA regulations, tailor performance standards to account for differences in bank size, business model, and local conditions, tailor data collection and reporting requirements, promote transparency and public engagement, confirm that CRA and fair lending are mutually reinforcing, and create a consistent regulatory approach that applies to banks regulated by all of the federal banking regulators. While the comment period for the proposed rule expired in August 2022, a final rule has not yet been implemented by the federal banking regulators. The Company and the Bank will continue to monitor these developments.

An unsatisfactory CRA record could substantially delay approval or result in denial of an application. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment—We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.”

Regulation Z. On April 5, 2011, the Federal Reserve’s final rule on loan originator compensation and steering (Regulation Z) became final. Regulation Z is more commonly known as the regulation that implements TILA. Regulation Z address two components of mortgage lending, i.e., loans secured by a dwelling, and implements restrictions and guidelines for: (i) prohibited payments to loan originators, and (ii) prohibitions on steering. Under Regulation Z, a creditor is prohibited from paying, directly or indirectly, compensation to a mortgage broker or any other loan originator that is based on a mortgage transaction’s terms or conditions, except the amount of credit extended, which is deemed not to be a transaction term or condition. In addition, Regulation Z prohibits a loan originator from “steering” a consumer to a lender or a loan that offers less favorable terms in order to increase the loan originator’s compensation, unless the loan is in the consumer’s interest. Regulation Z also contains a record-retention provision requiring that, for each transaction subject to Regulation Z, the financial institution maintain records of the compensation it provided to the loan originator for that transaction as well as the compensation agreement in effect on the date the interest rate was set for the transaction. These records must be maintained for two years.

UDAP and UDAAP. Banking regulatory agencies have increasingly used a general consumer protection statute to address “unfair”, “deceptive” or “abusive” acts and business practices that may not necessarily fall directly under the purview of a specific banking or consumer finance law. The law of choice for enforcement against such business practices has been Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, referred to as the FTC Act, which is the primary federal law that prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices, referred to as UDAP, and unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce. “Unjustified consumer injury” is the principal focus of the FTC Act. UDAP laws and regulations were expanded under the Dodd-Frank Act to apply to “unfair, deceptive or abusive acts or practices” referred to as UDAAP, and were delegated to CFPB for rulemaking. The federal banking agencies have the authority to enforce such rules and regulations. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, CFPB looks to various factors to assess whether an act or practice is unfair, including whether it causes or is likely to cause substantial injury to consumers, the injury is not reasonably avoidable by consumers, and the injury is not outweighed by countervailing benefits to consumers or to competition. A key focus of CFPB is whether an act or practice hinders a consumer’s decision-making.

Incentive Compensation Guidance

The federal bank regulatory agencies have issued comprehensive guidance intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of those organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The incentive compensation guidance sets expectations for banking organizations concerning their incentive compensation arrangements and related risk-management, control and governance processes. The incentive compensation guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon three primary principles: (1) balanced risk-taking incentives; (2) compatibility with effective controls and risk management; and (3) strong corporate governance. Any deficiencies in compensation practices that are identified may be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect its ability to make acquisitions or take other actions. In addition, under the incentive compensation guidance, a banking organization’s federal supervisor may initiate enforcement action if the organization’s incentive compensation arrangements pose a risk to the safety and soundness of the organization. Further, the Basel III capital rules limit discretionary bonus payments to bank executives if the institution’s regulatory capital ratios fail to exceed certain thresholds.

In October 2022, the SEC adopted a final rule directing national securities exchanges and associations, including the NASDAQ, to implement listing standards that require listed companies to adopt policies mandating the recovery or “clawback” of excess incentive-based compensation earned by a current or former executive officer during the three fiscal years preceding the date the listed company is required to prepare an accounting restatement, including to correct an error that would result in a material misstatement if the error were corrected in the current period or left uncorrected in the current period. The final rule requires the Company to adopt a clawback policy within 60 days after such listing standard becomes effective.

Other Regulations. The Bank’s operations are also subject to various federal laws such as the:

Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies. The commercial banking business is affected not only by general economic conditions but also by the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve. Some of the instruments of monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve include changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings, the fluctuating availability of borrowings at the “discount window,” open market operations, the imposition of, and changes in, reserve requirements against member banks’ deposits and assets of foreign branches, the imposition of, and changes in, reserve requirements against certain borrowings by banks and their affiliates and the placing of limits on interest rates that member banks may pay on time and savings deposits. Such policies influence to a significant extent the overall growth of bank loans, investments and deposits as well as the interest rates charged on loans or paid on time and savings deposits. We cannot predict the nature of future fiscal and monetary policies and the effect of such policies on our future business and our earnings.

Environmental Laws Potentially Impacting the Bank. We are subject to state and federal environmental laws and regulations. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, (“CERCLA”), is a federal statute that generally imposes strict liability on all prior and present “owners and operators” of sites containing hazardous waste. However, Congress acted to protect secured creditors by providing that the term “owner and operator” excludes a person whose ownership is limited to protecting its security interest in the site. Since the enactment of the CERCLA, this “secured creditor exemption” has been the subject of judicial interpretations which have left open the possibility that lenders could be liable for cleanup costs on contaminated property that they hold as collateral for a loan, which costs often substantially exceed the value of the property.

Regulatory Reform and Legislation. From time to time, various legislative and regulatory initiatives are introduced in Congress, as well as by regulatory agencies. These initiatives and others may at times include proposals to expand or contract the powers of bank holding companies and depository institutions or proposals to substantially change the financial institution regulatory system. Such legislation could change banking statutes and the operating environment of the Company or the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways. If enacted, such legislation could increase or decrease the cost of doing business, limit or expand permissible activities or affect the competitive balance among banks, savings associations, credit unions and other financial institutions. The Company cannot predict whether any such legislation will be enacted, and, if enacted, the effect that it, or any implementing regulations, would have on the financial condition or results of operations of the Company. A change in statutes, regulations or regulatory policies applicable to the Company or our subsidiaries could have a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Broker-Dealer Regulation

The securities industry is heavily regulated. The SEC is responsible for the administration of the federal securities laws and serves as a supervisory body over all national securities exchanges and associations. The regulation of broker-dealers has, to a large extent, been delegated by the federal securities laws to the FINRA and other self-regulatory organizations (“SROs”). These SROs include, among others, all the national securities and commodities exchanges and the FINRA. Subject to approval by the SEC and certain other regulatory authorities, SROs adopt rules that govern the industry and conduct periodic examinations of the operations of our broker-dealer subsidiary. Sanders Morris is registered in all 50 states and is also subject to regulation under the laws of these jurisdictions.

Broker-Dealer Net Capital Rules. As a registered broker-dealer and member of FINRA, Sanders Morris is subject to certain net capital requirements of Rule 15c3-1 under the Exchange Act. The net capital rules, which specify minimum net capital requirements for registered broker-dealers, are designed to measure the financial soundness and liquidity of broker-dealers. Failure to maintain the required net capital may subject a firm to suspension or revocation of registration by the SEC and suspension or expulsion by other regulatory bodies, and ultimately may require its liquidation. Further, a decline in a broker-dealer’s net capital below certain “early warning levels,” even though above minimum capital requirements, could cause material adverse consequences for the broker-dealer. Sanders Morris conducts business on a national basis as an introducing firm, using a third-party firm for securities clearing and custody functions.

Broker-Dealer Supervision. Sanders Morris is subject to other rules and regulations covering all aspects of the securities business, including sales and trading practices, public offerings, use and safekeeping of clients’ funds and securities, recordkeeping and reporting, and the conduct of directors, officers and employees. Broker-dealers are also regulated by state securities administrators in those jurisdictions where they do business. Compliance with many of the rules and regulations applicable to us involves a number of risks because the rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations. Regulators make periodic examinations and review annual, monthly and other reports on Sanders Morris’ operations, track record and financial condition. Violations of rules and regulations governing a broker-dealer’s actions could result in censure, penalties and fines, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders, the suspension or expulsion from the securities industry of such broker-dealer or its officers or employees, or other similar adverse consequences. The rules of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board, which are enforced by the SEC and FINRA, apply to the municipal securities activities of Sanders Morris.

Anti-Money Laundering. Sanders Morris, like the Bank, is subject to the BSA and the USA PATRIOT Act. These acts contain anti-money laundering and financial transparency laws and mandate the implementation of various regulations applicable to broker-dealers and other financial services companies. Sanders Morris, like the Bank, has established policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations.

Securities Investor Protection Corporation (“SIPC”). As a registered broker-dealer and FINRA member organization, Sanders Morris is required by federal law to belong to the SIPC, which provides, in the event of the liquidation of a broker-dealer, protection for securities held in customer accounts held by the firm of up to $500,000 per customer, subject to a limitation of $250,000 on claims for cash balances. SIPC is principally funded through assessments on registered broker-dealers. SIPC protection does not insure against fluctuations in the market value of securities.

Regulation BI and Form CRS Relationship Summary (“Form CRS”). On June 5, 2019, the SEC adopted Regulation Best Interest (“Regulation BI”), elevating the standard of care for broker-dealers from the current “suitability” requirement to a “best interest” standard when making a recommendation of any securities transaction to a retail customer. The “best interest” standard requires a broker-dealer to make recommendations without putting its financial interests ahead of the interests of a retail customer. The SEC also adopted Form CRS, which requires registered investment advisors (“RIAs”) and broker-dealers to deliver to retail investors a succinct, plain English summary about the relationship and services provided by the firm and the required standard of conduct associated with the relationship and services. In connection with adopting Regulation BI, the SEC added new record-making and recordkeeping rules. The compliance date for Regulation BI and the related rules is June 30, 2020, and Sanders Morris and Tectonic Advisors met this requirement. Regulation BI imposes disclosure and policy and procedural obligations that could impact the compensation our wealth management business and its representatives receive for selling certain types of products, particularly those that offer different compensation across different share classes (such as mutual funds and variable annuities). In addition, Regulation BI prohibits a broker-dealer and its associated persons from using the term “adviser” or “advisor” if the broker-dealer is not an RIA or the associated person is not a supervised person of an RIA.

Investment Advisor Regulation

As registered investment advisors under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”), Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris are subject to the requirements of regulations under both the Advisers Act and certain state securities laws and regulations. Such requirements relate to, among other things, limitations on the ability of investment advisors to charge performance-based or non-refundable fees to clients, record-keeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, limitations on principal transactions between an advisor or its affiliates and advisory clients, and general anti-fraud prohibitions.

ERISA. Certain of our subsidiaries are subject to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) and Sections 4975(c)(1)(A), (B), (C) or (D) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and to regulations promulgated thereunder, insofar as they are a “fiduciary” under ERISA with respect to benefit plan clients or otherwise deal with benefit plan clients. ERISA and applicable provisions of the Code impose certain duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA, prohibit certain transactions involving ERISA plan clients (including, without limitation, employee benefit plans (as defined in Section 3(3) of ERISA), individual retirement accounts and Keogh plans) and provide monetary penalties for violations of these prohibitions.

Investment Advisor Supervision. The SEC is authorized to institute proceedings and impose sanctions for violations of the Advisers Act, ranging from fines and censure to termination of an investment adviser’s registration. Investment advisers also are subject to certain state securities laws and regulations. Non-compliance with the Advisers Act or other federal and state securities laws and regulations could result in investigations, sanctions, disgorgement, fines or other similar consequences.

Insurance Regulation

HWG is an insurance agency registered with the TDI. It provides life, disability, property and casualty insurance to clients. Regulation of insurance brokerage is generally performed at a state, rather than a national, level. HWG operates in multiple states/jurisdictions, and as a result, both HWG and its employees are subject to various state regulatory and licensing requirements. HWG monitors compliance with the various state insurance regulators, and also has relationships with third party vendors to ensure compliance and awareness among HWG and its employees of relevant requirements and changes, and emerging regulatory issues.

Our business and results of operations are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect the Company are described below. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of, or that management currently deems immaterial, may also impair the Company’s business operations. This Form 10-K is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. If this were to happen, the value of our securities could decline significantly, and you could lose all or part of your investment. Some statements in the following risk factors constitute forward-looking statements. Please refer to “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Summary of Risk Factors

Below is a summary of the principal factors that we believe make an investment in our securities risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC, before making an investment decision regarding our securities.

Risks Related to Our Business:

Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment:

Risks Related to an Investment in the Series B Preferred Stock:

Risks Related to Our Business

Liquidity risk, including our ability to maintain our deposit base or other funding sources, could adversely affect our ability to fund operations and hurt our financial condition.

Liquidity is essential to our banking business, as we use cash to make loans and purchase investment securities and other interest-earning assets and to fund deposit withdrawals that occur in the ordinary course of our business. Our principal sources of liquidity include earnings, deposits, repayment by clients of loans we have made to them, and the proceeds from sales by us of our equity securities or from borrowings that we may obtain. In addition, from time to time, we borrow from the FHLB. Potential alternative sources of liquidity include the sale of loans, the acquisition of national market non-core deposits, the issuance of additional collateralized borrowings such as the FHLB, advances, access to the Federal Reserve discount window, the Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP) and the issuance of additional equity securities and/or debt.

If our ability to obtain funds from these sources becomes limited, these sources become restricted or are eliminated, or the costs of those funds increase, whether due to factors that affect us specifically, including our financial performance, or due to factors that affect the financial services industry in general, including weakening economic conditions or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry as a whole, then our ability to grow our banking and investment advisory and trust businesses would be harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Further, the Company may incur substantially higher funding costs in order to obtain the necessary funds to support the Company's operations and growth or may be required to sell or restrict operations, or restrict the payment of dividends. Furthermore, if the Company is unable to raise adequate funds through external sources, the Company may need to sell assets with unrealized losses in order to generate additional liquidity, which could decrease the capital of the Company and have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on wholesale funding sources, which causes our cost of funds to be higher when compared to other financial institutions and poses future funding risks if the Bank becomes less than “well capitalized” under the prompt corrective action framework, or PCA, which may require us to liquidate loans or impede our growth.

We use certain non-core, wholesale funding sources, including the FHLB advances and deposit listing services. As of December 31, 2022, our use of such wholesale funding sources amounted to approximately $220 million, or 44.1% of total funding. Although we intend to increase our efforts to reduce our reliance on wholesale funding sources, we may not be able to increase our market share of core-deposit funding in our highly competitive market area. We further expect to increase our core funding as we develop the capacity for consumers to open on-line digital accounts. The rates on these digital accounts can be highly competitive and may increase our cost of funds, which could have a material adverse effect on our net interest income margins. Listing service deposit rates are very market sensitive. At times, the cost of these funds can exceed the cost of core deposits in our market area as well as digital deposits, which could have a material adverse effect on our net interest income margins. Wholesale funding is subject to certain practical limits such as the FHLB’s and BTFP’s maximum borrowing capacity and our liquidity targets. Our maximum borrowing capacity from the FHLB and BTFP is based on the amount and fair market value and face amount, respectively, of commercial loans and securities we can pledge. If we are unable to pledge sufficient collateral to secure funding from the FHLB, we may lose access to this source of liquidity that we have historically relied upon. Additionally, we are required to establish limits on certain types of deposits including brokered deposits and listing service deposits, as well as total wholesale funding sources. If we reach these limits, future asset growth may be reduced or halted. If we are unable to access any of these types of funding sources or if our costs related to them increase, our liquidity and ability to support demand for loans could be materially adversely affected. If we were not able to replace such wholesale funding, we may have to liquidate loans, which may be at losses that would have a material adverse effect on our capital, our business and your investment in the Company.

We may not be able to grow and maintain our deposit base, and deposit outflow may increase reliance on wholesale borrowings and brokered deposits.

Our future growth will largely depend on our ability to maintain and grow our deposit base and our ability to retain our trust clients, who provide deposits. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank had a loan to deposit ratio of 90.1%. In the current environment of rising interest rates, our deposits may not be as stable or as interest rate insensitive as similar deposits may have been in the past, and some existing or prospective deposit customers of banks generally, including the Bank, may be inclined to pursue other investment alternatives, which may negatively impact our net interest margin. The account and deposit balances can decrease when clients perceive alternative investments, such as the stock market or real estate, as providing a better risk/return tradeoff. In addition, as interest rates rise, competition for deposits may increase, which could result in clients moving money out of the Bank. As a general matter, deposits are typically a lower cost source of funds than external wholesale funding (brokered deposits and borrowed funds), because interest rates paid for deposits are typically less than interest rates charged for wholesale funding. If, as a result of competitive pressures, market interest rates, alternative investment opportunities that present more attractive returns to customers, general economic conditions or other events, the balance of the Company’s deposits decreases relative to the Company’s overall banking operations, the Company may have to rely more heavily on wholesale or other sources of external funding, or may have to increase deposit rates to maintain deposit levels in the future. Any such increased reliance on wholesale funding, or increases in funding rates in general, could have a negative impact on the Company’s net interest income and, consequently, on its results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, the portion of our deposit portfolio that is comprised of large uninsured deposits may be more likely to be withdrawn rapidly under adverse economic conditions. If our clients, including our trust clients, move money out of bank deposits into investments or to other financial institutions, we could lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, increasing our funding costs and reducing our net interest income and net income.

The Company is subject to interest rate risk and changes in interest rates could affect our net interest margins and net interest income, the value of our assets and obligations, and the availability and cost of capital or liquidity.

Our profitability is dependent to a large extent on our net interest income, which is the difference between interest income we earn as a result of interest paid to us on loans and investments and interest we pay to third parties such as our depositors and those from whom we borrow funds. As interest rates change, net interest income is affected.

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including (among others) general and regional and local economic conditions, the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve, bank regulatory requirements, competition from other banks and financial institutions and a change over time in the mix of our loans and investment securities, on the one hand, and on our deposits and other liabilities, on the other hand. Sustained low levels of market interest rates, as we have experienced prior to 2022, would continue to place downward pressure on our net interest margins and, therefore, on our earnings. Conversely, increases in interest rates, though they could increase our interest margins absent a commensurate rise in our cost of funds, also have the potential to affect borrowers’ ability to repay, particularly for the small and medium sized businesses to which we lend, subjecting us to potential loan losses. This effect could be exacerbated by an inflationary environment. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) of the Federal Reserve repeatedly raised their target benchmark interest rate in response to the ongoing inflationary environment in the United States, resulting in subsequent prime rate increases of 425 basis points between March and December of 2022. The FOMC have raised interest rates another 75 basis points thus far in 2023. Further, substantially higher interest rates generally reduce loan demand and may result in slower loan growth and may encourage current borrowers to repay loans early. All of these factors are detrimental to our business, and the interplay between these factors can be complex and unpredictable.

Our net interest margins and earnings also could be adversely affected if we are unable to adjust our interest rates on loans and deposits on a timely basis in response to changes in economic conditions or monetary policies. For example, if the rates of interest we pay on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increase faster than we are able to increase the rates of interest we charge on loans or the yields we realize on investments and other interest-earning assets, our net interest income and, therefore, our earnings will decrease. Conversely, in an environment of decreasing interest rates, loan originations may also decline, and our borrowers may experience difficulties meeting their obligations or seek to refinance their loans for lower rates, which may adversely affect income from these lending activities and negatively impact our net interest margin. These circumstances could not only result in increased loan defaults, foreclosures and charge-offs, but also reduce collateral values and necessitate further increases to the allowance for loan losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Also, changes in interest rates might impact the values of equity and debt securities under management and administration, which may have a negative impact on fee income.

Further, rising short-term interest rates are likely to result in declines in both fixed income (bond) and stock prices. Declining fixed income and stock prices will result in a decline in the value and potentially the volume of both trust assets on which the Bank provides fiduciary services and the assets under management at Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris, as well as declining capital markets, private placement and brokerage activities of Sanders Morris – as does an economic recession. This will have an adverse impact on the revenues and earnings of the Company. An economic recession will also result in higher losses on the Bank’s loan portfolio and its factored receivables portfolio and decreased economic activity, both of which negatively impact Bank earnings and capital. Thus, an economic recession negatively impacts almost every aspect of the Company’s business and will have a negative and adverse effect on the earnings, capital and financial position of the Company.

We are subject to consolidated capital ratio requirements, and therefore have to hold additional capital.

Prior to our initial public offering in May 2019, the Company qualified as a “small bank holding company.” This meant, among other things, that the Company was not subject to minimum consolidated capital requirements. Upon consummation of the Tectonic Merger, we ceased to qualify as a small bank holding company and must maintain certain minimum capital ratios on a consolidated basis with the Bank. As described further below, our failure to meet capital requirements could, among other things, affect client and investor confidence, our ability to grow, our costs of funds, our ability to pay dividends on preferred and common stock, our ability to make acquisitions, and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to sell additional services and products to existing clients or attract new clients in a manner that is cost-effective and assures client success, we will not be able to grow our business, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

In order to grow our business, we must continue to attract new clients in a cost-effective manner and enable these clients to realize the benefits associated with our products and services. Part of our strategic plan is to market our suite of financial services and products across the clients of our subsidiaries. We may not be able to attract clients from one of our subsidiaries to use another subsidiary for different financial services or products. This could be for a variety of reasons, including as a result of their continued use of our competitors and/or other impediments that hinder their ability to migrate to or adopt our financial products or services. If we are unable to entice existing clients to expand their use of our financial products and services, we may see an increase in our client acquisition costs which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to implement aspects of our expansion strategy, which may adversely affect our ability to maintain our historical earnings trends.

We may not be able to sustain our growth at the rate we have enjoyed during the past several years. A downturn in local economic market conditions, particularly in the real estate market, a failure to attract and retain high performing personnel, heightened competition from other financial services providers, and an inability to attract additional deposits in a cost-effective manner and lending clients, among other factors, could limit our ability to grow as rapidly as we have in the past and as such may have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, risks associated with failing to maintain effective financial and operational controls as we grow, such as maintaining appropriate loan underwriting procedures, determining adequate allowances and complying with regulatory accounting requirements, including increased loan losses, reduced earnings and potential regulatory penalties and restrictions on growth, all could have a negative effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our securities portfolio is subject to risk of loss; the fair value of our investment securities can fluctuate due to factors outside of our control.

As of December 31, 2022, the fair value of our investment securities portfolio was $49.5 million. The Bank invests a portion of its assets in U.S. Treasuries, U.S. government agencies, mortgage-backed securities, direct obligations of quasi government agencies including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the FHLB, and federal funds sold. In addition, the Bank may make investments in certain municipal or state obligations or securities that it believes have a similar risk profile thereto, or Other Securities. Other Securities include, among other things, securities issued pursuant to Property Assessed Clean Energy (“PACE”) and Public Improvement District/Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone (“PID/TIRZ”) programs. These programs are created by state and local municipalities to finance energy efficiency upgrades or renewable energy installations for residential, commercial and industrial property owners. Investments in instruments other than U.S. Treasuries carry a degree of risk, including risk of default, market fluctuations and lack of liquidity.

Factors beyond our control can significantly influence and cause adverse changes to occur in the fair values of securities in that portfolio. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect of the investment securities in our portfolio, defaults by the issuers of such securities, concerns with respect to the enforceability of the payment or other key terms of such securities, changes in market interest rates, continued instability in the capital markets and lack of liquidity or marketability. Any of these factors, as well as others, could cause other-than-temporary impairments and realized or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. As discussed above, the FOMC repeatedly raised their target benchmark interest rate in 2022, resulting in subsequent prime rate increases of 425 basis points between March and December of 2022, and further resulting in a significant increase in market interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2022. If market interest rates continue to rise, the market value of the fixed income bond portfolio will decrease, resulting in unrealized losses, and depending on the extent of the rise in interest rates, the increase in unrealized losses could be significant over the short-term. The non-credit portion of unrealized losses on the Bank’s available for sale securities portfolio are booked to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (“AOCI”), a component of shareholders' equity, and unrealized losses net of the related tax effect as of December 31, 2022 totaled $2.4 million, which represents approximately 3.0% of our total capital. A significant increase in market rates may have a negative impact on book value per common share and return on average shareholders' equity ratios. The Company’s bond portfolio is expected to mature at par and therefore the unrealized losses in the portfolio that result from higher market interest rates will decrease as the bonds become closer to maturity.

In addition, the process for determining whether an impairment of a security is other-than-temporary usually requires complex, subjective judgments, which could subsequently prove to have been wrong, regarding the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer of the security, the fair value of any collateral underlying the security and whether and the extent to which the principal of and interest on the security will ultimately be paid in accordance with its payment terms. Further, any loss from any such Other Securities or any other securities in our portfolio would negatively impact the capital of the Bank and such impact could be material.

New lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risk.

From time to time, we may implement new lines of business or offer new products and services within existing lines of business. There are substantial risks and uncertainties associated with these efforts, particularly in instances where the markets are not fully developed. In acquiring, developing and/or marketing new lines of business and/or new products and services, we may invest significant time and resources. Initial timetables for the introduction and development of new lines of business and/or new products or services may not be achieved and price and profitability targets may not prove feasible. External factors, such as compliance with regulations, competitive alternatives, and shifting market preferences, may also impact the successful implementation of a new line of business and/or a new product or service. Furthermore, any new line of business and/or new product or service could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Failure to successfully manage these risks in the integration, development and implementation of new lines of business and/or new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.

Acquisitions may subject us to integration risks and other unknown risks.

Although we plan to continue to grow our business organically, we also intend to pursue acquisition opportunities that we believe complement our activities and have the ability to enhance our profitability and provide attractive risk-adjusted returns. Acquisitions involve inherent uncertainty and we cannot determine all potential events, facts and circumstances that could result in loss or increased costs. Our due diligence or risk mitigation efforts may not be sufficient to protect against any such loss or increased costs. Moreover, any acquisitions may require the approval of our bank regulators and we may not be able to obtain such approvals on acceptable terms, if at all.

In addition, certain events may arise after the date of an acquisition, or we may learn of certain facts, events or circumstances after the closing of an acquisition, that may affect our financial condition or performance or subject us to risk of loss. These events include, but are not limited to: retaining key employees and clients, achieving anticipated synergies, meeting expectations and otherwise realizing the undertaking’s anticipated benefits; litigation resulting from circumstances occurring at the acquired entity prior to the date of acquisition; loan downgrades and credit loss provisions resulting from underwriting of certain acquired loans determined not to meet our credit standards; personnel changes that cause instability within a department; and other events relating to the performance of our business.

Mergers and acquisitions frequently result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets, which are subject to potential impairments in the future and that could harm our financial results. In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing convertible debt or equity securities, our existing shareholders may be diluted, which could affect the market price of the Series B preferred stock. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate mergers, acquisitions or investments, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such merger or acquisition, and we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate. The failure to successfully evaluate and execute mergers, acquisitions or investments or otherwise adequately address these risks could materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships, or the public’s perception of the soundness of the nation’s financial system. We have exposure to many different counterparties and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other institutional clients. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, could lead to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the receivable due us. Finally, if the public views the nation’s financial system (specifically, small banks and/or investment companies) as unstable, customers might withdraw their funds, resulting in losses. Any such forgoing losses could be material and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition, we do not provide custodial services for our clients. Instead, client investment accounts are maintained under custodial arrangements with large, well established securities brokerage firms or bank institutions that provide custodial services, or, collectively, custodial firms, either directly or through arrangements made by us with those firms. As a result, the performance of, or even rumors or questions about the integrity or performance of, any of those custodial firms could adversely affect the confidence of our clients in the services provided by those firms or otherwise adversely impact their custodial holdings. Such an occurrence could negatively impact our ability to retain existing or attract new clients and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Negative public opinion regarding us or failure to maintain our reputation in the communities we serve could adversely affect our business and prevent us from growing our business.

Reputation risk, or the risk to our business, earnings and capital from negative public opinion is inherent in our business. Negative public opinion can result from our actual or alleged conduct in any number of activities, including lending practices, corporate governance and acquisitions, and from actions taken by government regulators and community organizations in response to those activities. Negative public opinion can adversely affect our ability to keep and attract customers and employees and can expose us to litigation and regulatory action and adversely affect our results of operations. Furthermore, to the extent that depositors - particularly uninsured depositors - become concerned about the Bank’s financial condition or solvency, such depositors could withdraw they funds and create a ”run on the bank”. Although we take steps to minimize reputational risk in dealing with our customers and communities, this risk will always be present given the nature of our business. In addition, companies are facing increased scrutiny from customers, regulators, investors, and other stakeholders related to their environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices and disclosure. Investor advocacy groups, investment funds and influential investors are also increasingly focused on these practices, especially as they relate to the environment, health and safety, diversity, labor conditions and human rights. For example, certain investors are beginning to incorporate the business risks of climate change and the adequacy of companies’ responses to climate change and other ESG matters as part of their investment theses. These shifts in investing priorities may result in adverse effects on the trading price of the Company’s preferred stock if investors determine that the Company has not made sufficient progress on ESG matters. In addition, new government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure. Increased ESG-related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs.

Growth of our business could result in increased costs.

Our overall profitability would be negatively affected if investments and expenses associated with the growth of our business are not matched or exceeded by the revenue that is derived from such growth. Further, expanding existing and/or new business lines may involve recruiting and hiring new personnel. Hiring new personnel, especially professionals, is an inherently risky endeavor. The person needs to be a good fit within the organization, the person needs to be able to execute within the Company’s existing corporate structure (which may differ from his/her previous place of employment) and the person may need to attract his or her clients (and prospective clients) to the Company. If any of these (or other) factors do not occur, the Company may have to terminate such person’s employment and/or such person may leave the Company, which means that the cost of hiring, compensation paid and/or termination costs (including potential litigation) may impact the Company’s results of operations in a negative and adverse manner. In addition, such personnel may be employed by competitors, and the retention of such individuals may require us to enter into guaranteed compensation contracts for a period following commencement of employment. The compensation terms provided for in such contracts may be fixed in whole or in part. Any guaranteed compensation expenses that cannot be adjusted based on the success or profitability of the offices could reduce our operating margins. Expansion also creates a need for additional compliance, documentation, risk management and internal control procedures, and often involves the hiring of additional personnel to monitor such procedures. To the extent such procedures are not adequate to appropriately monitor any new or expanded business, we could be exposed to a material loss or regulatory sanction.

Significant revenues and profits are generated as a result of our relationship with Cain Watters, and a change in the relationship or decline in Cain Watters’ business could adversely affect us.

Cain Watters provides advisory services to approximately 2,750 dental practices across the United States and plays a meaningful role in referring trust, TPA, participant directed 401k plans and lending business to the Bank. In addition, Tectonic Advisors generates a substantial portion of its revenues and profits under a long-term contract to provide advisory and due diligence services to assist in the management of assets of clients of Cain Watters. In the event that the Cain Watters’ relationship does not continue (for whatever reason), such a change could have a material adverse effect on the profits and operations of the Company.

Historically, the partners of Cain Watters had most of the client relationships. Thus, most of the referrals to the Bank and Tectonic Advisors have historically been through the partners of Cain Watters, each of whom has a relatively long relationship with the Bank and Tectonic Advisors and also is a shareholder of the Company. However, Cain Watters has experienced significant growth over the past few years and has expanded its client service and planning teams to accommodate this growth. The leaders of these teams, called planners, are younger, have significant influence over clients’ decisions regarding service providers and are more technologically focused and, given this, may refer their clients to other providers at rates greater than historical averages, which would have (over time) a material adverse effect on the Bank and the Company.

In addition, Cain Watters is subject to, and has periodically faced, business challenges associated with litigation over private placements conducted by affiliates between 2006-2009, which were negatively impacted by the financial crisis and subsequent collapse in the energy markets, and lower assets under management resulting from the market correction. Further, to the extent that clients suffer losses or poor performance on these or other investments, they may move their money from Cain Watters to another advisor, which could have a material adverse impact on Cain Watters and also the Company.

We believe that any material adverse effect on the business of Cain Watters could have a material adverse effect on the Company. Cain Watters’ business is primarily focused on dental practices. To the extent that the dental industry is disrupted or dental practices are adversely impacted for whatever reason, the Company’s business may be adversely impacted as well.

We depend on key personnel, and may have difficulty identifying, attracting and retaining necessary personnel, to execute our business strategy and successfully expand our operations. This risk includes the risk of retirement of key professionals in leadership roles, including loan officers, members of our SBA team, and financial advisors and brokers.

We are reliant on key members of our senior management team, business development officers within the Bank (who are critical to generating loan growth) and financial advisors and brokers (who are critical to driving asset growth at Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris). Personnel changes will occur from time to time, and we cannot predict whether significant resignations and retirements will occur or whether we will be able to recruit additional qualified personnel. With the exception of certain members of senior management, none of our professionals are subject to employment agreements and are free to leave at any time. Further, certain of our executive officers, financial advisors and brokers and SBA loan production officers are either financially secure or, in some cases, beyond retirement age for many Americans, and do not have to work. Thus, these individuals are more susceptible to retirement. Departures, particularly of key employees in leadership or client development roles, may cause client defections due to close relationships between clients and such professionals. While we have succession plans in place, the loss of any key employee may have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. If we are unable to retain our key employees or attract, recruit, integrate, or retain other skilled professionals in the future, our business could suffer materially in the future..

The employment market has become increasingly competitive; We may have difficulty attracting and retaining skilled personnel

The employment market has become increasingly competitive over the past two years. We derive a substantial portion of our revenue from the efforts of our professional team, including loan officers, members of our SBA team, and financial advisors and brokers. Therefore, our future success depends, in large part, on our ability to attract, recruit, and retain qualified financial services professionals. Competition for the best people in many activities engaged in by us is intense including with respect to compensation and emerging workplace practices, accommodations, and remote work options, and we may not be able to replace personnel promptly at acceptable compensation levels or at all, and may have difficulty retaining them. These circumstances have led to escalating compensation packages in the industry. Up-front payments, increased payouts, and guaranteed contracts have made recruiting and retaining these professionals more expensive and more difficult and can lead to departures by current professionals. The unexpected loss of personnel could impact our ability to serve our clients timely, and could also negatively impact our internal operations, including regulatory compliance. A lack of skilled, seasoned personnel with knowledge of our business and our market could reduce the performance of certain areas of our business, increase our error rate in key areas, affect our ability to grow our business, and lead to a lack of talented professionals ready to advance into leadership roles in the longer term. Due to these potential effects, the tightening employment market could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A decline in general business and economic conditions and any regulatory responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and growth prospects.

As a business operating in the bank and non-bank financial services industries, our business and operations are sensitive to general business and economic conditions in the United States, generally, and particularly the State of Texas. If the U.S. or Texas economies weaken, our growth and profitability from our lending, deposit and investment operations could be constrained. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions could lead to credit quality concerns related to borrower repayment ability and collateral protection as well as reduced demand for the products and services we offer. In addition, economic conditions in foreign countries, including global political hostilities, U.S. and foreign tariff policies and uncertainty over the stability of the euro currency, could affect the stability of global financial markets, which could hinder domestic economic growth. Concerns about the performance of international economies can impact the economy and financial markets here in the United States. If the national, regional and local economies experience worsening economic conditions, including high levels of unemployment, our growth and profitability could be constrained. Weak economic conditions are characterized by, among other indicators, deflation, elevated levels of unemployment, fluctuations in debt and equity capital markets, increased delinquencies on commercial, mortgage and consumer loans, residential and commercial real estate (“CRE”), price declines and lower home sales and commercial activity. A significant outbreak of disease pandemics or other adverse public health developments in the population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, resulting in an economic downturn that could adversely affect our customers’ businesses and results of operations. Our business is also significantly affected by monetary and related policies of the U.S. government and its agencies.

In addition, declines in the U.S. stock markets directly impact our Investment Services segment and also our trust assets. With any such declines, our assets under management and advisement and trust assets decline in value and clients are less apt to invest. Since our investment advisory revenues are based on assets, this leads to a decline in our Investment Services and trust revenues. In addition, even though our brokerage revenues are not based on assets, brokerage revenues may also be impacted by declines in the stock market because investors may be less inclined to trade stocks and/or bonds. Since our brokerage revenues are based on activity, we would likely see a decline in brokerage revenues as a result of stock market declines.

In recent years, economic growth has been uneven, and opinions vary on the strength and direction of the economy. Uncertainties continue regarding the potential for a renegotiation of international trade agreements and the effect of the legislation enacted by the recent presidential administration, and the impact such actions and the policies of the administration of President Joseph Biden may have on economic and market conditions. A trade war or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies, as well as the current conflict in Ukraine and COVID-19 or other potential epidemics or pandemics, have the potential to negatively impact our and/or our customers’ costs, demand for our customers’ products, and/or the U.S. economy or certain sectors thereof and, thus, adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The Federal Reserve’s recent unprecedented rate hikes in response to the inflationary environment may further impact our ability to attract deposits, and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations as increased interest rates could reduce the demand for loans and affect the ability of our borrowers to repay their indebtedness subjecting us to potential loan losses. Changes in any of these policies are influenced by macroeconomic conditions and other factors that are beyond our control. Adverse economic conditions and government policy responses to such conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. All of these factors are detrimental to our business, and the interplay between these factors can be complex and unpredictable.

In addition, the inflationary outlook in the United States remains uncertain. Inflation, which at December 31, 2022, has been reported at the highest level in nearly 40 years, and could result in higher interest rates, which expose the Company to interest rate risk. In addition, higher interest rates could slow economic growth and lead to a recessionary environment, which could negatively impact the Company’s growth, credit quality, net interest margin and its financial results. The risks to our business from inflation depends on the durability of the current inflationary pressures in our markets. Transitory increases in inflation are unlikely to have a material impact on our business or earnings. However, more persistent inflation could lead to tighter-than-expected monetary policy which could, in turn, increase the borrowings costs of our customers, making it more difficult for them to repay their loans or other obligations. High interest rates may be needed to tame persistent inflationary price pressures, which could also push down asset prices and weaken economic activity. A deterioration in economic conditions in the United States and our markets could result in an increase in loan delinquencies and non-performing assets, decreases in loan collateral values and a decrease in demand for our products and services, all of which, in turn, would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Lower Trucking Margins and Revenues Negatively Impact Trucking Industry and Factoring

The trucking industry, particularly over the road trucking, is a volatile industry and sees the freight rates increase or decline based on the state of the economy, customer demand and/or supply and demand considerations in the trucking industry. In the second half of 2022, freight rates – which are the rates that trucking companies charge customers for transportation services – declined by as much as 20% or more (generally) across the industry, for over-the-road trucking. Thus, revenues have declined, on a per truck basis, for most trucking companies by 20% or more, causing a significant decline in the amount of receivables factor Further, diesel prices – a key cost of trucking companies – has been at high levels.

Our business is concentrated in, and dependent upon, the continued growth and welfare of our primary market, and adverse economic conditions in such market could negatively impact our operations and clients.

Although we provide services nationwide, our business is concentrated primarily in the State of Texas. Our success depends to a certain extent upon the business activity, population, income levels, employment trends, deposits and real estate activity in this primary market. Although our clients’ business and financial interests may extend beyond our primary market, adverse conditions that affect our primary market could reduce our growth rate, affect the ability of our clients to repay their loans, affect the value of collateral underlying our loans, affect our ability to attract deposits, affect the ability of our clients to make additional investments or cause such clients to withdraw their investments, affect the value of our assets under management and generally affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects. Due to our geographic concentration within our primary market, we may be less able than other larger regional or national financial institutions to diversify our credit risks across multiple markets.

We have a loan concentration related to the acquisition and financing of dental practices.

Loan concentrations are considered to exist when there are amounts loaned to a multiple number of borrowers engaged in similar activities that would cause them to be similarly impacted by economic or other conditions. As of December 31, 2022, our loan portfolio included $83.9 million of loans to the dental industry, representing approximately 18.6% of our total funded loans. These loans include practice acquisition loans, dental equipment loans, and dental facility loans. We had no charge-offs during 2022 and 2021 in our dental portfolio assets. We believe that these loans are conservatively underwritten to credit worthy borrowers and are diversified geographically. However, to the extent that there is a decline in the dental industry in general, we may incur significant losses in our loan portfolio as a result of this concentration.

A governmental shutdown or curtailment of government guaranteed loan programs could affect a segment of our business.

A major segment of our business consists of originating and periodically selling government guaranteed loans, in particular those guaranteed by the USDA and SBA. From time to time, the government agencies that guarantee these loans reach their internal limits and cease to guarantee loans. In addition, these agencies may change their rules for loans or Congress may adopt legislation that would have the effect of discontinuing or changing the loan programs. Non-governmental programs could replace government programs for some borrowers, but the terms might not be equally acceptable. Therefore, if these changes occur, the volume of loans to small businesses and industrial borrowers of the types that now qualify for government guaranteed loans could decline. Also, the profitability of these loans could decline. As the funding of the guaranteed portion of 7(a) loans has historically been a major portion of our business, a long-term decrease or discontinuation in the funding for the 7(a) loan program may have an unfavorable impact on our future performance and results of operations. In addition, any default by the U.S. government on its obligations or any prolonged government shutdown could, among other things, impede our ability to originate SBA or USDA loans or sell such loans in the secondary market, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our factoring services through the Bank’s Integra factoring division are concentrated in the transportation industry and economic conditions or other factors negatively impacting the transportation industry could adversely affect our factoring business; factoring invoice levels are at historical highs.

Factoring for small-sized trucking businesses constituted the vast majority of our total factoring portfolio as of December 31, 2022, calculated based on the gross receivables from the purchase of invoices from such trucking businesses compared to our total gross receivables in the purchase of factored receivables as of such date. Given the concentration of our factoring business in the transportation industry, economic conditions or other factors that negatively impact the transportation industry could impact our factoring revenues, as the revenues we earn from purchasing transportation invoices are directly correlated with the amount of transportation activity generated by our factoring clients (i.e., the volume of transportation invoices they are able to generate by providing their services). Reductions in economic activity will typically cause a decrease in the volume of goods in commerce available to be transported by our factoring clients. Increased costs associated with operating a trucking business, such as may be caused by increases in the prices of oil and diesel fuel, may cause a diminished demand for trucking services as our clients pass those costs along to their customers. Conversely, decreases in the price of diesel fuel may cause the size of our factoring portfolio to decrease, as the price of diesel fuel typically directly correlates with the size of the invoices we purchase from our factoring clients. Additionally, the factoring industry may not continue its historical growth and we may face increased competition. Our failure to compete effectively in our market could restrain our growth or cause us to lose market share. Any of such events could impact the returns we realize on our factoring activity or result in a decrease in the overall amount of our factoring activity and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We face specific risks associated with retention of unguaranteed portions of SBA loans.

The Bank has historically sold a considerable portion of the guaranteed portion of its SBA loans within a short period of time of originating such loans. Upon sale, the Bank retains the unguaranteed portion of such loans. As of December 31, 2022, the unguaranteed portion of our SBA loans totaled $56.3 million, representing 12.5% of our total loan portfolio. Given that the SBA requires that the Bank only make loans to borrowers that do not have access to conventional bank financing, the unguaranteed portion of these loans carry greater risk than traditional loans. As the Bank’s loan portfolio of the unguaranteed portion of SBA loans grows, its risk of loss due to defaults also grows. The Bank has a reserve for such unguaranteed portion of SBA loans. To the extent that this reserve is not adequate to cover losses, the Bank will suffer losses to its capital base and such losses could be material.

The success of our trust services is dependent upon market fluctuations and a non-diversified source for its growth.

We offer traditional fiduciary services such as serving as executor, trustee, agent, administrator or custodian for individuals, nonprofit organizations, employee benefit plans and organizations. As of December 31, 2022, the Bank had approximately $1.6 billion in trust assets. The level of assets under management is significantly impacted by the market value of the assets. To date, virtually all of the growth in our assets under management relates to one registered investment advisor, Cain Watters, who has advised its clients of the existence of our trust services. We have not compensated the registered investment advisor in any way for making its clients aware of our trust services and cannot assure you that the investment advisor will continue to notify its clients of our trust services or that those clients will open trust accounts at the Bank. Related to this, the Bank and Cain Watters are parties to an agreement which includes a provision obligating each party to preserve the other’s business relationship with their mutual clients. However, in the event that the Cain Watters’ relationship does not continue (for whatever reason) to refer client to the Bank’s trust department, such a change could have a material adverse effect on the future growth and, thus, profits and operations of the Company. In addition, we are subject to regulatory supervision with respect to these trust services that may restrain our growth and profitability.

We are subject to possible claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility.

Clients could make claims and take legal action pertaining to our performance of our fiduciary responsibilities. Whether client claims and legal action related to our performance of our fiduciary responsibilities are founded or unfounded, if such claims and legal actions are not resolved in a manner favorable to us, they may result in significant financial liability and/or adversely affect our market perception of our products and services as well as impact client demand for those products and services. Although we have not experienced any material claims or litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility, the occurrence of any financial liability or reputational damage could have a material adverse effect on our business, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We could suffer material credit losses.

There are risks inherent in making any loan, including risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers, risks of non-payment, risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral and risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions and increases in inflation and interest rates. Changes in the economy can cause the assumptions that we made at origination to change and can cause borrowers to be unable to make payments on their loans, and significant changes in collateral values can cause us to be unable to collect the full value of loans we make. Increases in interest rates and inflation increase costs and decrease profits, reducing the ability of a borrower to make payments on its loan. There is no assurance that our credit risk monitoring and loan approval procedures are or will be adequate or will reduce the inherent risks associated with lending. Our credit administration personnel and our policies and procedures may not adequately adapt to changes in economic or any other conditions affecting clients and the quality of our loan portfolio. Any failure to manage such credit risks may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our levels of nonperforming assets could increase, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition, and could result in losses in the future.

As of December 31, 2022, our nonperforming loans (which consist of non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest and loans modified under troubled debt restructurings that are not performing in accordance with their modified terms) totaled $2.8 million. We had no other real estate owned at December 31, 2022. However, our nonperforming assets may continue to remain at low levels or we may experience increases in nonperforming assets in the future. Our nonperforming assets adversely affect our net income in various ways. We do not record interest income on non-accrual loans or other real estate owned, thereby adversely affecting our net interest income, net income and returns on assets and equity, and our loan administration costs increase, which together with reduced interest income adversely affects our efficiency ratio. When we take collateral in foreclosure and similar proceedings, we are required to mark the collateral to its then-fair market value and estimate disposition costs, which may result in a loss. These nonperforming loans and other real estate owned also increase our risk profile and the level of capital our regulators believe is appropriate for us to maintain in light of such risks. The resolution of nonperforming assets requires significant time commitments from management and can be detrimental to the performance of their other responsibilities. Further, since many of our loans are located outside of our primary market area, collecting delinquent loans would be more difficult for our staff relative to our competitors. If we experience increases in nonperforming loans and nonperforming assets, our net interest income may be negatively impacted and our loan administration costs could increase, each of which could have an adverse effect on our net income and related ratios, such as returns on assets and equity.

Our allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to absorb actual losses.

Experience in the banking industry indicates that a portion of our loans in all categories of our lending business will become delinquent, and some may only be partially repaid or may never be repaid at all. Our methodology for establishing the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses depends on subjective application of risk grades as indicators of borrowers’ ability to repay. Deterioration in general economic conditions and unforeseen risks affecting clients may have an adverse effect on borrowers’ capacity to repay timely their obligations before risk grades could reflect those changing conditions. In times of improving credit quality, with growth in our loan portfolio, the allowance for loan losses may decrease as a percent of total loans. Changes in economic and market conditions may increase the risk that the allowance would become inadequate if borrowers experience economic and other conditions adverse to their businesses. Maintaining the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses may require that we make significant and unanticipated increases in our provisions for loan losses, which could materially affect our results of operations and capital adequacy. Recognizing that many of our loans individually represent a significant percentage of our total allowance for loan losses, adverse collection experience in a relatively small number of loans could require an increase in our allowance.

Federal regulators, as an integral part of their respective supervisory functions, periodically review our allowance for loan losses. The regulatory agencies may require us to change classifications or grades on loans, increase the allowance for loan losses with large provisions for loan losses and recognize further loan charge-offs based upon their judgments, which may be different from ours. Any increase in the allowance for loan losses required by these regulatory agencies could have a negative effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

A new accounting standard will result in a significant change in how we recognize credit losses and may result in material increases to our allowance for loan losses.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has adopted a new accounting standard referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss (“CECL”) for allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) CECL was promulgated in 2016 and currently scheduled to take effect for large reporting SEC registrants in 2020 and all other banks in 2023, which would include the Bank. This standard will require financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans at the time of origination or purchase and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for loan losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for loan losses that are probable, which would likely require us to increase our allowance for loan losses on our existing loan portfolio and increase the reserve as we originate and/or purchase loans in the future. In determining expected loan losses in accordance with CECL, we will have to greatly increase the types of data we would need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses. In anticipation of the adoption of CECL, we have incurred, and will likely continue to incur, significant additional expense to comply with the new standard. In addition and more significantly, we believe that CECL, if implemented as currently promulgated, would result in a significantly greater reserve than we currently have in our ALLL, which will negatively impact our capital position and thus our Tier 1 leverage ratio and other capital ratios and may require us to raise additional capital. Further, to the extent that CECL requires us to book a greater reserve on future loan originations and/or purchases, our earnings will decline and our ability to build further capital will be reduced. Management expects the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will result in a combined 30% to 40% increase in our allowance for loan losses and our reserves for unfunded commitments and a cumulative-effect  adjustment to reduce retained earnings by 1% to 2%. As we are currently finalizing the execution of our implementation controls and processes, the ultimate impact of the adoption of ASU 2016-13 as of January 1, 2023 could differ from our current expectation.

Our legal lending limits may impair our ability to attract borrowers and ability to compete with larger financial institutions.

Our per client lending limit at December 31, 2022 was approximately $12.2 million. Accordingly, the size of loans which we can offer to potential clients is less than the size which many of our competitors with larger lending limits are able to offer. This limit has affected and will continue to affect our ability to seek relationships with larger businesses in our market area. We accommodate loans in excess of our lending limit through the sale of portions of such loans to other banks. However, we may not be successful in attracting or maintaining clients seeking larger loans or in selling portions of such larger loans on terms that are favorable to us.

The level of our commercial real estate loan portfolio may subject us to heightened regulatory scrutiny.

The banking regulators have promulgated joint guidance on sound risk management practices for financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Under the guidance, a financial institution that is actively involved in commercial real estate lending should perform a risk assessment to identify potential concentrations in commercial real estate lending. A financial institution may have such a concentration if, among other factors: (i) total outstanding loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 100% or more of total risk-based capital (“CRE 1 Concentration”); or (ii) total outstanding loans for construction, land development and other land and loans secured by multifamily and non-owner occupied non-farm, non-residential properties (excluding loans secured by owner-occupied properties) represent 300% or more of total risk-based capital (“CRE 2 Concentration”), and the institution’s commercial real estate loan portfolio has increased by 50% or more during the prior 36-month period. In such an instance, management should employ heightened risk management practices, including board and management oversight and strategic planning, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing. As of December 31, 2022, our CRE 1 Concentration level was 22.5% and our CRE 2 Concentration level was 141.00%. We may, at some point, be considered to have a concentration in the future, or our risk management practices may be found to be deficient, which could result in increased reserves and capital costs as well as potential regulatory enforcement action.

The small- to medium-sized businesses that we lend to may have fewer resources to weather adverse business conditions, which may impair their ability to repay a loan, and such impairment could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our business development and marketing strategies primarily serve the banking and financial services needs of small- to medium-sized businesses. These businesses generally have fewer financial resources in terms of capital or borrowing capacity than larger entities, frequently have smaller market shares than their competition, may be more vulnerable to economic downturns and/or increases in interest rates and inflationary pressure, often need substantial additional capital to expand or compete and may experience substantial volatility in operating results, any of which may impair a borrower’s ability to repay a loan. In addition, the success of a small- to medium-sized business often depends on the management skills, talents and efforts of one or two people or a small group of people, and the death, disability or resignation of one or more of these people could have a material adverse impact on the business and its ability to repay its loans. If general economic conditions negatively impact Texas or the specific markets in which we operate and small- to medium-sized businesses are adversely affected or our borrowers are otherwise affected by adverse business conditions, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our commercial finance clients, particularly with respect to the Bank’s Integra factoring division, may lack the operating history, cash flows or balance sheet necessary to support other financing options and may expose us to additional credit risk, especially if our additional controls for such products are ineffective in mitigating such additional risks.

A significant portion of our loan portfolio consists of commercial finance products. Some of these commercial finance products, particularly asset-based loans and our factored receivables through the Bank’s Integra division, arise out of relationships with clients who lack the operating history, cash flows or balance sheet necessary to qualify for other financing options. We attempt to control for the additional credit risk in these relationships through credit management processes employed in connection with these transactions. However, if such controls are ineffective in controlling this additional risk or if we fail to follow the procedures we have established for managing this additional risk, we could be exposed to additional losses with respect to such product lines that could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain of our loans are not secured by property but dependent on the earning capacity of the borrower.

Certain of our loans are not collateralized or fully collateralized by tangible property, but are made on the basis of the cash flow (earnings) being generated by the borrower. These include, without limitation, certain loans to dentists to either buy out another dentist in a dental practice and/or to buy into a dental practice or to purchase or establish a dental practice. In this case, the borrower may be the dentist and/or the dental practice, neither of which may have sufficient tangible assets (cash, marketable securities, real estate or other tangible assets) to fully secure or even secure a portion of the loan being made. Rather, we look to the earning power and capacity of the dentist and/or dental practice as the primary source of repayment of the loan. In the event that the dentist or dental practice’s earning power is insufficient to service or repay the loan, the additional collateral is usually insufficient to cover the outstanding loan balance, in which case we lose substantially all of the loan balance. In the event that these loans default at a high rate, we will likely recover very little from the underlying collateral, in which case the Bank could suffer significant losses and you could lose some or all of your investment in your Series B preferred stock.

The Company’s use of appraisals in deciding whether to make a loan on or secured by real property does not ensure the value of the real property collateral.

In considering whether to make a loan secured by real property, we generally require an appraisal of the property. However, an appraisal is only an estimate of the value of the property at the time the appraisal is made, and an error in fact or judgment could adversely affect the reliability of an appraisal. In addition, events occurring after the initial appraisal may cause the value of the real estate to decrease. As a result of any of these factors, the value of collateral backing a loan may be less than supposed, and if a default occurs, we may not recover the outstanding balance of the loan.

Fee revenue represents a significant portion of our consolidated revenue and is subject to decline, among other things, in the event of a reduction in, or changes to, the level or type of investment activity by our clients and market declines.

As a result of the Tectonic Merger, a significant portion of our revenue is the result of fee-based services related to investment advisory, trust services, insurance and brokerage activities. This contrasts with many commercial banks that may rely more heavily on interest-based sources of revenue, such as loans. For the year ended December 31, 2022, consolidated non-interest income represented approximately 59.3% of our consolidated gross revenue (which is net interest income plus non-interest income). The level of these fees is influenced by several factors, including the mix and volume of our assets under custody and administration and our assets under management, market declines (which reduce asset values), the value and type of securities positions held (with respect to assets under custody) and the volume of portfolio transactions, and the types of products and services used by our clients.

In addition, our combined clients include private investors, defined benefit and contribution plans, institutional investors, such as mutual funds, collective investment funds, hedge funds and other investment pools, and investment managers. Economic, market or other factors that reduce the level or rates of savings in or with those institutions, either through reductions in financial asset valuations or through changes in investor preferences, could materially reduce our fee revenue or have a material adverse effect on our consolidated results of operations. These clients also, by their nature, are often able to exert pricing pressure, and this, combined with strong competitive forces in the markets for our services, has resulted in, and may continue to result in, significant pressure to reduce the fees we charge for our services in both our asset servicing and asset management business lines.

The business operations of Sanders Morris may face limitations due to net capital requirements.

As a registered broker-dealer, Sanders Morris is subject to the net capital rules administered by the SEC and FINRA. These rules, which specify minimum net capital requirements for registered broker-dealers and FINRA members, are designed to assure that broker-dealers maintain adequate net capital in relation to their liabilities and the size of their client’s business. These requirements have the effect of requiring that a substantial portion of a broker-dealer’s assets be kept in cash or highly liquid investments. Failure to maintain the required net capital may subject a firm to suspension or revocation of its registration by the SEC and suspension or expulsion by FINRA and other regulatory bodies. Compliance with these net capital rules could limit operations that require extensive capital, such as underwriting or trading activities.

These net capital rules could also restrict our ability to withdraw capital in situations where Sanders Morris has more than the minimum required capital. We may be limited in our ability to pay dividends, implement our strategies, pay interest or repay principal on our debt, and redeem or repurchase our outstanding preferred or common stock. In addition, a change in these net capital rules or new rules affecting the scope, coverage, calculation, or amount of the net capital requirements, or a significant operating loss or significant charge against net capital, could have similar effects.

The wealth management, trust and brokerage business is highly competitive. If we are not able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.

The wealth management, trust and brokerage business is highly competitive, and we expect it to remain so. We compete directly with many other national and regional full service financial services firms, banks, insurance companies, asset management and advisory firms, and, to a lesser extent, with on-line and discount brokers. Further, many online brokers have gone to a “no commission” structure, putting additional pressure on our brokerage operations. We also compete for wealth management services with commercial banks, private trust companies, sponsors of mutual funds, financial planning firms, venture capital, private equity and hedge funds, and other wealth managers. Moreover, we compete with ETFs that generally track passive investing strategies and charge lower management fees than active strategies, which may affect both the profitability of asset managers, on whose success we in part depend, and the perceived value of our investment services regarding ETFs. A continued lessening of investor interest in actively managed equity funds could decrease demand for and/or pricing on our investment services.

We are a small firm. Many of our competitors have more personnel and financial resources than we do. Larger competitors are able to advertise their products and services on a national or regional basis and may have a greater number and variety of products and distribution outlets for their products, larger client bases, and greater name recognition. These larger and better capitalized competitors may be better able to respond to changes in the wealth management and institutional services industries, to finance acquisitions, to fund internal growth, and to compete for market share generally.

Increased competition may result in pricing pressures, reduced revenue and loss of market share. Further, as a strategic response to changes in the competitive environment, we may from time to time make certain pricing, service, or marketing decisions or acquisitions that also could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, new technologies and the expansion of existing technologies may increase competitive pressures on us. The growth of online wealth management tools that provide automated, algorithm-based portfolio management advice, sometimes called robo-advice, may further accelerate the adoption of passively managed portfolios and reduce demand for and/or pricing on our investment services. Consequently, we may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Underperformance or declines in our investments, in either relative or absolute terms, may reduce the profitability of our wealth management and advisory business.

Investment performance is one of the most important factors in retaining existing clients and competing for new wealth management business. Underperformance or market declines in our investments could reduce our revenue and impair our growth in a number of ways:

Even when market conditions are generally favorable, our investment performance may be adversely affected by the investment style of our asset managers and the particular investments that they make. To the extent our investment style, security selection or investment results underperform other investment styles, selections or results, in either relative or absolute terms, the revenue and profitability of our wealth management business will likely be reduced and our ability to retain and attract new clients and funds will likely be impaired.

Standard investment management contracts we have with our clients are terminable without cause and on relatively short notice by our clients, which makes us vulnerable to short-term declines in the performance of the securities under our management.

Like most investment advisory and wealth management businesses, the investment advisory contracts we have with our clients are typically terminable by the client without cause upon less than 30 days’ notice. As a result, even short-term declines in the performance of the securities we manage, which can result from factors outside our control, such as adverse changes in market or economic condition or the poor performance of some of the investments we have recommended to our clients, could lead some of our clients to move assets under our management to other asset classes such as broad index funds or treasury securities, or to investment advisors which have investment product offerings or investment strategies different than ours. Therefore, our operating results are heavily dependent on the financial performance of our investment portfolios and the investment strategies we employ in our investment advisory businesses and even short-term declines in the performance of the investment portfolios we manage for our clients, whatever the cause, could result in a decline in assets under management and a corresponding decline in investment management fees, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

We continue to experience pricing pressures in areas of our business which may impair our future revenue and profitability.

We continue to experience pricing pressures on investment advisory fees, as well as trading margins and commissions in fixed income and equity trading. In the fixed income market, regulatory requirements have resulted in greater price transparency, leading to price competition and decreased trading margins. In the equity market, we experience pricing pressure from institutional clients to reduce commissions, partially due to the industry trend toward unbundling fees related to research and execution and the trend towards “no commission” trading. Our trading margins have been further compressed by the use of electronic and direct market access trading, which has created additional competitive pressure. In addition, we face pricing pressures in our advisory business, which has seen new entrants compete for clients on the basis of price. We believe that price competition and pricing pressures in these and other areas will continue as investors continue to reduce the amounts they are willing to pay, including by reducing the number of advisory and brokerage firms they use, and some of our competitors seek to obtain market share by reducing advisory fees, commissions or margins.

We face strong competition from other insurance agencies, which may adversely affect our operations and financial condition.

The insurance industry is highly competitive and has, historically, been characterized by periods of significant price competition, alternating with periods of greater pricing discipline during which competitors focus on other factors, including service, experience, the strength of agent and policyholder relationships, reputation, speed and accuracy of claims payment, perceived financial strength, ratings, scope of business, commissions paid and policy and contract terms and conditions. Our insurance business competes with many other insurers, including large national companies that have greater financial, marketing and management resources than HWG. Many of these competitors also have better ratings and market recognition than our insurance business.

In addition, a number of new, proposed or potential industry developments also could increase competition in HWG’s industry. These developments include changes in practices and other effects caused by the Internet (including direct marketing campaigns by HWG’s competitors in established and new geographic markets), which have led to greater competition in the insurance business and increased expectations for customer service. These developments could prevent our insurance business from expanding its book of business.

Our insurance business also faces competition from new entrants into the insurance market. New entrants do not have historic claims or losses to address and, therefore, may be able to price policies on a basis that is not favorable to our insurance business. New competition could reduce the demand for HWG’s insurance products, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A failure to appropriately identify and address potential conflicts of interest could adversely affect our businesses.

Due to the scope of our businesses and our client base, we regularly address potential conflicts of interest, including situations where our services to a particular client or our own investments or other interests conflict, or are perceived to conflict, with the interests of another client, as well as situations where one or more of our businesses have access to material non-public information that may not be shared with other businesses within the firm and situations where we may be a creditor of an entity with which we also have an advisory or other relationship. In addition, our status as a bank holding company subjects us to heightened regulation and increased regulatory scrutiny by the Federal Reserve with respect to transactions between our entities that are or could be viewed as affiliates of ours and, under the Volcker Rule, transactions between our subsidiaries (including Sanders Morris and Tectonic Advisors) and certain covered funds.

We may incur significant losses due to ineffective risk management processes and strategies.

We seek to monitor and control our risk exposures through a risk and control framework encompassing a variety of separate but complementary financial, credit, operational and compliance systems, and internal control and management review processes. However, those systems and review processes and the judgments that accompany their application may not be effective and, as a result, we may not anticipate every economic and financial outcome in all market environments or the specifics and timing of such outcomes, particularly in the event of the kinds of dislocations in market conditions experienced in recent years, which highlight the limitations inherent in using historical data to manage risk. If those systems and review processes prove to be ineffective in identifying and managing risks, we could be subjected to increased regulatory scrutiny and regulatory restrictions could be imposed on our business, including on our potential future business lines, as a result of which our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results accurately and timely, in which case our business may be harmed, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, we could be subject to regulatory penalties and the price of the Series B preferred stock may decline.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting and for evaluating and reporting on that system of internal control. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. As a public company, we are required to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and other rules that govern public companies, including making annual assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, when we cease to be an emerging growth company, our independent registered public accounting firm may be required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. We will continue to periodically test and update, as necessary, our internal control systems, including our financial reporting controls. Our actions, however, may not be sufficient to result in an effective internal control environment. In particular, we may not be able to maintain effective internal control over segment reporting, which we have implemented as a result of the merger. Any future failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could impair the reliability of our financial statements which in turn could harm our business, impair investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and our access to the capital markets, cause the price of the Series B preferred stock to decline and subject us to regulatory penalties and litigation.

We are required to make significant estimates and assumptions in the preparation of our financial statements and our estimates and assumptions may not be accurate.

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires our management to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of income and expense during the reporting periods. The processes the Company uses to estimate its probable loan losses and to measure the fair value of financial instruments, as well as the processes used to estimate the effects of changing interest rates and other market measures on the company’s financial condition and results of operations, depends upon the use of analytical and forecasting models. These models reflect assumptions that may not be accurate, particularly in times of market stress or other unforeseen circumstances. Even if these assumptions are adequate, the models may prove to be inadequate or inaccurate because of other flaws in their design or their implementation. If the models the Company uses for interest rate risk and asset-liability management are inadequate, the Company may incur increased or unexpected losses upon changes in market interest rates or other market measures. If the models the Company uses for determining its probable loan losses are inadequate, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to support future charge-offs. If the models the Company uses to measure the fair value of financial instruments are inadequate, the fair value of such financial instruments may fluctuate unexpectedly or may not accurately reflect what the Company could realize upon sale or settlement of such financial instruments. Any such failure in the Company’s analytical or forecasting models could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be required to recognize a significant charge to earnings if our goodwill or other intangible assets become impaired.

Goodwill and purchased intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but are reviewed for impairment annually and more frequently when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. We assess the recoverability of the unamortized balance of our finite-lived intangible assets when indicators of potential impairment are present. Factors that may indicate that the carrying value of our goodwill or other intangible assets may not be recoverable include a decline in our stock price and market capitalization and slower growth rates in our industry. We will continue to evaluate the carrying value of our goodwill and other intangible assets. The recognition of a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements resulting from any impairment of our goodwill or other intangible assets could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may elect or be compelled to seek additional capital, but that capital may not be available, or it may be dilutive.

Our ability to raise capital in the future, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets, which are outside our control, and on our financial performance. Accordingly, we cannot be assured of our ability to raise capital when needed, on favorable terms or at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, we will be subject to increased regulatory supervision and the imposition of restrictions on our growth and business. These outcomes could negatively impact our ability to operate or further expand our operations through acquisitions and may result in increases in operating expenses and reductions in revenues that could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, in order to raise additional capital, we may need to issue shares of our preferred or common stock that would reduce our shareholders’ percentage ownership interest to the extent they do not participate in future offerings. Also, if we are unable to raise additional capital, we may be required to take alterative actions which may include the sale of income-producing assets to meet our capital requirements, which could have an adverse impact on our results of operations and ability to generate income.

We face intense competition from larger banks, financial institutions and financial technology (FinTech) companies that could hurt our business.

We conduct our business operations in markets where the banking business is highly competitive and is dominated by large multi-state and in-state banks with operations and offices covering wide geographic areas. We also compete with other financial service businesses, including investment advisory and wealth management firms, mutual fund companies, financial technology companies, and securities brokerage and investment banking firms that offer competitive banking and financial products and services as well as products and services that we do not offer. Larger banks and many of those other financial service organizations have greater financial, technology and marketing resources than we do that enable them to conduct extensive advertising campaigns, promote ease of use through technology and/or shift resources to regions or activities of greater potential profitability. They also have substantially more capital and higher lending limits than we do, which enable them to attract larger clients and offer financial products and services that we are unable to offer, putting us at a disadvantage in competing with them for loans and deposits and investment management clients. In addition, we face increased competition from financial technology firms that offer their solutions online and/or through the use of mobile phone apps and other technological means, which are increasingly preferred by younger consumers of financial services. If we are unable to compete effectively with those banking or other financial services businesses, we could find it more difficult to attract new and retain existing clients and our net interest margins, net interest income and investment management fees could decline, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and prospects, and could cause us to incur losses in the future.

Financial challenges at other banking institutions could lead to depositor concerns that spread within the banking industry causing disruptive deposit outflows and other destabilizing results.

In March 2023, certain specialized banking institutions with elevated concentrations of uninsured deposits experienced large deposit outflows, resulting in the institutions being placed into FDIC receiverships. In the aftermath, there has been substantial market disruption and indications that deposit concerns could spread within the banking industry, leading to deposit outflows and other destabilizing results. These market events could materially adversely affect our business.

We continually encounter technological change, and we may have fewer resources than many of our competitors to invest in technological improvements.

The financial services industry is undergoing rapid technological changes with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve clients and to reduce costs. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our clients by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy client demands for convenience, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. Many national vendors provide turn-key services that allow smaller banks to compete with institutions that have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements. However, these technology services many not be as sophisticated or adoptable as some of our larger competitors and we may be subject to long-term contracts that impede our ability to change vendors to adapt to a changing technology marketplace. Thus, we may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our clients.

We depend on third party systems, so a systems failure could significantly disrupt our business. These and other operational risks may disrupt our business, result in regulatory action against us, or limit our growth.

Our business depends highly on our ability to process, on a daily basis, a large number of transactions across numerous and diverse markets, and the transactions we process have become increasingly complex.

Consequently, we rely heavily on our communications and financial, accounting, and other data processing systems, including systems provided by our clearing brokers and service providers. We face operational risk arising from mistakes made in the confirmation or settlement of transactions or from transactions not being properly recorded, evaluated, or accounted.

If any of these systems do not operate properly or are disabled, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our business, liability to clients, regulatory intervention, or reputational damage. Any failure or interruption of our systems, the systems of our clearing brokers or custodians, or third party trading systems could cause delays or other problems in our securities trading activities, which could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. In addition, our clearing brokers and custodians provide our principal disaster recovery system. We cannot provide assurance that we or our clearing brokers or custodians will not suffer any systems failures or interruption, including ones caused by earthquake, fire, other natural disasters, power or telecommunications failure, act of God, act of war, terrorism, or otherwise, or that our or our clearing brokers’ back-up procedures and capabilities in the event of any such failure or interruption will be adequate. The inability of our or our clearing brokers’ or custodians’ systems to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions could also constrain our ability to expand our business.

The occurrence of fraudulent activity, breaches of our information security, and cybersecurity attacks could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business, manage our exposure to risk or expand our businesses, result in the disclosure or misuse of confidential or proprietary information, increase our costs to maintain and update our operational and security systems and infrastructure, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause legal or reputational harm.

As a financial institution, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity, information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents that may be committed against us, our clients, or third parties with whom we interact and that may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of confidential information belonging to us or personal or confidential information belonging to our clients, misappropriation of assets, litigation, or damage to our reputation. The financial services industry has seen increases in electronic fraudulent activity, hacking, security breaches, sophisticated social engineering and cyber-attacks, including in the commercial banking sector, as cyber-criminals have been targeting commercial bank and brokerage accounts on an increasing basis.

Our business is highly dependent on the security and efficacy of our infrastructure, computer and data management systems, as well as those of third parties with whom we interact or on whom we rely. Our business relies on the secure processing, transmission, storage and retrieval of confidential, proprietary and other information in our computer and data management systems and networks, and in the computer and data management systems and networks of third parties. In addition, to access our network, products and services, our clients and other third parties may use personal mobile devices or computing devices that are outside of our network environment and are subject to their own cybersecurity risks. All of these factors increase our risks related to cyber-threats and electronic disruptions.

In addition to well-known risks related to fraudulent activity, which take many forms, such as check “kiting” or fraud, wire fraud, and other dishonest acts, information security breaches and cybersecurity-related incidents have become a material risk in the financial services industry. These threats may include fraudulent or unauthorized access to data processing or data storage systems used by us or by our clients, electronic identity theft, “phishing,” account takeover, denial or degradation of service attacks, and malware or other cyber-attacks. These electronic viruses or malicious code are typically designed to, among other things:

In recent periods, several governmental agencies and large corporations, including financial service organizations and retail companies, have suffered major data breaches, in some cases exposing not only their confidential and proprietary corporate information, but also sensitive financial and other personal information of their clients and their employees or other third parties, and subjecting those agencies and corporations to potential fraudulent activity and their clients, employees and other third parties to identity theft and fraudulent activity in their credit card and banking accounts. Therefore, security breaches and cyber-attacks can cause significant increases in operating costs, including the costs of compensating clients for any resulting losses they may incur and the costs and capital expenditures required to correct the deficiencies in and strengthen the security of data processing and storage systems.

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to anticipate, detect, or recognize these threats to our systems, or to implement effective preventative measures against all breaches, whether those breaches are malicious or accidental. Cybersecurity risks for banking organizations have significantly increased in recent years and have been difficult to detect before they occur due to the following, among other reasons:

Although to date we have not experienced any losses or other material consequences relating to technology failure, cyber-attacks or other information, we may suffer such losses or other consequences in the future. While we invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks and we conduct periodic tests of our security systems and processes, we may not succeed in anticipating or adequately protecting against or preventing all security breaches and cyber-attacks from occurring. Even the most advanced internal control environment may be vulnerable to compromise. Targeted social engineering attacks are becoming more sophisticated and are extremely difficult to prevent. Additionally, the existence of cyber-attacks or security breaches at third parties with access to our data, such as vendors, may not be disclosed to us in a timely manner. While we had insurance against losses related to cyber insurance as of the date of this Form 10-K, we may not be able to insure against losses related to cyber-threats in the future and our insurance may not insure against all possible losses. As cyber-threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend significant additional resources to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or incidents.

As is the case with non-electronic fraudulent activity, cyber-attacks or other information or security breaches, whether directed at us or third parties, may result in a material loss or have material consequences. Furthermore, the public perception that a cyber-attack on our systems has been successful, whether or not this perception is correct, may damage our reputation with clients and third parties with whom we do business. Although to date we have not experienced any material fraudulent activity, breaches of our information security or cyber-attack, a successful penetration or circumvention of system security could cause us negative consequences, including loss of clients and business opportunities, disruption to our operations and business, misappropriation or destruction of our confidential information and/or that of our clients, or damage to our clients’ and/or third parties’ computers or systems, and could expose us to additional regulatory scrutiny and result in a violation of applicable privacy laws and other laws, litigation exposure, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, loss of confidence in our security measures, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensatory costs, additional compliance costs, and could adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition.

Factoring products offered by the Bank’s Integra factoring division may expose us to an increased risk of fraud.

We rely on the structural features embedded in the factoring products offered by the Bank’s Integra factoring division to mitigate the credit risk associated with such products. With respect to our factoring products, we purchase the underlying invoices of our customers and become the direct payee under such invoices, thus transferring the credit risk in such transactions from our customers to the underlying account debtors on such invoices. In the event one or more of our customers fraudulently represents the existence or validity of an invoice we purchase in the case of a factoring transaction, we may advance more funds to such customer than we otherwise would and lose the benefit of the structural protections of our products with respect to such advances. In such event we could be exposed to material additional losses with respect to such factoring products. Although we believe we have controls in place to monitor and detect fraud with respect to our factoring products, there is no guarantee such controls will be effective. Losses from such fraudulent activity could have a material impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on client and counterparty information, which subjects us to risks if that information is not accurate or is incomplete.

When deciding whether to extend credit or enter into other transactions with clients or counterparties, we may rely on information provided by or on behalf of those clients and counterparties, including audited financial statements and other financial information. We may also rely on representations made by clients and counterparties that the information they provide is accurate and complete. We conduct appropriate due diligence on such client information and, where practical and economical, we engage valuation and other experts or sources of information to assist with assessing collateral and other client risks. Our financial results could be adversely affected if the financial statements, collateral value or other financial information provided by clients or counterparties are incorrect.

Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may materially affect the Company’s business and results of operations.

The effects of climate change continue to create an alarming level of concern for the state of the global environment. As a result, the global business community has increased its political and social awareness surrounding the issue. Further, the U.S. Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies continue to propose numerous initiatives to supplement the global effort to combat climate change. Similar and even more expansive initiatives are expected under the current administration, including potentially increasing supervisory expectations with respect to banks’ risk management practices, accounting for the effects of climate change in stress testing scenarios and systemic risk assessments, revising expectations for credit portfolio concentrations based on climate-related factors and encouraging investment by banks in climate-related initiatives and lending to communities disproportionately impacted by the effects of climate change. The lack of empirical data surrounding the credit and other financial risks posed by climate change render it impossible to predict how specifically climate change may impact our financial condition and results of operations; however, the physical effects of climate change may also directly impact us. Specifically, unpredictable and more frequent weather disasters may adversely impact the value of real property securing the loans in our portfolios. Additionally, if insurance obtained by our borrowers is insufficient to cover any losses sustained to the collateral, or if insurance coverage is otherwise unavailable to our borrowers, the collateral securing our loans may be negatively impacted by climate change, which could impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, the effects of climate change may negatively impact regional and local economic activity, which could lead to an adverse effect on our customers and impact the communities in which we operate. Overall, climate change, its effects and the resulting, unknown impact could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

A natural disaster could harm our business.

We have clients across the United States, but concentrations in California (subject to earthquakes and wildfires), Florida (hurricanes) and Texas (hurricanes, tornadoes and flooding). The nature and level of natural disasters cannot be predicted. These natural disasters could harm our operations through interference with communications, including the interruption or loss of our computer systems, which could prevent or impede us from gathering deposits, originating loans and processing and controlling our flow of business, as well as through the destruction of facilities and our operational, financial and management information systems. Additionally, natural disasters could negatively impact the values of collateral securing our borrowers’ loans and interrupt our borrowers’ abilities to conduct their business in a manner to support their debt obligations, either of which could result in losses and increased provisions for loan losses for us.

The costs and effects of litigation, investigations or similar matters, or adverse facts and developments related thereto, could materially affect our business, operating results and financial condition.

We may be involved from time to time in a variety of litigation, investigations or similar matters arising out of our business. It is inherently difficult to assess the outcome of these matters, and we may not prevail in proceedings or litigation. Our insurance may not cover all claims that may be asserted against us and indemnification rights to which we are entitled may not be honored, and any claims asserted against us, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, may harm our reputation. Should the ultimate judgments or settlements in any litigation or investigation significantly exceed our insurance coverage, they could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, premiums for insurance covering the financial and banking sectors are rising. We may not be able to obtain appropriate types or levels of insurance in the future, nor may we be able to obtain adequate replacement policies with acceptable terms or at historic rates, if at all.

The Company is subject to environmental risks associated with owning real estate or collateral.

The cost of cleaning up or paying damages and penalties associated with environmental problems could increase the Company’s operating expenses and result in a decline in the underlying collateral. When a borrower defaults on a loan secured by real property, the Company may purchase the property in foreclosure or accept a deed to the property surrendered by the borrower. The Company may also take over the management of commercial properties whose owners have defaulted on loans. The Company also owns and leases premises where banking and other facilities are located. While the Company’s lending, foreclosure and facilities policies and guidelines are intended to exclude properties with an unreasonable risk of contamination, hazardous substances could exist on some of the properties that the Company may own, acquire, manage or occupy. Environmental laws could force the Company to clean up the properties at the Company’s expense. It may cost much more to clean a property than the property is worth and it may be difficult or impossible to sell contaminated properties. The Company could also be liable for pollution generated by a borrower’s operations if the Company takes a role in managing those operations after a default.

Risks Related to Our Regulatory Environment

We are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision, which could constrain our growth and profitability.

We are subject to extensive regulation, supervision and legal requirements that govern almost all aspects of our operations. These laws and regulations are not intended to protect our shareholders. Rather, these laws and regulations are intended to protect customers, depositors, the DIF and the overall financial stability of the banking system in the United States. These laws and regulations, among other matters, prescribe minimum capital requirements, impose limitations on the business activities in which we can engage, limit the dividend or distributions that the Bank can pay to us, restrict the ability of institutions to guarantee any debt we may issue and impose certain specific accounting requirements on us that may be more restrictive and may result in greater or earlier charges to earnings or reductions in our capital than generally accepted accounting principles would require. Compliance with laws and regulations can be difficult and costly, and changes to laws and regulations often impose additional compliance costs. Our failure to comply with these laws and regulations, even if the failure follows good faith effort or reflects a difference in interpretation, could subject us to restrictions on our business activities, fines and other penalties, any of which could adversely affect our results of operations, capital base and the price of our securities. Further, any new laws, rules and regulations could make compliance more difficult or expensive or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The banking industry remains heavily regulated. Compliance with such regulations may increase our costs and limit our ability to pursue business opportunities.

See “Supervision and Regulation” for additional information regarding the supervisory and regulatory issues facing the Company.

Recent Bank Failures Will Increase Depository Insurance and Increase Compliance Costs

In March 2023, certain specialized banking institutions with elevated concentrations of uninsured deposits experienced large deposit outflows, resulting in the institutions being placed into FDIC receiverships. In the aftermath, there has been substantial market disruption and indications that deposit concerns could spread within the banking industry, leading to deposit outflows and other destabilizing results. The FDIC has sold one of the institutions, resulting in $20 billion in projected losses to the DIF. More losses may result from this institution or others. The resultant losses to the DIF will likely result in higher premiums for depository insurance and increased regulatory scrutiny, which will result in higher compliance costs and likely greater regulation. Each of these results will reduce the profitability and increase the regulatory costs of the Company.

We are subject to stringent capital requirements that may limit our operations and potential growth.

We are subject to various regulatory capital requirements on a consolidated basis, and at both the Bank and Sanders Morris separately. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory, and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on our financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of our assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet commitments as calculated under these regulations. The failure to meet the established capital requirements under the prompt corrective action framework could result in one or more of our regulators placing limitations or conditions on our activities, including our growth initiatives, or restricting the commencement of new activities, and such failure could subject us to a variety of enforcement remedies available to the federal regulatory authorities, including limiting our ability to pay dividends, issuing a directive to increase our capital and terminating the Bank’s FDIC deposit insurance. FDIC deposit insurance is critical to the continued operation of the Bank. In addition, an inability to meet the capital requirements under the Basel III regulatory capital reforms, would prevent us from being able to pay certain discretionary bonuses to our executive officers and dividends to our shareholders.

Many factors affect the calculation of our risk-based assets and our ability to maintain the level of capital required to achieve acceptable capital ratios. For example, changes in risk weightings of assets relative to capital and other factors may combine to increase the amount of risk-weighted assets in the Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio and the total risk-based capital ratio. Any increases in our risk-weighted assets will require a corresponding increase in our capital to maintain the applicable ratios. In addition, recognized loan losses in excess of amounts reserved for such losses, loan impairments and other factors will decrease our capital, thereby reducing the level of the applicable ratios.

Our failure to remain well-capitalized for bank regulatory purposes, either under the Basel III regime or the community bank leverage ratio framework, could affect client and investor confidence, our ability to grow, our costs of funds, our ability to pay competitive rates to attract and retain deposits, FDIC insurance costs, our ability to pay dividends on preferred and common stock, our ability to make acquisitions, and our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, if we cease to be a well-capitalized institution for bank regulatory purposes, the interest rates that we pay on deposits and our ability to accept brokered deposits may be restricted.

Federal banking agencies periodically conduct examinations of our banking business, including compliance with laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with any supervisory actions which we are, or may become, subject to as a result of such examinations may adversely affect us.

The OCC, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC may conduct examinations of our business, including for compliance with applicable laws and regulations. As a result of an examination, regulatory agencies may determine that the financial condition, capital resources, asset quality, asset concentrations, earnings prospects, management, liquidity, sensitivity to market risk, or other aspects of any of our operations are unsatisfactory, or that we or our management are in violation of any law, regulation or guideline in effect from time to time. Regulatory agencies may take a number of different remedial actions, including the power to enjoin “unsafe or unsound” practices, to require affirmative actions to correct any conditions resulting from any violation or practice, to issue an administrative order that can be judicially enforced, to direct an increase in our capital, to restrict our growth, to change the composition of our concentrations in portfolio or balance sheet assets, to assess civil monetary penalties against officers or directors, to remove officers and directors and, if such conditions cannot be corrected or there is an imminent risk of loss to depositors, the FDIC may terminate our deposit insurance. A regulatory action against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions.

The CRA, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act and other fair lending laws and regulations impose nondiscriminatory lending requirements on financial institutions. The U.S. Department of Justice, the CFPB, and other federal agencies are responsible for enforcing these laws and regulations. A successful regulatory challenge to an institution’s performance under the CRA or fair lending laws and regulations could result in a wide variety of sanctions, including damages and civil money penalties, injunctive relief, restrictions on mergers and acquisitions activity, restrictions on expansion, and restrictions on entering new business lines. Private parties may also have the ability to challenge an institution’s performance under fair lending laws in private class action litigation. Any such actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We face a risk of noncompliance and enforcement action with the BSA and other anti-money laundering statutes and regulations.

The BSA, as amended by the USA PATRIOT Act, and as further amended by the National Defense Authorization Act, and other laws and regulations require financial institutions, among other duties, to institute and maintain effective anti-money laundering programs and file suspicious activity and currency transaction reports as appropriate. FinCEN, established by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to administer the BSA, is authorized to impose significant civil money penalties for violations of those requirements and has recently engaged in coordinated enforcement efforts with the individual federal banking regulators, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”). There is also increased scrutiny of compliance with the sanctions rules enforced by OFAC. If our policies, procedures and systems are deemed deficient or the policies, procedures and systems of any financial institutions that we may acquire in the future are deemed deficient, we could be subject to liability, including fines and regulatory actions such as restrictions on our ability to pay dividends and the necessity to obtain regulatory approvals to proceed with certain aspects of our business plan, which could negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. Although we have not been subject to fines or other penalties, or suffered business or reputational harm, as a result of money laundering activities, failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Additional regulations and rule making impacting the transportation industry may have a disproportionate impact on the small-to-mid-sized trucking businesses that comprise our primary transportation factoring clients and adversely affect the factoring business conducted by the Bank’s Integra factoring division.

Our primary transportation factoring clients are small-sized owner-operators and trucking fleets. Recently implemented federal regulations, and regulations proposed to be implemented in the future, may significantly increase the costs and expenses or reduce the ability to generate revenue associated with owning or operating a trucking fleet. These regulations include rule making proposed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration of the United States Department of Transportation (“FMCSA”) under the Compliance, Safety, Accountability (“CSA”) initiative, maximum hours of service limitations imposed by the FMCSA, electronic log requirements, and regulations proposed by the federal Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) requiring increased labeling and monitoring by carriers of any commodity transported that is regulated by the FDA. The costs and burdens of compliance with these requirements will have a disproportionate impact on the small-to-mid-sized trucking businesses that comprise our client base and may force some or all of these businesses out of the market. Such an occurrence could impact the returns we realize on the factoring activity conducted by the Bank’s Integra factoring division or result in a decrease in the overall amount of factoring activity conducted by the Bank’s Integra factoring division and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Sanders Morris and Tectonic Advisors are subject to substantial regulation. If we fail to comply with applicable requirements, our business will be adversely affected.

Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris are subject to extensive regulation under both federal and state laws. Sanders Morris is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA; Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris are registered with the SEC as investment advisors. The SEC is the federal agency responsible for the administration of federal securities laws. In addition, SROs, principally FINRA and the securities exchanges, are actively involved in the regulation of broker-dealers. Tectonic Advisors and Sanders Morris are also subject to regulation by state securities commissions in those states in which we do business. The principal purpose of regulation and discipline of broker-dealers is the protection of clients and the securities markets rather than protection of creditors and shareholders of broker-dealers. Broker-dealers are subject to regulations that cover all aspects of the securities business, including sales methods, trade practices among broker-dealers, use and safekeeping of clients’ funds and securities, capital structure of securities firms, record-keeping, and the conduct of directors, officers, and employees.

As investment advisors, Sanders Morris and Tectonic Advisors are subject to the Advisers Act. The Advisers Act imposes numerous obligations on registered investment advisers, including fiduciary, record keeping, operational and disclosure obligations. Moreover, the Advisers Act grants broad administrative powers to regulatory agencies such as the SEC to regulate investment advisory businesses. Sanders Morris and Tectonic Advisors are also subject to the provisions and regulations of ERISA to the extent that they act as a “fiduciary” under ERISA with respect to certain of their clients. ERISA and the applicable provisions of the federal tax laws impose a number of duties on persons who are fiduciaries under ERISA and prohibit certain transactions involving the assets of each ERISA plan which is a client, as well as certain transactions by the fiduciaries (and certain other related parties) to such plans. Additionally, like other investment advisory and broker-dealer companies, Sanders Morris and Tectonic Advisors face the risks of lawsuits by clients. The outcome of regulatory proceedings and lawsuits is uncertain and difficult to predict. An adverse resolution of any regulatory proceeding or lawsuit could result in substantial costs or reputational harm to Sanders Morris or Tectonic Advisors and, therefore, could have an adverse effect on the ability to retain key relationship and wealth managers, and to retain existing clients or attract new clients, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Sanders Morris is subject to periodic examinations by the SEC and FINRA and Tectonic Advisors by the SEC. In these examinations, personnel from FINRA or the SEC (as applicable) make a visit to the office(s) of Sanders Morris or Tectonic Advisors and review the files, business practices and personnel. These reviews are often based on a pre-examination checklist or areas of interest, often based on the risks associated with Sanders Morris’ or Tectonic Advisors’ business. The examiners consult with their home office and, at the end of the examination, often issue a letter setting forth areas requiring attention. However, under certain circumstances, a poor examination or a violation brought to the SEC’s or FINRA’s attention can result in an administrative proceeding.

The SEC, FINRA, and state securities commissions may conduct administrative proceedings that can result in:

In the last five years, neither Tectonic Advisors nor Sanders Morris has received what either believes is a poor examination by any of their federal or state regulators, been subject to any material administrative proceeding or been found to be in material violation by their federal or state regulators or experienced an imposition of any material penalties, censure, fines or cease-and-desist orders by such regulators. The imposition of any penalties or orders on us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. The investment banking and brokerage industries have recently come under scrutiny at both the state and federal levels, and the cost of compliance and the potential liability for noncompliance has increased as a result.

Our ability to comply with laws and regulations relating to our financial services businesses depends in large part upon maintaining a system to monitor compliance and our ability to attract and retain qualified compliance personnel. Although we believe we are in material compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, we may not be able to comply in the future. Any noncompliance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Regulations relating to privacy, information security and data protection could increase our costs, affect or limit how we collect and use personal information and adversely affect our business opportunities.

We are subject to various privacy, information security and data protection laws, including requirements concerning security breach notification, and we could be negatively impacted by these laws. For example, our business is subject to the GLBA, which, among other things: (i) imposes certain limitations on our ability to share non-public personal information about our clients with non-affiliated third parties; (ii) requires that we provide certain disclosures to clients about our information collection, sharing and security practices and afford clients the right to “opt out” of any information sharing by us with non-affiliated third parties (with certain exceptions); and (iii) requires we develop, implement and maintain a written comprehensive information security program containing safeguards appropriate based on our size and complexity, the nature and scope of our activities, and the sensitivity of client information we process, as well as plans for responding to data security breaches. Various state and federal banking regulators and states and foreign countries have also enacted data security breach notification requirements with varying levels of individual, consumer, regulatory or law enforcement notification in certain circumstances in the event of a security breach. Moreover, legislators and regulators in the United States and other countries are increasingly adopting or revising privacy, information security and data protection laws that potentially could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, our collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer or employee information, and some of our current or planned business activities. This could also increase our costs of compliance and business operations and could reduce income from certain business initiatives. This includes increased privacy-related enforcement activity at the federal level, by the Federal Trade Commission, as well as at the state level, such as with regard to mobile applications.

Compliance with current or future privacy, data protection and information security laws (including those regarding security breach notification) affecting client or employee data to which we are subject could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Our failure to comply with privacy, data protection and information security laws could result in potentially significant regulatory or governmental investigations or actions, litigation, fines, sanctions and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We can be subject to legal and regulatory proceedings, investigations and inquiries related to conduct risk.

U.S. authorities have been increasingly focused on “conduct risk,” a term that is used to describe the risks associated with behavior by employees and agents, including third-party vendors, that could harm clients, consumers, investors or the markets, such as failures to safeguard consumers’ and investors’ personal information, failures to identify and manage conflicts of interest and improperly creating, selling and marketing products and services. In addition to increasing compliance risks, this focus on conduct risk could lead to more regulatory or other enforcement proceedings and litigation, including for practices which historically were acceptable but are now receiving greater scrutiny. Further, while we take numerous steps to prevent and detect conduct by employees and agents that could potentially harm clients, investors or the markets, such behavior may not always be deterred or prevented. Banking regulators have also focused on the overall culture of financial services firms. In addition to regulatory restrictions or structural changes that could result from perceived deficiencies in our culture, such focus could also lead to additional regulatory proceedings. Although we have not been subject to any material conduct risk investigations or inquiries in the past eight years, the occurrence of such proceedings, investigations or inquiries could damage our reputation, disrupt our business, increase our costs and causes losses in the future.

Risks Related to an Investment in the Series B Preferred Stock

The Series B preferred stock is an equity security and is subordinate to our existing and future indebtedness, which could adversely impact our ability to pay dividends on the Series B preferred stock.

The shares of Series B preferred stock are equity interests and do not constitute indebtedness of ours. This means that the Series B preferred stock ranks junior to all our existing and future indebtedness and our other non-equity claims with respect to assets available to satisfy claims against us, including claims in the event of our liquidation.

As of December 31, 2022, our total liabilities were approximately $516.0 million, and we may incur additional indebtedness in the future to increase our capital resources or fund strategic acquisitions or other business efforts. Additionally, if our capital ratios or the capital ratios of the Bank fall below minimum ratios required by the Federal Reserve, we or the Bank could be required to raise additional capital by making additional offerings of debt securities, including senior or subordinated notes, or other applicable securities that could rank senior to the Series B preferred stock. The Series B preferred stock places no restrictions on our business or operations or on our ability to incur indebtedness or engage in any transactions, subject only to the limited voting rights referred to below. In addition, dividends on the Series B preferred stock are payable only when, as, and if declared by our board of directors out of assets legally available therefor. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our affairs, our assets will be available to pay obligations on the Series B preferred stock only after all of our indebtedness and other liabilities have been paid. Accordingly, our existing and future indebtedness may restrict the payment of dividends on the Series B preferred stock. Further, if we are unable to or do not pay dividends on the Series B preferred stock, the market price of the Series B preferred stock may decline.

The Series B preferred stock may be junior in rights and preferences to our future preferred stock.

The Series B preferred stock may rank junior to preferred stock issued in the future that by its terms is expressly senior in rights and preferences to the Series B preferred stock, although the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least 662∕3% of all outstanding shares of the Series B preferred stock is required to authorize or issue any shares of stock senior in rights and preferences to the Series B preferred stock. The terms of any future preferred stock expressly senior to the Series B preferred stock may restrict dividend payments on the Series B preferred stock.

Additional issuances of preferred stock or securities convertible into preferred stock may further dilute existing holders of the Series B preferred stock.

We may determine that it is advisable, or we may encounter circumstances where we determine it is necessary, to issue additional shares of preferred stock, securities convertible into, exchangeable for or that represent an interest in preferred stock, or preferred stock-equivalent securities to fund strategic initiatives or other business needs or to build additional capital. Our board of directors is authorized to cause us to issue one or more classes or series of preferred stock from time to time without any action on the part of the shareholders, including issuing additional shares of Series B preferred stock. Our board of directors also has the power, without shareholder approval, to set the terms of any such classes or series of preferred stock that may be issued, including voting rights, dividend rights and preferences over the Series B preferred stock with respect to dividends or upon our dissolution, winding-up and liquidation and other terms.

Although the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least 662∕3% of all outstanding shares of the Series B preferred stock is required to authorize or issue any shares of capital stock senior in rights and preferences to the Series B preferred stock, if we issue preferred stock in the future with voting rights that dilute the voting power of the Series B preferred stock, the rights of holders of the Series B preferred stock or the market price of the Series B preferred stock could be adversely affected. The market price of the Series B preferred stock could decline as a result of these other offerings, as well as other sales of a large block of Series B preferred stock or similar securities in the market thereafter, or the perception that such sales could occur. Holders of the Series B preferred stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.

Payment of dividends by the Company on its common stock, corporate spin-offs or other corporate actions may diminish the amount of capital and/or earning power of the Company to pay dividends on, or redeem, its Series B preferred stock.

Subject to regulatory requirements and the terms of the Series B preferred stock, the Company may: (a) and currently intends to, pay dividends on its common stock and any such payment reduces the capital of the Company available to the Series B preferred stock and (b) undertake certain corporate actions, including, without limitation, spinning off subsidiaries and/or businesses to its stockholders, selling businesses to third parties, (c) making acquisitions using capital from the Company and (d) borrowing and/or investing its capital to make acquisitions and/or for other purposes (hiring key personnel, etc.). In each of these cases, the holders of the Series B preferred stock may not have the ability to block certain of such actions and, in such case, the capital base and/or earnings of the Company may be negatively impacted. In such case, the ability of the Company to pay dividends on and/or redeem the Series B preferred stock may be negatively impacted.

Dividends on the Series B preferred stock are discretionary and non-cumulative, and our future ability to pay dividends is subject to restrictions.

Although we intend to continue to pay dividends on the Series B preferred stock, dividends on the Series B preferred stock are discretionary and are not mandatory or cumulative. If our board of directors does not declare a dividend on the Series B preferred stock or if our board of directors authorizes and we declare less than a full dividend in respect of a Dividend Period, the holders of the Series B preferred stock will have no right to receive any dividend or a full dividend, as the case may be, for the Dividend Period, and we will have no obligation to pay a partial or full dividends for that Dividend Period at any time, whether or not our board of directors declares a dividend on the Series B preferred stock or any other class or series of our capital stock for any future Dividend Period. Any declaration and payment of dividends on the Series B preferred stock depends upon, among other factors, our earnings and financial condition, liquidity and capital requirements, the general economic and regulatory climate, our ability to service any equity or debt obligations senior to the Series B preferred stock, dividend restrictions contained in any credit agreements and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors.

The Bank and Sanders Morris are subject to capital ratios. In addition, the Company is subject to consolidated capital ratios, which take into account its underlying subsidiaries’ capital position and the capital position of the Company. To the extent that Sanders Morris and/or the Bank suffer losses (including, without limitation, loan losses at the Bank), they may fail to meet their minimum capital requirements necessary for them to pay dividends to the Company, which would impact the Company’s ability to pay dividends on the preferred stock. In addition, to the extent that the Company and/or its underlying subsidiaries (including the Bank) suffer losses that cause the Company to be less than “well capitalized”, then the Company, even if it has cash available to it, would not be permitted to pay dividends on the preferred stock without regulatory approval, which may not be granted. Accordingly, any losses suffered by the Company or any of its subsidiaries, particularly loan losses at the Bank, might have a material adverse effect on the Company, including on the ability of the Company to pay dividends on the preferred stock.

The Federal Reserve has indicated that bank holding companies should carefully review their dividend policy in relation to the organization’s overall asset quality, current and prospective earnings and level, composition and quality of capital. The guidance provides that we inform and consult with the Federal Reserve prior to declaring and paying a dividend that exceeds earnings for the period for which the dividend is being paid or that could result in an adverse change to our capital structure, including interest on any debt obligations.

In addition, the Company is a separate and distinct legal entity from its subsidiaries. It receives substantially all of its revenue from dividends paid by or distributions made from its subsidiaries. These dividends and distributions are the principal source of funds to pay dividends on our preferred stock and common stock and interest and principal on our debt. Various federal and/or state laws and regulations limit the amount of dividends or distributions that our bank and nonbank subsidiaries may pay to the Company. In the event our subsidiaries are unable to pay dividends or make distributions to the Company, the Company may not be able to service debt or pay dividends on the Series B preferred stock. The inability to receive dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

The replacement of the London Inter-bank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) on our Series B preferred stock could increase our interest payments, may adversely affect the value of the Series B preferred stock and could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In 2017, the Chief Executive of the United Kingdom Financial Conduct Authority (the “Authority”) announced that the Authority intended to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calculation of LIBOR to the ICE Benchmark Administration Limited (together with any successor, “IBA”), as administrator of LIBOR In response to concerns regarding the future of LIBOR, Federal Reserve and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York convened the Alternative Reference Rates Committee (“ARRC”) to identify alternatives to LIBOR. The ARRC first recommended a benchmark replacement waterfall that facilitated continued linkage to LIBOR while recognizing that the discontinuation of LIBOR would eventually occur. The initial steps in the ARRC's recommended waterfall referenced variations of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”), and the ARRC has since recommended SOFR as the replacement rate for U.S. dollar denominated LIBOR. While market participants were warned that LIBOR may cease to exist after 2021, the IBA announced in early 2021 that it would continue to publish the most widely used tenors of U.S. dollar denominated LIBOR (such as one-month and three-month LIBOR) until June 30, 2023. While the IBA's announcement extended LIBOR's phase-out, there is no current expectation that LIBOR will continue beyond mid-2023, and U.S. banking regulators have issued guidance encouraging banking organizations to cease using U.S. dollar denominated LIBOR as a reference rate in new contracts.

At this time, it is not possible to predict whether SOFR will attain market acceptance as the standard replacement for LIBOR, whether alternative reference rates other than SOFR (such as Ameribor) will gain market traction or whether additional reforms to LIBOR may be enacted. Further, other central banks and regulators have convened working groups to evaluate other interest rate benchmarks (such as EURIBOR), and it is possible that a transition away from certain of these interest rate benchmarks will occur leading to the establishment of new market accepted reference rates. Uncertainty regarding the market standard replacement for LIBOR, and floating rate benchmarks generally, could have adverse impacts on floating-rate obligations, loans, deposits, derivatives and other financial instruments that currently use LIBOR as a benchmark rate and adversely affect the Company's business, financial condition or results of operations.

While the initial dividend rate on the Series B preferred stock is fixed, when, as and if declared by the board of directors, the dividend rate will be equal to three-month LIBOR plus a spread of 672.0 basis points per annum for each quarterly dividend period beginning May 15, 2024 (the “floating rate period”)—after the date when LIBOR will be discontinued. Holders of the Series B preferred stock should be aware that, when LIBOR is discontinued or otherwise unavailable, the dividend rate on the Series B preferred stock will be determined for the relevant period by the fallback provisions applicable to such stock.  While the Series B preferred stock generally allows for the change to another index, the transition from LIBOR could increase our interest, dividend and other costs relative to the Series B preferred stock.

After the discontinuance of LIBOR and upon commencement of the floating rate period, we will appoint a calculation agent and will instruct the calculation agent to use a substitute or successor base rate that we have determined in our sole discretion is most comparable to three-month LIBOR, provided that if we determine there is an industry-accepted successor base rate, we will instruct the calculation agent to use that substitute or successor base rate. It is currently anticipated that the successor rate to be used by the calculation agent during the floating rate period will be SOFR.

SOFR has a very limited history, and its historical performance is not indicative of future performance. The Federal Reserve began to publish SOFR in April 2018; therefore, SOFR has limited performance history and no actual investment based on the performance of SOFR was possible before April 2018. The level of SOFR during the floating rate period for our Series B preferred stock may bear little or no relation to the historical level of SOFR. Furthermore, the future performance of SOFR is impossible to predict and, as a result, no future performance of SOFR or our Series B preferred stock may be inferred from any historical performance data. Changes in the levels of SOFR may affect the return on, and trading price of, our Series B preferred stock, but it is impossible to predict whether such levels will rise or fall. Since the initial publication of SOFR, daily changes in the rate have, on occasion, been more volatile than daily changes in other benchmark or market rates, such as U.S. dollar LIBOR, during corresponding periods.

The composition and characteristics of SOFR are not the same as those of U.S. dollar LIBOR and any failure of SOFR to gain market acceptance could adversely affect the Series B preferred stock. SOFR was developed for use in certain U.S. dollar derivatives and other financial contracts as an alternative to the U.S. dollar LIBOR in part because it is considered representative of general funding conditions in the overnight Treasury repo market. However, as a rate based on transactions secured by U.S. Treasury securities, it does not measure bank-specific credit risk and, as a result, is less likely to correlate with the unsecured short-term funding costs of banks. In addition, SOFR is an overnight rate, while U.S. dollar LIBOR represents interbank funding over different maturities. As a result, there can be no assurance that SOFR will perform in the same way as U.S. dollar LIBOR would have at any time, including, without limitation, as a result of changes in interest and yield rates in the market, market volatility, or global or regional economic, financial, political, regulatory, judicial or other events. The differences between SOFR and U.S. dollar LIBOR may mean that market participants would not consider SOFR a suitable substitute or successor for all of the purposes for which U.S. dollar LIBOR historically has been used, which may, in turn, lessen market acceptance of SOFR. If SOFR does not prove to be widely used in securities that are similar or comparable to the Series B preferred stock, the trading price of those securities may be adversely affected.

Potential conflicts of interest in connection with replacing LIBOR.

During the floating rate period, the calculation agent will make certain determinations in its own discretion, as described above and in the terms of the Series B preferred stock, in connection with choosing and implementing a replacement dividend rate. These determinations do not require the consent of the holders and, once made, may negatively affect the value of the Series B preferred stock and will be conclusive and binding on the holders of the Series B preferred stock.

Dividends on the Series B preferred stock will vary beginning on May 15, 2024 and any dividends declared may be less than the initial fixed annual rate in effect prior to May 15, 2024.

As described in further detail in the description of the Series B preferred stock attached to this Form 10-K, the annual dividend rate on the Series B preferred stock commencing on May 15, 2024 will equal three-month LIBOR or its replacement, plus a spread of 672.0 basis points per annum. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in the event that three-month LIBOR or its replacement is less than zero, three-month LIBOR shall be deemed to be zero. Therefore, any dividends declared on or after May 15, 2024 may vary from period to period and could be more or less than the fixed rate for the initial period. We have no control over a number of factors that may affect market interest rates, including geopolitical conditions and economic, financial, political, regulatory, judicial or other events that affect the markets generally and that are important in determining the existence, magnitude and longevity of market rate risk.

The Series B preferred stock may be redeemed at our option, and you may not be able to reinvest the redemption price you receive in a similar security.

Subject to the approval of the Federal Reserve (if then required), at our option, we may redeem the Series B preferred stock at any time, either in whole or in part, for cash, on any dividend payment date on or after May 15, 2024. We may also redeem the Series B preferred stock at our option, subject to the approval of the Federal Reserve (if then required), at any time, in whole, but not in part, within 90 days following the occurrence of a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event (as defined in the description of the Series B preferred stock attached to this Form 10-K), such as a proposed change in law or regulation with respect to whether the Series B preferred stock qualifies as an “additional Tier 1 capital” instrument.

Although the terms of the Series B preferred stock were established at issuance to satisfy the criteria for “additional Tier 1 capital” instruments consistent with Basel III as set forth in the joint final rulemaking issued in July 2013 by the Federal Reserve, the FDIC and the OCC, it is possible that the Series B preferred stock may not satisfy the criteria set forth in future rulemakings or interpretations. As a result, a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event could occur whereby we would have the right, subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve (if then required), to redeem the Series B preferred stock in accordance with its terms prior to May 15, 2024, or any date thereafter.

If we redeem the Series B preferred stock for any reason, you may not be able to reinvest the redemption proceeds you receive in a similar security or earn similar rate of return on any investment. See the description of the Series B preferred stock attached to this Form 10-K for more information on redemption of the Series B preferred stock.

Investors should not expect us to redeem the Series B preferred stock on the date it becomes redeemable or on any particular date after it becomes redeemable.

The Series B preferred stock is a perpetual equity security. This means that it has no maturity or mandatory redemption date and is not redeemable at the option of the holders of the Series B preferred stock. The Series B preferred stock may be redeemed by us at our option, either in whole or in part, for cash, on any dividend payment date on or after May 15, 2024, or in whole, but not in part, at any time within 90 days following a Regulatory Capital Treatment Event. Any decision we may make at any time to propose a redemption of the Series B preferred stock will depend upon, among other things, our evaluation of our capital position, the composition of our shareholders’ equity and general market conditions at that time.

In addition, our right to redeem the Series B preferred stock is subject to limitations. Under the Federal Reserve’s current risk-based capital guidelines applicable to bank holding companies, any redemption of the Series B preferred stock is subject to prior approval of the Federal Reserve. We cannot assure you that the Federal Reserve will approve any redemption of the Series B preferred stock that we may propose. There also can be no assurance that, if we propose to redeem the Series B preferred stock without replacing such capital with common equity Tier 1 capital or additional Tier 1 capital instruments, the Federal Reserve will authorize such redemption. We understand that the factors that the Federal Reserve will consider in evaluating a proposed redemption, or a request that we be permitted to redeem the Series B preferred stock without replacing it with common equity Tier 1 capital or additional Tier 1 capital instruments, include its evaluation of the overall level and quality of our capital components, considered in light of our risk exposures, earnings and growth strategy, and other supervisory considerations, although the Federal Reserve may change these factors at any time.

Holders of the Series B preferred stock have limited voting rights.

Holders of the Series B preferred stock have no voting rights with respect to matters that generally require the approval of our common shareholders. Holders of the Series B preferred stock have voting rights only with respect to (i) authorizing, creating or issuing any capital stock ranking senior to the Series B preferred stock as to dividends and rights (including redemption payments) upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, or reclassifying any authorized capital stock into any such shares of such capital stock or issuing any obligation or security convertible into or evidencing the right to purchase any such shares of capital stock, (ii) amending, altering or repealing any provision of our certificate of formation or the designation, including by merger, consolidation or otherwise, so as to adversely affect the rights, powers or preferences of the Series B preferred stock, (iii) the election of two directors, if dividends have not been declared or paid in an aggregate amount equal to the equivalent of at least six or more quarterly Dividend Periods, whether or not consecutive, (voting as a class with holders of shares of any other series of preferred stock ranking equally as to the payment of dividends and having equivalent voting rights), and (iv) as otherwise required by applicable law. See the description of the Series B preferred stock attached to this Form 10-K for more information.

An active, liquid market for the Series B preferred stock may not be sustained, which may impair your ability to sell your shares.

The Series B preferred stock is currently traded on the NASDAQ Global Market, but an active, liquid trading market for the Series B preferred stock may not exist or, if it exists, may not be sustained over time. A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends upon the presence in the marketplace and independent decisions of willing buyers and sellers of the Series B preferred stock, over which we have no control. Without an active, liquid trading market for the Series B preferred stock, shareholders may not be able to sell their shares at the volume, prices and times desired. Moreover, the lack of an established market could materially and adversely affect the value of the Series B preferred stock. The market price of the Series B preferred stock could decline significantly due to failure to pay dividends, actual or anticipated issuances or sales of the Series B preferred stock or other securities in the future.

The market price of the Series B preferred stock may become subject to substantial fluctuations, which may make it difficult for you to sell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired.

The market price of the Series B preferred stock may become highly volatile. There are many factors that may affect the market price and trading volume of the Series B preferred stock, including, without limitation:

The stock market and, in particular, the market for financial institution stocks have experienced substantial fluctuations in recent years, which in many cases have been unrelated to the operating performance and prospects of particular companies. In addition, significant fluctuations in the trading volume in the Series B preferred stock may cause significant price variations to occur. Increased market volatility may materially and adversely affect the market price of the Series B preferred stock, which could make it difficult to sell your shares at the volume, prices and times desired.

Securities analysts may not continue coverage on us, or may publish an unfavorable report.

The trading market for the Series B preferred stock depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities analysts publish about us and our business. We do not have any control over these securities analysts. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to publish regular reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of the Series B preferred stock to decline. If we are the subject of an unfavorable report, the price of the Series B preferred stock may decline.

The Series B preferred stock is not rated.

The Series B preferred stock is not rated by any rating agency. Unrated securities usually trade at a discount to similar, rated securities. As a result, there is a risk that the Series B preferred stock may trade at a price that is lower than they might otherwise trade if rated by a rating agency. It is possible, however, that one or more rating agencies might independently determine to assign a rating to the Series B preferred stock. In addition, we may elect to issue other securities for which we may seek to obtain a rating. If any ratings are assigned to the Series B preferred stock in the future or if we issue other securities with a rating, such ratings, if they are lower than market expectations or are subsequently lowered or withdrawn, could adversely affect the market for or the market value of the Series B preferred stock.

Our management and board of directors have significant control over our business.

As of March 29, 2023, our directors, executive officers and affiliates (including partners of Cain Watters) beneficially owned an aggregate of 5,099,160 shares, or approximately 72.14% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Consequently, our management and board of directors may be able to significantly affect our affairs and policies, including the outcome of the election of directors and the potential outcome of other matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders, such as mergers, the sale of substantially all of our assets and other extraordinary corporate matters. This influence may also have the effect of delaying or preventing changes of control or changes in management or limiting the ability of our other shareholders to approve transactions that they may deem to be in the best interests of our Company. The interests of these insiders could conflict with the interests of our other shareholders, including you.

We are a “controlled company” within the meaning of the rules of NASDAQ, and as such, we qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements. As a result, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

We are a “controlled company” under NASDAQ’s corporate governance listing standards, meaning that more than 50% of the voting power for the election of our board of directors is held by a single person, entity or group. As a controlled company, we are exempt from the obligation to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements:

We are controlled by the majority shareholders, whose interests may not coincide with yours and with whose decisions you may disagree.

A. Haag Sherman, George L. Ball, Darrell W. Cain, Steven B. Clapp, Thomas Sanders, Daniel C. Wicker, other members of management and partners of Cain Watters, and certain other existing shareholders (collectively, the “Majority Shareholders”) currently own more than 50% of our outstanding shares of common stock. So long as the Majority Shareholders continue to control more than 50% of our outstanding shares of common stock, they will have the ability, if they vote in the same manner, to determine the outcome of certain matters requiring only common shareholder approval, including the election of directors and certain amendments to our certificate of formation, bylaws and other corporate governance documents. In addition, this concentration of ownership may delay or prevent a change in control of our Company and make some transactions more difficult or impossible without the support of the Majority Shareholders. In any of these matters, the interests of the Majority Shareholders may differ from or conflict with our interests as a company or the interests of other shareholders. Accordingly, the Majority Shareholders could influence us to enter into transactions or agreements that other shareholders would not approve or make decisions with which other shareholders may disagree.

Our corporate organizational documents and provisions of federal and state law to which we are subject contain certain provisions that could have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, make more difficult or prevent an attempted acquisition that you may favor or an attempted replacement of our board of directors or management.

Our certificate of formation and our bylaws (each as amended and restated) may have an anti-takeover effect and may delay, discourage or prevent an attempted acquisition or change of control or a replacement of our incumbent board of directors or management. Our governing documents include provisions that:

Banking laws also impose notice, approval, and ongoing regulatory requirements on any shareholder or other party that seeks to acquire direct or indirect “control” of an FDIC-insured depository institution or its holding company. These laws include the BHC Act and the CIBCA. These laws could delay or prevent an acquisition.

Furthermore, our bylaws provide that the state or federal courts located in Dallas County, Texas, the county in which the city of Dallas is located, will be the exclusive forum for: (i) any actual or purported derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of fiduciary duty by any of our current or former directors or officers; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or our current or former directors or officers arising pursuant to the TBOC, our certificate of formation, or our bylaws; or (iv) any action asserting a claim against us or our current or former officers or directors that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each case subject to said courts having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein. Any person purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to this provision of our certificate of formation. The exclusive forum provision may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits. Alternatively, if a court were to find the exclusive forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

The obligations associated with being a public company require significant resources and management attention, which increase our costs of operations and may divert focus from our business operations.

We incur substantial legal, accounting, administrative and other costs and expenses related to operating as a public company, and these costs may be higher when we no longer qualify as an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, which requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition and proxy and other information statements, and the rules and regulations implemented by the SEC, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”) and NASDAQ, each of which imposes additional reporting and other obligations on public companies. As a public company, compliance with these reporting requirements and other SEC and NASDAQ rules make certain operating activities more time-consuming, and we also incur significant legal, accounting, insurance and other expenses. Additionally, any failure by us to file our periodic reports with the SEC in a timely manner could, among other things, harm our reputation, cause our investors and potential investors to lose confidence in us, restrict trading in or reduce the market price of the Series B preferred stock, and potentially limit our ability to access the capital markets. Furthermore, the corporate infrastructure demanded of a public company may divert management’s attention from implementing our operating strategy, which could prevent us from successfully implementing our strategic initiatives and improving our results of operations. We incur expenses to maintain our internal control and procedures for financial reporting and accounting systems to meet our reporting obligations as a public company. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur in the future in order to continue to comply with these requirements, and these costs may materially increase our general and administrative expenses over time, and such increases would reduce our profitability.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make the Series B preferred stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of reduced regulatory and reporting requirements that are otherwise generally applicable to public companies. These include, without limitation, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced financial reporting requirements, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. The JOBS Act also permits an “emerging growth company” such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have elected to, and expect to continue to, take advantage of certain of these and other exemptions until we are no longer an emerging growth company. Further, the JOBS Act allows us to present only two years of audited financial statements and only two years of related management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in this Form 10-K.

We may take advantage of these provisions for up to five years from the date of our initial offering date in May 2019, unless we earlier cease to be an emerging growth company, which would occur if our annual gross revenues exceed $1.07 billion, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt in a three-year period or if we become a “large accelerated filer,” in which case we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31. We cannot predict if investors find the Series B preferred stock less attractive because we rely on these exemptions, or if we choose to rely on additional exemptions in the future. If some investors find the Series B preferred stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for the Series B preferred stock and our share price may be more volatile.

An investment in the Series B preferred stock is not an insured deposit and is subject to risk of loss.

The Series B preferred stock is not a savings account, deposit or other obligation of any of our bank or nonbank subsidiaries and is not insured or guaranteed by the FDIC or any other government agency. Your investment is subject to investment risk, and you must be capable of affording the loss of your entire investment.

Not applicable.

Our main office is located in a two-story, approximately 33,000 square foot commercial office building located at 16200 Dallas Parkway, Dallas, Texas 75248, which is owned by the Bank. The Bank occupies approximately 36% of the building and leases out the remainder to other tenants.

We also lease space at: (a) 600 Travis, Houston, Texas 77002, comprising 14,402 square feet (expires in April 2026) for offices of Sanders Morris, Tectonic Advisors and HWG, (b) 17 Cowboys Way, Frisco, Texas 75034, comprising 2,141 square feet (expires in January 2034) for offices of Tectonic Advisors and HWG, (c) 5950 Sherry Lane, Suite 470, Dallas, Texas 75225, comprising 2,508 square feet, which lease expires in February 2024 for offices of Sanders Morris’s Dallas branch, (d) 8900 Indian Creek Parkway, Overland Park, Kansas 66210, comprising 4,947 square feet, which lease expires in May 2027 for offices of the Bank’s Nolan division, and (e) 6300 Ridglea Place, Fort Worth, Texas 76116, comprising 4,139 square feet, which lease expires in January 2027 for offices of the Bank’s Integra factoring division. Management believes that the principal terms of the leases are consistent with prevailing market terms and conditions and that these facilities are in good condition and adequate to meet our current needs.

We are involved, from time to time, as plaintiff or defendant in various legal actions arising in the normal course of its business. Based on the information presently available, management believes that the ultimate outcome in such proceedings, in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the business’s financial condition or results of operations of the Company on a consolidated basis. However, changes in circumstances or additional information could result in additional accruals or resolution of these matters in excess of established accruals, which could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows, potentially materially.

Not applicable.

PART II

Market Information

There is no established public trading market for our common stock. Our Series B preferred stock is quoted on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “TECTP”.

Holders of Record

As of March 29, 2023, we had 98 holders of record of our common stock.

Dividends

Although we intend to pay dividends on the Series B preferred stock, dividends on the Series B preferred stock are not cumulative or mandatory. If our Board of Directors does not declare a dividend on the Series B preferred stock or if our Board of Directors authorizes and we declare less than a full dividend in respect of any Dividend Period, the holders of the Series B preferred stock will have no right to receive any dividend or a full dividend and we will have no obligation to pay a dividend or to pay full dividends for that Dividend Period at any time, whether or not dividends on the Series B preferred stock or any other class or series of our preferred stock or common stock are declared for any future Dividend Period.

It is the policy of our Board of Directors to reinvest earnings for such period of time as is necessary to ensure our successful operations. During the year ended 2022, and after declaring and paying dividends on our Series B preferred stock, our Board of Directors declared and paid certain quarterly dividends on our common stock, which is not registered with the SEC, and does not trade publicly.  As a financial holding company, our ability to pay cash dividends is dependent upon the ability of our bank and non-bank subsidiaries to pay cash dividends. Future dividends will depend on our consolidated earnings, capital and regulatory requirements, financial condition, and other factors considered relevant by our Board of Directors. In addition, we are subject to regulatory restrictions on our payment of dividends. For more information regarding the Company’s ability to pay dividends, please refer to the “Supervision and Regulation” section under Item 1 of this Form 10-K.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

Information regarding stock-based compensation awards outstanding and available for future grants as of December 31, 2022, segregated between stock-based compensation plans approved by shareholders and stock-based compensation plans not approved by shareholders, is presented in the table below.

This management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ significantly from those anticipated in these estimates and in the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, including those discussed in the section of this Form 10-K captioned “Risk Factors,” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

Company Overview

We are a financial holding company headquartered in Dallas, Texas. We provide a wide array of financial products and services including banking, trust, investment advisory, securities brokerage, factoring, third-party administration, qualified plan recordkeeping and insurance services to individuals, small businesses and institutions across the United States.

We operate through four main direct and indirect subsidiaries: (i) T Bancshares, Inc. (“T Bancshares”) which was incorporated under the laws of the State of Texas on December 23, 2002 to serve as the bank holding company for the Bank, (ii) Sanders Morris Harris LLC (“Sanders Morris”), a registered broker-dealer with FINRA, and registered investment advisor with the SEC, (iii) Tectonic Advisors, LLC (“Tectonic Advisors”) a registered investment advisor registered with the SEC focused generally on managing money for relatively large, affiliated institutions and investment advisors, as well as for their clients, and (iv) HWG Insurance Agency LLC (“HWG”), an insurance agency registered with the Texas Department of Insurance (“TDI”).

The Bank offers a broad range of commercial and consumer banking and trust services primarily to small- to medium-sized businesses and their employees, and other institutions. The Bank’s traditional fiduciary services clients primarily consist of clients of Cain Watters & Associates L.L.C. (“Cain Watters”). The Bank also offers lending services, including commercial loans to small-to medium-sized businesses and professional concerns, as well as consumers, The Nolan Company (“Nolan”), operating from its office in Overland Park, Kansas as a division within the Bank, offers third party administration (“TPA”) services, and Integra Funding Solutions, LLC (“Integra”), operating from its Fort Worth, Texas office as a division within the Bank, offers factoring services.

The Bank’s technological capabilities, including worldwide free ATM withdrawals, sophisticated on-line banking capabilities, electronic funds transfer capabilities, and economical remote deposit solutions, allow most customers to be served regardless of their geographic location. The Bank serves its local geographic market which includes Dallas, Tarrant, Denton, Collin and Rockwall counties which encompass an area commonly referred to as the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex. The Bank also provides focused services to the dental and other health professional industries through a centralized loan and deposit platform that operates out of its main office in Dallas, Texas. In addition, the Bank serves the small business community by offering loans guaranteed by the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA”).

Sanders Morris provides brokerage, advisory, and wealth management services to high and ultra-high net worth individuals in a broad geographic area that includes Texas, with a concentration of clients in the Houston, Texas metroplex area, as well as clients across the United States. Tectonic Advisors provides advisory and wealth management services primarily to affiliated institutions and their clients, including the Bank, Cain Watters, and their clients, under long-standing advisory and due diligence agreements.

We have three operating segments: Banking, Other Financial Services and HoldCo. Our banking operating segment encompasses both commercial and consumer banking services, as well as factoring services. Our Other Financial Services segment includes the activities of Tectonic Advisors, Sanders Morris, the Bank’s Trust Division, which includes Nolan, and HWG. Our HoldCo operating segment includes the Bank’s immediate parent, T Bancshares, and related subordinated debt, as well as operations of the financial holding company that serves as parent for the group overall. See the section entitled Segment Reporting, below, for more information.

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, T Bancshares, the Bank, Tectonic Advisors, Sanders Morris, and through Sanders Morris, HWG. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare consolidated financial statements based on GAAP and to customary practices within the financial services industry. These policies, in certain areas, require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. While we base estimates on historical experience, current information and other factors deemed to be relevant, actual results could differ from those estimates.

We consider accounting estimates to be critical to reported financial results if (i) the accounting estimate requires management to make assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time we make the accounting estimate and (ii) different estimates that management reasonably could have used for the accounting estimate in the current period, or changes in the accounting estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, could have a material impact on the financial statements.

Estimation of the allowance for loan losses

Management has adopted a methodology to properly analyze and determine an adequate loan loss allowance, which includes allowance allocations calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 310, Receivables, and allowance allocations calculated in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 450, Contingencies. The analysis is based on sound, reliable and well documented information and is designed to support an allowance that is adequate to absorb all estimated incurred losses in our loan portfolio.

In estimating the specific and general exposure to loss on impaired loans, we have considered a number of factors, including the borrower’s character, overall financial condition, resources and payment record, the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors, and the realizable value of any collateral.

We also consider other internal and external factors when determining the allowance for loan losses, which include, but are not limited to, changes in national and local economic conditions, loan portfolio concentrations, and trends in the loan portfolio. Based on an analysis performed by management at December 31, 2022, the allowance for loan losses is believed to be adequate to cover estimated loan losses in the portfolio as of that date based on the loan loss methodology employed by management. However, management’s judgment is based upon a number of assumptions about future events, which are believed to be reasonable, but which may or may not prove valid. Thus, charge-offs in future periods may exceed the allowance for loan losses or significant additional increases in the allowance for loan losses may be required.

Senior management and the Directors’ Loan Committee review this calculation and the underlying assumptions on a routine basis not less frequently than quarterly. See additional discussion of the allowance for loan losses in Note 1 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Integra Acquisition

On July 1, 2021, we, through our wholly-owned subsidiary T Bancshares, acquired Integra through the merger of Integra with and into T Bancshares, with T Bancshares surviving the merger. Integra’s activity is reported within our Banking segment. Integra is a factoring company that provides financing to smaller transportation companies across the United States principally by purchasing their accounts receivable at a discount and then collecting such receivables at face value. The acquisition of this small business lending vertical enables us to provide the Bank with additional breadth in its lending platform and enable the Bank to continue to prudently grow its balance sheet and generate relatively attractive returns on its assets.

For further information, see Note 18 – Integra Acquisition in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Climate Change

Refer to Item 1. Business for background as it relates to the Company and climate change.

There have been significant completed and pending developments in federal and state legislation and regulation regarding climate change in recent years. Given our size and the nature of our business, the incurred direct impact and expected future direct impact of climate-related regulation is not material, nor expected to be material, to our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Further, we have not experienced any physical effects of climate change on our operations and results.

We recognize that, while not material to our operations to-date, indirect consequences of climate-related regulation could exist that might be associated with our lending to certain types of customers who engage in activity that some could deem potentially harmful to the environment. The Company notes that the climate change landscape is constantly evolving and at this time, it is not possible for us to know or predict the full universe or extent that these indirect effects will have on the Company's future operations.

While programs and initiatives focused on sustainability and resource conservation have been put in place by the Company, there have been no material past capital expenditures for climate-related projects. We do not plan to have material future capital expenditures for climate-related projects at this time. Additionally, we have not incurred any material compliance costs related to climate change.

Performance Summary

Net income available to common shareholders for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was unchanged at approximately $15.5 million. Earnings per diluted common share were $2.11 and $2.21 for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, changes in the components of net income compared to the prior year included a $1.7 million increase in net interest income, a $3.4 million increase in non-interest income, a $6.5 million increase in non-interest expense, a $950,000 decrease in the provision for loan losses and a $381,000 decrease in income tax expense.

Our accounting and reporting policies conform to GAAP and the prevailing practices in the banking industry. However, this Form 10-K contains financial information determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP, which includes return on average tangible common equity. We calculate return on average tangible common equity as net income available to common shareholders (net income less dividends paid on preferred stock) divided by average tangible common equity. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure for tangible common equity is average total shareholders’ equity. We believe these non-GAAP measures and ratios, when taken together with the corresponding GAAP measures and ratios, provide meaningful supplemental information regarding our performance. We believe investors benefit from referring to these non-GAAP measures and ratios in assessing our operating results and related trends, and when planning and forecasting future periods. However, these non-GAAP measures and ratios should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for or preferable to, measures and ratios prepared in accordance with GAAP.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, annual return on average assets was 2.89%, compared to 3.06% for the prior year, and annual return on average equity was 18.88%, compared to 24.99% for the same period in the prior year. The lower annual returns on average assets and on average equity were primarily due to no change in net income for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 which is explained in the “Results of Operations” section, and growth in average assets primarily related to the Company’s acquisition of Integra Funding Solutions, LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“Integra”) on July 1, 2021, and average equity during the year ended December 31, 2022. The annual return on average equity was impacted by the shares of Company common stock issued for the Company’s acquisition of Integra.

The following table reconciles net income to income available to common shareholders and presents the calculation of return on average tangible common equity:

Total assets grew by $27.5 million, or 4.7%, to $612.5 million as of December 31, 2022, from $585.0 million as of December 31, 2021. This increase was primarily due to increases of $21.2 million loans held for investment, $9.1 million for investments, partly offset by decrease of $3.8 million in cash and cash equivalents.

Shareholders’ equity increased $11.7 million, or 13.8%, to $96.5 million as of December 31, 2022, from $84.8 million as of December 31, 2021. See analysis of shareholders’ equity in the section captioned “Capital Resources and Regulatory Capital Requirements” included elsewhere in this discussion.

Results of Operations

Details of the changes in the various components of net income are discussed below.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the difference between interest income on interest-earning assets, such as loans, investment securities, and interest-bearing cash, and interest expense on interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings. Changes in net interest income result from changes in volume and spread, and are reflected in the net interest margin, as well as changes in average interest rates. Volume refers to the average dollar level of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Spread refers to the difference between the average yield on interest-earning assets and the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Margin refers to net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets, and is influenced by the level and relative mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities.

The Federal Reserve influences the general market rates of interest, including the deposit and loan rates offered by many financial institutions. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond the control of the Company, including changes in the expected rate of inflation, the influence of general and local economic conditions and the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities. As of December 31, 2022, the target range for the federal funds rate was 4.25% to 4.50%. The target range for the federal funds rate was increased 25 basis points from 4.50% to 4.75% effective February 2, 2023, and from 4.75% to 5.00% effective March 23, 2023.

The following table presents the changes in net interest income and identifies the changes due to differences in the average volume of interest-earning assets and interest–bearing liabilities and the changes due to changes in the average interest rate on those assets and liabilities. The changes in net interest income due to changes in both average volume and average interest rate have been allocated to the average volume change or the average interest rate change in proportion to the absolute amounts of the change in each.

Net interest income increased $1.7 million, or 6.6% from $25.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $27.5 million for year ended December 31, 2022. Net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was 5.06% and 4.96%, respectively, an increase of 10 basis points. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in the average yield and average volume on total earning assets (attributable to the factored receivables acquired in the Integra acquisition on July 1, 2021), partly offset by an increase in the average rate paid on money market deposit accounts and on time deposits.

The average volume of interest-earning assets increased $23.4 million, or 4.5%, from $519.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $542.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average volume of securities increased $14.3 million, or 44.3%, from $32.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $46.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the average volume of loans increased $10.7 million, or 2.4%, from $448.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $459.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase in the average volume of loans included increases of $65.9 million for organic loan growth and $14.3 million for factored receivables related to the Integra acquisition during the third quarter of 2021, partly offset by a $69.5 million decrease of PPP loans. The average yield on interest-earning assets increased 49 basis points from 5.66% for the year ended December 31, 2021 to 6.15% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average yield on interest earning assets was impacted by changes in market interest rates, which was attributed to the FOMC repeatedly raising their target benchmark interest rate during the year ended December 31, 2022, resulting in subsequent prime rate increases of 425 basis points between March and December of 2022, and changes in the mix of interest-earning assets. The average yield for loans increased 40 basis points from 6.33% for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 6.73% for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recognized $175,000 in PPP related deferred fees (net of amortization of related deferred origination costs) as a yield adjustment and this amount is included in interest income on loans. This was a decrease of $4.6 million from the same period in the prior year. The decrease in PPP fees was partly offset by an increase in factored receivables interest income of $2.6 million from the same period in the prior year. The average yield on securities increased 109 basis points from 2.96% for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 4.05% for the year ended December 31, 2022, and the average yield on interest-bearing deposits increased 153 basis points from 0.13% for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 1.66% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The average volume of interest-bearing liabilities decreased $21.0 million, or 5.2%, from $404.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $383.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average volume of interest-bearing deposits increased $43.3 million, or 13.6%, from $319.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $362.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average interest rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased 64 basis points from 0.90% for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 1.54% for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average interest rate paid on interest-bearing deposits increased 58 basis points from 0.78% for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 1.36% for the year ended December 31, 2022. Non-interest bearing deposits increased $27.9 million, or 36.6%, from $76.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $104.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The average volume of FHLB and other borrowings decreased $64.3 million, or 88.1%, from $73.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $8.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the decline in the PPPLF borrowings related to the decrease in PPP loan balances. The average cost of FHLB and other borrowings increased 24 basis points from 0.37% for the year ended December 31, 2021, to 0.61% for the year ended December 31, 2022, due to the aforementioned significant increases in the market interest rates during the year ended December 31, 2022 and the decrease in PPPLF borrowings during the period.

The following table sets forth our average balances of assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity, in addition to the major components of net interest income and our net interest margin, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

(1) Includes non-accrual loans.

Provision for Loan Losses

We determined a provision for loan losses that we consider sufficient to maintain an allowance to absorb probable losses inherent in our portfolio as of the balance sheet date. For additional information concerning this determination, see the section captioned “Allowance for Loan Losses” elsewhere in this discussion.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the provision for loan losses totaled $1.3 million and $2.2 million, respectively. See the section captioned “Allowance for Loan Losses” included elsewhere in this discussion for further analysis of the provision for loan losses.

Non-Interest Income

The components of non-interest income were as follows:

Total non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased $3.4 million, or 9.3%, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Changes in the various components of non-interest income are discussed below.

Trust Income. Trust income is earned from trust services on the value of managed and non-managed assets held in custody. The volatility of the bond and equity markets impacts the market value of trust assets and the related fees. Trust income for the year ended December 31, 2022, decreased $154,000, or 2.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The fee income decreased between the two years due to a decrease in the average market value of the trust assets over the year ended December 31, 2022, due to decreases in asset values of $970 million which offset net asset inflows of $561 million.

Gain on sale of loans. The gain on sale of loans primarily reflects the gain from the sale of the guaranteed portion of SBA 7(a) and USDA loans originated by the Bank’s SBA lending group. Gain on sale of loans decreased $101,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022, during which there was no gain on sale of loans, compared to the same period in the prior year, when there was gain on sale of loans of $101,000 resulting from the sale of $1.1 million of SBA loans.

Advisory income. Advisory fees are typically based on a percentage of the underlying average asset value for a given period, where each percentage point represents 100 basis points. These revenues are of a recurring nature but are directly affected by increases and decreases in the values of the underlying assets. In addition to fees based on a percentage of underlying assets, payments under certain advisory agreements at Sanders Morris are based on the performance of the respective account, measured as a percentage of the increase achieved in the asset values in the respective account. Performance-based fees, though the agreements may remain in place from year to year, are far less predictable, given the uncertainty of the ability to achieve an increase of the same level as in prior periods, or at all. For the year ended December 31, 2022, advisory income increased $77,000, or 0.6%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase during the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily due an increase in advisory fees based on a percentage of the underlying assets at Tectonic Advisors totaling $378,000, partially offset by a decrease in advisory fees based on a percentage of underlying assets at Sanders Morris Harris totaling $301,000.

Brokerage income. Brokerage revenues are generally based on a per share fee or commission to trade a share of a particular stock, bond or other security. In addition, brokerage revenues in this context include private placements, participation in syndication of public offerings, and certain other brokerage revenues, including interest earned on margin lending. Brokerage revenue is dependent on the volume of trading, cash held in brokerage accounts which funds margin lending, and on private placement and syndication activity during the period. Brokerage income for the year ended December 31, 2022, increased $2.1 million, or 21.9%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. This increase is primarily due to a recovery in private placement activity due to a recovery in demand for these investments and a backlog of this activity related to a loosening of the travel and contact restrictions put in place during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a recovery in traditional brokerage activity.

The table below reflects a rollforward of our client assets, which includes both advisory and brokerage assets, as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the inflows and outflows and market appreciation during the years then ended. Our brokerage and advisory assets experienced a decrease of approximately $409.8 million, or 7.3%, and an increase of $1.1 billion, or 24.0%, during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The decrease for the year ended December 31, 2022 was related to market depreciation of $970.4 million, or 17.3%, which offset positive net flows of $560.5 million, or 10.0%.

Service fees and other income. Service fees include fees for deposit-related services, and third-party administrative fees from the Bank’s Nolan division. Service fees and other income for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $1.5 million, or 22.1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, which was primarily due to an increase in the administrative fees recorded for services provided by Nolan of $1.4 million, increase in factoring service fees from the Bank’s Integra factoring division of $360,000 related to the Integra acquisition during the third quarter of 2021, increase in credit interest by Sanders Morris Harris of $57,000, as well as individually immaterial increases in other bank service fees totaling $32,000. These increases were offset by a decrease in income distributions from an interest in securities not readily marketable carried at cost basis totaling $191,000, a decrease in gains and losses on marketable securities at Sanders Morris totaling $74,000, a decrease in net loan servicing fees of $26,000, and other individually immaterial decreases in other income of $54,000.

Rental income. The Company receives monthly rental income from tenants leasing space in the Bank building. Rental income for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased $19,000, or 5.2%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 due to a decrease in occupancy in 2022 compared to 2021 and to rent concessions given during 2022.

Non-Interest Expense

The components of non-interest expense were as follows:

Total non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $6.5 million, or 16.9%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Changes in the various components of non-interest income are discussed below.

Salaries and employee benefits. Salaries and employee benefits include employee payroll expense, incentive compensation, health insurance, benefit plans and payroll taxes. Salaries and employee benefits increased $6.1 million, or 24.6%, from $24.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. In our other financial services segment, salaries and employee benefits increased $2.8 million. The increase was primarily from a increase in incentive bonuses at Sanders Morris related to traditional brokerage, private placement, and syndicated offerings activity of $1.6 million, offset by a decrease in commission salaries of $559,000, and an increase in salaries, payroll taxes, and other benefits of $543,000 at Tectonic Advisors and $213,000 at Sanders Morris. Salaries, bonuses and payroll taxes at the Bank’s Nolan division increased $862,000 related to staff increases to accommodate the increase in the number of plans administered and merit increases. Salaries, taxes and other benefits in our trust group within our other financial services segment increased $186,000 related to staffing additions to accommodate additional recordkeeping clients, as well as a decrease in reliance on third-party consultants. Salaries and employee benefits in our banking segment increased $3.0 million, primarily driven by an accrual for severance expense of $532,000, increases in staff including a full year of Integra as compared to 2021, where Integra was acquired early in the third quarter 2021, and merit increases and incentive bonuses. Stock-based compensation decreased $113,000 primarily related to an offset to expense due to a forfeiture of stock grants due to separation prior to vesting, and salaries, taxes and other benefits increased $362,000. Health insurance related benefits overall increased approximately $372,000, primarily due to increases in headcount, including the addition of the Bank’s Integra factoring division.

Occupancy and equipment expense. Occupancy and equipment expenses include building, furniture, fixtures and equipment depreciation and maintenance costs. Occupancy and equipment expenses decreased $130,000, or 7.1%, from $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease occupancy and equipment expense in our other financial services division of $234,000, led by a decrease in rent of $103,000, due to Nolan giving up leased space and Sanders Morris Harris’s new lease agreement, a decrease in depreciation expense of $89,000 from certain fixed assets and software costs that reached full depreciation/amortization in 2021, and a decrease in rental and common area maintenance expense of $26,000 driven by lower costs related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and a decrease in property taxes and repairs and maintenance of 28,000. This was partially offset by increases in parking and facilities expenses totaling $12,000. Rent expenses in our banking segment increased $99,000, primarily from the addition of the Bank’s Integra factoring division, where rent expense increased $58,000, along with an increase of $41,000 in rent expense at the bank facility.

Trust expenses. Trust expenses are incurred in our other financial services segment, and include advisory fees paid on the common trust funds managed by the Company based on the value of the assets held in custody. The volatility of the bond and equity markets impacts the market value of trust assets and the related expenses. The monthly advisory fees are assessed based on the market value of assets at month-end. Trust expenses decreased by $173,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021 based on decreases in asset values of the Bank’s common trust funds from decreases in asset values whit offset net inflows.

Brokerage and advisory direct costs. Brokerage and advisory direct costs decreased $36,000, or 1.8%, and were approximately $2.0 million for each the year ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2022. Brokerage and advisory direct costs are incurred primarily in our other financial services segment and include the cost of clearing firm services and fees on advisory assets from custodians and certain referral fees, as well as information services related to our advisory and trading activity. Expenses at Tectonic Advisors increased $36,000, related to increases in information services, which were offset by decreases in referral and service fees. The increase was offset by a decrease in brokerage and advisory direct costs at Sanders Morris and HWG of $72,000, related to a decrease in clearing firm service fees, fees on advisory assets and referral fees of $97,000, offset by an increase in information services and service fees of $25,000.

Professional fees. Professional fees, which include legal, consulting, audit and tax fees, decreased $59,000, or 3.8%, and were approximately $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2022. The decrease included a decrease of $142,000 at the Bank’s trust department due to a decrease in consulting fees related to our participant directed plan services team, where staff increases have allowed us to reduce our reliance on consultants. In addition to a decrease of $81,000 in professional fees in Holdco, due to the acquisition of Integra in 2021, offset by in an increase in professional fees of $111,000 in the banking and other financial services divisions, due to a new lease at Tectonic Advisors, new deals at Sanders Morris Harris, a new pension portal consulting at Nolan. In addition, legal fees decreased $97,000, primarily in our Banking segment related to the acquisition of Integra during the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in legal fees was offset by an increase in audit and tax consulting fees of $151,000, primarily in our Banking and Parent segments related to the increase in complexity of our annual audit and tax preparation services.

Data processing. Data processing includes costs related to the Company’s operating systems. Data processing expenses decreased $170,000, or 17.6%, from $964,000 for the year ended December 31, 2021, to $794,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was due to decreases in data processing expenses within the Banking segment of $210,000, offset by an increase of $40,000 in our Other Financial Services segment. The decreases in our Banking segment were primarily related to the conversion of the Bank’s core accounting system during the same periods in the prior year, which increased expense during the earlier periods, and the offsetting increases were primarily related to increases at the Bank’s trust division related to increasing activity and improvements in the participant directed services group.

Other expense. Other expenses include costs for insurance, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) and Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) assessments, director fees, and regulatory filing fees related to our brokerage business, business travel, management fees, and other operational expenses. Other expenses increased $897,000, or 19.6%, from $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 to $5.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase includes increases in software costs and licensing primarily at the banking and other financial services divisions of $259,000, advertising and marketing expense across all segments of the Company of $190,000, including the initiative at Tectonic Advisors where we are investing in marketing costs related to assets under management associated with Cain Watters above $2.5 billion, travel and lodging expense at the banking and other financial services divisions of $161,000, increases in employee recruitment and office expense across all segments of the company of $127,000, increases in loan and other real estate operating costs at the Bank of $41,000, and other individually immaterial increases.

Income Taxes

The income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 was $4.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively. The effective income tax rate was 20.6% and 22.0% for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Segment Reporting

We have three operating segments: Banking, Other Financial Services and HoldCo. Our primary operating segments are Banking and Other Financial Services.

Our Banking operating segment includes both commercial and consumer banking services. Commercial banking services are provided primarily to small- to medium-sized businesses and their employees, which includes a wide array of lending and cash management products. Consumer banking services include lending and depository services.

Our Other Financial Services segment includes Tectonic Advisors, Sanders Morris, the Bank’s Trust Division, which includes a TPA services unit, and HWG. Through these business divisions, we offer investment advisory and brokerage services to individuals and businesses, private trust services, and financial management services, including personal wealth management, retirement plan design and administrative services, and insurance brokerage services.

A third operating segment, HoldCo, includes the Bank’s immediate parent and related subordinated debt, as well as operations of the financial holding company that serves as parent for the group overall. Our principal source of revenue is dividends from our subsidiaries.

The following table presents key metrics related to our segments:

Banking

Income before taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased $499,000, or 3.7%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily the result of a $3.4 million increase in non-interest expense, partly offset by a $1.7 million increase in net interest income, a $247,000 increase in non-interest income, and a $950,000 decrease in the provision for loan losses.

Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $1.7 million, or 6.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to an increase in the average yield and average volume on total earning assets, partly offset by an increase in the average rate paid on money market deposit accounts and time deposits and an increase in the average volume of deposits. The average yield on interest earning assets and average rate paid on deposits were impacted by changes in market interest rates and changes in the mix of interest-earning assets. See the analysis of net interest income included in the section captioned “Net Interest Income” included elsewhere in this discussion.

The provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 decreased $950,000, or 43.2%, to $1.3 million, compared to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. See “Allowance for Loan Losses” included elsewhere in this discussion.

Non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $247,000, or 24.9%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $360,000 increase for factoring service fees related to the Integra acquisition during the third quarter of 2021, and a $33,000 increase in deposit service fees and other, partly offset by a $19,000 decrease in rental income, a $26,000 decrease in net loan servicing income and a $101,000 decrease in gain on sale of See the analysis of non-interest income included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Income” included elsewhere in this discussion.

Non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $3.4 million, or 29.1%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily related to a $3.1 million increase in salaries and employee benefits for annual merit increases, increases in (including $1.3 million for the addition of Integra), and incentive bonuses. Other changes include a $99,000 increase in occupancy and equipment expense for increase in facilities expense (including $68,000 for the addition of Integra), a $16,000 increase in professional fees including increases in audit and tax consulting fees, partly offset by legal fees related to the acquisition of Integra during the prior year, a $211,000 decrease in data processing related to banking core system conversion costs in 2022 partly offset by expenses for the operations of Integra, and a $483,000 increase in other expenses including $169,000 for the addition of Integra, $138,000 for software development, $52,000 for FDIC premiums, $45,000 for employee recruitment, $50,000 for travel and a net of $29,000 for various other expenses. See the analysis of non-interest expense included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Expense” included elsewhere in this discussion.

Other Financial Services

Income before taxes for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $617,000, or 5.9%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily the result of a $3.4 million increase in non-interest income partly offset by a $2.8 million increase in non-interest expense.

Non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $3.4 million, or 9.5%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was due to increases in brokerage income of $2.1 million, primarily from increases in private placement activity at Sanders Morris, service fees and other income of $1.3 million, resulting from increases at the Bank’s Nolan division and increases in factoring fees due to having a full year of activity in the year ended December 31, 2022, and an increase of $76,000 in advisory fees, partially offset by a decrease in trust fees of $154,000. See the analysis of non-interest income included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Income” above in this discussion.

Non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased $2.7 million, or 11.0%, compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase was primarily from an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $2.8 million, other operating costs of $360,000, and data processing expense of $41,000, which were offset by decreases in occupancy and equipment costs of $234,000, trust expense of $173,000, professional fees of $60,000, and brokerage and advisory direct costs of $36,000. The increase in salaries and employee benefits expense was primarily from an increase in incentive bonuses at Sanders Morris related to traditional brokerage, private placement, and syndicated offerings activity of $1.6 million, and at the Bank’s Nolan division of $862,000 related to staff increases to accommodate the increase in the number of plans administered and merit increases. The increase in other operating costs was primarily related to an increase in software costs and advertising and marketing expense across our advisory, brokerage, and third party administration businesses. The decrease in occupancy and equipment costs was the result of a decrease in office lease expense at Nolan related to a reduction in space at their home office location in Overland Park, Kansas, and the decrease in trust expense related to fluctuations in asset values during the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease in professional fees related to a reduction in reliance on consultants, and the decrease in brokerage and advisory direct costs related to individually immaterial changes in these expenses at Sanders Morris Harris. See also the analysis of non-interest expense included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Expense” included elsewhere in this discussion.

HoldCo

The net loss before taxes at the HoldCo operating segment increased by $503,000 during the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. The increase is the result of an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $248,000, primarily related to annual bonuses and merit increases, as well as the addition of staff at the holding company. Other operating costs increased $54,000 related to increases in public relations expense and software and computer expenses for initiatives at the holding company to increase integration and efficiency of human resources and overlay management functions across the company. These increases were offset by a decrease in professional fees related to expenses incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021 related to the acquisition of Integra in 2021, which were offset by increases in tax and accounting fees related to an increase in complexity in our annual audit services and market increases in pricing for these services. See also the analysis of non-interest expense included in the section captioned “Non-Interest Expense” included elsewhere in this discussion.

Financial Condition

Investment Securities

The primary purpose of the Company’s investment portfolio is to provide a source of earnings for liquidity management purposes, to provide collateral to pledge against borrowings, and to control interest rate risk. In managing the portfolio, the Company seeks to attain the objectives of safety of principal, liquidity, diversification, and maximized return on investment. Securities are classified as available for sale when we intend to hold for an indefinite period of time but might be sold before maturity. Securities available for sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity as other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax. Securities are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, securities available for sale consisted of U.S. government agency securities and mortgage-backed securities guaranteed by U.S. government agencies. Securities held to maturity consist of Property Assessed Clean Energy (“PACE”) and Public Improvement District/Tax Increment Reinvestment Zone (“PID/TIRZ”) investments. These investment contracts or bonds located in Texas, California and Florida, originate under a contractual obligation between the property owners, the local county or city administration, and a third-party administrator and sponsor. PACE assessments are created to fund the purchase and installation of energy saving improvements to the property such as solar panels. PID/TIRZ assessments are used to pay for the development costs of a residential subdivision. Generally, as a property assessment, the total assessment is repaid in installments over a period of 5 to 32 years by the then current property owner(s). Each installment is collected by the County or City Tax Collector where the property is located. The assessments are an obligation of the property.

Restricted securities consisted of FRB stock, having an amortized cost and fair value of $2.2 million and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and FHLB stock, having an amortized cost and fair value of $1.3 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Securities not readily marketable consists of an income interest in a private investment.

The following presents the amortized cost and fair values of the securities portfolio as of the dates indicated:

The following table summarizes the maturity distribution schedule with corresponding weighted-average yields of securities available for sale and securities held to maturity as of December 31, 2022. Yields are calculated based on amortized cost. Mortgage-backed securities are included in maturity categories based on their stated maturity date. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations. Other securities classified as restricted include stock in the FRB and the FHLB, which have no maturity date. These securities have been included in the total column only and are not included in the total yield.