TerrAscend Corp. - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021

OR

Commission File Number 021-340690

TERRASCEND CORP.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (855)837-7295

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

Common Shares

(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).  Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity (on an as-converted basis, based on the closing price of these shares on the Canadian Stock Exchange) on June 30, 2021, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $2,720,645,057.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Shares outstanding as of March 15, 2022 was 251,863,097.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement relating to the 2022 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “Proxy Statement”) are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Form 10-K”) where indicated. The Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.

Table of Contents

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K contains statements that TerrAscend believes are, or may be considered to be, “forward-looking statements.” All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Form 10-K regarding the prospects of the Company’s industry or the Company’s prospects, plans, financial position or business strategy may constitute forward-looking statements. Such statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “expect”, “likely”, “may”, “will”, “should”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “potential”, “proposed”, “estimate” and other similar words, including negative and grammatical variations thereof, or statements that certain events or conditions “may” or “will” happen, or by discussions of strategy. Forward-looking statements include estimates, plans, expectations, opinions, forecasts, projections, targets, guidance, or other statements that are not statements of fact. Forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to:

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Certain of the forward-looking statements contained herein concerning the cannabis industry and the general expectations of the Company concerning the cannabis industry are based on estimates prepared by the Company using data from publicly available governmental sources as well as from market research and industry analysis and on assumptions based on data and knowledge of the cannabis industry. Such data is inherently imprecise. The cannabis industry involves risks and uncertainties that are subject to change based on various factors, which factors are described further below.

With respect to the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K, the Company has made assumptions regarding, among other things: (i) its ability to generate cash flows from operations and obtain necessary financing on acceptable terms; (ii) general economic, financial market, regulatory and political conditions in which the Company operates; (iii) the output from the Company’s operations; (iv) consumer interest in the Company’s products; (v) competition; (vi) anticipated and unanticipated costs; (vii) government regulation of the Company’s activities and products and in the areas of taxation and environmental protection; (viii) the timely receipt of any required regulatory approvals; (ix) the Company’s ability to obtain qualified staff, equipment and services in a timely and cost efficient manner; (x) the Company’s ability to conduct operations in a safe, efficient and effective manner; and (xi) the Company’s construction plans and timeframe for completion of such plans.

Readers are cautioned that the above list of cautionary statements is not exhaustive. Known and unknown risks, many of which are beyond the control of the Company, could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K. Such lists include, without limitation, those discussed under Item 1A – “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K. The purpose of forward-looking statements is to provide the reader with a description of management’s expectations, and such forward-looking statements may not be appropriate for any other purpose. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K. The Company can give no assurance that such expectations will prove to have been correct. Forward-looking statements contained herein are made as of the date of this Form 10-K and are based on the beliefs, estimates, expectations and opinions of management on the date such forward-looking statements are made. The Company undertakes no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, estimates or opinions, future events or results or otherwise or to explain any material difference between subsequent actual events and such forward-looking statements, except as required by applicable law.

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Risk Factor Summary

Investing in the Company’s common shares (“Common Shares”) involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described in Item 1A – “Risk Factors” beginning on page 27 before deciding to invest in the Company’s Common Shares. If any of these risks actually occur, the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations would likely be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of the Company’s Common Shares would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. Set forth below is a summary of some of the principal risks the Company faces:

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

TerrAscend is a leading North American cannabis operator with vertically integrated licensed operations in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Michigan, and California, licensed cultivation and processing operations in Maryland, and licensed production operations in Canada. TerrAscend operates The Apothecarium and Gage dispensary retail locations, as well as scaled cultivation, processing, and manufacturing facilities in its core markets. TerrAscend’s cultivation and manufacturing practices yield consistent, high-quality cannabis, providing industry-leading product selection to both the medical and adult-use markets. The Company owns several synergistic businesses and brands, including Gage Cannabis, The Apothecarium, Ilera Healthcare, Kind Tree, Prism, State Flower, Valhalla Confections, and Arise Bioscience Inc. Notwithstanding various states in the US that have implemented medical marijuana laws, or that have otherwise legalized the use of cannabis, the use of cannabis remains illegal under US federal law for any purpose, by way of the Controlled Substance Act, as amended (the “CSA”).

TerrAscend operates under one operating segment, being the cultivation, production and sale of cannabis products.

TerrAscend’s portfolio of operating businesses and brands include:

The Company’s head office and registered office is located at 3610 Mavis Road, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5C 1W2.

The Company’s telephone number is 1.855.837.7295 and its website is www.terrascend.com.

Recent Developments

The Acquisition of Gage Growth Corp.

On March 10, 2022, the Company closed its previously announced acquisition of Gage Growth Corp. (“Gage”) pursuant to an arrangement agreement dated August 31, 2021 (as amended) (the “Gage Acquisition”). The Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding subordinate voting shares (or equivalent) of Gage. At closing, Gage shareholders received 51,349,978 Common Shares and an additional 25,811,460 of Common Shares are reserved for issuance in connection with the exercise or exchange of former Gage convertible securities that will be settled with the Company’s Common Shares if and when exercised or exchanged. Total consideration was approximately $386 million based on the closing price of the Common Shares on the

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Canadian Stock Exchange (“CSE”) on March 9, 2022, to be issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration available under Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

Business of Gage

Overview

Gage provides support services to licensed Gage-branded cannabis cultivators, processors, and provisioning centers, and Cookies-branded provisioning centers, in the State of Michigan. Additionally, Gage has built strategic partnerships, and will continue to build strategic partnerships with leading cannabis brands in the US. Gage is focused on continuing to build a diverse portfolio of branded cannabis assets and business arrangements through investments, strategic business relationships and the pursuit of licenses in attractive retail locations in Michigan.

More specifically, Gage, through its subsidiaries, has entered into a series of agreements whereby Gage’s subsidiaries provide various management, business consulting, accounting, administrative, human resources/personnel services, intellectual property, licensing, equipment, technological, financial, construction and real estate-related support services to certain license holders in exchange for certain fees. The license holders with which Gage has entered into such agreements are licensed cannabis cultivators that are engaged in growing, harvesting, and packaging medical and adult-use cannabis pursuant to Michigan law.

Provisioning Centers

The retail products sold in the State of Michigan by the license holders in such Gage-branded provisioning centers, which are commonly referred to as dispensaries in other states, are comprised of premium cannabis flower and cannabis products, including concentrates, edibles and vaporizer products. The top products in such provisioning centers include a broad range of flower products brands including Cookies, Gage, and Lemonnade branded strains of flower. In addition, Gage, through the license holders, offers a wide variety of concentrate, edibles and vaporizer products. The license holders sell cannabis products for the medical and adult-use retail market through the existing Gage-branded provisioning centers and are currently seeking additional medical and adult-use licenses to expand the Gage-branded provisioning center footprint within the state of Michigan. As of December 31, 2021, Gage supported the operation of eleven provisioning centers, all of which held medical licenses and nine of which held adult-use licenses.

Cultivation

Gage provides support services to its license holders, which operate three cultivation facilities within the state of Michigan with approximately 70,000 square feet of cultivation assets. In addition, Gage has plans through these license holders to expand to over 150,000 square feet of cultivation assets by mid 2022. Also, in 2020, Gage entered into agreements with third-party run cultivation facilities to grow flower for these license holders, which began receiving product from these third-party facilities in early 2021. In total, these agreements are expected to allow Gage, through the license holders, to significantly expand flower growing capacity.

As of December 31, 2021, Gage, through these license holders, has entered into eleven contract grow agreements (the “Grow Agreements”) with ten third-party Michigan cannabis license holders (“Contract Growers”) pursuant to which each Contract Grower will cultivate certain products, including “Gage” and “Cookies” branded products. According to the Grow Agreements, five license holders will provide certain cannabis genetics and advise on cannabis grow processes and quality control standards, and will be responsible for its own facility and cultivation processes. Additional production coming from each Contract Grower is expected to enable Gage to significantly increase the product availabilities across its provisioning centers as well as meeting consumer demand.

Gage is currently preparing its processing facility located in Monitor Township, Michigan to become operational. The processing facility will primarily be used to produce Gage’s in-house concentrate products. Currently, Gage is purchasing the majority of the concentrate products from third parties, which results in compressed margins.  

Operating Businesses and Brands

Ilera Healthcare

Ilera is one of the initial five permitted vertically integrated cannabis cultivator, processor, and dispensary operators in the State of Pennsylvania. The grower/processor operation located in Waterfall, Pennsylvania encompasses a 150,000 square foot footprint. Ilera distributes its product line, which includes dried flower, vaporizables, concentrates, tinctures, and topicals broadly across dispensaries throughout Pennsylvania.

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In addition, Ilera operates three Apothecarium-branded retail dispensaries, one in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania opened in March 2018, a second in Lancaster, Pennsylvania opened in April 2020, with a third dispensary in Thorndale, Pennsylvania opened in July 2020. TerrAscend’s Pennsylvania dispensaries offer a variety of products and formats, produced by Ilera and other manufacturers, to ensure its pharmacists and wellness associates can provide an appropriate product to meet a particular patient’s needs.

On April 30, 2021, TerrAscend, through a wholly owned subsidiary WDB Holding PA, Inc. (“WDB Holding PA”), acquired Guadco, LLC and KCR Holdings LLC (collectively “KCR”). The transaction added three additional retail dispensaries located in Bethlehem, Allentown and Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Prior to the acquisition, TerrAscend owned 10% of KCR.

TerrAscend NJ

TerrAscend NJ is permitted to operate as an alternative treatment center in New Jersey’s northern region. Under New Jersey law, alternative treatment centers are vertically integrated and are able to cultivate and process medical cannabis, and operate up to three dispensaries. TerrAscend NJ is a majority-owned subsidiary of TerrAscend, whose minority partners are BWH NJ, LLC and Blue Marble Ventures, LLC. TerrAscend NJ owns a 16-acre site in Boonton Township, Morris County that currently has a cultivation and processing facility with a total footprint of approximately 140,000 square feet. TerrAscend has the ability to further increase the Boonton facility to 240,000 square feet. In addition to cultivation, TerrAscend NJ is also engaged in the extraction, processing and manufacturing of a wide range of branded form factors including, vaporizables, concentrates, topicals, tinctures and lozenges and currently operates two Apothecarium-branded dispensaries in Phillipsburg, and Maplewood, New Jersey. TerrAscend expects to open a third New Jersey dispensary in Lodi in the second quarter of 2022.

California Business, The Apothecarium Dispensaries, Valhalla and State Flower

The Apothecarium Dispensaries include a group of licensed, full-service dispensaries in northern California that provide quality cannabis to both medical patients and adult-use customers. The dispensaries are known for emphasizing education and customer service for seniors, first-time dispensary visitors, and patients with serious medical conditions. The focus is on providing guests with in-depth, one-on-one consultations from trained cannabis consultants. The Apothecarium Dispensaries also provide free cannabis education events that are open to the public. Guests may purchase their cannabis in the dispensaries or order online for pickup or delivery.

There are currently five The Apothecarium Dispensaries in California, including three in San Francisco, one in Berkeley and one in Capitola. The flagship dispensary located in the Castro district of San Francisco was named in 2017 the best-designed dispensary in the country by Architectural Digest.

Valhalla is a premier manufacturer of select cannabis-infused artisan edibles that are gluten free, in both gelatin and vegan varieties, and made with ingredients free of chemically formulated fertilizers, growth stimulants, antibiotics, or pesticides, all while maintaining eco-friendly practices.

State Flower is a producer of premium cannabis flower that is currently sold through dispensaries in California.

HMS

On May 3, 2021, TerrAscend, through a wholly owned subsidiary WDB Holdings MD, Inc. (“WDB MD”), acquired HMS. HMS is a cultivator and processor of medical cannabis in the state of Maryland. The cultivator/processor operation includes a 22,000 square foot facility located in Frederick, Maryland.

Arise

On January 15, 2019, Arise completed the acquisition of substantially all of the assets from Grander Distribution, LLC (“Grander”). Arise is currently engaged in the production and distribution of innovative hemp-derived wellness products utilizing the assets acquired from Grander. Arise’s whole-plant hemp extract products are made in the US and are available for sale in retail locations in the US.

TerrAscend Canada

TerrAscend Canada is a Licensed Producer (as such term is defined in the Cannabis Act) of cannabis in Canada, and its current principal business activities include the sale of recreational (“recreational” or “adult-use”) cannabis to provincial cannabis wholesalers and retailers.

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TerrAscend Canada operates out of a 67,300 square foot facility located in Mississauga, Ontario and is licensed to cultivate, process and sell cannabis for medical and non-medical purposes. These licenses allow for sales of dried cannabis, cannabis oil and extracts, topicals, and edibles. TerrAscend Canada sells products nationally under the Haven Street and Legend brands in the dried flower, vapes, and edibles categories.

A strategic decision was made to cease the growing and cultivation of cannabis in Canada in order to focus on more profitable distribution opportunities. The final harvest from its manufacturing facility occurred in September 2020.

Reorganization

Entry into the US Cannabis Market and Capital Reorganization

On October 9, 2018, TerrAscend announced its intention to pursue growth opportunities in the US cannabis market, including potential acquisitions of operators in states that have legalized cannabis for medical or recreational use. Although TerrAscend at the time did not engage in the business of, or derive any revenue from, the cultivation, distribution or possession of cannabis in the US, TerrAscend announced that it had identified certain acquisition prospects with significant market share and strong brand recognition. To support its new strategy, TerrAscend entered into an agreement with Canopy Growth Corporation (“Canopy Growth”), RIV Capital Inc. (formerly Canopy Rivers Inc.) (“RIV Capital”), and entities controlled by Jason Wild, chairman of TerrAscend (JW Opportunities Master Fund, Ltd., JW Partners, LP, and Pharmaceutical Opportunities Fund, LP) to reorganize the capital of TerrAscend (the “TerrAscend Reorganization”) and obtain waivers of certain contractual covenants that at the time, restricted TerrAscend from operating in the US. The TerrAscend Reorganization was implemented by way of a statutory plan of arrangement on the terms set out in the Arrangement Agreement and was subject to court approval, the approval of TerrAscend’s shareholders, and other customary conditions. The TerrAscend Reorganization was completed on November 30, 2018.

Acquisitions

Acquisition of Grander Assets

On December 24, 2018, TerrAscend announced the signing of a definitive agreement to acquire substantially all of the assets of Grander, a manufacturer and distributor of hemp-derived wellness products. The transaction closed on January 15, 2019. Substantially all of the operating assets of Grander were indirectly acquired by TerrAscend through a wholly owned subsidiary Arise. As consideration, TerrAscend paid $12.7 million, comprising $6.5 million in cash, 1,362,343 Common Shares, and $0.5 million in working capital adjustments. The fair value of the Common Shares was $5.1 million as at January 15, 2019. Subject to meeting certain earnings milestones, TerrAscend agreed to pay up to an additional $10 million in cash or share considerations. The total value of the potential purchase consideration payable by TerrAscend under the terms of the agreement was approximately $22.7 million, and the fair value of the contingent consideration was $0.6 million as at January 15, 2019. Based on performance of the Arise business during the measurement period, the milestones for the additional $10 million payment were not met and the total purchase consideration paid by TerrAscend remained $12.7 million.

Acquisition of The Apothecarium Dispensaries in Northern California

On June 6, 2019, TerrAscend closed a series of transactions to acquire controlling interests in three entities in California operating the retail dispensary brand known as “The Apothecarium.” The transactions also included the acquisition of entities that were seeking to operate two additional retail locations in Northern California, which were ultimately opened in Berkeley and Capitola, and Valhalla, a leading provider of premium edible products. TerrAscend acquired 49.9% of the outstanding equity interests of the entities operating the three San Francisco The Apothecarium Dispensary locations and TerrAscend has the right (or, in certain circumstances, obligation) to acquire the remaining equity interests of those entities post-closing, following receipt of certain regulatory approvals. As consideration, TerrAscend paid $71.8 million, comprising $36.8 million in cash, $1.1 million in the form of a working capital adjustment, contingent consideration of $3 million and 6,700 TerrAscend proportionate voting shares (“Proportionate Voting Shares”). The fair value of the share consideration at June 6, 2019 was $30.9 million. TerrAscend retains 100% of the economics of entities operating the three San Francisco locations and the Berkeley and Capitola locations of The Apothecarium Dispensaries through control of such entities.

Acquisition of Ilera

On September 16, 2019, TerrAscend acquired 100% of the equity of the entities comprising Ilera for total consideration of $225 million paid in a combination of cash and Common Shares. At closing, TerrAscend paid to the sellers $25 million in cash, subject to customary closing adjustments, an additional $25 million worth of Proportionate Voting Shares in the equity of TerrAscend equivalent to approximately 5,059.102 Proportionate Voting Shares (which are each exchangeable for 1,000

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Common Shares), and $601,000 in working capital adjustments. Additional cash consideration of $175 million in aggregate was paid to the sellers based on Ilera achieving certain specified sales and profitability targets, with staged payments made in 2020 and 2021. On June 30, 2021 the final earn-out had been calculated and remaining fair value amount of $29.7 million was paid on that date.

Acquisition of State Flower

On January 23, 2020, TerrAscend obtained control of ABI SF LLC, owner of State Flower, a premium California cannabis brand that is currently sold through dispensaries in California. As consideration, the Company converted its previously issued note receivable and accrued interest in the amount of $3 million into a 49.9% equity interest in State Flower. The Company also recorded contingent consideration payable of $6.6 million, representing the expected consideration payable to acquire the remaining 50.1% of State Flower, which comprises 100% of its preferred shares, subject to regulatory approval. TerrAscend retains 100% of the economics of State Flower through control of ABI SF LLC and has the right to acquire the remaining equity interests of ABI SF LLC, for no additional consideration, following receipt of certain regulatory approvals. On December 31, 2021, the final earn-out has been calculated. The Company made a payment of $6,954 in January 2022. The remaining amount will be paid to the sellers of State Flower upon the Company’s acquisition of the remaining 50.1% of State Flower.  

Acquisition of HMS

On May 3, 2021, TerrAscend, through a wholly owned subsidiary, WDB MD, acquired HMS, a cultivator of cannabis flower for the wholesale medical cannabis market in Maryland. TerrAscend acquired 100% of the equity of HMS Health and the rights to acquire 100% of the equity of HMS Processing, a processor of cannabis flower, post-closing following receipt of certain regulatory approvals, for total consideration of $24.5 million comprised of $22.4 million in cash and a $2.1 million note, which bears 5.0% annual interest, due April 2022. TerrAscend retains 100% of the economics of HMS through full ownership of HMS Health and a master services agreement with HMS Processing.

Acquisition of Keystone Canna Remedies

On April 30, 2021, TerrAscend, through a wholly owned subsidiary, acquired KCR. The transaction added three retail dispensaries located in Bethlehem, Allentown and Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Prior to the acquisition, TerrAscend owned 10% of KCR. TerrAscend acquired the remaining 90% of the equity for total consideration of $69.8 million comprised of $34.4 million in Common Shares, $20.5 million in cash, $7.1 million related to the fair value in previously owned shares, and a $6.8 million note which bears 10% annual interest, due April 2022.

New Jersey Partnership

On August 20, 2021, the Company purchased an additional 12.5% (previously owned 75%), with an option to purchase an additional 6.25% ownership, of the issued and outstanding equity of TerrAscend NJ from BWH NJ, LLC and Blue Marble Ventures, LLC for a total consideration of $50,000, which was paid during the year ended December 31, 2021. Upon closing of the agreement, the Company now owns 87.5% of the issued and outstanding equity of TerrAscend NJ.

The Company has the option to purchase an additional 6.25% ownership, for a total of 93.75%, at a predetermined valuation during the period commencing April 1, 2023 through June 15, 2023.

Acquisition of Gage

For more information regarding the Acquisition of Gage, please see Item 1 – “Business” – “Recent Developments” – “The Acquisition of Gage Growth Corp.”

Principal Products

The Company offers a competitive product portfolio in the jurisdictions in which it operates. Depending on the jurisdiction, the Company offers a variety of products, including, flower, concentrates, edibles and/or accessories. In addition, the Company has continually been at the forefront of developing and introducing innovative products to serve patients’ and customers’ unique needs. For example, effective August 18, 2021, TerrAscend NJ signed an exclusive agreement to supply Cookies licensed product to the New Jersey market and to bring “Cookies Corners” to its three dispensaries in New Jersey.

Principal Markets

The Company’s operations are currently limited to the US and Canada. In the US, the Company sells cannabis products in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and California and with the recent consummation of the Gage Transaction, the Company now also sells cannabis products in Michigan. In Canada, the Company produces and sells products in all provinces and

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territories. The Company’s Arise business also sells whole-plant hemp extract products in retail locations across the US where legally permitted. TerrAscend’s business is not generally cyclical or seasonal in nature.

Distribution Methods

The Company distributes its branded products across dispensaries in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and California and with the recent consummation of the Gage Transaction, the Company has begun managing distribution of cannabis products in Michigan. In Canada, the Company sells its products to provincial and territorial wholesalers and retailers. The Company’s Arise business also sells whole-plant hemp extract products in retail locations across the US where legally permitted.

Production Facilities

The Company currently operates seven cultivation, manufacturing and warehouse facilities in the US and Canada. See Item 2 – “Properties.”

Sources and Availability of Materials

The Company grows or procures the primary component of its finished products, namely cannabis. The Company’s cultivation operations are dependent on a number of key inputs and their related costs including raw materials and supplies related to its growing operations, as well as electricity, water and other utilities.

Specialized Knowledge and Skills

All aspects of TerrAscend’s business requires specialized skills and knowledge. TerrAscend believes its team has developed and sourced business systems to effectively and efficiently operate its wholesale operations and retail cannabis operations across North America. The brand building, retail marketing and product development knowledge and skills of TerrAscend’s management team and employees will be essential to TerrAscend becoming a well-respected household name within the retail cannabis industry. Please see Item 1A – “Risk Factors” – “Risks Related to TerrAscend’s Business, Operations and Industry” – “The Company is dependent on suppliers and key inputs for the cultivation, extraction and production of cannabis products.”

Competitive Conditions

TerrAscend faces, and will continue to face, competition from new and existing licensed cannabis operators, competitors with existing retail operations, government owned retailers and the illicit market and other applicable participants in the cannabis wholesale and manufacturing industry. Some of the competitors of TerrAscend may have greater financial resources, market access and manufacturing and marketing experience than TerrAscend.

Increased competition by numerous independent cannabis retail outlets and larger and better financed competitors (including new entrants) could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend.

TerrAscend’s competition can be grouped into the following categories:

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Protection of Intellectual Property

The ownership and protection of TerrAscend’s intellectual property rights is a significant aspect of TerrAscend’s future success. Currently the Company relies on trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information. The Company protects its intellectual property by seeking and obtaining registered protection where possible, developing and implementing standard operating procedures to protect trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information and entering into restrictive agreements with parties that have access to the Company’s inventions, trade secrets, technical know-how and proprietary information, such as TerrAscend’s partners, collaborators, employees and consultants, to protect confidentiality and ownership. The Company also seeks to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of its inventions, trade secrets, trademarks, technical know-how and proprietary information by maintaining physical security of the Company’s premises and physical and electronic security of its information technology systems.

In addition, the Company has sought and will continue to seek trademark protection in the US and Canada. TerrAscend’s ability to obtain registered trademark protection for cannabis-related goods and services, in particular for cannabis itself, may be limited in certain countries outside of Canada, including the US, where registered federal trademark protection is currently unavailable for trademarks covering marijuana-related products and services that are illegal under the CSA. Accordingly, TerrAscend’s ability to obtain intellectual property rights or enforce intellectual property rights against third party uses of similar trademarks may be limited in certain countries. The US Patent and Trademark Office released a policy on May 2, 2019 that clarifies that applications for trademarks for products that meet the definition of hemp could be accepted for registration, with certain exceptions.

Human Capital

As of December 31, 2021, TerrAscend employed 821 employees, none of whom were subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Of these employees, approximately 742 were full-time. The Company believes it has a good relationship with its employees.

TerrAscend believes in building a diverse team, and it strives to make the Company a welcoming space where everyone can make an impact on the Company’s success. TerrAscend encourages talented people from all backgrounds to join the Company and strives to make it a place of inclusion.

TerrAscend takes seriously the health and safety of the Company’s employees and customers and so, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Company has implemented extended health and safety protocols in all of TerrAscend’s locations. These protocols require appropriate social distancing where work duties permit, allow individuals who are able to fulfill their work duties remotely to work from home, require masks and/or face coverings while individuals are in the workplace, institute regular cleaning and sanitization measures, and put in place appropriate reporting and communication procedures to ensure maintenance of required confidentiality while also providing sufficient information for employees to make educated decisions regarding their health. TerrAscend monitors and follows relevant guidance from the Center for Disease Control and other health and safety experts.

The Company is committed to providing a safe and secure work environment in accordance with applicable labor, safety, health, anti-discrimination and other workplace laws. TerrAscend strives for all the Company’s employees to feel safe and empowered at work. To that end, the Company maintains a hotline that employees can call, with the option of remaining anonymous, to voice concerns.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table provides information regarding TerrAscend’s executive officers and their respective positions as of March 15, 2022.

The Articles provide that the directors may, from time to time, appoint such officers as the directors determine. The directors may, at any time, terminate any such appointment. All members of management devote full time to the business of the Company and have entered into a non-competition or non-disclosure agreement with the Company.

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Executive Officer Biographies

Jason Wild

Jason Wild has served as Executive Chairman of TerrAscend since March 23, 2021. Mr. Wild is also the President and Chief Investment Officer of JW Asset Management, LLC. Mr. Wild received his license as a pharmacist in 1997, and subsequently founded JW Asset Management, LLC in 1998, where he has worked as a professional portfolio manager for the past 20 years. Mr. Wild previously served as a Director of Arbor. Mr. Wild is a graduate of the Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, where he received a bachelor’s degree in Pharmacy. The Company believes Mr. Wild is qualified to serve on the Board of Directors because of his extensive experience in mergers and acquisitions and cannabis industry knowledge.

Keith Stauffer

Keith Stauffer joined TerrAscend as Chief Financial Officer in April 2020. Mr. Stauffer has over 25 years of experience as a business executive holding various senior finance and leadership roles across multiple industries. Most recently, Mr. Stauffer served from August 2018 until March 2020 as Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of the Global Consumer Beauty Division at Coty, Inc. (“Coty”), a $3B+ global division based in New York. In this role, Mr. Stauffer led a global finance team and partnered with division leadership and the Coty executive team to formulate and drive a business turnaround. Prior to his role at Coty, Mr. Stauffer spent 10 years at The Hershey Company holding various senior financial positions, including Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of the international business. Prior to Hershey, Mr. Stauffer held various positions at Dell Technologies and Procter & Gamble. Mr. Stauffer received a Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from Purdue University and a Master of Business Administration from Purdue’s Krannert Graduate School of Management.

Ziad Ghanem

Ziad Ghanem joined TerrAscend as President and Chief Operating Officer in January 2022. Mr. Ghanem brings over 17 years of experience in large-scale healthcare services delivery, pharmacy and retail operations. Most recently, Mr. Ghanem served as President of all markets at Surterra Holdings, Inc. (doing business as Parallel), a privately held, vertically integrated, multi-state cannabis operator in the U.S., from November 2020 until January 2022. Prior to his role at Parallel, Mr. Ghanem served in a variety of roles at Walgreens Boots Alliance from August 2004 to November 2020, eventually serving as Senior Director of Global Pharmacy Development. Mr. Ghanem received a Doctor of Pharmacy from the University of Houston.

Licenses and Regulatory Framework in US

The Company and its subsidiaries, as applicable, currently hold all necessary state licenses and permits to carry on the activities it conducts. See Appendix A – “List of Licenses and Permits of TerrAscend Corp.”

Summary of US Cannabis Regulatory Regime

 The cannabis industry is subject to various state and local laws, regulations and guidelines relating to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution, sale, storage and disposal of medical and recreational cannabis, as well as laws and regulations relating to health and safety, the conduct of operations and the protection of the environment. The US regulatory scheme varies in its terminology and definitions, using “cannabis”, “marijuana” and “hemp” as distinct terms. The regulatory environment governing the medical and recreational marijuana industries in the US, where state law permits such activities, are, and will continue to be, subject to evolving regulation by governmental authorities. Accordingly, there are a number of risks associated with investing in businesses in an evolving regulatory environment, including, without limitation, increased industry competition, rapid consolidation of industry participants and potential insolvency of industry participants.

38 states plus the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands and Guam that have authorized medical marijuana and approximately 18 states plus the District of Columbia, Guam, and the Commonwealth of Northern Marina Islands who have authorized adult-use (i.e. recreational) marijuana. Notwithstanding the permissive regulatory environment of medical, and in some cases also recreational marijuana at the state level, marijuana remains a Schedule I drug under the CSA, making it illegal under US federal law to cultivate, manufacture, distribute, sell or possess marijuana in the US. Furthermore, financial transactions involving proceeds generated by, or intended to promote, cannabis-related business activities in the US may form the basis for prosecution under applicable US federal money laundering legislation.

The US federal government’s approach to enforcement of marijuana laws has trended toward deference to state laws where a robust state regulatory framework exists. On August 29, 2013, the US Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) issued a memorandum known as the “Cole Memorandum” to all US Attorneys’ offices. The Cole Memorandum generally directed US Attorneys not

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to prioritize the enforcement of federal marijuana laws against individuals and businesses that comply with state medical marijuana programs. The Cole Memorandum, while not legally binding and only a policy statement, assisted in managing the tension between state and federal laws concerning all medical and adult-use state-regulated marijuana businesses.

On January 4, 2018, the Cole Memorandum was rescinded by former Attorney General Sessions. While this did not create a change in federal law, the revocation added to the uncertainty of US federal enforcement of the CSA in states where marijuana use is regulated. Former Attorney General Sessions also issued a one-page memorandum known as the “Sessions Memorandum” which confirmed the rescission of the Cole Memorandum and explained that the Cole Memorandum was “unnecessary” due to existing general enforcement guidance as set forth in the US Attorney’s Manual. While the Sessions Memorandum does emphasize that marijuana is a Schedule I controlled substance, and states the statutory view that it is a “dangerous drug and that marijuana activity is a serious crime,” it does not otherwise indicate that the prosecution of marijuana-related offenses is a heightened DOJ priority. Furthermore, the Sessions Memorandum explicitly describes itself as a guide to prosecutorial discretion. Such prosecutorial discretion remains in the hands of US Attorneys when deciding whether or not to prosecute marijuana-related offenses.

On November 7, 2018, US Attorney General Jeff Sessions resigned as US Attorney General. On February 14, 2019, William Barr was confirmed by the US Senate as the next Attorney General. During one of his Senate confirmation hearings, Mr. Barr stated that he did not support cannabis legalization but would not prosecute cannabis businesses that comply with state laws. Mr. Barr stated further that he would not upset settled expectations that have arisen as a result of the Cole Memorandum.

On March 11, 2021, Merrick Garland was appointed US Attorney General. Mr. Garland indicated he would generally act in accordance with the Cole Memorandum, when, at his confirmation hearing, he said, “It does not seem to me a useful use of limited resources that we have, to be pursuing prosecutions in states that have legalized and that are regulating the use of marijuana, either medically or otherwise.” He has not, however, reissued the Cole Memorandum or issued substitute guidance. While enforcement of federal laws against regulated state entities does not appear to be a US DOJ priority, the US DOJ may change its enforcement policies at any time, with or without advance notice.

For the reasons set forth herein, the Company’s existing investments in the US, and any future investments, may become the subject of heightened scrutiny by regulators, stock exchanges and other authorities in Canada. As a result, the Company may be subject to significant direct and indirect interaction with public officials. There can be no assurance that this heightened scrutiny will not lead to the imposition of certain restrictions on the Company’s ability to invest in the US or any other jurisdiction. Government policy changes or public opinion may also result in a significant influence over the regulation of the marijuana industry in the US or elsewhere. A negative shift in the public’s perception of marijuana in the US or any other applicable jurisdiction could affect future legislation or regulation. Among other things, such a shift could cause state and local jurisdictions to abandon initiatives or proposals to legalize medical or recreational marijuana, thereby limiting the number of new state jurisdictions into which the Company could expand. Any inability to fully implement the Company’s expansion strategy may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, under US federal law, it may be a violation of federal money laundering statutes for financial institutions to take any proceeds from the sale of marijuana or any other Schedule I controlled substance. Banks and other financial institutions, particularly those that are federally chartered in the US, could be prosecuted and possibly convicted of money laundering for providing services to marijuana businesses. It may also be a violation of federal money laundering statutes for “federal health care law violations,” which include violations of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”).

Violations of any US federal laws and regulations could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions or settlements arising from civil proceedings conducted by either the federal government or private citizens, or criminal charges, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, cessation of business activities, civil forfeiture or divestiture. This could have a material adverse effect on the Company, including its reputation and ability to conduct business, its marijuana licenses in the US, the listing of its securities on various stock exchanges, its financial position, operating results, profitability or liquidity or the market price of its publicly traded shares. In addition, it is difficult for the Company to estimate the time or resources that would be needed for the investigation of any such matters or its final resolution because, in part, the time and resources that may be needed are dependent on the nature and extent of any information requested by the applicable authorities involved, and such time or resources could be substantial. For the reasons set forth above, the Company’s investments and operations in the US may become the subject of heightened scrutiny by regulators, stock exchanges and other authorities in Canada.

The Company may also be subject to a variety of laws and regulations domestically and in the US that relate to money laundering, financial recordkeeping and proceeds of crime, including the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act of 1970 (commonly known as the Bank Secrecy Act), as amended by Title III of the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 (USA PATRIOT Act), the Proceeds of

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Crime (Money Laundering) and Terrorist Financing Act (Canada), as amended and the rules and regulations thereunder, the Criminal Code (Canada) and any related or similar rules, regulations or guidelines, issued, administered or enforced by governmental authorities in the US and Canada. Further, under US federal law, banks or other financial institutions that provide a marijuana business with a checking account, debit or credit card, small business loan, or any other service could be found guilty of money laundering, aiding and abetting, or conspiracy.

In February 2014, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the Treasury Department issued a memorandum (the “FinCEN Memorandum”) providing instructions to banks seeking to provide services to marijuana-related businesses. The FinCEN Memorandum clarifies how financial institutions can provide services to marijuana-related businesses consistent with their Bank Secrecy Act obligations. It refers to supplementary guidance that Deputy Attorney General Cole issued to federal prosecutors relating to the prosecution of money laundering offenses predicated on marijuana-related violations of the CSA and independently lists the federal government’s enforcement priorities as related to marijuana. Although the original FinCEN Memorandum is still in place, this supplementary Department of Justice guidance that accompanied the FinCEN Memorandum was rescinded when former Attorney General Sessions rescinded the Cole Memorandum. It is unclear whether the current administration will follow the guidelines of the FinCEN Memorandum, although immediately after the Sessions Memorandum, then-US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin stated that the Treasury Department had no intention to rescind the FinCEN Memorandum but, instead, wanted to improve the availability of banking services in the state-regulated marijuana space. The position of current Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen is relatively unknown. In the foreseeable future, the Company expects any amounts payable by the Company from its subsidiaries to remain in the US to fund the further development of its businesses. The Company may also consider future debt or equity financings.

H.R. 1595, the SAFE Banking Act of 2019, which would expand financial services in the US to marijuana-related legitimate businesses and service providers, was introduced in the US House of Representatives (the “House”) on March 7, 2019 with bipartisan support. On April 11, 2019, S. 1200, the US Senate (the “Senate”) version of the SAFE Banking Act, was filed. This bill also has bipartisan support and more than a fifth of the total Senate, 27 members, co-sponsored it. On September 25, 2019, H.R. 1595 passed in the House by a vote of 321 to 103, but it stalled in the US Senate. The SAFE Banking Act passed the House again on May 15, 2020, when it was included in the COVID-19 stimulus bill, the Health and Economic Recovery Omnibus Emergency Solutions Act. However, that measure also stalled in the Senate. The SAFE Banking Act passed the House again on April 19, 2021 as H.R. 1996, by a vote of 321 – 101. The bill was received by the Senate and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, where it remained. On September 23, 2021, the House approved the National Defense Authorization Act (“NDAA”) that contained the provisions of the SAFE Banking Act. The SAFE Banking Act was subsequently removed from the NDAA by the House-Senate conference committee on December 7, 2021, and was not included in the final version of the NDAA. On February 4, 2022, the House passed the America COMPETES Act of 2022, which included the provisions of the SAFE Banking Act. The legislation is now before the Senate for its consideration.

Other legislation that has been introduced in the US that would make cannabis transactions easier and more predictable, include the Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act (the “MORE Act”) and the Cannabis Administration and Opportunities Act (the “CAOA”). The MORE Act was first introduced in July 2019 by Representative Jerrold Nadler in the House, and in the Senate by then-US Senator Kamala Harris. If it were to become law, the MORE Act would remove cannabis as a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA and make available US Small Business Administration funding for regulated cannabis operators. The MORE Act was reintroduced in the current US Congress (“Congress”) by Representative Nadler on May 28, 2021, with no corresponding bill introduced in the Senate. The CAOA was released as a discussion draft by US Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, US Senator Ron Wyden, and US Senator Cory Booker in July 2021. If it were to become law it would, among other things, remove cannabis from the definition of a controlled substance under the CSA, allow states to set their own regulations for cannabis, and block states from prohibiting interstate commerce of regulated cannabis across their borders. Recently introduced into Congress is another bill, the States Reform Act (“SRA”), introduced by Rep. Nancy Mace (R-SC), which would repeal the federal prohibition of cannabis.

It is unlikely that the MORE Act, the CAOA, or the SRA will pass both the House and the Senate and be signed into law this year. Based on the momentum seen last year, legislative efforts to legalize cannabis or cannabis banking at the national level are likely to continue this year. Depending on the political winds and the outcome of federal elections, it is possible but not certain that one or more of these bills could become law sometime in the coming years.

Despite the rescission of the Cole Memorandum, one legislative safeguard for the medical marijuana industry remains in place. Congress has used a rider known as the Rohrabacher-Blumenauer Amendment in the fiscal year 2015, 2016 and 2017 Consolidated Appropriations Acts (the “RBA”) to prevent the federal government from using congressionally appropriated funds to enforce federal marijuana laws against regulated medical marijuana actors operating in compliance with state and local law. However, this measure does not protect adult-use marijuana businesses. As part of the $1.3 trillion federal spending bill enacted on March 23, 2018, Congress renewed the RBA through September 2018, and subsequently extended it further. The RBA is an appropriations rider that prohibits the DOJ from using federal funds to prevent states from implementing marijuana

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laws. The US Ninth Circuit in United States v. McIntosh held that the prohibition under the RBA also prevents the DOJ from spending federal funds to prosecute individuals who are engaged in conduct that is permitted by, and in compliance with, state medical marijuana laws. In July 2020, the House introduced a base appropriations bill with the RBA included, and this amendment was renewed through stopgap funding bills on October 1, December 11, December 18, December 20, and December 22, 2020, until an amendment was renewed through the passage and Presidential signing of H.R. 133, which was effective through September 30, 2021. On September 30, 2021, December 3, 2021, and February 18, 2022, President Biden signed short-term stopgap spending bills to extend current appropriations, most recently through March 11, 2022. There is no assurance that Congress will approve inclusion of a similar prohibition on DOJ spending in the appropriation bills for future years.

State-Level Overview

The following section presents an overview of market and regulatory conditions for the marijuana industry in US states in which the Company has or is intending to have an operating presence and is presented as of the date of filing, unless otherwise indicated.

California

 In 1996, California voters passed Proposition 215, also known as the Compassionate Use Act, allowing physicians to recommend cannabis for an inclusive set of qualifying medical conditions including chronic pain. The law established a not-for-profit patient/caregiver system but there was no state licensing authority to oversee the businesses that emerged as a result of the system. In September of 2015, the California legislature passed three bills, collectively known as the Medical Marijuana Regulation and Safety Act. In 2016, California voters passed The Adult Use of Marijuana Act, which legalized recreational use cannabis for adults 21 years of age and older and created a licensing system for commercial cannabis businesses. Note, California defines “cannabis” to mean “marijuana.” On June 27, 2017, then-Governor Jerry Brown signed Senate Bill 94 into law, which combined California’s medicinal and recreational use cannabis frameworks into one licensing structure under the Medicinal and Adult-Use of Cannabis Regulation and Safety Act (“MAUCRSA”).

Pursuant to MAUCRSA: (i) CalCannabis, a division of the California Department of Food and Agriculture, was designated to issue licenses to cannabis cultivators: (ii) the Manufactured Cannabis Safety Branch (the “MCSB”), a division of the California Department of Public Health, was designated to issue licenses to cannabis manufacturers; and (iii) the California Department of Consumer Affairs, via its agency the Bureau of Cannabis Control (the “BCC”), was designated to issue licenses to cannabis distributors, testing laboratories, retailers, and micro-businesses. These agencies were also charged with overseeing various aspects of implementing and maintaining California’s cannabis landscape, including the statewide track and trace system. All three agencies released their initial emergency rulemakings at the end of 2017 and updated them with minor revisions in June 2018. The three agencies adopted their permanent rulemakings on January 16, 2019. All three agencies began issuing temporary licenses in January 2018 and stopped doing so on December 31, 2018, pursuant to MAUCRSA.

Local authorization is a prerequisite to obtaining a state license, and local governments are permitted to prohibit or otherwise regulate the types and number of cannabis businesses allowed in their locality. All three state regulatory agencies require confirmation from the applicable locality that the operator is operating in compliance with local requirements and was granted authorization to continue or commence commercial cannabis operations within the locality’s jurisdiction. Applicants are required to comply with all local zoning and land use requirements and provide written authorization from the property owner where the commercial cannabis operations are proposed to take place, which must dictate that the applicant has the property owner’s authorization to engage in the specific state-sanctioned commercial cannabis activities proposed to occur on the premises. The State has not set a limit on the number of state licenses an entity may hold, unlike other states that have restricted how many cannabis licenses an entity may hold in total or for various types of cannabis activity. Although vertical integration across multiple license types is allowed under MAUCRSA, testing laboratory licensees may not hold any other licenses aside from a laboratory license. There are also no residency requirements for ownership of a state license under MAUCRSA.

California state licenses, and some local licenses, are renewed annually. Each year, licensees are required to submit a state renewal application to the relevant regulatory authority, and all applicable local renewal applications to the applicable local regulatory body (for local licenses) such as the Department of Cannabis Regulation in the City of Los Angeles.

On July 12, 2021, Governor Gavin Newsom signed AB-141 into law, triggering the consolidation of CalCannabis, the MCSB, and the BCC into the newly created Department of Cannabis Control (the “DCC”). The DCC was created in an effort to centralize regulatory authority and facilitate a more easily navigable regulatory regime. All licenses obtained under the previous regulatory authorities automatically transferred to the DCC, which will be responsible for issuing and renewing all cannabis licenses moving forward. In September 2021 the DCC issued emergency regulations, which were approved and went into effect the same month. The emergency regulations, among other things, include revised definitions clarifying who are considered to

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be owners or holders of a financial stake in cannabis businesses, and provisions allowing for the sale of branded products between businesses.

California’s robust regulatory system is designed to ensure, monitor, and enforce compliance with all aspects of a cannabis operator’s licensed operations. California’s state license application process additionally requires comprehensive criminal, regulatory, financial and personal disclosures, coupled with stringent monitoring and continuous reporting requirements designed to ensure only good actors are granted licenses and that licensees continue to operate in compliance with the state regulatory program. Applicants must submit standard operating procedures describing how the operator will, among other requirements, secure the facility, manage inventory, comply with the state’s seed-to-sale tracking requirements, dispense cannabis, and handle waste, as applicable to the license sought. Once licensed, an operator must continue to abide by the processes described in its application and seek regulatory approval before any changes to such procedures can be made. Licensees are additionally required to train their employees on compliant operations and are only permitted to transact with other legal and licensed businesses.

As a condition of state licensure, operators must consent to random and unannounced inspections of their commercial cannabis facility as well as all of the facility’s books and records, so as to monitor and enforce compliance with state law. Many localities have also enacted similar standards for inspections, and the state has already commenced site-visits and compliance inspections for operators who have received state temporary or annual licensure.

New Jersey

On January 18, 2010, the Compassionate Use Medical Marijuana Act (the “CUMMA”) came into force allowing patients with a limited number of qualifying medial conditions to access the state’s medical marijuana program. The New Jersey Department of Health (the “NJDOH”) issued regulations shortly thereafter authorizing the NJDOH to accept applications for a minimum of six alternative treatment centers (the “ATCs”), with two each to operate in the north, central and south regions of New Jersey.

CUMMA permits each ATC to operate as both a cultivator and dispensary under one permit. These activities can take place at up to two locations, as long as both locations are within the same region. The application process involves two stages. Those seeking an ATC permit must first submit an application seeking authority to apply for a permit to operate. Upon the granting of the application, the prospective ATC must then complete the application for actual permitting. Applications for authority to apply for a permit may only be submitted following solicitation from NJDOH for such applications. The first six permits for ATCs were awarded to nonprofit entities, with subsequent permits to be available to both nonprofit and for-profit entities. In 2013, CUMMA was amended to allow ATCs to cultivate an unlimited number of strains of marijuana and sell additional marijuana-infused products, and to restrict the same of marijuana-infused edible products to qualifying patients under the age of 18. With additional authorizations, ATCs may also house manufacturing facilities for marijuana-infused products such as syrups and lozenges. All marijuana is subject to a tetrahydrocannabinol (“THC”) limit of 10%, though NJDOH is proposing to repeal the regulation that establishes this limit.

Upon taking office on January 16, 2018, Governor Murphy expanded the medical program by issuing Executive Order No. 6, which ordered a 60-day review of all aspects of New Jersey’s current program, “with a focus on ways to expand access to marijuana for medical purposes.” In response to Executive Order No. 6, NJDOH released its EO 6 Report on March 23, 2018, which proposed significant changes to the existing medicinal program. In an effort to create greater patient access, the state immediately put into effect some of the recommended changes, including cutting registration and renewal fees, and expanding qualifying conditions.

On July 16, 2018, the Murphy Administration announced that the licensing application process would be opened for up to six additional vertically integrated medicinal marijuana ATCs. The NJDOH released a Notice of Request for Applications outlining the reason for issuing the licenses, eligibility rules and information required for the applications. The application period opened on August 1, 2018 and closed on August 31, 2018. Winning applicants were supposed to be selected on or before November 1, 2018 but this deadline was subsequently pushed to December due to administrative constraints. On December 17, 2018, NJDOH revealed the additional six medical marijuana ATCs it picked to add to the program. New Jersey will now have 12 vertically-integrated ATCs across the state, if these additional six applicant ATCs become operational. These six applicant ATCs now must pass background checks, provide evidence of cultivation and dispensary locations with municipal approval for each location, and comply with all regulations promulgated by the NJDOH, including safety and security requirements.

On March 25, 2019, a planned vote on legislative package including medical expansion and adult-use legalization was pulled due to a lack of votes necessary to pass the legislation through the state Senate. This setback came after significant momentum had helped to pass the bill through the appropriations and judiciary committees earlier in the month. After the package of cannabis reforms stalled, Governor Murphy announced he would be expanding the medical program through administrative action. This announcement has proved contentious as the Senate President claims any regulatory changes for medical cannabis

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would make securing the votes necessary to pass adult-use legalization more difficult. On May 14, 2019, the Senate President announced he would no longer work to advance adult-use legalization through the legislature and instead would pivot to put the issue before voters for the 2020 general election. While legalization stalled, bills to expand the state’s medical program and reform criminal penalties continued to move forward. On December 18, 2020, Governor Murphy signed A. 5981/S. 4154 into law, which facilitates the expungement of low-level marijuana crimes and other offenses. And, on November 3, 2020, New Jersey voters passed a ballot measure amending the New Jersey Constitution to permit the use of marijuana for adults over 21 years of age. The ballot measure will also allow New Jersey to regulate the growth, distribution, and sale of adult-use marijuana. On November 4, 2020, New Jersey Attorney General Gurbir S. Grewal issued a statement reminding New Jersey residents that the state’s criminal laws related to marijuana still apply until the state legislature enacts a framework for adult-use cannabis.

On February 22, 2021, Governor Murphy signed the New Jersey Cannabis Regulatory, Enforcement Assistance, and Marketplace Modernization Act (“CREAMMA”) into law, legalizing the use of marijuana by adults 21 years of age and older in New Jersey. On August 19, 2021, New Jersey’s Cannabis Regulatory Commission (“CRC”) published its first set of rules associated with adult-use cannabis in the state. These rules outline the details of licensing, the authority of municipalities, the operations of cannabis businesses, and the CRC’s authority over adult-use cannabis. Additional rules are expected as New Jersey’s adult-use program continues toward becoming operational. The goal date for adult-use cannabis sales to begin under CREAMMA was no later than 180 days after the adoption of initial rules promulgated under CREAMMA, or mid-February 2022. The CRC missed that deadline and has indicated that its new target date to launch adult-use cannabis sales is March 15, 2022. There is no guarantee the new date will be met.

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania medical marijuana program was signed into law on April 17, 2016 under Act 16 and provided access to state residents with one or more of 17 qualifying conditions, including: epilepsy, chronic pain and PTSD. The state originally awarded only 12 licenses to cultivate/process and 27 licenses to operate retail dispensaries (which entitled holders to up to three medical dispensary locations per retail license).

On March 22, 2018, it was announced that the final phase of the Pennsylvania medical marijuana program would initiate its rollout, which included 13 additional cultivation/processing licenses and 23 additional dispensary licenses. Additionally, the list of qualifying conditions was expanded from 17 to 21. On July 20, 2019, two more qualifying medical conditions were added, bringing the total to 23.

There are two principal license categories in Pennsylvania: (1) cultivation/processing and (2) dispensary. All cultivation/processing establishments and dispensaries must register with Pennsylvania Department of Health. Registration certificates are valid for a period of one year and are subject to annual renewals after required fees are paid and the business remains in good standing. The Pennsylvania Department of Health must renew a permit unless it determines the applicant is unlikely to maintain effective control against diversion of medical cannabis and the applicant is unlikely to comply with all laws as prescribed under the Pennsylvania medical marijuana program.

Under applicable laws, the licenses permit the license holder to cultivate, manufacture, process, package, sell and purchase medical marijuana pursuant to the terms of the licenses, which are issued by the Pennsylvania Department of Health under the provisions of Medical Marijuana Act and Pennsylvania regulations. The medical cultivation/processing licenses permit the licensee to acquire, possess, cultivate, manufacture/process into medical marijuana products and/or medical marijuana-infused products, deliver, transfer, have tested, transport, supply or sell marijuana and related supplies to medical marijuana dispensaries.

The retail dispensary licenses permit the Company to purchase marijuana and marijuana products from cultivation/processing facilities, as well as allow the sale of marijuana and marijuana products.

Maryland

 The Maryland medical cannabis program was signed into law on May 2, 2013. In 2016, the Maryland Medical Cannabis Commission issued preliminary licenses to 102 dispensaries, 15 cultivators, and 15 processors; the first dispensaries opened to patients in December 2017.

Maryland has three classes of cannabis licenses: dispensaries, cultivators, and processors. Wholesaling occurs between cultivators and processors, cultivators and dispensaries, and processors and dispensaries. Originally, no one Company could directly control multiple licenses of the same class, but this restriction was changed in May 2019 when Governor Hogan signed a bill that permitted a single company to own or control, including the power to manage or operate, up to four dispensaries. Dispensary locations are tied to the Senate District in which they were awarded, with the exception of dispensary licenses that

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were awarded to applicants who also were awarded a cultivation license. These dispensaries can be located at the discretion of the license holder. Permitted products include oil-based formulations, flower, and edibles.

In April 2018, the Maryland House and Senate approved a bill, which was later signed by Governor Hogan, that expanded the license pool, allowing for a maximum of seven additional cultivation licenses, for a total of 22, and 13 additional processing licenses, for a total of 28. As of March 1, 2022, there were approximately 95 licensed dispensaries, 18 licensed cultivators, and 19 licensed processors.

Michigan

In November 2008, Michigan residents approved the Michigan Compassionate Care Initiative to provide a legal framework for individuals with certain debilitating medical conditions to lawfully use marijuana for medicinal purposes. In September 2016, the Michigan Legislature passed, and Governor Snyder signed into law, the Medical Marihuana Facilities Licensing Act (the “MMFLA”) and the Marihuana Tracking Act (the “MTA”) to provide a comprehensive licensing and tracking scheme, respectively, for state’s medical marijuana program.

In 2018, Michigan voters approved Proposal 1, to make marijuana legal under state and local law for adults 21 years of age or older and to control the commercial production and distribution of marijuana under a system that licenses, regulates, and taxes the businesses involved. The proposal is known as the Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act (the “MRTMA” and together with the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act (the “MMMA”), the MMFLA, and the MTA, the “Michigan Cannabis Laws”).

Additionally, the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (“LARA”) and the MRA have supplemented the Michigan Cannabis Laws with administrative rules and bulletins to further clarify the regulatory landscape surrounding the state’s medical and adult use marijuana programs. The MRA is the main regulatory authority for the licensing and regulation of medical and adult use marijuana businesses, and is an agency within LARA.

Under the MMFLA, the MRA administrates five types of “state operating licenses” for medical marijuana businesses: (a) a “grower” license, including three different classes of licenses: (i) a Class A license that allows the licensee to cultivate up to 500 plants; (ii) a Class B license that allows the licensee to cultivate up to 1,000 plants; and (iii) a Class C license that allows the licensee to cultivate up to 1,500 plants, (b) a “processor” license, (c) a “secure transporter” license, (d) a “provisioning center” license and (e) a “safety compliance facility” license. Likewise, under the MRTMA, the MRA administers six types of “state licenses” for adult use marijuana business: (a) a “marihuana grower” license, including three different classes of licenses: (i) a Class A license that allows the licensee to cultivate up to 100 plants; (ii) a Class B license that allows the licensee to cultivate up to 500 plants; and (iii) a Class C license that allows the licensee to cultivate up to 2,000 plants, (b) a “marihuana processor” license, (c) a “secure transporter” license, (d) a “marihuana retailer” license, (e) a “marihuana safety compliance facility” license, and (f) a “marihuana microbusiness” license. However, MRTMA also allows the MRA to create additional license types through the administrative rulemaking process. To date, the MRA has created four additional license types: (a) a “designated consumption establishment” license, (b) an “excess marihuana grower” license, (c) a “marihuana event organizer” license, and (d) a “temporary marihuana event” license. Importantly, each excess marihuana grower license allows an entity that holds five adult use Class C grower licenses issued under MRTMA and at least two medical Class C grower licenses issued under the MMFLA to grow an additional 2,000 plants.

Under both MRTMA and the MMFLA, there are no stated limits on the number of licenses that can be made available on a state level; however, the MRA has discretion over the approval of applications and municipalities can pass additional restrictions, including limiting the number and type of licenses that can be issued within their jurisdiction. Additionally, a person or entity cannot possess or own both a grower/process/provisioning center and a secure transporter license or a safety compliance lab.

US Hemp Regime

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (commonly known as the “2018 Farm Bill”) was signed into law on December 20, 2018. The 2018 Farm Bill, among other things, removed “hemp” (including any part of the cannabis plant containing 0.3% THC or less), its extracts, derivatives, and cannabinoids from the CSA definition of “marihuana”, and allows for federally-sanctioned hemp production under the purview of the US Department of Agriculture (the “USDA”), in coordination with state departments of agriculture that elect to have primary regulatory authority. States and Tribal governments can adopt their own regulatory plans, even if more restrictive than federal regulations, so long as the plans meet minimum federal standards and are approved by the USDA. Hemp production in jurisdictions that do not choose to submit their own plans (and that do not otherwise prohibit hemp production) will be governed by USDA regulation. “Hemp” as defined in the 2018 Farm Bill, “means the plant Cannabis sativa L., and any part of that plant, including the seeds thereof and all derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids,

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isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not with a THC concentration of not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis.”

While the 2018 Farm Bill removes hemp and hemp-derived products from the controlled substances list under the CSA, it does not legalize cannabidiol (“CBD”) in every circumstance. While not independently scheduled under the CSA, CBD, depending on the source from which it was derived and its THC concentration, can still be classified as a Schedule I substance under the CSA’s definition of “marihuana.” Further, although the 2018 Farm Bill creates a limited exception to this prohibition, this exception only applies if the CBD is derived from “hemp” as defined in federal law. Federal law also requires that: (i) the hemp is produced by a Licensed Producer; and (ii) in a manner consistent with the applicable federal and state regulations. CBD and other cannabinoids produced from marihuana as defined by the CSA remain an illegal Schedule I substance under federal law. In addition, many state laws include all CBD within definitions of marijuana and some states have policies or laws that otherwise prohibit or restrict CBD sales.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, the 2018 Farm Bill expressly preserves the US Food and Drug Administration’s authority to regulate certain products under the FDCA and Section 351 of the Public Health Service Act. The FDA takes the position that because CBD was the subject of substantial clinical investigations that have been made public and is the active ingredient in an FDA-approved drug (Epidiolex), it is therefore illegal to add to food and CBD products are excluded from the dietary supplement definition. While there is an exception for articles that were marketed as a conventional food or dietary supplement before the new drug investigations were authorized (or the new drug was approved), the FDA has asserted that, based on available evidence, the exception does not apply to CBD. As previously mentioned, the FDA takes the position that it is unlawful under the FDCA to introduce food containing added CBD into interstate commerce, or to market CBD products as, or in, dietary supplements, regardless of whether the substances are hemp-derived. Despite FDA’s stated position, the agency has not, to date, been active in its CBD-related enforcement absent CBD products bearing aggressive therapeutic claims (e.g., claims of treatment of COVID-19, neuropathy, AIDS, diabetes, cancer, etc.). FDA could change its enforcement priorities at any time. The FDA has indicated that it will work towards providing ways for companies to seek approval from the FDA to market CBD products. In addition, options remain available for the FDA to consider whether there are circumstances in which certain cannabis-derived compounds might be permitted in a food or dietary supplement. Importantly, notwithstanding the FDA’s stated position prohibiting sales of CBD containing-foods and dietary supplements, the FDA has authority to issue a regulation allowing the use of a pharmaceutical ingredient, such as CBD, in a food or dietary supplement, even if such pharmaceutical ingredient was not previously marketed as a food or dietary ingredient prior to the initiation of clinical drug trials. Timing regarding if or when FDA might issue such a regulation is unclear.

States have also taken various approaches to the production and sale of hemp-derived food products. Many states have adopted the Uniform State Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which was created in 1984 by the Association of Food and Drug Officials (the “AFDO”), the primary organization for state food and drug officials. The AFDO’s model Uniform Act includes a provision to automatically incorporate changes to the FDCA into state law. However, there is some variation between state Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Acts both because not all states have adopted this provision, and because not all states have adopted the Uniform Act. States that have adopted the Uniform Act generally prohibit the use of CBD in food and dietary supplements due to the FDA’s lack of approval for such uses of the substance, discussed above. For example, Michigan (among other states) prohibits the use of CBD in retail food and beverage products because of the FDA’s stated position. Like FDA, some states, despite having stated positions of the impermissibility of CBD foods and supplements, or any CBD products at all, enforcement is inconsistent, with some state regulators more active than others. Again, these enforcement priorities could change at any time.

Although hemp-derived CBD cannot be added or marketed in foods or dietary supplements, certain hemp derived substances, such as hemp seed oil, may be permissible in food, dietary supplements, cosmetics, and other products depending on whether the ingredients and finished products comply with the other requirements of the FDCA. For example, a substance that will be added to food is subject to premarket approval by the FDA unless it is generally recognized, among qualified experts, to be safe under the conditions of its intended use (“GRAS”). Pursuant to the FDCA, a food ingredient may be marketed in the US under any of the following three alternative criteria: (i) if it was approved by the FDA or USDA between 1938 and 1958 for the intended use (commonly referred to as a “prior sanction”); (ii) if it is GRAS for its intended use; or (iii) pursuant to a food additive regulation promulgated by the FDA. On December 20, 2018, the FDA issued GRAS approvals for three ingredients that are derived from parts of the cannabis plant that do not contain THC or CBD – hulled hemp seeds, hemp seed protein, and hemp seed oil. These three types of products can be legally marketed in human foods without food additive approval, provided they comply with all other requirements and do not make unlawful drug claims. It is worth noting that none of these GRAS products contain CBD.

The 2018 Farm Bill also contemplates a significant state presence in the regulation of hemp production, as the 2018 Farm Bill empowers states, US territories and Native American tribes to regulate the production and sale of hemp within their respective borders. To regulate commercial hemp production, states, US territories and Native American tribes must submit plans to the USDA setting out the processes associated with how the state, territory or tribe will regulate hemp production, including how

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it will gather information, test, inspect and dispose of hemp and its related byproducts. The Secretary of the USDA must approve or reject these plans within sixty days of receipt. If a state, territory or tribe chooses not to submit a plan to the USDA, potential producers will be able to apply directly to the USDA for licensing approval. States, territories and tribes may also enact stricter laws than those enacted at the federal level and may ban hemp production and sale within their respective jurisdiction.

Once implemented, in jurisdictions with USDA-approved state programs, it will be a violation of state law to cultivate hemp without a registration in compliance with state law, or in the case of a state or territory without a USDA-approved program, it will be a violation of federal law to cultivate hemp without a federally issued license.

The 2018 Farm Bill was signed into law on December 20, 2018. Importantly, however, the Industrial Hemp cultivation and research provisions contained in the Section 7606 of the Agricultural Act of 2014 (the “2014 Farm Bill”) will remain in effect pending the USDA’s rulemaking process and certain provisions of the law may not yet be effective. The federal rulemaking process may take more than one year to finalize, and the 2014 Farm Bill will be repealed one year after the USDA establishes regulations governing hemp production in states lacking their own USDA-approved plans. The scope of the 2014 Farm Bill is limited to cultivation that is: (i) for research purposes (inclusive of market research, which multiple federal agencies have confirmed includes commercial sales with a research purpose); (ii) part of an “agricultural pilot program” or other agricultural or academic research; and (iii) permitted by state law. Further, the 2014 Farm Bill defines “Industrial Hemp” as the plant Cannabis sativa L., and any part of such plant, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 THC concentration of not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis. The USDA published its final rule on January 19, 2021. The USDA’s final rule establishes a federal licensing plan for regulating US hemp producers in states that do not have their own USDA-approved plans. In the absence of a state plan, US hemp producers will be subject to regulation directly by the USDA unless the state prohibits US hemp production. Additionally, the final rule includes requirements for maintaining information on the land where US hemp is produced, testing US hemp for THC levels, disposing of plants with more than 0.3 percent THC on a dry-weight basis and licensing for US hemp producers. The USDA’s final rule requires hemp producers to use a laboratory that is registered with the DEA, although the USDA is delaying enforcement of this requirement until December 31, 2022. The final rule also includes provisions for producers to dispose or remediate violative hemp plants without the use of a DEA-registered reverse distributor or law enforcement.

State-Level Overview

The following section presents an overview of market and regulatory conditions for the hemp industry in Florida, where the Company has an operating presence as of the date of this filing.

Florida

Florida continues to classify all cannabis as a Schedule I controlled substance, except medical marijuana grown and sold under the state’s medical marijuana program and, as of July 1, 2019, both hemp and industrial hemp. Florida defines “cannabis” in its criminal code to include, “all parts of any plant of the genus cannabis, whether growing or not; the seeds thereof; the resin extracted from any part of the plant; and every compound, manufacture, salt derivative, mixture, or preparation of the plant or its seeds or resin.” The term does not include “marijuana,” if manufactured, possessed, sold, purchased, delivered, distributed, or dispensed, in conformance with § 381.986 Florida’s Medical Marijuana Program statutes. This term also does not include “hemp” defined in § 581.217 or “industrial hemp” as defined in § 1004.4473.

On May 3, 2019, the Florida legislature passed SB1020, creating Florida’s hemp farming program governed by the Florida Department of Agriculture, legalizing cannabidiol and the sale and distribution of hemp extracts, and removing hemp and industrial hemp from the definition of cannabis under state law so that hemp is no longer a controlled substance in the state of Florida. On June 25, 2019, the bill was signed by the governor and went into on effect July 1, 2019. On April 16, 2020, Florida’s Hemp Plan was approved by USDA. Hemp cultivators may now apply for licensure online with the Florida Department of Agriculture. As part of the application, hemp cultivators must undergo a background check and must submit a Hemp Containment and Transportation Plan, among other requirements.

Regulatory Framework in Canada

Licenses and Regulatory Framework in Canada

The TCI License

TCI currently holds a standard cultivation license, standard processing license and license for sale for medical purposes under the Cannabis Act. This license expires on June 25, 2024. Under the TCI License, and subject to further requirements set out in

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the Cannabis Act, TCI may possess, obtain produce and sell cannabis, including sales of cannabis extracts, topicals and edibles, and oils, in accordance with the applicable Cannabis Regulations, subject to certain terms and conditions, including, without limitation, shipping security requirements, health warning messages, THC concentration limits, proper THC and CBD amount labeling, restriction on medical claims, record keeping requirements and notification requirements for adverse events. The Company obtained an amendment to the TCI License to allow for sales of cannabis extracts, topicals and edibles. Permitted activities related to cannabis extracts, topicals and edibles, like other forms of cannabis, includes strict terms and conditions that a Licensed Producer must comply with. See Appendix A– “List of Licenses and Permits of TerrAscend Corp.”

Summary of Canadian Regulatory Framework

On October 17, 2018, the Cannabis Act and Cannabis Regulations came into force as law with the effect of legalizing the recreational adult-use of cannabis and regulating the production, distribution and sale of cannabis and cannabis derived products (both medical and adult-use) within Canada. The Cannabis Act replaced the Access to Cannabis for Medical Purposes Regulations (“ACMPR”) and the Old International Health Regulations (“IHR”), both of which came into force under the CDSA, which previously permitted access to cannabis for medical purposes for only those Canadians who had been authorized to use cannabis by their health care practitioner.

The Cannabis Act provides a licensing and permitting scheme for activities related to cannabis, implemented by regulations made under the Cannabis Act. The Cannabis Act maintains separate medical access to cannabis, including providing that import and export licenses and permits will only be issued in respect of cannabis for medical or scientific purposes or in respect of industrial hemp. Transitional provisions of the Cannabis Act provide that licenses and permits issued under the former ACMPR and the Narcotics Control Regulations (“NCR”) that were in force immediately before the day on which the Cannabis Act came into force are deemed to continue under the Cannabis Act.

The Cannabis Regulations (the “Regulations”), among other things, outline the rules for the legal cultivation, processing, research, testing, distribution, sale, importation and exportation of cannabis and hemp in Canada, including the various classes of licenses that can be granted, and set standards for cannabis and hemp products. The Regulations include strict specifications for the plain packaging and labelling and analytical testing of all cannabis products as well as stringent physical and personnel security requirements for all federally licensed production and processing sites.

The Cannabis Act and Regulations were amended on October 17, 2019 to provide for new classes of cannabis, namely edible cannabis, cannabis extracts and cannabis topicals, that are permitted to be sold in the medical and adult-use markets as well as to establish new regulatory controls to address the public health and safety risks associated with these new classes of cannabis. These controls include restrictions on product composition and ingredients, THC limits, and new requirements pertaining to promotion, packaging and labelling, good production practices and record keeping.

Pursuant to the Cannabis Act, subject to provincial regulations, individuals over the age of 18 are able to purchase fresh cannabis, dried cannabis, cannabis oil, cannabis extracts, cannabis topicals, edible cannabis and cannabis plants or seeds and are able to legally possess up to 30 grams of dried cannabis or equivalent. In addition, the Cannabis Act provides provincial, territorial and municipal governments the authority to prescribe regulations regarding retailing and distribution, as well as the ability to alter some of the existing baseline requirements of the Cannabis Act such as increasing the minimum age for purchase and consumption, and limiting the ability of households to grow cannabis plants.

The Cannabis Regulations establish requirements relating to licenses; security, including clearances; cannabis products; packaging, labelling and promotion, health products and cosmetics containing cannabis and cannabis for medical purposes.

Licenses, Permits and Authorizations

The Cannabis Regulations establish six classes of licenses: (i) cultivation; (ii) processing; (iii) analytical testing; (iv) sale for medical purposes; (v) research; and (vi) cannabis drug. The Cannabis Regulations also create subclasses for cultivation licenses (standard cultivation, micro-cultivation and nursery) and processing licenses (standard processing and micro-processing). Different licenses and each sub-class therein, carry differing rules and requirements that are intended to be proportional to the public health and safety risks posed by each license category and each sub-class.

Licenses issued pursuant to the Cannabis Regulations may be issued for a period of no more than five years and identify the specific activities that the license holder is authorized to conduct. The Cannabis Regulations may also permit cultivation license holders to conduct both indoor and outdoor cultivation of cannabis, once outdoor cultivation is permitted, however no licensed activities can take place in a “dwelling-house” and all activities must take place on the authorized site (except for destruction, antimicrobial treatment and distribution). The implications of the proposal to allow outdoor cultivation are not yet known, but such a development could be significant as it may reduce start-up capital required for new entrants in the cannabis industry. It

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may also ultimately lower prices as capital expenditure requirements related to growing outside are typically much lower than those associated with indoor growing, which may benefit the Company in its capacity as a buyer.

Security Clearances

 Certain people associated with cannabis licensees, including, but not limited to, directors and officers of a license holder and any significant shareholders of the license holder, the key positions identified by license class (e.g. master grower, quality assurance person, head of security), and any individual or position specified by the Minister pursuant to Subsection 67(2) of the Cannabis Act, must hold a valid security clearance issued by the Minister. Under the Cannabis Regulations, the Minister may refuse to grant security clearances to individuals with associations to organized crime or with past convictions for, or an association with, drug trafficking, corruption or violent offences, among other reasons. Individuals who have histories of nonviolent, lower-risk criminal activity (for example, simple possession of cannabis, or small-scale cultivation of cannabis plants) are not automatically precluded from participating in the legal cannabis industry, and the grant of security clearance to such individuals is at the discretion of the Minister and such applications will be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.

Cannabis Tracking System and Reporting

Under the Cannabis Act, the Minister is authorized to establish and maintain a national cannabis tracking system. The Cannabis Tracking and Licensing System (the “CTLS”), a single-entry-point secure online platform, has since been established to track cannabis throughout the supply chain to help prevent the diversion of cannabis into, and out of, the illegal market. The CTLS applies to:

The information required to be reported is extensive. Among other things, a holder of a license for cultivation, a license for processing or a license for sale for medical purposes that authorizes the possession of cannabis must, no later than the fifteenth day of each month, provide the Minister with certain prescribed information in respect of the site specified in the license. In addition, the CTLS web portal enables the submissions of new license applications, requests for amendments and license renewals and applications for security clearances.

Cannabis Products

Initially, the Cannabis Act and the Cannabis Regulations set out certain requirements for the sale of cannabis products at the retail level and initially permitted the sale of dried cannabis, cannabis oil, fresh cannabis, cannabis plants, and cannabis seeds, including in “pre-rolled” and capsule form, by authorized license holders.

On October 17, 2019, the Federal Government legalized new classes of products; specifically, edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, and cannabis topical products pursuant to certain amendments to the Cannabis Act and Cannabis Regulations. The previous class, cannabis oil, was subject to a one year transition period to allow for existing cannabis license holders to transition their current products in order to comply with the amended Cannabis Regulations. Consequently, the Cannabis Act was amended with effect on October 17, 2020 to remove “cannabis oil” as a separate cannabis category from Schedule 4 of the Cannabis Act. Edible cannabis, cannabis extracts, and cannabis topical products, which are now available for sale, are subject to additional regulatory requirements that include supplemental marketing and advertising rules, further restrictions on labelling and packaging, rules relating to ingredients of edible cannabis and cannabis extracts, limits on THC content, and additional manufacturing and good production practice requirements. In addition, the Cannabis Regulations require processing license holders to notify Health Canada at least sixty days prior to the intended release of a new product to the market.

Packaging and Labelling

The Cannabis Regulations set out strict requirements pertaining to the packaging and labelling of cannabis products. These requirements are intended to promote informed consumer choice and allow for the safe handling and transportation of cannabis, while also reducing the appeal of cannabis to youth and promoting safe consumption. Cannabis package labels must include specific information, including, among other things: (i) product source information, including the class of cannabis and the

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name, phone number, and email of the cultivator or processor, as applicable; (ii) a mandatory health warning, rotating between Health Canada’s list of standard health warnings; (iii) the Health Canada standardized cannabis symbol; and (iv) information specifying THC and CBD content. The Cannabis Regulations require plain packaging for cannabis products including strict limits that apply to the use of colours, images, logos and other brand elements that may prevent or inhibit product differentiation.

Advertising and Promotions

The Cannabis Act and Cannabis Regulations contain strict restrictions on the promotion of cannabis products and generally prohibit the promotion of cannabis, cannabis accessories and services related to cannabis, unless the promotional activity is specifically authorized under the Cannabis Act. These prohibitions are intended to protect public health and safety, including protecting the health of young persons by restricting their access to cannabis and preventing the inducement of the use of cannabis, while allowing consumers to have access to information with which they can make informed decisions about the consumption of cannabis. In particular, the Cannabis Act provides for broad restrictions on the promotion, packaging and labelling, display, and sale and distribution of cannabis and cannabis accessories in order to prevent young persons from being exposed to such activities and to prevent the encouragement of consumption of cannabis. As such, the promotion, packaging and labelling, display and sale and distribution of cannabis and cannabis accessories takes place in a highly regulated environment which restricts the ability of license holders to brand and market their products in a manner consistent with other industries which are not subject to such controls. Various provinces and territories have enacted additional restrictions on the promotion of cannabis which are stricter than the federal regulations, including increasing the age restrictions provided for under the Cannabis Act and Cannabis Regulations.

Cannabis for Medical Purposes

Part 14 of the Cannabis Regulations sets out the regime for medical cannabis following legalization, which is substantively similar to that provided for under the former ACMPR, with adjustments to create consistency with rules for non-medical use, improve patient access, and reduce the risk of abuse within the medical access system. Patients who have the authorization of their healthcare practitioner will continue to have access to medical cannabis, either purchased directly from a Licensed Producer, by registering to produce a limited amount of cannabis for their own medical purposes or designating someone to produce cannabis for them.

Under the ACMPR regime, medical cannabis was sold online by Licensed Producers only, which did not change with the enactment of the Cannabis Act. However, after the introduction of the Cannabis Act and the legalization of cannabis for adult-use, users of medical cannabis may now elect to purchase cannabis from retailers of cannabis for adult-use. The Federal Government has stated its intention to review the medical cannabis system five years from the enactment of the Cannabis Act in order to determine whether to implement any further changes to the regulatory framework for medical cannabis.

With respect to starting materials for personal production, such as plants or seeds, they must be obtained from Licensed Producers. It is possible that this could significantly reduce the addressable market for the Company’s products and could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of the Company. That said, management of the Company believes that many patients may be deterred from opting to proceed with these options since such steps require applying for and obtaining registration from Health Canada to grow cannabis, as well as the up-front costs of obtaining equipment and materials to produce such cannabis. See – “Competitive Conditions.”

Health Products and Cosmetics Containing Cannabis

Health Canada has taken a scientific, evidenced-based approach for the oversight of health products containing cannabis that are approved with health claims, including prescription and non-prescription drugs, natural health products, veterinary drugs and veterinary health products, and medical devices.

Prior to the coming into force of the Cannabis Act on October 17, 2018, cannabis was regulated as both a controlled substance under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, as well as a drug under the Food and Drugs Act (“FDA”). Under that legislative framework, activities with cannabis were generally prohibited, unless authorized under certain regulations such as the ACMPR, NCR, IHR and Food and Drug Regulations.

When the Cannabis Act came into force, cannabis was removed from the CDSA, and is now subject to restrictions under the new legislative framework while maintaining a partnership with the FDA for regulating health products in a coordinated way. Health products containing cannabis or for use with cannabis will remain subject to a number of requirements under the FDA to ensure appropriate controls for safety, efficacy, and quality, while separate requirements under the Cannabis Act will protect against risks to public health and safety, including diversion to the illegal market.

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The Cannabis Exemption (Food and Drugs Act) Regulations exempt cannabis from the FDA unless, among other things, therapeutic claims are made in association with such products. For many of these products, such as drugs, natural health products and most classes of medical devices, pre-market approval is required. In addition, when the Cannabis Act and the Cannabis Regulations were enacted, the Natural Health Products Regulations under the FDA were amended to effectively prohibit cannabis products from being regulated as a natural health product. Instead, cannabis, if not exempt from the FDA, will be treated as a drug product.

With respect to cosmetic products, under the Cannabis Regulations, the use of cannabis and hemp derived ingredients (other than certain hemp seed derivatives containing no more than 10 parts per million THC) in cosmetics, are permitted, subject to the provisions of Health Canada’s Cosmetic Ingredient Hotlist and the IHR.

Provincial and Territorial Developments

While the Cannabis Act provides for the regulation by the Federal Government of, among other things, the commercial cultivation and processing of cannabis and the sale of medical cannabis, it also provides that the provinces and territories of Canada have authority to regulate certain aspects of adult-use cannabis, such as distribution and sale, minimum age requirements, places where cannabis can be consumed, and a range of other matters.

The governments of every Canadian province and territory have implemented their regulatory regimes for the distribution and sale of cannabis for adult-use purposes. Most provinces and territories have announced a minimum age of 19 years old, except for Alberta, where the minimum age is 18, and Québec, where the minimum age is 21. A summary of the legislative framework in each province and territory is set out below.

British Columbia

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in British Columbia is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control and Licensing Act, the Cannabis Distribution Act and the related regulations. The British Columbia Liquor Distribution Branch is the province’s wholesale distributor of cannabis and operates retail and online sales. Private retail stores are also permitted and are licensed by the Liquor and Cannabis Regulation Branch.

Alberta

 The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Alberta is primarily governed by the Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Act and the related regulations. The Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission (the “AGLC”) is the sole wholesale distributor of cannabis in the province. Sales of cannabis are permitted through privately run retail stores and online by the AGLC.

Saskatchewan

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Saskatchewan is primarily governed by The Cannabis Control (Saskatchewan) Act and the related regulations. Both the wholesale and retail sale of cannabis (both in store and online) is conducted by private companies in Saskatchewan, which is in turn regulated by the Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority.

Manitoba

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Manitoba is primarily governed by the Liquor, Gaming and Cannabis Control Act and the related regulations. Cannabis in the province is distributed by Manitoba Liquor and Lotteries Corporation. Retail and online sales of cannabis are conducted by private retailers under the regulation of the Liquor, Gaming and Cannabis Authority of Manitoba.

Ontario

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Ontario is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control Act, 2017, the Cannabis Licence Act, 2018 and the related regulations. The Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation is the wholesale distributor of cannabis and conducts all online sales in the province.

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Québec

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Quebec is primarily governed by the Cannabis Regulation Act and the related regulations. The Société Québécoise du Cannabis is the exclusive distributor of cannabis in the province and is the sole retail and online vendor.

New Brunswick

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in New Brunswick is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control Act and the related regulations. The distribution and sale of cannabis, both online and in store, is exclusively conducted by the New Brunswick Cannabis Management Corporation.

Nova Scotia

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Nova Scotia is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control Act and the related regulations. Recreational cannabis is distributed and sold at retail locations and online by the Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation.

Newfoundland and Labrador

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Newfoundland and Labrador is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control Act and the related regulations. Recreational cannabis is sold through private stores, with the Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation (“NLC”) conducting online sales and regulating distribution. The NLC also has the option to open public stores in areas that do not attract private retailers.

Prince Edward Island

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Prince Edward Island is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control Act and the related regulations. Cannabis is distributed and sold at retail locations and online by the PEI Cannabis Management Corporation.

Yukon

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Yukon is primarily governed by the Cannabis Control and Regulation Act and the related regulations. The Yukon Liquor Corporation is responsible for distributing cannabis in the territory. Sales of cannabis are permitted through privately run retail stores and online by the Yukon Liquor Corporation.

The Northwest Territories

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in the Northwest Territories is primarily governed by the Cannabis Products Act and related regulations. The Northwest Territories Liquor Commission is responsible for the distribution and sale of cannabis through existing liquor stores and online sales, with private retail contemplated in the future.

Nunavut

The distribution and sale of recreational cannabis in Nunavut is primarily governed by the territorial Cannabis Act. At this time, the Nunavut Liquor and Cannabis Commission has designated two agents to provide cannabis in the territory through online sales but has issued a request for proposals for other potential suppliers. There is no guarantee that the provincial and territorial frameworks supporting the legalization of cannabis for recreational use in Canada will continue on the terms outlined above or at all or will not be amended or supplemented by additional legislation.

Compliance

In the US, the Company is in compliance with all state laws and the related cannabis licensing framework of Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, California, and Michigan. In Canada, the Company is in compliance with all applicable federal, provincial and territorial laws and regulations, including the Cannabis Act and the Cannabis Regulations. There are no current incidences of noncompliance, citations or notices of violations outstanding which may have an impact on the Company’s licenses, business activities or operations in these states. Notwithstanding the foregoing, like all businesses, the Company may from time-to-time experience incidences of noncompliance with applicable rules and regulations in the states in which the Company operates, and such non-compliance may have an impact on the Company’s licenses, business activities or operations in the applicable states. However, the Company takes steps to minimize, disclose and remedy all incidences of non-compliance

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which may have an impact on the Company’s licenses, business activities or operations in all states in which the Company operates.

Available Information

The Company’s website address is www.terrascend.com. Through this website, the Company’s filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, will be accessible (free of charge) as soon as reasonably practicable after materials are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. The information provided on the Company’s website is not part of this Form 10-K.

The SEC maintains an internet site (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following risks should be carefully considered when deciding whether to make an investment in TerrAscend. Some of the following factors are interrelated and, consequently, investors and readers should treat such risk factors as a whole. These risks and uncertainties are not the only ones that could affect TerrAscend, and additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to TerrAscend, or that it currently considers not to be material, may also impair the business, financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend and/or the value of its securities. If any of the following risks or other risks occur, they could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend business, financial condition and results of operations and/or the value of TerrAscend’s securities. There is no assurance that any risk management steps taken by TerrAscend will avoid future loss due to the occurrence of the risks described below, or other unforeseen risks.

Regulatory and Legal Risks to the Company’s Business Due to the Nature of the Industry

There is a substantial risk of regulatory or political change with respect to cannabis, which could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend’s business.

In the US, the operations of TerrAscend and its subsidiaries are subject to a variety of laws, including, among other things, state and local regulations and guidelines relating to the cultivation, manufacture, management, transportation, distribution, sale, storage and disposal of cannabis. Changes to such laws, regulations and guidelines due to matters beyond the control of TerrAscend may cause adverse effects to TerrAscend’s business, financial condition and result of operations. Local, state and federal laws and regulations governing cannabis for medicinal and recreational purposes are broad in scope and are subject to evolving interpretations, which could require TerrAscend to incur substantial costs associated with bringing TerrAscendʼs operations into compliance. In addition, violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt TerrAscendʼs operations and result in a material adverse effect on its financial performance. It is beyond TerrAscendʼs scope to predict the nature of any future change to the existing laws, regulations, policies, interpretations or applications, nor can TerrAscend determine what effect such changes, when and if promulgated, could have on TerrAscendʼs business.

The Cannabis Act came into force in Canada on October 17, 2018 along with various related regulations. The cultivation, processing, distribution and sale of cannabis, among other things, remains subject to extensive regulatory oversight under the Cannabis Act. It is possible that these statutory requirements, including any new regulations that are subsequently issued, could significantly and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend.

While the foregoing activities in respect of cannabis are under the regulatory oversight of the Government of Canada, the distribution of recreational use cannabis is the responsibility of the respective provincial and territorial governments. These jurisdictions have chosen varying retail frameworks with private, public and hybrid models being implemented. There is no guarantee that provincial and territorial legislation regulating the distribution and sale of cannabis for recreational purposes will be continued according to their current terms, that they will not be materially amended or that such regimes will create the growth opportunities that TerrAscend currently anticipates.

In addition, government policy changes or public opinion may also result in a significant influence over the regulation of the cannabis industry in Canada, the US or elsewhere. A negative shift in the public’s perception of medical or recreational cannabis in Canada, the US or any other applicable jurisdiction could affect future legislation or regulation. Among other things, a shift could cause state and local jurisdictions to abandon initiatives or proposals to legalize medical or recreational cannabis, thereby limiting the number of new state jurisdictions into which TerrAscend could expand. Any inability to fully implement

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TerrAscendʼs expansion strategy may have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations.

Compliance with regulations regarding cannabis is difficult, because the regulation of cannabis is uncertain and frequently changes. The Company’s failure to comply with applicable laws regarding cannabis may adversely affect the Company’s business.

Achievement of TerrAscendʼs business objectives is contingent, in part, upon compliance with regulatory requirements enacted by governmental authorities and obtaining all regulatory approvals, where necessary, for the sale of its products. TerrAscend cannot predict the impact of the compliance regime, the applicable regulatory bodies in the US and Canada are implementing that effect the business of TerrAscend. Similarly, TerrAscend cannot predict the time required to secure all appropriate regulatory approvals for its products, or the extent of testing and documentation that may be required by governmental authorities. The impact of governmental compliance regimes, any delays in obtaining, or failure to obtain regulatory approvals may significantly delay or impact the development of markets, products and sales initiatives and could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of TerrAscend.

TerrAscend will incur ongoing costs and obligations related to regulatory compliance. Failure to comply with regulations may result in additional costs for corrective measures, penalties or restrictions on TerrAscendʼs operations. In addition, changes in regulations, more vigorous enforcement thereof or other unanticipated events could require extensive changes to TerrAscendʼs operations, result in increased compliance costs or give rise to material liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of TerrAscend.

The cannabis industry is subject to extensive controls and regulations, which may significantly affect the financial condition of market participants. The marketability of any product may be affected by numerous factors that are beyond the control of TerrAscend and which cannot be predicted, such as changes to government regulations, including those relating to taxes and other government levies which may be imposed. Changes in government levies, including taxes, could reduce TerrAscendʼs earnings and could make future capital investments or TerrAscendʼs operations uneconomic. The industry is also subject to numerous legal challenges, which may significantly affect the financial condition of market participants and which cannot be reliably predicted.

TerrAscend’s business relies heavily on its ability to obtain and maintain required licenses, and failure to do so may adversely affect TerrAscend’s business.

TerrAscendʼs ability to grow, store and sell medical and adult-use cannabis and cannabis oil in certain US states and Canada is dependent on TerrAscend maintaining licenses with applicable regulators for both oil and dried cannabis production and the sale of dried cannabis. Failure to comply with the requirements of its licenses or any failure to maintain its licenses would have a material adverse impact on the business, financial condition and operating results of TerrAscend.

TerrAscend and its subsidiaries, as applicable, will apply for, as the need arises, all necessary licenses and permits to carry on the activities it expects to conduct in the future. However, the ability of TerrAscend or its subsidiaries to obtain, maintain or renew any such licenses and permits on acceptable terms is subject to changes in regulations and policies and to the discretion of the applicable authorities or other governmental agencies in foreign jurisdictions.

In certain states, the cannabis laws and regulations limit, not only the number of cannabis licenses issued, but also the number of cannabis licenses that one person may own. TerrAscend believes that, where such restrictions apply, it may still capture significant share of revenue in the market through wholesale sales, exclusive marketing relations, provision of management or support services, franchising and similar arrangement with other operators. Nevertheless, such limitations on the acquisition of ownership of additional licenses within certain states or enforcement by regulators in certain states against such services arrangements may limit TerrAscendʼs ability to grow organically or to increase its market share in such states.

As a cannabis business, TerrAscend is subject to unfavorable tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code.

Tax risk is the risk of changes in the tax environment that would have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, results of operations, and financial condition. Currently, state licensed marijuana businesses are assessed a comparatively high effective federal tax rate due to Section 280E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which prohibits businesses from deducting certain expenses associated with trafficking controlled substances (within the meaning of Schedule I and II of the CSA). The IRS has invoked Section 280E in tax audits against various cannabis businesses in the US that are permitted under applicable state laws. Although the IRS issued a clarification allowing the deduction of certain expenses, the scope of such items is interpreted very narrowly, and the bulk of operating costs and general administrative costs are not permitted to

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be deducted. While there are currently several pending cases before various administrative and federal courts challenging these restrictions, there is no guarantee that these courts will issue an interpretation of Section 280E favorable to cannabis businesses. Given these facts, the impact of any such challenge cannot be reliably estimated; however, it may be significant to the financial condition and/or the overall operations of TerrAscend.

If the Company’s tax positions were to be challenged by federal, state, local or foreign tax jurisdictions, the Company may not be wholly successful in defending its tax filing positions. TerrAscend records reserves for unrecognized tax benefits based on its assessment of the probability of successfully sustaining tax filing positions. Management exercises significant judgment when assessing the probability of successfully sustaining the Company’s tax filing positions, and in determining whether a contingent tax liability should be recorded and, if so, estimating the amount. If the Company’s tax filing positions are successfully challenged, payments could be required that are in excess of reserved amounts, or the Company may be required to reduce the carrying amount of its net deferred tax asset, either of which could be significant to the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Cannabis remains illegal under US federal law, and enforcement of cannabis laws could change. TerrAscend may be subject to action by the US federal government due to its involvement with cannabis, and such action could materially adversely affect the Company’s business.

While some states in the US have authorized the use and sale of cannabis in some form, it remains illegal under US federal law. On January 4, 2018, then-US Attorney General Jeff Sessions issued a memorandum to US Attorneys which rescinded previous guidance from the US Department of Justice specific to cannabis enforcement in the US, including the Cole Memorandum, which stated that the US Department of Justice would not prioritize the prosecution of cannabis-related violations of US federal law in jurisdictions that had enacted laws legalizing medical cannabis in some form and had implemented strong and effective regulatory and enforcement systems. With the Cole Memorandum rescinded, US federal prosecutors have greater discretion in determining whether to prosecute medical cannabis-related violations of US federal law; there was never such a policy statement in relation to US state and territories with adult use cannabis programs. Because TerrAscend engages in cannabis-related activities in the US, an increase in federal enforcement efforts with respect to current US federal laws applicable to cannabis could cause financial damage to TerrAscend. In addition, TerrAscend is at risk of being prosecuted under US federal law and having its assets seized.

TerrAscendʼs exposure to US cannabis related activities are as follows:

Violations of any US federal laws and regulations could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions or settlements arising from civil proceedings conducted by either the US federal government or private citizens, or criminal charges, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, cessation of business activities, civil forfeiture or divestiture. This could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend, including its reputation and ability to conduct business, the listing of its securities on various stock exchanges, its financial position, operating results, profitability or liquidity or the market price of its publicly traded shares. In addition, it is difficult for TerrAscend to estimate the time or resources that would be needed for the investigation of any such matters or its final resolution because, in part, the time and resources that may be needed are dependent on the nature and extent of any information requested by the applicable authorities involved, and such time or resources could be substantial.

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Unlike in Canada which has federal legislation uniformly governing the cultivation, distribution, sale and possession of cannabis under the Cannabis Act, investors are cautioned that in the US, cannabis is largely regulated at the state level. Notwithstanding the permissive regulatory environment of cannabis at the state level, cannabis continues to be categorized as a controlled substance under the CSA in the US and as such, is in violation of federal law in the US. Further, there can be no assurance that state laws legalizing and regulating the sale and use of cannabis will not be repealed or overturned, or that local governmental authorities will not limit the applicability of state laws within their respective jurisdictions. It is also important to note that local and city ordinances may strictly limit and/or restrict the distribution of cannabis in a manner that will make it extremely difficult or impossible to transact business in the cannabis industry.

As stated above, Congress has passed appropriations bills each of the last several years, since 2014, to prevent the federal government from using congressionally appropriated funds to enforce federal marijuana laws against regulated medical marijuana actors operating in compliance with state and local law. Most recently, on September 30, 2021 and December 3, 2021, President Biden signed short-term continuing resolutions to extend current appropriations, most recently through February 18, 2022. The continuing resolution contains, among other things, the RBA, which prevents the federal government from using congressionally appropriated funds to enforce federal marijuana laws against regulated medical marijuana actors operating in compliance with state medical cannabis laws.

The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has construed these appropriations bills to prevent the federal government from prosecuting individuals when those individuals comply with state medical cannabis laws, and has vacated numerous convictions and sent the cases back to the trial courts for further determination. However, because this conduct continues to violate federal law, American courts have observed that should Congress at any time choose to appropriate funds to fully prosecute the CSA, any individual or business—even those that have fully complied with state law—could be prosecuted for violations of federal law. If Congress restores funding, for example by declining to include the RBA in a budget resolution, or by failing to pass necessary budget legislation and causing another government shutdown, the government will have the authority to prosecute individuals for violations of the law before it lacked funding under the five-year statute of limitations applicable to non-capital CSA violations. Additionally, it is important to note that the appropriations protections only apply to medical cannabis operations and provide no protection against businesses operating in compliance with a state’s recreational cannabis laws.

The Department of Justice or a federal prosecutor could allege that TerrAscend and the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors” or the “Board”) and, potentially its shareholders, “aided and abetted” violations of federal law by providing finances and services to its operating subsidiaries. Under these circumstances, it is possible that a federal prosecutor would seek to seize the assets of TerrAscend and to recover the “illicit profits” previously distributed to shareholders resulting from any of the foregoing financing or services. In these circumstances, TerrAscend’s operations could cease, TerrAscend securityholders may lose their entire investment and directors, officers and/or TerrAscend shareholders may be left to defend any criminal charges against them at their own expense and, if convicted, be sent to federal prison. Violations of any federal laws could result in significant fines, penalties, administrative sanctions, convictions or settlements arising from civil proceedings conducted by either the federal government or private citizens, or criminal charges, including, but not limited to, disgorgement of profits, cessation of business activities or divestiture. This could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend, including its reputation and ability to conduct business, its holding (directly or indirectly) of cannabis licenses in the United States, the listing of its securities on any securities exchanges, its financial position, operating results, profitability or liquidity or the market price of its listed securities. An investor’s contribution to and involvement in TerrAscend’s activities may result in federal civil and/or criminal prosecution, including forfeiture of his, her or its entire investment.

Although the 2018 Farm Bill, among other things, generally removes hemp from the controlled substances list under the CSA, it does not legalize CBD generally. In particular, the 2018 Farm Bill preserves the FDAʼs authority to regulate products containing cannabis or cannabis-derived compounds. Pursuant to a statement released December 20, 2018, Frequently Asked Questions on the FDAʼs website, and numerous public statements, the FDA has taken the position that all CBD is a drug ingredient and therefore illegal to add to food or health products without its approval or further action by the FDA. The FDA considers products containing CBD or other cannabis-derived compounds the same as any other FDA-regulated products and takes the position that they are subject to the same authorities and requirements as similarly regulated products, including but not limited to required approvals for food ingredients and dietary supplements based on safety standards. Importantly, the FDA has taken the position that it is unlawful under the FDCA to introduce food containing added CBD into interstate commerce, or to market CBD products as, or in, food or dietary supplements, regardless of whether the substances are hemp derived. The FDA has however indicated that it will work towards providing ways for companies to seek approval from the FDA to market CBD products. Further, many state criminal laws and food and drug laws prohibit or restrict the production and/or sale of hemp-derived CBD products. TerrAscendʼs US hemp operations will be subject to FDA oversight. There is no guarantee that TerrAscend will be able to obtain necessary approval from regulatory authorities for its products in the US.

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TerrAscendʼs activities and operations in the US are, and will continue to be, subject to evolving regulation by governmental authorities. The approach to the enforcement of cannabis laws may be subject to change or may not proceed as previously outlined. The USDA will promulgate additional rules governing the production of hemp in the US, with many states in the process of amending state laws to regulate hemp production and the sale of hemp-derived products within their borders. In addition, the FDA is expected to make determinations as to how CBD products will be regulated and is expected to issue a substantial change in its regulation of dietary supplements generally. Accordingly, there are significant changes in both federal and state law that may materially impact TerrAscendʼs operations.

The Company’s business is subject to applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and have restricted access to capital markets, banking and other financial services, which may adversely affect TerrAscend’s business.

Since the use of cannabis is currently illegal under US federal law, and in light of considerations related to money laundering and other federal financial crime related to cannabis in the US banking industry, US banks have been reluctant to accept or deposit funds from businesses involved with the cannabis industry. Consequently, businesses involved in the cannabis industry often have difficulty finding a bank willing to accept its business. Likewise, cannabis businesses have limited access, if any, to credit card processing services. As a result, cannabis businesses in the US are largely cash-based. This complicates the implementation of financial controls and increases security issues.

While TerrAscend is not able to obtain financing in the US from banks or other US federally regulated entities, TerrAscend has been able to access equity financing through private markets in both the US and Canada. Commercial banks, private equity firms, and venture capital firms have approached the cannabis industry cautiously to date. However, there are increasing numbers of high-net-worth individuals and family offices that have made meaningful investments in companies and businesses similar to TerrAscend. Although there has been an increase in the amount of private funding available over the last several years to companies that are active in the cannabis industry in North America, there is neither a broad nor deep pool of institutional capital that is available to cannabis license holders and license applicants. There can be no assurance that additional financing, if raised privately, will be available to TerrAscend when needed or on terms which are acceptable to TerrAscend. TerrAscendʼs inability to raise financing to fund its capital expenditures or acquisitions could limit its growth and may have a material adverse effect upon future profitability.

Under the federal money laundering statutes, unlicensed money transmitter statute and the Bank Secrecy Act, financial transactions in the US involving proceeds generated by cannabis-related conduct can form the basis for prosecution. The FinCEN division of the US Department of Treasury has provided guidance for how financial institutions can provide services to the cannabis-related businesses consistent with the obligations under the Bank Secrecy Act.

Previously, DOJ directed its federal prosecutors to consider the federal enforcement priorities enumerated in the Cole Memorandum when determining whether to charge institutions or individuals with any of the financial crimes described above based upon cannabis-related activity. In January 2018, the DOJ revoked the Cole Memorandum and related memorandum. While the impact remains unclear, the revocation has created uncertainty. For instance, federal prosecutors may increase enforcement activities against institutions or individuals who are engaged in financial transactions related to cannabis activities, or there may be a negative impact to the continuation of financial services in the US with regard to cannabis-related activities. Consequently, businesses involved in the regulated medical-use cannabis industry may experience difficulties establishing banking relationships, and such difficulties may increase over time. If TerrAscend were to experience any inability to access financial services in the US, including its current bank accounts, this would have a direct impact on the ability for TerrAscend to operate its businesses. This impact would increase TerrAscendʼs operating costs, and pose additional operational, logistical, and security challenges that could impede its inability to implement its business plans.

The US federal prohibitions on the sale of marijuana may result in TerrAscend and its partners being restricted from accessing the US banking system and they may be unable to deposit funds in federally insured and licensed banking institutions. Banking restrictions could be imposed due to TerrAscendʼs banking institutions not accepting payments and deposits. TerrAscend is at risk that any bank accounts it has could be closed at any time. Such risks increase costs to TerrAscend. TerrAscendʼs activities in the US, and any proceeds thereof, may be considered proceeds of crime due to the fact that cannabis remains federally illegal in the US. This may restrict the ability of TerrAscend to declare or pay dividends, effect other distributions or subsequently repatriate such funds back to Canada. Furthermore, while TerrAscend has no current intention to declare or pay dividends on its Common Shares in the foreseeable future, TerrAscend may decide or be required to suspend declaring or paying dividends without advance notice and for an indefinite period of time. The guidance provided in the FinCEN Memorandum as described above may change depended on the position of the US government administration at any given time and is subject to revision or retraction in the future, which may restrict TerrAscendʼs access to banking services.

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TerrAscend operates in a highly regulated sector and may not always succeed in complying fully with applicable regulatory requirements in all jurisdictions where the Company carries on business, which could negatively affect TerrAscend’s business.

Given the complexity of the US regulation of the cannabis industry, certain requirements may prove to be excessively onerous or otherwise impractical for TerrAscend to comply with. This may result in the exclusion of certain business opportunities from the list of possible transactions that TerrAscend would otherwise consider. Further, US laws and regulations at the local, state, and federal levels which apply to the cannabis industry are continually changing, and it is difficult to determine if future changes could detrimentally affect the operations of TerrAscend. Given the broad scope of cannabis laws and regulations, these are subject to evolving interpretations. This continued evolution could require TerrAscend to incur substantial costs associated with compliance or alter its business plan. In addition, violations of these laws, or allegations of such violations, could disrupt TerrAscendʼs businesses and result in a material adverse effect on its operations.

TerrAscendʼs continued compliance with regulatory requirements enacted by government authorities and obtaining all regulatory approvals, where necessary, for the sale of its products, including maintain and renewing all applicable licenses, is crucial to the successful execution of TerrAscendʼs strategies. The commercial cannabis industry is an emerging industry in the US, and TerrAscend cannot forecast the impact of the compliance regime to which they will be subject. Similarly, TerrAscend cannot predict its ability to secure all appropriate regulatory approvals for any of its products, or the extent of testing or related documentation that may be required by governmental authorities. Delays in obtaining, or failure to obtain, regulatory approvals may significantly delay or impact the development of markets, products and sales initiatives and could have adverse effect on the business, financial condition, and operating results of TerrAscend. Without limiting the foregoing, TerrAscendʼs failure to comply with the requirements of any underlying licenses or any failure to maintain any underlying licenses would have a material adverse impact on its business, financial condition, and operating results. It is uncertain whether any required licenses for the operation of TerrAscendʼs business will be extended or renewed in a timely manner, if at all, or that if they are extended or renewed, that the licenses will be extended or renewed on the same or similar terms.

The Company’s products may be subject to product recalls or returns, which may result in expense, legal proceedings, regulatory action, loss of sales and reputation, and management attention.

TerrAscendʼs products may be subject to recall or return for a variety of reasons, including product defects such as contamination, unintended harmful side effects or interactions with other substances, packaging safety and inadequate or inaccurate labeling disclosure. If any of TerrAscendʼs products are recalled due to an alleged product defect or for any other reason, TerrAscend could be required to incur the unexpected expense of the recall and any legal proceedings that might arise in connection therewith. TerrAscend may lose a significant amount of sales and may not be able to replace those sales at an acceptable margin or at all. In addition, a product recall may require significant management attention. Although TerrAscend has detailed procedures in place for testing its products, there can be no assurance that any quality, potency or contamination problems will be detected in time to avoid unforeseen product recalls, regulatory action or lawsuits. Additionally, if one of the products produced by TerrAscend were subject to recall, the image of that product and TerrAscend could be harmed. A recall for any of the foregoing reasons could lead to decreased demand for TerrAscendʼs products and could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of TerrAscend. Additionally, product recalls may lead to increased scrutiny of TerrAscendʼs operations by Health Canada and other regulatory agencies, requiring further management attention and potential legal fees and other expenses.

TerrAscend faces an inherent risk of product liability claims and other consumer protection claims as a manufacturer, processor and producer of products that are meant to be ingested by people, and dealing with such claims could cause the Company to incur substantial expenses and have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

As a manufacturer of products designed to be ingested by humans, TerrAscend faces an inherent risk of exposure to product liability claims, regulatory action and litigation if its products are alleged to have caused significant loss or injury. In addition, the manufacturing and sale of cannabis and other products involve the risk of injury to consumers due to tampering by unauthorized third parties or product contamination. Previously unknown adverse reactions resulting from human consumption of cannabis products alone or in combination with other medications or substances could occur. TerrAscend may be subject to various product liability claims, including, among others, that the products produced by TerrAscend caused injury or illness, include inadequate instructions for use or include inadequate warnings concerning possible side effects or interactions with other substances. A product liability claim or regulatory action against TerrAscend could result in increased costs, could adversely affect TerrAscendʼs reputation with its clients and consumers generally, and could have a material adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition of TerrAscend.

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TerrAscendʼs products may be considered misbranded or adulterated, or otherwise unlawful under federal and state food and drug laws and could subject TerrAscend to local, federal, or state enforcement or private litigation. Some states permit advertising, labeling laws, false and deceptive trade practices, and other consumer-protection laws to be enforced by state attorney generals, who may seek relief for consumers, class action certifications, class wide damages and product recalls of products sold by TerrAscend. Private litigation may also seek relief for consumers, class action certifications, class wide damages and product recalls of products sold by TerrAscend in any of the markets in which it operates. Any actions against TerrAscend by governmental authorities or private litigants could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations.

TerrAscend may be subject to constraints on and differences in marketing its products under varying regulatory restrictions.

The development of TerrAscendʼs business and results of operations may be hindered by applicable regulatory restrictions on sales and marketing activities. For example, the regulatory environment in Canada limits TerrAscendʼs ability to compete for market share in a manner similar to other industries. If TerrAscend is unable to effectively market its products and compete for market share, or if the costs of compliance with government legislation and regulation cannot be absorbed through increased selling prices for TerrAscendʼs products, TerrAscendʼs sales and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The Company may be subject to heightened scrutiny by Canadian regulatory authorities, which could negatively affect its business.

TerrAscendʼs future investments, joint ventures and operations in the US may become the subject of heightened scrutiny by regulators, stock exchanges and other authorities in Canada. As a result, TerrAscend may be subject to significant direct and indirect interaction with public officials. There can be no assurance that this heightened scrutiny will not in turn lead to the imposition of certain restrictions on TerrAscendʼs ability to invest in the US or any other jurisdiction, in addition to those described herein.

Although a memorandum of understanding signed by the Canadian Depository for Securities (“CDS”) and the Canadian recognized exchanges (Aequitas NEO Exchange Inc., the CSE, the Toronto Stock Exchange and the TSX Venture Exchange) dated February 8, 2018, confirms that CDS relies on the exchanges to review the conduct of listed issuers, and therefore there is currently no CDS ban on the clearing of securities of issuers with cannabis-related activities in the US, there can be no guarantee that this approach to regulation will continue in the future. If such a ban were to be implemented, it would have a material adverse effect on the ability of holders of Common Shares to make and settle trades. In particular, Common Shares would become highly illiquid as and until an alternative was implemented, investors would have no ability to affect a trade of Common Shares through the facilities of a stock exchange.

The Company’s investors and directors, officers and employees who are not US citizens may be denied entry into the US, which may negatively affect the Company’s business.

Because cannabis remains illegal under US federal law, those employed at or investing in legal and licensed Canadian cannabis companies could face detention, denial of entry or lifetime bans from the US for their business associations with US cannabis businesses. Entry happens at the sole discretion of the US Customs and Border Protection officers on duty, and these officers have wide latitude to ask questions to determine the admissibility of a foreign national. The Government of Canada has started warning travelers on its website that previous use of cannabis, or any substance prohibited by US federal laws, could mean denial of entry to the US. Business or financial involvement in the legal cannabis industry in Canada or in the US could also be reason enough for US border guards to deny entry.

Because the Company’s contracts involve cannabis and related activities, which are not legal under US federal law, the Company may face difficulties in enforcing its contracts.

It is a fundamental principle of law that a contract will not be enforced if it involves a violation of law or public policy. Because cannabis remains illegal at a federal level, judges may refuse to enforce contracts in connection with activities that violate US federal law, even if there is no violation of state law. There remains doubt and uncertainty that TerrAscend will be able to legally enforce contracts it enters into if necessary. TerrAscend cannot be assured that it will have a remedy for breach of contract, the lack of which may have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, revenues, operating results, financial condition or prospects.

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TerrAscend may encounter increasingly strict environmental health and safety regulations in connection with its operations, which may harm the Company’s business.

TerrAscendʼs operations are subject to environmental and safety laws and regulations concerning, among other things, emissions and discharges to water, air and land, the handling and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials and wastes, and employee health and safety. Changes in environmental, employee health and safety or other laws, more vigorous enforcement thereof or other unanticipated events could require extensive changes to TerrAscendʼs operations or give rise to material liabilities, which could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of TerrAscend.

TerrAscend faces risks related to the loss of foreign private issuer status and becoming a US reporting company.

The Company has determined that it no longer meets the definition of a foreign private issuer (“FPI”) as at the applicable reference date. As a public issuer, the Company is currently subject to the reporting requirements and rules and regulations under the applicable Canadian securities laws and rules of any stock exchange on which the Company’s securities may be listed from time to time. Effective January 1, 2022, due to the loss of FPI status, the Company became subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. Additional or new regulatory requirements may be adopted in the future. The loss of FPI status may have adverse consequences on the Company’s ability to issue its securities to acquire companies and its ability to raise capital in private placements or prospectus offerings. In addition, the requirements of existing and potential future rules and regulations will increase the Company’s legal, audit, accounting and financial compliance costs, make some activities more difficult, time consuming or costly and may also place undue strain on the Company’s personnel, systems and resources, including the transition of the Company’s financial reporting from IFRS to US GAAP, which could adversely affect TerrAscend’s business, financial condition, and results of operations. Further, should the Company seek to list on a securities exchange in the US, the loss of FPI status may increase the cost and time required for such a listing.

Risks Related to TerrAscend’s Business, Operations and Industry

The Company’s indebtedness may adversely affect TerrAscend’s business. The Company’s failure to comply with applicable covenants could trigger events that may materially adversely affect the Company’s business.

The Company’s indebtedness may adversely affect the Company’s business. The instruments governing the Company’s indebtedness include obligations and covenants that limit the Company’s discretion with respect to certain business matters and require the Company to satisfy certain financial requirements. The Company can make no assurances that it will be able to comply with such obligations and covenants and any failure to comply could result in a default, which, if not amended, cured or waived, could permit acceleration of the relevant indebtedness and the exercise of other remedies available to the lenders. In such event, there can be no assurance that the Company would be able to obtain any amendment, cure, waiver or other relief on terms acceptable to the Company. If the Company is unable to obtain relief from an event of the relevant indebtedness may be accelerated and the related collateral may be foreclosed upon, in addition such circumstances may result in the cross-default or cross-acceleration to other debt, any of which would materially adversely affect the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

The Company may require substantial additional financing to operate its business and it may face difficulties acquiring additional financing on terms acceptable to the Company, or at all.

The building and operation of TerrAscendʼs business, including its facilities, are capital intensive. In order to execute the anticipated growth strategy, TerrAscend may require additional equity and/or debt financing to support on-going operations, to undertake capital expenditures or to undertake acquisitions or other business combination transactions. There can be no assurance that additional financing will be available to TerrAscend when needed or on terms which are acceptable. TerrAscendʼs inability to raise financing to support on-going operations or to fund capital expenditures or acquisitions could limit TerrAscendʼs growth and may have a material adverse effect upon future profitability. TerrAscend may require additional financing to fund its operations to the point where it is generating positive cash flows. Any debt financing secured in the future could involve restrictive covenants relating to capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, which may make it more difficult for TerrAscend to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities, including potential acquisitions.

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TerrAscend faces intense competition as a relatively new entrant in the cannabis industry, and its business could be adversely affected by other businesses in a better competitive position.

The introduction of an adult-use model for cannabis production and distribution may impact the medical cannabis market. The impact of this potential development may be negative for TerrAscend and could result in increased levels of competition in its existing medical market and/or the entry of new competitors in the overall cannabis market in which TerrAscend operates. There is potential that TerrAscend will face intense competition from other companies, some of which can be expected to have longer operating histories and more financial resources and manufacturing and marketing experience than TerrAscend. Increased competition by larger and better financed competitors could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend.

If the number of users of medical cannabis in North America increases, the demand for products will increase and TerrAscend expects that competition will become more intense, as current and future competitors begin to offer an increasing number of diversified products. To remain competitive, TerrAscend will require a continued high level of investment in research and development, marketing, sales and client support. TerrAscend may not have sufficient resources to maintain research and development, marketing, sales and client support efforts on a competitive basis, which could materially and adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend.

The cannabis industry and market are relatively new, and this industry and market may not continue to exist or grow as expected.

TerrAscend is operating its business in a relatively new industry and market. Competitive conditions, consumer preferences, patient requirements and spending patterns in this new industry and market are relatively unknown and may have unique circumstances that differ from existing industries and markets. Accordingly, there are no assurances that this industry and market will continue to exist or grow as currently estimated or anticipated, or function and evolve in a manner consistent with management’s expectations and assumptions. Any event or circumstance that affects the medical cannabis industry and market could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations.

TerrAscendʼs success in North America is dependent on the market building out direct to consumer channels including but not limited to retail outlets. There are many factors which could impact TerrAscendʼs ability to gain market share and distribute its products, including but not limited to the continued growth and expansion of retail outlets in the North American market which may have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, operating results and financial condition. TerrAscendʼs ability to continue to grow, process, store and sell medical cannabis and participate in the adult-use cannabis markets is dependent on the maintenance and validity of TerrAscendʼs licenses from regulatory authorities.

The cannabis industry and markets are relatively new in North America and in other jurisdictions, and this industry and market may not continue to exist or grow as anticipated or TerrAscend may ultimately be unable to succeed in this industry and market.

The Company has historically had negative cash flow from operating activities, and continued losses could have a material negative effect on the Company’s business and prospects.

TerrAscend started sales in April 2018 and historically has had negative cash flow from operating activities. TerrAscend may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and may continue to incur significant losses in the future. In addition, TerrAscend expects to continue to increase operating expenses as it implements initiatives to continue to grow its business. If TerrAscendʼs sales do not increase to offset these expected increases in costs and operating expenses, TerrAscend will not be profitable.

Continued losses may have the following consequences:

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Demand for the Company’s products is difficult to forecast due to limited and unreliable market data.

As a result of recent and ongoing regulatory and policy changes in the medical and adult-use cannabis industry, the market data available is limited and unreliable. Federal and state laws prevent widespread participation and hinder market research. Therefore, TerrAscend must rely largely on its own market research to forecast sales as detailed forecasts are not generally obtainable from other sources at this early stage of the industry. Market research and projections by TerrAscend of estimated total retail sales, demographics, demand, and similar consumer research are based on assumptions from limited and unreliable market data, and generally represent the personal opinions of TerrAscendʼs management team as of the date of this Form 10-K. A failure in the demand for its products to materialize as a result of competition, technological change or other factors could have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations, financial condition or prospects of TerrAscend.

TerrAscend’s inability to attract and retain key personnel could materially adversely affect its business.

The success of TerrAscend is dependent upon the ability, expertise, judgment, discretion and good faith of its senior management, which are key personnel. Moreover, TerrAscendʼs future success depends on its continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and TerrAscend may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. The loss of the services of such key personnel, or an inability to attract other suitably qualified persons when needed, could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs ability to execute on its business plan and strategy, and TerrAscend may be unable to find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. While employment agreements are customarily used as a primary method of retaining the services of such key personnel these agreements cannot assure the continued services of such employees.

There is no assurance that any of TerrAscendʼs existing personnel who presently or may in the future require a security clearance will be able to obtain or renew such clearances or that new personnel who require a security clearance will be able to obtain one. A failure by such key personnel to maintain or renew their security clearance would result in a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if any key personnel leave TerrAscend, and TerrAscend is unable to find a suitable replacement that has a security clearance in a timely manner, or at all, it could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations.

TerrAscend may face unfavorable publicity or consumer perception of the safety, efficacy and quality of its cannabis products.

TerrAscend believes the cannabis industry is highly dependent upon consumer perception regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of the cannabis distributed to such consumers. Consumer perception of TerrAscendʼs products can be significantly influenced by scientific research or findings, regulatory investigations, litigation, media attention and other publicity regarding the consumption of medical cannabis products. There can be no assurance that future scientific research, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other research findings or publicity will be favorable to the medical cannabis market or any particular product, or consistent with earlier publicity.

Future research reports, findings, regulatory proceedings, litigation, media attention or other publicity that are perceived as less favorable than, or that question, earlier research reports, findings or publicity could have a material adverse effect on the demand for TerrAscendʼs products and the business, results of operations, financial condition of TerrAscend. In particular, adverse publicity reports or other media attention regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of medical cannabis in general, or TerrAscendʼs products specifically, or associating the consumption of medical cannabis with illness or other negative effects or events, could have such a material adverse effect. Such adverse publicity reports or other media attention could arise even if the adverse effects associated with such products resulted from consumers’ failure to consume such products appropriately or as directed. For instance, the vape crisis that began in the summer of 2019 was ultimately linked to cutting agents almost exclusively found in the illicit market. Regardless, several states moved to ban the sale of vape products in legal markets, severely impacting entire revenue streams.

Although TerrAscend believes that it takes care in protecting its image and reputation, TerrAscend does not ultimately have direct control over how it is perceived by others. Reputation loss may result in decreased investor confidence, increased challenges in developing and maintaining community relations and an impediment to TerrAscendʼs overall ability to advance its business, thereby having a material adverse impact on the financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend.

The Company faces reputational risks, which may negatively impact its business.

Damage to TerrAscendʼs reputation can be the result of the actual or perceived occurrence of any number of events, and could include any negative publicity, whether true or not. The increased usage of social media and other web-based tools used to

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generate, publish, and discuss user-generated content and to connect with other users has made it increasingly easier for individuals and groups to communicate and share opinions and views in regards to TerrAscend and its activities, whether true or not. Although TerrAscend believes that it operates in a manner that is respectful to all shareholders and that it takes care in protecting its image and reputation, TerrAscend does not ultimately have direct control over how it is perceived by others. Reputation loss may result in decreased investor confidence, increased challenges in developing and maintaining community relations, and an impediment to TerrAscendʼs overall ability to advance its projects, thereby having a material adverse impact on financial performance, financial condition, cash flows, and growth prospects. Further, the parties with which TerrAscend does business may perceive that they are exposed to reputational risk as a result of TerrAscendʼs cannabis business activities. Failure to establish or maintain business relationships could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend.

The Company is dependent on suppliers and key inputs for the cultivation, extraction and production of cannabis products.

The ability of TerrAscend to compete and grow will be dependent on it having access, at a reasonable cost and in a timely manner, to equipment, parts and components. No assurances can be given that TerrAscend will be successful in maintaining its required supply of equipment, parts and components. It is also possible that the final costs of the major equipment contemplated by TerrAscendʼs capital expenditure plans may be significantly greater than anticipated by TerrAscendʼs management and may be greater than funds available to TerrAscend, in which circumstance TerrAscend may curtail, or extend the timeframes for completing, its capital expenditure plans. This could have an adverse effect on the business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects of TerrAscend.

The cannabis business is dependent on a number of key inputs and their related costs including raw materials and supplies related to growing operations, as well as electricity, water and other local utilities. Any significant interruption or negative change in the availability or economics of the supply chain for key inputs could materially impact the business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects of TerrAscend. In addition, any restrictions on the ability to secure required supplies or utility services or to do so on commercially acceptable terms could have a materially adverse impact on the business, financial condition and operating results. Some of these inputs may only be available from a single supplier or a limited group of suppliers. If a sole source supplier was to go out of business, TerrAscend might be unable to find a replacement for such source in a timely manner or at all. If a sole source supplier were to be acquired by a competitor, that competitor may elect not to sell to TerrAscend in the future. Any inability to secure required supplies and services or to do so on appropriate terms and/or agreeable terms could have a materially adverse impact on the business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects of TerrAscend.

TerrAscendʼs business is subject to the risks inherent in agricultural operations.

TerrAscendʼs business involves the cultivation of the cannabis plant. The cultivation of this plant is subject to agricultural risks related to insects, plant diseases, unstable growing conditions, water and electricity availability and cost, and force majeure events. Although TerrAscend cultivates its cannabis plants in indoor, climate controlled rooms staffed by trained personnel and in the future plans to cultivate cannabis plants in greenhouses, there can be no assurance that agricultural risks will not have a material adverse effect on the cultivation of its cannabis. TerrAscend may in the future cultivate cannabis plants outdoors, which would also subject it to related agricultural risks.

The Company may be adversely impacted by rising or volatile energy costs.

TerrAscendʼs cannabis growing and manufacturing operations consume considerable energy, which make TerrAscend vulnerable to rising energy costs. Accordingly, rising or volatile energy costs may adversely impact the business of TerrAscend and its ability to operate profitably.

TerrAscendʼs intellectual property may be difficult to protect, and failure to do so may negatively impact its business.

The ownership and protection of trademarks, patents, trade secrets and intellectual property rights are significant aspects of TerrAscendʼs future success. TerrAscend has no patented technology or trademarked business methods at this time, nor has it registered any patents. TerrAscend has filed trademark applications in the US and Canada. The Company will continue to seek trademark protection in the US and Canada.

TerrAscend’s ability to obtain registered trademark protection for cannabis-related goods and services, in particular for cannabis itself, may be limited in certain countries outside of Canada, including the US, where registered federal trademark protection is currently unavailable for trademarks covering marijuana-related products and services that are illegal under the CSA. Accordingly, TerrAscend’s ability to obtain intellectual property rights or enforce intellectual property rights against third party uses of similar trademarks may be limited in certain countries. The US Patent and Trademark Office released a

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policy on May 2, 2019 that clarifies that applications for trademarks for products that meet the definition of hemp could be accepted for registration, with certain exceptions.

Even if TerrAscend moves to protect its technology with trademarks, patents, copyrights or by other means, TerrAscend is not assured that competitors will not develop similar technology, business methods or that TerrAscend will be able to exercise its legal rights. Other countries may not protect intellectual property rights to the same standards as does the US or Canada. Actions taken to protect or preserve intellectual property rights may require significant financial and other resources which may have a significant impact on TerrAscendʼs ability to successfully grow the business.

In addition, other parties may claim that TerrAscendʼs products infringe on their proprietary and perhaps patent protected rights. Such claims, whether or not meritorious, may result in TerrAscendʼs expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources, legal fees, result in injunctions, temporary restraining orders and/or require the payment of damages.

The Company and investors may have difficulty enforcing their legal rights.

In the event of a dispute arising from TerrAscendʼs US operations, TerrAscend may be subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of foreign courts or may not be successful in subjecting foreign persons to the jurisdictions of courts in Canada. Similarly, to the extent that TerrAscendʼs assets are located outside of Canada, investors may have difficulty collecting from TerrAscend any judgments obtained in the Canadian courts and predicated on the civil liability provisions of securities provisions. TerrAscend may also be hindered or prevented from enforcing its rights with respect to a governmental entity or instrumentality because of the doctrine of sovereign immunity.

TerrAscend faces physical security risks, as well as risks related to its information technology systems, potential cyber-attacks, and privacy breaches.

If there was a breach in security systems and TerrAscend becomes victim to a robbery or theft, the loss of cannabis plants, cannabis oils, cannabis flowers and cultivation and processing equipment or if there was a failure of information systems or a component of information systems, it could, depending on the nature of any such breach or failure, adversely impact TerrAscendʼs reputation, business continuity and results of operations. A security breach at one of TerrAscendʼs facilities could expose TerrAscend to additional liability and to potentially costly litigation, increase expenses relating to the resolution and future prevention of these breaches and may deter potential customers from choosing TerrAscendʼs products. Given the nature of TerrAscendʼs products and its lack of legal availability outside of channels approved by the government of the US, as well as the concentration of inventory in its facilities, there remains a risk of shrinkage as well as theft. TerrAscend also collects and stores personal information about its patients and is responsible for protecting that information from privacy breaches. A privacy breach may occur through procedural or process failure, information technology malfunction, or deliberate unauthorized intrusions.

Furthermore, Internet websites are visible by people everywhere, not just in jurisdictions where the activities described therein are considered legal. As a result, to the extent that TerrAscend sells services or products via web-based links targeting only jurisdictions in which such sales or services are compliant with state law, TerrAscend may face legal action in other jurisdictions which are not the intended object of any of TerrAscendʼs marketing efforts for engaging in any web-based activity that results in sales into such jurisdictions deemed illegal under applicable laws.

TerrAscend has entered into agreements with third parties for hardware, software, telecommunications and other information technology (or “IT”) services in connection with its operations. TerrAscendʼs operations depend, in part, on how well it and its suppliers protect networks, equipment, IT systems and software against damage from a number of threats, including, but not limited to, cable cuts, damage to physical plants, natural disasters, intentional damage and destruction, fire, power loss, hacking, computer viruses, vandalism and theft. TerrAscendʼs operations also depend on the timely maintenance, upgrade and replacement of networks, equipment, IT systems and software, as well as pre-emptive expenses to mitigate the risks of failures. Any of these and other events could result in information system failures, delays and/or increase in capital expenses. The failure of information systems or a component of information systems could, depending on the nature of any such failure, adversely impact TerrAscendʼs reputation and results of operations.

Theft of data for competitive purposes is an ongoing risk whether perpetrated via employee collusion or negligence or through deliberate cyber-attack. Any such theft or privacy breach would have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, there are a number of federal, state, and provincial laws protecting the confidentiality of certain patient health information, including patient records, and restricting the use and disclosure of that protected information. If TerrAscend was found to be in violation of the applicable laws protecting the confidentiality of patient

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health information, it could be subject to sanctions and civil or criminal penalties, which could increase its liabilities, harm its reputation and have a material adverse effect on the business, results of operations and financial condition of TerrAscend.

TerrAscend faces exposure to fraudulent or illegal activity by employees, contractors and consultants, which may subject the Company to investigations or other actions.

TerrAscend is exposed to the risk that its employees, independent contractors and consultants may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless and/or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to TerrAscend that violates: (i) government regulations; (ii) manufacturing standards; (iii) federal and provincial healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations; or (iv) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. It may not always be possible for TerrAscend to identify and deter misconduct by its employees and other third parties, and the precautions taken by TerrAscend to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting TerrAscend from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to be in compliance with such laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against TerrAscend, and it is not successful in defending itself or asserting its rights, those actions could have a significant impact on TerrAscendʼs business, including the imposition of civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, monetary fines, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment of TerrAscendʼs operations, any of which could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Directors and officers of the Company have faced, and may in the future face, conflicts of interests regarding the business strategy of the Company.

Certain of the directors and officers of TerrAscend are also directors and officers of other companies or are engaged and will continue to be engaged in activities that may put them in conflict with the business strategy of TerrAscend. Consequently, there exists the possibility for such directors and officers to be in a position of conflict.

In particular, TerrAscend may also become involved in other transactions which conflict with the interests of its directors and officers, who may from time to time deal with persons, firms, institutions or companies with which TerrAscend may be dealing, or which may be seeking investments similar to those desired by it. All decisions to be made by directors and officers of TerrAscend are required to be made in accordance with their duties and obligations to act honestly and in good faith with a view to the best interests of TerrAscend. In addition, the directors and officers are required to declare their interests in, and such directors are required to refrain from voting on, any matter in which they may have a material conflict of interest.

The Company’s internal controls over financial reporting may not be effective, and the Company’s independent auditors may not be able to certify as to their effectiveness, which could have a significant and adverse effect on the Company’s business.

The Company will incur expenses and, to a lesser extent, diversion of Company management’s time in its efforts to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act regarding internal controls over financial reporting. Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports and, together with adequate disclosure controls and procedures, are designed to prevent fraud. Any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or difficulties encountered in their implementation could cause TerrAscend to fail to meet its reporting obligations. In addition, any testing by the Company conducted in connection with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or the subsequent testing by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm when required, may reveal deficiencies in TerrAscend’s internal controls over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses or that may require prospective or retrospective changes to the Company’s consolidated financial statements or identify other areas for further attention or improvement. Inferior internal controls could also cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of the Company’s Common Shares.

The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to have an impact on the Company’s business and financial results.

On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic known as COVID-19. The impacts on global commerce have been far reaching. To date, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an immaterial impact on TerrAscendʼs products and supply chains. The production and sale of cannabis have been recognized as essential services across the US and Canada and TerrAscend has not experienced production delays or prolonged retail closures to date as a result.

Due to the continued uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, it is not possible to predict the impact that COVID-19 will have on TerrAscendʼs business, financial position and operating results in the future. In addition, it is possible that estimates in

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TerrAscendʼs financial statements will change in the near term as a result of COVID-19 and the effect of any such changes could be material, which could result in, among other things, impairment of long-lived assets including intangibles and goodwill. An impairment test was performed as of December 31, 2020 for TerrAscendʼs goodwill and intangible assets. Management is closely monitoring the impact of the pandemic on all aspects of its business. As at December 31, 2021 management had not observed any material impairments of TerrAscendʼs assets or a significant change in the fair value of assets due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The development of the Company’s products is complex and requires significant investment. Failure to develop new technologies and products could adversely affect the Company’s business.

The introduction of new products embodying new technologies, including new manufacturing processes, and the emergence of new industry standards may render TerrAscendʼs products obsolete, less competitive or less marketable. The process of developing TerrAscendʼs products is complex and requires significant continuing costs, development efforts and third-party commitments. TerrAscendʼs failure to develop new technologies and products and the obsolescence of existing technologies could adversely affect the business, financial condition and operating results of TerrAscend. TerrAscend may be unable to anticipate changes in its potential customer requirements that could make TerrAscendʼs existing technology obsolete.

The development of TerrAscendʼs proprietary technology entails significant technical and business risks. TerrAscend may not be successful in using its new technologies or exploiting its niche markets effectively or adapting its businesses to evolving customer or medical requirements or preferences or emerging industry standards.

Risks Related to the Company’s Investment and Acquisition Business Strategies

The success of TerrAscendʼs business depends, in part, on its ability to successfully integrate recently acquired businesses and to retain key employees of acquired businesses. If the Company is unsuccessful in doing so, it may negatively affect TerrAscendʼs business.

TerrAscend may not be able to successfully integrate and combine the operations, personnel and technology infrastructure of any such acquired company with its existing operations. If integration is not managed successfully by TerrAscendʼs management, TerrAscend may experience interruptions to its business activities, deterioration in its employee and customer relationships, increased costs of integration and harm to its reputation, all of which could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations. TerrAscend may experience difficulties in combining corporate cultures, maintaining employee morale and retaining key employees. The integration of any such acquired companies may also impose substantial demands on management. There is no assurance that these acquisitions will be successfully integrated in a timely manner. See “—Risks Related to the Acquisition of Gage Growth Corp.—The Company and Gage may not integrate successfully, which may prevent the realization of the benefits of the Transaction and may have a material adverse effect on the Company.”

There can be no assurance that the Company’s current and future strategic alliances will have a beneficial impact on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

TerrAscend currently has, and may in the future, enter into strategic alliances with third parties that it believes will complement or augment its existing business. TerrAscendʼs ability to complete strategic alliances is dependent upon, and may be limited by, the availability of suitable candidates and capital. In addition, strategic alliances could present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs, may not enhance TerrAscendʼs business, and may involve risks that could adversely affect TerrAscend, including significant amounts of management time that may be diverted from operations in order to pursue and complete such transactions or maintain such strategic alliances. Future strategic alliances could result in the incurrence of additional debt, costs and contingent liabilities, and there can be no assurance that future strategic alliances will achieve, or that TerrAscendʼs existing strategic alliances will continue to achieve, the expected benefits to TerrAscendʼs business or that TerrAscend will be able to consummate future strategic alliances on satisfactory terms, or at all. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company’s use of joint ventures may expose the Company to risks associated with jointly owned investments.

TerrAscend currently operates parts of its business through joint ventures with other companies, and it may enter into additional joint ventures in the future. Joint venture investments and partnerships may involve risks not otherwise present for investments made solely by TerrAscend, including: (i) TerrAscend may not control the joint ventures; (ii) TerrAscend’s joint venture partners may not agree to distributions that it believe are appropriate; (iii) where TerrAscend does not have substantial decision-making authority, it may experience impasses or disputes with TerrAscend’s joint venture partners on certain decisions, which

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could require it to expend additional resources to resolve such impasses or disputes, including litigation or arbitration; (iv) TerrAscend’s joint venture partners may become insolvent or bankrupt, fail to fund their share of required capital contributions or fail to fulfil their obligations as a joint venture partner; (v) the arrangements governing TerrAscend’s joint ventures may contain certain conditions or milestone events that may never be satisfied or achieved; (vi) TerrAscend’s joint venture partners may have business or economic interests that are inconsistent with TerrAscend’s and may take actions contrary to TerrAscend’s interests; (vii) TerrAscend may suffer losses as a result of actions taken by TerrAscend’s joint venture partners with respect to TerrAscend’s joint venture investments; and (viii) it may be difficult for TerrAscend to exit a joint venture if an impasse arises or if TerrAscend desires to sell its interest for any reason. Any of the foregoing risks could have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend’s business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, TerrAscend may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of its joint venture partners.

Risks Related to the Acquisition of Gage

The Company may not realize the benefits of its growth strategy, which could have an adverse effect on the Company’s business.

The Company believes that the completion of the Transaction will allow it to accelerate its strategic efforts to capitalize on significant growth opportunities by gaining exposure to the Michigan market. As part of its growth strategy, the Company will continue in its existing efforts and initiate new efforts to expand its footprint, and brand and marketing capabilities. Such expansion is dependent on availability of capital funding, achieving satisfactory returns on the acquisition of Gage, continuing to enter into successful business arrangements and certain assumptions about being able to achieve Gage’s projected growth strategy. The failure to successfully implement either its own strategic initiatives, or those with respect to Gage, could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.

The Company and Gage may not integrate successfully, which may prevent the realization of the benefits of the Transaction and may have a material adverse effect on the Company.

The Transaction involves the integration of companies that previously operated independently. As a result, the Transaction presents challenges to management, including the integration of the operations, systems and personnel of the two companies, and special risks, including possible unanticipated liabilities, costs and delays related to the integration of Gage into the Company’s systems and operations, diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business concerns and the potential for performance shortfalls as a result of the devotion of management’s attention to the Transaction and integration of Gage and Gage personnel, the potential loss of key business, employment and other operational relationships and the inability to attract new employees and business and operational relationships. Many of the difficulties management encounters in the transition and integration process are outside of the Company’s control, which could result in an adverse effect on the revenues, level of expenses and operating results of the Company, which in turn could have an adverse effect on the Company’s brand, business and financial condition. As a result of these factors, it is possible that any benefits expected from the Transaction to the Company may not ultimately be realized fully, or at all, or may take longer to realize than expected.

Reliance on Licenses and Transfers

Gageʼs business is dependent on its commercial arrangements with the owners of the licenses that Gage supports in the State of Michigan (the “Licensed Operators”), and such parties continuing their current operations, maintaining their respective licenses in good standing and applying for and receiving any additional necessary licenses and compliance with their terms. There can be no guarantee that any of the required licenses held by the Licensed Operators will be extended or renewed, or, if extended or renewed by the relevant authorities, that they will be extended or renewed on the same or similar terms. The failure by Gage or any of the Licensed Operators to comply with the requirements of any regulation or license or any failure to maintain any license or obtain any additional necessary licenses, or the existence of any material disagreement between Gage and the Licensed Operators, could have a material adverse impact on TerrAscend’s business, financial condition and results of operations. Separately, there can be no guarantee that ownership of all of the required licenses held by the Licensed Operators will be able to be transferred to TerrAscend. In such an event, TerrAscend would be reliant on services agreements with the Licensed Operators for an indefinite time period. Additionally, the Licensed Operators may be unable to manufacture and process products in line with the required quality standards, which could materially impact TerrAscend’s business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects. As a result of all of these factors, it is possible that any benefits from the Transaction to the Corporation may not ultimately be realized.

The issuance of a significant number of Common Shares and the resulting “market overhang” could adversely affect the market price of Common Shares after completion of the Transaction.

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The issuance of a significant number of Common Shares and the resulting “market overhang” could adversely affect the market price of Common Shares. On the closing date, a significant number of additional Common Shares will be available for trading in the public market. The increase in the number of Common Shares may lead to sales of such shares or the perception that such sales may occur, either of which may adversely affect the market for, and the market price of, Common Shares. The potential that TerrAscend shareholders may sell their Common Shares in the public market (commonly referred to as “market overhang”), as well as any actual sales of such Common Shares in the public market, could adversely affect the market price of the Common Shares.

TerrAscend and Gage may be the target of securities class actions and derivative lawsuits, which could result in substantial costs to TerrAscend and may divert the attention of TerrAscend’s management, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company.

TerrAscend and Gage may be the target of securities class actions and derivative lawsuits which could result in substantial costs and may divert the attention of TerrAscend’s management, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company. Securities class action lawsuits and derivative lawsuits are often brought against companies that have entered into an agreement to acquire a public company or to be acquired. Third parties may also attempt to bring claims against TerrAscend and Gage seeking monetary compensation or other remedies. Even if the lawsuits are without merit, defending against these claims can result in substantial costs and divert management time and resources.

In addition, political and public attitudes towards the Transaction could result in negative press coverage and other adverse public statements affecting TerrAscend and Gage. Adverse press coverage and other adverse statements could lead to investigations by regulators, legislators and law enforcement officials or in legal claims or otherwise negatively impact the ability of TerrAscend to take advantage of various business and market opportunities. The direct and indirect effects of negative publicity, and the demands of responding to and addressing it, may have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to the Company’s Common Shares

The Company’s voting control is concentrated.

Mr. Jason Wild, TerrAscendʼs Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Company’s Board, beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, or exercises control or direction over shares representing approximately 38.43% of the voting capital stock of the Company as of January 18, 2022. As a result, he exerts significant control over matters that may be put forth for the consideration of all TerrAscend shareholders, including for example, the approval of a potential business combination or consolidation, a liquidation or sale of all or substantially all of TerrAscendʼs assets, electing members to TerrAscend’s Board, and adopting amendments to TerrAscendʼs constating documents, including its articles of incorporation, as amended (the “Articles”) and by-laws.

The Company’s Preferred Shares have a liquidation preference over the Common Shares, which could limit the Company’s ability to make distributions to the holders of Common Shares.

In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, whether voluntary or involuntary, or upon any other return of capital or distribution of the assets of the Company among its shareholders, in each case for the purposes of winding up its affairs, the Company’s preferred shares (the “Preferred Shares”) are entitled to receive any distribution available to be paid out of the assets of the Company before the Proportionate Voting Shares, Common Shares and exchangeable shares of the Company (the “Exchangeable Shares”). Accordingly, should the Company be liquidated, dissolved or wound-up, the Company may be unable to make any distribution to the holders of the Common Shares.

An investor may face liquidity risks with an investment in the Common Shares.

TerrAscendʼs Common Shares are listed on the CSE and also trade over the counter in the US on the OTCQX® Best Market, however, there can be no assurance that an active and/or liquid market for Common Shares will develop or be maintained and an investor may find it difficult to resell any securities of TerrAscend. For example, certain banks will not execute any transactions in securities of cannabis-related businesses or have implemented restrictions and additional requirements for such transactions. 

The price of the Company’s Common Shares may be volatile, and may be adversely affected by the price of cannabis.

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The market price of Common Shares may be subject to wide price fluctuations, and the price of TerrAscendʼs shares and its financial results may be significantly and adversely affected by a decline in the price of cannabis. There is currently no established market price for cannabis and the price of cannabis is affected by several factors beyond TerrAscendʼs control. For example, price fluctuations may be in response to many factors, including variations in the operating results of TerrAscend and its subsidiaries, divergence in financial results from analysts’ expectations, changes in earnings estimates by stock market analysts, changes in the business prospects for TerrAscend and its subsidiaries, general economic conditions, legislative changes, community support for the medical cannabis industry and other events and factors outside of TerrAscendʼs control. In addition, stock markets have from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations, which, as well as general economic and political conditions, could adversely affect the market price for the Company’s Common Shares.

Additional issuances of the Company’s securities may result in dilution.

TerrAscend may issue additional securities in the future, which may dilute a TerrAscend shareholder’s holdings in TerrAscend. TerrAscendʼs Articles permit the issuance of an unlimited number of Proportionate Voting Shares, Exchangeable Shares, Preferred Shares and Common Shares, and TerrAscend shareholders will have no pre-emptive rights in connection with such further issuance. For example, in connection with the recently completed Transaction with Gage, the Company issued approximately 51.3 million Common Shares to Gage shareholders and reserved approximately an additional 25.8 million Common Shares pursuant to the convertible securities of Gage which will be exchanged for convertible securities of the Company. The directors of TerrAscend have discretion to determine the price and the terms of issue of further issuances, and such terms could include rights, preferences and privileges superior to those existing holders. Moreover, additional Common Shares will be issued by TerrAscend on the exercise of options under TerrAscendʼs stock option plan and upon the exercise of outstanding warrants and upon the conversion of Proportionate Voting Shares, Exchangeable Shares and Preferred Shares. To the extent holders of TerrAscend’s stock options or other convertible securities convert or exercise their securities and sell Common Shares they receive, the trading price of the Common Shares may decrease due to the additional amount of Common Shares available in the market. TerrAscend cannot predict the size or nature of future issuances or the effect that future issuances and sales of Common Shares will have on the market price of the Common Shares. Issuances of a substantial number of additional Common Shares, or the perception that such issuances could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices for the Common Shares. With any additional issuance of Common Shares, investors will suffer dilution to their voting power and economic interest in TerrAscend.

Sales of substantial amounts of Common Shares may have an adverse effect on the market price of the Common Shares.

Sales of a substantial number of Common Shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the market perception that the holders of a large number of Common Shares intend to sell Common Shares, could reduce the market price of Common Shares.

Risks related to potential disqualification of equity holders by regulatory authorities.

An individual with an ownership interest in TerrAscend could become disqualified from having such ownership interest in TerrAscend under a US state cannabis agency’s interpretation of the relevant state laws and regulations if such owner is convicted of a certain type of felony or fails to meet the residency requirements, if any, for owning equity in a company like TerrAscend. The loss of such equity holder could potentially have a material adverse effect on TerrAscend.

TerrAscend does not intend to pay dividends on its Common Shares for the foreseeable future and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of the Company’s Common Shares.

TerrAscendʼs policy is to retain earnings to finance the development and enhancement of its products and to otherwise reinvest in TerrAscendʼs businesses. Therefore, TerrAscend does not anticipate paying cash dividends on Common Shares in the foreseeable future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of the Company’s Board and will depend on, among other things, financial results, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that the Company’s Board may deem relevant. As a result, investors may not receive any return on investment in Common Shares unless they sell them for a share price that is greater than that at which such investors purchased them.

General Risk Factors

TerrAscend may not be able to obtain necessary permits and authorizations.

TerrAscend may be required to obtain and maintain certain permits, licenses and approvals in the jurisdictions where its products are manufactured and/or sold. There can be no assurance that TerrAscend will be able to obtain or maintain any

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necessary licenses, permits or approvals. Any material delay or inability to receive these items is likely to delay and/or inhibit TerrAscendʼs ability to conduct its business, and would have an adverse effect on its business, financial condition and results of operations.

TerrAscend may be subject to litigation, which could divert the attention of management and cause the Company to expend significant resources.

TerrAscend may become party to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business which could adversely affect its business. Should any litigation in which TerrAscend becomes involved be determined against TerrAscend, such a decision could adversely affect TerrAscendʼs ability to continue operating and the market price for Common Shares. Even if TerrAscend is involved in litigation and wins, litigation can redirect significant resources.

The Company needs to attract and retain customers and patients in order to succeed, and failure to do so may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.

TerrAscendʼs success depends on its ability to attract and retain customers and patients. There are many factors which could impact TerrAscendʼs ability to attract and retain customers and patients, including but not limited to TerrAscendʼs ability to continually produce desirable and effective products and, the successful implementation of a customer and patient-acquisition plan. TerrAscendʼs failure to acquire and retain customers and patients would have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, operating results and financial condition.

TerrAscend has a limited operating history, which makes it difficult to evaluate its prospects and predict future operating results.

TerrAscend has a limited operating history and, accordingly, potential investors will have a limited basis on which to evaluate its ability to achieve its business objectives. The future success of TerrAscend is dependent on management’s ability to implement its strategy, there is no certainty that anticipated outcomes and sustainable revenue streams will be achieved and there is no certainty that TerrAscend will successfully produce commercial medical cannabis, establish a market for and sell its product, maintain its licenses or obtain other necessary licenses and/or approvals.

TerrAscend faces risks frequently encountered by early-stage companies. In particular, its future growth and prospects will depend on its ability to expand its operation and gain additional revenue streams while at the same time maintaining effective cost controls. Any failure to expand is likely to have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition and results. As such, there is no assurance that TerrAscend will be successful in achieving a return on TerrAscend shareholders’ investment and the likelihood of success must be considered in light of the early stage of operations.

The Company may be subject to growth-related risks, which could negatively affect its business.

TerrAscend may be subject to growth-related risks including capacity constraints and pressure on its internal systems and controls. The ability of TerrAscend to manage growth effectively will require it to continue to implement and improve its operational and financial systems and to expand, train and manage its employee base. The inability of TerrAscend to deal with this growth may have a material adverse effect on TerrAscendʼs business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

The Company faces risks and hazards that may not be covered by insurance.

TerrAscendʼs business is subject to a number of risks and hazards generally, including adverse environmental conditions, accidents, disputes and changes in the regulatory environment. Such occurrences could result in damage to assets, personal injury or death, environmental damage, delays in operations, monetary losses and possible legal liability.

Although TerrAscend maintains insurance to protect against certain risks in such amounts as it considers to be reasonable, its insurance does not cover all the potential risks associated with its operations. TerrAscend may also be unable to maintain insurance to cover these risks at economically feasible premiums. Insurance coverage may not continue to be available or may not be adequate to cover any resulting liability. Moreover, insurance against risks such as environmental pollution or other hazards encountered in the operations of TerrAscend is not generally available on acceptable terms. Losses from these events may cause TerrAscend to incur significant costs that could have a material adverse effect upon its financial performance and results of operations.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

The following tables set forth the Company’s principal physical properties as of February 28, 2022.

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* Property or lease on the property is subject to an encumbrance as described below.

† The Company owns the production property at the Ilera Healthcare property in Waterfall, PA, but the land is leased from another entity.

☐ Not yet operational.

Properties Subject to an Encumbrance

The TerrAscend Canada property located in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada has been pledged as collateral to secure TerrAscend Canada’s obligations under (i) a loan agreement entered into on June 19, 2020 by and between TerrAscend Canada and KingSett Mortgage Corporation, for a loan in the principal amount of C$7.3 million bearing interest of 8.25% and a balance due date of July 1, 2023 and (ii) a debenture entered into on March 10, 2020 by and between TerrAscend Canada and Canopy Growth in

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the amount of $58.6 million pursuant to a secured debenture. The secured debenture bears interest at a rate of 6.10% per annum, with an effective interest rate of 14.15% and matures on March 10, 2030. The debenture is secured by the assets of TerrAscend Canada, is not convertible and is not guaranteed by TerrAscend Corp.

The interests of Arise in the leases for the Warehouse and Corporate Office properties in Boca Raton, FL have been pledged as collateral to secure Arise’s obligations under a debenture, entered into on December 10, 2020 by and between Arise and Canopy Growth, in the principal amount of $20 million pursuant to a secured debenture. The secured debenture bears interest at a rate of 6.10% per annum commencing four years from the effective date, with an effective interest rate of 15.61% and matures on December 9, 2030. The debenture is secured by the assets of Arise, is not convertible and is not guaranteed by the Company.

The following properties have been pledged as collateral to secure obligations of the Company’s subsidiary, WDB Holding PA, under a senior secured term loan, entered into on December 18, 2020, by and between WDB Holding PA and a syndicate of lenders, in the amount of $120 million, bearing an interest rate of 12.875% per annum and maturing on December 17, 2024: (i) Ilera Healthcare – Grow PA, Waterfall, Pennsylvania and (ii) KCR Dispensary – Allentown, Allentown, Pennsylvania. The interests of WDB Holding PA in the leases for the following properties have been pledged as collateral to secure the obligations WDB Holding PA under the same loan: (i) Ilera Healthcare / TerrAscend Corp. Office., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, (ii) The Apothecarium Dispensary – Plymouth, Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, (iii) The Apothecarium Dispensary – Lancaster, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, (iv) The Apothecarium Dispensary – Thorndale, Thorndale, Pennsylvania, (v) KCR Dispensary – Bethlehem, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, (vi) KCR Dispensary – Stroudsburg, Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. The loan is secured by the assets of TerrAscendʼs Pennsylvania business.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Legal Proceedings

The Company is from time to time involved in various legal proceedings. Other than as noted below, TerrAscend believes that none of the litigation in which it is currently involved, or has been involved, in individually or in the aggregate, is material to the Company’s consolidated financial condition or results of operations.

PharmHouse and 261 Matter

On October 15, 2018, the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary TerrAscend Canada entered into a multi-year cultivation agreement (the “PharmHouse Agreement”) with PharmHouse Inc. (“PharmHouse”), a joint venture between RIV Capital and 2615975 Ontario Inc., the operators of a leading North American greenhouse produce company (“261”). Under the terms of the PharmHouse Agreement, it was expected that PharmHouse would grow and supply cannabis to TerrAscend Canada from its existing 1.3 million square foot greenhouse located in Leamington, Ontario. Once fully licensed, the production of flower, trim and clones from up to 20% of the dedicated flowering space planted at the greenhouse was expected to be made available to TerrAscend Canada. To date, PharmHouse has not yet delivered product in accordance with the terms of the PharmHouse Agreement.

On September 11, 2020, the Company and TerrAscend Canada were informed that a statement of claim was issued on August 31, 2020 in the Ontario Superior Court of Justice by 261 against RIV Capital, Canopy Growth, the Company and TerrAscend Canada (the “261 Claim”). In the 261 Claim, 261 alleged the Company worked with the other defendants to bankrupt PharmHouse in order to avoid having to purchase certain products to be provided by PharmHouse under the PharmHouse Agreement. 261 sought damages from the defendants in the amount of C$500 million and alleged certain causes of action, including bad faith, fraud, civil conspiracy, breach of the duty of honesty and good faith in contractual relations and breach of fiduciary duty.

On September 16, 2020, in connection with its bankruptcy proceedings, PharmHouse obtained an order from the Ontario Superior Court of Justice granting PharmHouse creditor protection under the Companies’ Creditors Arrangement Act (“CCAA”). Pursuant to the CCAA order, the 261 Claim was stayed. During a CCAA hearing in November 2020, 261 objected to the stay of the 261 Claim. The judge presiding over the CCAA process agreed to allow 261 to discontinue the 261 Claim against the defendants “without prejudice” to its right to recommence the 261 Claim against all parties except PharmHouse Inc., provided that such recommenced claim can only be brought after January 1, 2021. This does not affect any of the defendants’ ability to move for a stay of the recommenced 261 Claim. On February 10, 2021, 261 served the Company and TerrAscend Canada with the recommenced 261 Claim. The recommenced 261 Claim contains the same factual allegations as the 261 Claim, the same legal claims and the same relief sought; however, it was not recommenced against PharmHouse Inc. The Company has not accrued any contingencies with respect to the recommenced 261 Claim.

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On March 11, 2021, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice approved a settlement agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) between the Company, TerrAscend Canada and PharmHouse. 261 is not a party to the Settlement Agreement. The Ontario Superior Court of Justice held in its March 11, 2021 endorsement that nothing in the Settlement Agreement releases or compromises any of the claims or causes of action asserted against the Company or TerrAscend Canada in the recommenced 261 Claim. The Settlement Agreement provides that the Company make a one-time purchase of a specific quantity of cannabis that was grown under the PharmHouse Agreement for a set price per gram, totaling C$1,166,669.93, and for a one-time cash payment of C$725,000 to PharmHouse for full and final satisfaction of any claims or obligations between the Company, TerrAscend Canada and PharmHouse. The Company paid all amounts due under the Settlement Agreement and has commercialized the purchased cannabis. The Settlement Agreement does not affect the recommenced 261 Claim issued on February 10, 2021, as the plaintiff in the recommenced 261 Claim is not a party to the Settlement Agreement and the Ontario Superior Court of Justice held that nothing in the Settlement Agreement releases or compromises any of the claims or causes of action asserted against the Company or TerrAscend Canada in the recommenced 261 Claim.

Investments International Matter

On October 20, 2018, Investments International Inc. (“Investments”) signed a lease agreement with the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, 2627685 Ontario Inc. and 2151924 Alberta Inc. On February 8, 2019, Investments filed a statement of claim under the Court of Alberta against the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries, for breach of the lease agreement. The amount claimed is $2,764 plus interest from and after the termination date of an unexecuted lease.  The Company has paid initial lease deposits in addition to submitting a statement of defence. The Company does not expect the claim to have a material adverse impact on the Company and no amount has been accrued in the consolidated financial statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information

TerrAscend’s Common Shares are listed on the CSE under the trading symbol “TER.” The Common Shares also trade over the counter in the US on the OTCQX Best Market tier of the electronic over-the-counter marketplace operated by OTC Markets Group, Inc. under the trading symbol “TRSSF.” Any over-the-counter market quotations reflect inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

Shareholders

TerrAscend had 206 shareholders of record as of March 15, 2022. This does not include shares held in the name of a broker, bank or other nominees (typically referred to as being held in “street name”).

Dividends

The Company has not declared any dividends or made any distributions. Furthermore, the Company has no current intention to declare dividends on its Common Shares in the foreseeable future. Any decision to pay dividends on its Common Shares in the future will be at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on, among other things, the Company’s results of operations, current and anticipated cash requirements and surplus, financial condition, any future contractual restrictions and financing agreement covenants, solvency tests imposed by corporate law and other factors that the Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

The following information represents securities sold by the Company during the fiscal year ending December 31, 2021, which were not registered under the Securities Act. Included are new issues, securities issued in exchange for property, services or other securities, securities issued upon conversion from other Company share classes and new securities resulting from the modification of outstanding securities. The Company sold all of the securities listed below pursuant to the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, or Regulation D or Regulation S promulgated thereunder.

Common Shares

On January 28, 2021, the Company issued 18,115,656 Common Shares at an issue price of $9.64 per share in connection with a non-brokered private placement announced on January 12, 2021, resulting in gross proceeds of $175 million.

On April 30, 2021, 3,464,870 Common Shares were issued to the former owners of Guadco, LLC and KCR Holdings LLC at a price of $9.94 per share as consideration for the acquisition of the remaining 90% of the equity of this business.

In 2021, 40,665 Common Shares were issued to holders of the 2021 RSUs (as defined below) upon vesting at fair value prices on the dates of issuance between $2.26 and $10.11 per share.

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In 2021, 8,000 Common Shares were issued to an individual shareholder at price range between $6.58 and $11.50 per share as a result of a liability settlement.

Other Issuances

In the year ended December 31, 2021, 3,905,000 options to purchase Common Shares were granted to certain Company employees as additional compensation pursuant to the Company’s Stock Option Plan at various exercise prices between $5.85 to $15.61 per share. These options vested annually over a period of three or four years.

In the year ended December 31, 174,408 RSUs (each, a “2021 RSU”) were granted to various employees as compensation pursuant to the Company’s RSU Plan at a grant price $10.79 per share. Each 2021 RSU entitles the holder to receive one Common Share. The 2021 RSUs vested annually over three to four years.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes presented in this Form 10-K. Readers are cautioned that this Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”) contains forward-looking statements and that actual events may vary from management’s expectations. This discussion addresses matters the Company considers important for an understanding of its financial condition and results of operations.

In this section, we discuss the results of our operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 and the year ended December 31, 2020 compared to the year ended December 31, 2019. For a discussion of the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the year ended December 31, 2018, please refer to Item 2, “Financial Information—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Registration Statement on Form 10, as amended, filed with the SEC on January 20, 2022. The financial condition and results of operations of TerrAscend is for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the accompanying notes for each respective period. It is supplemental to, and should be read in conjunction with, the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 and the accompanying notes for each respective period. The Company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Financial information presented in this MD&A is presented in United States dollars (“$”), unless otherwise indicated.

This MD&A contains certain “forward-looking statements” and certain “forward-looking information” as defined under applicable United States securities laws. Please refer to the discussion of forward-looking statements and information set out under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” at the forepart of this Form 10-K. As a result of many factors, the Company’s actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements and information. This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the risk factors set forth in Item 1A – “Risk Factors.”

Business Overview

TerrAscend is a leading North American cannabis operator with vertically integrated operations in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and California, licensed cultivation and processing operations in Maryland, and licensed processing operations in Canada. TerrAscend operates a chain of The Apothecarium dispensary retail locations, as well as scaled cultivation, processing, and manufacturing facilities on both the east and west coasts of the United States. TerrAscend’s cultivation and manufacturing practices yield consistent, high-quality cannabis, providing industry-leading product selection to both the medical and legal adult-use market. Notwithstanding various states in the US which have implemented medical marijuana laws, or which have otherwise legalized the use of cannabis, the use of cannabis remains illegal under US federal law for any purpose, by way of the CSA.

TerrAscend operates under one operating segment for the cultivation, production and sale of cannabis products.

TerrAscend’s portfolio of operating businesses and brands include:

TerrAscend Canada Inc., a Licensed Producer (as such term is defined in the Cannabis Act) of cannabis, whose principal business activities include processing and sale of cannabis flower and oil products in Canada.

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TerrAscend also entered into the Arrangement Agreement on August 31, 2021 to acquire Gage, a company which provides support services to licensed Gage-branded cannabis cultivators, processors and provisioning centers, and Cookies-branded provisioning centers, in Michigan. For more information regarding the Acquisition of Gage, please see Item 1 – “Business” – “Recent Developments” – “The Acquisition of Gage Growth Corp.”

Results from Operations - Years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019

The following tables represent the Company’s results from operations for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019:

Revenue, net

The increase in net revenue at December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 was due to an increase of $42,410 in retail sales from $44,709 at December 31, 2020 to $87,119 at December 31, 2021, and an increase of $20,176 in wholesale sales from $103,124 at December 31, 2020 to $123,300 at December 31, 2021. The increase in retail sales was primarily a result of the increase in retail dispensaries across Pennsylvania, California, and New Jersey, which increased from nine at the end of 2020 to thirteen at the end of 2021. The increase in wholesale sales was primarily a result of the initial ramp up in New Jersey, expansion in Pennsylvania, as well as the acquisition of HMS.

The increase for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019 was due to an increase of $56,431 in wholesale sales from $46,693 at December 31, 2019 to $103,124 at December 31, 2020, and an increase of $27,589 in retail sales from $17,120 at December 31, 2019 to $44,709 at December 31, 2020. The increase was primarily due to operational scale up as well as a full year of operations from the Company’s acquisitions. The Company acquired The Apothecarium in June 2019, Ilera in September 2019, and State Flower in January 2020. The Company continued to expand organically through an increase in production and wholesale capacity in Pennsylvania and store expansions in Pennsylvania and California. In addition, the Company opened its first alternative treatment center in Phillipsburg, New Jersey during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Cost of Sales

The increase in cost of sales for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 was a result of the increased volume of sales. The increase in the ratio of cost of sales relative to revenue is a result of yield declines in Pennsylvania and a higher mix of retail versus wholesale.

The increase in cost of sales from December 31, 2019 to December 31, 2020 was due to operational scale up as well as a full year of operations as a result of the Company’s acquisitions of The Apothecarium in June 2019, Ilera in September 2019 and State Flower in January 2020. In addition, the Company has continued to expand production capacity and wholesale and retail sales presence. The Company’s production facility in Pennsylvania tripled production capacity in the first quarter of 2020. The improvement in the ratio of cost of sales relative to net sales is a result of the Company becoming more cost efficient throughout its production process.

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During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded impairment of $2,322, related to aged, obsolete, or unsaleable inventories at its Canada and Florida operations. Additionally, the Company recorded impairment of $1,889 at its Pennsylvania operations related to inventory that did not meet its quality standards. During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, the Company recorded inventory impairments of $4,111 and $6,956, respectively, relating to raw materials and Cannabis products (finished goods) exceeding the net realizable value. Management determines net realizable value as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the estimated costs of completion and the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.  

Of the impairment charges during the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, $1,795 of the charges were related to write down of inventory purchased from a third-party supplier, during the current period, at prices per prior signed agreements. The impairment charges for the year ended December 31, 2019 were due to the carrying value of inventory exceeding the estimated net realizable value.

General and Administrative Expense (G&A)

The increase in G&A expenses for the years ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 was primarily a result of increased salaries and wages of $11,716, mainly as a result of the increase in US operations. Additionally, the Company recognized increased share-based compensation expense of $4,867, primarily due to the greater number of options granted to new employees during the latter half of 2020, resulting in higher expenses during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 as compared to the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, as well as expense related to the acceleration of options related to severance. In addition, the Company paid $2,121 in one-time legal settlements during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.

The increase in G&A expenses for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 was partially reduced by a decrease in professional fees from the twelve months ended December 31, 2020 as a result of payments due of $7,500 related to amounts payable to an entity controlled by the minority shareholders of TerrAscend NJ pursuant to services surrounding the granting of certain licenses. Excluding this payment, professional fees increased $6,283 primarily due to legal fees and fees for US filer preparation.  

The increase in G&A expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019 was primarily driven by an increase in professional fees related to payments due of $7,500 to an entity controlled by the minority shareholders of TerrAscend New Jersey. Additionally, the Company recognized an increase in share-based compensation expense of $3,337 due to options granted to new employees in 2020 and vesting of RSU grants. No RSU grants vested during the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. The increase in G&A was also partially driven by the full year impact of the acquisitions of The Apothecarium, Ilera and State Flower in 2019 and the organic expansion of dispensaries in California and Pennsylvania.

Amortization and Depreciation Expense

The increase in amortization and depreciation expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 is primarily related to additions of property and equipment due to the Company’s cultivation expansions and increase in dispensaries in Pennsylvania, New Jersey and California.

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The increase in amortization and depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019 was primarily driven by a full year of US operations as a result of the acquisitions that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, the Company completed construction of the cultivation facility in New Jersey and began recording depreciation during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Revaluation of contingent considerations

The decrease in the revaluation of contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 is a result of a reduction in the liability as compared to December 31, 2020 due to payments for the earnout of Ilera of $29,668 made subsequent to December 31, 2020, reducing the amount outstanding. This decrease is partially offset by the accretion of contingent consideration payable, which was recorded at the present value of future payments upon initial recognition.

The decrease in the revaluation of contingent consideration for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019 is a result of a reduction in the liability as compared to December 31, 2019 due to payments of $147,184, reducing the amount outstanding. This decrease was partially offset by the accretion of the contingent consideration payable for Ilera and State Flower which were recorded at the present value of future payments upon initial recognition.

(Gain) loss on fair value of warrants and purchase option derivative asset

The Preferred Share warrant liability has been remeasured to fair value at December 31, 2021 using the Black Scholes model. The Company recognized a gain during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 as a result of the reduction of the Company’s share price from December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2021, as well as from warrants exercised during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021. The combined impact resulted in a gain on fair value of warrants of $58,158 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, the purchase option derivative asset was remeasured to fair value using the Monte Carlo simulation model resulting in a loss of $254.

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized a loss on fair value of warrants of $110,518 as a result of the increase in the Company’s share price from the valuation date.

Finance and other expenses

The increase in finance and other expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 is primarily due to a full year of interest expense of $18,213 related to the Ilera term loan and Canopy Growth Arise loan issued in December 2020, as compared to $674 during the year ended December 31, 2020. In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recorded a reduction to the indemnification asset related to The Apothecarium’s tax audit settlement

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and statute expirations for tax years ended September 30, 2014 and September 30, 2015 in the amount of $4,504 included in finance and other expenses, with an offset recorded to reduce the Company’s income tax provision (refer to “Provision for income taxes” below). During the current period, finance and other expenses is partially offset by $1,414 of other income related to the forgiveness of the Company’s Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans received by the Company’s Arise business. The finance expense in the comparable prior year period was primarily related to borrowings on the $75,000 credit facility with JW Asset Management LLC, as well as the Canopy Growth loan (formerly RIV Capital loan) entered into in the latter half of 2019, and the Canopy Growth Canada Inc financing received in the first quarter of 2020.

The increase in finance and other expenses during the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019 was due to the Ilera term loan, Canopy Growth Arise loan, RIV Capital loan, and convertible debt entered into during the year ended December 31, 2020. The finance expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was primarily related to borrowings on the $75,000 credit facility with JW Asset Management LLC, which was fully paid off in the first quarter of 2020 using proceeds received from the Canopy Growth Canada Inc. financing.

Transaction and restructuring costs

The increase in transaction and restructuring costs for the year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to December 31, 2020 was primarily due to higher legal costs related to the acquisitions of KCR and HMS and the pending acquisition of Gage. The transaction and restructuring costs during the year ended December 31, 2020 are related to acquisition costs for State Flower and Preferred Share issuance costs.

Transaction and restructuring costs decreased for the year ended December 31, 2020 from the year ended December 31, 2019 mainly due to the acquisitions of Grander, The Apothecarium and Ilera during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Impairment of goodwill

The impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021 relates to the Company’s Florida reporting unit as the Company determined that the estimated cash flows of its Arise business did not support the carrying value of the intangible assets and goodwill. As a result, the Company recorded impairment to reduce the balance of goodwill at its Florida reporting unit to $nil.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, it was determined that the fair values of TerrAscend’s Canada and California reporting units were more likely than not less than their carrying amounts and as such a one-step impairment test was performed. The following significant assumptions are applied in the determination of the fair value of the reporting units:

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As a result of the impairment tests performed, the Company determined that the carrying values of the Canada and California reporting units were less than their fair values. As such, the Company recorded impairment of $1,825 related to its Canada reporting unit, and $43,977 related to its California reporting unit.

Impairment of intangible assets

The impairment recorded during the year ended December 31, 2021 relates to the write-off of intellectual property at the Company’s Arise business.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recorded impairment of $423 of intellectual property in Canada related to packaging designs that were written down to its recoverable amount, as well as impairment of $342 related to its customer relationships at Arise as a result of its termination of an agreement with one of its wholesale distributors.

For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recorded impairment of $2,928 related to the brand intangible assets at its California business as a result of the annual impairment test performed as it was determined that the carrying value exceeded its fair value.

Impairment of property and equipment

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company determined that equipment purchased for the purpose of extracting CBD and THC oils to support the medical cannabis business in Canada needed to be assessed for impairment as the equipment was never put into use and the Company has since exited the medical cannabis business in Canada. The Company evaluated the recoverability of the asset to determine whether it would be recoverable, and it was determined that the carrying value of the asset exceeded its estimated future undiscounted cash flows and, therefore, recorded an impairment loss of $470.

The impairment losses for the year ended December 31, 2020 were a result of the Company’s strategic decision to cease the growing and cultivation of cannabis in Canada. The Company performed an impairment analysis over the assets that could not be sold. As a result of the impairment analysis, the Company wrote down the net book value of the lighting and irrigation assets previously used in the Canadian cultivation business to $nil.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company shut down its proposed Drug Preparation Premises business as management deemed that market conditions could not support this business and was determined to be no longer commercially viable. As a result, the Company recorded an impairment of $1,746 during the year ended December 31, 2019.

Loss on lease termination

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The Company entered into a lease termination agreement (“Lease Termination”) during the year ended December 31, 2021, with the landlord at its 22,000 square foot facility in Frederick, Maryland to enable the Company to terminate the lease prior to the end of the lease term. As a result of the Lease Termination, the Company recorded a loss on lease termination of $3,278.

Unrealized and realized foreign exchange loss

The increase in unrealized and realized foreign exchange loss is a result of the remeasurement of USD denominated cash and other assets recorded in C$ functional currency at the Company’s Canadian operations.

Unrealized and realized (gain) loss on investments and notes receivable

The increase in the unrealized gain in the year ended December 31, 2021 relates to the acquisition of the remaining 90% of investment in Guadco LLC and KCR Holdings LLC during the first half of 2021.

The unrealized gain for the year ended December 31, 2020 relates to the equity income pick-up from the Company’s 10% investment in Guadco LLC and KCR Holdings LLC.

The unrealized loss on investments during the year ended December 31, 2019 primarily relates to the unrealized loss on the Company’s investment in Solace Rx as the Company obtained 65% ownership in Solace Rx on June 3, 2019. As a result it was determined that the Company controls Solace Rx and consolidated the financial results from June 3, 2019 onward.

Provision for income taxes

The increase in tax expense is related to operational scale up.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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The calculation of working capital provides additional information and is not defined under GAAP. The Company defines working capital as current assets less current liabilities. This measure should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for any standardized measure under GAAP.

At December 31, 2021, TerrAscend had cash and cash equivalents of $79,642, which is sufficient to fund the Company’s ongoing operations. Any additional future requirements will be funded through the following sources of capital:

See Item 1A – “Risk Factors” – “Regulatory and Legal Risks to the Company’s Business Due to the Nature of the Industry” – “The Company’s business is subject to applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and have restricted access to capital markets, banking and other financial services, which may adversely affect TerrAscend’s business” for further information.

The Company’s objective with respect to its capital management is to ensure it has sufficient cash resources to maintain its ongoing operations and finance its research and development activities, corporate and administration expenses, working capital and overall capital expenditures. Since inception, the Company has primarily financed its liquidity needs through the issuance of shares and utilization of borrowings. The Company expects that its cash on hand and cash flows from operations, along with financing transactions, will be adequate to meet its capital requirements and operational needs for the next 12 months.

Cash Flows

Cash flows from operating activities

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company made payments in excess of the amount of fair value of the contingent consideration payable at the date of the Ilera acquisition on September 16, 2019 of $11,394 as compared to payments of $56,527 during the year ended December 31, 2020. Excluding these amounts, the Company had net cash used in operating activities of $22,669 and cash provided by operating activities of $19,556 (refer to “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” below) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The increase in cash used in operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2021 is mainly the result of income tax payments of $37,060 during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $11,204 during the year ended December 31, 2020, and interest payments of $21,694 during the year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to $2,192 during the year ended December 31, 2020. The increase in interest payments is primarily due to the Ilera term loan in which the Company received proceeds during December 2020. Excluding these payments, the Company saw an increase in cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2021, which is primarily due to increased sales.

The improvement in the net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to December 31, 2019, is primarily due to a ramp up of the US operations, partially offset by income tax payments of $11,204. Excluding the payments of contingent consideration for Ilera in excess of the amount of the fair value of the contingent consideration payable at the date of acquisition made during the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company had positive cash provided by operating activities of $19,556 (refer to “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” below).

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Cash flows from investing activities

The net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily relates to cash consideration paid for the acquisitions of KCR and HMS totaling $42,736. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company made payments of $50,000 related to the purchase of the additional 12.5% of the issued and outstanding equity of TerrAscend NJ from BWH NJ, LLC and Blue Marble Ventures, LLC. Additionally, the Company had investments in property and equipment of $38,483 primarily related to the buildout of the New Jersey operations and expansions in Pennsylvania cultivation and $1,977 related to deposits paid for the expansion of the cultivation premises in Pennsylvania.

In comparison, the net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2020 was primarily due to investments in property and equipment of $44,621 primarily relating to the buildout of the New Jersey operations and expansions in Pennsylvania and California cultivation.

The net cash used in investing activities for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019 was primarily due to cash consideration paid of $67,540 on the acquisitions of Grander, Ilera and The Apothecarium, as well as investments in property and equipment of $32,834, primarily related to the expansion of its Pennsylvania and initial buildout of its New Jersey operations, and investments in notes receivable of $10,456.

Cash flows from financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, was mainly a result of the private placement on January 28, 2021, in which the Company issued 18,115,656 Common Shares at a price of $9.64 (C$12.35) per Common Share for total proceeds of $173,477, net of share issuance costs of $1,643. Additionally, during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021, 8,755,339 Common Share warrants were exercised for total proceeds of $21,735 and 1,376,496 stock options were exercised at $0.67-$6.93 (C$0.85-$8.52) per unit for total gross proceeds of $5,462. In addition, 1,968 Preferred Share warrants were exercised at $3,000 per unit for total gross proceeds of $3,588. The cash provided by financing activities was offset by payments of contingent consideration related to the acquisition of Ilera of $18,274 and by payments of loan principal of $4,500 related to the KCR loan.

Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2020, was primarily due to loan proceeds in the amount of $201,496 and proceeds from private placements net of share issuance costs of $71,023. Additionally, 829,050 Common Share warrants were exercised for total gross proceeds of $2,075 and 1,816,496 stock options were exercised at $0.43-$6.52 per unit for total gross proceeds of $4,462. In addition, 625 Preferred Share warrants were exercised at $3,000 per unit for total gross proceeds of $750. The cash provided by financing activities was partially offset by payments of contingent consideration of $90,657 to the sellers of Ilera, as well as payments of principal on the Company’s outstanding loans of $53,886 to pay off the remaining balance of the JW Asset Management credit facility, a financing loan in Canada, and the loans from management of Ilera.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company received loan proceeds in the amount of $38,000 from JW Asset Management and management of Ilera, as well as proceeds from a mortgage assumed on the Canadian facility of $4,843. Additionally, the Company received proceeds from convertible debt in the amount of $15,336 from RIV Capital. Total private placement net of shares issuance proceeds amounted to $49,955. Additionally, 959,772 Common Share warrants and 28,636 proportionate share warrants were exercised for total gross proceeds of $24,927 and 1,117,936 stock options were exercised at a weighted average exercise price of $1.79 per unit for gross proceeds of $1,967.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

In addition to reporting the financial results in accordance with GAAP, the Company reports certain financial results that differ from what is reported under GAAP. Non-GAAP measures used by management do not have any standardized meaning prescribed by GAAP and may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other companies. The Company believes that certain investors and analysts use these measures to measure a company’s ability to meet other payment obligations or as a common measurement to value companies in the cannabis industry, and the Company calculates Adjusted EBITDA as

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EBITDA adjusted for certain material non-cash items and certain other adjustments management believes are not reflective of the ongoing operations and performance. Such information is intended to provide additional information and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Company believes this definition is a useful measure to assess the performance of the Company as it provides more meaningful operating results by excluding the effects of expenses that are not reflective of the Company’s underlying business performance and other one-time or non-recurring expenses.

The table below reconciles net income (loss) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

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The increase in Adjusted EBITDA for year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily due to operational scale up, as well as the Company’s acquisitions of KCR and HMS. The Company continued to expand in the US organically through an increase in production and wholesale capacity in Pennsylvania, store expansions in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and California, and operations in New Jersey and Maryland.

The increase in Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2020 as compared to December 31, 2019, was a result of operational scale up as well as a full year of operations from the Company’s acquisitions. The Company acquired The Apothecarium in June 2019, Ilera in September 2019, and State Flower in January 2020. The growth in the US was offset by the reduction of operations in Canada in 2020, which was driven by a shift in focus towards more profitable and sustainable sales. 

The table below reconciles net cash used in operating activities to adjusted net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2021, December 31, 2020, and December 31, 2019. The Company calculates adjusted net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to adjust net cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the one-time payments of contingent consideration as the Company does not believe that these payments are reflective of ongoing operations.

The amount of contingent consideration paid in excess of the liability recognized at the date of acquisition is reflected as net cash used in operating activities in the Statements of Cash Flows. Excluding this amount, the Company had positive cash provided by operating activities of $19,556 for the year ended December 31, 2020 and net cash used in operating activities of $20,421 and $39,841 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS

The Company has $224,171 in principal amount of loans payable outstanding at December 31, 2021. Of this amount, $4,490 are due within the next twelve months. The Company has entered into operating leases for certain premises and offices for which it owes monthly lease payments.

In addition, the Company’s undiscounted contingent consideration payable is $17,782 at December 31, 2021. The contingent consideration payable relates to the Company’s business acquisitions of The Apothecarium and State Flower. Contingent consideration is based upon the potential earnout of the underlying business unit and is measured at fair value using a projection model for the business and the formulaic structure for determining the consideration under the agreement. The contingent consideration is revalued at the end of each reporting period using a probability weighted model based on the likelihood of achieving certain revenue outcomes.

The Company believes that it has sufficient liquidity, as described above under “Liquidity and Capital Resources”, to allow the Company to meet these contractual obligations.

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Subsequent Transactions

On March 10, 2022, the Company closed its previously announced acquisition of Gage Growth Corp. (“Gage”) pursuant to an arrangement agreement dated August 31, 2021 (as amended) (the “Gage Acquisition”). The Company acquired all of the issued and outstanding subordinate voting shares (or equivalent) of Gage. At closing, Gage shareholders received 51,349,978 Common Shares and an additional 25,811,460 of Common Shares are reserved for issuance in connection with the exercise or exchange of former Gage convertible securities that will be settled with the Company’s Common Shares if and when exercised or exchanged. Total consideration was approximately $386 million based on the closing price of the Common Shares on the Canadian Stock Exchange (“CSE”) on March 9, 2022, to be issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration available under Section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

Changes in or Adoption of Accounting Principles

New standards, amendments and interpretations adopted:

The Company adopted certain accounting and reporting standards during the year ended December 31, 2021. Information regarding the Company’s adoption of new accounting and reporting standards is discussed in Note 2 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

While the Company’s significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2 to the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on the Form 10-K, the accounting estimates and assumptions discussed in this section are those that the Company considers to be the most critical in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements. An accounting estimate or assumption is considered critical if both (a) the nature of the estimate or assumption is material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgement involved, and (b) the impact within a reasonable range of outcomes of the estimate and assumption is material to the financial condition.

A quantitative sensitivity analysis is provided where information is available to reasonably estimate the impact and provides material information to investors.

Inventory

The net realizable value of inventory represents the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business less the reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company estimates the net realizable value of inventories, taking into account the most reliable evidence available at each reporting date. The determination of net realizable value requires significant judgment, including consideration of factors such as shrinkage, the aging of and future demand for inventory, expected future selling price the Company expects to realize by selling the inventory, and the contractual arrangements with customers. Reserves for excess and obsolete inventory are based upon quantities on hand, projected volumes from demand forecasts and net realizable value. The future realization of these inventories may be affected by market-driven changes that may reduce future selling prices. A change to these assumptions could impact the Company’s inventory valuation and gross profit.

Revenue recognition

Revenues consist of wholesale and retail sales, which are recognized when control of the goods has transferred to the purchaser and the collectability is reasonably assured.

From time to time, the Company partakes in sales agreements with suppliers in which it also purchases inventory. As part of the five-step revenue model, the Company assesses whether instances of bulk sales made to suppliers of goods have commercial substance and should be recognized as revenue under ASC 606, or whether the transaction should be assessed under ASC 845 Nonmonetary Transactions. The determination of whether the sale has commercial substance requires management’s judgment.

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Share-based compensation

In calculating share-based compensation, key estimates are used such as, the rate of forfeiture of options granted, the expected life of the option, the volatility of the Company’s stock price, the vesting period of the option and the risk-free interest rate. The fair value of each option grant is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.  While assumptions used to calculate and account for share-based compensation awards represent management’s best estimates, these estimates involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. As a result, if revisions are made to the underlying assumptions and estimates, share based compensation expense could vary significantly from period to period.  The Company recognized share-based compensation expense of $14,942, $10,075, and $6,738 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Warrant Liability

The Company uses the Black-Scholes model to calculate the fair value of the warrants issued, which includes various unobservable inputs such as the volatility of the Company’s stock price and the risk-free interest rate. The Company uses judgment to select methods used and in performing the fair value calculations at the initial measurement at issuance, as well as for subsequent measurement on a recurring basis. The assumptions could have a material impact on the valuation of the warrant liability. The warrant liability was remeasured to fair value of $54,986 and $132,257 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. An increase of 50 basis points to the discount rate and volatility would not have a material impact.

Income taxes

The extent to which deferred tax assets can be recognized is based on an assessment of the probability of the Company generating future taxable income against which the deferred tax assets can be utilized. In addition, significant judgment is required in classifying transactions and assessing probable outcomes of tax positions taken, and in assessing the impact of any legal or economic limits or uncertainties in various tax jurisdictions.

Provisions for taxes are made using the best estimate of the amount expected to be paid based on a qualitative assessment of all relevant factors. The Company reviews the adequacy of these provisions at the end of the reporting period. It is possible, however, that at some future date, an additional liability could result from audits by taxing authorities. If the final outcome of these tax-related matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will affect the tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made.

Impairment of goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets

Goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment annually and whenever there are events or changes in circumstances that indicate the carrying amount has been impaired. Definite lived intangible assets are tested for impairment when there are indications that an asset may be impaired. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, additional quantitative impairment testing is performed which compares the carrying value of the reporting unit to its estimated fair value.

The Company uses an income-based approach as necessary to assess the fair values of intangible assets and its reporting units for goodwill testing purposes. Under the income approach, fair value is based on the present value of estimated cash flows. An impaired asset is written down to its estimated fair value based on the most recent information available.

Fair value is determined as the amount that would be obtained from the sale of the asset in an arm’s length transaction between knowledgeable and willing parties. Determining the value in use requires the Company to estimate expected future cash flows associated with the assets and a suitable discount rate in order to calculate present value. A number of factors, including historical results, business plans, forecasts, and market data are used to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and intangible assets.

The Company’s impairment loss calculation contains uncertainties because it requires management to make assumptions and apply judgement to qualitative factors as well as estimate future cash flows and asset fair values, including forecasting projected financial information and selecting the discount rate that reflects the risk inherent in future cash flows. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s estimates and assumptions, the Company may be exposed to non-cash impairment losses that could be material.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company made a decision to undertake a strategic review process to explore, review, and evaluate potential alternatives for its Arise business. The Company also determined that the estimated future cash flows for the business did not support the carrying value of the intangible assets and goodwill, and therefore, the intangible

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assets and goodwill were written down to $nil. The Company recorded impairment of intangible assets of $3,633 and impairment of goodwill of $5,007.

During the fourth quarter of 2021, the Company performed qualitative analyses over its goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets for each of its reporting units. The Company determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of its California and Maryland reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and therefore, no quantitative impairment analysis was performed. The Company performed a quantitative analysis over its Pennsylvania reporting unit and determined that the fair value exceeded its carrying value by approximately 15%, resulting in no impairment. An increase of the discount rate of 100 basis points would not cause an impairment. There is no goodwill or indefinite lived intangible assets at the Company’s Canada reporting unit.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company performed qualitative analyses over its goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets for each of its reporting units and determined that it was more likely than not that the fair value of its California and Pennsylvania reporting units exceeded their carrying values, and therefore, no quantitative analyses was performed. The Company performed a quantitative analysis over its Florida reporting unit and determined that the fair value exceeded its carrying value by approximately 10%, resulting in no impairment. An increase in the discount rate of 100 basis points would not cause an impairment.

During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company performed qualitative analyses over its goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets for each of its reporting units and determined that the fair values of its Canada and California reporting units were more likely than not less than the respective carrying values, and therefore, the Company performed a one-step impairment test for each reporting unit. As a result of the one-step impairment tests, the Company recorded impairment loss on goodwill at its Canada reporting unit of $1,825 and impairment loss of $43,977 at its California reporting unit. Additionally, the Company recorded impairment of its indefinite lived intangible assets at its California reporting unit of $2,928.

Impairment of long-lived assets

The Company evaluates the recoverability of long-lived assets, including property and equipment, ROU assets, and definite lived intangible assets, whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset, or asset group, may not be recoverable.

When the Company determines that the carrying value of the long-lived asset may not be recoverable based upon the existence of one or more of the indicators, the assets are assessed for impairment based on the estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. If the carrying value of an asset exceeds its estimated future undiscounted cash flows, an impairment loss is recorded for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value. Management judgement is required in the determination of indicators of impairment, as well as the estimation of future undiscounted cash flows, and as necessary, the fair value of those assets or asset groups in which indicators of impairment have been identified.  

The Company recorded impairment of property and equipment of $470, $823, and $1,746 for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Business combinations

Classification of an acquisition as a business combination or an asset acquisition depends on whether the asset acquire constitutes a business, which can be a complex judgement. The Company has determined that its acquisitions in Note 4 are business combinations under ASC 805 Business Combinations.

In a business combination, substantially all identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities acquired are recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. One of the most significant areas of judgment and estimation relates to the determination of the fair value of these assets and liabilities, including the fair value of contingent consideration, if applicable. If any intangible assets are identified, depending on the type of intangible asset and the complexity of determining its fair value, the Company may utilize an independent external valuation expert to develop the fair value, using appropriate valuation techniques, which are generally based on a forecast of the total expected future net cash flows. These valuations are linked closely to the assumptions made by management regarding the future performance of the assets concerned and any changes in the discount rate applied.

The estimates are based upon assumptions that the Company believes are reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. These valuations require the use of management’s assumptions, which do not reflect unanticipated events and circumstances that may occur.

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