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Teucrium Commodity Trust - Annual Report: 2019 (Form 10-K)

 
 
UNITED STATES 
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION 
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-K
  
Annual report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019
  
OR
  
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from           to            
  
Commission File Number: 001-34765
  
Teucrium Commodity Trust 
 (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Delaware
 
61-1604335
(State or other jurisdiction of 
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer 
Identification No.) 
  
Three Main Street, Suite 215
Burlington, VT 05401
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip code)
  
(802) 540-0019
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
 Title of each Fund
 Name of each exchange on which registered
 
 
Shares of Teucrium Corn Fund
NYSE Arca, Inc.
 
 
Shares of Teucrium Sugar Fund
NYSE Arca, Inc.
 
 
Shares of Teucrium Soybean Fund
NYSE Arca, Inc.
 
 
Shares of Teucrium Wheat Fund
NYSE Arca, Inc.
 
 
Shares of Teucrium Agricultural Fund
NYSE Arca, Inc.
 
 Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
 
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
 
☐ Yes     ☒  No
  
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.
 
☐ Yes     ☒  No
 
 
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
 
☒  Yes     ☐ No
  
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
 
☒  Yes     ☐ No
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
  
 
Large accelerated filer ☐
 
Accelerated filer  ☒
 
Non-accelerated filer   ☐
 
Smaller reporting company 
 
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 
Emerging growth company ☐
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13 (a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
  
☐ Yes     ☒  No
 
The aggregate market value of the units of each series of the registrant held by non-affiliates as of June 30, 2019 are included in the table below:
 
 
 Aggregate Market Value
of Each Funds’ Shares Held
 
Total Number of Outstanding
 
 by Non-Affiliates as of June 30, 2019
 Shares as of March 9, 2020
 
    
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 $96,585,066 
4,775,004
 
     
 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
     9,926,028
1,350,004
 
     
 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
     33,033,063
1,725,004
 
     
 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
     58,446,023
8,600,004
 
     
 
Teucrium Agricultural Fund
 $1,509,790 
75,002
 
     
 
Total
 $199,499,970 
 
 
 
Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
 
This filing includes “forward-looking statements” which generally relate to future events or future performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,”“estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. All statements (other than statements of historical fact) included in this filing that address activities, events or developments that will or may occur in the future, including such matters as movements in the commodities markets and indexes that track such movements, operations of the Funds, the Sponsor’s plans and references to the future success of a Fund or the Funds and other similar matters, are forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially. These statements are based upon certain assumptions and analyses the Sponsor has made based on its perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors appropriate in the circumstances. Whether or not actual results and developments will conform to the Sponsor’s expectations and predictions, however, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the special considerations discussed in this annual report, general economic, market and business conditions, changes in laws or regulations, including those concerning taxes, made by governmental authorities or regulatory bodies, and other world economic and political developments. Consequently, all the forward-looking statements made in this filing are qualified by these cautionary statements, and there can be no assurance that actual results or developments the Sponsor anticipates will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the expected consequences to, or have the expected effects on, the operations of the Funds or the value of the Shares of the Funds.
 
 
 
Table of Contents
 
Part I
 
 
 
 
1
 
32
 
45
 
45
 
45
 
45
 
 
 
 
PART II
 
 
 
 
46
 
55
 
57
 
81
 
85
 
85
 
85
 
86
 
 
 
 
PART III
 
 
 
 
87
 
87
 
88
 
89
 
89
 
 
 
 
PART IV
 
 
 
 
90
 
 
PART I 
 
Item 1. Business
 
The Trust and the Funds
 
Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust organized on September 11, 2009, is a series trust consisting of five series: Teucrium Corn Fund (“CORN”), Teucrium Sugar Fund (“CANE”), Teucrium Soybean Fund (“SOYB”), Teucrium Wheat Fund (“WEAT”), and Teucrium Agricultural Fund (“TAGS”). All of the series of the Trust are collectively referred to as the “Funds” and singularly as the “Fund.” Each Fund is a commodity pool that is a series of the Trust. The Funds issue common units, called the “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in a Fund. The Trust and the Funds operate pursuant to the Trust’s Fifth Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”).
 
The Sponsor
 
Teucrium Trading, LLC is the sponsor of the Trust and each of the series of the Trust. The Sponsor is a Delaware limited liability company, formed on July 28, 2009. The principal office is located at Three Main Street, Suite 215, Burlington, Vermont 05401. The Sponsor is registered as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and became a member of the National Futures Association (“NFA”) on November 10, 2009. Teucrium Trading, LLC registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor (“CTA”) with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017. The Trust and the Funds operate pursuant to the Trust Agreement.
 
Under the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor is solely responsible for the management, and conducts or directs the conduct of the business of the Trust, the Funds, and any other Fund that may from time to time be established and designated by the Sponsor. The Sponsor is required to oversee the purchase and sale of Shares by firms designated as “Authorized Purchasers” and to manage the Funds’ investments, including to evaluate the credit risk of futures commission merchants and swap counter-parties and to review daily positions and margin/collateral requirements. The Sponsor has the power to enter into agreements as may be necessary or appropriate for the offer and sale of the Funds’ Shares and the conduct of the Trust’s activities. Accordingly, the Sponsor is responsible for selecting the Trustee, Administrator, Distributor, the independent registered public accounting firm of the Trust, and any legal counsel employed by the Trust. The Sponsor is also responsible for preparing and filing periodic reports on behalf of the Trust with the SEC and providing any required certification for such reports. No person other than the Sponsor and its principals was involved in the organization of the Trust or the Funds.
 
Teucrium Trading, LLC designed the Funds to offer liquidity, transparency, and capacity in single commodity investing for a variety of investors, including institutions and individuals, in an exchange traded product format. The Funds have also been designed to mitigate the impacts of contango and backwardation, situations that can occur in the course of commodity trading which can affect the potential returns to investors. Backwardation is defined as a market condition in which a futures price of a commodity is lower in the distant delivery months than in the near delivery months, while contango, the opposite of backwardation, is defined as a condition in which distant delivery prices for futures exceed spot prices, often due to the costs of storing and insuring the underlying commodity.
 
The Sponsor has a patent on certain business methods and procedures used with respect to the Funds.
 
The Funds
 
On June 7, 2010, the initial Form S-1 for CORN was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On June 8, 2010, four Creation Baskets for CORN were issued representing 200,000 shares and $5,000,000. CORN began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca on June 9, 2010. The current registration statement for CORN was declared effective by the SEC on April 29, 2019.
 
On June 13, 2011, the initial Forms S-1 for CANE, SOYB, and WEAT were declared effective by the SEC. On September 16, 2011, two Creation Baskets were issued for each Fund, representing 100,000 shares and $2,500,000, for CANE, SOYB, and WEAT. On September 19, 2011, CANE, SOYB, and WEAT started trading on the NYSE Arca. The current registration statements for CANE and SOYB were declared effective by the SEC on April 30, 2018. The registration statements for SOYB and CANE registered an additional 5,000,000 shares each. The current registration statement for WEAT was declared effective on April 29, 2019. This registration statement for WEAT registered an additional 30,000,000 shares.
 
On February 10, 2012, the Form S-1 for TAGS was declared effective by the SEC. On March 27, 2012, six Creation Baskets for TAGS were issued representing 300,000 shares and $15,000,000. TAGS began trading on the NYSE Arca on March 28, 2012. The current registration statement for TAGS was declared effective by the SEC on April 30, 2018.
 
 
Investing Strategy
 
Overview
 
The Funds are designed and managed so that the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for specific futures contracts on designated commodities or the closing Net Asset Value per share of the Underlying Funds (as defined below) in the case of TAGS. Each Fund pursues its investment objective by investing in a portfolio of exchange traded futures contracts (each, a “Futures Contract”) that expire in a specific month and trade on a specific exchange in the designated commodity comprising the Benchmark as defined below, or shares of the Underlying Funds in the case of TAGS. Each Fund can hold United States government (Treasury Securities), cash equivalents, including money-market funds and investment grade commercial paper, and/or merely hold such assets in cash in interest-bearing accounts. Therefore, the focus of the Sponsor in managing the Fund is investing in Corn Interests and in short-term Treasury Securities, cash and/or cash equivalents. The Fund earns interest income from the short-term Treasury Securities and/or cash equivalents that it purchases, and, on the cash, it holds at financial institutions.
 
The investment objective of CORN is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for corn (“Corn Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”):
 
CORN Benchmark
 
CBOT Corn Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire
35%
Third to expire
30%
December following the third to expire
35%
 
The investment objective of SOYB is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for soybeans (“Soybeans Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”):
 
SOYB Benchmark
 
CBOT Soybeans Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire (excluding August & September)
35%
Third to expire (excluding August & September)
30%
Expiring in the November following the expiration of the third to expire contract
35%
 
 
The investment objective of CANE is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for No. 11 sugar (“Sugar Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the ICE Futures US (“ICE”):
 
CANE Benchmark
 
ICE Sugar Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire
35%
Third to expire
30%
Expiring in the March following the expiration of the third to expire contract
35%
 
 
The investment objective of WEAT is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for wheat (“Wheat Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”):
 
WEAT Benchmark
 
CBOT Wheat Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire
35%
Third to expire
30%
December following the third to expire
35%
 
The investment objective of the TAGS is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the NAV of its Shares reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average (the “Underlying Fund Average”) of the NAVs per share of four other commodity pools that are series of the Trust and are sponsored by the Sponsor: the Teucrium Corn Fund, the Teucrium Wheat Fund, the Teucrium Soybean Fund and the Teucrium Sugar Fund (collectively, the “Underlying Funds”). The Underlying Fund Average will have a weighting of 25% to each Underlying Fund, and the Fund’s assets will be rebalanced, generally on a daily basis, to maintain the approximate 25% allocation to each Underlying Fund:
 
TAGS Benchmark
 
Underlying Fund
Weighting
CORN
25%
SOYB
25%
CANE
25%
WEAT
25%
 
This weighted average of the referenced specific Futures Contracts for each Fund is referred to herein as the “Benchmark,” and the specific Futures Contracts that at any given time make up the Benchmark for that Fund and are referred to herein as the “Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.” Each Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing under normal market conditions in Benchmark Component Futures Contracts (“Futures Contracts”) of the Fund or, in certain circumstances, in other Futures Contracts for its Specified Commodity. In addition, and to a limited extent, a Fund also may invest in exchange traded options on Futures Contracts for its Specified Commodity. Once position limits or accountability levels on Futures Contracts on a Fund’s Specified Commodity are applicable, each Fund’s intention is to invest first in contracts and instruments such as cash-settled options on Futures Contracts and forward contracts, swaps and other over the counter transactions that are based on the price of its Specified Commodity or Futures Contracts on its Specified Commodity (collectively, “Other Commodity Interests,” and together with Futures Contracts, “Commodity Interests”). By utilizing certain or all of these investments, the Sponsor will endeavor to cause each Fund’s performance to closely track that of its Benchmark.
 
The Sponsor operates the Funds with the intent to never hold a Benchmark Component Futures Contract once it becomes the next to expire contract (commonly called the “spot” contract). Accordingly, the positions of each Fund in its Specified Commodity Interests are changed or “rolled” on a regular basis in order to track the changing nature of the Benchmark. Using CORN as an example, five times a year (on the dates on which certain Corn Futures Contracts expire), a particular Corn Futures Contract will no longer be a Benchmark Component Futures Contract, and the Corn Fund’s investments will have to be changed accordingly. Corn Futures Contracts traded on the CBOT expire on a specified day in the following five months: March, May, July, September, and December. Therefore, in terms of the Benchmark, in June of a given year the next to expire or “spot month” Corn Futures Contract will expire in July of that year, and the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts will be the contracts expiring in September of that year (the second to expire contract), December of that year (the third to expire contract), and December of the following year. As another example using CORN, in November of a given year the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts will be the contracts expiring in March, May and December of the following year. The Teucrium Corn Fund is designed to roll or replace its contracts five times per year but will always hold a December Corn Futures Contract as an “anchor” month. The Sponsor will determine if the investments of a Fund will be “rolled” in one day or over a period of several days, in order that any trading does not signal unwanted market movements and to make it more difficult for third parties to profit by trading ahead based on such expected market movements. Such “roll” periods are posted to the website well in advance of the “roll” date.
 
The Sponsor employs a “neutral” investment strategy intended to track the changes in the Benchmark of each Fund regardless of whether the Benchmark goes up or goes down. The Fund’s “neutral” investment strategy is designed to permit investors generally to purchase and sell the Fund’s Shares for the purpose of investing indirectly in the commodity specific market in a cost-effective manner. Such investors may include participants in the specific industry and other industries seeking to hedge the risk of losses in their commodity specific related transactions, as well as investors seeking exposure to that commodity market. Accordingly, depending on the investment objective of an individual investor, the risks generally associated with investing in the commodity specific market and/or the risks involved in hedging may exist. In addition, an investment in a Fund involves the risks that the changes in the price of the Fund’s Shares will not accurately track the changes in the Benchmark, and that changes in the Benchmark will not closely correlate with changes in the price of the commodity on the spot market. The Sponsor does not intend to operate each Fund in a fashion such that its per share NAV equals, in dollar terms, the spot price of the commodity or the price of any particular commodity specific Futures Contract.
 
 
Calculation of the Benchmark
 
The notional amount of each Benchmark Component Futures Contract included in each Benchmark is intended to reflect the changes in market value of each such Benchmark Component Futures Contract within the Benchmark. The closing level of each Benchmark is calculated on each business day by U.S. Bank Global Fund Services (“Global Fund Services”) based on the closing price of the futures contracts for each of the underlying Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and the notional amounts of such Benchmark Component Futures Contracts.
 
Each Benchmark is rebalanced periodically to ensure that each of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is weighted in the same proportion as in the investment objective for each Fund. The following tables reflect the December 31, 2019, Benchmark Component Futures Contracts weights for each of the Funds. The contract held is identified by the generally accepted nomenclature of contract month and year, which may differ from the month in which the contract expires:

CORN Benchmark Component Futures Contracts
 
Notional Value
 
 
Weight (%)
 
CBOT Corn Futures (1,334 contracts, MAY20)
 $26,329,825 
  35%
CBOT Corn Futures (1,126 contracts, JUL20)
  22,576,300 
  30 
CBOT Corn Futures (1,308 contracts, DEC20)
  26,323,500 
  35 
 
    
    
Total at December 31, 2019
 $75,229,625 
  100%
 
    
    
SOYB Benchmark Component Futures Contracts
 
Notional Value
 
 
Weight (%)
 
CBOT Soybean Futures (207 contracts, MAR20)
 $9,889,425 
  35%
CBOT Soybean Futures (175 contracts, MAY20)
  8,476,563 
  30 
CBOT Soybean Futures (200 contracts, NOV20)
  9,787,500 
  35 
 
    
    
Total at December 31, 2019
 $28,153,488 
  100%
 
    
    
CANE Benchmark Component Futures Contracts
 
Notional Value
 
 
Weight (%)
 
ICE Sugar Futures (284 contracts, MAY20)
 $4,306,803 
  35%
ICE Sugar Futures (241 contracts, JUL20)
  3,687,107 
  30 
ICE Sugar Futures (268 contracts, MAR21)
  4,316,301 
  35 
 
    
    
Total at December 31, 2019
 $12,310,211 
  100%
 
    
    
WEAT Benchmark Component Futures Contracts
 
Notional Value
 
 
Weight (%)
 
CBOT Wheat Futures (650 contracts, MAY20)
 $18,256,875 
  35%
CBOT Wheat Futures (556 contracts, JUL20)
  15,665,300 
  30 
CBOT Wheat Futures (634 contracts, DEC20)
  18,314,675 
  35 
 
    
    
Total at December 31, 2019
 $52,236,850 
  100%
 
    
    
TAGS Benchmark Component Futures Contracts
 
Notional Value
 
 
Weight (%)
 
Shares of Teucrium Corn Fund
 $360,286 
  25%
Shares of Teucrium Soybean Fund
  371,397 
  25 
Shares of Teucrium Wheat Fund
  371,411 
  25 
Shares of Teucrium Sugar Fund
  373,786 
  25 
 
    
    
Total at December 31, 2019
 $1,476,880 
  100%
 
 
The price relationship between the near month Futures Contract to expire and the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts will vary and may impact both the total return of each Fund over time and the degree to which such total return tracks the total return of the price indices related to the commodity of each Fund. In cases in which the near month contract’s price is lower than later expiring contracts’ prices (a situation known as “contango” in the futures markets), then absent the impact of the overall movement in commodity prices the value of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts would tend to decline as they approach expiration. In cases in which the near month contract’s price is higher than later expiring contracts’ prices (a situation known as “backwardation” in the futures markets), then absent the impact of the overall movement in a Fund’s prices the value of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts would tend to rise as they approach expiration, all other things being equal.
 
The total portfolio composition for each Fund is disclosed each business day that the NYSE Arca is open for trading on the Sponsor’s website. The website for the Funds and the Sponsor is www.teucrium.com. The website is accessible at no charge. The website disclosure of portfolio holdings is made daily and includes, as applicable, the name and value of each Futures Contract, other commodity interests and the amount of cash and cash equivalents held in the Fund’s portfolio. The specific types of other commodity interests held (if any, which may include options on futures contracts and derivative contracts such as swaps) collectively, “Other Commodity Interests,” and together with Futures Contracts, “Commodity Interests” or “Interests” in addition to futures contracts, options on futures contracts and derivative contracts that are tied to various commodities are entered into outside of public exchanges. These “over the counter” contracts are entered into between two parties in private contracts, or on a recently formed swap execution facility (“SEF”) for standardized swaps. For example, unlike Futures Contracts, which are guaranteed by a clearing organization, each party to an over the counter derivative contract bears the credit risk of the other party (unless such over the counter swap is cleared through a derivatives clearing organization (“DCO”)), i.e., the risk that the other party will not be able to perform its obligations under its contract, and characteristics of such Other Commodity Interests.
 
Consistent with achieving a Fund’s investment objective of closely tracking the Benchmark, the Sponsor may for certain reasons cause a Fund to enter into or hold Futures Contracts other than the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and/or Other Commodity Interests. Other Commodity Interests that do not have standardized terms and are not exchange traded, referred to as “over the counter” Commodity Interests, can generally be structured as the parties to the Commodity Interest contract desire. Therefore, each Fund might enter into multiple and/or over the counter Interests intended to replicate the performance of each of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts for a Fund, or a single over the counter Interest designed to replicate the performance of the Benchmark as a whole. Assuming that there is no default by a counterparty to an over the counter Interest, the performance of the Interest will necessarily correlate with the performance of the Benchmark or the applicable Benchmark Component Futures Contract. Each Fund might also enter into or hold Interests other than Benchmark Component Futures Contracts to facilitate effective trading, consistent with the discussion of the Fund’s “roll” strategy. In addition, each Fund might enter into or hold Interests that would be expected to alleviate overall deviation between the Fund’s performance and that of the Benchmark that may result from certain market and trading inefficiencies or other reasons. By utilizing certain or all of the investments described above, the Sponsor will endeavor to cause the Fund’s performance to closely track that of the Benchmark of each Fund.
 
An “exchange for related position” (“EFRP”) can be used by each Fund as a technique to facilitate the exchanging of a futures hedge position against a creation or redemption order, and thus each Fund may use an EFRP transaction in connection with the creation and redemption of shares. The market specialist/market maker that is the ultimate purchaser or seller of shares in connection with the creation or redemption basket, respectively, agrees to sell or purchase a corresponding offsetting futures position which is then settled on the same business day as a cleared futures transaction by the FCMs. The Fund will become subject to the credit risk of the market specialist/market maker until the EFRP is settled within the business day, which is typically 7 hours or less. Each Fund reports all activity related to EFRP transactions under the procedures and guidelines of the CFTC and the exchanges on which the futures are traded.
 
The Funds earn interest and other income (“interest income”) from cash equivalents that it purchases and, on the cash it holds through the Custodian or other financial institutions. The Sponsor anticipates that the interest income will increase the NAV of each Fund. The Funds apply the interest income to the acquisition of additional investments or use it to pay its expenses. If the Fund reinvests the earned interest income, it makes investments that are consistent with its investment objectives as disclosed. Any cash equivalent invested by a Fund will have original maturity dates of three months or less at inception. Any cash equivalent invested by a Fund will be deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment grade quality. As of December 31, 2019, available cash balances in each of the Funds were invested in the Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds – Government Portfolio, in demand deposits at Mechanics Bank, and in commercial paper with maturities of ninety days or less. Additionally, the CORN, SOYB, CANE and WEAT Funds invest a portion of the amount of funds required to be deposited with the FCM as initial margin in U.S. Treasury obligations with time to maturity of 90 days or less. The obligations are purchased and held in the respective Fund accounts through the FCM.
 
In managing the assets of the Funds, the Sponsor does not use a technical trading system that automatically issues buy and sell orders. Instead, the Sponsor will purchase or sell the specific underlying Commodity Interests with an aggregate market value that approximates the amount of cash received or paid upon the purchase or redemption of Shares.
 
The Sponsor does not anticipate letting the commodity Futures Contracts of any Fund expire, thus taking delivery of the underlying commodity. Instead, the Sponsor will close out existing positions, for instance, in response to ongoing changes in the Benchmark or if it otherwise determines it would be appropriate to do so and reinvest the proceeds in new Commodity Interests. Positions may also be closed out to meet redemption orders, in which case the proceeds from closing the positions will not be reinvested.
 
The Sponsor employs a “neutral” investment strategy intended to track the changes in the Benchmark of each Fund regardless of whether the Benchmark goes up or goes down. The Fund’s “neutral” investment strategy is designed to permit investors generally to purchase and sell the Fund’s Shares for the purpose of investing indirectly in the commodity specific market in a cost-effective manner. Such investors may include participants in the specific industry and other industries seeking to hedge the risk of losses in their commodity specific related transactions, as well as investors seeking exposure to that commodity market. Accordingly, depending on the investment objective of an individual investor, the risks generally associated with investing in the commodity specific market and/or the risks involved in hedging may exist. In addition, an investment in a Fund involves the risk that the changes in the price of the Fund’s Shares will not accurately track the changes in the Benchmark, and that changes in the Benchmark will not closely correlate with changes in the price of the commodity on the spot market. The Sponsor does not intend to operate each Fund in a fashion such that its per share NAV equals, in dollar terms, the spot price of the commodity or the price of any particular commodity specific Futures Contract.
 
Market Outlook
 
The Corn Market
 
Corn is currently the most widely produced livestock feed grain in the United States. The two largest demands of the United States’ corn crop are used in livestock feed and ethanol production. Corn is also processed into food and industrial products, including starch, sweeteners, corn oil, beverages and industrial alcohol. The United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) publishes weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual updates for U.S. domestic and worldwide corn production and consumption, and for other grains such as soybeans and wheat which can be used in some cases as a substitute for corn. These reports are available on the USDA’s website, www.usda.gov, at no charge. The outlook provided below is from the January 10, 2020 USDA report.
 
 
The United States is the world’s leading producer and exporter of corn. For the Crop Year 2019-20, the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) estimates that the U.S. will produce approximately 31% of all the corn globally, of which about 13% will be exported. For 2019-2020, based on the January 10, 2020 USDA reports, global consumption of 1,133 Million Metric Tons (MMT) is expected to be slightly higher than global production of 1,111 MMT. If the global supply of corn exceeds global demand, this may have an adverse impact on the price of corn. Besides the United States, other principal world corn exporters include Argentina, Brazil and the former Soviet Union nations known as the FSU-12 which includes the Ukraine. Major import nations include Mexico, Japan, the European Union (EU), South Korea, Egypt and parts of Southeast Asia. China’s production at 261 MMT is approximately 7% less than its domestic usage.
 
According to the USDA, global corn consumption has increased just over 584% from crop year 1960/1961 to 2019/2020 as demonstrated by the graph below and is projected to continue to grow in coming years. Consumption growth is the result of a combination of many factors including: 1) global population growth, which, according to the U.S. Census Department, is estimated to increase by approximately 79.6 million people in the 2019-20 time-frame and reach 9.7 billion by 2050; 2) a growing global middle class which is increasing the demand for protein and meat-based products globally and most significantly in developing countries; and 3) increased use of biofuels, including ethanol in the United States. Based on USDA estimates as of January 10, 2020, for each person added to the population, there needs to be an additional 5.9 bushels of corn, 1.7 bushels of soybeans and 3.6 bushels of wheat produced.
 
Global corn consumption may fluctuate year over year due to any number of reasons which may include, but is not limited to, economic conditions, global health concerns, international trade policy.  Corn is a staple commodity used  pervasively across the globe so that any contractions in consumption may only be temporary as has historically been the case.
 
 
While global consumption of corn has increased over the 1960/1961-2019/2020 period, so has production, driven by increases in acres planted and yield per acre. However, according to the USDA and United Nations, future growth in planted acres and yield may be inhibited by lower productive land, and lack of infrastructure and transportation. In addition, agricultural crops such as corn are highly weather dependent for yield and therefore susceptible to changing weather patterns. In addition, given the current production/consumption patterns, nearly 100% of all corn produced globally is consumed which leaves minimal excess inventory if production issues arise.
 
 
 
The price per bushel of corn in the United States is primarily a function of both U.S. and global production, as well as U.S. and global demand. The graph below shows the USDA published price per bushel by month for the period January 2007 to December 2019.
 
 
 
On January 10, 2020, the USDA released its monthly World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) for the Crop Year 2019-20. The exhibit below provides a summary of historical and current information for United States corn production.
 
U.S. Corn Supply/Demand Balance                      
Marketing Year September - August                      
Million Bushels                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jan 10 Est.
18-19 to
Jan 10 Est.
 19-20 to
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
USDA
17-18
USDA
 18-19
Crop Year
08-09
09-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
% Change
19-20
 % Change
Planted Acres
      86.0
      86.4
      88.2
      91.9
      97.3
      95.4
      90.6
      88.0
      94.0
      90.2
          88.9
-1%
          89.7
1%
Harvested Acres
      78.6
      79.5
      81.4
      84.0
      87.4
      87.5
      83.1
      80.8
      86.7
      82.7
          81.3
-2%
          81.5
0%
Difference
        7.4
        6.9
        6.8
        7.9
        9.9
        7.9
        7.5
        7.2
        7.3
        7.5
            7.6
1%
            8.2
8%
Yield
    153.9
    164.7
    152.8
    147.2
    123.1
    158.1
    171.0
    168.4
    174.6
    176.6
        176.4
0%
        168.0
-5%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning Stocks
    1,624
    1,673
    1,708
    1,128
       989
       821
    1,232
    1,731
    1,737
    2,293
        2,140
-7%
        2,221
4%
Production
  12,092
  13,092
  12,447
  12,360
  10,755
  13,829
  14,216
  13,602
  15,148
  14,609
      14,340
-2%
      13,692
-5%
Imports
         14
           8
         28
         29
       160
         36
         32
         68
         57
         36
             28
-22%
             50
79%
Total Supply
  13,730
  14,774
  14,182
  13,516
  11,904
  14,686
  15,479
  15,401
  16,942
  16,939
      16,509
-3%
      15,962
-3%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Feed
    5,205
    5,125
    4,793
    4,545
    4,315
    5,040
    5,280
    5,114
    5,470
    5,304
        5,432
2%
        5,525
2%
Food/Seed/Industrial
    4,993
    5,961
    6,428
    6,439
    6,038
    6,493
    6,601
    6,648
    6,885
    7,057
        6,791
-4%
        6,770
0%
Ethanol for Fuel(incld above)
    3,677
    4,591
    5,021
    5,011
    4,641
    5,124
    5,200
    5,224
    5,432
    5,605
        5,376
-4%
        5,375
0%
Exports
    1,858
    1,980
    1,834
    1,543
       730
    1,920
    1,867
    1,901
    2,294
    2,438
        2,065
-15%
        1,775
-14%
Total Usage
  12,056
  13,066
  13,055
  12,527
  11,083
  13,454
  13,748
  13,664
  14,650
  14,798
      14,288
-3%
      14,070
-2%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending Stocks (Inventory)
    1,673
    1,708
    1,128
       989
       821
    1,232
    1,731
    1,737
    2,293
    2,140
        2,221
4%
        1,892
-15%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stocks/Use Ratio
14%
13%
9%
8%
7%
9%
13%
13%
16%
14%
16%
7%
13%
-13%
farm Price ($/bushel)
 $ 4.06
 $ 3.55
 $ 5.18
 $ 6.22
 $ 6.89
 $ 4.46
 $ 3.70
 $ 3.61
 $ 3.36
$3.36
$3.61
 
$3.85
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Calculations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demand per day (incld expt)¹
      33.0
      35.8
      35.8
      34.3
      30.4
      36.9
      37.7
      37.4
      40.1
      40.5
          39.1
-3%
          38.5
-2%
Carry-out days supply
      50.7
      47.7
      31.5
      28.8
      27.0
      33.4
      46.0
      46.4
      57.1
      52.8
          56.7
7%
          49.1
-13%
¹ in millions of bushels per day
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Standard Corn Futures Contracts trade on the CBOT in units of 5,000 bushels, although 1,000 bushels “mini-corn” Corn Futures Contracts also trade. Three grades of corn are deliverable under CBOT Corn Futures Contracts: Number 1 yellow, which may be delivered at 1.5 cents over the contract price; Number 2 yellow, which may be delivered at the contract price; and Number 3 yellow, which may be delivered at 1.5 cents under the contract price for all contract months prior to March 2020 or may be delivered between 2 and 4 cents per bushel under the contract price for all contract months commencing with March 2020 and beyond. There are five months each year in which CBOT Corn Futures Contracts expire: March, May, July, September and December.
 
 
If the futures market is in a state of backwardation (i.e., when the price of corn in the future is expected to be less than the current price), the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a lower price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no changes to either prevailing corn prices or the price relationship between immediate delivery, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will rise as it approaches expiration. Over time, if backwardation remained constant, the differences would continue to increase. If the futures market is in contango, the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a higher price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing corn prices or the price relationship between the spot price, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will fall as it approaches expiration. Over time, if contango remained constant, the difference would continue to increase. Historically, the corn futures markets have experienced periods of both contango and backwardation. Frequently, whether contango or backwardation exists is a function, among other factors, of the seasonality of the corn market and the corn harvest cycle. All other things being equal, a situation involving prolonged periods of contango may adversely impact the returns of the Fund; conversely a situation involving prolonged periods of backwardation may positively impact the returns of the Fund.
 
The Soybean Market
 
Global soybean production is concentrated in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina and China. The United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) has estimated that, for the Crop Year 2019-20, the United States will produce approximately 97 MMT of soybeans or approximately 29% of estimated world production, with Brazil production at 123 MMT. Argentina is projected to produce about 53 MMT. For 2019-20, based on the January 10, 2020 USDA report, global consumption of 350 MMT is estimated slightly higher than global production of 338 MMT. If the global supply of soybeans exceeds global demand, this may have an adverse impact on the price of soybeans. Global soybean consumption may fluctuate year over year due to any number of reasons which may include, but is not limited to, economic conditions, global health concerns, international trade policy.  Soybeans is a staple commodity used  pervasively across the globe so that any contractions in consumption may only be temporary as has historically been the case. The USDA publishes weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual updates for U.S. domestic and worldwide soybean production and consumption. These reports are available on the USDA’s website, www.usda.gov, at no charge. The outlook provided below is from the January 10, 2020 USDA report.
 
The soybean processing industry converts soybeans into soybean meal, soybean hulls, and soybean oil. Soybean meal and soybean hulls are processed into soy flour or soy protein, which are used, along with other commodities, by livestock producers and the fish farming industry as feed. Soybean oil is sold in multiple grades and is used by the food, petroleum and chemical industries. The food industry uses soybean oil in cooking and salad dressings, baking and frying fats, and butter substitutes, among other uses. In addition, the soybean industry continues to introduce soy-based products as substitutes to various petroleum-based products including lubricants, plastics, ink, crayons and candles. Soybean oil is also converted to biodiesel for use as fuel.
 
Standard Soybean Futures Contracts trade on the CBOT in units of 5,000 bushels, although 1,000 bushel “mini-sized” Soybean Futures Contracts also trade. Three grades of soybean are deliverable under CBOT Soybean Futures Contracts: Number 1 yellow, which may be delivered at 6 cents per bushel over the contract price; Number 2 yellow, which may be delivered at the contract price; and Number 3 yellow, which may be delivered at 6 cents per bushel under the contract price. There are seven months each year in which CBOT Soybean Futures Contracts expire: January, March, May, July, August, September and November.
 
If the futures market is in a state of backwardation (i.e., when the price of soybeans in the future is expected to be less than the current price), the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a lower price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no changes to either prevailing soybean prices or the price relationship between immediate delivery, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will rise as it approaches expiration. If the futures market is in contango, the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a higher price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing soybean prices or the price relationship between the spot price, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will fall as it approaches expiration. Historically, the soybeans futures markets have experienced periods of both contango and backwardation. Frequently, whether contango or backwardation exists is a function, among other factors, of the seasonality of the soybean market and the soybean harvest cycle. All other things being equal, a situation involving prolonged periods of contango may adversely impact the returns of the Fund; conversely a situation involving prolonged periods of backwardation may positively impact the returns of the Fund.
 
 
The price per bushel of soybeans in the United States is primarily a function of both U.S. and global production, as well as U.S. and global demand. The graph below shows the USDA published price per bushel by month for the period January 2007 to December 2019.
 
 
On January 10, 2020, the USDA released its monthly World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) for the Crop Year 2019-20. The exhibit below provides a summary of historical and current information for United States soybean production.
 
 
U.S. Soybean Supply/Demand Balance                      
Marketing Year September - August                    
Million Bushels                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jan 10 Est.
 18-19 to
Jan 10 Est.
 19-20 to
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
USDA
 17-18
USDA
 18-19
Crop Year
08-09
09-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
% Change
19-20
 % Change
Planted Acres
75.7
77.5
77.4
75.0
77.2
76.8
83.3
82.7
83.5
90.2
89.2
-1%
76.1
-15%
Harvested Acres
74.7
76.4
76.6
73.8
76.1
76.3
82.6
81.7
82.7
89.5
87.6
-2%
75.0
-14%
Difference
1.0
1.1
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.5
0.7
1.0
0.8
0.7
1.6
129%
1.1
-31%
Yield
39.7
44.0
43.5
41.9
40.0
44.0
47.5
48.0
51.9
49.3
50.6
3%
47.4
-6%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning Stocks
     205
     138
       151
       215
       169
       141
         92
     191
     197
     302
           438
45%
           909
108%
Production
  2,967
  3,359
    3,329
    3,094
    3,042
    3,358
    3,927
  3,926
  4,296
  4,412
        4,428
0%
        3,558
-20%
Imports
       13
       15
         14
         16
         41
         72
         33
       24
       22
       22
             14
-36%
             15
7%
Total Supply
  3,185
  3,512
    3,495
    3,325
    3,252
    3,570
    4,052
  4,140
  4,516
  4,735
        4,880
3%
        4,482
-8%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Crushings
  1,662
  1,752
    1,648
    1,703
    1,689
    1,734
    1,873
  1,886
  1,901
  2,055
        2,092
2%
        2,105
1%
Seed, Feed and Residual
     106
     110
       131
         89
       105
       107
       146
     115
     147
     109
           131
20%
           128
-2%
Exports
  1,279
  1,499
    1,501
    1,365
    1,317
    1,638
    1,842
  1,942
  2,166
  2,134
        1,748
-18%
        1,775
2%
Total Usage
  3,047
  3,361
    3,280
    3,155
    3,111
    3,478
    3,862
  3,944
  4,214
  4,297
        3,971
-8%
        4,008
1%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending Stocks (Inventory)
138
151
215
169
141
92
191
197
302
438
           909
108%
           475
-48%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stocks/Use Ratio
4.5%
4.5%
6.6%
5.4%
4.5%
2.6%
4.9%
5.0%
7.2%
10.2%
22.9%
125%
11.9%
-48%
farm Price ($/bushel)
 $ 9.97
 $ 9.59
 $ 11.30
 $ 12.50
 $ 14.40
 $ 13.00
 $ 10.10
 $ 8.95
 $ 9.47
$9.33
$8.48
 
$9.00
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Calculations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demand per day (incld expt)¹
8.3
9.2
9.0
8.6
8.5
9.5
10.6
10.8
11.5
11.8
10.9
-8%
11.0
1%
Carry-out days supply
    16.5
    16.4
      23.9
      19.6
      16.6
9.7
18.1
18.2
26.2
37.2
83.6
125%
43.3
-48%
¹ in millions of bushels per day
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
The Sugar Market
 
Sugarcane accounts for about 79% of the world’s sugar production, while sugar beets account for the remainder of the world’s sugar production. Sugar manufacturers use sugar beets and sugarcane as the raw material from which refined sugar (sucrose) for industrial and consumer use is produced. Sugar is produced in various forms, including granulated, powdered, liquid, brown, and molasses. The food industry (in particular, producers of baked goods, beverages, cereal, confections, and dairy products) uses sugar and sugarcane molasses to make sugar containing food products. Sugar beet pulp and molasses products are used as animal feed ingredients. Ethanol is an important by-product of sugarcane processing. Additionally, the material that is left over after sugarcane is processed is used to manufacture paper, cardboard, and “environmentally friendly” eating utensils.
 
 
The Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract is the world benchmark contract for raw sugar trading. This contract prices the physical delivery of raw cane sugar, delivered to the receiver’s vessel at a specified port within the country of origin of the sugar. Sugar No. 11 Futures Contracts trade on ICE Futures US and the NYMEX in units of 112,000 pounds.
 
The United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) publishes two major reports annually on U.S. domestic and worldwide sugar production and consumption. These are usually released in November and May. In addition, the USDA publishes periodic, but not as comprehensive, reports on sugar monthly. These reports are available on the USDA’s website, www.usda.gov, at no charge. The USDA’s November 2019 report forecasts for 2019/20 a decline in global production of 174 Million due to a 5 million ton drop in India resulting from reported lower area and expected yields. Brazil and India are essentially tied as top producers. Brazil’s production is estimated slightly down due to more sugarcane being diverted towards ethanol production and less to sugar. Consumption is projected to continue to rise due to record use in India and exports are estimated to be flat while global stocks are projected to be down due to lower stocks in China, India, and Pakistan. Global sugar consumption may fluctuate year over year due to any number of reasons which may include, but is not limited to, economic conditions, global health concerns, international trade policy.  Sugar is a staple commodity used pervasively across the globe so that any contractions in consumption may only be temporary as has historically been the case.
 
 
 
If the futures market is in a state of backwardation (i.e., when the price of sugar in the future is expected to be less than the current price), the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a lower price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no changes to either prevailing sugar prices or the price relationship between immediate delivery, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will rise as it approaches expiration. If the futures market is in contango, the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a higher price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing sugar prices or the price relationship between the spot price, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will fall as it approaches expiration. Historically, the sugar futures markets have experienced periods of both contango and backwardation. Frequently, whether contango or backwardation exists is a function, among other factors, of the seasonality of the sugar market and the sugar harvest cycle. All other things being equal, a situation involving prolonged periods of contango may adversely impact the returns of the Funds; conversely a situation involving prolonged periods of backwardation may positively impact the returns of the Funds.
 
Futures contracts may be either bought or sold long or short. The U.S Commodity Futures Trading Commission weekly releases the “Commitment of Traders” (COT) report, which depicts the open interest as well as long and short positions in the market. Market participants may use this report to gauge market sentiment.
 
The Wheat Market
 
Wheat is used to produce flour, the key ingredient for breads, pasta, crackers and many other food products, as well as several industrial products such as starches and adhesives. Wheat by-products are used in livestock feeds. Wheat is the principal food grain produced in the United States, and the United States’ output of wheat is typically exceeded only by that of China, the European Union, the former Soviet nations, known as the FSU-12, including the Ukraine, and India. The United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) estimates that for 2019-20, the principal global producers of wheat will be the EU, the former Soviet nations known as the FSU-12, China, India, the United States, Australia and Canada. The U.S. generates approximately 7% of the global production, with approximately 51% of that being exported. For 2019-20, based on the January 10, 2020 USDA report, global consumption of 754 MMT is estimated to be slightly lower than production of 764 MMT. If the global supply of wheat exceeds global demand, this may have an adverse impact on the price of wheat. Global wheat consumption may fluctuate year over year due to any number of reasons which may include, but is not limited to, economic conditions, global health concerns, international trade policy.  Wheat is a staple commodity used pervasively across the globe so that any contractions in consumption may only be temporary as has historically been the case. The USDA publishes weekly, monthly, quarterly and annual updates for U.S. domestic and worldwide wheat production and consumption. These reports are available on the USDA’s website, www.usda.gov, at no charge. The outlook provided below is from the January 10, 2020 USDA report.
 
There are several types of wheat grown in the U.S., which are classified in terms of color, hardness, and growing season. CBOT Wheat Futures Contracts call for delivery of #2 soft red winter wheat, which is generally grown in the eastern third of the United States, but other types and grades of wheat may also be delivered (Grade #1 soft red winter wheat, Hard Red Winter, Dark Northern Spring and Northern Spring wheat may be delivered at 3 cents premium per bushel over the contract price and #2 soft red winter wheat, Hard Red Winter, Dark Northern Spring and Northern Spring wheat may be delivered at the contract price.) Winter wheat is planted in the fall and is harvested in the late spring or early summer of the following year, while spring wheat is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer or fall of the same year. Standard Wheat Futures Contracts trade on the CBOT in units of 5,000 bushels, although 1,000 bushel “mini-wheat” Wheat Futures Contracts also trade. There are five months each year in which CBOT Wheat Futures Contracts expire: March, May, July, September and December.
 
If the futures market is in a state of backwardation (i.e., when the price of wheat in the future is expected to be less than the current price), the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a lower price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no changes to either prevailing wheat prices or the price relationship between immediate delivery, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will rise as it approaches expiration. If the futures market is in contango, the Fund will buy later to expire contracts for a higher price than the sooner to expire contracts that it sells. Hypothetically, and assuming no other changes to either prevailing wheat prices or the price relationship between the spot price, soon to expire contracts and later to expire contracts, the value of a contract will fall as it approaches expiration. Historically, the wheat futures markets have experienced periods of both contango and backwardation. Frequently, whether contango or backwardation exists is a function, among other factors, of the seasonality of the wheat market and the wheat harvest cycle. All other things being equal, a situation involving prolonged periods of contango may adversely impact the returns of the Fund; conversely a situation involving prolonged periods of backwardation may positively impact the returns of the Fund.
 
 
The price per bushel of wheat in the United States is primarily a function of both U.S. and global production, as well as U.S. and global demand. The graph below shows the USDA published price per bushel by month for the period January 2007 to December 2019.
 
 
 
On January 10, 2020, the USDA released its monthly World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE) for the Crop Year 2019-20. The exhibit below provides a summary of historical and current information for United States wheat production. 
 
U.S. Wheat Supply/Demand Balance                    
Marketing Year June - May                    
Million Bushels                            
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jan 10 Est.
 18-19 to
Jan 10 Est.
 19-20 to
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
USDA
 17-18
USDA
 18-19
Crop Year
08-09
09-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
16-17
17-18
18-19
% Change
19-20
 % Change
Planted Acres
63.2
59.2
53.6
54.4
55.3
56.2
56.8
55.0
50.1
46.1
47.8
4%
45.2
-5%
Harvested Acres
55.7
49.9
47.6
45.7
48.8
45.3
46.4
47.3
43.8
37.6
39.6
5%
37.2
-6%
Difference
7.5
9.3
6.0
8.7
6.5
10.9
10.4
7.7
6.3
8.5
8.2
-4%
8.0
-2%
Yield
44.9
44.5
46.3
43.7
46.2
47.1
43.7
43.6
52.7
46.4
47.6
3%
51.7
9%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning Stocks
     306
     657
     976
     862
     743
     718
     590
     752
     976
  1,181
        1,099
-7%
        1,080
-2%
Production
  2,499
  2,218
  2,207
  1,999
  2,252
  2,135
  2,026
  2,062
  2,309
  1,741
        1,885
8%
        1,920
2%
Imports
     127
     119
        97
     112
     123
     173
     151
     113
     118
     158
           135
-15%
           105
-22%
Total Supply
  2,932
  2,993
  3,279
  2,974
  3,118
  3,026
  2,768
  2,927
  3,402
  3,080
        3,119
1%
        3,105
0%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Food
     927
     919
     926
     941
     951
     955
     958
     957
     949
     964
           955
-1%
           955
0%
Seed
        78
        69
        71
        76
        73
        77
        79
        67
        61
        63
             59
-6%
             60
2%
Feed and residual
     255
     150
     132
     164
     364
     228
     114
     149
     160
        47
             90
91%
           150
67%
Exports
  1,015
     879
  1,289
  1,050
  1,012
  1,176
     864
     778
  1,051
     906
           936
3%
           975
4%
Total Usage
  2,275
  2,018
  2,417
  2,231
  2,400
  2,436
  2,015
  1,951
  2,222
  1,981
        2,039
3%
        2,140
5%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ending Stocks (Inventory)
657
976
862
743
718
590
752
976
  1,181
  1,099
        1,080
-2%
           965
-11%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Stocks/Use Ratio
28.9%
48.4%
35.7%
33.3%
29.7%
24.2%
37.3%
50.0%
53.2%
55.5%
53.0%
-5%
45.1%
-15%
farm Price ($/bushel)
 $ 6.78
 $ 4.87
 $ 5.70
 $ 7.24
 $ 7.77
 $ 6.87
 $ 5.99
 $ 4.89
 $ 3.89
$4.72
$5.16
 
$4.55
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Calculations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demand per day (incld expt)¹
6.2
5.5
6.6
6.1
6.6
6.7
5.5
5.3
6.1
5.4
5.6
3%
5.9
5%
Carry-out days supply
  105.4
  176.5
  130.2
  121.6
  108.6
    88.4
  136.2
  182.6
  194.0
  202.5
        193.3
-5%
        164.6
-15%
¹ in millions of bushels per day
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
Competitive Environment
 
Investors may choose among several options when considering an investment in agricultural commodities. For instance, an investor may choose to invest directly in commodity futures, although such an investment generally requires significant capital. Additionally, there are a variety of commodity index funds which include baskets of commodity interests; these funds invest in a range of commodity interests, although some are weighted toward, or invest solely in, agricultural commodities. Finally, there are exchange traded notes which are credit instruments, some of which may invest or mirror investments in agricultural commodities.
 
The Sponsor’s Operations
 
The Sponsor established the Trust and caused the Trust to establish the first series, the Corn Fund, which commenced offering its Shares to the public on June 9, 2010. Three additional series, namely the Sugar Fund, the Soybean Fund and the Wheat Fund, commenced offering of shares in September 2011 and the Teucrium Agricultural Fund commenced operation on March 28, 2012. Aside from establishing these series, operating those series that have commenced offering their shares and obtaining capital from a small number of outside investors in order to engage in these activities, the Sponsor did not engage in any business activity.
 
The Trust and the Funds do not have any employees or officers. Any persons acting as agents of the Trust or the Funds do so as employees or officers of the Sponsor.
 
Under the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor is solely responsible for the management, and conducts or directs the conduct of the business of the Trust, the Funds, and any other Fund that may from time to time be established and designated by the Sponsor. The Sponsor is required to oversee the purchase and sale of Shares by firms designated as “Authorized Purchasers” and to manage the Funds’ investments, including to evaluate the credit risk of futures commission merchants and swap counter-parties and to review daily positions and margin/collateral requirements. The Sponsor has the power to enter into agreements as may be necessary or appropriate for the offer and sale of the Funds’ Shares and the conduct of the Trust’s activities. Accordingly, the Sponsor is responsible for selecting the Trustee, Administrator, Distributor, the independent registered public accounting firm of the Trust, and any legal counsel employed by the Trust. The Sponsor is also responsible for preparing and filing periodic reports on behalf of the Trust with the SEC and providing any required certification for such reports. No person other than the Sponsor and its principals was involved in the organization of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The Sponsor maintains a website on behalf of each of the Funds. The total portfolio composition of each Fund is disclosed on the Fund’s website each business day that the NYSE Arca is open for trading. The website disclosure of portfolio holdings is made daily and includes, as applicable, the name and value of each Commodity Futures Contract held and those that are pending, and the amount of cash and cash equivalents held in the Fund’s portfolio. Each Fund’s website also includes the NAV, the 4 p.m. Bid/Ask Midpoint as reported by the NYSE Arca, the last trade price as reported by the NYSE Arca, the shares outstanding, the shares available for issuance, and the shares created or redeemed on that day. The prospectus, Monthly Statement of Account, Quarterly Performance of the Midpoint versus the NAV, and the Roll Dates, as well as Forms 10-Q, Forms 10-K, and other SEC filings for that Fund, are also posted on the website. The website is publicly accessible at no charge. The website address for the Sponsor and each Fund is www.teucrium.com.
 
A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Trust and the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds. For the period ended December 31, such expenses, which are primarily included as distribution and marketing fees, totaled $1,992,524 in 2019, $2,674,984 in 2018, and $2,196,388 in 2017; of these amounts, $137,711 in 2019, $556,063 in 2018, and $453,736 in 2017 were waived by the Sponsor.
 
 
All asset-based fees and expenses for the Funds are calculated on the prior day’s net assets.
 
The Sponsor has an information security program and policy in place. The program takes reasonable care to look beyond the security and controls developed and implemented for the Trust and the Funds directly to the platforms and controls in place for the key service providers. Such review of cybersecurity and information technology plans of key service providers are part of the Sponsor’s disaster recovery and business continuity planning. The Sponsor provides regular training to all employees of the Sponsor regarding cybersecurity topics, in addition to real-time dissemination of information regarding cybersecurity matters as needed. The information security plan is reviewed and updated as needed, but at a minimum on an annual basis.
 
Ownership or “membership” interests in the Sponsor are owned by persons referred to as “members.” The Sponsor currently has three voting or “Class A” members – Mr. Sal Gilbertie, Mr. Dale Riker and Mr. Carl N. Miller III – and a small number of non-voting or “Class B” members who have provided working capital to the Sponsor. Messrs. Gilbertie and Riker each currently own 45.7%, and Mr. Miller owns 8.52%, of the Sponsor’s Class A membership interests.
 
Management of the Sponsor
 
In general, under the Sponsor’s Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement, as amended from time to time, the Sponsor (and as a result the Trust and each Fund) is managed by the officers of the Sponsor. The Chief Executive Officer of the Sponsor is responsible for the overall strategic direction of the Sponsor and has general control of its business. The Chief Investment Officer and President of the Sponsor is primarily responsible for new investment product development with respect to the Funds. The Chief Operating Officer has primary responsibility for trade operations, trade execution, and portfolio activities with respect to the Fund. The Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Compliance Officer acts as the Sponsor’s principal financial and accounting officer. Furthermore, certain fundamental actions regarding the Sponsor, such as the removal of officers, the addition or substitution of members, or the incurrence of liabilities other than those incurred in the ordinary course of business and de minimis liabilities, may not be taken without the affirmative vote of a majority of the Class A members (which is generally defined as the affirmative vote of Mr. Gilbertie and one of the other two Class A members). The Sponsor has no board of directors, and the Trust has no board of directors or officers.
 
The Officers of the Sponsor, one of whom is a Class A member of the Sponsor, are the following:
 
Sal Gilbertie has been the President of the Sponsor since its inception, its Chief Investment Officer since September 2011, and its Chief Executive Officer and Secretary since September 17, 2018, and was approved by the NFA as a principal of the Sponsor on September 23, 2009 and registered as an associated person of the Sponsor on November 10, 2009. He maintains his main business office at 65 Adams Road, Easton, Connecticut 06612. Effective July 16, 2012, Mr. Gilbertie was registered with the NFA as the Branch Manager for this location. Since October 18, 2010, Mr. Gilbertie has been an associated person of the Distributor under the terms of the Securities Activities and Services Agreement (“SASA”) between the Sponsor and the Distributor. Additional information regarding the SASA can be found in the section of this disclosure document entitled “Plan of Distribution.” From October 2005 until December 2009, Mr. Gilbertie was employed by Newedge USA, LLC, an FCM and broker-dealer registered with the CFTC and the SEC, where he headed the Renewable Fuels/Energy Derivatives OTC Execution Desk and was an active futures contract and over the counter derivatives trader and market maker in multiple classes of commodities. (Between January 2008 and October 2008, he also held a comparable position with Newedge Financial, Inc., an FCM and an affiliate of Newedge USA, LLC.) From October 1998 until October 2005, Mr. Gilbertie was principal and co-founder of Cambial Asset Management, LLC, an adviser to two private funds that focused on equity options, and Cambial Financing Dynamics, a private boutique investment bank. While at Cambial Asset Management, LLC and Cambial Financing Dynamics, Mr. Gilbertie served as principal and managed the day-to-day activities of the business and the portfolio of both companies. Mr. Gilbertie is 59 years old.
 
Cory Mullen-Rusin has been the Chief Financial Officer, Chief Accounting Officer and Chief Compliance Officer of the Sponsor since September 17, 2018 and Ms. Mullen-Rusin has primary responsibility for the financial management, compliance and reporting of the Sponsor and is in charge of its books of account and accounting records, and its accounting procedures. She maintains her main business office at Three Main Street, Suite 215, Burlington, Vermont 05401. Ms. Mullen-Rusin worked directly with the former CFO at Teucrium for seven years. Her responsibilities included aspects of financial planning, financial operations, and financial reporting for the Trust and the Sponsor. Additionally, Ms. Mullen-Rusin assisted in developing, instituting, and monitoring the effectiveness of processes and procedures to comply with all regulatory agency requirements. Ms. Mullen-Rusin graduated from Boston College with a Bachelor of Arts and Science in Communications in 2009, where she was a four-year scholarship player on the NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball team. In 2017, she earned a Master of Business Administration from Nichols College. Ms. Mullen-Rusin is 32 years old.
 
Steve Kahler, Chief Operating Officer, began working for the Sponsor in November 2011 as Managing Director in the trading division. He became the Chief Operating Officer on May 24, 2012 and served in that capacity through September 6, 2018, at which time he resigned. Mr. Kahler was unemployed from September 7, 2018 until September 18, 2018. Mr. Kahler was reappointed and officially resumed his role as Chief Operating Officer on October 10, 2018. Mr. Kahler has primary responsibility for the Trade Operations for the Funds. He maintains his main business office at 13520 Excelsior Blvd., Minnetonka, MN 55345. Mr. Kahler was registered as an Associated Person of the Sponsor on November 25, 2011, approved as a Branch Manager of the Sponsor on March 16, 2012 and approved by the NFA as a Principal of the Sponsor on May 16, 2012. Since January 18, 2012, Mr. Kahler has been an associated person of the Distributor under the terms of the SASA between the Sponsor and the Distributor. Additional information regarding the SASA can be found in the section of this disclosure document entitled “Plan of Distribution.” Prior to his employment with the Sponsor, Mr. Kahler worked for Cargill Inc., an international producer and marketer of food, agricultural, financial and industrial products and services, from April 2006 until November 2011 in the Energy Division as Senior Petroleum Trader. In October 2006 and while employed at Cargill Inc., Mr. Kahler was approved as an Associated Person of Cargill Commodity Services Inc., a commodity trading affiliate of Cargill Inc. from September 13, 2006 to November 9, 2011. Mr. Kahler graduated from the University of Minnesota with a Bachelors of Agricultural Business Administration and is 52 years old. Mr. Kahler is primarily responsible for making trading and investment decisions for the Fund and other Teucrium Funds, and for directing Fund and other Teucrium Fund trades for execution.
 
 
The Custodian and Administrator
 
In its capacity as the Fund’s custodian, the Custodian, currently U.S. Bank, N.A., holds the Funds’ securities, cash and/or cash equivalents pursuant to a custodial agreement. U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC, doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services"), an entity affiliated with U.S. Bank, N.A., is the registrar and transfer agent for the Funds. In addition, Global Fund Services also serves as Administrator for the Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC and CFTC reports on behalf of the Fund. For these services, the Funds pays fees to the Custodian and Global Fund Services set forth in the table entitled “Contractual Fees and Compensation Arrangements with the Sponsor and Third-Party Service Providers.”
 
The Custodian is located at 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state-chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for Global Fund Services is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202.
 
The Distributor
 
The Funds employ Foreside Fund Services, LLC as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor, the Sponsor and the Trust calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. For these services, the Funds pays fees to the Distributor set forth in the table entitled “Contractual Fees and Compensation Arrangements with the Sponsor and Third-Party Service Providers.” The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under FINRA rules. As Registered Representatives of the Distributor, these persons are permitted to engage in certain marketing activities for the Fund that they would otherwise not be permitted to engage in. Under the SASA, the Sponsor is obligated to ensure that such marketing activities comply with applicable law and are permitted by the SASA and the Distributor’s internal procedures.
 
The Distributor’s principal business address is Three Canal Plaza, Suite 100, Portland, Maine 04101. The Distributor is a broker-dealer registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”).
 
The Trustee
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee’s principal offices are located at 1100 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19890-0001. The Trustee is unaffiliated with the Sponsor. The Trustee’s duties and liabilities with respect to the offering of Shares and the management of the Trust and the Fund are limited to its express obligations under the Trust Agreement.
 
The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. The Trustee does not owe any other duties to the Trust, the Sponsor or the Shareholders. The Trustee is permitted to resign upon at least sixty (60) days’ notice to the Sponsor. If no successor trustee has been appointed by the Sponsor within such sixty-day period, the Trustee may, at the expense of the Trust, petition a court to appoint a successor. The Trust Agreement provides that the Trustee is entitled to reasonable compensation for its services from the Sponsor or an affiliate of the Sponsor (including the Trust), and is indemnified by the Sponsor against any expenses it incurs relating to or arising out of the formation, operation or termination of the Trust, or any action or inaction of the Trustee under the Trust Agreement, except to the extent that such expenses result from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of the Trustee. The Sponsor has the discretion to replace the Trustee.
 
Under the Trust Agreement, the duty and authority to manage the business affairs of the Trust, and of all of the funds that are a series of the Trust, including control of the Fund and the Underlying Funds, is vested solely with the Sponsor, which the Sponsor may delegate as provided for in the Trust Agreement. The Trustee has no duty or liability to supervise or monitor the performance of the Sponsor, nor does the Trustee have any liability for the acts or omissions of the Sponsor. As the Trustee has no authority over the operation of the Trust, the Trustee itself is not registered in any capacity with the CFTC.
 
The Clearing Brokers
 
Effective June 3, 2015, ED&F Man Capital Markets Inc. (“ED&F Man”) replaced Jefferies as the Funds’ FCM and the clearing broker to execute and clear the Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services, other than services for TAGS. As of June 4, 2015, all futures contracts and residual cash balances held at Jefferies had been transferred to ED&F Man and the balance in all Jefferies accounts was $0.
 
The Firm is registered as an FCM with the CFTC, is a member of the National Futures Association (“NFA”) and is a clearing member of all major U.S. futures exchanges.  The Firm’s Designated Self-Regulatory Organization is the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc. (www.cmegroup.com).  The Firm is also registered as a broker-dealer (“BD”) with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and is a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (“FINRA”). 
 
 
There has been no material civil, administrative, or criminal proceedings pending, on appeal, or concluded against E D & F Man Capital Markets Inc. or its principals in the past five (5) years. For a list of concluded actions, please go to http://www.nfa.futures.org/basicnet/welcome.aspx. This link will take you to the Welcome Page of the NFA’s Background Affiliation Status Information Center (“BASIC”). At this page, there is a box where you can enter the NFA ID of ED&F Man Capital Markets Inc. (0002613) and then click “Go”. You will be transferred to the NFA’s information specific to ED&F Man Capital Markets Inc. Under the heading “Regulatory Actions”, click “details” and you will be directed to the full list of regulatory actions brought by the CFTC and exchanges.
 
Effective in 2019, U.S. Bank N.A. became the broker for some, but not all, of the equity transactions related to the purchase and sale of the Underlying Funds for TAGS. The Bank of New York Mellon Capital Markets was previously the broker since inception of the TAGS Fund.
 
Contractual Fees and Compensation Arrangements with the Sponsor and Third-Party Service Providers
 
Service Provider
 
Compensation Paid by the Funds
Teucrium Trading, LLC, Sponsor
 
1.00% of average net assets annually
 
U.S. Bank N.A., Custodian
 
 
 
 
U.S. Bank Global Fund Services, Transfer Agent, Fund Accountant and Fund Administrator
 
 
 
For custody services: 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges
 
For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust: 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually.
 
A combined minimum annual fee of $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund.
 
Foreside Fund Services, LLC, Distributor
 
The Distributor receives a fee of 0.01% of each Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements currently estimated at $3,000 per year related to these services.
 
Under the Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”), the Distributor receives compensation from the fund for its activities on behalf of all the Funds. The fees paid to the Distributor pursuant to the SASA for the offerings of the Funds are not expected to exceed a combined $40,000 per year. In addition, the Distributor receives certain expense reimbursements relating to the registration, continuing education and other administrative expenses of the Registered Representatives in relation to the Funds. These expense reimbursements are estimated not to exceed $25,000 per year.
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc.
 
 
$4.50 per half-turn Futures Contract purchase or sale for corn, soybeans, wheat and sugar.
 
Wilmington Trust Company, Trustee
 
$3,300 annually for the Trust
 
Asset-based fees are calculated on a daily basis (accrued at 1/365 of the applicable percentage of NAV on that day) and paid on a monthly basis. NAV is calculated by taking the current market value of the Fund’s total assets and subtracting any liabilities.
 
For each of the contractual agreements discussed above, the expense recognized in 2019 by the Trust and each Fund is detailed in the notes to the financial statements included in Part II of this filing.
 
Form of Shares
 
Registered Form
 
For all the Funds, Shares are issued in registered form in accordance with the Trust Agreement. Global Fund Services has been appointed registrar and transfer agent for the purpose of transferring Shares in certificated form. Global Fund Services keeps a record of all Shareholders and holders of the Shares in certificated form in the registry (Register). The Sponsor recognizes transfers of Shares in certificated form only if done in accordance with the Trust Agreement. The beneficial interests in such Shares are held in book-entry form through participants and/or account holders in DTC.
 
 
Book Entry
 
For all Funds, individual certificates are not issued for the Shares. Instead, Shares are represented by one or more global certificates, which are deposited by the Administrator with DTC and registered in the name of Cede & Co., as nominee for DTC. The global certificates evidence all of the Shares outstanding at any time. Shareholders are limited to (1) participants in DTC such as banks, brokers, dealers and trust companies (DTC Participants), (2) those who maintain, either directly or indirectly, a custodial relationship with a DTC Participant (Indirect Participants), and (3) those who hold interests in the Shares through DTC Participants or Indirect Participants, in each case who satisfy the requirements for transfers of Shares. DTC Participants acting on behalf of investors holding Shares through such participant accounts in DTC will follow the delivery practice applicable to securities eligible for DTC’s Same-Day Funds Settlement System. Shares are credited to DTC Participants securities accounts following confirmation of receipt of payment.
 
DTC
 
DTC has advised us as follows: It is a limited purpose trust company organized under the laws of the State of New York and is a member of the Federal Reserve System, a “clearing corporation” within the meaning of the New York Uniform Commercial Code and a “clearing agency” registered pursuant to the provisions of Section 17A of the Exchange Act. DTC holds securities for DTC Participants and facilitates the clearance and settlement of transactions between DTC Participants through electronic book-entry changes in accounts of DTC Participants.
 
Transfer of Shares
 
For all Funds, the Shares are only transferable through the book-entry system of DTC. Shareholders who are not DTC Participants may transfer their Shares through DTC by instructing the DTC Participant holding their Shares (or by instructing the Indirect Participant or other entity through which their Shares are held) to transfer the Shares. Transfers are made in accordance with standard securities industry practice.
 
Transfers of interests in Shares with DTC are made in accordance with the usual rules and operating procedures of DTC and the nature of the transfer. DTC has established procedures to facilitate transfers among the participants and/or account holders of DTC. Because DTC can only act on behalf of DTC Participants, who in turn act on behalf of Indirect Participants, the ability of a person or entity having an interest in a global certificate to pledge such interest to persons or entities that do not participate in DTC, or otherwise take actions in respect of such interest, may be affected by the lack of a certificate or other definitive document representing such interest.
 
DTC has advised us that it will take any action permitted to be taken by a Shareholder (including, without limitation, the presentation of a global certificate for exchange) only at the direction of one or more DTC Participants in whose account with DTC interests in global certificates are credited and only in respect of such portion of the aggregate principal amount of the global certificate as to which such DTC Participant or Participants has or have given such direction.
 
Creation and Redemption of Shares
 
The Funds create and redeem Shares from time to time, but only in one or more Creation Baskets or Redemption Baskets. The creation and redemption of baskets are only made in exchange for delivery to the Funds or the distribution by the Funds of the amount of cash equal to the combined NAV of the number of Shares included in the baskets being created or redeemed determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create or redeem baskets is properly received.
 
Authorized Purchasers are the only persons that may place orders to create and redeem baskets. Authorized Purchasers must be (1) either registered broker-dealers or other securities market participants, such as banks and other financial institutions, that are not required to register as broker-dealers to engage in securities transactions, and (2) DTC Participants. To become an Authorized Purchaser, a person must enter into an Authorized Purchaser Agreement with the Sponsor. The Authorized Purchaser Agreement provides the procedures for the creation and redemption of baskets and for the delivery of the cash required for such creations and redemptions. The Authorized Purchaser Agreement and the related procedures attached thereto may be amended by the Sponsor, without the consent of any Shareholder or Authorized Purchaser. Authorized Purchasers pay a transaction fee to the Sponsor for each order they place to create one or more baskets and a fee per basket when they redeem baskets.
 
Authorized Purchasers who make deposits with a Fund in exchange for baskets receive no fees, commissions or other form of compensation or inducement of any kind from either the Trust or the Sponsor, and no such person will have any obligation or responsibility to the Trust or the Sponsor to effect any sale or resale of Shares.
 
Certain Authorized Purchasers are expected to be capable of investing directly in the Specified Commodities or the Commodity Interest markets. Some Authorized Purchasers or their affiliates may from time to time buy or sell the Specified Commodity or Commodity Interests and may profit in these instances.
 
Each Authorized Purchaser will be required to be registered as a broker-dealer under the 1934 Act and a member in good standing with FINRA or be exempt from being or otherwise not required to be registered as a broker-dealer or a member of FINRA, and will be qualified to act as a broker or dealer in the states or other jurisdictions where the nature of its business so requires. Certain Authorized Purchasers may also be regulated under federal and state banking laws and regulations. Each Authorized Purchaser has its own set of rules and procedures, internal controls and information barriers as it determines is appropriate in light of its own regulatory regime.
 
 
Under the Authorized Purchaser Agreement, the Sponsor has agreed to indemnify the Authorized Purchasers against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the 1933 Act, and to contribute to the payments the Authorized Purchasers may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.
 
Minimum Number of Shares
 
There are a minimum number of baskets and associated shares specified for each Fund in the Fund’s respective prospectus as amended from time to time. Once the minimum number of baskets is reached, there can be no more redemptions until there has been a creation basket. As of December 31, 2019, and March 9, 2020, these minimum levels are as follows:
 
 
Minimum Level
 
Minimum Level
 
Shares Outstanding
 
Shares Outstanding
 
of Shares
 
of Baskets
 
December 31, 2019
 
March 9, 2020
Teucrium Corn Fund
              50,000
 
                       2
 
               5,075,004
 
4,775,004
Teucrium Soybean Fund
              50,000
 
                       2
 
               1,775,004
 
1,725,004
Teucrium Sugar Fund
              50,000
 
                       2
 
               1,750,004
 
1,350,004
Teucrium Wheat Fund
              50,000
 
                       2
 
               8,950,004
 
8,600,004
Teucrium Agricultural Fund
              50,000
 
                       4
 
                    75,002
 
75,002
 
If a Fund has not more than the minimum number of shares outstanding, this means that there can be no redemptions of shares until there is a creation of shares or unless the Sponsor has reason to believe that the placer of the redemption order does in fact possess all the outstanding Shares in the Fund and can deliver them. When there can be no redemption of shares, the price of the Fund, as represented by the bid and the ask, compared to the NAV may diverge more than would be the case if redemptions could occur.
 
The following description of the procedures for the creation and redemption of baskets is only a summary and an investor should refer to the relevant provisions of the Trust Agreement and the form of Authorized Purchaser Agreement for more detail, each of which has been incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the registration statement for each of the Funds.
 
 
  The Flow of Shares
 
 
 
Calculating the Net Asset Value
 
The NAV of each Fund is calculated by:
 
Taking the current market value of its total assets, and
 
Subtracting any liabilities.
 
The Administrator calculates the NAV of each Fund once each trading day. It calculates NAV as of the earlier of the close of the New York Stock Exchange or 4:00 p.m., (EST). The NAV for a particular trading day will be released after 4:15 p.m., (EST).
 
In determining the value of the Futures Contracts for each Fund, the Administrator uses the closing price on the exchange on which the commodity is traded, commonly referred to as the settlement price. The time of settlement for each exchange is determined by that exchange and may change from time to time. The current settlement time for each exchange can be found at the respective website for the CBOT or ICE, as the case may be, as follows:
 
1) for the CBOT (CORN, SOYB and WEAT) http://www.cmegroup.com/trading_hours/commodities-hours.html.
2) for ICE (CANE) http://www.theice.com/productguide/Search.shtml?tradingHours=.
 
The Administrator determines the value of all other investments for each Fund as of the earlier of the close of the New York Stock Exchange or 4:00 p.m., (EST), in accordance with the current Services Agreement between the Administrator and the Trust.
 
The value of over the counter Commodity Interests will be determined based on the value of the commodity or Futures Contract underlying such Commodity Interest, except that a fair value may be determined if the Sponsor believes that a Fund is subject to significant credit risk relating to the counterparty to such Commodity Interest. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV of a specific Fund where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract when the Futures Contract of such Fund closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day. Treasury Securities held by the Fund are valued by the Administrator using values received from recognized third-party vendors (such as Reuters) and dealer quotes. The NAV includes any unrealized profit or loss on open Commodity Interests and any other credit or debit accruing to each Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund.
 
In addition, in order to provide updated information relating to the Funds for use by investors and market professionals, ICE Data Indices, LLC calculates and disseminates throughout the trading day an updated indicative fund value for each Fund. The indicative fund value is calculated by using the prior day’s closing NAV per share of the Fund as a base and updating that value throughout the trading day to reflect changes in the value of the Fund’s Commodity Interests during the trading day. Changes in the value of Treasury Securities and cash equivalents are not included in the calculation of indicative value. For this and other reasons, the indicative fund value disseminated during NYSE Arca trading hours should not be viewed as an actual real time update of the NAV for each Fund. The NAV is calculated only once at the end of each trading day.
 
The indicative fund value is disseminated on a per share basis every 15 seconds during regular NYSE Arca trading hours of 9:30 a.m., (EST), to 4:00 p.m., (EST). The CBOT and the ICE are generally open for trading only during specified hours which vary by exchange and may be adjusted by the exchange. However, the futures markets on these exchanges do not currently operate twenty-four hours per day. In addition, there may be some trading hours which may be limited to electronic trading only. This means that there is a gap in time at the beginning and the end of each day during which the Fund’s Shares are traded on the NYSE Arca, when, for example, real-time CBOT trading prices for Corn Futures Contracts traded on such Exchange are not available. As a result, during those gaps there will be no update to the indicative fund values. The most current trading hours for each exchange may be found on the website of that exchange as listed above.
 
ICE Data Indices, LLC disseminates the indicative fund value through the facilities of CTA/CQ High Speed Lines. In addition, the indicative fund value is published on the NYSE Arca’s website and is available through on-line information services such as Bloomberg and Reuters.
 
Dissemination of the indicative fund values provides additional information that is not otherwise available to the public and is useful to investors and market professionals in connection with the trading of Shares of the Funds on the NYSE Arca. Investors and market professionals are able throughout the trading day to compare the market price of each Fund and its indicative fund value. If the market price of the Shares of a Fund diverges significantly from the indicative fund value, market professionals may have an incentive to execute arbitrage trades. For example, if the Fund appears to be trading at a discount compared to the indicative fund value, a market professional could buy Fund Shares on the NYSE Arca, aggregate them into Redemption Baskets, and receive the NAV of such Shares by redeeming them to the Trust, provided that there is not a minimum number of shares outstanding for the Fund. Such arbitrage trades can tighten the tracking between the market price of the Fund and the indicative fund value.
 
Creation Procedures
 
On any business day, an Authorized Purchaser may place an order with the transfer agent to create one or more baskets for a Fund. For purposes of processing purchase and redemption orders, a “business day” means any day other than a day when any of the NYSE Arca, CBOT, ICE, or the New York Stock Exchange is closed for regular trading. Purchase orders must be placed by noon (EST) or the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, whichever is earlier for CANE and TAGS. Purchase orders must be placed by 1:15 pm (EST) or the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, whichever is earlier for CORN, SOYB and WEAT. The day on which the transfer agent and Distributor receive a valid purchase order is referred to as the purchase order date.
 
 
By placing a purchase order, an Authorized Purchaser agrees to deposit Treasury Securities, cash, commodity futures or shares of the Underlying Funds or a combination thereof with the Trust, as described below. Prior to the delivery of baskets for a purchase order, the Authorized Purchaser must also have wired to the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due for the purchase order. Authorized Purchasers may not withdraw a purchase order without the prior consent of the Sponsor in its discretion.
 
Determination of Required Deposits
 
The total deposit required to create each basket (Creation Basket Deposit) is the amount of Treasury Securities, cash and/or commodity futures that is in the same proportion to the total assets of the applicable Fund (net of estimated accrued but unpaid fees, expenses and other liabilities) on the purchase order date as the number of Shares to be created under the purchase order is in proportion to the total number of Shares outstanding on the purchase order date. The Sponsor determines, directly in its sole discretion or in consultation with the Custodian and the Administrator, the requirements for Treasury Securities, cash and/or commodity futures, including the remaining maturities of the Treasury Securities and portions of Treasury Securities, that may be included in deposits to create baskets. If Treasury Securities are to be included in a Creation Basket Deposit for orders placed on a given business day, the Administrator will publish an estimate of the Creation Basket Deposit requirements at the beginning of such day.
 
Delivery of Required Deposits
 
An Authorized Purchaser who places a purchase order is responsible for transferring to the account of that Fund with the Custodian the required amount of securities, commodity futures and/or cash by the end of the next business day following the purchase order date or by the end of such later business day, not to exceed three business days after the purchase order date, as agreed to between the Authorized Purchaser and the Custodian when the purchase order is placed (the “Purchase Settlement Date”). Upon receipt of the deposit amount, the Custodian will direct DTC to credit the number of baskets ordered for the specific Fund to the Authorized Purchaser’s DTC account on the Purchase Settlement Date.
 
Because orders to purchase baskets must be placed by noon or 1:15 pm, (EST), depending on the Fund, but the total payment required to create a basket during the continuous offering period will not be determined until 4:00 p.m., (EST), on the date the purchase order is received, Authorized Purchasers will not know the total amount of the payment required to create a basket at the time they submit an irrevocable purchase order for the basket. The Fund’s NAV and the total amount of the payment required to create a basket could rise or fall substantially between the time an irrevocable purchase order is submitted and the time the amount of the purchase price in respect thereof is determined.
 
Rejection of Purchase Orders
 
The Sponsor acting by itself or through the Distributor or transfer agent may reject a purchase order or a Creation Basket Deposit if:
 
it determines that, due to position limits or otherwise, investment alternatives that will enable the Fund to meet its investment objective are not available or practicable at that time;
 
it determines that the purchase order or the Creation Basket Deposit is not in proper form;
 
it believes that acceptance of the purchase order or the Creation Basket Deposit would have adverse tax consequences to the Fund or its Shareholders;
 
the acceptance or receipt of the Creation Basket Deposit would, in the opinion of counsel to the Sponsor, be unlawful;
 
circumstances outside the control of the Sponsor, Distributor or transfer agent make it, for all practical purposes, not feasible to process creations of baskets;
 
there is a possibility that any or all of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts of the Fund on the CBOT from which the NAV of the Fund is calculated will be priced at a daily price limit restriction; or
 
if, in the sole discretion of the Sponsor, the execution of such an order would not be in the best interest of the Fund or its Shareholders.
 
None of the Sponsor, Distributor or transfer agent will be liable for the rejection of any purchase order or Creation Basket Deposit.
 
In addition, the Sponsor may reject a previously placed purchase order at any time prior to the order cut-off time, if in the sole discretion of the Sponsor the execution of such an order would not be in the best interest of a Fund or its Shareholders.
 
 
Redemption Procedures
 
The procedures by which an Authorized Purchaser can redeem one or more baskets mirror the procedures for the creation of baskets. On any business day, an Authorized Purchaser may place an order with the Distributor to redeem one or more baskets. Redemption orders must be placed by noon or 1:15 pm, (EST), depending on the Fund, or the close of regular trading on the New York Stock Exchange, whichever is earlier. A redemption order so received will be effective on the date it is received in satisfactory form by the transfer agent and Distributor. The redemption procedures allow Authorized Purchasers to redeem baskets and do not entitle an individual Shareholder to redeem any Shares in an amount less than a Redemption Basket, or to redeem baskets other than through an Authorized Purchaser. By placing a redemption order, an Authorized Purchaser agrees to deliver the baskets to be redeemed through DTC’s book-entry system to a Fund by the end of the next business day following the effective date of the redemption order for all funds other than TAGS or by the end of the second business day for TAGS, or by the end of such later business day, not to exceed two business days after the effective date of the redemption order, as agreed to between the Authorized Purchaser, transfer agent and the Distributor when the redemption order is placed (the “Redemption Settlement Date”). Prior to the delivery of the redemption distribution for a redemption order, the Authorized Purchaser must also have wired to the Sponsor’s account at the Custodian the non-refundable transaction fee due for the redemption order. An Authorized Purchaser may not withdraw a redemption order without the prior consent of the Sponsor in its discretion.
 
Determination of Redemption Distribution
 
The redemption distribution from a Fund will consist of a transfer to the redeeming Authorized Purchaser of an amount of securities, commodity futures and/or cash that is in the same proportion to the total assets of the Fund (net of estimated accrued but unpaid fees, expenses and other liabilities) on the date the order to redeem is properly received as the number of Shares to be redeemed under the redemption order is in proportion to the total number of Shares outstanding on the date the order is received. The Sponsor, directly or in consultation with the Custodian and Administrator, determines the requirements for securities, commodity futures and/or cash, including the remaining maturities of the Treasury Securities and proportions of Treasury Securities and cash that may be included in distributions to redeem baskets. If Treasury Securities are to be included in a redemption distribution for orders placed on a given business day, the Administrator will publish an estimate of the redemption distribution composition as of the beginning of such day.
 
Delivery of Redemption Distribution
 
The redemption distribution due from a Fund will be delivered to the Authorized Purchaser on the Redemption Settlement Date if the Fund’s DTC account has been credited with the baskets to be redeemed. If the Fund’s DTC account has not been credited with all of the baskets to be redeemed by the end of such date, the redemption distribution will be delivered to the extent of whole baskets received. Any remainder of the redemption distribution will be delivered on the next business day after the Redemption Settlement Date to the extent of remaining whole baskets received. Pursuant to information from the Sponsor, the Custodian will also be authorized to deliver the redemption distribution notwithstanding that the baskets to be redeemed are not credited to the Fund’s DTC account by noon (EST) on the Redemption Settlement Date if the Authorized Purchaser has collateralized its obligation to deliver the baskets through DTC’s book entry-system on such terms as the Sponsor may from time to time determine.
 
Suspension or Rejection of Redemption Orders
 
The Sponsor may, in its discretion, suspend the right of redemption, or postpone the redemption settlement date, (1) for any period during which the NYSE Arca, CBOT or ICE is closed other than customary weekend or holiday closings, or trading on the NYSE Arca or any of the applicable exchanges, is suspended or restricted, (2) for any period during which an emergency exists as a result of which delivery, disposal or evaluation of Treasury Securities is not reasonably practicable, (3) for such other period as the Sponsor determines to be necessary for the protection of the Shareholders, (4) if there is a possibility that any or all of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts of the applicable Fund on the exchange from which the NAV of the Fund is calculated will be priced at a daily price limit restriction, or (5) if, in the sole discretion of the Sponsor, the execution of such an order would not be in the best interest of the Fund or its Shareholders.
 
For example, the Sponsor may determine that it is necessary to suspend redemptions to allow for the orderly liquidation of a Fund’s assets at an appropriate value to fund a redemption. If the Sponsor has difficulty liquidating a Fund’s positions, e.g., because of a market disruption event in the futures markets or an unanticipated delay in the liquidation of a position in an over the counter contract, it may be appropriate to suspend redemptions until such time as such circumstances are rectified. None of the Sponsor, the Distributor, or the transfer agent will be liable to any person or in any way for any loss or damages that may result from any such suspension or postponement.
 
Redemption orders must be made in whole baskets. The Sponsor will reject a redemption order if the order is not in proper form as described in the Authorized Purchaser Agreement or if the fulfillment of the order, in the opinion of its counsel, might be unlawful. The Sponsor may also reject a redemption order if the number of Shares being redeemed would reduce the remaining outstanding Shares below the minimum levels established or less, unless the Sponsor has reason to believe that the placer of the redemption order does in fact possess all the outstanding Shares and can deliver them. The minimum number of shares for each Fund is presented above in the section titled Minimum Number of Shares.
 
Creation and Redemption Transaction Fees
 
To compensate the Sponsor for its expenses in connection with the creation and redemption of baskets, an Authorized Purchaser is required to pay a transaction fee to the Sponsor. The fees for all Funds as of December 31, 2019 are a flat $250 per creation or redemption order.
 
The transaction fees may be reduced, increased or otherwise changed by the Sponsor.
 
 
Tax Responsibility
 
Authorized Purchasers are responsible for any transfer tax, sales or use tax, stamp tax, recording tax, value added tax or similar tax or governmental charge applicable to the creation or redemption of baskets, regardless of whether or not such tax or charge is imposed directly on the Authorized Purchaser, and agree to indemnify the Sponsor and the Fund if they are required by law to pay any such tax, together with any applicable penalties, additions to tax and interest thereon.
 
The Trust Agreement
 
The following paragraphs are a summary of certain provisions of the Trust Agreement. The following discussion is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Trust Agreement.
 
Authority of the Sponsor
 
The Sponsor is generally authorized to perform all acts deemed necessary to carry out the purposes of the Trust and to conduct the business of the Trust. The Trust and the Funds will continue to exist until terminated in accordance with the Trust Agreement. The Sponsor’s authority includes, without limitation, the right to take the following actions:
 
To enter into, execute, deliver and maintain contracts, agreements and any other documents as may be in furtherance of the Trust’s purpose or necessary or appropriate for the offer and sale of the Shares and the conduct of Trust activities;
 
To establish, maintain, deposit into, sign checks and otherwise draw upon accounts on behalf of the Trust with appropriate banking and savings institutions, and execute and accept any instrument or agreement incidental to the Trust’s business and in furtherance of its purposes;
 
To supervise the preparation and filing of any registration statement (and supplements and amendments thereto) for the Fund;
 
To adopt, implement or amend, from time to time, such disclosure and financial reporting, information gathering and control policies and procedures as are necessary or desirable to ensure compliance with applicable disclosure and financial reporting obligations under any applicable securities laws;
 
To make any necessary determination or decision in connection with the preparation of the Trust’s financial statements and amendments thereto;
 
To prepare, file and distribute, if applicable, any periodic reports or updates that may be required under the 1934 Act, the Commodity Exchange Act (the “CEA”) or rules and regulations promulgated thereunder;
 
To pay or authorize the payment of distributions to the Shareholders and expenses of the Fund;
 
To make any elections on behalf of the Trust under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or any other applicable U.S. federal or state tax law as the Sponsor shall determine to be in the best interests of the Trust; and
 
In its sole discretion, to determine to admit an affiliate or affiliates of the Sponsor as additional Sponsors.
 
The Sponsor’s Obligations
 
In addition to the duties imposed by the Delaware Trust Statute, under the Trust Agreement the Sponsor has the following obligations as a sponsor of the Trust:
 
Devote to the business and affairs of the Trust such of its time as it determines in its discretion (exercised in good faith) to be necessary for the benefit of the Trust and the Shareholders of the Fund;
 
Execute, file, record and/or publish all certificates, statements and other documents and do any and all other things as may be appropriate for the formation, qualification and operation of the Trust and for the conduct of its business in all appropriate jurisdictions;
 
 
Appoint and remove independent public accountants to audit the accounts of the Trust and employ attorneys to represent the Trust;
 
Use its best efforts to maintain the status of the Trust as a statutory trust for state law purposes and each Fund as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes;
 
Invest, reinvest, hold uninvested, sell, exchange, write options on, lease, lend and, subject to certain limitations set forth in the Trust Agreement, pledge, mortgage, and hypothecate the estate of the Fund in accordance with the purposes of the Trust and any registration statement filed on behalf of the Fund;
 
Have fiduciary responsibility for the safekeeping and use of the Trust’s assets, whether or not in the Sponsor’s immediate possession or control;
 
Enter into and perform agreements with each Authorized Purchaser, receive from Authorized Purchasers and process properly submitted purchase orders, receive Creation Basket Deposits, deliver or cause the delivery of Creation Baskets to the Depository for the account of the Authorized Purchaser submitting a purchase order;
 
Receive from Authorized Purchasers and process, or cause the Distributor or other Fund service provider to process, properly submitted redemption orders, receive from the redeeming Authorized Purchasers through the Depository, and thereupon cancel or cause to be cancelled, Shares corresponding to the Redemption Baskets to be redeemed;
 
Interact with the Depository; and
 
Delegate duties to one or more administrators, as the Sponsor determines
 
To the extent that, at law (common or statutory) or in equity, the Sponsor has duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities relating thereto to the Trust, or the Funds the Shareholders or to any other person, the Sponsor will not be liable to the Trust or the Funds, the Shareholders or to any other person for its good faith reliance on the provisions of the Trust Agreement unless such reliance constitutes gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Sponsor.
 
Liability and Indemnification
 
Under the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor, the Trustee and their respective Affiliates (collectively, “Covered Persons”) shall have no liability to the Trust, the Fund, or to any Shareholder for any loss suffered by the Trust or the Fund which arises out of any action or inaction of such Covered Person if such Covered Person, in good faith, determined that such course of conduct was in the best interest of the Trust or the Fund and such course of conduct did not constitute gross negligence or willful misconduct of such Covered Person. Subject to the foregoing, neither the Sponsor nor any other Covered Person shall be personally liable for the return or repayment of all or any portion of the capital or profits of any Shareholder or assignee thereof, it being expressly agreed that any such return of capital or profits made pursuant to the Trust Agreement shall be made solely from the assets of the applicable Teucrium Fund without any rights of contribution from the Sponsor or any other Covered Person. A Covered Person shall not be liable for the conduct or willful misconduct of any administrator or other delegate selected by the Sponsor with reasonable care, provided, however, that the Trustee and its Affiliates shall not, under any circumstances be liable for the conduct or willful misconduct of any administrator or other delegate or any other person selected by the Sponsor to provide services to the Trust.
 
To the extent that, at law (common or statutory) or in equity, the Sponsor has duties (including fiduciary duties) and liabilities relating to the Trust, the Funds, the shareholders of the Funds, or to any other person, the Sponsor, acting under the Trust Agreement, shall not be liable to the Trust, the Funds, the shareholders of the Funds or to any other person for its good faith reliance on the provisions of the Trust Agreement. The provisions of the Trust Agreement, to the extent they restrict or eliminate the duties and liabilities of the Sponsor otherwise existing at law or in equity, replace such other duties and liabilities of the Sponsor.
 
The Trust Agreement also provides that the Sponsor shall be indemnified by the Trust (or by a series separately to the extent the matter in question relates to a single series or disproportionately affects a specific series in relation to other series) against any losses, judgments, liabilities, expenses and amounts paid in settlement of any claims sustained by it in connection with its activities for the Trust, provided that (i) the Sponsor was acting on behalf of or performing services for the Trust and has determined, in good faith, that such course of conduct was in the best interests of the Trust and such liability or loss was not the result of gross negligence, willful misconduct, or a breach of the Trust Agreement on the part of the Sponsor and (ii) any such indemnification will only be recoverable from the assets of the applicable series. The Sponsor’s rights to indemnification permitted under the Trust Agreement shall not be affected by the dissolution or other cessation to exist of the Sponsor, or the withdrawal, adjudication of bankruptcy or insolvency of the Sponsor, or the filing of a voluntary or involuntary petition in bankruptcy under Title 11 of the Bankruptcy Code by or against the Sponsor.
 
Notwithstanding the above, the Sponsor shall not be indemnified for any losses, liabilities or expenses arising from or out of an alleged violation of U.S. federal or state securities laws unless (i) there has been a successful adjudication on the merits of each count involving alleged securities law violations as to the particular indemnitee and the court approves the indemnification of such expenses (including, without limitation, litigation costs), (ii) such claims have been dismissed with prejudice on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction as to the particular indemnitee and the court approves the indemnification of such expenses (including, without limitation, litigation costs), or (iii) a court of competent jurisdiction approves a settlement of the claims against a particular indemnitee and finds that indemnification of the settlement and related costs should be made.
 
 
The payment of any indemnification shall be allocated, as appropriate, among the Trust’s series. The Trust and its series shall not incur the cost of that portion of any insurance which insures any party against any liability, the indemnification of which is prohibited under the Trust Agreement.
 
Expenses incurred in defending a threatened or pending action, suit or proceeding against the Sponsor shall be paid by the Trust in advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding, if (i) the legal action relates to the performance of duties or services by the Sponsor on behalf of the Trust; (ii) the legal action is initiated by a party other than the Trust; and (iii) the Sponsor undertakes to repay the advanced funds with interest to the Trust in cases in which it is not entitled to indemnification.
 
The Trust Agreement provides that the Sponsor and the Trust shall indemnify the Trustee and its successors, assigns, legal representatives, officers, directors, shareholders, employees, agents and servants (the “Trustee Indemnified Parties”) against any liabilities, obligations, losses, damages, penalties, taxes, claims, actions, suits, costs, expenses or disbursements which may be imposed on a Trustee Indemnified Party relating to or arising out of the formation, operation or termination of the Trust, the execution, delivery and performance of any other agreements to which the Trust is a party, or the action or inaction of the Trustee under the Trust Agreement or any other agreement, except for expenses resulting from the gross negligence or willful misconduct of a Trustee Indemnified Party. Further, certain officers of the Sponsor are insured against liability for certain errors or omissions which an officer may incur or that may arise out of his or her capacity as such.
 
In the event the Trust is made a party to any claim, dispute, demand or litigation or otherwise incurs any liability or expense as a result of or in connection with any Shareholder’s (or assignee’s) obligations or liabilities unrelated to the Trust business, such Shareholder (or assignees cumulatively) is required under the Trust Agreement to indemnify the Trust for all such liability and expense incurred, including attorneys’ and accountants’ fees.
 
Withdrawal of the Sponsor
 
The Sponsor may withdraw voluntarily as the Sponsor of the Trust only upon ninety (90) days’ prior written notice to the holders of the Trust’s outstanding shares and the Trustee. If the withdrawing Sponsor is the last remaining Sponsor, shareholders holding a majority (over 50%) of the outstanding shares of the Funds voting together as a single class (not including shares acquired by the Sponsor through its initial capital contribution) may vote to elect a successor Sponsor. The successor Sponsor will continue the business of the Trust. Shareholders have no right to remove the Sponsor.
 
In the event of withdrawal, the Sponsor is entitled to a redemption of the shares it acquired through its initial capital contribution to any of the series of the Trust at their NAV per share. If the Sponsor withdraws and a successor Sponsor is named, the withdrawing Sponsor shall pay all expenses as a result of its withdrawal.
 
Meetings
 
Meetings of the Shareholders of the Trust’s Series may be called by the Sponsor and will be called by it upon the written request of Shareholders holding at least 25% of the Shares of the Trust or a Fund, as applicable (not including Shares acquired by the Sponsor through its initial capital contribution), to vote on any matter with respect to which Shareholders have a right to vote under the Trust Agreement. The Sponsor shall deposit in the United States mail or electronically transmit written notice to all Shareholders of a Fund of the meeting and the purpose of the meeting, which shall be held on a date not less than 30 nor more than 60 days after the date of mailing of such notice, at a reasonable time and place. When the meeting is being requested by Shareholders, the notice of the meeting shall be mailed or transmitted within 45 days after receipt of the written request from Shareholders. Any notice of meeting shall be accompanied by a description of the action to be taken at the meeting. Shareholders may vote in person or by proxy at any such meeting. Any action required or permitted to be taken by Shareholders by vote may be taken without a meeting by written consent setting forth the actions so taken. Such written consents shall be treated for all purposes as votes at a meeting. If the vote or consent of any Shareholder to any action of the Trust, a Fund, the Funds or any Shareholder, as contemplated by the Trust Agreement, is solicited by the Sponsor, the solicitation shall be effected by notice to each Shareholder given in the manner provided in accordance with the Trust Agreement.
 
Voting Rights
 
Shareholders have very limited voting rights. Specifically, the Trust Agreement provides that shareholders of the Funds holding shares representing at least a majority (over 50%) of the outstanding shares of the Funds voting together as a single class (excluding shares acquired by the Sponsor in connection with its initial capital contribution to any Trust series) may vote to (i) continue the Trust by electing a successor Sponsor as described above, and (ii) approve amendments to the Trust Agreement that impair the right to surrender Redemption Baskets for redemption. (Trustee consent to any amendment to the Trust Agreement is required if the Trustee reasonably believes that such amendment adversely affects any of its rights, duties or liabilities.) In addition, shareholders of the Funds holding shares representing seventy-five percent (75%) of the outstanding shares of the Funds, voting together as a single class (excluding shares acquired by the Sponsor in connection with its initial capital contribution to any Trust series) may vote to dissolve the Trust upon not less than ninety (90) days’ notice to the Sponsor. Shareholders have no voting rights with respect to the Trust or a Fund except as expressly provided in the Trust Agreement. For TAGS, fund Shareholders have no voting rights with respect to shares of the Underlying Funds held by that Fund.
 
Limited Liability of Shareholders
 
Shareholders shall be entitled to the same limitation of personal liability extended to stockholders of private corporations for profit organized under the general corporation law of Delaware, and no Shareholder shall be liable for claims against, or debts of the Trust or the Fund in excess of his share of a Fund’s assets. The Trust or a Fund shall not make a claim against a Shareholder with respect to amounts distributed to such Shareholder or amounts received by such Shareholder upon redemption unless, under Delaware law, such Shareholder is liable to repay such amount.
 
The Trust or a Fund shall indemnify to the full extent permitted by law and the Trust Agreement each Shareholder (excluding the Sponsor to the extent of its ownership of any Shares acquired through its initial capital contribution) against any claims of liability asserted against such Shareholder solely because of its ownership of Shares (other than for taxes on income from Shares for which such Shareholder is liable).
 
 
Every written note, bond, contract, instrument, certificate or undertaking made or issued by the Sponsor on behalf of the Trust or a Fund shall give notice to the effect that the same was executed or made by or on behalf of the Trust or a Fund and that the obligations of such instrument are not binding upon the Shareholders individually but are binding only upon the assets and property of a Fund and no recourse may be had with respect to the personal property of a Shareholder for satisfaction of any obligation or claim.
 
The Sponsor Has Conflicts of Interest
 
There are present and potential future conflicts of interest in the Trust’s structure and operation you should consider before you purchase Shares. The Sponsor may use this notice of conflicts as a defense against any claim or other proceeding made.
 
The Sponsor’s principals, officers and employees, do not devote their time exclusively to the Funds. Under the organizational documents of the Sponsor, Mr. Sal Gilbertie in his respective capacities as President, Chief Investment Officer of the Sponsor and Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of the Sponsor, is obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to manage the Sponsor, devote such amount of time to the Sponsor as would be consistent with his role in similarly placed commodity pool operators, and remain active in managing the Sponsor until he is no longer managing members of the Sponsor or the Sponsor dissolves. In addition, the Sponsor expects that operating the Teucrium Funds will generally constitute the principal and full-time business activity of its principals, officers and employees. Notwithstanding these obligations and expectations, the Sponsor’s principals may be directors, officers or employees of other entities, and may manage assets of other entities, including the other Teucrium Funds, through the Sponsor or otherwise. In particular, the principals could have a conflict between his responsibilities to the Fund on the one hand and to those other entities on the other. The Sponsor believes that it currently has sufficient personnel, time, and working capital to discharge its responsibilities to the Fund in a fair manner and that these persons’ conflicts should not impair his ability to provide services to the Fund. However, it is not possible to quantify the proportion of his time that the Sponsor’s personnel will devote to the Fund and its management.
 
The Sponsor and its principals, officers and employees may trade futures and related contracts for their own accounts. Shareholders will not be permitted to inspect the trading records of such persons or any written policies of the Sponsor related to such trading. A conflict of interest may exist if their trades are in the same markets and at approximately the same times as the trades for the Fund. A potential conflict also may occur when the Sponsor’s principals trade their accounts more aggressively or take positions in their accounts which are opposite, or ahead of, the positions taken by the Fund.
 
The Sponsor has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations of the Funds, and this may allow it to act in a way that furthers its own interests rather than your best interests, including the authority of the Sponsor to allocate expenses to and between the Funds. Shareholders have very limited voting rights, which will limit their ability to influence matters such as amendment of the Trust Agreement, change in the Fund’s basic investment policies, or dissolution of a Fund or the Trust.
 
The Sponsor serves as the Sponsor to the Teucrium Funds and may in the future serve as the Sponsor or investment adviser to commodity pools other than the Teucrium Funds. The Sponsor may have a conflict to the extent that its trading decisions for the Fund may be influenced by the effect they would have on the other pools it manages. In addition, the Sponsor may be required to indemnify the officers and directors of the other pools, if the need for indemnification arises. This potential indemnification will cause the Sponsor’s assets to decrease. If the Sponsor’s other sources of income are not sufficient to compensate for the indemnification, it could cease operations, which could in turn result in Fund losses and/or termination of the Fund.
 
If the Sponsor acquires knowledge of a potential transaction or arrangement that may be an opportunity for a Fund, it shall have no duty to offer such opportunity to the Fund. The Sponsor will not be liable to the Fund or the Shareholders for breach of any fiduciary or other duty if Sponsor pursues such opportunity or directs it to another person or does not communicate such opportunity to the Fund. Neither the Fund nor any Shareholder has any rights or obligations by virtue of the Trust Agreement, the trust relationship created thereby, or this prospectus in such business ventures or the income or profits derived from such business ventures. The pursuit of such business ventures, even if competitive with the activities of a Fund, will not be deemed wrongful or improper.
 
Resolution of Conflicts Procedures
 
The Trust Agreement provides that whenever a conflict of interest exists between the Sponsor or any of its Affiliates, on the one hand, and the Trust, any shareholder of a Trust series, or any other person, on the other hand, the Sponsor shall resolve such conflict of interest, take such action or provide such terms, considering in each case the relative interest of each party (including its own interest) to such conflict, agreement, transaction or situation and the benefits and burdens relating to such interests, any customary or accepted industry practices, and any applicable generally accepted accounting practices or principles. In the absence of bad faith by the Sponsor, the resolution, action or terms so made, taken or provided by the Sponsor shall not constitute a breach of the Trust Agreement or any other agreement contemplated therein or of any duty or obligation of the Sponsor at law or in equity or otherwise.
 
The Sponsor or any affiliate thereof may engage in or possess an interest in other profit seeking or business ventures of any nature or description, independently or with others, whether or not such ventures are competitive with the Trust and the doctrine of corporate opportunity, or any analogous doctrine, shall not apply to the Sponsor. If the Sponsor acquires knowledge of a potential transaction, agreement, arrangement or other matter that may be an opportunity for the Trust, it shall have no duty to communicate or offer such opportunity to the Trust, and the Sponsor shall not be liable to the Trust or to the Shareholders for breach of any fiduciary or other duty by reason of the fact that the Sponsor pursues or acquires for, or directors such opportunity to, another person or does not communicate such opportunity or information to the Trust. Neither the Trust nor any Shareholder shall have any rights or obligations by virtue of the Trust Agreement or the trust relationship created thereby in or to such independent ventures or the income or profits or losses derived therefrom, and the pursuit of such ventures, even if competitive with the activities of the Trust, shall not be deemed wrongful or improper. Except to the extent expressly provided in the Trust Agreement, the Sponsor may engage or be interested in any financial or other transaction with the Trust, the Shareholders or any affiliate of the Trust or the Shareholders.
 
Regulatory Considerations
 
The regulation of futures markets, futures contracts, and futures exchanges has historically been comprehensive. The CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits, increased margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading on an exchange or trading facility.
 
 
In addition, considerable regulatory attention has been focused on non-traditional publicly distributed investment pools such as the Funds. Furthermore, various national governments have expressed concern regarding the disruptive effects of speculative trading in certain commodity markets and the need to regulate the derivatives markets in general. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Funds is impossible to predict but could be substantial and adverse.
 
Pursuant to authority in the CEA, the NFA has been formed and registered with the CFTC as a registered futures association. At the present time, the NFA is the only self-regulatory organization for commodity interest professionals, other than futures exchanges. The CFTC has delegated to the NFA responsibility for the registration of CPOs and FCMs and their respective associated persons. The Sponsor and the Fund’s clearing broker are members of the NFA. As such, they will be subject to NFA standards relating to fair trade practices, financial condition and consumer protection. The NFA also arbitrates disputes between members and their customers and conducts registration and fitness screening of applicants for membership and audits of its existing members. Neither the Trust nor the Funds are required to become a member of the NFA. The regulation of commodity interest transactions in the United States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to ongoing modification by governmental and judicial action. As noted above, considerable regulatory attention has been focused on non-traditional investment pools that are publicly distributed in the United States. There is a possibility of future regulatory changes within the United States altering, perhaps to a material extent, the nature of an investment in the Funds, or the ability of a Fund to continue to implement its investment strategy.
 
The CFTC possesses exclusive jurisdiction to regulate the activities of commodity pool operators and commodity trading advisors with respect to “commodity interests,” such as futures and swaps and options, and has adopted regulations with respect to the activities of those persons and/or entities. Under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”), a registered commodity pool operator, such as the Sponsor, is required to make annual filings with the CFTC and the NFA describing its organization, capital structure, management and controlling persons. In addition, the CEA authorizes the CFTC to require and review books and records of, and documents prepared by, registered commodity pool operators. Pursuant to this authority, the CFTC requires commodity pool operators to keep accurate, current and orderly records for each pool that they operate. The CFTC may suspend the registration of a commodity pool operator (1) if the CFTC finds that the operator’s trading practices tend to disrupt orderly market conditions, (2) if any controlling person of the operator is subject to an order of the CFTC denying such person trading privileges on any exchange, and (3) in certain other circumstances. Suspension, restriction or termination of the Sponsor’s registration as a commodity pool operator would prevent it, until that registration were to be reinstated, from managing the Funds, and might result in the termination of a Fund if a successor sponsor is not elected pursuant to the Trust Agreement. Neither the Trust nor the Funds are required to be registered with the CFTC in any capacity.
 
The Funds’ investors are afforded prescribed rights for reparations under the CEA. Investors may also be able to maintain a private right of action for violations of the CEA. The CFTC has adopted rules implementing the reparation provisions of the CEA, which provide that any person may file a complaint for a reparations award with the CFTC for violation of the CEA against a floor broker or an FCM, introducing broker, commodity trading advisor, CPO, and their respective associated persons.
 
The regulations of the CFTC and the NFA prohibit any representation by a person registered with the CFTC or by any member of the NFA, that registration with the CFTC, or membership in the NFA, in any respect indicates that the CFTC or the NFA has approved or endorsed that person or that person’s trading program or objectives. The registrations and memberships of the parties described in this summary must not be considered as constituting any such approval or endorsement. Likewise, no futures exchange has given or will give any similar approval or endorsement.
 
Trading venues in the United States are subject to varying degrees of regulation under the CEA depending on whether such exchange is a designated contract market (i.e. a futures exchange) or a swap execution facility. Clearing organizations are also subject to the CEA and the rules and regulations adopted thereunder as administered by the CFTC. The CFTC’s function is to implement the CEA’s objectives of preventing price manipulation and excessive speculation and promoting orderly and efficient commodity interest markets. In addition, the various exchanges and clearing organizations themselves as self-regulatory organizations exercise regulatory and supervisory authority over their member firms.
 
The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”) was enacted in response to the economic crisis of 2008 and 2009 and it significantly altered the regulatory regime to which the securities and commodities markets are subject. To date, the CFTC has issued proposed or final versions of almost all of the rules it is required to promulgate under the Dodd-Frank Act, and it continues to issue proposed versions of additional rules that it has authority to promulgate. Provisions of the new law include the requirement that position limits be established on a wide range of commodity interests, including agricultural, energy, and metal-based commodity futures contracts, options on such futures contracts and uncleared swaps that are economically equivalent to such futures contracts and options (“Reference Contracts”); new registration and recordkeeping requirements for swap market participants; capital and margin requirements for “swap dealers” and “major swap participants,” as determined by the new law and applicable regulations; reporting of all swap transactions to swap data repositories; and the mandatory use of clearinghouse mechanisms for sufficiently standardized swap transactions that were historically entered into in the over the counter market, but are now designated as subject to the clearing requirement; and margin requirements for over the counter swaps that are not subject to the clearing requirements.
 
The Dodd-Frank Act was intended to reduce systemic risks that may have contributed to the 2008/2009 financial crisis. Since the first draft of what became the Dodd-Frank Act, supporters and opponents have debated the scope of the legislation. As the administrations of the U.S. change, the interpretation and implementation will change along with them. Nevertheless, regulatory reform of any kind may have a significant impact on U.S. regulated entities.
 
Management believes that as of December 31, 2019, it had fulfilled in a timely manner all Dodd-Frank Act or other regulatory requirements to which it is subject.
 
 
Position Limits, Aggregation Limits, Price Fluctuation Limits
 
The CFTC and US futures exchanges impose limits on the maximum net long or net short speculative positions that any person may hold or control in any particular futures or options contracts traded on US futures exchanges. For example, the CFTC currently imposes speculative position limits on a number of agricultural commodities (e.g., corn, oats, wheat, soybeans and cotton) and US futures exchanges currently impose speculative position limits on many other commodities. A Fund could be required to liquidate positions it holds in order to comply with position limits or may not be able to fully implement trading instructions generated by its trading models, in order to comply with position limits. Any such liquidation or limited implementation could result in substantial costs to a Fund.
 
The Dodd-Frank Act significantly expanded the CFTC’s authority to impose position limits with respect to futures contracts and options on futures contracts, swaps that are economically equivalent to futures or options on futures, and swaps that are traded on a regulated exchange and certain swaps that perform a significant price discovery function. On December 16, 2016, the CFTC issued a final rule to amend part 150 of the CFTC’s regulations with respect to the policy for aggregation under the CFTC’s position limits regime for futures and option contracts on nine agricultural commodities (“the Aggregation Requirements”). This final rule addressed the circumstances under which market participants would be required to aggregate all their positions, for purposes of the position limits, of all positions in Reference Contracts of the 9 agricultural commodities held by a single entity and its affiliates, regardless of whether such positions exist on US futures exchanges, non-US futures exchanges, or in over the counter swaps. An affiliate of a market participant is defined as two or more persons acting pursuant to an express or implied agreement or understanding. The Aggregation Requirements became effective on February 14, 2017. On August 10, 2017, the CFTC issued a No-Action Relief Letter No. 17-37 to clarify several provisions under Regulation 150.4, regarding position aggregation filing requirements of market participants. The Sponsor does not anticipate that this order will have an impact on the ability of a Fund to meet its respective investment objectives.
 
The aggregate position limits currently in place under the current position limits and the Aggregation Requirements are as follows for each of the commodities traded by the Funds:
 
Commodity Future
Spot Month Position Limit
All Month Aggregate Position Limit
corn
600 contracts
33,000 contracts
soybeans
600 contracts
15,000 contracts
sugar
5,000 contracts
Only Accountability Limits
wheat
600 contracts
12,000 contracts
 
The CFTC has attempted to exercise authority to enact additional and more restricted speculative position limits with respect to futures and options on futures on so-called “exempt commodities” (which includes most energy and metals contracts) and with respect to agricultural commodities, but those proposed limits were vacated by a United States District Court. The CFTC has once again attempted to enact additional and more restrictive limits. On January 30, 2020, the CFTC proposed a rule which is intended to replace the CFTC’s current rules on position limits. The proposed rules would establish position limits with respect to 25 “core referenced futures contracts,” identified as the most liquid, physically settled exchange-traded futures contracts. The 25 contracts include the nine “legacy” agricultural futures contracts that are currently subject to CFTC position limits, seven additional agricultural futures contracts, five metals futures contracts and four energy futures contracts. With certain exceptions, cash-settled futures contracts that are directly or indirectly linked to the to the price of the physically settled contract or the underlying commodity and economically equivalent swaps, as defined, also would be subject to the proposed position limits.
 
With the exception of the nine legacy agricultural contracts, the CFTC’s position limits would apply only in the spot month. These limits would generally be set at 25 percent of the deliverable supply, but may be higher or lower for certain contracts. With respect to the non-legacy contracts, the rule would require the relevant exchange on which the contracts are traded to adopt either position limits or position accountability levels.
 
The proposed rules also would expand the current list of enumerated bona fide hedges to include, for example, hedges of anticipated merchandizing. To provide market participants with greater flexibility on managing their business risks, the proposal also provides guidance on whether and when market participants are permitted to measure risk on a gross basis rather than a net basis. However, firms will be required to measure risk on a consistent basis. Enumerated hedges are self-effectuating. That is, no prior approval would be required from the CFTC, although a market participant would be required to obtain approval from the relevant exchange. Self-effectuating hedge exemptions also would be available for other transactions such as spreads and pass-through swaps as approved by exchanges. With respect to non-enumerated hedge exemptions, a market participant would be required to file a request to exceed the position limit with the relevant exchange. If the exchange grants the request for a non-enumerated hedge exemption, the exchange will forward its decision to the CFTC forreview. The exemption will be deemed granted provided the CFTC does not intervene during a 10-day review period. The market participant would not be permitted to exceed the applicable position limit until the 10-day review period lapses. Importantly, the CFTC may act solely through its commissioners and not through staff. In terms of process changes, the CFTC is proposing to eliminate Form 204 cash positions report and the cash information reported under Form 304. Comments on the proposed rule must be submitted no later than 90 days after approval of the proposal by the CFTC (i.e., April 29, 2020). The CFTC does not intend to extend the comment period.
 
It is unknown at this time the effect that such passage, adoption or modification will have, positively or negatively, on our industry or on a Fund. The size or duration of positions available to a Fund may be severely limited. Pursuant to the CFTC’s and the exchanges’ aggregation requirements, all accounts owned or managed by the Sponsor are likely to be combined for speculative position limits purposes. The Funds could be required to liquidate positions it holds in order to comply with such limits, or may not be able to fully implement trading instructions generated by its trading models, in order to comply with such limits. Any such liquidation or limited implementation could result in substantial costs to a Fund.
 
These new regulations and the resulting increased costs and regulatory oversight requirements may result in market participants being required or deciding to limit their trading activities, which could lead to decreased market liquidity and increased market volatility. In addition, transaction costs incurred by market participants are likely to be higher due to the increased costs of compliance with the new regulations. These consequences could adversely affect a Fund’s returns.
 
 
Accountability levels differ from position limits in that they do not represent a fixed ceiling, but rather a threshold above which a futures exchange may exercise greater scrutiny and control over an investor’s positions. If a Fund were to exceed an applicable accountability level for investments in futures contracts, the exchange will monitor the Fund’s exposure and may ask for further information on its activities, including the total size of all positions, investment and trading strategy, and the extent of liquidity resources of the Fund. If deemed necessary by the exchange, the Fund could be ordered to reduce its aggregate net position back to the accountability level.
 
In addition to position limits and accountability levels, the exchanges set daily price fluctuation limits on futures contracts. The daily price fluctuation limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of futures contracts may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price. Once the daily price fluctuation limit has been reached in a particular futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond that limit.
 
As of May 1, 2014, the CME replaced the fixed price fluctuation limits with variable price limits for corn, soybeans and wheat. The change, which is now effective and is described in the CME Group Special Executive Report S-7038 and can be accessed at http://www.cmegroup.com/tools-information/lookups/advisories/ser/SER-7038.html.
 
Margin for OTC Uncleared Swaps
 
During 2015 and 2016, the CFTC and the US bank prudential regulators completed their rulemakings under the Dodd-Frank Act on margin for uncleared over the counter swaps (and option agreements that qualify as swaps). Margin requirements went into effect for the largest swap entities in September 2016 and went into effect for small financial entities in March 2017. Under these regulations, swap dealers (such as sell-side counterparties to swaps), major swap participants, and financial end users (such as buy-side counterparties to swaps who are not physical traders) are required in most instances, to post and collect initial and variation margin, depending on the regulatory classification of their counterparty. European and Asian regulators are also implementing similar regulations, which were scheduled to become effective on the same dates as the US-promulgated rules. As a result of these requirements, additional capital will be required to be committed to the margin accounts to support transactions involving uncleared over the counter swaps and, consequently, these transactions may become more expensive. While the Funds currently do not generally engage in uncleared over the counter swaps, to the extent they do so in the future, the additional margin required to be posted could adversely impact the profitability (if any) to the Funds from entering into these transactions.
 
Books and Records
 
The Trust keeps its books of record and account at its office located at Three Main Street, Suite 215, Burlington Vermont 05401, or at the offices of U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC, doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services"), the Administrator, located at 615 East Michigan Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202, or such office, including of an administrative agent, as it may subsequently designate upon notice. The books of account of the Fund are open to inspection by any Shareholder (or any duly constituted designee of a Shareholder) at all times during the usual business hours of the Fund upon reasonable advance notice to the extent such access is required under CFTC rules and regulations. In addition, the Trust keeps a copy of the Trust Agreement on file in its office which will be available for inspection by any Shareholder at all times during its usual business hours upon reasonable advance notice.
 
SEC Reports
 
The Sponsor makes available, free of charge, on the website for each Fund, the annual reports on Form 10-K for the Trust, the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the Trust, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after these documents are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The documents that the Trust has filed with, or furnished to, the SEC may be found on the Fund’s website under the heading “Fund Information-Filings.” The website for the Sponsor and the Funds is www.teucrium.com. These reports are also available from the SEC through that agency’s website at: www.sec.gov and will be provided free of charge in paper or electronically on request.
 
CFTC Reports
 
The Sponsor makes available, free of charge, on the website for each Fund, the monthly statements of account required to be filed pursuant to Rule 4.22(h) under the Commodity Exchange Act.
 
Intellectual Property
 
On December 17, 2013 the Sponsor was issued a patent on certain business methods and procedures used with respect to the Funds.
 
Item 1A. Risk Factors
 
The risk factors should be read in conjunction with the other information included in this annual report on Form 10-K, including Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and the Results of Operations, as well as the financial statements and the related footnotes for the Trust and the Funds.
 
 
The commodity interests in which each of the Funds invests, and in which TAGS invests indirectly through the Shares of the Underlying Funds, are referred to as Commodity Interests and for each Fund individually as the specific Commodity Interests, e.g. Corn Interests.
 
Additional information regarding many of the risk areas outlined below can be found in the section of this Form on 10-K entitled: Part I, Item 1. Business, which precedes this section. A discussion of the global information for each specific underlying commodity can be found in Part I, in the section titled “Market Outlook.”
 
Risks Applicable to all Funds
 
There are Risks Related to Fund Structure and Operations of the Funds
 
Unlike mutual funds, commodity pools and other investment pools that manage their investments so as to realize income and gains for distribution to their investors, a Fund generally does not distribute dividends to Shareholders. You should not invest in a Fund if you will need cash distributions from the Fund to pay taxes on your share of income and gains of the Fund, if any, or for other purposes.
 
The Sponsor has consulted with legal counsel, accountants and other advisers regarding the formation and operation of the Trust and the Funds. No counsel has been appointed to represent you in connection with the offering of Shares. Accordingly, you should consult with your own legal, tax and financial advisers regarding the desirability of an investment in the Shares.
 
The Sponsor intends to reinvest any income and realized gains of a Fund in additional Commodity Interests, or Shares of the Underlying Funds in the case of TAGS, rather than distributing cash to Shareholders. Although a Fund does not intend to make cash distributions, the income earned from its investments held directly or posted as margin may reach levels that merit distribution, e.g., at levels where such income is not necessary to support its underlying investments in Commodity Interests, corn for example, and where investors adversely react to being taxed on such income without receiving distributions that could be used to pay such tax. Cash distributions may be made in these and similar instances.
 
A Fund must pay for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares, after its initial registration, and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. Each Fund also pays the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Each Fund, excluding TAGS, is also contractually obligated to pay a management fee to the Sponsor. Such fees may be waived by the Sponsor at its discretion.
 
A Fund may terminate at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement. For example, the dissolution or resignation of the Sponsor would cause the Trust to terminate unless shareholders holding a majority of the outstanding shares of the Trust elect within 90 days of the event to continue the Trust and appoint a successor Sponsor. In addition, the Sponsor may terminate a Fund if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund. The Fund’s termination would result in the liquidation of its investments and the distribution of its remaining assets to the Shareholders on a pro rata basis in accordance with their Shares, and the Fund could incur losses in liquidating its investments in connection with a termination. Termination could also negatively affect the overall maturity and timing of your investment portfolio. Any expenses related to the operation of a Fund would need to be paid by the Fund at the time of termination.
 
To the extent that investors use a Fund as a means of investing indirectly in a specific Commodity Interest, there is the risk that the changes in the price of the Fund’s Shares on the NYSE Arca will not closely track with the changes in spot price of that Commodity Interest. This could happen if the price of Shares traded on the NYSE Arca does not correlate with the Fund’s NAV, if the changes in the Fund’s NAV do not correlate with changes in the Benchmark, or if the changes in the Benchmark do not correlate with changes in the cash or spot price of the specific Commodity Interest. This is a risk because if these correlations are not sufficiently close, then investors may not be able to use the Fund as a cost effective way to invest indirectly in the specific Commodity Interest, or the underlying specific Commodity Interest in the case of TAGS, or as a hedge against the risk of loss in commodity related transactions.
 
Only an Authorized Purchaser may engage in creation or redemption transactions directly with the Funds. The Funds have a limited number of institutions that act as Authorized Purchasers. To the extent that these institutions exit the business or are unable to proceed with creation and/or redemption orders with respect to the Funds and no other Authorized Purchaser is able to step forward to create or redeem Creation Units, Fund shares may trade at a discount to NAV and possibly face trading halts and/or delisting. In addition, a decision by a market maker or lead market maker to step away from activities for a Fund, particularly in times of market stress, could adversely affect liquidity, the spread between the bid and ask quotes for the Fund’s Shares, and potentially the price of the Shares. The Sponsor can make no guarantees that participation by Authorized Purchasers or market makers will continue.
 
An investment in a Fund faces numerous risks from its shares being traded in the secondary market, any of which may lead to the Fund’s shares trading at a premium or discount to NAV. Although Fund shares are listed for trading on the NYSE Arca, there can be no assurance that an active trading market for such shares will develop or be maintained. Trading in Fund shares may be halted due to market conditions or for reasons that, in the view of the NYSE Arca, make trading in shares inadvisable. There can be no assurance that the requirements of the NYSE Arca necessary to maintain the listing of any Fund will continue to be met or will remain unchanged or that the shares will trade with any volume, or at all. The NAV of each Fund’s shares will generally fluctuate with changes in the market value of the Fund’s portfolio holdings. The market prices of shares will generally fluctuate in accordance with changes in the Fund’s NAV and supply and demand of shares on the NYSE Arca. It cannot be predicted whether a Fund's shares will trade below, at or above their NAV. Investors buying or selling Fund shares in the secondary market will pay brokerage commissions or other charges imposed by brokers as determined by that broker. Brokerage commissions are often a fixed amount and may be a significant proportional cost for investors seeking to buy or sell relatively small amounts of shares. Trading volume of the shares of each Fund could be affected by investors who trade significant quantities of shares on any given business day. Such investors may or may not file all required SEC filings reporting ownership of such shares. In addition, if interest rates realized on cash balances were to continue to decline, there is a risk that the net investment ratio of the Funds may increase from the current level.
 
 
Neither the Trust, nor any of the Funds, is an investment company subject to the Investment Company Act of 1940. Accordingly, you do not have the protections afforded by that statute, which, for example, requires investment companies to have a board of directors with a majority of disinterested directors and regulates the relationship between the investment company and its investment manager.
 
The arrangements between clearing brokers and counterparties on the one hand, and the Funds on the other, generally are terminable by the clearing brokers or counterparty upon notice to the Funds. In addition, the agreements between the Funds and their third-party service providers, such as the Distributor and the Custodian, are generally terminable at specified intervals. Upon termination, the Sponsor may be required to renegotiate or make other arrangements for obtaining similar services if the Funds intend to continue to operate. Comparable services from another party may not be available, or may not be available on the terms as favorable as those of the expired or terminated arrangements.
 
The Sponsor does not employ trading advisors for the Funds, however, it reserves the right to employ them in the future. The only advisor to the Funds is the Sponsor. A lack of independent trading advisors may be disadvantageous to the Funds because they will not receive the benefit of their independent expertise.
 
The Sponsor’s trading strategy is quantitative in nature, and it is possible that the Sponsor will make errors in its implementation. The execution of the quantitative strategy is subject to human error, such as incorrect inputs into the Sponsor’s computer systems and incorrect information provided to the Funds’ clearing brokers. In addition, it is possible that a computer or software program may malfunction and cause an error in computation. Any failure, inaccuracy or delay in executing the Funds’ transactions could affect its ability to achieve its investment objective. It could also result in decisions to undertake transactions based on inaccurate or incomplete information. This could cause substantial losses on transactions. The Sponsor is not required to reimburse a Fund for any costs associated with an error in the placement or execution of a trade in commodity futures interests or shares of the Underlying Funds.
 
The Funds’ trading activities depend on the integrity and performance of the computer and communications systems supporting them. Extraordinary transaction volume, hardware or software failure, power or telecommunications failure, a natural disaster or other catastrophe could cause the computer systems to operate at an unacceptably slow speed or even fail. Any significant degradation or failure of the systems that the Sponsor uses to gather and analyze information, enter orders, process data, monitor risk levels and otherwise engage in trading activities may result in substantial losses on transactions, liability to other parties, lost profit opportunities, damages to the Sponsor’s and Funds’ reputations, increased operational expenses and diversion of technical resources.
 
The development of complex computer and communications systems and new technologies may render the existing computer and communications systems supporting the Funds’ trading activities obsolete. In addition, these computer and communications systems must be compatible with those of third parties, such as the systems of exchanges, clearing brokers and the executing brokers. As a result, if these third parties upgrade their systems, the Sponsor will need to make corresponding upgrades to effectively continue its trading activities. The Funds’ future success may depend on the Funds’ ability to respond to changing technologies on a timely and cost-effective basis.
 
The Funds depend on the proper and timely function of complex computer and communications systems maintained and operated by the futures exchanges, brokers and other data providers that the Sponsor uses to conduct trading activities. Failure or inadequate performance of any of these systems could adversely affect the Sponsor’s ability to complete transactions, including its ability to close out positions, and result in lost profit opportunities and significant losses on commodity interest transactions. This could have a material adverse effect on revenues and materially reduce the Funds’ available capital. For example, unavailability of price quotations from third parties may make it difficult or impossible for the Sponsor to conduct trading activities so that each Fund will closely track its Benchmark. Unavailability of records from brokerage firms may make it difficult or impossible for the Sponsor to accurately determine which transactions have been executed or the details, including price and time, of any transaction executed. This unavailability of information also may make it difficult or impossible for the Sponsor to reconcile its records of transactions with those of another party or to accomplish settlement of executed transactions.
 
The operations of the Funds, the exchanges, brokers and counterparties with which the Funds do business, and the markets in which the Funds do business could be severely disrupted in the event of a major terrorist attack, natural disaster, cyber-attack, outbreak or public health emergency as declared by the World Health Organization, continuation or expansion of war or other hostilities. Global terrorist attacks, anti-terrorism initiatives, and political unrest continue to fuel this concern. In addition, a prolonged U.S. government shutdown could weaken the U.S. economy, interfere with the commodities markets that rely upon data published by U.S. federal government agencies, and prevent the Funds from receiving necessary regulatory review or approvals. Recently, commodity markets have experienced volatility, which may continue and may increase as a result of the perceived impact of novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) and its impact on the global economy and markets.
 
Failures or breaches of the electronic systems of the Funds, the Sponsor, the Custodian or mutual funds or other financial institutions in which the Funds invest, or the Funds’ other service providers, market makers, Authorized Purchasers, NYSE Arca, exchanges on which Futures Contracts or Other Commodity Interests are traded or cleared, or counterparties have the ability to cause disruptions and negatively impact the Funds’ business operations, potentially resulting in financial losses to a Fund and its shareholders. Such failures or breaches may include intentional cyber-attacks that may result in an unauthorized party gaining access to electronic systems in order to misappropriate a Fund's assets or sensitive information. While the Funds have established business continuity plans and risk management systems seeking to address system breaches or failures, there are inherent limitations in such plans and systems. Furthermore, the Funds cannot control the cyber security plans and systems of the Custodian or mutual funds or other financial institutions in which the Funds invest, or the Funds’ other service providers, market makers, Authorized Purchasers, NYSE Arca, exchanges on which Futures Contracts or Other Commodity Interests are traded or cleared, or counterparties.
 
The Trust may, in its discretion, suspend the right to redeem Shares of a Fund or postpone the redemption settlement date: (1) for any period during which an applicable exchange is closed other than customary weekend or holiday closing, or trading is suspended or restricted; (2) for any period during which an emergency exists as a result of which delivery, disposal or evaluation of a Fund’s assets is not reasonably practicable; (3) for such other period as the Sponsor determines to be necessary for the protection of Shareholders; (4) if there is a possibility that any or all of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts of a Fund on the specific exchange where the Fund is traded and from which the NAV of the Fund is calculated will be priced at a daily price limit restriction; or (5) if, in the sole discretion of the Sponsor, the execution of such an order would not be in the best interest of a Fund or its Shareholders. In addition, the Trust will reject a redemption order if the order is not in proper form as described in the agreement with the Authorized Purchaser or if the fulfillment of the order, in the opinion of its counsel, might be unlawful. Any such postponement, suspension or rejection could adversely affect a redeeming Shareholder. For example, the resulting delay may adversely affect the value of the Shareholder’s redemption proceeds if the NAV of a Fund declines during the period of delay. The Trust Agreement provides that the Sponsor and its designees will not be liable for any loss or damage that may result from any such suspension or postponement. A minimum number of baskets and associated Shares are specified for each Fund in its prospectus and in Part I, Item 1 of this document. Once that minimum number of Shares outstanding is reached, there can be no further redemptions until there has been a Creation Basket.
 
 
The Intraday Indicative Value (“IIV”) and the Benchmark for each Fund are calculated and disseminated by ICE Data Indices, LLC under an agreement with the Sponsor. Additionally, information may be calculated and disseminated under similar agreements between the Sponsor and other third party entities. Although reasonable efforts are taken to ensure the accuracy of the information disseminated under this agreement, there may, from time to time, be recalculations of previously released information.
 
Third parties may assert that the Sponsor has infringed or otherwise violated their intellectual property rights. Third parties may independently develop business methods, trademarks or proprietary software and other technology similar to that of the Sponsor and claim that the Sponsor has violated their intellectual property rights, including their copyrights, trademark rights, trade names, trade secrets and patent rights. As a result, the Sponsor may have to litigate in the future to determine the validity and scope of other parties’ proprietary rights or defend itself against claims that it has infringed or otherwise violated other parties’ rights. Any litigation of this type, even if the Sponsor is successful and regardless of the merits, may result in significant costs, may divert resources from the Fund, or may require the Sponsor to change its proprietary software and other technology or enter into royalty or licensing agreements. The Sponsor has a patent on certain business methods and procedures used with respect to the Funds. The Sponsor utilizes certain proprietary software. Any unauthorized use of such proprietary software, business methods and/or procedures could adversely affect the competitive advantage of the Sponsor or the Funds and/or cause the Sponsor to take legal action to protect its rights.
 
In managing and directing the day to day activities and affairs of the Funds, the Sponsor relies almost entirely on a small number of individuals, including Mr. Sal Gilbertie, Mr. Steve Kahler and Ms. Cory Mullen-Rusin. If Mr. Gilbertie, Mr. Kahler or Ms. Mullen-Rusin were to leave or be unable to carry out their present responsibilities, it may have an adverse effect on the management of the Funds. To the extent that the Sponsor establishes additional commodity pools, even greater demands will be placed on these individuals.
 
The Sponsor was formed for the purpose of managing the Trust, including all the Funds, and any other series of the Trust that may be formed in the future, and has been provided with capital primarily by its principals and a small number of outside investors. If the Sponsor operates at a loss for an extended period, its capital will be depleted, and it may be unable to obtain additional financing necessary to continue its operations. If the Sponsor were unable to continue to provide services to these Funds, the Funds would be terminated if a replacement Sponsor could not be found.
 
You cannot be assured that the Sponsor will be willing or able to continue to service each Fund for any length of time. The Sponsor was formed for the purpose of sponsoring the Funds and other commodity pools and has limited financial resources and no significant source of income apart from its management fees from such commodity pools to support its continued service for each Fund. If the Sponsor discontinues its activities on behalf of a Fund, the Fund may be adversely affected. If the Sponsor’s registrations with the CFTC or memberships in the NFA were revoked or suspended, the Sponsor would no longer be able to provide services to the Funds.
 
The Funds earn interest on cash balances available for investment. If actual interest rates were to continue to fall, the net investment loss of the Funds could be adversely impacted if the Sponsor were not able to waive expenses sufficient to cover any deficit.
 
When constructing a diversified portfolio, investors often look for asset classes and individual securities that will enhance the risk adjusted returns of their portfolios. During the security selection process investors typically consider the security’s risk profile as well as its correlation to other portfolio holdings. Commodities are often included in a diversified portfolio due to their low correlation to traditional asset classes such as stocks and bonds. However, it must be noted that portfolio diversification does not eliminate the risk of loss associated with investing. Historical returns and correlations are not guaranteed in the future. It’s important to note that past performance is not indicative of future results and that investments cannot be made directly into indexes which are often used to display correlation results.
 
The Sponsor May Have Conflicts of Interest
 
The structure and operation of the Funds may involve conflicts of interest. For example, a conflict may arise because the Sponsor and its principals and affiliates may trade for themselves. In addition, the Sponsor has sole current authority to manage the investments and operations, and the interests of the Sponsor may conflict with the Shareholders’ best interests, including the authority of the Sponsor to allocate expenses to and between the Funds.
 
The Performance of Each Fund May Not Correlate with the Applicable Benchmark
 
If a Fund is required to sell short-term Treasury Securities or cash equivalents at a price lower than the price at which they were acquired, the Fund will experience a loss. This loss may adversely impact the price of the Shares and may decrease the correlation between the price of the Shares, the Benchmark, and the spot price of the specific commodity interest or the commodity interests of the Underlying Funds in the case of TAGS. The value of short-term Treasury Securities and other debt securities generally moves inversely with movements in interest rates. The prices of longer maturity securities are subject to greater market fluctuations as a result of changes in interest rates. While the short-term nature of a Fund’s investments in short-term Treasury Securities and cash equivalents should minimize the interest rate risk to which the Fund is subject, it is possible that the short-term Treasury Securities and cash equivalents held by the Fund will decline in value.
 
The Sponsor’s trading system is quantitative in nature, and it is possible that the Sponsor may make errors. In addition, it is possible that a computer or software program may malfunction and cause an error in computation.
 
Increases in assets under management may affect trading decisions. While all of the Funds’ assets are currently at manageable levels, the Sponsor does not intend to limit the amount of any Fund’s assets. The more assets the Sponsor manages, the more difficult it may be for it to trade profitably because of the difficulty of trading larger positions without adversely affecting prices and performance and of managing risk associated with larger positions.
 
 
Each Fund seeks to have the changes in its Shares’ NAV in percentage terms track changes in the Benchmark in percentage terms, rather than profit from speculative trading of the specific Commodity Interests, or the commodity interests of the Underlying Funds in the case of TAGS.
 
The Sponsor therefore endeavors to manage each Fund so that the Fund’s assets are, unlike those of many other commodity pools, not leveraged (i.e., so that the aggregate amount of the Fund’s exposure to losses from its investments in specific Commodity Interests at any time will not exceed the value of the Fund’s assets). There is no assurance that the Sponsor will successfully implement this investment strategy. If the Sponsor permits a Fund to become leveraged, you could lose all or substantially all of your investment if the Fund’s trading positions suddenly turns unprofitable. These movements in price may be the result of factors outside of the Sponsor’s control and may not be anticipated by the Sponsor.
 
The Sponsor cannot predict to what extent the performance of the commodity interest will or will not correlate to the performance of other broader asset classes such as stocks and bonds. If the performance of a specific Fund were to move more directly with the financial markets, an investment in the Fund may provide you little or no diversification benefits. Thus, in a declining market, the Fund may have no gains to offset your losses from other investments, and you may suffer losses on your investment in the Fund at the same time you may incur losses with respect to other asset classes. Variables such as drought, floods, weather, embargoes, tariffs and other political events may have a larger impact on commodity and Commodity Interests prices than on traditional securities and broader financial markets. These additional variables may create additional investment risks that subject a Fund’s investments to greater volatility than investments in traditional securities. Lower correlation should not be confused with negative correlation, where the performance of two asset classes would be opposite of each other. There is no historic evidence that the spot price of a specific commodity, corn, for example, and prices of other financial assets, such as stocks and bonds, are negatively correlated. In the absence of negative correlation, a Fund cannot be expected to be automatically profitable during unfavorable periods for the stock market, or vice versa.
 
Under the Trust Agreement, the Trustee and the Sponsor are not liable, and have the right to be indemnified, for any liability or expense incurred absent gross negligence or willful misconduct on the part of the Trustee or Sponsor, as the case may be. That means the Sponsor may require the assets of a Fund to be sold in order to cover losses or liability suffered by the Sponsor or by the Trustee. Any sale of that kind would reduce the NAV of the Fund and the value of its Shares.
 
The Shares of a Fund are limited liability investments; Shareholders may not lose more than the amount that they invest plus any profits recognized on their investment. However, Shareholders could be required, as a matter of bankruptcy law, to return to the estate of the Fund any distribution they received at a time when the Fund was in fact insolvent or that was made in violation of its Trust Agreement.
 
The price relationship between the near month Commodity Futures Contract to expire and the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts for each Fund, or the Underlying Funds in the case of TAGS, will vary and may impact both a Fund’s total return over time and the degree to which such total return tracks the total return of the specific commodity price indices. In cases in which the near month contract’s price is lower than later expiring contracts’ prices (a situation known as “contango” in the futures markets), then absent the impact of the overall movement in the commodity specific prices the value of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts would tend to decline as they approach expiration which could cause the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts, and therefore the Fund’s total return, to track lower. In cases in which the near month contract’s price is higher than later expiring contracts’ prices (a situation known as “backwardation” in the futures markets), then absent the impact of the overall movement in commodity specific prices, the value of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts would tend to rise as they approach expiration.
 
While it is expected that the trading prices of the Shares will fluctuate in accordance with the changes in a Fund’s NAV, the prices of Shares may also be influenced by various market factors, including but not limited to, the number of shares of the Fund outstanding and the liquidity of the underlying Commodity Interests. There is no guarantee that the Shares will not trade at appreciable discounts from, and/or premiums to, the Fund’s NAV. This could cause the changes in the price of the Shares to substantially vary from the changes in the spot price of the underlying commodity, even if a Fund’s NAV was closely tracking movements in the spot price of that commodity. If this occurs, you may incur a partial or complete loss of your investment.
 
In addition to certain fees paid to each Fund's service providers, each Fund pays the Sponsor a fee of 1.00% of assets under management per annum, regardless of Fund Performance. Over time, a Fund's assets could be depleted if investment performance does not exceed such fees.
 
Investors, including those who directly participate in the specific commodity market, may choose to use a Fund as a vehicle to hedge against the risk of loss, and there are risks involved in hedging activities. While hedging can provide protection against an adverse movement in market prices, it can also preclude a hedger’s opportunity to benefit from a favorable market movement.
 
While it is not the current intention of the Funds to take physical delivery of any Commodity under its Commodity Interests, Commodity Futures Contracts are traditionally physically deliverable contracts, and, unless a position was traded out of, it is possible to take or make delivery under these and some Other Commodity Interests. Storage costs associated with purchasing the specific commodity could result in costs and other liabilities that could impact the value of the Commodity Futures Contracts or certain Other Commodity Interests. Storage costs include the time value of money invested in the physical commodity plus the actual costs of storing the commodity less any benefits from ownership that are not obtained by the holder of a futures contract. In general, Commodity Futures Contracts have a one month delay for contract delivery and the pricing of back month contracts (the back month is any future delivery month other than the spot month) include storage costs. To the extent that these storage costs change for the commodity while a Fund holds the Commodity Interests, the value of the Commodity Interests, and therefore the Fund’s NAV, may change as well.
 
The Funds are not actively managed and are designed to track a benchmark, regardless of whether the price of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts is flat, declining, or rising.
 
The design of each Fund’s Benchmark is such that the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts change throughout the year, and the Fund’s investments must be rolled periodically to reflect the changing composition of the Benchmark. For example, when the second to expire Commodity Futures Contract becomes the first to expire contract, such contract will no longer be a Benchmark Component Futures Contract and the Fund’s position in it will no longer be consistent with tracking the Benchmark. In the event of a commodity futures market where near to expire contracts trade at a higher price than longer to expire contracts, a situation referred to as “backwardation,” then absent the impact of the overall movement in the specific commodity prices of the Fund, the value of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts would tend to rise as they approach expiration. As a result, a Fund may benefit because it would be selling more expensive contracts and buying less expensive ones on an ongoing basis. Conversely, using corn as an example, in the event of a corn futures market where near to expire contracts trade at a lower price than longer to expire contracts, a situation referred to as “contango,” then absent the impact of the overall movement in corn prices the value of the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts would tend to decline as they approach expiration. As a result, the Fund’s total return may be lower than might otherwise be the case because it would be selling less expensive contracts and buying more expensive ones. The impact of backwardation and contango may lead the total return of a Fund to vary significantly from the total return of other price references, such as the spot price of the specific commodity. In the event of a prolonged period of contango, and absent the impact of rising or falling specific commodity prices, this could have a significant negative impact on a Fund’s NAV and total return.
 
 
Position limits and daily price fluctuation limits set by the CFTC and the exchanges have the potential to cause tracking error, which could cause the price of Shares of the Fund to substantially vary from the Benchmark and prevent you from being able to effectively use the Fund as a way to hedge against underlying commodity related losses or as a way to indirectly invest in the underlying commodity.
 
The Trust Structure and the Trust Agreement Provide Limited Shareholder Rights
 
You will have no rights to participate in the management of any of the Funds and will have to rely on the duties and judgment of the Sponsor to manage the Funds.
 
As interests in separate series of a Delaware statutory trust, the Shares do not involve the rights normally associated with the ownership of shares of a corporation (including, for example, the right to bring shareholder oppression and derivative actions). In addition, the Shares have limited voting and distribution rights (for example, Shareholders do not have the right to elect directors, as the Trust does not have a board of directors, and generally will not receive regular distributions of the net income and capital gains earned by the Fund). The Funds are also not subject to certain investor protection provisions of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and the NYSE Arca governance rules (for example, audit committee requirements).
 
Each Fund is a series of a Delaware statutory trust and not itself a legal entity separate from the other Funds. The Delaware Statutory Trust Act provides that if certain provisions are included in the formation and governing documents of a statutory trust organized in series and if separate and distinct records are maintained for any series and the assets associated with that series are held in separate and distinct records and are accounted for in such separate and distinct records separately from the other assets of the statutory trust, or any series thereof, then the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred by a particular series are enforceable against the assets of such series only, and not against the assets of the statutory trust generally or any other series thereof. Conversely, none of the debts, liabilities, obligations and expenses incurred with respect to any other series thereof is enforceable against the assets of such series. The Sponsor is not aware of any court case that has interpreted this inter-series limitation on liability or provided any guidance as to what is required for compliance. The Sponsor intends to maintain separate and distinct records for each Fund and account for each Fund separately from any other Trust series, but it is possible a court could conclude that the methods used do not satisfy the Delaware Statutory Trust Act, which would potentially expose assets in any Fund to the liabilities of one or more of the Funds and/or any other Trust series created in the future.
 
Neither the Sponsor nor the Trustee is obligated to, although each may, in its respective discretion, prosecute any action, suit or other proceeding in respect of any Fund property. The Trust Agreement does not confer upon Shareholders the right to prosecute any such action, suit or other proceeding.
 
Rapidly Changing Regulation May Adversely Affect the Ability of the Funds to Meet Their Investment Objectives
 
The regulation of futures markets, futures contracts, and futures exchanges has historically been comprehensive. The CFTC and the exchanges are authorized to take extraordinary actions in the event of a market emergency including, for example, the retroactive implementation of speculative position limits, increased margin requirements, the establishment of daily price limits and the suspension of trading on an exchange or a trading facility.
 
The regulation of commodity interest transactions in the United States is a rapidly changing area of law and is subject to ongoing modification by governmental and judicial action. Subsequent to the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, swap agreements became fully regulated by the CFTC under the amended Commodity Exchange Act and the CFTC’s regulations thereunder. Considerable regulatory attention has been focused on non-traditional investment pools that are publicly distributed in the United States and that use trading in futures and options as an investment strategy and not for hedging or price discovery purposes, therefore altering traditional participation in futures and swaps markets. As the Dodd-Frank Act continues to be implemented by the CFTC and the SEC, there is a possibility of future regulatory changes within the United States altering, perhaps to a material extent, the nature of an investment in the Funds, or the ability of a Fund to continue to implement its investment strategy. In addition, various national governments outside of the United States have expressed concern regarding the disruptive effects of speculative trading in the commodities markets and the need to regulate the derivatives markets in general. The effect of any future regulatory change on the Funds is impossible to predict but could be substantial and adverse.

 
 
There Is No Assurance that There Will Be a Liquid Market for the Shares of the Funds or the Funds’ Underlying Investments, which May Mean that Shareholders May Not be Able to Sell Their Shares at a Market Price Relatively Close to the NAV
 
If a substantial number of requests for redemption of Redemption Baskets are received by a Fund during a relatively short period of time, the Fund may not be able to satisfy the requests from the Fund’s assets not committed to trading. As a consequence, it could be necessary to liquidate the Fund’s trading positions before the time that its trading strategies would otherwise call for liquidation, which may result in losses.
 
A portion of a Fund’s investments could be illiquid, which could cause large losses to investors at any time or from time to time.
 
A Fund may not always be able to liquidate its positions in its investments at the desired price. As to futures contracts, it may be difficult to execute a trade at a specific price when there is a relatively small volume of buy and sell orders in a market. Limits imposed by futures exchanges or other regulatory organizations, such as accountability levels, position limits and price fluctuation limits, may contribute to a lack of liquidity with respect to some exchange traded commodity Interests. In addition, over the counter contracts may be illiquid because they are contracts between two parties and generally may not be transferred by one party to a third party without the counterparty’s consent. Conversely, a counterparty may give its consent, but the Fund still may not be able to transfer an over the counter Commodity Interest to a third party due to concerns regarding the counterparty’s credit risk.
 
The exchanges set daily price fluctuation limits on futures contracts. The daily price fluctuation limit establishes the maximum amount that the price of futures contracts may vary either up or down from the previous day’s settlement price. Once the daily price fluctuation limit has been reached in a particular futures contract, no trades may be made at a price beyond that limit.
 
On March 12, 2014, the CME announced that, subject to CFTC approval, it would replace its fixed price fluctuation limits with variable price limits. The change was approved and went into effect May 1, 2014. Using corn as an example, this change amended Appendix A, Chapter 10 (Corn Futures), Section 10102.D (Trading Specifications – Daily Price Limits) to read as follows:
 
Daily price limits for Corn futures are reset every six months. The first reset date would be the first trading day in May based on the following: Daily settlement prices are collected for the nearest July contract over 45 consecutive trading days before and on the business day prior to April 16th. The average price is calculated based on the collected settlement prices and then multiplied by seven percent. The resulting number rounded to the nearest 5 cents per bushel, or 20 cents per bushel, whichever is higher will be the new initial price limits for Corn futures and will become effective on the first trading day in May and will remain in effect through the last trading day in October.
 
The second reset date would be the first trading day in November based on the following: Daily settlement prices are collected for the nearest December contract over 45 consecutive trading days before and on the business day prior to October 16th. The average price is calculated based on the collected settlement prices and then multiplied by seven percent. The resulting number, rounded to the nearest 5 cents per bushel, or 20 cents per bushel, whichever is higher, will be the new initial price limits for Corn futures and will become effective on the first trading day in November and will remain in effect through the last trading day in next April.
 
There shall be no trading in Corn futures at a price more than the initial price limit above or below the previous day’s settlement price. Should two or more Corn futures contract months within the first five listed non-spot contracts (or the remaining contract month in a crop year, which is the September contract) settle at limit, the daily price limits for all contract months shall increase by 50 percent the next business day, rounded up to the nearest 5 cents per bushel. If no Corn futures contract month settles at the expanded limit the next business day, daily price limits for all contract months shall revert back to the initial price limit the following business day. There shall be no price limits on the current month contract on or after the second business day preceding the first day of the delivery month.
 
A market disruption, such as a foreign government taking political actions that disrupt the market in its currency, its commodity production or exports, or in another major export, can also make it difficult to liquidate a position. Unexpected market illiquidity may cause major losses to investors at any time or from time to time. In addition, no Fund intends at this time to establish a credit facility, which would provide an additional source of liquidity, but instead will rely only on the short term Treasury Securities, cash and/or cash equivalents that it holds to meet its liquidity needs. The anticipated large value of the positions in a specific Commodity Interest that the Sponsor will acquire or enter into for a Fund increases the risk of illiquidity. Because Commodity Interests may be illiquid, a Fund’s holdings may be more difficult to liquidate at favorable prices in periods of illiquid markets and losses may be incurred during the period in which positions are being liquidated.
 
A Fund may invest in Other Commodity Interests. To the extent that these Other Commodity Interests are contracts individually negotiated between their parties, they may not be as liquid as Commodity Futures Contracts and will expose the Fund to credit risk that its counterparty may not be able to satisfy its obligations to the Fund.
 
The changing nature of the participants in the commodity specific market will influence whether futures prices are above or below the expected future spot price. Producers of the specific commodity will typically seek to hedge against falling commodity prices by selling Commodity Futures Contracts. Therefore, if commodity producers become the predominant hedgers in the futures market, prices of Commodity Futures Contracts will typically be below expected future spot prices. Conversely, if the predominant hedgers in the futures market are the purchasers of the commodity, who purchase Commodity Futures Contracts to hedge against a rise in prices, prices of the Commodity Futures Contracts will likely be higher than expected future spot prices. This can have significant implications for a Fund when it is time to sell a Commodity Futures Contract that is no longer a Benchmark Component Futures Contract and purchase a new Commodity Futures Contract or to sell a Commodity Futures Contract to meet redemption requests. A Fund may invest in Other Commodity Interests. To the extent that these Other Commodity Interests are contracts individually negotiated between their parties, they may not be as liquid as Commodity Futures Contracts and will expose the Fund to credit risk that its counterparty may not be able to satisfy its obligations to the Fund.
 
A Fund’s NAV includes, in part, any unrealized profits or losses on open swap agreements, futures or forward contracts. Under normal circumstances, the NAV reflects the quoted exchange settlement price of open futures contracts on the date when the NAV is being calculated. In instances when the quoted settlement price of a futures contract traded on an exchange may not be reflective of fair value based on market condition, generally due to the operation of daily limits or other rules of the exchange or otherwise, the NAV may not reflect the fair value of open future contracts on such date. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract when the Futures Contract closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day.
 
 
In the event that one or more Authorized Purchasers that are actively involved in purchasing and selling Shares cease to be so involved, the liquidity of the Shares will likely decrease, which could adversely affect the market price of the Shares and result in your incurring a loss on your investment. In addition, a decision by a market maker or lead market maker to cease activities for the Fund could adversely affect liquidity, the spread between the bid and ask quotes, and potentially the price of the Shares. The Sponsor can make no guarantees that participation by Authorized Purchasers or market makers will continue.
 
If a minimum number of Shares is outstanding for a Fund, market makers may be less willing to purchase Shares of that Fund in the secondary market which may limit your ability to sell Shares. There are a minimum number of baskets and associated Shares specified for each Fund. Once the minimum number of baskets is reached, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Purchaser of that Fund until there has been a Creation Basket. In such case, market makers may be less willing to purchase Shares of that Fund from investors in the secondary market, which may in turn limit the ability of Shareholders of that Fund to sell their Shares in the secondary market.
 
Trading in Shares of a Fund may be halted due to market conditions or, in light of NYSE Arca rules and procedures, for reasons that, in the view of the NYSE Arca, make trading in Shares inadvisable. In addition, trading is subject to trading halts caused by extraordinary market volatility pursuant to “circuit breaker” rules that require trading to be halted for a specified period based on a specified market decline. There can be no assurance that the requirements necessary to maintain the listing of the Shares will continue to be met or will remain unchanged. A Fund will be terminated if its Shares are delisted.
 
There is Credit Risk Associated with the Operation of the Funds, Service Providers and Counterparties Which May Cause an Investment Loss
 
For all of the Funds except for TAGS, the majority of each Fund’s assets are held in cash and short-term cash equivalents with the Custodian or with one or more alternate financial institutions unrelated to the Custodian (each, a “Financial Institution”). Any cash or cash equivalents invested by a Fund will be placed by the Sponsor in a Financial Institution deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment quality.
 
The Sponsor has the ability to invest available cash in Commercial Paper with maturities of 90 days or less. Investments will be deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment quality. There is a risk that the proceeds from the sale of the Commercial Paper could be less than the purchase price.
 
The insolvency of the Custodian, any Financial Institution in which funds are deposited, or Commercial Paper Issuer could result in a complete loss of a Fund’s assets held by the Custodian or the Financial Institution, which, at any given time, would likely comprise a substantial portion of a Fund’s total assets. Assets deposited with the Custodian or a Financial Institution will generally exceed federally insured limits. For TAGS, the vast majority of the Fund’s assets are held in Shares of the Underlying Funds. The failure or insolvency of the Custodian or the Financial Institution could impact the ability to access in a timely manner TAGS’ assets held by the Custodian.
 
Under CFTC regulations, a clearing broker with respect to a Fund’s exchange traded Commodity Interests must maintain customers’ assets in a bulk segregated account. If a clearing broker fails to do so or is unable to satisfy a substantial deficit in a customer account, its other customers may be subject to risk of a substantial loss of their funds in the event of that clearing broker’s bankruptcy. In that event, the clearing broker’s customers, such as a Fund, are entitled to recover, even in respect of property specifically traceable to them, only a proportional share of all property available for distribution to all of that clearing broker’s customers. A Fund also may be subject to the risk of the failure of, or delay in performance by, any exchanges and markets and their clearing organizations, if any, on which Commodity Interests are traded. From time to time, the clearing brokers may be subject to legal or regulatory proceedings in the ordinary course of their business. A clearing broker’s involvement in costly or time consuming legal proceedings may divert financial resources or personnel away from the clearing broker’s trading operations, which could impair the clearing broker’s ability to successfully execute and clear a Fund’s trades. For additional information regarding recent regulatory developments that may impact the Funds or the Trust, refer to the section entitled “Regulatory Considerations” section of this document.
 
Commodity pools’ trading positions in futures contracts or other commodity interests are typically required to be secured by the deposit of margin funds that represent only a small percentage of a futures contract’s (or other commodity interest’s) entire market value. This feature permits commodity pools to “leverage” their assets by purchasing or selling futures contracts (or other commodity interests) with an aggregate notional amount in excess of the commodity pool’s assets. While this leverage can increase a pool’s profits, relatively small adverse movements in the price of a pool’s commodity interests can cause significant losses to the pool. While the Sponsor does not intend to leverage the Funds’ assets, it is not prohibited from doing so under the Trust Agreement. If the Sponsor were to cause or permit a Fund to become leveraged, you could lose all or substantially all of your investment if the Fund’s trading positions suddenly turns unprofitable.
 
An “exchange for related position” (“EFRP”) can be used by the Fund as a technique to facilitate the exchanging of a futures hedge position against a creation or redemption order, and thus the Fund may use an EFRP transaction in connection with the creation and redemption of shares. The market specialist/market maker that is the ultimate purchaser or seller of shares in connection with the creation or redemption basket, respectively, agrees to sell or purchase a corresponding offsetting futures position which is then settled on the same business day as a cleared futures transaction by the FCMs. The Fund will become subject to the credit risk of the market specialist/market maker until the EFRP is settled or terminated. The Fund reports all activity related to EFRP transactions under the procedures and guidelines of the CFTC and the exchanges on which the futures are traded. EFRPs are subject to specific rules of the CME and CFTC guidance. It is likely that EFRP mechanisms will be subject to changes in the future which may make it uneconomical or impossible from the regulatory perspective to utilize this mechanism by the Funds.
 
A portion of the Fund’s assets may be used to trade over the counter Commodity Interests, such as forward contracts or swaps. Over the counter contracts are typically traded on a principal-to-principal cleared and non-cleared basis through dealer markets that are dominated by major money center and investment banks and other institutions and that prior to the passage of the Dodd-Frank Act had been essentially unregulated by the CFTC, although this is an area of pending, substantial regulatory change. The markets for over the counter contracts will continue to rely upon the integrity of market participants in lieu of the additional regulation imposed by the CFTC on participants in the futures markets. The forward markets have been largely unregulated, except for anti-manipulation and anti-fraud prohibitions, forward contracts have been executed bi-laterally and, in general historically, forward contracts were not cleared or guaranteed by a third party. On November 16, 2012, the Secretary of the Treasury issued a final determination that exempts both foreign exchange swaps and foreign exchange forwards from the definition of “swap” and, by extension, additional regulatory requirements (such as clearing and margin). The final determination does not extend to other FX derivatives, such as FX options, certain currency swaps, and non-deliverable forwards. While the Dodd-Frank Act and certain regulations adopted thereunder are intended to provide additional protections to participants in the over the counter market, the lack of regulation in these markets could expose the Fund in certain circumstances to significant losses in the event of trading abuses or financial failure by participants. While increased regulation of over the counter Commodity Interests is likely to result from changes that are required to be effectuated by the Dodd-Frank Act, there is no guarantee that such increased regulation will be effective to reduce these risks.
 
 
Each Fund faces the risk of non-performance by the counterparties to the over the counter contracts. Unlike in futures contracts, the counterparty to these contracts is generally a single bank or other financial institution, rather than a clearing organization backed by a group of financial institutions. As a result, there will be greater counterparty credit risk in these transactions. A counterparty may not be able to meet its obligations to a Fund, in which case the Fund could suffer significant losses on these contracts. If a counterparty becomes bankrupt or otherwise fails to perform its obligations due to financial difficulties, a Fund may experience significant delays in obtaining any recovery in a bankruptcy or other reorganization proceeding. During any such period, the Fund may have difficulty in determining the value of its contracts with the counterparty, which in turn could result in the overstatement or understatement of the Fund’s NAV. The Fund may eventually obtain only limited recovery or no recovery in such circumstances.
 
Over the counter contracts may have terms that make them less marketable than Futures Contracts. Over the counter contracts are less marketable because they are not traded on an exchange, do not have uniform terms and conditions, and are entered into based upon the creditworthiness of the parties and the availability of credit support, such as collateral, and in general, they are not transferable without the consent of the counterparty. These conditions make such contracts less liquid than standardized futures contracts traded on a commodities exchange and diminish the ability to realize the full value of such contracts. In addition, even if collateral is used to reduce counterparty credit risk, sudden changes in the value of over the counter transactions may leave a party open to financial risk due to a counterparty default since the collateral held may not cover a party’s exposure on the transaction in such situations. In general, valuing OTC derivatives is less certain than valuing actively traded financial instruments such as exchange traded futures contracts and securities because the price and terms on which such OTC derivatives are entered into or can be terminated are individually negotiated, and those prices and terms may not reflect the best price or terms available from other sources. In addition, while market makers and dealers generally quote indicative prices or terms for entering into or terminating OTC contracts, they typically are not contractually obligated to do so, particularly if they are not a party to the transaction. As a result, it may be difficult to obtain an independent value for an outstanding OTC derivatives transaction.
 
In addition, regulations adopted by global prudential regulators that are now in effect require certain prudentially regulated entities and certain of their affiliates and subsidiaries (including swap dealers) to include in their derivatives contracts and certain other financial contracts, terms that delay or restrict the rights of counterparties (such as the Funds) to terminate such contracts, foreclose upon collateral, exercise other default rights or restrict transfers of credit support in the event that the prudentially regulated entity and/or its affiliates are subject to certain types of resolution or insolvency proceedings. Similar regulations and laws have been adopted in non-US jurisdictions that may apply to a Fund’s counterparties located in those jurisdictions. It is possible that these new requirements, as well as potential additional related government regulation, could adversely affect a Fund’s ability to terminate existing derivatives contracts, exercise default rights or satisfy obligations owed to it with collateral received under such contracts.
 
There are Risks Associated with Trading in International Markets
 
A significant portion of the Futures Contracts entered into by the Funds are traded on United States exchanges. However, a portion of the Funds’ trades may take place on markets or exchanges outside the United States. Some non-U.S. markets present risks because they are not subject to the same degree of regulation as their U.S. counterparts. None of the CFTC, NFA, or any domestic exchange regulates activities of any foreign boards of trade or exchanges, including the execution, delivery and clearing of transactions, has the power to compel enforcement of the rules of a foreign board of trade or exchange or of any applicable non-U.S. laws. Similarly, the rights of market participants, such as the Funds, in the event of the insolvency or bankruptcy of a non-U.S. market or broker are also likely to be more limited than in the case of U.S. markets or brokers. As a result, in these markets, the Funds have less legal and regulatory protection than they do when they trade domestically. Currently the Funds do not place trades on any markets or exchanges outside of the United States and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. In some of these non-U.S. markets, the performance on a futures contract is the responsibility of the counterparty and is not backed by an exchange or clearing corporation and therefore exposes the Funds to credit risk. Additionally, trading on non-U.S. exchanges is subject to the risks presented by exchange controls, expropriation, increased tax burdens and exposure to local economic declines and political instability. An adverse development with respect to any of these variables could reduce the profit or increase the loss earned on trades in the affected international markets.
 
The price of any non-U.S. Commodity Interest and, therefore, the potential profit and loss on such investment, may be affected by any variance in the foreign exchange rate between the time the order is placed and the time it is liquidated, offset or exercised. As a result, changes in the value of the local currency relative to the U.S. dollar may cause losses to a Fund even if the contract is profitable. The Funds invest primarily in Commodity Interests that are traded or sold in the United States. However, a portion of the trades for a Fund may take place in markets and on exchanges outside the United States. Some non-U.S. markets present risks because they are not subject to the same degree of regulation as their U.S. counterparts. In some of these non-U.S. markets, the performance on a contract is the responsibility of the counterparty and is not backed by an exchange or clearing corporation and therefore exposes a Fund to credit risk. Trading in non-U.S. markets also leaves a Fund susceptible to fluctuations in the value of the local currency against the U.S. dollar.
 
The CFTC’s implementation of its regulations under the Dodd-Frank Act may further affect the ability of the Funds to enter into foreign exchange contracts and to hedge its exposure to foreign exchange loss.
 
Some non-U.S. exchanges also may be in a more developmental stage so that prior price histories may not be indicative of current price dynamics. In addition, a Fund may not have the same access to certain positions on foreign trading exchanges as do local traders, and the historical market data on which the Sponsor bases its strategies may not be as reliable or accessible as it is for U.S. exchanges.
 
The Funds are Treated as Partnerships for Tax Purposes which Means that There May be a Lack of Certainty as to Tax Treatment for an Investor’s Gains and Losses
 
Cash or property will be distributed at the sole discretion of the Sponsor, and the Sponsor currently does not intend to make cash or other distributions with respect to Shares. You will be required to pay U.S. federal income tax and, in some cases, state, local, or foreign income tax, on your allocable share of a Fund’s taxable income, without regard to whether you receive distributions or the amount of any distributions. Therefore, the tax liability resulting from your ownership of Shares may exceed the amount of cash or value of property (if any) distributed.
 
Due to the application of the assumptions and conventions applied by a Fund in making allocations for U.S. federal income tax purposes and other factors, your allocable share of the Fund’s income, gain, deduction or loss may be different than your economic profit or loss from your Shares for a taxable year. This difference could be temporary or permanent and, if permanent, could result in your being taxed on amounts in excess of your economic income.
 
The Funds are treated as partnerships for United States federal income tax purposes. The U.S. tax rules pertaining to entities taxed as partnerships are complex and their application to publicly traded partnerships such as the Funds are in many respects uncertain. The Funds apply certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with the intent of the applicable rules and to report taxable income, gains, deductions, losses and credits in a manner that properly reflects Shareholders’ economic gains and losses. These assumptions and conventions may not fully comply with all aspects of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and applicable Treasury Regulations, however, and it is possible that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will successfully challenge our allocation methods and require us to reallocate items of income, gain, deduction, loss or credit in a manner that adversely affects you. If this occurs, you may be required to file an amended tax return and to pay additional taxes plus deficiency interest.
 
Under new procedures and rules that are effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, the IRS may, instead of collecting the tax from Shareholders, collect any underpayment of tax (including interest and penalties) from a Fund. As a result, any such tax assessment would be borne by Shareholders that own Shares at the time of such assessment, which may be different persons, or persons with different ownership percentages, than persons owning Shares for the tax year at issue.
 
 
The Trust has received an opinion of counsel that, under current U.S. federal income tax laws, the Funds will be treated as partnerships that are not taxable as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, provided that (i) at least 90 percent of each Fund’s annual gross income consists of “qualifying income” as defined in the Code, (ii) the Funds are organized and operated in accordance with their governing agreements and applicable law, and (iii) the Funds do not elect to be taxed as corporations for federal income tax purposes. Although the Sponsor anticipates that the Funds have satisfied and will continue to satisfy the “qualifying income” requirement for all of their taxable years, that result cannot be assured. The Funds have not requested and will not request any ruling from the IRS with respect to their classification as partnerships not taxable as corporations for federal income tax purposes. If the IRS were to successfully assert that the Funds are taxable as corporations for federal income tax purposes in any taxable year, rather than passing through their income, gains, losses and deductions proportionately to Shareholders, each Fund would be subject to tax on its net income for the year at corporate tax rates. In addition, although the Sponsor does not currently intend to make distributions with respect to Shares, any distributions would be taxable to Shareholders as dividend income. Taxation of the Funds as corporations could materially reduce the after-tax return on an investment in Shares and could substantially reduce the value of your Shares.
 
Legislative, regulatory or administrative changes could be enacted or promulgated at any time, either prospectively or with retroactive effect, and may adversely affect the Funds and their Shareholders. Please consult a tax advisor regarding the implications of an investment in Shares of the Funds, including without limitation the federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences.
 
Risks Specific to the Teucrium Corn Fund
 
Investors may choose to use the Fund as a means of investing indirectly in corn, and there are risks involved in such investments. The risks and hazards that are inherent in corn production may cause the price of corn to fluctuate widely. Price movements for corn are influenced by, among other things: weather conditions, crop failure, production decisions, governmental policies, changing demand, the corn harvest cycle, and various economic and monetary events. Corn production is also subject to U.S. federal, state and local regulations that could materially affect operations.
 
The price movements for corn are influenced by, among other things, weather conditions, crop disease, transportation difficulties, various planting, growing and harvesting problems, governmental policies, changing demand, and seasonal fluctuations in supply. More generally, commodity prices may be influenced by economic and monetary events such as changes in interest rates, changes in balances of payments and trade, U.S. and international inflation rates, currency valuations and devaluations, U.S. and international economic events, and changes in the philosophies and emotions of market participants. Because the Fund invests primarily in interests in a single commodity, it is not a diversified investment vehicle, and therefore may be subject to greater volatility than a diversified portfolio of stocks or bonds or a more diversified commodity pool. Historically, price changes in corn have a low correlation with the S&P 500.  Historical performance is not indicative of future results and correlations may change.
 
The Fund is subject to the risks and hazards of the corn market because it invests in Corn Interests. The risks and hazards that are inherent in the corn market may cause the price of corn to fluctuate widely. If the changes in percentage terms of the Fund’s Shares accurately track the percentage changes in the Benchmark or the spot price of corn, then the price of its Shares will fluctuate accordingly.
 
The price and availability of corn is influenced by economic and industry conditions, including but not limited to supply and demand factors such as: crop disease and infestation (including, but not limited to, Leaf Blight, Ear Rot and Root Rot); transportation difficulties; various planting, growing, or harvesting problems; and severe weather conditions (particularly during the spring planting season and the fall harvest) such as drought, floods, or frost that are difficult to anticipate and which cannot be controlled. Demand for corn in the United States to produce ethanol has also been a significant factor affecting the price of corn. In turn, demand for ethanol has tended to increase when the price of gasoline has increased and has been significantly affected by United States governmental policies designed to encourage the production of ethanol. Foreign governments may adopt similar policies regarding ethanol which may also be a significant factor affecting the price of corn. Government policies also have the potential to reduce the demand for ethanol. Additionally, demand for corn is affected by changes in consumer tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions, and demographic trends. Finally, because corn is often used as an ingredient in livestock feed, demand for corn is subject to risks associated with raising livestock.
 
Corn production is subject to United States federal, state, and local policies and regulations that materially affect operations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies, incentives, acreage control, and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, can influence the planting of certain crops, the location and size of crop production, the volume and types of imports and exports, the availability and competitiveness of feedstocks as raw materials, and industry profitability. Additionally, corn production is affected by laws and regulations relating to, but not limited to, the sourcing, transporting, storing, and processing of agricultural raw materials as well as the transporting, storing and distributing of related agricultural products. U.S. corn producers also must comply with various environmental laws and regulations, such as those regulating the use of certain pesticides, and local laws that regulate the production of genetically modified crops. In addition, international trade disputes can adversely affect agricultural commodity trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions. The cost of production for corn can vary among producers and change over time. Historically prices have not trended below the future’s equivalent cost of production for an extended period.
 
Seasonal fluctuations in the price of corn may cause risk to an investor because of the possibility that Share prices will be depressed because of the corn harvest cycle. In the United States, the corn market is normally at its weakest point, and corn prices are lowest, shortly before and during the harvest (between September and November), due to the high supply of corn in the market. Conversely, corn prices are generally highest during the winter and spring (between December and May), when farmer-owned corn has largely been sold and used. Seasonal corn market peaks generally occur after planting is complete in May or June, and again as harvest begins around August. These normal market conditions are, however, often influenced by weather patterns, and domestic and global economic conditions, among other factors, and any specific year may not necessarily follow the traditional seasonal fluctuations described above. In the futures market, these seasonal fluctuations are typically reflected in contracts expiring in the relevant season (e.g., contracts expiring during the harvest season are typically priced lower than contracts expiring in the winter and spring). Thus, seasonal fluctuations could result in an investor incurring losses upon the sale of Fund Shares, particularly if the investor needs to sell Shares when the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts are, in whole or part, Corn Futures Contracts expiring in the fall. 
 
The CFTC and U.S. designated contract markets such as the CBOT have established position limits on the maximum net long or net short futures contracts in commodity interests that any person or group of persons under common trading control (other than as a hedge, which an investment by the Fund is not) may hold, own or control. For example, the current position limit for aggregate investments at any one time in U.S. exchange traded Corn Futures Contracts, non-U.S. exchange Corn Futures Contracts, and over the counter corn swaps are 600 spot month contracts, 33,000 contracts expiring in any other non-spot single month, or 33,000 cumulative totals for all non-spot months. These position limits are fixed ceilings that the Fund would not be able to exceed without specific CFTC authorization.
 
 
All of these limits may potentially cause a tracking error between the price of the Shares and the Benchmark. This may in turn prevent you from being able to effectively use the Fund as a way to hedge against correlated losses or as a way to indirectly invest in corn.
 
The Fund does not intend to limit the size of the offering and will attempt to expose substantially all of its proceeds to the corn market utilizing Corn Interests. If the Fund encounters position limits, accountability levels, or price fluctuation limits for Corn Futures Contracts on the CBOT, it may then, if permitted under applicable regulatory requirements, purchase Other Corn Interests and/or Corn Futures Contracts listed on foreign exchanges. However, the Corn Futures Contracts available on such foreign exchanges may have different underlying sizes, deliveries, and prices. In addition, the Corn Futures Contracts available on these exchanges may be subject to their own position limits and accountability levels. In any case, notwithstanding the potential availability of these instruments in certain circumstances, position limits could force the Fund to limit the number of Creation Baskets that it sells.
 
Risks Specific to the Teucrium Soybean Fund
 
Investors may choose to use the Fund as a means of investing indirectly in soybeans, and there are risks involved in such investments. The risks and hazards that are inherent in soybean production may cause the price of soybeans to fluctuate widely. Global price movements for soybeans are influenced by, among other things: weather conditions, crop failure, production decisions, governmental policies, changing demand, the soybean harvest cycle, and various economic and monetary events. Soybean production is also subject to domestic and foreign regulations that could materially affect operations.
 
As discussed in more detail below, price movements for soybeans are influenced by, among other things, weather conditions, crop disease, transportation difficulties, various planting, growing and harvesting problems, governmental policies, changing demand, and seasonal fluctuations in supply. More generally, commodity prices may be influenced by economic and monetary events such as changes in interest rates, changes in balances of payments and trade, U.S. and international inflation rates, currency valuations and devaluations, U.S. and international economic events, and changes in the philosophies and emotions of market participants. Because the Fund invests primarily in interests in a single commodity, it is not a diversified investment vehicle, and therefore may be subject to greater volatility than a diversified portfolio of stocks or bonds or a more diversified commodity pool.
 
The Fund is subject to the risks and hazards of the soybean market because it invests in Soybean Interests. The risks and hazards that are inherent in the soybean market may cause the price of soybeans to fluctuate widely. If the changes in percentage terms of the Fund’s Shares accurately track the percentage changes in the Benchmark or the spot price of soybeans, then the price of its Shares will fluctuate accordingly.
 
The price and availability of soybeans is influenced by economic and industry conditions, including but not limited to supply and demand factors such as: crop disease, weed control, water availability, various planting, growing, or harvesting problems. Severe weather conditions such as drought, floods, heavy rains, frost, uncontrolled fires, (including arson), or natural disasters that are difficult to anticipate and which cannot be controlled. Additionally, demand for soybeans is affected by changes in international, national, regional and local economic conditions, challenges in doing business with foreign companies, legal and regulatory restrictions, transportation costs, interruptions in energy supply, currency exchange rate fluctuations, global trade disruption due to outbreaks, political and economic instability as well as demographic trends. The increased production of soybean crops in South America and the rising demand for soybeans in emerging nations such as China and India have increased competition in the soybean market. The supply of soybeans could be reduced by the spread of soybean rust. Soybean rust is a wind-borne fungal disease that attacks soybeans. Although soybean rust can be killed with chemicals, chemical treatment increases production costs for farmers.
 
Soybean production is subject to United States and foreign policies and regulations that materially affect operations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies, incentives, acreage control, and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, can influence the planting of certain crops, the location and size of crop production, the volume and types of imports and exports, and industry profitability. Additionally, soybean production is affected by laws and regulations relating to, but not limited to, the sourcing, transporting, storing and processing of agricultural raw materials as well as the transporting, storing and distributing of related agricultural products. Soybean producers also may need to comply with various environmental laws and regulations, such as those regulating the use of certain pesticides. In addition, international trade disputes can adversely affect agricultural commodity trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions.
 
Because processing soybean oil can create transfats, the demand for soybean oil may decrease due to heightened governmental regulation of trans fats or trans fatty acids. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration currently requires food manufacturers to disclose levels of trans fats contained in their products, and various local governments have enacted or are considering restrictions on the use of trans fats in restaurants. Several food processors have either switched or indicated an intention to switch to oil products with lower levels of trans fats or trans fatty acids.
 
In recent years, there has been increased global interest in the production of biofuels as alternatives to traditional fossil fuels and as a means of promoting energy independence. Soybeans can be converted into biofuels such as biodiesel. Accordingly, the soybean market has become increasingly affected by demand for biofuels and related legislation.
 
The costs related to soybean production could increase and soybean supply could decrease as a result of restrictions on the use of genetically modified soybeans, including requirements to segregate genetically modified soybeans and the products generated from them from other soybean products.
 
Seasonal fluctuations in the price of soybeans may cause risk to an investor because of the possibility that Share prices will be depressed because of the soybean harvest cycle. In the futures market, fluctuations are typically reflected in contracts expiring in the harvest season (i.e., contracts expiring during the fall are typically priced lower than contracts expiring in the winter and spring). Thus, seasonal fluctuations could result in an investor incurring losses upon the sale of Fund Shares, particularly if the investor needs to sell Shares when the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts are, in whole or part, Soybean Futures Contracts expiring in the fall.
 
The CFTC and U.S. designated contract markets have established position limits on the maximum net long or net short futures contracts in commodity interests that any person or group of persons under common trading control (other than as a hedge, which an investment by the Fund is not) may hold, own or control. For example, the current position limit for aggregate investments at any one time in U.S. exchange traded Soybean Futures Contracts, non-U.S. exchange Soybean Futures Contracts, and over the counter soybean swaps are 600 spot month contracts, 15,000 contracts expiring in any other single non-spot month, or 15,000 cumulative totals for all non-spot months. These position limits are fixed ceilings that the Fund would not be able to exceed without specific CFTC authorization.
 
 
All of these limits may potentially cause a tracking error between the price of the Shares and the Benchmark. This may in turn prevent you from being able to effectively use the Fund as a way to hedge against soybean-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest in soybeans.
 
If the Fund encounters position limits or price fluctuation limits for Soybean Futures Contracts on the CBOT, it may then, if permitted under applicable regulatory requirements, purchase Other Soybean Interests and/or Soybean Futures Contracts listed on foreign exchanges. However, the Soybean Futures Contracts available on such foreign exchanges may have different underlying sizes, deliveries, and prices. In addition, the Soybean Futures Contracts available on these exchanges may be subject to their own position limits or similar restrictions. In any case, notwithstanding the potential availability of these instruments in certain circumstances, position limits could force the Fund to limit the number of Creation Baskets that it sells.
 
Risks Specific to the Teucrium Sugar Fund
 
Investors may choose to use the Fund as a means of investing indirectly in sugar, and there are risks involved in such investments. The risks and hazards that are inherent in sugar production may cause the price of sugar to fluctuate widely. Global price movements for sugar are influenced by, among other things: weather conditions, crop failure, production decisions, governmental policies, changing demand, the sugar harvest cycle, and various economic and monetary events. Sugar production is also subject to domestic and foreign regulations that could materially affect operations.
 
As discussed in more detail below price movements for sugar are influenced by, among other things, weather conditions, crop disease, transportation difficulties, various planting, growing and harvesting problems, governmental policies, changing demand, and seasonal fluctuations in supply. More generally, commodity prices may be influenced by economic and monetary events such as changes in interest rates, changes in balances of payments and trade, U.S. and international inflation rates, currency valuations and devaluations, U.S. and international economic events, and changes in the philosophies and emotions of market participants. Because the Fund invests primarily in interests in a single commodity, it is not a diversified investment vehicle, and therefore may be subject to greater volatility than a diversified portfolio of stocks or bonds or a more diversified commodity pool.
 
The Fund is subject to the risks and hazards of the world sugar market because it invests in Sugar Interests. The two primary sources for the production of sugar are sugarcane and sugar beets, both of which are grown in various countries around the world. The risks and hazards that are inherent in the world sugar market may cause the price of sugar to fluctuate widely. If the changes in percentage terms of the Fund’s Shares accurately track the percentage changes in the Benchmark or the spot price of sugar, then the price of its Shares will fluctuate accordingly.
 
The global price and availability of sugar is influenced by economic and industry conditions, including but not limited to supply and demand factors such as: crop disease, weed control, water availability, various planting, growing, or harvesting problems. severe weather conditions such as drought, floods, or frost that are difficult to anticipate and which cannot be controlled, uncontrolled fires, including arson. Additionally, demand for sugar is affected by changes in consumer tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions, challenges in doing business with foreign companies legal and regulatory restrictions, fluctuation of shipping rates, currency exchange rate fluctuations, political and economic instability as well as demographic trends. Global demand for sugar to produce ethanol has also been a significant factor affecting the price of sugar. rising affluence of emerging nations such as China and India have created demand for sugar. An influx of people in developing countries moving from rural to urban areas may create more disposable income to be spent on sugar products and might also reduce sugar production in rural areas on account of worker shortages, all of which would result in upward pressure on sugar prices. On the other hand, public health concerns regarding obesity, heart disease and diabetes, particularly in developed countries, may reduce demand for sugar. Due to the length of time it takes to grow sugarcane and sugar beets and the cost of new facilities for processing these crops, it may not be possible to increase supply quickly or in a cost-effective manner, in order to meet an increase in demand for sugar.
 
Sugar production is subject to United States and foreign policies and regulations that materially affect operations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies, incentives, acreage control, and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, can influence the planting of certain crops, the location and size of crop production, the volume and types of imports and exports, and industry profitability. Many foreign countries subsidize sugar production, resulting in lower prices, but this has led other countries, including the United States, to impose tariffs and import restrictions on sugar imports. Sugar producers also may need to comply with various environmental laws and regulations, such as those regulating the use of certain pesticides.
 
Seasonal fluctuations in the price of sugar may cause risk to an investor because of the possibility that Share prices will be depressed because of the sugar harvest cycle. In the futures market, contracts expiring during the harvest season are typically priced lower than contracts expiring in the winter and spring. While the sugar harvest seasons varies from country to country, prices of Sugar Futures Contracts tend to be lowest in the late spring and early summer and again in early autumn of the Northern Hemisphere, reflecting the varied harvest seasons in Brazil, India, and Thailand the world’s leading producers and exporters of sugarcane. Thus, seasonal fluctuations could result in an investor incurring losses upon the sale of Fund Shares, particularly if the investor needs to sell Shares when the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts are, in whole or part, Sugar Futures Contracts expiring in the Northern Hemisphere’s late spring, early summer, or early autumn.
 
U.S. designated contract markets such as the ICE Futures and the NYMEX have established position limits and accountability levels on the maximum net long or net short Sugar Futures Contracts that any person or group of persons under common trading control may hold, own or control. The CFTC has not currently set position limits for Sugar Futures Contracts, and the ICE Futures and the NYMEX have established position limits only on spot month Sugar No. 11 Futures Contracts. For example, the ICE Futures’ position limit for Sugar No. 11 Futures Contracts is 5,000 spot month contracts, whereas the NYMEX Sugar No. 11 Futures limit is 1,000 spot month contracts, generally applicable only during the last month before expiration. All Sugar Futures Contracts held under the control of the Sponsor, including those held by any future series of the Trust, will be aggregated in determining the application of these position limits. However, because spot month contracts are not Benchmark Component Futures Contracts and the Fund’s roll strategy calls for the sale of all spot month Sugar No.11 Futures Contracts prior to the time the position limits would become applicable, it is unlikely that position limits on Sugar Futures Contracts will come into play.
 
In contrast to position limits, accountability levels are not fixed ceilings, but rather thresholds above which an exchange may exercise greater scrutiny and control over an investor, including by imposing position limits on the investor. For example, the current ICE Futures-established accountability level for investments in Sugar No. 11 Futures Contracts for any one month is 10,000, and the accountability level for all combined months is 15,000. (The current accountability level for Sugar No. 11 Futures Contracts traded on the NYMEX is 9,000 for any one month, and 9,000 for all combined months. Even though accountability levels are not fixed ceilings, the Fund does not intend to invest in Sugar Futures Contracts in excess of any applicable accountability levels.
 
All of these limits may potentially cause a tracking error between the price of the Shares and the Benchmark. This may in turn prevent you from being able to effectively use the Fund as a way to hedge against sugar-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest in sugar.
 
 
If the Fund encounters accountability levels, position limits, or price fluctuation limits for Sugar Futures Contracts on ICE Futures, it may then, if permitted under applicable regulatory requirements, purchase Other Sugar Interests and/or Sugar Futures Contracts listed on the NYMEX or foreign exchanges. However, the Sugar Futures Contracts available on such foreign exchanges may have different underlying sizes, deliveries, and prices. In addition, the Sugar Futures Contracts available on these exchanges may be subject to their own position limits and accountability levels. In any case, notwithstanding the potential availability of these instruments in certain circumstances, position limits could force the Fund to limit the number of Creation Baskets that it sells.
 
Risks Specific to the Teucrium Wheat Fund
 
Investors may choose to use the Fund as a means of investing indirectly in wheat, and there are risks involved in such investments. The risks and hazards that are inherent in wheat production may cause the price of wheat to fluctuate widely. Price movements for wheat are influenced by, among other things: weather conditions, crop failure, production decisions, governmental policies, changing demand, the wheat harvest cycle, and various economic and monetary events. Wheat production is also subject to U.S. federal, state and local regulations that could materially affect operations.
 
As discussed in more detail below, price movements for wheat are influenced by, among other things, weather conditions, crop disease, transportation difficulties, various planting, growing and harvesting problems, governmental policies, changing demand, and seasonal fluctuations in supply. More generally, commodity prices may be influenced by economic and monetary events such as changes in interest rates, changes in balances of payments and trade, U.S. and international inflation rates, currency valuations and devaluations, U.S. and international economic events, and changes in the philosophies and emotions of market participants. Because the Fund invests primarily in interests in a single commodity, it is not a diversified investment vehicle, and therefore may be subject to greater volatility than a diversified portfolio of stocks or bonds or a more diversified commodity pool.
 
The Fund is subject to the risks and hazards of the wheat market because it invests in Wheat Interests. The risks and hazards that are inherent in the wheat market may cause the price of wheat to fluctuate widely. If the changes in percentage terms of the Fund’s Shares accurately track the percentage changes in the Benchmark or the spot price of wheat, then the price of its Shares will fluctuate accordingly.
 
The price and availability of wheat is influenced by economic and industry conditions, including but not limited to supply and demand factors such as: crop disease; weed control; water availability; various planting, growing, or harvesting problems; severe weather conditions such as drought, floods, or frost that are difficult to anticipate and which cannot be controlled. Demand for food products made from wheat flour is affected by changes in consumer tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions, and demographic trends. More specifically, demand for such food products in the United States is relatively unaffected by changes in wheat prices or disposable income but is closely tied to tastes and preferences. For example, in recent years the increase in the popularity of low carbohydrate diets caused the consumption of wheat flour to decrease rapidly before rebounding. Export demand for wheat fluctuates yearly, based largely on crop yields in the importing countries.
 
Wheat production is subject to United States federal, state and local policies and regulations that materially affect operations. Governmental policies affecting the agricultural industry, such as taxes, tariffs, duties, subsidies, incentives, acreage control, and import and export restrictions on agricultural commodities and commodity products, can influence the planting of certain crops, the location and size of crop production, the volume and types of imports and exports, the availability and competitiveness of feedstocks as raw materials, and industry profitability. Additionally, wheat production is affected by laws and regulations relating to, but not limited to, the sourcing, transporting, storing and processing of agricultural raw materials as well as the transporting, storing and distributing of related agricultural products. U.S. wheat producers also must comply with various environmental laws and regulations, such as those regulating the use of certain pesticides, and local laws that regulate the production of genetically modified crops. In addition, international trade disputes can adversely affect agricultural commodity trade flows by limiting or disrupting trade between countries or regions.
 
Seasonal fluctuations in the price of wheat may cause risk to an investor because of the possibility that Share prices will be depressed because of the wheat harvest cycle. In the United States, the market for winter wheat, the type of wheat upon which CBOT Wheat Futures Contracts are based, is at its lowest point, and wheat prices are lowest, shortly before and during the harvest (in the spring or early summer), due to the high supply of wheat in the market. Conversely, winter wheat prices are generally highest in the fall or early winter, when the wheat harvested that year has largely been sold and used. In the futures market, these seasonal fluctuations are typically reflected in contracts expiring in the relevant season (e.g., contracts expiring during the harvest season are typically priced lower than contracts expiring in the fall and early winter). Thus, seasonal fluctuations could result in an investor incurring losses upon the sale of Fund Shares, particularly if the investor needs to sell Shares when the Benchmark Component Futures Contracts are, in whole or part, Wheat Futures Contracts expiring in the spring.
 
Position limits and daily price fluctuation limits set by the CFTC and the exchanges have the potential to cause tracking error, which could cause the price of Shares to substantially vary from the Benchmark and prevent you from being able to effectively use the Fund as a way to hedge against wheat-related losses or as a way to indirectly invest in wheat.
 
The CFTC and U.S. designated contract markets such as the CBOT have established position limits on the maximum net long or net short futures contracts in commodity interests that any person or group of persons under common trading control (other than as a hedge, which an investment by the Fund is not) may hold, own or control. For example, the current position limit for aggregate investments at any one time per exchange in U.S. exchange traded Wheat Futures Contracts, non-U.S. exchange linked Wheat Futures Contracts, and over the counter wheat swaps are 600 spot month contracts, 12,000 contracts expiring in any other single month, or cumulative 12,000 total for all months. These position limits are fixed ceilings that the Fund would not be able to exceed without specific CFTC authorization.
 
If the Fund encounters position limits, accountability levels, or price fluctuation limits for Wheat Futures Contracts on the CBOT, it may then, if permitted under applicable regulatory requirements, purchase Other Wheat Interests and/or Wheat Futures Contracts listed on other U.S. exchanges or on foreign exchanges. However, the Wheat Futures Contracts available on such foreign exchanges may have different underlying sizes, deliveries, and prices. In addition, the Wheat Futures Contracts available on these exchanges may be subject to their own position limits and accountability levels. In any case, notwithstanding the potential availability of these instruments in certain circumstances, position limits could force the Fund to limit the number of Creation Baskets that it sells.
 
 
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
 
There are no unresolved staff comments.
 
Item 2. Properties
 
Not applicable.
 
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
 
Although each of the Funds may, from time to time, be involved in litigation arising out of its operations in the normal course of business or otherwise, none of the Funds is currently a party to any pending material legal proceedings.
 
 
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures
 
Not applicable.

 
PART II
 
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchase of Equity Securities
 
The principal trading market for the shares of CORN, SOYB, CANE, WEAT and TAGS is the NYSE Arca.
 
Price Range of Shares
 
The following tables set forth the range of reported high and low closing prices of the shares for each Fund as reported on the NYSE Arca for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
The following table sets forth the range of reported high and low closing prices of the shares of the Teucrium Corn Fund (symbol “CORN”) as reported on the NYSE Arca:
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2019
$16.40
$15.23
June 30, 2019
$17.41
$14.67
September 30, 2019
$17.25
$14.30
December 31, 2019
$15.43
$14.24
 
 
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2018
$18.10
$16.58
June 30, 2018
$18.48
$16.21
September 30, 2018
$16.98
$15.40
December 31, 2018
$16.62
$15.81
 
The following table sets forth the range of reported high and low closing prices of the shares of the Teucrium Soybean Fund (symbol “SOYB”) as reported on the NYSE Arca:
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2019
$16.72
$15.75
June 30, 2019
$16.15
$14.35
September 30, 2019
$15.89
$14.77
December 31, 2019
$16.00
$14.84
 
 
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2018
$19.45
$17.65
June 30, 2018
$19.12
$16.24
September 30, 2018
$16.86
$15.30
December 31, 2018
$16.82
$15.59
 
 
The following table sets forth the range of reported high and low closing prices of the shares of the Teucrium Sugar Fund (symbol “CANE”) as reported on the NYSE Arca:
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2019
$7.81
$6.90
June 30, 2019
$7.49
$6.79
September 30, 2019
$7.07
$6.30
December 31, 2019
$7.08
$6.44
 
 
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2018
$9.94
$8.27
June 30, 2018
$8.36
$7.42
September 30, 2018
$7.32
$6.50
December 31, 2018
$8.07
$6.84
 
The following table sets forth the range of reported high and low closing prices of the shares of the Teucrium Wheat Fund (symbol “WEAT”) as reported on the NYSE Arca:
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2019
$6.15
$5.03
June 30, 2019
$5.94
$4.88
September 30, 2019
$5.74
$4.90
December 31, 2019
$5.85
$5.24
 
 
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2018
$6.98
$5.88
June 30, 2018
$7.06
$6.15
September 30, 2018
$7.18
$6.07
December 31, 2018
$6.43
$5.93
 
 
The following table sets forth the range of reported high and low closing prices of the shares of the Teucrium Agricultural Fund (symbol “TAGS”) as reported on the NYSE Arca:
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2019
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2019
$20.92
$19.16
June 30, 2019
$20.73
$18.19
September 30, 2019
$20.31
$17.92
December 31, 2019
$19.68
$18.67
 
 
 
Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018
High
Low
Quarter Ended
 
 
March 31, 2018
$24.25
$21.90
June 30, 2018
$25.70
$20.93
September 30, 2018
$21.69
$19.88
December 31, 2018
$21.54
$20.17
 
Change in Net Asset Value per Share
 
The graphs below reflect the change in net asset value (“NAV”) per share for each year during which a Fund has been in operation. For the first year of operation, the graph reflects the change from the NAV per share from the initial price at the commencement of operations to the price on December 31 for that year ended. For all other years, the change is from December 31 of the preceding year to December 31 of that year.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Holders of the Funds
 
The table below sets forth the approximate number of shareholders for each Fund of the Trust as of December 31, 2019.
 
Fund
Approximate Number of Shareholders
CORN
7,163
SOYB
3,512
CANE
1,712
WEAT
4,160
TAGS
148
 
 
Use of Proceeds
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 
Registration Statement on Form S-1
File Number
Registered Common Units
Effective Date
1
333-162033
                                  30,000,000
June 7, 2010
2
333-187463
                                                 -
April 30, 2013
3
333-210010
                                                 -
April 29, 2016
4
333-230626
                                                 -
April 29, 2019
 
From June 9, 2010 (the commencement of operations) through December 31, 2019, 19,875,000 Shares of the Fund were sold at an aggregate offering price of $551,834,792. The Fund paid fees to Foreside Fund Services, LLC for its services to the Fund from June 9, 2010 (the commencement of operations) through December 31, 2019 in an amount equal to $957,233, resulting in net offering proceeds of $550,877,559. The offering proceeds were invested in corn futures contracts and cash and cash equivalents in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective stated in the prospectus.
 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
 
Registration Statement on Form S-1
File Number
Registered Common Units
Effective Date
1
333-167590
                                  10,000,000
June 13, 2011
2
333-196210
                                                 -
June 30, 2014
3
333-217247
                                                 -
May 1, 2017
4
333-223940
                                    5,000,000
April 30, 2018
 
From September 19, 2011 (the commencement of the offering) through December 31, 2019, 5,300,000 Shares of the Fund were sold at an aggregate offering price of $100,029,286. The Fund paid fees to Foreside Fund Services, LLC for its services to the Fund through December 31, 2019 in an amount equal to $142,691, resulting in net offering proceeds of $99,886,595. The offering proceeds were invested in soybean futures contracts and cash and cash equivalents in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective stated in the prospectus.
 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
 
Registration Statement on Form S-1
File Number
Registered Common Units
Effective Date
1
333-167585
                                  10,000,000
June 13, 2011
2
333-196211
                                                 -
June 30, 2014
3
333-217248
                                                 -
May 1, 2017
4
333-223941
                                    5,000,000
April 30, 2018
 
 
From September 19, 2011 (the commencement of the offering) through December 31, 2019, 5,275,000 Shares of the Fund were sold at an aggregate offering price of $50,496,341. The Fund paid fees to Foreside Fund Services, LLC for its services to the Fund through December 31, 2019 in an amount equal to $72,566, resulting in net offering proceeds of $50,423,775. The offering proceeds were invested in sugar futures contracts and cash and cash equivalents in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective stated in the prospectus.
 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
 
Registration Statement on Form S-1
File Number
Registered Common Units
Effective Date
1
333-167591
                                  10,000,000
June 13, 2011
2
333-196209
                                                 -
June 30, 2014
3
333-212481
                                  24,050,000
July 15, 2016
4
333-230623
                                  30,000,000
April 29, 2019
 
From September 19, 2011 (the commencement of the offering) through December 31, 2019, 21,050,000 Shares of the Fund were sold at an aggregate offering price of $181,114,363. The Fund paid fees to Foreside Fund Services, LLC for its services to the Fund through December 31, 2019 in an amount equal to $321,588, resulting in net offering proceeds of $180,792,775. The offering proceeds were invested in wheat futures contracts and cash and cash equivalents in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective stated in the prospectus.
 
Teucrium Agricultural Fund
 
Registration Statement on Form S-1
File Number
Registered Common Units
Effective Date
1
333-173691
                                    5,000,000
Februrary 10, 2012
2
333-201953
                                                 -
April 30, 2015
3
333-223943
                                                 -
April 30, 2018
 
From March 28, 2012 (the commencement of the offering) through December 31, 2019, 375,000 Shares of the Fund were sold at an aggregate offering price of $18,285,685. The Fund paid fees to Foreside Fund Services, LLC for its services to the Fund through December 31, 2019 in an amount equal to $11,095, resulting in net offering proceeds of $18,274,590. The offering proceeds were invested in Shares of the Underlying Funds and cash and cash equivalents in accordance with the Fund’s investment objective stated in the prospectus.
 
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
 
The Sponsor, the Trust or any Fund do not purchase shares directly from shareholders; however, the information below details for the current period, October 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, by month and for the year ended December 31, 2019, the share purchases in connection with the redemption of baskets by Authorized Purchasers.
 
Issuer Purchases of CORN Shares:
 
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 to October 31, 2019
                      325,000
 $ 15.27
N/A
N/A
November 1 to November 30, 2019
                      375,000
 $ 14.72
N/A
N/A
December 1 to December 31, 2019
                      200,000
 $ 14.83
N/A
N/A
Total
                      900,000
 $ 14.94
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January 1 to December 31, 2019
                   1,100,000
 $ 14.98
N/A
N/A
 
 
Issuer Purchases of SOYB Shares:
 
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 to October 31, 2019
                               -
 $ -
N/A
N/A
November 1 to November 30, 2019
                        50,000
 $ 15.20
N/A
N/A
December 1 to December 31, 2019
                               -
 $ -
N/A
N/A
Total
                        50,000
 $ 15.10
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January 1 to December 31, 2019
                      600,000
 $ 15.68
N/A
N/A
 
Issuer Purchases of WEAT Shares:
 
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 to October 31, 2019
                      500,000
 $ 5.54
N/A
N/A
November 1 to November 30, 2019
                      100,000
 $ 5.34
N/A
N/A
December 1 to December 31, 2019
                      125,000
 $ 5.59
N/A
N/A
Total
                      725,000
 $ 5.52
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January 1 to December 31, 2019
                   2,500,000
 $ 5.50
N/A
N/A
 
Issuer Purchases of CANE Shares:
 
Period
Total Number of Shares Purchased
Average Price Paid per Share
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
October 1 to October 31, 2019
                        50,000
 $ 6.42
N/A
N/A
November 1 to November 30, 2019
                               -
 $ -
N/A
N/A
December 1 to December 31, 2019
                        50,000
 $ 7.07
N/A
N/A
Total
                      100,000
 $ 6.74
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January 1 to December 31, 2019
                      575,000
 $ 7.10
N/A
N/A
 
 
Issuer Purchases of TAGS Shares: Nothing to Report
 
Dividends
 
Neither the Trust nor any Fund has made, and there are no plans to make any cash distributions to shareholders.
 
Item 6. Selected Financial Data
 
Financial Highlights for the Teucrium Corn Fund (for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015).
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
Net assets
 $75,220,190 
 $56,379,057 
 $64,901,479 
 $73,213,541 
 $61,056,223 
Net realized and unrealized loss on futures contracts
 $(7,538,742)
 $(2,373,675)
 $(5,984,276)
 $(6,991,162)
 $(14,193,913)
Net loss
 $(8,416,897)
 $(3,413,397)
 $(7,715,090)
 $(9,564,067)
 $(17,183,472)
Weighted-average shares outstanding
  4,882,196 
  4,169,662 
  3,714,045 
  3,598,843 
  3,243,223 
Net loss per share
 $(1.29)
 $(0.64)
 $(2.02)
 $(2.47)
 $(5.38)
Net loss per weighted average share
 $(1.72)
 $(0.82)
 $(2.08)
 $(2.66)
 $(5.30)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $74,521,123 
 $58,910,133 
 $63,139,461 
 $69,072,284 
 $57,110,089 
 
Financial Highlights for the Teucrium Soybean Fund (for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015).
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
Net assets
 $28,135,131 
 $27,942,017 
 $10,264,025 
 $12,882,100 
 $6,502,552 
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on futures contracts
 $304,278 
 $(1,448,225)
 $(785,113)
 $1,507,050 
 $(1,301,212)
Net (loss) income
 $(27,201)
 $(1,764,857)
 $(1,115,780)
 $1,094,528 
 $(1,517,824)
Weighted-average shares outstanding
  1,784,251 
  1,261,579 
  717,607 
  623,023 
  386,237 
Net (loss) income per share
 $(0.35)
 $(1.65)
 $(1.23)
 $1.74 
 $(3.45)
Net (loss) income per weighted average share
 $(0.02)
 $(1.40)
 $(1.55)
 $1.76 
 $(3.93)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $27,874,691 
 $26,774,939 
 $9,942,185 
 $12,300,383 
 $5,937,824 
 
 
Financial Highlights for the Teucrium Sugar Fund (for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015).
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
Net assets
 $12,313,180 
 $10,778,739 
 $6,363,710 
 $5,513,971 
 $5,508,663 
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on futures contracts
 $274,853 
 $(2,245,847)
 $(2,171,724)
 $1,457,243 
 $(411,880)
Net income (loss)
 $148,546 
 $(2,435,786)
 $(2,290,088)
 $1,349,263 
 $(475,806)
Weighted-average shares outstanding
  1,477,196 
  1,620,415 
  674,456 
  507,654 
  373,018 
Net (loss) income per share
 $(0.03)
 $(2.72)
 $(3.18)
 $2.95 
 $(1.81)
Net income (loss) per weighted average share
 $0.10 
 $(1.50)
 $(3.40)
 $2.66 
 $(1.28)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $12,215,795 
 $10,261,941 
 $5,929,275 
 $5,016,531 
 $4,932,791 
 
Financial Highlights for the Teucrium Wheat Fund (for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015).
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
Net assets
 $52,236,196 
 $55,149,873 
 $61,416,019 
 $62,344,759 
 $26,529,260 
Net realized and unrealized income (loss) on futures contracts
 $(569,759)
 $1,112,762 
 $(3,979,575)
 $(11,628,525)
 $(7,200,826)
Net income (loss)
 $(1,091,945)
 $15,244 
 $(5,589,587)
 $(13,111,481)
 $(8,137,705)
Weighted-average shares outstanding
  9,768,840 
  10,111,031 
  9,594,936 
  5,340,851 
  2,470,483 
Net loss per share
 $(0.11)
 $(0.04)
 $(0.90)
 $(2.26)
 $(3.57)
Net loss per weighted average share
 $(0.11)
 $0.00 
 $(0.58)
 $(2.45)
 $(3.29)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
 $51,467,643 
 $63,300,447 
 $58,932,231 
 $58,931,911 
 $24,579,091 
 
 
Financial Highlights for the Teucrium Agricultural Fund (for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, and 2015). 
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
Net assets
 $1,478,780 
 $1,524,760 
 $1,137,639 
 $1,316,370 
 $1,329,390 
Net realized and unrealized loss on securities
 $(43,261)
 $(184,933)
 $(172,534)
 $(6,231)
 $(316,182)
Net loss
 $(45,980)
 $(191,986)
 $(178,731)
 $(13,020)
 $(323,359)
Weighted-average shares outstanding
  75,002 
  68,153 
  50,002 
  50,002 
  50,002 
Net loss per share
 $(0.61)
 $(2.42)
 $(3.58)
 $(0.26)
 $(6.46)
Net loss per weighted average share
 $(0.61)
 $(2.82)
 $(3.57)
 $(0.26)
 $(6.47)
Cash equivalents at end of year
 $2,633 
 $2,862 
 $2,474 
 $2,360 
 $1,815 
 
 
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and the notes thereto of the Teucrium Commodity Trust and all of the Funds which are series of the Trust included elsewhere in the annual report on Form 10-K.
 
This annual report on Form 10-K, including this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. All statements (other than statements of historical fact) included in this filing that address activities, events or developments that will or may occur in the future, including such matters as movements in the commodities markets and indexes that track such movements, operations of the Funds, the Sponsor’s plans and references to the future success of a Fund or the Funds and other similar matters, are forward-looking statements. These statements are only predictions. Actual events or results may differ materially.
 
These statements are based upon certain assumptions and analyses the Sponsor has made based on its perception of historical trends, current conditions and expected future developments, as well as other factors appropriate in the circumstances. Whether or not actual results and developments will conform to the Sponsor’s expectations and predictions, however, is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including the special considerations discussed in this prospectus, general economic, market and business conditions, changes in laws or regulations, including those concerning taxes, made by governmental authorities or regulatory bodies, and other world economic and political developments. Consequently, all the forward looking statements made in this filing are qualified by these cautionary statements, and there can be no assurance that actual results or developments the Sponsor anticipates will be realized or, even if substantially realized, that they will result in the expected consequences to, or have the expected effects on, the operations of the Funds or the value of the Shares of the Funds.
 
Trust Overview
 
The business and operations of the Trust and each Fund are described above under Part I, Item I entitled “Business.”
 
Critical Accounting Policies
 
The Trust’s critical accounting policies for all the Funds are as follows:
 
1.
Preparation of the financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with U.S. generally-accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires the application of appropriate accounting rules and guidance, as well as the use of estimates, and requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenue and expense and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities during the reporting period of the combined financial statements and accompanying notes. The Trust’s application of these policies involves judgments and actual results may differ from the estimates used.
 
2.
The Sponsor has determined that the valuation of Commodity Interests that are not traded on a U.S. or internationally recognized futures exchange (such as swaps and other over the counter contracts) involves a critical accounting policy. The values which are used by the Funds for futures contracts will be provided by the commodity broker who will use market prices when available, while over the counter contracts will be valued based on the present value of estimated future cash flows that would be received from or paid to a third party in settlement of these derivative contracts prior to their delivery date. Values will be determined on a daily basis.
 
 
3.
Commodity futures contracts held by the Funds are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on commodity futures contracts are reflected in the statement of operations as the difference between the original contract amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statement of operations. Interest on cash equivalents and deposits are recognized on the accrual basis. The Funds earn interest on funds held at the custodian or other financial institutions at prevailing market rates for such investments.
 
4.
Cash and cash equivalents are cash held at financial institutions in demand-deposit accounts or highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of three months or less at inception. The Funds reported cash equivalents in the statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short-term maturities. The Funds have a substantial portion of its assets on deposit with banks. Assets deposited with financial institutions may, at times, exceed federally insured limits.
 
5.
The use of fair value to measure financial instruments, with related unrealized gains or losses recognized in earnings in each period is fundamental to the Trust’s financial statements. In accordance with GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
In determining fair value, the Trust uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Trust. Unobservable inputs reflect the Trust’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels: a) Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Trust has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 securities and financial instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these securities and financial instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment, b) Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, and c) Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. See the notes within the financial statements for further information.
 
The Funds and the Trust record their derivative activities at fair value. Gains and losses from derivative contracts are included in the statement of operations. Derivative contracts include futures contracts related to commodity prices. Futures, which are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the CBOT or ICE, or reported on another national market, are generally categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives contracts (such as forward and swap contracts) which may be valued using models, depending on whether significant inputs are observable or unobservable, are categorized in Levels 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
6.
Effective August 21, 2019, the Funds began recognizing brokerage commissions on a per-trade basis. Prior to this date, broker commissions on all open commodity futures contracts were accrued on a full-turn basis.
 
7.
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a very small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in the futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Funds’ clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over the counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out of the money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Funds’ trading, the Funds (and not its shareholders personally) are subject to margin calls.
 
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated, and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions.
 
8.
Due from/to broker for investments in financial instruments are securities transactions pending settlement. The Trust and TAGS are subject to credit risk to the extent any broker with whom it conducts business is unable to fulfill contractual obligations on its behalf. The management of the Trust and the Funds monitors the financial condition of such brokers and does not anticipate any losses from these counterparties. From inception through September 11, 2019 the principal broker through which the Trust and TAGS could execute securities transactions was the Bank of New York Mellon Capital Markets. Effective September 11, 2019, the principal broker through which the Trust and TAGS has the ability to clear securities transactions for TAGS is U.S. Bank.
 
9.
The investment objective of TAGS is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Net Asset Value (“NAV”) of its common units (“Shares”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average (the “Underlying Fund Average”) of the NAVs per share of four other commodity pools that are series of the Trust and are sponsored by the Sponsor: the Teucrium Corn Fund, the Teucrium Wheat Fund, the Teucrium Soybean Fund and the Teucrium Sugar Fund (collectively, the “Underlying Funds”). The Underlying Fund Average will have a weighting of 25% to each Underlying Fund, and the Fund’s assets will be rebalanced, generally on a daily basis, to maintain the approximate 25% allocation to each Underlying Fund. As such, TAGS will buy, sell and hold as part of its normal operations shares of the four Underlying Funds. The Trust excludes the shares of the other series of the Trust owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund from its statements of assets and liabilities. The Trust excludes the net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on securities owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund from its statements of operations. Upon the sale of the Underlying Funds by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund, the Trust includes any realized gain or loss in its statements of changes in net assets.
 
10.
For U.S. federal tax purposes, the Funds will be treated as partnerships. Therefore, the Funds do not record a provision for income taxes because the partners report their share of a Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Funds’ transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes.
 
11.
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Funds in accordance with the objectives and policies of each Fund. The Funds pay for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses for services directly attributable to the Fund such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities, which the Sponsor elected not to outsource. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Teucrium Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity. These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Teucrium Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing certain accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Fund and are included, primarily, in distribution and marketing fees. In addition, the Funds, except for TAGS which has no such fee, are contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.
 
12.
For commercial paper, the Funds use the effective interest method for calculating the actual interest rate in a period based on the amount of a financial instrument's book value at the beginning of the accounting period. Accretion on these investments are recognized on the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and recognized in cash equivalents. All discounts on purchase prices of debt securities are accreted over the life of the respective security.
 
Results of Operations
 
The discussion below addresses the material changes in the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 compared to the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. CORN, SOYB, CANE WEAT and TAGS operated for the entirety of all periods discussed below.
 
Total expenses for the current and comparative periods are presented both gross and net of any expenses waived or paid by the Sponsor that would have been incurred by the Funds (“expenses waived by the Sponsor”). For all expenses waived in 2017, 2018 and 2019, the Sponsor has determined that no reimbursement will be sought in future periods. “Total expenses, net”, which is after the impact of any expenses waived by or reimbursed to the Sponsor, are presented in the same manner as previously reported. There is, therefore, no impact to or change in the net gain or net loss in any period for the Trust and each Fund as a result of this change in presentation.
 
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Fund in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Fund, including services directly attributable to the Fund such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities, which the Sponsor elected not to outsource. In addition, the Funds, except for TAGS which has no such fee, are contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.
 
The Fund generally pays for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”), or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. Each Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity. These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the statements of operations.A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to services provided by the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Funds and are, primarily, included as distribution and marketing fees on the statements of operations. These amounts, for the Trust and for each Fund, are detailed in the notes to the financial statements included in Part II of this filing.
 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund.
 
For the period January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, the Funds, in total, recorded a decrease in expenses, gross and net of any expenses waived by the Sponsor, over what had been recorded in 2018. For the year ending December 31, 2019, total expenses gross of any waived expenses, were $6,268,784, while total expenses, net were $5,942,079. For the year 2018, these were, $7,411,981 and $6,184,551, respectively. For 2017, these were $6,580,718 and $5,551,819, respectively. The decrease in expenses for the period 2019 compared to 2018, gross of any waived expenses, was $1,143,197 which was driven by decreases in: 1) a ($12,725) or 1% decrease in management fees paid to the Sponsor due to lower average net assets; 2) a ($398,540) or 25% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 3) a ($441,260) or 14% decrease in distribution and marketing fees; 4) a ($11,688) or 10% decrease in business permits and licenses; 5) a ($30,363) or 11% decrease in general and administrative expenses; and 6) a ($96,493) or 80% decrease in other expenses. There was a ($153,281) or 79% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. The decrease year over year was marginally offset by a $1,153 increase in custodian fees and expenses. The 15% decrease in operating expenses year over year was generally due to expense controls undertaken by the Sponsor and lower average net assets. Total expenses, net of expenses waived by the Sponsor, decreased by $242,472 for 2019 compared to 2018. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Sponsor waived $326,705 of expenses and no reimbursement to the Sponsor will be sought in any future period for these expenses.
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 
The Teucrium Corn Fund commenced investment operations on June 9, 2010. The investment objective of the Corn Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ NAV reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for corn (“Corn Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”), specifically (1) the second to expire CBOT Corn Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT Corn Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT Corn Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%. On December 31, 2019, the Corn Fund held a total of 3,768 CBOT Corn Futures contracts with a notional value of $75,229,625. Of these, 2,460 contracts had an asset fair value of $1,365,055, while 1,308 contracts had a liability fair value of $581,574. The weighting of the notional value of the contracts was weighted as follows: (1) 35% to the MAY20 contracts, the second to expire CBOT Corn Futures Contract, (2) 30% to JUL20 CBOT contracts, the third to expire CBOT Corn Futures Contract, and (3) 35% to DEC20 CBOT contracts, the CBOT Corn Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third to expire contract.
 
The benchmark for the Fund is the Teucrium Corn Index (TCORN) which is defined as: a weighted average of daily changes in the closing settlement prices of (1) the second to expire Corn Futures Contract traded on the CBOT, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT Corn Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT Corn Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of third to expire contract, weighted 35%. To convert to an index, 100 is set to $25, the opening day price of CORN.
 
The chart below shows the percent change in the NAV per share for the Fund, the market price of the Fund shares, represented by the closing price of the Fund on the NYSE Arca, and TCORN for five specific periods. The Benchmark does not reflect any impact of expenses, which would generally reduce the Fund’s NAV, or interest income, which would generally increase the NAV. The actual results for the NAV include the impacts of both expenses and interest income.
 
Teucrium Corn ETF Performance as of 12/31/2019
 
 
 
Three
Month
 
 
Year
to Date
 
 
3 Year Annualized
 
 
5 Year
Annualized
 
 
Inception Annualized
 
NAV
  -2.64%
  -7.99%
  -7.57%
  -11.05%
  -5.32%
Price
  -2.50%
  -7.79%
  -7.52%
  -11.09%
  -5.33%
Benchmark (TCORN)
  -2.23%
  -6.92%
  -5.95%
  -8.74%
  -1.80%
 
 
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
 
On December 31, 2019, the Fund had 5,075,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $75,220,190. This is in comparison to 3,500,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $56,379,057 on December 31, 2018 and 3,875,004 shares outstanding with net assets of $64,901,479 on December 31, 2017. Shares outstanding increased by 1,575,000 or 45% for the period of 2019 when compared to 2018. This increase year over year was, in the opinion of management, due to the continued low price of corn relative to historical levels and concerns over the U.S. weather during the harvest period. In total, the Fund issued 2,675,000 shares and purchased 1,100,000 shares, in 2019, as part of creation and redemption baskets. For the period 2019 compared to 2017, there was an increase in shares outstanding of 1,200,000 or 31%. In total, in 2018, the Fund issued 1,525,000 shares and purchased 1,900,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets.
 
 
Total net assets for the Fund were $75,220,190 on December 31, 2019, compared to $56,379,057 on December 31, 2018 and $64,901,479 on December 31, 2017. The Net Asset Values (“NAV”) per share related to these balances were $14.82, $16.11, and $16.75, respectively. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2018, there was an increase in total net assets of 33%, driven by a combination of an increase in the number of shares outstanding of 1,575,000 or 45% and a decrease in the NAV per share of ($1.29) or 8%. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2017, there was an increase in total net assets of 16%, driven by a combination of an increase in the number of shares outstanding of 1,200,000 or 31% and a change in the NAV per share which decreased by ($1.93) or 12%. The closing prices per share for 2019, 2018 and 2017, as reported by the NYSE Arca, were $14.80, $16.05, and $16.77, respectively. The change from December 31, 2019 over prior years was an 8% decrease from 2018 and a 12% decrease from 2017.
 
The graph below shows the actual shares outstanding, total net assets (or AUM) and net asset value per share (NAV per share) for the Fund from inception to December 31, 2019 and serves to illustrate the relative changes of these components.
 
 
The total loss for the year ended December 31, 2019 was ($5,695,311) resulting primarily from the net change in realized loss on commodity futures contracts totaling ($9,512,148), and by a net change in unrealized appreciation of commodity futures contracts of $1,973,406. Total loss was ($892,853) in 2018, and ($5,205,716) in 2017. Realized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of 1) the change in the price of the particular contracts sold as part of a “roll” in contracts as the nearest to expire contracts are exchanged for the appropriate contact given the investment objective of the fund, 2) the change in the price of particular contracts sold in relation to redemption of shares, 3) the gain or loss associated with rebalancing trades which are made to ensure conformance to the benchmark and 4) the number of contracts held and then sold for either circumstance aforementioned. Unrealized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of the change in the price of contracts held on the final date of the period versus the purchase price for each contract and the number of contracts held in each contract month. The Sponsor has a static benchmark as described above and trades futures contracts to adhere to that benchmark and to adjust for the creation or redemption of shares.
 
Interest income and other income for year ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, was $1,843,431, $1,480,822, and $778,560. This increase year-over-year was partially the result of the Sponsor investing, at times, a portion of the available cash for the Fund in alternative demand deposit savings accounts with more attractive overnight deposit rates. The Fund also invests in investment grade commercial paper with maturities of ninety days or less, these investments provide a higher rate than money market products offered in the past. Effective February 1, 2019, the Fund began investing a portion of the cash held at the broker for initial margin in short-term U.S. Treasury Securities. Interest rates paid on cash balances of the Fund increased beginning March 2017 and continued to increase through June 2019. These higher levels of interest rates declined in the second half of 2019 and are projected to remain stable at the current levels through 2020.
 
Total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses”) for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $2,737,225; $2,801,361 and $2,918,936 respectively. This represents a ($64,136) or 2% decrease for 2019 over 2018 and a ($181,711) or 6% decrease for 2019 over 2017. The decrease for 2019 over 2018 was driven by: 1) a ($18,908) or 4% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; and 2) a ($15,610) or 1% decrease in distribution and marketing fees; 3) a ($2,511) or 11% decrease in business permits and licenses; 4) a ($5,172) or 5% decrease in general and administrative expenses; 5) a ($32,716) or 75% decrease in other expenses. There was a ($72,297) or 79% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. These decreases were partially offset by 1) a $54,191 or 8% increase in management fee paid to the Sponsor as a result of higher average net assets and 2) a $28,887 or 23% increase in custodian fees and expenses. The decreases in operating expenses were generally due to expense controls undertaken by the Sponsor.
 
The decrease for 2019 over 2017 was driven by: 1) a ($112,188) or 18% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 2) a ($28,547) or 2% decrease distribution and marketing fees; 3) a ($5,101) or 20% decrease in business permits and licenses; 4) a ($22,458) or 18% decrease in general and administrative expenses; and 5) a ($30,383) or 73% decrease in other expenses. The decreases were partially offset by 1) a $75,521 or 11% increase in the management fee paid to the Sponsor as a result of higher average net assets: and 2) a $2,377 or a 2% increase in custodian fees and expenses. The decreases in operating expenses were due to expense controls undertaken by the Sponsor and lower average net asset balance relative to the other Funds. There was a ($60,932) or 76% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. The total expense ratio gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor for these years was 3.61% in 2019, 3.98% in 2018, and 4.28% in 2017. The management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1% of the Fund’s daily average net assets.
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Fund or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Sponsor waived fees of $15,639; the Sponsor has determined that no reimbursement will be sought in future periods for those expenses which have been waived for the year. The Sponsor permanently waived $280,817 of expenses in 2018 and $409,562 in 2017.
 
Total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor and reimbursement to the Sponsor for previously waived expenses (“Total expenses, net”) for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $2,721,586, $2,520,544, and $2,509,374 respectively. The total expense ratio net of expenses waived by the Sponsor periods was 3.59% in 2019, 3.58% in 2018, 3.68% in 2017. Net investment loss, which includes the impact of expenses and interest income, was 1.16% in 2019, 1.48% in 2018, and 2.54% in 2017.
 
Other than the management fee to the Sponsor and the brokerage commissions, most of the expenses incurred by the Fund are associated with the day-to-day operation of the Fund and the necessary functions related to regulatory compliance. These are generally based on contracts, which extend for some period of time and up to one year, or commitments regardless of the level of assets under management. The structure of the Fund and the nature of the expenses are such that as total net assets grow, there is a scalability of expenses that may allow the total expense ratio to be reduced. However, if total net assets for the Fund fall, the total expense ratio of the Fund will increase unless additional reductions are made by the Sponsor to the daily expense accrual. The Sponsor can elect to adjust the daily expense accruals at its discretion based on market conditions and other Fund considerations.
 
Net cash (used in) provided by the Fund’s operating activities during the year was ($11,647,040) in 2019, $879,697 in 2018, and ($5,335,851) in 2017. In 2019, proceeds from the sale of shares were $43,738,918, representing 2,675,000 shares while payments for redemptions were $16,480,888 representing 1,100,000 shares. In 2018, proceeds from the sale of shares were $26,460,193 representing 1,525,000 shares while payments for redemptions were $31,569,218, representing 1,900,000 shares. In 2017, proceeds from the sale of shares were $25,173,968, representing 1,325,000 shares while payments for redemptions were $25,770,940, representing 1,350,000 shares.
 
The seasonality patterns for corn futures prices are impacted by a variety of factors. These include, but are not limited to, the harvest in the fall, the planting conditions in the spring, and the weather throughout the critical germination and growing periods. Prices for corn futures are affected by the availability and demand for substitute agricultural commodities, including soybeans and wheat, and the demand for corn as an additive for fuel, through the production of ethanol. The price of corn futures contracts is also influenced by global economic conditions, including the demand for exports to other countries. Such factors will impact the performance of the Fund and the results of operations on an ongoing basis. The Sponsor cannot predict the impact of such factors.
 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
 
The Teucrium Soybean Fund commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011. The investment objective of the Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for soybeans (“Soybean Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”). Except as described in the following paragraph, the three Soybean Futures Contracts will be: (1) second to expire CBOT Soybean Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT Soybean Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT Soybean Futures Contract expiring in the November following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%, except the CBOT soybean futures contracts expiring in August and September will not be part of the Teucrium Soybean Fund’s Benchmark because of the less liquid market for these Futures Contracts. On December 31, 2019, the Fund held a total of 582 CBOT soybean futures contracts with a notional value of $28,153,488. Of these, 582 contracts had an asset fair value of $931,896. The weighting of the notional value of the contracts was weighted as follows: (1) 35% to MAR20 CBOT contracts, (2) 30% to MAY20 CBOT contracts, and (3) 35% to NOV20 CBOT contracts.
 
The benchmark for the Fund is the Teucrium Soybean Index (TSOYB) which is defined as: a weighted average of daily changes in the closing settlement prices of (1) second to expire CBOT Soybean Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT Soybean Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT Soybean Futures Contract expiring in the November following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%, except the CBOT soybean futures contracts expiring in August and September will not be part of the Teucrium Soybean Fund’s Benchmark because of the less liquid market for these Futures Contracts. During the period when the Excluded Contracts are the second to expire and third to expire Soybean Futures Contract, the fourth-to-expire and fifth-to-expire Soybean Futures Contracts will take the place of the second to expire and third to expire Soybean Futures Contracts, respectively, as Benchmark Component Futures Contracts. Similarly, when the August Contract is the third to expire Soybean Futures Contract, the fifth-to-expire Soybean Futures Contract will take the place of the August Contract as a Benchmark Component Futures Contract, and when the September Contract is the second to expire Soybean Futures Contract, the third to expire and fourth-to-expire Soybean Futures Contracts will be Benchmark Component Futures Contracts. To convert to an index, 100 is set to $25, the opening day price of SOYB.
 
The chart below shows the percent change in the NAV per share for the Fund, the market price of the Fund shares, represented by the closing price of the Fund on the NYSE Arca, and TSOYB for five specific periods. The Benchmark does not reflect any impact of expenses, which would generally reduce the Fund’s NAV, or interest income, which would generally increase the NAV. The actual results for the NAV include the impacts of both expenses and interest income.
 
Teucrium Soybean ETF Performance as of 12/31/2019
 
 
 
Three
Month
 
 
Year
to Date
 
 
3 Year Annualized
 
 
5 Year
Annualized
 
 
Inception Annualized
 
NAV
  2.21%
  -2.15%
  -6.00%
  -5.28%
  -5.35%
Price
  2.06%
  -2.16%
  -6.06%
  -5.28%
  -5.36%
Benchmark (TSOYB)
  2.59%
  -0.97%
  -4.30%
  -3.01%
  -1.50%
 
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
 
On December 31, 2019, the Fund had 1,775,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $28,135,131. This is in comparison to 1,725,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $27,942,017 on December 31, 2018 and 575,004 shares outstanding with net assets of $10,264,025 on December 31, 2017. Shares outstanding increased by 50,000 or 3% for the period of 2019 when compared to 2018. This increase was, in the opinion of management, due to the continued growth in China's soybean imports during the period reported. In total, the Fund issued 650,000 shares and purchased 600,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets in 2019. For the period 2019 compared to 2017, there was an increase in shares outstanding of 1,200,000 or 209%. In total, the Fund issued 1,575,000 shares and purchased 425,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets, in 2018.
 
Total net assets for the Fund were $28,135,131 on December 31, 2019, compared to $27,942,017 on December 31, 2018 and $10,264,025 on December 31, 2017. The Net Asset Values (“NAV”) per share related to these balances were $15.85, $16.20, and $17.85 respectively. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2018, there was an increase in total net assets of 1%, which was driven by a combination of an increase in total shares outstanding of 3% and a decrease in the NAV per share of ($0.35) or 2%. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2017, there was an increase in total net assets of 174%, which was driven by a combination of an increase in the number of shares outstanding of 209% and a decrease in the NAV per share of ($2.00) or 11%. The closing prices per share for 2019, 2018, and 2017, as reported by the NYSE Arca, were $15.83, $16.18, and $17.88, respectively. The change from December 31, 2019 over prior years was a 2% decrease from 2018 and a 11% decrease from 2017.
 
 
The graph below shows the actual shares outstanding, total net assets (or AUM) and net asset value per share (NAV per share) for the Fund from inception to December 31, 2019 and serves to illustrate the relative changes of these components.
 
 
Total income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $981,441 resulting from the net change in realized loss on commodity futures contracts totaling ($438,468) and a change in unrealized appreciation on commodity futures contracts of 742,746. Total loss was ($988,055) in 2018 and ($632,168) in 2017. Realized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of 1) the change in the price of the particular contracts sold as part of a “roll” in contracts as the nearest to expire contracts are exchanged for the appropriate contact given the investment objective of the fund, 2) the change in the price of particular contracts sold in relation to redemption of shares, 3) the gain or loss associated with rebalancing trades which are made to ensure conformance to the benchmark and 4) the number of contracts held and then sold for either circumstance aforementioned. Unrealized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of the change in the price of contracts held on the final date of the period versus the purchase price for each contract and the number of contracts held in each contract month. The Sponsor has a static benchmark as described above and trades futures contracts to adhere to that benchmark and to adjust for the creation or redemption of shares.
 
 
Interest income and other income for year ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, was $677,163, $460,170, and $152,945. This increase year-over-year was partially the result of the Sponsor investing, at times, a portion of the available cash for the Fund in alternative demand deposit savings accounts with more attractive overnight deposit rates. The Fund also invests in investment grade commercial paper with maturities of ninety days or less, these investments provide a higher rate than money market products offered in the past. Effective February 1, 2019, the Fund began investing a portion of the cash held at the broker for initial margin in short-term U.S. Treasury Securities. Interest rates paid on cash balances of the Fund increased beginning March 2017 and continued to increase through June 2019. These higher levels of interest rates declined in the second half of 2019 and are projected to remain stable at the current levels through 2020.
 
Total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses”) for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $1,104,945; $1,171,393 and $610,101 respectively. This represents a ($66,448) or 6% decrease for 2019 over 2018 and a $494,844 or 81% increase for 2019 over 2017. The decrease for 2019 over 2018 was driven by: 1) a ($78,038) or 29% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 2) a ($24,162) or 5% decrease in distribution and marketing expenses; 3) a ($10,601) or 35% decrease in business permits and licenses; and 4) a ($18,892) or 87% decrease in other expenses. There was also a ($11,587) or 73% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. These decreases were partially offset by increases in 1) a $65,865 or 31% increase in management fee paid to the Sponsor due to higher average net assets; 2) a $5,230 or 9% increase in custodian fees and expenses; and 3) a $5,737 or 13% increase in general and administrative expenses. The increases year over year were generally due to higher average net assets.
 
The increase for 2019 over 2017 was driven by increases in: 1) a $145,094 or 109% increase in management fee paid to the Sponsor due to higher average net assets; 2) a $14,493 or 8% increase in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 3) a $282,260 or 134% increase in distribution and marketing expenses; 4) a $38,000 or 135% increase in custodian fees and expenses; 5) a $2,073 or 12% increase in business permits and licenses; and 6) a $24,070 or 99% increase in general and administrative expenses. These increases were partially offset by 1) a (6,877) or 71% decrease in other expenses and a ($4,269) or 50% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. The increases year over year were generally due to higher average net assets relative to other funds. The total expense ratio gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor for these years was 3.97% in 2019, 5.52% in 2018, and 4.59% in 2017. The management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1% of the Fund’s daily average net assets.
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Fund or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Sponsor waived fees of $96,303; the Sponsor has determined that no reimbursement will be sought in future periods for those expenses which have been waived for the year. The Sponsor permanently waived $394,591 of expenses in 2018 and $126,489 in 2017.
 
Total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses, net”) for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $1,008,642, $776,802, and $483,612 respectively. The total expense ratio net of expenses waived by the Sponsor was 3.63% in 2019, 3.66% in 2018, and 3.63% in 2017. Net investment loss, which includes the impact of expenses and interest income, was 1.20% in 2019, 1.49% in 2018, and 2.48% in 2017.
 
Other than the management fee to the Sponsor and the brokerage commissions, most of the expenses incurred by the Fund are associated with the day-to-day operation of the Fund and the necessary functions related to regulatory compliance. These are generally based on contracts, which extend for some period of time and up to one year, or commitments regardless of the level of assets under management. The structure of the Fund and the nature of the expenses are such that as total net assets grow, there is a scalability of expenses that may allow the total expense ratio to be reduced. However, if total net assets for the Fund fall, the total expense ratio of the Fund will increase unless additional reductions are made by the Sponsor to the daily expense accrual. The Sponsor can elect to adjust the daily expense accruals at its discretion based on market conditions and other Fund considerations.
 
Net cash provided by the Fund’s operating activities during 2019 was $879,437. Net cash used in operating activities by the Fund was ($2,610,095) in 2018 and $933,519 in 2017. In 2019, proceeds from the sale of shares were $9,627,010 representing 650,000 shares while payments for the redemption of shares were $9,406,695 representing 600,000 shares. In 2018, $26,403,162 representing 1,575,000 shares while payments for the redemption of shares were $6,960,313 representing 425,000 shares. In 2017, proceeds from the sale of shares were $20,374,923 representing 1,100,000 shares while payments for the redemption of shares were $21,877,218 representing 1,200,000 shares.
 
The seasonality patterns for soybean futures prices are impacted by a variety of factors. These include, but are not limited to, the harvest in the fall, the planting conditions in the spring, and the weather throughout the critical germination and growing periods. Prices for soybean futures are affected by the availability and demand for substitute agricultural commodities, including corn and wheat. The price of soybean futures contracts is also influenced by global economic conditions, including the demand for exports to other countries. Such factors will impact the performance of the Fund and the results of operations on an ongoing basis. The Sponsor cannot predict the impact of such factors.
 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
 
The Teucrium Sugar Fund commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011. The investment objective of the Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for sugar (“Sugar Futures Contracts”) that are traded on ICE Futures US (“ICE Futures”), specifically: (1) the second to expire Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract (a “Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract”), weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract expiring in the March following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%. On December 31, 2019, the Fund held a total of 793 ICE sugar futures contracts with a notional value of $12,310,211. Of these, 793 had an asset fair value of $347,429. The weighting of the notional value of the contracts was weighted as follows: (1) 35% to the MAY20 ICE No 11 contracts, (2) 30% to the JUL20 ICE No 11 contracts, and (3) 35% to the MAR21 ICE No 11 contracts.
 
The benchmark for the Fund is the Teucrium Sugar Index (TCANE) which is defined as: a weighted average of daily changes in the closing settlement prices (1) the second to expire Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract (a “Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract”), weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract expiring in the March following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%. To convert to an index, 100 is set to $25, the opening day price of CANE.
 
The chart below shows the percent change in the NAV per share for the Fund, the market price of the Fund shares, represented by the closing price of the Fund on the NYSE Arca, and TCANE for five specific periods. The Benchmark does not reflect any impact of expenses, which would generally reduce the Fund’s NAV, or interest income, which would generally increase the NAV. The actual results for the NAV include the impacts of both expenses and interest income.
 
Teucrium Sugar ETF Performance as of 12/31/2019
 
 
 
Three
Month
 
 
Year
to Date
 
 
3 Year Annualized
 
 
5 Year
Annualized
 
 
Inception Annualized
 
NAV
  5.83%
  -0.45%
  -18.45%
  -9.87%
  -14.18%
Price
  5.25%
  -0.97%
  -18.56%
  -9.99%
  -14.20%
Benchmark (TCANE)
  6.28%
  0.88%
  -17.13%
  -8.27%
  -11.77%
 
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
 
On December 31, 2019, the Fund had 1,750,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $12,313,180. This is in comparison to 1,525,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $10,778,739 on December 31, 2018 and 650,004 shares outstanding with net assets of $6,363,710 on December 31, 2017. Shares outstanding increased by 225,000 or 15% for the period of 2019 when compared to 2018. This increase was, in the opinion of management, due to the low price of sugar and record world demand relative to recent years, which accelerated investor interest. In 2019, the Fund issued 800,000 shares and purchased 575,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets. In 2018, the Fund issued 2,450,000 shares and purchased 1,575,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets. For the period 2019 compared to 2017, there was an increase in shares outstanding of 1,100,000 or 169%. In 2017, the Fund issued 925,000 shares and purchased 700,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets.
 
Total net assets for the Fund were $12,313,180 on December 31, 2019, compared to $10,778,739 on December 31, 2018 and $6,363,710 on December 31, 2017. The Net Asset Values (“NAV”) per share related to these balances were $7.04, $7.07, and $9.79 respectively. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2018, there was an increase in total net assets of 14%, driven by a combination of an increase in total shares outstanding of 15% and by a change in the NAV per share which decreased by ($0.03). When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2017, there was an increase in total net assets of 93%, driven by a combination of an increase in total shares outstanding of 169% and by a decrease in the NAV per share of ($2.75) or 28%. The closing prices per share for 2019, 2018 and 2017, as reported by the NYSE Arca, were $7.02, $7.09, and $9.78 respectively. The change from December 31, 2019 over prior years was a 1% decrease from 2018 and a 28% decrease from 2017.
 
 
The graph below shows the actual shares outstanding, total net assets (or AUM) and net asset value per share (NAV per share) for the Fund from inception to December 31, 2019 and serves to illustrate the relative changes of these components.
 
 
Total income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $515,487 resulting primarily from the realized gain on commodity futures contracts totaling $113,747 and a gain generated by the net change in unrealized appreciation on commodity futures contracts of $161,106. Total loss was ($1,996,430) in 2018 and ($2,092,835) in 2017. Realized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of 1) the change in the price of the particular contracts sold as part of a “roll” in contracts as the nearest to expire contracts are exchanged for the appropriate contact given the investment objective of the fund, 2) the change in the price of particular contracts sold in relation to redemption of shares, 3) the gain or loss associated with rebalancing trades which are made to ensure conformance to the benchmark and 4) the number of contracts held and then sold for either circumstance aforementioned. Unrealized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of the change in the price of contracts held on the final date of the period versus the purchase price for each contract and the number of contracts held in each contract month. The Sponsor has a static benchmark as described above and trades futures contracts to adhere to that benchmark and to adjust for the creation or redemption of shares.
 
 
Interest income and other income for year ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, was $240,634, $249,417, and $78,889. The decrease from 2019 over 2018, was due to lower average net assets. The increase over prior years was partially the result of the Sponsor investing, at times, a portion of the available cash for the Fund in alternative demand deposit savings accounts with more attractive overnight deposit rates. The Fund also invests in investment grade commercial paper with maturities of ninety days or less, these investments provide a higher rate than money market products offered in the past. Effective February 1, 2019, the Fund began investing a portion of the cash held at the broker for initial margin in short-term U.S. Treasury Securities. Interest rates paid on cash balances of the Fund increased beginning March 2017 and continued to increase through June 2019. These higher levels of interest rates declined in the second half of 2019 and are projected to remain stable at the current levels through 2020.
 
Total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses”) for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $538,687; $708,276 and $326,587 respectively. This represents a ($169,589) or 24% decrease for 2019 over 2018 and a $212,100 or 65% increase for 2019 over 2017. The decrease for 2019 over 2018 was driven by: 1) a ($19,038) or 16% decrease in management fee paid to the Sponsor due to lower average net assets; 2) a ($69,723) or 37% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 3) a ($37,964) or 14% decrease in distribution and marketing expenses; 4) a ($3,966) or 12% decrease in custodian fees and expenses; 5) a ($10,082) or 34% decrease in business permits and licenses; 6) a ($9,319) or 81% decrease in other expenses. There was also a ($20,559) or 86% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. These decreases were marginally offset by an increase of $1,062 or 4% in general and administrative expenses. The decreases year over year were generally due to lower average net assets relative to the other Funds.
 
The increase for 2019 over 2017 was driven by increases of 1) a $32,398 or 46% increase in management fee paid to the Sponsor due to higher average net assets; 2) a $53,096 or 84% increase in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 3) a $112,917 or 90% increase in distribution and marketing expenses; 4) a $10,897 or 57% increase in custodian fees and expenses; 5) a $1,865 or 11% increase in business permits and licenses; and 6) a $10,778 or 74% increase in general and administrative expenses. These increases were partially offset by decreases in 1) a ($2,797) or 57% decrease in other expenses and a ($7,054) or 67% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. The increase in expenses year over year were generally due to higher average net assets. The total expense ratio gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor for these years was 5.22% in 2019, 5.80% in 2018, and 4.62% in 2017. The management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1% of the Fund’s daily average net assets.
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Fund or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Sponsor waived fees of $171,746; the Sponsor has determined that no reimbursement will be sought in future periods for those expenses which have been waived for the year. The Sponsor permanently waived $268,920 of expenses in 2018 and $129,334 in 2017.
 
Total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses, net”) for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $366,941, $439,356, and $197,253, respectively. The total expense ratio net of expenses waived by the Sponsor periods was 3.56% in 2019, 3.60% in 2018, and 2.79% in 2017. Net investment loss, which includes the impact of expenses and interest income, was 1.23% in 2019, 1.56% in 2018, and 1.68% in 2017.
 
Other than the management fee to the Sponsor and the brokerage commissions, most of the expenses incurred by the Fund are associated with the day-to-day operation of the Fund and the necessary functions related to regulatory compliance. These are generally based on contracts, which extend for some period of time and up to one year, or commitments regardless of the level of assets under management. The structure of the Fund and the nature of the expenses are such that as total net assets grow, there is a scalability of expenses that may allow the total expense ratio to be reduced. However, if total net assets for the Fund fall, the total expense ratio of the Fund will increase unless additional reductions are made by the Sponsor to the daily expense accrual. The Sponsor can elect to adjust the daily expense accruals at its discretion based on market conditions and other Fund considerations.
 
Net cash provided by the Fund’s operating activities during the 2019 was $567,959. Net cash used in operating activities by the Fund was ($2,518,149) in 2018 and ($2,301,151) in 2017. In 2019, proceeds from the sale of shares were $5,467,420 representing 800,000 shares while payments for the redemption of shares were $4,081,525 representing 575,000 shares. In 2018, proceeds from the sale of shares were $18,588,300 representing 2,450,000 shares while payments for the redemption of shares were $11,737,485 representing 1,575,000 shares. In 2017, proceeds from the sale of shares was $10,190,950 representing 925,000 while payments for the redemption of shares were $7,051,123 representing 700,000 shares.
 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
 
The Teucrium Wheat Fund commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011. The investment objective of the Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for wheat (“Wheat Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”), specifically: (1) the second to expire CBOT Wheat Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT Wheat Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT Wheat Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%. On December 31, 2019, the Fund held a total of 1,840 CBOT wheat futures contracts with a notional value of $52,236,850. The contracts had an asset fair value of $5,068,476. The weighting of the notional value of the contracts was weighted as follows: (1) 35% to MAY20 CBOT contracts, (2) 30% to JUL20 CBOT contracts, and (3) 35% to DEC20 CBOT contracts.
 
The benchmark for the Fund is the Teucrium Wheat Index (TWEAT) which is defined as: a weighted average of daily changes in the closing settlement prices of (1) the second to expire Wheat Futures Contract traded on the CBOT, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT Wheat Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT Wheat Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of third to expire contract, weighted 35%. To convert to an index, 100 is set to $25, the opening day price of WEAT.
 
The chart below shows the percent change in the NAV per share for the Fund, the market price of the Fund shares, represented by the closing price of the Fund on the NYSE Arca, and TWEAT for five specific periods. The Benchmark does not reflect any impact of expenses, which would generally reduce the Fund’s NAV, or interest income, which would generally increase the NAV. The actual results for the NAV include the impacts of both expenses and interest income.
 
Teucrium Wheat ETF Performance as of 12/31/2019
 
 
 
Three
Month
 
 
Year
to Date
 
 
3 Year Annualized
 
 
5 Year
Annualized
 
 
Inception Annualized
 
NAV
  9.86%
  -1.84%
  -5.38%
  -14.43%
  -16.09%
Price
  10.38%
  -1.35%
  -5.26%
  -14.41%
  -16.07%
Benchmark (TWEAT)
  10.18%
  -0.82%
  -3.72%
  -12.26%
  -12.59%
 
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
 
On December 31, 2019, the Fund had 8,950,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $52,236,196. This is in comparison to 9,275,004 shares outstanding and net assets of $55,149,873 on December 31, 2018 and 10,250,004 shares outstanding with net assets of $61,416,019 on December 31, 2017. Shares outstanding decreased by 325,000 or 4% for the period of 2019 when compared to 2018. This decrease was, in the opinion of management, due to larger projected U.S. supply, reduced domestic use and higher ending stocks. In 2019, the Fund issued 2,175,000 shares and purchased 2,500,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets. In 2018, the Fund issued 2,000,000 shares and purchased 2,975,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets. For the period 2019 compared to 2017, there was a decrease in shares outstanding of 1,300,000 shares or 13%. In 2017, the Fund issued 5,375,000 shares and purchased 4,175,000 shares as part of creation and redemption baskets.
 
Total net assets for the Fund were $52,236,196 on December 31, 2019, compared to $55,149,873 on December 31, 2018 and $61,416,019 on December 31, 2017. The Net Asset Values (“NAV”) per share related to these balances were $5.84, $5.95, and $5.99 respectively. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2018, the net assets decreased by 5%, which was driven by a decrease in the number of shares outstanding of 4%. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2017, there was a decrease in total net assets of 15%, driven by a combination of a decrease in total shares outstanding of 13% and a decrease in the NAV per share of ($0.15) or 3%. The closing prices per share for 2019, 2018 and 2017, as reported by the NYSE Arca, were $5.85, $5.93, and $6.00, respectively. The change from December 31, 2019 over prior years was a 1% decrease from 2018 and a 3% decrease from 2017.
 
 
The graph below shows the actual shares outstanding, total net assets (or AUM) and net asset value per share (NAV per share) for the Fund from inception to December 31, 2019 and serves to illustrate the relative changes of these components.
 
 
The total income for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $750,183 resulting primarily from the net change in realized loss on commodity futures contracts totaling ($9,623,635), and by a net change in unrealized appreciation of commodity futures contracts of $9,053,876. Total income (loss) was $2,455,989 in 2018, and ($3,234,218) in 2017. Realized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of 1) the change in the price of the particular contracts sold as part of a “roll” in contracts as the nearest to expire contracts are exchanged for the appropriate contact given the investment objective of the fund, 2) the change in the price of particular contracts sold in relation to redemption of shares, 3) the gain or loss associated with rebalancing trades which are made to ensure conformance to the benchmark and 4) the number of contracts held and then sold for either circumstance aforementioned. Unrealized gain or loss on trading of commodity futures contracts is a function of the change in the price of contracts held on the final date of the period versus the purchase price for each contract and the number of contracts held in each contract month. The Sponsor has a static benchmark as described above and trades futures contracts to adhere to that benchmark and to adjust for the creation or redemption of shares.
 
Interest income and other income for year ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017, respectively, was $1,319,942, $1,343,227, and $745,357. The decrease from 2019 over 2018, was due to lower average net assets. The increase over prior years was partially the result of the Sponsor investing, at times, a portion of the available cash for the Fund in alternative demand deposit savings accounts with more attractive overnight deposit rates. The Fund also invests in investment grade commercial paper with maturities of ninety days or less, these investments provide a higher rate than money market products offered in the past. Effective February 1, 2019, the Fund began investing a portion of the cash held at the broker for initial margin in short-term U.S. Treasury Securities. Interest rates paid on cash balances of the Fund increased beginning March 2017 and continued to increase through June 2019. These higher levels of interest rates declined in the second half of 2019 and are projected to remain stable at the current levels through 2020.
 
 
Total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses”) for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $1,844,628; $2,675,481 and $2,678,613 respectively. This represents a ($830,853) or 31% decrease for 2019 over 2018 and a ($833,985) or 31% decrease for 2019 over 2017. The decrease for 2019 over 2018 was driven by: 1) a ($113,743) or 18% decrease in management fee paid to the Sponsor due to lower average net assets; 2) a ($225,542) or 39% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 3) a ($359,648) or 33% decrease in distribution and marketing expenses; 4) a ($28,603) or 23% decrease in custodian fees and expenses;5) a ($31,407) or 30% decrease in general and administrative expenses; and 6) a ($34,786) or 81% decrease in other expenses. There was also a ($48,838) or 77% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. These decreases were offset by a $11,714 or 56% increase in business permits and licenses. The decreases in operating expenses were generally due to expense controls undertaken by the Sponsor and lower average net assets relative to the other Funds.
 
The decrease for 2019 over 2017 was driven by: 1) a ($119,357) or 18% decrease in management fee paid to the Sponsor due to lower average net assets; 2) a ($236,192) or 40% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 3) a ($335,233) or 31% decrease in distribution and marketing expenses; 4) a ($46,124) or 32% decrease in custodian fees and expenses; 5) a ($34,922) or 33% decrease in general and administrative expenses;and 6) a ($29,218) or 78% decrease in other expenses. There was also a ($44,679) or 75% decrease in brokerage commissions due to a change in accounting policy, see Critical Accounting Policies for a discussion of this change and Part II for a breakdown of brokerage commissions paid during the period. The decreases in operating expenses were due to expense controls undertaken by the Sponsor and lower average net assets relative to the other Funds. The total expense ratio gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor for these years was 3.45% in 2019, 4.13% in 2018, and 4.09% in 2017. The management fee is calculated at an annual rate of 1% of the Fund’s daily average net assets.
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Fund or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Sponsor waived fees of $2,500; the Sponsor has determined that no reimbursement will be sought in future periods for those expenses which have been waived for the year. The Sponsor permanently waived $234,736 of expenses in 2018 and $323,244 in 2017.
 
Total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor and reimbursement to the Sponsor for previously waived expenses (“Total expenses, net”) for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $1,842,128, $2,440,745, and $2,355,369 respectively. The total expense ratio net of expenses waived by the Sponsor periods was 3.44% in 2019, 3.76% in 2018, and 3.60% in 2017. Net investment loss, which includes the impact of expenses and interest income, was 0.97% in 2019, 1.69% in 2018, and 2.46% in 2017.
 
Other than the management fee to the Sponsor and the brokerage commissions, most of the expenses incurred by the Fund are associated with the day-to-day operation of the Fund and the necessary functions related to regulatory compliance. These are generally based on contracts, which extend for some period of time and up to one year, or commitments regardless of the level of assets under management. The structure of the Fund and the nature of the expenses are such that as total net assets grow, there is a scalability of expenses that may allow the total expense ratio to be reduced. However, if total net assets for the Fund fall, the total expense ratio of the Fund will increase unless additional reductions are made by the Sponsor to the daily expense accrual. The Sponsor can elect to adjust the daily expense accruals at its discretion based on market conditions and other Fund considerations.
 
Net cash (used in) provided by the Fund’s operating activities during the period was ($10,011,072) in 2019, $10,649,606 in 2018 and ($4,660,527) in 2017. In 2019, proceeds from the sale of shares were $11,940,413 representing 2,175,000 shares while payments for redemption of shares were $13,762,145 representing 2,500,000 shares. In 2018, proceeds from the sale of shares were $12,997,590 representing 2,000,000 shares while payments for redemption of shares were $19,278,980 representing 2,975,000 shares. In 2017, proceeds from the sale of shares were $35,809,657 representing 5,375,000 shares while payments for the redemption of shares were $31,148,810 representing 4,175,000 shares.
 
The seasonality patterns for wheat futures prices are impacted by a variety of factors. These include, but are not limited to, the harvest in the fall, the planting conditions in the spring, and the weather throughout the critical germination and growing periods. Prices for wheat futures are affected by the availability and demand for substitute agricultural commodities, including corn and soybeans. The price of wheat futures contracts is also influenced by global economic conditions, including the demand for exports to other countries. Such factors will impact the performance of the Fund and the results of operations on an ongoing basis. The Sponsor cannot predict the impact of such factors.
 
Teucrium Agricultural Fund
 
The Teucrium Agricultural Fund commenced operation on March 28, 2012. On April 22, 2011, an initial registration statement was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On February 10, 2012, the Fund’s initial registration of 5,000,000 shares on Form S-1 was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On March 28, 2012, the Fund listed its shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol “TAGS.” On the business day prior to that, the Fund issued 300,000 shares in exchange for $15,000,000 at the Fund’s initial NAV of $50 per share. The Fund also commenced investment operations on March 28, 2012 by purchasing shares of the Underlying Funds. On December 31, 2011, the Fund had two shares outstanding, which were owned by the Sponsor.
 
The investment objective of the Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Net Asset Value (“NAV”) of its common units (“Shares”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average (the “Underlying Fund Average”) of the NAVs per share of four other commodity pools that are series of the Trust and are sponsored by the Sponsor: the Teucrium Corn Fund (“CORN”), the Teucrium Wheat Fund (“WEAT”), the Teucrium Soybean Fund (“SOYB”) and the Teucrium Sugar Fund (“CANE”) (collectively, the “Underlying Funds”). The Underlying Fund Average will have a weighting of 25% to each Underlying Fund, and the Fund’s assets will be rebalanced, generally on a daily basis, to maintain the approximate 25% allocation to each Underlying Fund. The Fund does not intend to invest directly in futures contracts (“Futures Contracts”), although it reserves the right to do so in the future, including if an Underlying Fund ceases operation.
 
 
The investment objective of each Underlying Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ NAV reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for certain Futures Contracts for the commodity specified in the Underlying Fund’s name. (This weighted average is referred to herein as the Underlying Fund’s “Benchmark,” the Futures Contracts that at any given time make up an Underlying Fund’s Benchmark are referred to herein as the Underlying Fund’s “Benchmark Component Futures Contracts,” and the commodity specified in the Underlying Fund’s name is referred to herein as its “Specified Commodity.”) Specifically, the Teucrium Corn Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second to expire Futures Contract for corn traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”), weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT corn Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT corn Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%. The Teucrium Wheat Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second to expire CBOT wheat Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT wheat Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT wheat Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%. The Teucrium Soybean Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second to expire CBOT soybean Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire CBOT soybean Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT soybean Futures Contract expiring in the November following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%, except that CBOT soybean Futures Contracts expiring in August and September will not be part of the Teucrium Soybean Fund’s Benchmark because of the less liquid market for these Futures Contracts. The Teucrium Sugar Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second to expire Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract traded on ICE Futures US (“ICE Futures”), weighted 35%, (2) the third to expire ICE Futures Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the ICE Futures Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract expiring in the March following the expiration month of the third to expire contract, weighted 35%.
 
On December 31, 2019, the Fund held: 1) 24,308 shares of CORN with a fair value of $360,286; 2) 63,637 shares of WEAT with a fair value of $371,411; 3) 23,431 shares of SOYB with a fair value of $371,397; and 4) 53,124 shares of CANE with a fair value of $373,786. The weighting on December 31, 2019 was 25% to CORN, 25% to WEAT, 25% to SOYB and 25% to CANE.
 
The benchmark for the Fund is the Teucrium Agricultural Index (TTAGS) which is defined as: a weighted average of the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ NAV reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average (the “Underlying Fund Average”) of the NAVs per share of four other commodity pools that are series of the Trust and are sponsored by the Sponsor: the Teucrium Corn Fund, the Teucrium Wheat Fund, the Teucrium Soybean Fund and the Teucrium Sugar Fund (collectively, the “Underlying Funds”). The Fund seeks to achieve its investment objective by investing under normal market conditions in the publicly-traded shares of each Underlying Fund so that the Underlying Fund Average will have a weighting of 25% to each Underlying Fund, and the Fund’s assets will be rebalanced, generally on a daily basis, to maintain the approximate 25% allocation to each Underlying Fund. To convert to an index, 100 is set to $50 the opening day price of TAGS.
 
The chart below shows the percent change in the NAV per share for the Fund, the market price of the Fund shares, represented by the closing price of the Fund on the NYSE Arca, and TTAGS for five periods. The Benchmark does not reflect any impact of expenses, which would generally reduce the Fund’s NAV, or interest income, which would generally increase the NAV. The actual results for the NAV include the impacts of both expenses and interest income.
 
Teucrium Agricultural ETF Performance as of 12/31/2019
 
 
 
Three
 Month
 
 
Year
to Date
 
 
3 Year Annualized
 
 
5 Year
Annualized
 
 
Inception Annualized
 
NAV
  3.75%
  -3.02%
  -9.19%
  -9.82%
  -11.29%
Price
  3.52%
  -4.55%
  -8.62%
  -9.93%
  -11.36%
Benchmark (TTAGS)
  3.85%
  -2.40%
  -8.72%
  -9.31%
  -10.79%
 
For the Year Ended December 31, 2019 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
 
On December 31, 2019, the Fund had 75,002 shares outstanding and 75,002 for the same period in 2018 and 50,002 in 2017 respectively. The net assets of the Fund were $1,478,780 in 2019, $1,524,760 in 2018, and $1,137,639 in 2017. There were no shares issued or redeemed in 2019. In 2018, the Fund issued 25,000 shares as part of creation baskets and there were no shares issued or redeemed in 2017. Effective August 2, 2012 through April 9, 2018, the Fund was at 50,002 shares outstanding which represents a minimum number of shares and there could be no further redemptions until additional shares are created.
 
Total net assets for the Fund were $1,478,780 on December 31, 2019, compared to $1,524,760 on December 31, 2018 and $1,137,639 on December 31, 2017. The Net Asset Values (“NAV”) per share related to these balances were $19.72, $20.33, and $22.75 respectively. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2018, there was a decrease in total net assets of 3%, which was driven by a change in the NAV per share which decreased by ($0.61) or 3%. When comparing December 31, 2019 with 2017, there was an increase in total net assets of 30%, which was driven by a combination of a change in the NAV per share which decreased by ($3.03) or 13% and an increase in the number of shares outstanding of 50%. The closing prices per share for 2019, 2018 and 2017, as reported by the NYSE Arca, were $19.60, $20.53, and $22.10, respectively. The change from December 31, 2019 over prior years was a 5% decrease from 2018 and 11% decrease from 2017.
 
 
The graph below shows the actual shares outstanding, total net assets (or AUM) and net asset value per share (NAV per share) for the Fund from inception to December 31, 2019 and serves to illustrate the relative changes of these components.
 
 
Total loss for 2019 was ($43,198) resulting from the realized loss on the securities of the Underlying Funds totaling ($109,378) and a gain generated by the unrealized appreciation on the securities of the Underlying Funds of $66,117. Total loss for the period in 2018 and 2017 was ($184,882) and ($172,520), respectively. Realized gain or loss on the securities of the Underlying Funds is a function of 1) the change in the price of particular contracts sold in relation to redemption of shares, and 2) the gain or loss associated with rebalancing trades which are made to ensure conformance to the benchmark. Unrealized gain or loss on the securities of the Underlying Funds is a function of the change in the price of shares held on the final date of the period versus the purchase price for each and the number held. The Sponsor has a static benchmark as described above and trades futures contracts to adhere to that benchmark and to adjust for the creation or redemption of shares.
 
Total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses”) for 2019, 2018, and 2017 were $43,299; $55,470 and $46,481 respectively. This represents a $12,171 or 22% decrease for 2019 over 2018 and a $3,182 or 7% decrease for 2019 over 2017. The decrease for 2019 over 2018 was driven by decreases in all expense categories, specifically: 1) a ($6,329) or 38% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 2) a ($3,876) or 18% decrease in distribution and marketing expenses; 3) a ($395) or 15% decrease in custodian fees and expenses; 4) a ($208) or 2% decrease in business permits and licenses; 5) a ($583) or 28% decrease in general and administrative expenses; and 6) a ($780) or 94% decrease in other expenses. The decreases year over year were generally due to lower average net assets relative to other funds.
 
The slight decrease for 2019 over 2017 was driven by decreases in: 1) a ($4,795) or 32% decrease in professional fees related to auditing, legal and tax preparation fees; 2) a ($165) or 1% decrease in business permits and licenses; 3) a ($248) or 14% decrease in general and administrative expenses; and 4) a ($571) or 91% decrease in other expenses. These decreases were partially offset by increases in 1) a $2,528 or 17% increase in distribution and marketing expenses: and 2) a $69 or 3% increase in custodian fees and expenses. The total expense ratio gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor for these years was 2.96% in 2019, 3.77% in 2018, and 3.74% in 2017.
 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Fund. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. For the year ended December 31, 2019, the Sponsor waived fees of $40,517; the Sponsor has determined that no reimbursement will be sought in future periods for those expenses which have been waived for the year. The Sponsor permanently waived $48,366 of expenses in 2018 and $40,270 of expenses in 2017.
 
Total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor (“Total expenses, net”) for 2019, 2018 and 2017 were $2,782, $7,104, and $6,211 respectively. The total expense ratio net of expenses waived by the Sponsor for these periods was 0.19% in 2019, 0.48% in 2018, and 0.50% in 2017.
 
Other than the brokerage commissions, most of the expenses incurred by the Fund are associated with the day-to-day operation of the Fund and the necessary functions related to regulatory compliance. These are generally based on contracts, which extend for some period of time and up to one year, or commitments regardless of the level of assets under management. The structure of the Fund and the nature of the expenses are such that as total net assets grow, there is a scalability of expenses that may allow the net expense ratio to be reduced. As the Sponsor has initiated a percentage based daily expense accrual for the Fund, even if total net assets for the Fund fall, the total expense ratio of the Fund will not increase. The Sponsor can elect to adjust the daily expense accruals at its discretion based on market conditions and other Fund considerations.
 
Net cash (used in) provided by the Fund’s operating activities during the period was ($229) in 2019, ($578,719) in 2018, and $114 in 2017. There were no proceeds from creation baskets or payments for redemption baskets in 2019 and 2017. In 2018, proceeds from the sale of shares were $579,107 representing 25,000 shares and there were no payments for redemption baskets.
 
Benchmark Performance
 
Investing in Commodity Interests subjects the Funds to the risks of the underlying commodity market, and this could result in substantial fluctuations in the price of each Fund’s Shares. Unlike mutual funds, the Funds generally will not distribute dividends to Shareholders. Investors may choose to use the Funds as a means of investing indirectly in the underlying commodity, and there are risks involved in such investments. Investors may choose to use the Funds as vehicles to hedge against the risk of loss, and there are risks involved in hedging activities.
 
During the period from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019, the average daily change in the NAV of each Fund was within plus/minus 10 percent of the average daily change in the Benchmark of the Fund, as stated in the prospectus for each Fund.
 
Frequency Distribution of Premiums and Discounts
 
Description
 
The frequency distribution charts below present information about the difference between the daily market price for Shares of each Fund and the Fund’s reported Net Asset Value per share. The amount that a Fund’s market price is above the reported NAV is called the premium. The amount that a Fund’s market price is below the reported NAV is called the discount. The market price is determined using the midpoint between the highest bid and the lowest offer on the listing exchange, as of the time that a Fund’s NAV is calculated (usually 4:00 p.m., (EST)). The chart shows the premium or discount expressed in basis points and the number of trading days in which a Fund traded within the premium/discount range indicated. The charts are also available on the website for each Fund on a quarterly basis.
 
*A unit that is equal to 1/100th of 1% and is used to denote the change in a financial instrument.
 
 
NEITHER THE PAST PERFORMANCE OF A FUND NOR THE PRIOR INDEX LEVELS AND CHANGES, POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE, SHOULD BE TAKEN AS AN INDICATION OF THE FUND’S FUTURE PERFORMANCE
 
 
The performance data above for the Teucrium Corn Fund represents past performance. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Investment return and value of the Fund’s Shares will fluctuate so that an investor’s Shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Performance may be lower or higher than performance data quoted.
 
 
 
The performance data above for the Teucrium Soybean Fund represents past performance. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Investment return and value of the Fund’s Shares will fluctuate so that an investor’s Shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Performance may be lower or higher than performance data quoted.
 
 
 
The performance data above for the Teucrium Sugar Fund represents past performance. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Investment return and value of the Fund’s Shares will fluctuate so that an investor’s Shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Performance may be lower or higher than performance data quoted.
 
 
 
The performance data above for the Teucrium Wheat Fund represents past performance. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Investment return and value of the Fund’s Shares will fluctuate so that an investor’s Shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Performance may be lower or higher than performance data quoted.
 
 
The performance data above for the Teucrium Agricultural Fund represents past performance. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. Investment return and value of the Fund’s Shares will fluctuate so that an investor’s Shares, when sold, may be worth more or less than their original cost. Performance may be lower or higher than performance data quoted.
 
 
Off Balance Sheet Financing
 
As of December 31, 2019, neither the Trust nor any of the Funds has any loan guarantees, credit support or other off-balance sheet arrangements of any kind other than agreements entered into in the normal course of business, which may include indemnification provisions relating to certain risks service providers undertake in performing services which are in the best interests of the Funds. While the exposure of each Fund under these indemnification provisions cannot be estimated, they are not expected to have a material impact on the financial positions of each Fund.
 
Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
The Funds do not anticipate making use of borrowings or other lines of credit to meet their obligations. The Funds meet their liquidity needs in the normal course of business from the proceeds of the sale of their investments from the cash, cash equivalents and/or the Treasuries Securities that they intend to hold, and/or from the fee waivers provided by the Sponsor. The Funds’ liquidity needs include redeeming their shares, providing margin deposits for existing Futures Contracts or the purchase of additional Futures Contracts, posting collateral for over the counter Commodity Interests, and paying expenses.
 
The Funds generate cash primarily from (i) the sale of Creation Baskets and (ii) interest earned on cash and cash equivalents. Generally, all of the net assets of the Funds are allocated to trading in Commodity Interests. Most of the assets of the Funds are held in cash and/or cash equivalents. The percentage that such assets bear to the total net assets will vary from period to period as the market values of the Commodity Interests change. Interest earned on interest-bearing assets of a Fund are paid to that Fund.
 
The investments of a Fund in Commodity Interests are subject to periods of illiquidity because of market conditions, regulatory considerations and other reasons. For example, U.S. futures exchanges limit the fluctuations in the prices of certain Futures Contracts during a single day by regulations referred to as “daily limits.” During a single day, no trades may be executed at prices beyond the daily limit. Once the price of such a Futures Contract has increased or decreased by an amount equal to the daily limit, positions in the contracts can neither be taken nor liquidated unless the traders are willing to effect trades at or within the limit. Such market conditions could prevent the Fund from promptly liquidating a position in Futures Contracts.
 
Market Risk
 
Trading in Commodity Interests such as Futures Contracts will involve the Funds entering into contractual commitments to purchase or sell specific amounts of commodities at a specified date in the future. The gross or face amount of the contracts is expected to significantly exceed the future cash requirements of each Fund as each Fund intends to close out any open positions prior to the contractual expiration date. As a result, each Fund’s market risk is the risk of loss arising from the decline in value of the contracts, not from the need to make delivery under the contracts. The Funds consider the “fair value” of derivative instruments to be the unrealized gain or loss on the contracts. The market risk associated with the commitment by the Funds to purchase a specific commodity will be limited to the aggregate face amount of the contacts held.
 
The exposure of the Funds to market risk will depend on a number of factors including the markets for the specific commodity, the volatility of interest rates and foreign exchange rates, the liquidity of the Commodity Specific Interests markets and the relationships among the contracts held by each Fund.
 
Credit Risk
 
When any of the Funds enter into Commodity Interests, it will be exposed to the credit risk that the counterparty will not be able to meet its obligations. For purposes of credit risk, the counterparty for the Futures Contracts traded on the CBOT and ICE is the clearinghouse associated with those exchanges. In general, clearinghouses are backed by their members who may be required to share in the financial burden resulting from the nonperformance of one of their members, which should significantly reduce credit risk. Some foreign exchanges are not backed by their clearinghouse members but may be backed by a consortium of banks or other financial institutions. Unlike in the case of exchange traded futures contracts, the counterparty to an over the counter Commodity Interest contract is generally a single bank or other financial institution. As a result, there will be greater counterparty credit risk in over the counter transactions. There can be no assurance that any counterparty, clearinghouse, or their financial backers will satisfy their obligations to any of the Funds.
 
The Funds may engage in off exchange transactions broadly called an “exchange for risk” transaction, also referred to as an “exchange for swap.” For purposes of the Dodd-Frank Act and related CFTC rules, an “exchange for risk” transaction is treated as a “swap.” An “exchange for risk” transaction, sometimes referred to as an “exchange for swap” or “exchange of futures for risk,” is a privately negotiated and simultaneous exchange of a futures contract position for a swap or other over the counter instrument on the corresponding commodity. An exchange for risk transaction can be used by the Funds as a technique to avoid taking physical delivery of a commodity futures contract, corn for example, in that a counterparty will take the Fund’s position in a Corn Futures Contract into its own account in exchange for a swap that does not by its terms call for physical delivery. The Funds will become subject to the credit risk of a counterparty when it acquires an over the counter position in an exchange for risk transaction. The Fund may use an “exchange for risk” transaction in connection with the creation and redemption of shares. These transactions must be carried out only in accordance with the rules of the applicable exchange where the futures contracts trade.
 
The Sponsor will attempt to manage the credit risk of each Fund by following certain trading limitations and policies. In particular, each Fund intends to post margin and collateral and/or hold liquid assets that will be equal to approximately the face amount of the Interests it holds. The Sponsor will implement procedures that will include, but will not be limited to, executing and clearing trades and entering into over the counter transactions only with parties it deems creditworthy and/or requiring the posting of collateral by such parties for the benefit of each Fund to limit its credit exposure.
 
The CEA requires all FCMs, such as the Funds’ clearing brokers, to meet and maintain specified fitness and financial requirements, to segregate customer funds from proprietary funds and account separately for all customers’ funds and positions, and to maintain specified books and records open to inspection by the staff of the CFTC. The CFTC has similar authority over introducing brokers, or persons who solicit or accept orders for commodity interest trades but who do not accept margin deposits for the execution of trades. The CEA authorizes the CFTC to regulate trading by FCMs and by their officers and directors, permits the CFTC to require action by exchanges in the event of market emergencies, and establishes an administrative procedure under which customers may institute complaints for damages arising from alleged violations of the CEA. The CEA also gives the states powers to enforce its provisions and the regulations of the CFTC.
 
On November 14, 2013, the CFTC published final regulations that require enhanced customer protections, risk management programs, internal monitoring and controls, capital and liquidity standards, customer disclosures and auditing and examination programs for FCMs. The rules are intended to afford greater assurances to market participants that customer segregated funds and secured amounts are protected, customers are provided with appropriate notice of the risks of futures trading and of the FCMs with which they may choose to do business, FCMs are monitoring and managing risks in a robust manner, the capital and liquidity of FCMs are strengthened to safeguard the continued operations and the auditing and examination programs of the CFTC and the self-regulatory organizations are monitoring the activities of FCMs in a thorough manner.
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets Inc. (“ED&F Man”) is the Funds’ FCM and the clearing broker to execute and clear the Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services.
 
The Funds, other than TAGS, will generally retain cash positions of approximately 95% of total net assets; this balance represents the total net assets less the initial margin requirements held by the FCM. These cash assets are either: 1) deposited by the Sponsor in demand deposit accounts of financial institutions which are deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment level quality, 2) held in a money-market fund which is deemed to be a cash equivalent under the most recent SEC definition, or 3) held in a cash equivalent with a maturity of 90 days or less that is deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment level quality.
 
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risks
 
Trading in Commodity Interests such as Futures Contracts will involve the Funds entering into contractual commitments to purchase or sell specific amounts of commodities at a specified date in the future. The gross or face amount of the contracts is expected to significantly exceed the future cash requirements of each Fund as each Fund intends to close out any open positions prior to the contractual expiration date. As a result, each Fund’s market risk is the risk of loss arising from the decline in value of the contracts, not from the need to make delivery under the contracts. The Funds consider the “fair value” of derivative instruments to be the unrealized gain or loss on the contracts. The market risk associated with the commitment by the Funds to purchase a specific commodity will be limited to the aggregate face amount of the contacts held.
 
The exposure of the Funds to market risk will depend primarily on the market price of the specific commodities held by the Fund. The market price of the commodities depends in part on the volatility of interest rates and foreign exchange rates and the liquidity of the commodity specific markets. TAGS is subject to the risks of the commodity specific futures contracts of the Underlying Funds as the fair value of its holdings is based on the NAV of each of the Underlying Funds, each of which is directly impacted by the factors discussed above.
 
The tables below present a quantitative analysis of hypothetical impact of price decreases and increases in each of the commodity futures contracts held by each of the Funds, or the Underlying Funds in the case of TAGS, on the actual holdings and NAV per share as of December 31, 2019. For purposes of this analysis, all futures contracts held by the Funds and the Underlying Funds are assumed to change by the same percentage. In addition, the cash held by the Funds and any management fees paid to the Sponsor are assumed to remain constant and not impact the NAV per share. There may be very slight and immaterial differences, due to rounding, in the tables presented below.
 
 
Quantitative Risk Analysis
 
CORN:
 
December 31, 2019 as Reported
10% Decrease
15% Decrease
20% Decrease
10% Increase
15% Increase
20% Increase
Holdings as of December 31, 2019
Number of Contracts Held
Closing Price
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
CBOT Corn Futures MAY20
1,334
 $ 3.9475
 $ 26,329,825
 $ 23,696,843
 $ 22,380,351
 $ 21,063,860
 $ 28,962,808
 $ 30,279,299
 $ 31,595,790
CBOT Corn Futures JUL20
1,126
 $ 4.0100
 $ 22,576,300
 $ 20,318,670
 $ 19,189,855
 $ 18,061,040
 $ 24,833,930
 $ 25,962,745
 $ 27,091,560
CBOT Corn Futures DEC20
1,308
 $ 4.0250
 $ 26,323,500
 $ 23,691,150
 $ 22,374,975
 $ 21,058,800
 $ 28,955,850
 $ 30,272,025
 $ 31,588,200
     Total CBOT Corn Futures
 
 
 $ 75,229,625
 $ 67,706,663
 $ 63,945,181
 $ 60,183,700
 $ 82,752,588
 $ 86,514,069
 $ 90,275,550
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares outstanding
 
 
5,075,004
5,075,004
5,075,004
5,075,004
5,075,004
5,075,004
5,075,004
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Asset Value per Share attributable directly to CBOT Corn Futures
 
 
 $ 14.82
 $ 13.34
 $ 12.60
 $ 11.86
 $ 16.31
 $ 17.05
 $ 17.79
Total Net Asset Value per Share as reported
 
 
 $ 14.82
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
 $ (1.48)
 $ (2.22)
 $ (2.96)
 $ 1.48
 $ 2.22
 $ 2.96
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
-10.00%
-15.00%
-20.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
 
SOYB:
 
December 31, 2019 as Reported
10% Decrease
15% Decrease
20% Decrease
10% Increase
15% Increase
20% Increase
Holdings as of December 31, 2019
Number of Contracts Held
Closing Price
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
CBOT Soybean Futures MAR20
207
 $ 9.5550
 $ 9,889,425
 $ 8,900,483
 $ 8,406,011
 $ 7,911,540
 $ 10,878,368
 $ 11,372,839
 $ 11,867,310
CBOT Soybean Futures MAY20
175
 $ 9.6875
 $ 8,476,563
 $ 7,628,906
 $ 7,205,078
 $ 6,781,250
 $ 9,324,219
 $ 9,748,047
 $ 10,171,875
CBOT Soybean Futures NOV20
200
 $ 9.7875
 $ 9,787,500
 $ 8,808,750
 $ 8,319,375
 $ 7,830,000
 $ 10,766,250
 $ 11,255,625
 $ 11,745,000
     Total CBOT Soybean Futures
 
 
 $ 28,153,488
 $ 25,338,139
 $ 23,930,464
 $ 22,522,790
 $ 30,968,837
 $ 32,376,511
 $ 33,784,185
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares outstanding
 
 
1,775,004
1,775,004
1,775,004
1,775,004
1,775,004
1,775,004
1,775,004
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Asset Value per Share attributable directly to CBOT Soybean Futures
 
 
 $ 15.86
 $ 14.27
 $ 13.48
 $ 12.69
 $ 17.45
 $ 18.24
 $ 19.03
Total Net Asset Value per Share as reported
 
 
 $ 15.85
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
 $ (1.59)
 $ (2.38)
 $ (3.17)
 $ 1.59
 $ 2.38
 $ 3.17
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
-10.01%
-15.01%
-20.01%
10.01%
15.01%
20.01%
 
 
CANE:
 
December 31, 2019 as Reported
10% Decrease
15% Decrease
20% Decrease
10% Increase
15% Increase
20% Increase
Holdings as of December 31, 2019
Number of Contracts Held
Closing Price
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
ICE #11 Sugar Futures MAY20
284
 $ 0.1354
 $ 4,306,803
 $ 3,876,123
 $ 3,660,783
 $ 3,445,443
 $ 4,737,484
 $ 4,952,824
 $ 5,168,164
ICE #11 Sugar Futures JUL20
241
 $ 0.1366
 $ 3,687,107
 $ 3,318,396
 $ 3,134,041
 $ 2,949,686
 $ 4,055,818
 $ 4,240,173
 $ 4,424,529
ICE #11 Sugar Futures MAR21
268
 $ 0.1438
 $ 4,316,301
 $ 3,884,671
 $ 3,668,856
 $ 3,453,041
 $ 4,747,931
 $ 4,963,746
 $ 5,179,561
     Total ICE #11 Sugar Futures
 
 
 $ 12,310,211
 $ 11,079,190
 $ 10,463,680
 $ 9,848,170
 $ 13,541,233
 $ 14,156,743
 $ 14,772,254
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares outstanding
 
 
1,750,004
1,750,004
1,750,004
1,750,004
1,750,004
1,750,004
1,750,004
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Asset Value per Share attributable directly to ICE #11 Sugar Futures
 
 
 $ 7.03
 $ 6.33
 $ 5.98
 $ 5.63
 $ 7.74
 $ 8.09
 $ 8.44
Total Net Asset Value per Share as reported
 
 
 $ 7.04
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
 $ (0.70)
 $ (1.06)
 $ (1.41)
 $ 0.70
 $ 1.06
 $ 1.41
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
-10.00%
-15.00%
-20.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
 
WEAT:
 
December 31, 2019 as Reported
10% Decrease
15% Decrease
20% Decrease
10% Increase
15% Increase
20% Increase
Holdings as of December 31, 2019
Number of Contracts Held
Closing Price
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
Notional Amount
CBOT Wheat Futures MAY20
650
 $ 5.6175
 $ 18,256,875
 $ 16,431,188
 $ 15,518,344
 $ 14,605,500
 $ 20,082,563
 $ 20,995,406
 $ 21,908,250
CBOT Wheat Futures JUL20
556
 $ 5.6350
 $ 15,665,300
 $ 14,098,770
 $ 13,315,505
 $ 12,532,240
 $ 17,231,830
 $ 18,015,095
 $ 18,798,360
CBOT Wheat Futures DEC20
634
 $ 5.7775
 $ 18,314,675
 $ 16,483,208
 $ 15,567,474
 $ 14,651,740
 $ 20,146,143
 $ 21,061,876
 $ 21,977,610
     Total CBOT Wheat Futures
 
 
 $ 52,236,850
 $ 47,013,166
 $ 44,401,323
 $ 41,789,480
 $ 57,460,536
 $ 60,072,377
 $ 62,684,220
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares outstanding
 
 
8,950,004
8,950,004
8,950,004
8,950,004
8,950,004
8,950,004
8,950,004
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Asset Value per Share attributable directly to CBOT Wheat Futures
 
 
 $ 5.84
 $ 5.25
 $ 4.96
 $ 4.67
 $ 6.42
 $ 6.71
 $ 7.00
Total Net Asset Value per Share as reported
 
 
 $ 5.84
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
 $ (0.58)
 $ (0.88)
 $ (1.17)
 $ 0.58
 $ 0.88
 $ 1.17
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
-9.99%
-14.99%
-19.99%
9.99%
14.99%
19.99%
 
 
TAGS:
 
December 31, 2019 as Reported
10% Decrease
15% Decrease
20% Decrease
10% Increase
15% Increase
20% Increase
Holdings as of December 31, 2019
Number of Shares Held
Closing NAV
Fair Value
Fair Value
Fair Value
Fair Value
Fair Value
Fair Value
Fair Value
Teucrium Corn Fund
24,308
 $ 14.8200
 $ 360,286
 $ 324,257
 $ 306,243
 $ 288,229
 $ 396,315
 $ 414,329
 $ 432,343
Teucrium Soybean Fund
23,431
 $ 15.8500
 $ 371,397
 $ 334,257
 $ 315,687
 $ 297,118
 $ 408,537
 $ 427,107
 $ 445,676
Teucrium Sugar Fund
53,124
 $ 7.0400
 $ 373,786
 $ 336,407
 $ 317,718
 $ 299,029
 $ 411,165
 $ 429,854
 $ 448,543
Teucrium Wheat Fund
63,637
 $ 5.8400
 $ 371,411
 $ 334,270
 $ 315,699
 $ 297,129
 $ 408,552
 $ 427,123
 $ 445,693
     Total value of shares of the Underlying Funds
 
 
 $ 1,476,880
 $ 1,329,191
 $ 1,255,347
 $ 1,181,505
 $ 1,624,569
 $ 1,698,413
 $ 1,772,255
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares outstanding
 
 
75,002
75,002
75,002
75,002
75,002
75,002
75,002
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Asset Value per Share attributable directly to shares of the Underlying Funds
 
 
 $ 19.69
 $ 17.72
 $ 16.74
 $ 15.75
 $ 21.66
 $ 22.64
 $ 23.63
Total Net Asset Value per Share as reported
 
 
 $ 19.72
 
 
 
 
 
 
Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
 $ (1.97)
 $ (2.95)
 $ (3.94)
 $ 1.97
 $ 2.95
 $ 3.94
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Percent Change in the Net Asset Value per Share
 
 
 
-9.99%
-14.98%
-19.97%
9.99%
14.98%
19.97%
 
Qualitative Risk Analysis
 
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a very small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in the futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Funds’ clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over the counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Funds’ trading, the Funds (and not their shareholders personally) are subject to margin calls.
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated, and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions.
 
 
The Dodd-Frank Act requires the CFTC, the SEC and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Farm Credit System and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (collectively, the “Prudential Regulators”) to establish “both initial and variation margin requirements on all swaps that are not cleared by a registered clearing organization” (i.e., uncleared or over the counter swaps). The proposed rules would require swap dealers and major swap participants to collect both variation and initial margin from counterparties known as “financial end-users” such as the Funds or Underlying Funds and in certain circumstances require these swap dealers or major swap participants to post variation margin or initial margin to the Funds or Underlying Funds. The CFTC and the Prudential Regulators finalized these rules in 2016 and compliance became necessary in September 2016.
 
An “exchange for related position” (“EFRP”) can be used by the Fund as a technique to facilitate the exchanging of a futures hedge position against a creation or redemption order, and thus the Fund may use an EFRP transaction in connection with the creation and redemption of shares. The market specialist/market maker that is the ultimate purchaser or seller of shares in connection with the creation or redemption basket, respectively, agrees to sell or purchase a corresponding offsetting futures position which is then settled on the same business day as a cleared futures transaction by the FCMs. The Fund will become subject to the credit risk of the market specialist/market maker until the EFRP is settled within the business day, which is typically 7 hours or less. The Fund reports all activity related to EFRP transactions under the procedures and guidelines of the CFTC and the exchanges on which the futures are traded.
 
The Funds, other than TAGS, will generally retain cash positions of approximately 95% of total net assets; this balance represents the total net assets less the initial margin requirements held by the FCM. These cash assets are either: 1) deposited by the Sponsor in demand deposit accounts of financial institutions which are deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment level quality, 2) held in a money-market fund which is deemed to be a cash equivalent under the most recent SEC definition, or 3) held in a cash equivalent with a maturity of 90 days or less that is deemed by the Sponsor to be of investment level quality.
 
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
 
See Index to Financial Statements for a list of the financial statements being filed herein.
 
The Sponsor, on behalf of the Teucrium Commodity Trust and each of the Funds that is a series of the Trust, assessed the effectiveness of both the Trust’s and each Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, it used the criteria in the Internal Control – Integrated framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Based on the assessment, management of the Sponsor believes that, as of December 31, 2019, the internal control over financial reporting of both the Trust and each of the Fund that is a series of the Trust is effective.
 
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure
 
None.
 
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures
 
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
The Trust and each Fund maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Trust’s periodic reports filed or submitted under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time period specified in the SEC’s rules and forms for the Trust and each Fund thereof.
 
Management of the Sponsor of the Funds (“Management”), including Sal Gilbertie the Sponsor’s Principal Executive Officer and Cory Mullen-Rusin, the Sponsor’s Principal Financial Officer, who perform functions equivalent to those of a principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Trust if the Trust had any officers, have evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Trust’s and each Fund’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) as of the end of the period covered by this report, and, based upon that evaluation, concluded that the Trust’s and each Fund’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of such period, to ensure that information the Trust is required to disclose in the reports that it files or submits with the SEC under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Trust in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management of the Sponsor, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. The scope of the evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of its disclosure controls and procedures covers the Trust, as well as separately for each Fund that is a series of the Trust.
 
 
The certifications of the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer are applicable to each Fund individually as well as the Trust as a whole.
 
Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
Management of the Sponsor, on behalf of the Trust and each Fund are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Trust and each Fund’s internal control system is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Sponsor regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.
 
Management of the Sponsor, including Sal Gilbertie, Principal Executive Officer of the Sponsor, and Cory Mullen-Rusin, Principal Financial Officer of the Sponsor, who perform functions equivalent to those of a principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Trust if the Trust had any officers, assessed the effectiveness of the Trust’s and each Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019. In making this assessment, it used the criteria in the Internal Control – Integrated framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013. Based on the assessment, Management believes that, as of December 31, 2019, the internal control over financial reporting is effective for the Trust and each Fund thereof. Grant Thornton, the public accounting firm that audited the financial statement included herein for the year-ended 2019, has issued an attestation report on the Trust and each Fund’s internal control over financial reporting for that period.
 
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
There has been no change in the Trust’s or the Funds’ internal controls over the financial reporting (as defined in the Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the Trust’s last fiscal year that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Trust’s or the Funds’ internal control over financial reporting.
 
Item 9B. Other Information
 
Not applicable.
 
 
PART III
 
Item 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Registrant
 
The Trust has no directors, officers or employees and is managed by the Sponsor, Teucrium Trading, LLC. The Sponsor is managed by the officers of the Sponsor under its Limited Liability Company Agreement. A discussion concerning the officers of the Sponsor is incorporated herein under Item 1 of this report.
 
Code of Ethics
 
The Sponsor has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (the “Code of Ethics”) which applies to all of its officers (including senior financial officers) and employees; the Sponsor’s Code of Ethics covers all officers and employees that manage the Trust and the Funds. A printed copy of the Code of Ethics is available to any person free of charge, upon request, by contacting the Sponsor at:
 
Teucrium Trading, LLC
Three Main Street
Suite 215
Burlington, Vermont 05401
Phone: (802) 540-0019
 
Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance
 
Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act requires directors and executive officers of the Sponsor and persons who are beneficial owners of at least 10% a Fund’s Shares to file with the SEC an Initial Statement of Beneficial Ownership of Securities on Form 3 within ten calendar days of first becoming a director, executive officer or beneficial owner of at least 10% of a Fund’s Shares and a Statement of Changes in Beneficial Ownership of Securities on Form 4 within two business days of a subsequent acquisition or disposition of Shares of a Fund and, unless all reportable transactions were previously reported on Form 3 or Form 4, an Annual Statement of Changes in Beneficial Ownership of Securities on Form 5 within 45 days after the Trust’s fiscal year-end. For the year ended December 31, 2019, based solely on a review of the Section 16(a) reports furnished to the Trust and written representation by the Trust’s Section 16(a) reporting persons, to the best knowledge of the Sponsor, all such filings have been made within these prescribed timeframes.
 
Item 11. Executive Compensation
 
The Trust does not directly compensate any of the executive officers of the Sponsor. The executive officers of the Sponsor are compensated by the Sponsor for the work they perform on behalf of the Trust. The Trust does not set the amount or form of any portion of, the compensation paid to the executive officers by the Sponsor. Each of the series of the Trust, except for TAGS, is obligated to pay a management fee to the Sponsor at an annualized rate of 1.00% of average daily net assets. The Sponsor has the right to elect to waive the management fee for any Fund; that election may be changed by the Sponsor. For 2019, the Funds recognized $1,674,357 in management fees to the Sponsor. In addition to the management fee, each Fund reimburses the Sponsor for expenses related to the operation of the Fund. These related party expenses are discussed in the Notes to the Financial Statements for the Trust and each Fund in Part II of this filing.
 
 
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
 
a.
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners. The following table sets forth information with respect to each person known to own beneficially more than 5% of the outstanding shares of any series in the Trust as of December 31, 2019, based on information known to the Sponsor.
 
 
(1)
Title of Class
(2)
Name and Address of Beneficial Owner
(3)
Amount and Nature of Beneficial Ownership
(4)
Percent of Class
CANE
Korean Securities Depository,
  Seoul SK
181,234 common units(1)
10.36%
SOYB
Flow Traders US LLC,
New York, NY
  119,230 common units(1)
6.72%
TAGS
George Rapier III
San Antonio, TX
12,306 common units (1)
16.41%
TAGS
Interactive Investor Services LTD,
UK
4,500 common units(1)
6.00%
 
TAGS
Gregory Toufayan,
Saddle River, NJ
5,000 common units(1)
6.67%
 
TAGS
Virtu Americas LLC,
New York, NY
17,436 common units(1)
23.25%
 
 
(1) These individuals and entities have not filed any public reports with the SEC.
 
 
b. Security Ownership of Management
 
The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of shares by the executive officers of the Sponsor as of December 31, 2019. Except as listed, no other executive officer of the Sponsor is a beneficial owner of shares of any series of the Trust.
 
(1)
Title of Class
(2)
Name of Beneficial Owner
(3)
Amount and nature of Beneficial Ownership
(4)
Percent of Class
CORN
Sal Gilbertie
701 common units
*
SOYB
Sal Gilbertie
100 common units
*
CANE
Sal Gilbertie
500 common units
*
WEAT
Sal Gilbertie
200 common units
*
TAGS
Sal Gilbertie
2,300 common units
3.07%
 
* Less than 1%.
 
c. Change in Control.
 
Neither the Sponsor nor the Trustee knows of any arrangements which may subsequently result in a change in the control of the Trust.
 
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence
 
Neither the Trust or the Funds entered into any transaction in excess of $120,000 in which any related person had a direct or indirect material interest and the Trust and the Funds do not propose to enter into any such transaction.
 
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services
 
Fees paid by the Trust for services performed by Grant Thornton and PricewaterhouseCoopers, for the years ended December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 were:
 
 
 
Year Ended
 
 
Year Ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Audit fees - Grant Thornton
 $595,800  
 $495,374  
Tax Accounting fees - PricewaterhouseCoopers
 $350,312  
 $474,878  
 
The Sponsor approved all services provided by Grant Thornton and PricewaterhouseCoopers, above. The Sponsor preapproves all audit, non-audit, tax preparation, and tax accounting services, if any, of the Trust’s independent registered public accounting firm and tax accounting firm, including all engagement fees and terms.
 
 
PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statements Schedules
 
The following exhibits are filed as part of this report as required under Item 601 of Regulation S-K:
 
 
Fifth Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement of the Registrant. (1)
 
 
 
 
Certificate of Trust of the Registrant. (2)
 
 
 
 
Instrument Establishing Teucrium Sugar Fund, Teucrium Wheat Fund, Teucrium Soybean Fund, Teucrium Natural Gas Fund and Teucrium WTI Crude Oil Fund. (3)
 
 
 
 
Instrument Establishing Teucrium Agricultural Fund (4)
 
 
 
 
Form of Authorized Purchaser Agreement. (9)
 
 
 
 
Distribution Services Agreement. (5)
 
 
 
 
Amended and Restated Distribution Services Agreement. (6)
 
 
 
 
Amendment to Amended and Restated Distribution Services Agreement. (7)
 
 
Second Amendment to Amended and Restated Distribution Services Agreement (8)
 
 
 
 
Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Distribution Services Agreement (10)
 
 
 
 
Fourth Amendment to Amended and Restated Distribution Services Agreement (11)
 
 
 
 
Custody Agreement. (12)
 
 
 
 
Fund Accounting Servicing Agreement (12)
 
 
 
 
Transfer Agent Servicing Agreement (12)
 
 
 
 
Fund Administration Servicing Agreement (12)
 
 
 
 
Certification by the Principal Executive Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 of the Exchange Act.(13)
 
 
 
 
Certification by the Principal Financial Officer of the Registrant pursuant to Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 of the Exchange Act. (13)
 
 
 
 
Certification by the Principal Executive Officer of the Registrant pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (13) 
 
 
 
 
Certification by the Principal Financial Officer of the Registrant pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. (13)
 
 
 
 
 
101.INS
 
XBRL Instance Document (13)
 
 
 
101.SCH
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema (13)
 
 
 
101.CAL 
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase (13)
 
 
 
101.DEF
 
XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase (13)
 
 
 
101.LAB
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase (13)
 
 
 
101.PRE
 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase (13)
  
(1)      Previously filed as like-numbered exhibit to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 2 to Registration Statement No. 333-230623, filed on April 26, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(2)      Previously filed as like-numbered exhibit to Registration Statement No. 333-162033, filed on September 21, 2009 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(3)      Previously filed as like-numbered exhibit to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement No. 333-167590, filed on March 9, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(4)      Previously filed as Exhibit 3.3 to Registration Statement No. 333-173691, filed on April 25, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(5)      Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2 to Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement No. 333-162033, filed on October 22, 2010 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(6)      Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2(1) to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the Teucrium Corn Fund, filed on November 1, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference.
 
(7)      Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2(2) to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the Teucrium Corn Fund, filed on November 1, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(8)      Previously filed as Exhibit 10.2(3) to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for the Teucrium Corn Fund, filed on November 1, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(9)      Previously filed as like-numbered exhibit to Pre-Effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement No. 333-173691, filed on December 5, 2011.
 
(10)    Previously filed as Exhibit 10.5 to Pre-Effective Amendment No.1 to Registration Statement No. 333-187463, filed on April 26, 2013.
 
(11)    Previously filed as Exhibit to 10.9 to Registration Statement No. 333-201953, filed on February 9, 2015 and incorporated by reference herein.
 
(12)    Previously filed as like-numbered exhibit to Registrant’s Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, filed on March 16, 2016.
 
(13)    Filed herein.
 
91
 
 TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST 
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2019
 
Index to Financial Statements
 
Documents
 
Page
TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST
 
 
 
F-2
 
F-4
 
F-5
 
F-7
 
F-8
 
F-9
 
F-10
 
 
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND
 
 
 
F-27
 
F-29
 
F-30
 
F-32
 
F-33
 
F-34
 
F-35
 
 
 
TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND
 
 
 
F-51
 
F-53
 
F-54
 
F-56
 
F-57
 
F-58
 
F-59
 
 
 
TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND
 
 
 
F-76
 
F-78
 
F-79
 
F-81
 
F-82
 
F-83
 
F-84
 
 
 
TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND
 
 
 
F-99
 
F-101
 
F-102
 
F-104
 
F-105
 
F-106
 
F-107
 
 
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
 
 
 
F-122
 
F-124
 
F-125
 
F-127
 
F-128
 
F-129
 
F-130
  
 
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor of
     Teucrium Commodity Trust
 
 Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying combined statements of assets and liabilities, including the combined schedules of investments of Teucrium Commodity Trust (a Delaware statutory Trust) (the “Trust”), as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related combined statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Trust as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.
 
 
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Trust’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Trust’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Trust in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
We have served as the Trust’s auditor since 2014.
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-2
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor of
     Teucrium Commodity Trust
 
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Teucrium Commodity Trust (a Delaware statutory Trust) (the “Trust”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Trust maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the combined financial statements of the Trust as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 
 
Basis for opinion
The Trust’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Trust’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Trust in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A trust’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A trust’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the trust; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the trust are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the trust; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the trust’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-3
 
TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST 
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 $166,081,885 
 $159,250,322 
Interest receivable
  250 
  113 
Other assets
  9,719 
  24,455 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
  7,712,856 
  569,742 
Due from broker
  4,252 
  10,972,275 
Total equity in trading accounts
  7,717,108 
  11,542,017 
Total assets
 $173,808,962 
 $170,816,907 
 
    
    
Liabilities
    
    
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  141,898 
  135,263 
Payable for purchases of commercial paper
  - 
  14,951,548 
Other liabilities
  38,767 
  109,342 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
  581,574 
  5,369,594 
Due to broker
  5,140,126 
  - 
Total equity in trading accounts
  5,721,700 
  5,369,594 
Total liabilities
  5,902,365 
  20,565,747 
 
    
    
Net Assets
 $167,906,597 
 $150,251,160 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-4
 

 
TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST 
COMBINED SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2019
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 1.50% (cost $3,060)
 $3,060 
  0.00%
  3,060 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
U.S. Treasury Obligations
    
    
    
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.53% (cost: $6,609,673 due 01/30/2020) (a)(b)
 $6,611,271 
  3.94%
  6,619,000 
 
    
    
    
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
Broadcom Inc. 2.01% (cost: $4,984,445 due 01/09/20)
 $4,997,778 
  2.98%
  5,000,000 
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 2.12% (cost: $4,975,210 due 01/10/20)
  4,997,375 
  2.98 
  5,000,000 
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 1.86% (cost: $4,987,924 due 01/06/20)
  4,998,716 
  2.98 
  5,000,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 1.99% (cost: $4,987,626 due 01/31/20)
  4,991,750 
  2.97 
  5,000,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 1.93% (cost: $12,440,666 due 02/04/20)
  12,477,333 
  7.43 
  12,500,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 2.01% (cost: $4,977,779 due 03/06/20)
  4,981,945 
  2.97 
  5,000,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 1.86% (cost: $2,494,476 due 01/02/20)
  2,499,872 
  1.49 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.17% (cost: $2,486,562 due 01/02/20)
  2,499,851 
  1.49 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.15% (cost: $7,461,393 due 01/06/20)
  7,497,782 
  4.47 
  7,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.16% (cost: $9,947,094 due 01/15/20)
  9,991,678 
  5.95 
  10,000,000 
Jabil Inc. 2.15% (cost: $2,489,202 due 02/28/20)
  2,491,421 
  1.48 
  2,500,000 
Jabil Inc. 2.03% (cost: $2,488,637 due 02/28/20)
  2,491,864 
  1.48 
  2,500,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.12% (cost: $4,975,500 due 01/09/20)
  4,997,666 
  2.98 
  5,000,000 
Total Commercial Paper (total cost: $69,697,514)
 $69,915,031 
  41.65%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $76,529,362 
  45.59%
 

 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures MAY20 (1,334 contracts)
 $583,610 
  0.35%
 $26,329,825 
CBOT corn futures JUL20 (1,126 contracts)
  781,445 
  0.47 
  22,576,300 
 
    
    
    
United States soybean futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT soybean futures MAR20 (207 contracts)
  345,319 
  0.21 
  9,889,425 
CBOT soybean futures MAY20 (175 contracts)
  247,987 
  0.15 
  8,476,563 
CBOT soybean futures NOV20 (200 contracts)
  338,590 
  0.20 
  9,787,500 
 
    
    
    
United States sugar futures contracts
    
    
    
ICE sugar futures MAY20 (284 contracts)
  88,865 
  0.05 
  4,306,803 
ICE sugar futures JUL20 (241 contracts)
  223,677 
  0.13 
  3,687,107 
ICE sugar futures MAR21 (268 contracts)
  34,887 
  0.02 
  4,316,301 
 
    
    
    
United States wheat futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT wheat futures MAY20 (650 contracts)
  2,113,350 
  1.26 
  18,256,875 
CBOT wheat futures JUL20 (556 contracts)
  892,498 
  0.53 
  15,665,300 
CBOT wheat futures DEC20 (634 contracts)
  2,062,628 
  1.23 
  18,314,675 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $7,712,856 
  4.60%
 $141,606,674 
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
 Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures DEC20 (1,308 contracts)
 $581,574 
  0.35%
 $26,323,500 
 
    
    
    
Exchange-traded funds*
    
    
 
Shares
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 $360,286 
  0.21%
  24,308 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
  371,397 
  0.22 
  23,431 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
  373,786 
  0.22 
  53,124 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
  371,411 
  0.22 
  63,637 
Total exchange-traded funds (cost $1,908,649)
 $1,476,880 
  0.87%
 

 
 
*The Trust eliminates the shares owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund from its combined statements of assets and liabilities due to the fact that these represent holdings of the Underlying Funds owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund, which are included as shares outstanding of the Underlying Funds.
(a) Discount yield at the time of purchase inclusive of collateral fees.
(b) The security is held by the broker as collateral for open futures contracts.

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-5
 

 
 
 TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST 
COMBINED SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2018
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 2.24% (cost $3,262)
 $3,262 
  0.00%
  3,262 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 2.63% (cost: $9,939,333 due 1/10/2019)
 $9,993,500 
  6.65%
  10,000,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.83% (cost: $2,484,445 due 1/11/2019)
  2,498,056 
  1.66 
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.98% (cost: $2,488,528 due 1/16/2019)
  2,496,927 
  1.66 
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.75% (cost: $4,982,938 due 1/10/2019)
  4,996,588 
  3.33 
  5,000,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 3.04% (cost: $9,924,850 due 2/28/2019)
  9,951,570 
  6.62 
  10,000,000 
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. 2.96% (cost: $2,490,844 due 1/10/2019)
  2,498,169 
  1.66 
  2,500,000 
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. 2.98% (cost: $4,983,612 due 1/15/2019)
  4,994,264 
  3.32 
  5,000,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 2.80% (cost: $4,986,486 due 1/4/2019)
  4,998,842 
  3.33 
  5,000,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 3.10% (cost: $9,975,269 due 1/31/2019)
  9,975,269 
  6.64 
  10,000,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.63% (cost: $4,967,500 due 1/3/2019)
  4,999,278 
  3.33 
  5,000,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.68% (cost: $4,967,612 due 1/18/2019)
  4,993,744 
  3.32 
  5,000,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.81% (cost: $2,483,783 due 2/6/2019)
  2,493,050 
  1.66 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.83% (cost: $4,976,278 due 3/5/2019)
  4,976,278 
  3.31 
  5,000,000 
Humana Inc. 2.91% (cost: $4,969,200 due 2/11/2019)
  4,983,600 
  3.32 
  5,000,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.73% (cost: $7,483,063 due 1/2/2019)
  7,499,427 
  4.99 
  7,500,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.77% (cost: $4,988,924 due 1/2/2019)
  4,999,618 
  3.33 
  5,000,000 
Total Commercial Paper (total cost: $87,092,665)
 $87,348,180 
  58.13%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $87,351,442 
  58.13%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures MAY19 (1,030 contracts)
 $107,363 
  0.07%
 $19,724,500 
 
    
    
    
United States soybean futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT soybean futures MAR19 (218 contracts)
  228,400 
  0.15 
  9,755,500 
 
    
    
    
United States sugar futures contracts
    
    
    
ICE sugar futures MAY19 (278 contracts)
  29,254 
  0.02 
  3,767,456 
ICE sugar futures JUL19 (235 contracts)
  204,725 
  0.14 
  3,221,568 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $569,742 
  0.38%
 $36,469,024 
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
 Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures JUL19 (866 contracts)
 $348,200 
  0.23%
 $16,919,475 
CBOT corn futures DEC19 (993 contracts)
  949,088 
  0.63 
  19,735,875 
 
    
    
    
United States soybean futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT soybean futures MAY19 (185 contracts)
  35,688 
  0.02 
  8,396,688 
CBOT soybean futures NOV19 (209 contracts)
  3,562 
  0.00 
  9,773,363 
 
    
    
    
United States sugar futures contracts
    
    
    
ICE sugar futures MAR20 (257 contracts)
  47,656 
  0.03 
  3,785,096 
 
    
    
    
United States wheat futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT wheat futures MAY19 (756 contracts)
  1,367,838 
  0.91 
  19,296,900 
CBOT wheat futures JUL19 (637 contracts)
  544,812 
  0.36 
  16,514,225 
CBOT wheat futures DEC19 (713 contracts)
  2,072,750 
  1.38 
  19,340,125 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $5,369,594 
  3.56%
 $113,761,747 
 
    
    
    
Exchange-traded funds*
    
    
 
Shares
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 $383,506 
  0.26%
  23,808 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
  381,970 
  0.25 
  23,581 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
  374,067 
  0.25 
  52,924 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
  383,743 
  0.26 
  64,537 
Total exchange-traded funds (cost $2,021,172)
 $1,523,286 
  1.02%
    
 
*The Trust eliminates the shares owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund from its combined statements of assets and liabilities due to the fact that these represent holdings of the Underlying Funds owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund, which are included as shares outstanding of the Underlying Funds.
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-6
 
TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST 
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on trading of commodity futures contracts:
   
   
   
    Realized loss on commodity futures contracts
 $(19,460,504)
 $(4,923,623)
 $(13,335,506)
    Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on commodity futures contracts
  11,931,134 
  (31,362)
  414,818 
Interest income
  4,081,233 
  3,533,687 
  1,755,765 
    Total loss
  (3,448,137)
  (1,421,298)
  (11,164,923)
 
    
    
    
Expenses
    
    
    
Management fees
  1,674,357 
  1,687,082 
  1,540,701 
Professional fees
  1,191,133 
  1,589,673 
  1,476,719 
Distribution and marketing fees
  2,632,221 
  3,073,481 
  2,598,296 
Custodian fees and expenses
  351,514 
  350,361 
  346,295 
Business permits and licenses fees
  103,438 
  115,126 
  93,026 
General and administrative expenses
  250,644 
  281,007 
  273,423 
Brokerage commissions
  41,273 
  194,554 
  158,207 
Other expenses
  24,204 
  120,697 
  94,051 
   Total expenses
  6,268,784 
  7,411,981 
  6,580,718 
 
    
    
    
Expenses waived by the Sponsor
  (326,705)
  (1,227,430)
  (1,028,899)
 
    
    
    
Total expenses, net
  5,942,079 
  6,184,551 
  5,551,819 
 
    
    
    
Net loss
 $(9,390,216)
 $(7,605,849)
 $(16,716,742)
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-7
 
TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 $(9,390,216)
 $(7,605,849)
 $(16,716,742)
Capital transactions
    
    
    
      Issuance of Shares
  70,773,761 
  85,028,352 
  91,549,498 
      Redemption of Shares
  (43,731,253)
  (69,545,996)
  (85,848,091)
      Net change in the cost of the Underlying Funds
  3,145 
  (572,099)
  4,900 
Total capital transactions
  27,045,653 
  14,910,257 
  5,706,307 
 
    
    
    
Net change in net assets
  17,655,437 
  7,304,408 
  (11,010,435)
 
    
    
    
Net assets, beginning of period
  150,251,160 
  142,946,752 
  153,957,187 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, end of period
 $167,906,597 
 $150,251,160 
 $142,946,752 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-8
 

 
 
TEUCRIUM COMMODITY TRUST
COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 $(9,390,216)
 $(7,605,849)
 $(16,716,742)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
 
    
    
Net change in unrealized (appreciation) depreciation on commodity futures contracts
  (11,931,134)
  31,362 
  (414,818)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
    
    
    
Due from broker
  10,968,023 
  (984,604)
  3,794,945 
Interest receivable
  (137)
  142 
  453 
Other assets
  14,736 
  (17,707)
  20,387 
Due to broker
  5,140,126 
  - 
  - 
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  6,635 
  10,114 
  (4,052)
Payable for purchases of commercial paper
  (14,951,548)
  14,951,548 
  - 
Other liabilities
  (70,575)
  9,433 
  83,993 
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities
  (20,214,090)
  6,394,439 
  (13,235,834)
 
    
    
    
Cash flows from financing activities:
    
    
    
Proceeds from sale of Shares
  70,773,761 
  85,028,352 
  91,549,498 
Redemption of Shares
  (43,731,253)
  (69,545,996)
  (85,848,091)
Net change in cost of the Underlying Funds
  3,145 
  (572,099)
  4,900 
Net cash provided by financing activities
  27,045,653 
  14,910,257 
  5,706,307 
 
    
    
    
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
  6,831,563 
  21,304,696 
  (7,529,527)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
  159,250,322 
  137,945,626 
  145,475,153 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $166,081,885 
 $159,250,322 
 $137,945,626 
 
 The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-9
 

 
 
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019
 
Note 1 – Organization and Operation

Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust organized on September 11, 2009, is a series trust consisting of five series: Teucrium Corn Fund (“CORN”), Teucrium Sugar Fund (“CANE”), Teucrium Soybean Fund (“SOYB”), Teucrium Wheat Fund (“WEAT”), and Teucrium Agricultural Fund (“TAGS”). All these series of the Trust are collectively referred to as the “Funds” and singularly as the “Fund.” Each Fund is a commodity pool that is a series of the Trust. The Funds issue common units, called the “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in a Fund. The Trust and the Funds operate pursuant to the Trust’s Fifth Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”). 

On June 7, 2010, the initial Form S-1 for CORN was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On June 8, 2010, four Creation Baskets for CORN were issued representing 200,000 shares and $5,000,000. CORN began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca on June 9, 2010. As of December 31, 2019, CORN offered its shares pursuant to a registration statement that was declared effective on April 29, 2019.
 
On June 13, 2011, the initial Forms S-1 for CANE, SOYB, and WEAT were declared effective by the SEC. On September 16, 2011, two Creation Baskets were issued for each Fund, representing 100,000 shares and $2,500,000, for CANE, SOYB, and WEAT. On September 19, 2011, CANE, SOYB, and WEAT started trading on the NYSE Arca. The current registration statements for CANE and SOYB were declared effective by the SEC on April 30, 2018. The registration statements for SOYB and CANE registered an additional 5,000,000 shares each. The current registration statement for WEAT was declared effective on April 29, 2019. This registration statement for WEAT registered an additional 30,000,000 shares.
 
On February 10, 2012, the Form S-1 for TAGS was declared effective by the SEC. On March 27, 2012, six Creation Baskets for TAGS were issued representing 300,000 shares and $15,000,000. TAGS began trading on the NYSE Arca on March 28, 2012. The current registration statement for TAGS was declared effective by the SEC on April 30, 2018.
 
The Sponsor is a member of the National Futures Association (the "NFA") and became a commodity pool operator ("CPO") registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC") effective November 10, 2009. The Sponsor registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor ("CTA") with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017.
 
The specific investment objective of each Fund and information regarding the organization and operation of each Fund are included in each Fund’s financial statements and accompanying notes, as well as in other sections of this Form 10K filing. In general, the investment objective of each Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of its Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for certain Futures Contracts for the commodity specified for that Fund. The investment objective of TAGS is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of NAV of its common units (“Shares”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average (the “Underlying Fund Average”) of the NAVs per share of four other commodity pools that are series of the Trust and are sponsored by the Sponsor: CORN, WEAT, SOYB, and CANE (collectively, the “Underlying Funds”). The Underlying Fund Average will have a weighting of 25% to each Underlying Fund, and the Fund’s assets will be rebalanced to maintain the approximate 25% allocation to each Underlying Fund.
 
Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement, Teucrium Trading, LLC in its capacity as the Sponsor (“Sponsor”) may terminate a Fund at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, including, for instance, if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund.
 
 
F-10
 
Note 2 – Principal Contracts and Agreements
 
The Sponsor employs U.S. Bank N.A. as the Custodian for the Funds. The principal business address for U.S. Bank N.A is 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services") is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. In addition, effective on the Conversion Date, Global Fund Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Bank, commenced serving as administrator for each Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC reports on behalf of the Funds, and also became the registrar and transfer agent for each Fund’s Shares. For such services, U.S. Bank and Global Fund Services will receive an asset based fee, subject to a minimum annual fee.
 
For custody services, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges. For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, which are based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually. A combined minimum annual fee of up to $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund. These services are recorded in custodian fees and expenses on the combined statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Foreside Fund Services, LLC (“Foreside” or the “Distributor”) as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor and the Sponsor calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules. For its services as the Distributor, Foreside receives a fee of 0.01% of the Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Teucrium Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements. For its services under the SASA, Foreside receives a fee of $5,000 per registered representative and $1,000 per registered location. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the combined statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below. Pursuant to a Consulting Services Agreement, Foreside Consulting Services, LLC, performs certain consulting support services for the Trust's Sponsor. Additionally, Foreside Distributors, LLC performs certain distribution consulting services pursuant to a Distribution Consulting Agreement with the Trust's Sponsor.   
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc. (“ED&F Man”) serves as the Underlying Funds’ clearing broker to execute and clear the Underlying Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services. ED&F Man is registered as a FCM with the U.S. CFTC and is a member of the NFA. ED&F Man is also registered as a broker/dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the FINRA. ED&F Man is a clearing member of ICE Futures U.S., Inc., Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and all other major United States commodity exchanges. For Corn, Soybean, Sugar and Wheat Futures Contracts ED&F Man is paid $9.00 per round turn. Prior to August 21, 2019, these expenses were recorded in brokerage commissions on the combined statements of operations. Beginning on August 21, 2019, these expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the combined statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the combined statements of operations when a contract is sold. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. For its services, the Trustee receives an annual fee of $3,300 from the Trust. These services are recorded in business permits and licenses fees on the combined statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
 
F-11
 
The Sponsor employs Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC ("ETC") as the Marketing Agent, providing certain marketing consulting services in connection with the content strategy and e-mail marketing for the Funds. For its services as the Marketing Agent, ETC receives $2,500 a month and 0.02% of the Fund's average daily net assets, when assets are above the combined amount of $160 million. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the combined statements of the operations. A summary of these expenses is included below:
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Amount Recognized for Custody Services
 $351,514 
 $350,361 
 $346,295 
Amount of Custody Services Waived
 $24,397 
 $82,390 
 $43,464 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Distribution Services
 $161,317 
 $172,684 
 $184,118 
Amount of Distribution Services Waived
 $7,770 
 $47,021 
 $48,147 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Brokerage Commissions
 $41,273 
 $188,705 
 $158,207 
Amount of Brokerage Commissions Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Wilmington Trust
 $3,300 
 $3,160 
 $3,072 
Amount of Wilmington Trust Waived
 $243 
 $24 
 $1,515 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for ETC
 $52,850 
 $- 
 $- 
Amount of ETC Waived
 $1,954 
 $- 
 $- 
 
Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a combined basis in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification and include the accounts of the Trust, CORN, CANE, SOYB, WEAT and TAGS. Refer to the accompanying separate financial statements for each Fund for more detailed information. For the periods represented by the financial statements herein the operations of the Trust contain the results of CORN, SOYB, CANE, WEAT, and TAGS except for eliminations for TAGS as explained below for the months during which each Fund was in operation.
 
Given the investment objective of TAGS as described in Note 1 above, TAGS will buy, sell and hold, as part of its normal operations, shares of the four Underlying Funds. The Trust eliminates the shares of the other series of the Trust owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund from its combined statements of assets and liabilities. The Trust eliminates the net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation on securities owned by the Teucrium Agricultural Fund from its combined statements of operations. The combined statements of changes in net assets and cash flows present a net presentation of the purchases and sales of the Underlying Funds of TAGS.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Commodity futures contracts are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on commodity futures contracts are reflected in the statements of assets and liabilities as the difference between the original contract amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statements of operations. Interest on cash equivalents and deposits with the Futures Commission Merchant are recognized on the accrual basis. The Funds earn interest on its assets denominated in U.S. dollars on deposit with the Futures Commission Merchant. In addition, the Funds earn interest on funds held at the custodian and at other financial institutions at prevailing market rates for such investments.
 
 
F-12
 
Beginning in October 2017, the Sponsor began investing a portion of cash in commercial paper, which is deemed a cash equivalent based on the rating and duration of contracts as described in the notes to the financial statements and reflected in cash and cash equivalents on the combined statements of assets and liabilites and in cash and cash equivalents cash on the combined statements of cash flows. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the combined statements of operations.
 
Beginning in February of 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the broker in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the combined statements of operations.
 
The Sponsor adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Trust or the Funds.
 
Brokerage Commissions
 
Beginning on August 21, 2019, the Sponsor began recognizing the expense for brokerage commissions for futures contract trades on a per-trade basis. Prior to the change, brokerage commissions on all open commodity futures contracts were accrued on the trade date and on a full-turn basis. The below table shows the amounts included on the combined statements of operations as unrealized losses attributed to brokerage commissions as of December 31, 2019, as well as total brokerage commissions paid in 2019 inclusive of this unrealized loss.
 
 
 
CORN
 
 
SOYB
 
 
CANE
 
 
WEAT
 
 
TAGS
 
 
TRUST
 
Unrealized Loss Attributed to Brokerage Commissions
 $11,457 
 $1,742 
 $1,944 
 $5,612 
 $- 
 $20,755 
Total Brokerage Commissions paid including unrealized loss
 $81,568 
 $12,219 
 $12,776 
 $41,004 
 $1 
 $147,568 
 
Income Taxes
 
The Trust, as a Delaware statutory trust, is considered a trust for federal tax purposes and is, thus, a pass through entity. For United States federal income tax purposes, the Funds will be treated as partnerships. Therefore, the Funds do not record a provision for income taxes because the shareholders report their share of a Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Funds’ transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes.
 
The Funds are required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Funds file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. For all tax years 2016 to 2019, the Funds remain subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in the Funds recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. Based on their analysis, the Funds have determined that they have not incurred any liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. However, the Funds’ conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.
 
The Funds recognize interest accrued related to any unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
The Funds may be subject to potential examination by U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign jurisdictional authorities in the area of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax laws.
 
F-13

Creations and Redemptions
 
Authorized Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets from each Fund. The amount of the proceeds required to purchase a Creation Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
 
Authorized Purchasers may redeem shares from each Fund only in blocks of shares called “Redemption Baskets.” The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Redemption Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to redeem the basket is properly received.
 
Each Fund receives or pays the proceeds from shares sold or redeemed within three business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from Authorized Purchasers are reflected in the statements of assets and liabilities as receivable for shares sold. Amounts payable to Authorized Purchasers upon redemption are reflected in the statements of assets and liabilities as payable for shares redeemed. 
 
There are a minimum number of baskets and associated shares specified for each Fund in the Fund’s respective prospectus, as amended from time to time. Once the minimum number of baskets is reached, there can be no more redemptions until there has been a creation basket. These minimum levels are as follows:
 
CORN: 50,000 shares representing 2 baskets
SOYB: 50,000 shares representing 2 baskets
CANE: 50,000 shares representing 2 baskets
WEAT: 50,000 shares representing 2 baskets
TAGS: 50,000 shares representing 4 baskets
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less when acquired. The Trust reported its cash equivalents in the combined statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short term maturities. Each Fund that is a series of the Trust has the balance of its cash equivalents on deposit with financial institutions. The Trust holds a balance in money market funds that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the combined statements of assets and liabilities. Effective in the second quarter 2015, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in alternative demand deposit savings accounts, which are classified as cash and not as cash equivalents. Assets deposited with the bank may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Effective in the fourth quarter 2017, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in investment grade commercial paper with durations of 90 days or less, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured. Effective February 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the FCM in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Money Market Funds
 $3,060 
 $3,262 
 $3,014 
Demand Deposit Savings Accounts
  89,552,523 
  71,898,880 
  88,012,866 
Commercial Paper
  69,915,031 
  87,348,180 
  49,929,746 
Treasury Bills
  6,611,271 
  - 
  - 
Total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the combined Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 $166,081,885 
 $159,250,322 
 $137,945,626 
 
 
F-14
 
 Payable for Purchases of Commercial Paper
 
The amount recorded by the Trust for commercial paper transactions awaiting settlement, which represents the amount payable for contracts purchased but not yet settled as of the reporting date. The value of the contract is included in cash and cash equivalents, and the payable amount is included as a liability.
 
Due from/to Broker
 
The amount recorded by the Trust for the amount due from and to the clearing broker includes, but is not limited to, cash held by the broker, amounts payable to the clearing broker related to open transactions and payables for commodities futures accounts liquidating to an equity balance on the clearing broker’s records.
 
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a relatively small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in a futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Funds’ clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over-the-counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Funds’ trading, the Funds (and not their shareholders personally) are subject to margin calls.
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated, and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions. 
 
Payable/Receivable for Securities Purchased/Sold
 
Due from/to broker for investments in securities are securities transactions pending settlement. The Trust and the Funds are subject to credit risk to the extent any broker with whom it conducts business is unable to fulfill contractual obligations on its behalf. The management of the Trust and the Funds monitors the financial condition of such brokers and does not anticipate any losses from these counterparties. From inception through September 11, 2019, the principal broker through which the Trust and TAGS can execute securities transactions for TAGS was the Bank of New York Mellon Capital Markets. Effective September 11, 2019, the principal broker through which the Trust and TAGS can execute securities transactions for TAGS is U.S. Bank N.A.
 
 
F-15
 
Sponsor Fee, Allocation of Expenses and Related Party Transactions
 
The Fund’s sponsor, Teucrium Trading, LLC (the “Sponsor”), is responsible for investing the assets of the Funds in accordance with the objectives and policies of each Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, the Sponsor elected not to outsource services directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds such as, certain aspects of accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities. In addition, the Funds, except for TAGS which has no such fee, are contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.
 
The Funds pay for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares, after its initial registration, and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Funds also pay the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective Fund based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity.

These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the combined statements of operations. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Trust and the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds. Such expenses are primarily included as distribution and marketing fees.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Recognized Related Party Transactions
 $1,992,524 
 $2,674,984 
 $2,196,388 
Waived Related Party Transactions
 $137,711 
 $556,063 
 $453,736 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund. The Sponsor has determined that there would be no recovery sought for the amounts below in any future period.
 
 
 
CORN
 
 
SOYB
 
 
CANE
 
 
WEAT
 
 
TAGS
 
 
Trust
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $15,639 
 $96,303 
 $171,746 
 $2,500 
 $40,517 
 $326,705 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $280,817 
 $394,591 
 $268,920 
 $234,736 
 $48,366 
 $1,227,430 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $409,562 
 $126,489 
 $129,334 
 $323,244 
 $40,270 
 $1,028,899 
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
 
F-16
 
Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy
 
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
In determining fair value, the Trust uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Trust. Unobservable inputs reflect the Trust’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
 
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Trust has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 futures contracts held by CORN, SOYB, CANE and WEAT, the securities of the Underlying Funds held by TAGS, and any other securities held by any Fund, together referenced throughout this filing as “financial instruments.” Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these securities does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
 
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 
The availability of valuation techniques and observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Those estimated values do not necessarily represent the amounts that may be ultimately realized due to the occurrence of future circumstances that cannot be reasonably determined. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be materially higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Fund in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy, within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Trust’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Trust uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified to a lower level within the fair value hierarchy. For instance, when Corn Futures Contracts on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”) are not actively trading due to a “limit-up” or ‘limit-down” condition, meaning that the change in the Corn Futures Contracts has exceeded the limits established, the Trust and the Fund will revert to alternative verifiable sources of valuation of its assets. When such a situation exists on a quarter close, the Sponsor will calculate the NAV on a particular day using the Level 1 valuation, but will later recalculate the NAV for the impacted Fund based upon the valuation inputs from these alternative verifiable sources (Level 2 or Level 3) and will report such NAV in its applicable financial statements and reports.
 
On December 31, 2019 and 2018, in the opinion of the Trust, the reported value at the close of the market for each commodity contract fairly reflected the value of the futures and no alternative valuations were required. The determination is made as of the settlement of the futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Funds consider the average volume of the specific underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Funds did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
The Funds and the Trust record their derivative activities at fair value. Gains and losses from derivative contracts are included in the statements of operations. Derivative contracts include futures contracts related to commodity prices. Futures, which are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the CBOT and the ICE, or reported on another national market, are generally categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives contracts (such as forward and swap contracts), which may be valued using models, depending on whether significant inputs are observable or unobservable, are categorized in Levels 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
 
F-17
 
Investments in the securities of the Underlying Funds are freely traded and listed on the NYSE Arca. These investments are valued at the NAV of the Underlying Fund as of the valuation date as calculated by the administrator based on the exchange-quoted prices of the commodity futures contracts held by the Underlying Fund.
 
Expenses
 
Expenses are recorded using the accrual method of accounting.
 
New Accounting Pronouncements

The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-07: “Codification Updates to SEC Sections: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates.” The amendments improve, update, and simplify the SEC’s regulations on financial reporting and disclosure. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-04: “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” The amendments clarify and improve areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement, specifically relating to ASU 2017-12. The amendments were early adopted for the quarter ended June 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-01: "Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements." These amendments align the guidance for fair value of underlying assets by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842 with that of existing guidance. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-13: “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. These amendments modify public and private company fair value disclosure requirements. While some disclosures were removed or modified, others were added. The guidance is a result of the FASB’s test of the principals developed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118." These amendments add guidance to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Act). The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2018; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments”. The amendment amends the early adoption date option for certain companies related to adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2016-02. The SEC staff stated the SEC would not object to a public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC adopting ASC Topic 842 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. These amendments refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
 
F-18
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)”. These amendments require disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on the financial statements of a registrant when such standards are adopted in a future period. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2017; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments are effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)”. The amendments in this update require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Sponsor elected to early adopt ASU 2016-18 for the year ending December 31, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in May 2014, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaces the revenue recognition requirements of “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605).” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU provides new and more detailed guidance on specific topics and expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 also permits early adoption of ASU 2014-09, but not before the original effective date, which was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14. The Sponsor elected to adopt the amendments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting”. The amendments make targeted improvements to clarify the principal versus agent assessment and are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2016-11. The Sponsor elected to adopt ASU 2016-11 for the year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve the recognitions measurement and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments to this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments are required to be applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Funds.
 
Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements 
 
The Trust’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy as described in the Trust’s significant accounting policies in Note 3. The following table presents information about the Trust’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:                         
 
 
F-19
 
December 31, 2019 
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Cash Equivalents
 $76,529,362 
 $- 
 $- 
 $76,529,362 
Commodity Futures Contracts
    
    
    
    
Corn futures contracts
  1,365,055 
  - 
  - 
  1,365,055 
Soybeans futures contracts
  931,896 
  - 
  - 
  931,896 
Sugar futures contracts
  347,429 
  - 
  - 
  347,429 
Wheat futures contracts
  5,068,476 
  - 
  - 
  5,068,476 
Total
 $84,242,218 
 $- 
 $- 
 $84,242,218 
 
    
    
    
    
 
    
    
    
    
Liabilities:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Commodity Futures Contracts
    
    
    
    
Corn futures contracts
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $- 
 $581,574 
 
December 31, 2018
   
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Cash Equivalents
 $87,351,442 
 $- 
 $- 
 $87,351,442 
Commodity Futures Contracts
    
    
    
    
Corn futures contracts
  107,363 
  - 
  - 
  107,363 
Soybeans futures contracts
  228,400 
  - 
  - 
  228,400 
Sugar futures contracts
  233,979 
  - 
  - 
  233,979 
Total
 $87,921,184  
 $- 
 $- 
 $87,921,184  
 
    
    
    
    
 
    
    
    
    
Liabilities:
 
                       Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Commodity Futures Contracts
    
    
    
    
Corn futures contracts
 $1,297,288 
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,297,288 
Soybeans futures contracts
  39,250 
  - 
  - 
  39,250 
Sugar futures contracts
  47,656 
  - 
  - 
  47,656 
Wheat futures contracts
  3,985,400  
  - 
  - 
  3,985,400 
Total
 $5,369,594 
 $- 
 $- 
 $5,369,594 
 
 
F-20
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Funds did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
See the Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy section in Note 4 above for an explanation of the transfers into and out of each level of the fair value hierarchy.

Note 5 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
 
In the normal course of business, the Funds utilize derivative contracts in connection with its proprietary trading activities. Investments in derivative contracts are subject to additional risks that can result in a loss of all or part of an investment. The Funds’ derivative activities and exposure to derivative contracts are classified by the following primary underlying risks: interest rate, credit, commodity price, and equity price risks. In addition to its primary underlying risks, the Funds are also subject to additional counterparty risk due to inability of its counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Funds invested only in commodity futures contracts specifically related to each Fund.
 
Futures Contracts
 
The Funds are subject to commodity price risk in the normal course of pursuing their investment objectives. A futures contract represents a commitment for the future purchase or sale of an asset at a specified price on a specified date.
 
The purchase and sale of futures contracts requires margin deposits with a FCM. Subsequent payments (variation margin) are made or received by each Fund each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and are recorded as unrealized gains or losses by each Fund. Futures contracts may reduce the Funds’ exposure to counterparty risk since futures contracts are exchange-traded; and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as the counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default.
 
The Commodity Exchange Act requires an FCM to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary activities. A customer’s cash and other equity deposited with an FCM are considered commingled with all other customer funds subject to the FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to each Fund’s pro rata share of segregated customer funds available. It is possible that the recovery amount could be less than the total of cash and other equity deposited.
 
The following table discloses information about offsetting assets and liabilities presented in the statements of assets and liabilities to enable users of these financial statements to evaluate the effect or potential effect of netting arrangements for recognized assets and liabilities. These recognized assets and liabilities are presented as defined in FASB ASU No. 2011-11 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” and subsequently clarified in FASB ASU 2013-01 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.”
 
The following table also identifies the fair value amounts of derivative instruments included in the statements of assets and liabilities as derivative contracts, categorized by primary underlying risk and held by the FCM, ED&F Man as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
F-21
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2019
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the
Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Corn futures contracts
 $1,365,055 
 $- 
 $1,365,055 
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $783,481 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $931,896 
 $- 
 $931,896 
 $- 
 $643,808 
 $288,088 
Sugar futures contracts
 $347,429 
 $- 
 $347,429 
 $- 
 $237,908 
 $109,521 
Wheat futures contracts
 $5,068,476 
 $- 
 $5,068,476 
 $- 
 $4,258,410 
 $810,066 
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2019
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the
Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Corn futures contracts
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $581,574 
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $- 
 
 
 
F-22
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2018
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
  (iv)     
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gross Amount Not Offset in the
Statement of Assets and Liabilities   

 
 
 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $107,363 
 $- 
 $107,363 
 $107,363 
 $- 
 $- 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $228,400 
 $- 
 $228,400 
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $189,150 
Sugar futures contracts
 $233,979 
 $- 
 $233,979 
 $47,656 
 $- 
 $186,323 
 
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2018
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
  (iv)     
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities        
 
 
 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $1,297,288 
 $- 
 $1,297,288 
 $107,363 
 $1,189,925 
 $- 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $39,250 
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $- 
Sugar futures contracts
 $47,656 
 $- 
 $47,656 
 $47,656 
 $- 
 $- 
Wheat futures contracts
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 
 
F-23
 
The following is a summary of realized and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of the derivative instruments utilized by the Trust:
 
Year ended December 31, 2019
 
Primary Underlying Risk
 
Realized (Loss) Gain on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $(9,512,148)
 $1,973,406 
Soybeans futures contracts
  (438,468)
  742,746 
Sugar futures contracts
  113,747 
  161,106 
Wheat futures contracts
  (9,623,635)
  9,053,876 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $(19,460,504)
 $11,931,134 
 
Year ended December 31, 2018
Primary Underlying Risk
 
Realized (Loss) Gain on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized
Appreciation or (Depreciation)
on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $(3,025,313)
 $651,638 
Soybeans futures contracts
  (2,085,438)
  637,213 
Sugar futures contracts
  (2,314,984)
  69,137 
Wheat futures contracts
  2,502,112 
  (1,389,350)
Total commodity futures contracts
 $(4,923,623)
 $(31,362)
 
Year ended December 31, 2017
Primary Underlying Risk
 
Realized (Loss) Gain on Commodity
Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized
(Depreciation) or Appreciation
on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $(5,603,513)
 $(380,763)
Soybeans futures contracts
  8,425 
  (793,538)
Sugar futures contracts
  (2,435,305)
  263,581 
Wheat futures contracts
  (5,305,113)
  1,325,538 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $(13,335,506)
 $414,818 
 
 
F-24
 
Volume of Derivative Activities
 
The average notional market value categorized by primary underlying risk for all futures contracts held was $167.2 million in 2019, $169.0 million in 2018, and $153.9 million in 2017.
 
Note 6 - Organizational and Offering Costs
 
Expenses incurred in organizing of the Trust and the initial offering of the shares, including applicable SEC registration fees, were borne directly by the Sponsor for the Funds and will be borne directly by the Sponsor for any series of the Trust which is not yet operating or will be issued in the future. The Trust will not be obligated to reimburse the Sponsor. The Funds bear their own costs incurred in connection with the registration and offering of additional shares, which include registration fees, legal fees, underwriting fees, and other similar costs.
 
Note 7 – Detail of the net assets and shares outstanding of the Funds that are a series of the Trust
 
The following are the net assets and shares outstanding of each Fund that is a series of the Trust and, thus, in total, comprise the combined net assets of the Trust:
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
Outstanding Shares
 
 
Net Assets
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
  5,075,004 
 $75,220,190 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
  1,775,004 
  28,135,131 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
  1,750,004 
  12,313,180 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
  8,950,004 
  52,236,196 
Teucrium Agricultural Fund:
  75,002 
    
Net assets including the investment in the Underlying Funds
    
  1,478,780 
Less: Investment in the Underlying Funds
    
  (1,476,880)
Net for the Fund in the combined net assets of the Trust
    
  1,900 
Total
    
 $167,906,597 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
Outstanding Shares
 
 
Net Assets
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
  3,500,004 
 $56,379,057  
Teucrium Soybean Fund
  1,725,004  
  27,942,017  
Teucrium Sugar Fund
  1,525,004  
  10,778,739  
Teucrium Wheat Fund
  9,275,004  
  55,149,873  
Teucrium Agricultural Fund:
    
    
Net assets including the investment in the Underlying Funds
  75,002 
  1,524,760  
Less: Investment in the Underlying Funds
    
  (1,523,286)
Net for the Fund in the combined net assets of the Trust
    
  1,474 
Total
    
 $150,251,160 
 
The detailed information for the subscriptions and redemptions, and other financial information for each Fund that is a series of the Trust are included in the accompanying financial statements of each Fund.
 
 
F-25
 
Note 8 – Subsequent Events
 
Management has evaluated the financial statements for the year-ended December 31, 2019 for subsequent events through the date of this filing and noted no material events requiring either recognition through the date of the filing or disclosure herein for the Trust and Funds other than those noted below:
 
CORN: Nothing to report.
 
SOYB: Nothing to report.
 
CANE: The total net assets of the Fund decreased by $3,517,548 or 29% for the period from December 31, 2019 through March 9, 2020. This was driven by a 23% decrease in the shares outstanding and a 7% decrease in the net asset value per share.
 
WEAT: Nothing to report.
 
TAGS: Nothing to report.
 
 
F-26
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Corn Fund
 
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities, including the schedules of investments, of Teucrium Corn Fund (the “Fund”), as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.
 
 
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
We have served as the Fund’s auditor since 2014.
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-27
 
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Corn Fund
 
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Teucrium Corn Fund (the “Fund”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 
 
Basis for opinion
The Fund’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A fund’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A fund’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the fund; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the fund are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the fund; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the fund’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-28
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND
STATEMENTS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 $74,521,123 
 $58,910,133 
Interest receivable
  106 
  7 
Other assets
  - 
  6,380 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  1,365,055 
  107,363 
   Due from broker
  4,252 
  3,730,196 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  1,369,307 
  3,837,559 
Total assets
  75,890,536 
  62,754,079 
 
    
    
Liabilities
    
    
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  65,233 
  51,822 
Payable for purchases of commercial paper
  - 
  4,981,957 
Other liabilities
  23,539 
  43,955 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  581,574 
  1,297,288 
Total liabilities
  670,346 
  6,375,022 
 
    
    
Net assets
 $75,220,190 
 $56,379,057 
 
    
    
Shares outstanding
  5,075,004 
  3,500,004 
 
    
    
Shares authorized
  10,125,000 
  12,800,000 
 
    
    
Net asset value per share
 $14.82 
 $16.11 
 
    
    
Market value per share
 $14.80 
 $16.05 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-29
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2019
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 1.50% (cost $102)
 $102 
  0.00%
  102 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Principal Amount
 
U.S. Treasury Obligations
    
    
    
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.53% (cost: $3,263,392 due 01/30/2020) (a)(b)
 $3,264,182 
  4.34%
  3,268,000 
 
    
    
    
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
Broadcom Inc. 2.01% (cost: $4,984,445 due 01/09/2020)
 $4,997,778 
  6.65%
  5,000,000 
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 2.12% (cost: $4,975,210 due 01/10/2020)
  4,997,375 
  6.65 
  5,000,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 1.93% (cost: $4,976,267 due 02/04/2020)
  4,990,933 
  6.64 
  5,000,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 2.01% (cost: $4,977,779 due 03/06/2020)
  4,981,945 
  6.62 
  5,000,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.17% (cost: $2,486,562 due 01/02/2020)
  2,499,851 
  3.32 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.15% (cost: $2,487,131 due 01/06/2020)
  2,499,261 
  3.32 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.16% (cost: $4,973,547 due 01/15/2020)
  4,995,839 
  6.64 
  5,000,000 
Jabil Inc. 2.15% (cost: $2,489,202 due 02/28/2020)
  2,491,421 
  3.31 
  2,500,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.12% (cost: $2,487,750 due 01/09/2020)
  2,498,833 
  3.32 
  2,500,000 
Total Commercial Paper (cost: $34,837,893)
 $34,953,236 
  46.47%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $38,217,520 
  50.81%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures MAY20 (1,334 contracts)
 $583,610 
  0.77%
 $26,329,825 
CBOT corn futures JUL20 (1,126 contracts)
  781,445 
  1.04 
  22,576,300 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $1,365,055 
  1.81%
 $48,906,125 
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures DEC20 (1,308 contracts)
 $581,574 
  0.77%
 $26,323,500 
 
(a) Discount yield at the time of purchase inclusive of collateral fees.
(b) The security is held by the broker as collateral for open futures contracts.

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-30
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS
December 31, 2018
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 2.24% (cost $100)
 $100 
  0.00%
  100 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 2.62% (cost: $4,969,667 due 1/10/2019)
 $4,996,750 
  8.86%
  5,000,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.83% (cost: $2,484,445 due 1/11/2019)
  2,498,056 
  4.43 
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.98% (cost: $2,488,528 due 1/16/2019)
  2,496,927 
  4.43 
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.75% (cost: $2,491,469 due 1/10/2019)
  2,498,294 
  4.43 
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 3.04% (cost: $4,962,425 due 2/28/2019)
  4,975,785 
  8.83 
  5,000,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 3.10% (cost: $2,493,817 due 1/31/2019)
  2,493,817 
  4.42 
  2,500,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.63% (cost: $2,483,750 due 1/3/2019)
  2,499,639 
  4.43 
  2,500,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.68% (cost: $2,483,806 due 1/18/2019)
  2,496,872 
  4.43 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.83% (cost: $2,488,139 due 3/5/2019)
  2,488,139 
  4.41 
  2,500,000 
Humana Inc. 2.91% (cost: $2,484,600 due 2/11/2019)
  2,491,800 
  4.42 
  2,500,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.73% (cost: $2,494,354 due 1/2/2019)
  2,499,809 
  4.44 
  2,500,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.77% (cost: $2,494,462 due 1/2/2019)
  2,499,809 
  4.44 
  2,500,000 
Total Commercial Paper (cost: $34,819,462)
 $34,935,697 
  61.97%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $34,935,797 
  61.97%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures MAY19 (1,030 contracts)
 $107,363 
  0.19%
 $19,724,500 
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States corn futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT corn futures JUL19 (866 contracts)
 $348,200 
  0.62%
 $16,919,475 
CBOT corn futures DEC19 (993 contracts)
  949,088 
  1.68 
  19,735,875 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $1,297,288 
  2.30%
 $36,655,350 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-31
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized and unrealized (loss) gain on trading of commodity futures contracts:
   
   
   
   Realized loss on commodity futures contracts
 $(9,512,148)
 $(3,025,313)
 $(5,603,513)
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on commodity futures contracts
  1,973,406 
  651,638 
  (380,763)
Interest income
  1,843,431 
  1,480,822 
  778,560 
         Total loss
  (5,695,311)
  (892,853)
  (5,205,716)
 
    
    
    
Expenses
    
    
    
   Management fees
  758,195 
  704,004 
  682,674 
   Professional fees
  521,193 
  540,101 
  633,381 
   Distribution and marketing fees
  1,148,456 
  1,164,066 
  1,177,003 
   Custodian fees and expenses
  156,364 
  127,477 
  153,987 
   Business permits and licenses fees
  20,150 
  22,661 
  25,251 
   General and administrative expenses
  103,076 
  108,248 
  125,534 
   Brokerage commissions
  18,768 
  91,065 
  79,700 
   Other expenses
  11,023 
  43,739 
  41,406 
           Total expenses
  2,737,225 
  2,801,361 
  2,918,936 
 
    
    
    
Expenses waived by the Sponsor
  (15,639)
  (280,817)
  (409,562)
 
    
    
    
Total expenses, net
  2,721,586 
  2,520,544 
  2,509,374 
 
    
    
    
Net loss
 $(8,416,897)
 $(3,413,397)
 $(7,715,090)
 
    
    
    
Net loss per share
 $(1.29)
 $(0.64)
 $(2.02)
Net loss per weighted average share
 $(1.72)
 $(0.82)
 $(2.08)
Weighted average shares outstanding
  4,882,196 
  4,169,662 
  3,714,045 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
 
F-32
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 $(8,416,897)
 $(3,413,397)
 $(7,715,090)
Capital transactions
    
    
    
Issuance of Shares
  43,738,918 
  26,460,193 
  25,173,968 
Redemption of Shares
  (16,480,888)
  (31,569,218)
  (25,770,940)
Total capital transactions
  27,258,030 
  (5,109,025)
  (596,972)
Net change in net assets
  18,841,133 
  (8,522,422)
  (8,312,062)
 
    
    
    
Net assets, beginning of period
 $56,379,057 
 $64,901,479 
 $73,213,541 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, end of period
 $75,220,190 
 $56,379,057 
 $64,901,479 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at beginning of period
 $16.11 
 $16.75 
 $18.77 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at end of period
 $14.82 
 $16.11 
 $16.75 
 
    
    
    
Creation of Shares
  2,675,000 
  1,525,000 
  1,325,000 
Redemption of Shares
  1,100,000 
  1,900,000 
  1,350,000 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
 
F-33
 
TEUCRIUM CORN FUND
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 $(8,416,897)
 $(3,413,397)
 $(7,715,090)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
 
    
Net change in unrealized (appreciation) or depreciation on commodity futures contracts
  (1,973,406)
  (651,638)
  380,763 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
    
    
    
Due from broker
  3,725,944 
  (26,300)
  1,960,760 
Interest receivable
  (99)
  66 
  266 
Other assets
  6,380 
  (3,608)
  7,679 
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  13,411 
  (3,610)
  (9,733)
Payable for purchases of commercial paper
  (4,981,957)
  4,981,957 
  - 
Other liabilities
  (20,416)
  (3,773)
  39,504 
Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities
  (11,647,040)
  879,697 
  (5,335,851)
 
    
    
    
Cash flows from financing activities:
    
    
    
Proceeds from sale of Shares
  43,738,918 
  26,460,193 
  25,173,968 
Redemption of Shares
  (16,480,888)
  (31,569,218)
  (25,770,940)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
  27,258,030 
  (5,109,025)
  (596,972)
 
    
    
    
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
  15,610,990 
  (4,229,328)
  (5,932,823)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
  58,910,133 
  63,139,461 
  69,072,284 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $74,521,123 
 $58,910,133 
 $63,139,461 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
 
F-34
 
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
December 31, 2019
 
Note 1 – Organization and Operation
 
Teucrium Corn Fund (referred to herein as “CORN,” or the “Fund”) is a commodity pool that is a series of Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust formed on September 11, 2009. The Fund issues common units, called the “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in the Fund. The Fund continuously offers Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 Shares at their Net Asset Value (“NAV”) to “Authorized Purchasers” through Foreside Fund Services, LLC, which is the distributor for the Fund (the “Distributor”). Authorized Purchasers sell such Shares, which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca under the symbol “CORN,” to the public at per-Share offering prices that reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the Shares on the NYSE Arca, the NAV of the Fund at the time the Authorized Purchaser purchased the Creation Baskets and the NAV at the time of the offer of the Shares to the public, the supply of and demand for Shares at the time of sale, and the liquidity of the markets for corn interests. The Fund’s Shares trade in the secondary market on the NYSE Arca at prices that are lower or higher than their NAV per Share.
 
The investment objective of CORN is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for corn (“Corn Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”):
 
CORN Benchmark
 
CBOT Corn Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire
35%
Third to expire
30%
December following the third to expire
35%

The Fund commenced investment operations on June 9, 2010 and has a fiscal year ending on December 31. The Fund’s sponsor is Teucrium Trading, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The Sponsor is responsible for the management of the Fund. The Sponsor is a member of the National Futures Association (the "NFA") and became a commodity pool operator ("CPO") registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the "CFTC") effective November 10, 2009. The Sponsor registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor ("CTA") with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017.
 
On June 7, 2010, the initial Form S-1 for CORN was declared effective by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On June 8, 2010, four Creation Baskets for CORN were issued representing 200,000 shares and $5,000,000. CORN began trading on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca on June 9, 2010. The current registration statement for CORN was declared effective by the SEC on April 29, 2019.
 
Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement, Teucrium Trading, LLC, in its capacity as the Sponsor (“Sponsor”), may terminate a Fund at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, including, for instance, if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund.

 
F-35
 
Note 2 – Principal Contracts and Agreements
 
The Sponsor employs U.S. Bank N.A. as the Custodian for the Funds. The principal business address for U.S. Bank N.A is 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services") is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. In addition, effective on the Conversion Date, Global Fund Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Bank, commenced serving as administrator for each Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC reports on behalf of the Funds, and also became the registrar and transfer agent for each Fund’s Shares. For such services, U.S. Bank and Global Fund Services will receive an asset based fee, subject to a minimum annual fee.
 
For custody services, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges. For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, which are based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually. A combined minimum annual fee of up to $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund. These services are recorded in custodian fees and expenses on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Foreside Fund Services, LLC (“Foreside” or the “Distributor”) as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor and the Sponsor calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules. For its services as the Distributor, Foreside receives a fee of 0.01% of the Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Teucrium Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements. For its services under the SASA, Foreside receives a fee of $5,000 per registered representative and $1,000 per registered location. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below. Pursuant to a Consulting Services Agreement, Foreside Consulting Services, LLC, performs certain consulting support services for the Trust's Sponsor. Additionally, Foreside Distributors, LLC performs certain distribution consulting services pursuant to a Distribution Consulting Agreement with the Trust's Sponsor.   
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc. (“ED&F Man”) serves as the Underlying Funds’ clearing broker to execute and clear the Underlying Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services. ED&F Man is registered as a FCM with the U.S. CFTC and is a member of the NFA. ED&F Man is also registered as a broker/dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the FINRA. ED&F Man is a clearing member of ICE Futures U.S., Inc., Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and all other major United States commodity exchanges. For Corn, Soybean, Sugar and Wheat Futures Contracts ED&F Man is paid $9.00 per round turn. Prior to August 21, 2019, these expenses were recorded in brokerage commissions on the statements of operations. Beginning on August 21, 2019, these expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the statements of operations when a contract is sold. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. For its services, the Trustee receives an annual fee of $3,300 from the Trust. These services are recorded in business permits and licenses fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
 
 
F-36
 
The Sponsor employs Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC ("ETC") as the Marketing Agent, providing certain marketing consulting services in connection with the content strategy and e-mail marketing for the Funds. For its services as the Marketing Agent, ETC receives $2,500 a month and 0.02% of the Fund's average daily net assets, when assets are above the combined amount of $160 million. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of the operations. A summary of these expenses is included below:
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Amount Recognized for Custody Services
 $156,364 
 $127,477 
 $153,987 
Amount of Custody Services Waived
 $- 
 $762 
 $11,607 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Distribution Services
 $71,723 
 $64,527 
 $81,940 
Amount of Distribution Services Waived
 $- 
 $12,840 
 $20,150 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Brokerage Commissions
 $18,768 
 $91,065 
 $79,700 
Amount of Brokerage Commissions Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Wilmington Trust
 $1,688 
 $1,124 
 $1,311 
Amount of Wilmington Trust Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,311 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for ETC
 $25,517 
 $- 
 $- 
Amount of ETC Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Commodity futures contracts are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on commodity futures contracts are reflected in the statements of assets and liabilities as the difference between the original contract amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statements of operations. Interest on cash equivalents and deposits with the Futures Commission Merchant are recognized on the accrual basis. The Fund earns interest on its assets denominated in U.S. dollars on deposit with the Futures Commission Merchant. In addition, the Fund earns interest on funds held at the custodian and at other financial institutions at prevailing market rates for such investments.

Beginning in October 2017, the Sponsor began investing a portion of cash in commercial paper, which is deemed a cash equivalent based on the rating and duration of contracts as described in the notes to the financial statements and reflected in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities and statements of cash flows. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
 
F-37
 
Beginning in February of 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the broker in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
The Sponsor adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Trust or the Fund.
 
Brokerage Commissions
 
Beginning on August 21, 2019, the Sponsor began recognizing the expense for brokerage commissions for futures contract trades on a per-trade basis. Prior to the change, brokerage commissions on all open commodity futures contracts were accrued on the trade date and on a full-turn basis. The below table shows the amounts included on the statements of operations as unrealized losses attributed to brokerage commissions as of December 31, 2019, as well as total brokerage commissions paid in 2019 inclusive of this unrealized loss.
 
 
 
CORN
 
Unrealized Loss Attributed to Brokerage Commissions
 $11,457 
Total Brokerage Commissions paid including unrealized loss
 $81,568 
 
Income Taxes
 
For United States federal income tax purposes, the Fund will be treated as a partnership. The Fund does not record a provision for income taxes because the shareholders report their share of the Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Fund’s transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes.
 
The Fund is required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Fund files an income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. For all tax years 2016 to 2019, the Fund remains subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in the Fund recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. Based on its analysis, the Fund has determined that it has not incurred any liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. However, the Fund’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.
 
The Fund will recognize interest accrued related to any unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017.
 
The Fund may be subject to potential examination by U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign jurisdictional authorities in the area of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax laws.
 
Creations and Redemptions
 
Authorized Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 shares from CORN. The amount of the proceeds required to purchase a Creation Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
 
 
F-38
 
Authorized Purchasers may redeem shares from the Fund only in blocks of 25,000 shares called “Redemption Baskets.” The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Redemption Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to redeem the basket is properly received.
 
The Fund receives or pays the proceeds from shares sold or redeemed within three business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from Authorized Purchasers are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as receivable for shares sold. Amounts payable to Authorized Purchasers upon redemption are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as payable for shares redeemed.
 
As outlined in the most recent Form S-1 filing, 50,000 shares represents two Redemption Baskets for the Fund and a minimum level of shares. If the Fund experienced redemptions that caused the number of Shares outstanding to decrease to the minimum level of Shares required to be outstanding, until the minimum number of Shares is again exceeded through the purchase of a new Creation Basket, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Purchaser.
 
Allocation of Shareholder Income and Losses
 
Profit or loss is allocated among the shareholders of the Fund in proportion to the number of shares each shareholder holds as of the close of each month.
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less when acquired. The Fund reported its cash equivalents in the statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short term maturities. Each Fund that is a series of the Trust has the balance of its cash equivalents on deposit with financial institutions. The Trust holds a balance in money market funds that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities. Effective in the second quarter 2015, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in alternative demand deposit savings accounts, which are classified as cash and not as cash equivalents. Assets deposited with the bank may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Effective in the fourth quarter 2017, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in investment grade commercial paper with durations of 90 days or less, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured. Effective February 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the FCM in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured.
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Money Market Funds
 $102 
 $100 
 $170 
Demand Deposit Savings Accounts
  36,303,603 
  23,974,336 
  38,174,418 
Commercial Paper
  34,953,236 
  34,935,697 
  24,964,873 
Treasury Bills
  3,264,182 
  - 
  - 
Total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 $74,521,123 
 $58,910,133 
 $63,139,461 
 
Payable for Purchases of Commercial Paper
 
The amount recorded by the Fund for commercial paper transactions awaiting settlement, which represents the amount payable for contracts purchased but not yet settled as of the reporting date. The value of the contract is included in cash and cash equivalents, and the payable amount is included as a liability.
 
 
F-39
 
Due from/to Broker
 
The amount recorded by the Fund for the amount due from and to the clearing broker includes, but is not limited to, cash held by the broker, amounts payable to the clearing broker related to open transactions and payables for commodities futures accounts liquidating to an equity balance on the clearing broker’s records.
 
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a relatively small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in a futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Fund’s clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over-the-counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Fund’s trading, the Fund (and not its shareholders personally) is subject to margin calls.
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions.
 
Calculation of Net Asset Value
 
The Fund’s NAV is calculated by:
 
Taking the current market value of its total assets and
Subtracting any liabilities
 
The administrator, Global Fund Services, calculates the NAV of the Fund once each trading day. It calculates the NAV as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The NAV for a particular trading day is released after 4:15 p.m. (EST).
 
In determining the value of Corn Futures Contracts, the administrator uses the CBOT closing price. The administrator determines the value of all other Fund investments as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The value of over-the-counter corn interests is determined based on the value of the commodity or futures contract underlying such corn interest, except that a fair value may be determined if the Sponsor believes that the Fund is subject to significant credit risk relating to the counterparty to such corn interest. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract when the Futures Contract closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day. Treasury securities held by the Fund are valued by the administrator using values received from recognized third-party vendors and dealer quotes. NAV includes any unrealized profit or loss on open corn interests and any other income or expense accruing to the Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund.
 
 
F-40
 
Sponsor Fee, Allocation of Expenses and Related Party Transactions
 
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Fund in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, the Sponsor elected not to outsource services directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities. In addition, the Fund is contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.

The Fund generally pays for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity.
 
These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the statements of operations. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Fund. Such expenses are primarily recorded as distribution and marketing fees on the statement of operations. All asset-based fees and expenses for the Funds are calculated on the prior day’s net assets.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Recognized Related Party Transactions
 $858,901 
 $1,004,019 
 $998,194 
Waived Related Party Transactions
 $14,500 
 $157,258 
 $215,815 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund. The Sponsor has determined that there would be no recovery sought for the amounts below in any future period:
 
 
 
CORN
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $15,639 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $280,817 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $409,562 
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy
 
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
 
F-41
 
In determining fair value, the Fund uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Fund. Unobservable inputs reflect the Fund’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
 
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 financial instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these financial instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
 
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 
The availability of valuation techniques and observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Those estimated values do not necessarily represent the amounts that may be ultimately realized due to the occurrence of future circumstances that cannot be reasonably determined. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be materially higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Fund in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy, within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Fund’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Fund uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including during periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many securities. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified to a lower level within the fair value hierarchy. For instance, when Corn Futures Contracts on the CBOT are not actively trading due to a “limit-up” or limit-down” condition, meaning that the change in the Corn Futures Contracts has exceeded the limits established, the Trust and the Fund will revert to alternative verifiable sources of valuation of its assets. When such a situation exists on a quarter close, the Sponsor will calculate the Net Asset Value (“NAV”) on a particular day using the Level 1 valuation, but will later recalculate the NAV for the impacted Fund based upon the valuation inputs from these alternative verifiable sources (Level 2 or Level 3) and will report such NAV in its applicable financial statements and reports.
 
On December 31, 2019 and 2018, in the opinion of the Trust and the Fund, the reported value of the Corn Futures Contracts traded on the CBOT fairly reflected the value of the Corn Futures Contracts held by the Fund, and no adjustments were necessary. The determination is made as of the settlement of the futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Fund considers the average volume of the specific underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
The Fund records its derivative activities at fair value. Gains and losses from derivative contracts are included in the statements of operations. Derivative contracts include futures contracts related to commodity prices. Futures, which are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the CBOT and the ICE, or reported on another national market, are generally categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives contracts (such as forward and swap contracts) which may be valued using models, depending on whether significant inputs are observable or unobservable, are categorized in Levels 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
 
F-42
 
Expenses
 
Expenses are recorded using the accrual method of accounting.
 
Net Income (Loss) per Share
 
Net income (loss) per Share is the difference between the NAV per unit at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The weighted average number of Shares outstanding was computed for purposes of disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average Share. The weighted average Shares are equal to the number of Shares outstanding at the end of the period, adjusted proportionately for Shares created or redeemed based on the amount of time the Shares were outstanding during such period.
     
New Accounting Pronouncements
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-07: “Codification Updates to SEC Sections: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates.” The amendments improve, update, and simplify the SEC’s regulations on financial reporting and disclosure. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-04: “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” The amendments clarify and improve areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement, specifically relating to ASU 2017-12. The amendments were early adopted for the quarter ended June 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-01: "Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements." These amendments align the guidance for fair value of underlying assets by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842 with that of existing guidance. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-13: “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. These amendments modify public and private company fair value disclosure requirements. While some disclosures were removed or modified, others were added. The guidance is a result of the FASB’s test of the principals developed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118." These amendments add guidance to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Act). The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2018; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments”. The amendment amends the early adoption date option for certain companies related to adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2016-02. The SEC staff stated the SEC would not object to a public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC adopting ASC Topic 842 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-43
  
The FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. These amendments refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)”. These amendments require disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on the financial statements of a registrant when such standards are adopted in a future period. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2017; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments are effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)”. The amendments in this update require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Sponsor elected to early adopt ASU 2016-18 for the year ending December 31, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in May 2014, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaces the revenue recognition requirements of “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605).” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU provides new and more detailed guidance on specific topics and expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 also permits early adoption of ASU 2014-09, but not before the original effective date, which was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Trust and the Fund record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14. The Sponsor elected to adopt the amendments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting”. The amendments make targeted improvements to clarify the principal versus agent assessment and are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2016-11. The Sponsor elected to adopt ASU 2016-11 for the year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve the recognitions measurement and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments to this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments are required to be applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-44
 
 
Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements
 
The Fund’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy as described in the Fund’s significant accounting policies in Note 3. The following table presents information about the Fund’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Cash Equivalents
 $38,217,520 
 $- 
 $- 
 $38,217,520 
Corn Futures Contracts
  1,365,055 
  - 
  - 
  1,365,055 
Total
 $39,582,575 
 $- 
 $- 
 $39,582,575 
 
    
    
    
    
Liabilities:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Corn Futures Contracts
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $- 
 $581,574 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Cash Equivalents
 $34,935,797 
 $- 
 $- 
 $34,935,797 
Corn Futures Contracts
  107,363 
  - 
  - 
  107,363 
Total
 $35,043,160 
 $- 
 $- 
 $35,043,160 
 
Liabilities:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Corn Futures Contracts
 $1,297,288 
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,297,288 
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
See the Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy section in Note 3 above for an explanation of the transfers into and out of each level of the fair value hierarchy
 
 
F-45
 
Note 5 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
 
In the normal course of business, the Fund utilizes derivative contracts in connection with its proprietary trading activities. Investments in derivative contracts are subject to additional risks that can result in a loss of all or part of an investment. The Fund’s derivative activities and exposure to derivative contracts are classified by the following primary underlying risks: interest rate, credit, commodity price, and equity price risks. In addition to its primary underlying risks, the Fund is also subject to additional counterparty risk due to inability of its counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund invested only in commodity futures contracts.
 
Futures Contracts
 
The Fund is subject to commodity price risk in the normal course of pursuing its investment objectives. A futures contract represents a commitment for the future purchase or sale of an asset at a specified price on a specified date.
 
The purchase and sale of futures contracts requires margin deposits with a FCM. Subsequent payments (variation margin) are made or received by the Fund each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and are recorded as unrealized gains or losses by the Fund. Futures contracts may reduce the Fund’s exposure to counterparty risk since futures contracts are exchange-traded; and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as the counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default.
 
The Commodity Exchange Act requires an FCM to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary activities. A customer’s cash and other equity deposited with an FCM are considered commingled with all other customer funds subject to the FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to the Fund’s pro rata share of segregated customer funds available. It is possible that the recovery amount could be less than the total of cash and other equity deposited.
 
The following table discloses information about offsetting assets and liabilities presented in the statements of assets and liabilities to enable users of these financial statements to evaluate the effect or potential effect of netting arrangements for recognized assets and liabilities. These recognized assets and liabilities are presented as defined in FASB ASU No. 2011-11 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” and subsequently clarified in FASB ASU 2013-01 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.”
 
The following table also identifies the fair value amounts of derivative instruments included in the statements of assets and liabilities as derivative contracts, categorized by primary underlying risk and held by the FCM, ED&F Man as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2019
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Corn futures contracts
 $1,365,055 
 $- 
 $1,365,055 
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $783,481 
 
 
F-46
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2019
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Corn futures contracts
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $581,574 
 $581,574 
 $- 
 $- 
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 
  (iv)           
 
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $107,363 
 $- 
 $107,363 
 $107,363 
  - 
 $- 
 
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2018

 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 
  (iv)      
 
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

  
  
  
 
  Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities  
 
       
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
    
Corn futures contracts
 $1,297,288 
 $- 
 $1,297,288 
 $107,363 
  1,189,925 
 $- 
 
 
F-47
 
The following is a summary of realized and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of the derivative instruments utilized by the Fund:
 
Year ended December 31, 2019
 

 
Realized Loss on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $(9,512,148)
 $1,973,406 
 
Year ended December 31, 2018
 
 
 
Realized Loss on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $(3,025,313)
 $651,638 
 
Year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Realized Loss on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Depreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corn futures contracts
 $(5,603,513)
 $(380,763)
 
 
Volume of Derivative Activities
 
The average notional market value categorized by primary underlying risk for all futures contracts held was $76.3 million in 2019, $69.7 million in 2018, and $67.5 million in 2017.
 
 
F-48
 
Note 6 - Financial Highlights
 
The following table presents per share performance data and other supplemental financial data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. This information has been derived from information presented in the financial statements and is presented with total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor and with total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor, as appropriate.
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Per Share Operation Performance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net asset value at beginning of period
 $16.11 
 $16.75 
 $18.77 
 
Income (loss) from investment operations:
 
    
    
Investment income
  0.38 
  0.35 
  0.21 
Net realized and unrealized loss on commodity futures contracts
  (1.11)
  (0.39)
  (1.55)
Total expenses, net
  (0.56)
  (0.60)
  (0.68)
Net decrease in net asset value
  (1.29)
  (0.64)
  (2.02)
Net asset value at end of period
 $14.82 
 $16.11 
 $16.75 
Total Return
  (7.99)%
  (3.82)%
  (10.76)%
 
Ratios to Average Net Assets (Annualized)
 
    
    
Total expenses
  3.61%
  3.98%
  4.28%
Total expenses, net
  3.59%
  3.58%
  3.68%
Net investment loss
  (1.16)%
  (1.48)%
  (2.54)%
 
The financial highlights per share data are calculated consistent with the methodology used to calculate asset-based fees and expenses.

Note 7 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
 
The following summarized quarterly financial information presents the results of operations for the Teucrium Corn Fund and other data for three-month periods ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $(2,641,781)
 $4,818,848 
 $(6,305,081)
 $(1,567,297)
Total Expenses
  510,239 
  682,968 
  814,454 
  729,564 
Total Expenses, net
  504,600 
  682,968 
  804,454 
  729,564 
Net Income (Loss)
 $(3,146,381)
 $4,135,880 
 $(7,109,535)
 $(2,296,861)
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $(0.89)
 $1.18 
 $(1.18)
 $(0.40)
 
 
F-49
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $5,507,209 
 $(6,465,079)
 $(1,727,463)
 $1,792,478 
Total Expenses
  670,883 
  754,733 
  683,626 
  692,119 
Total Expenses, net
  630,201 
  656,692 
  651,503 
  582,148 
Net Income (Loss)
 $4,877,008 
 $(7,121,771)
 $(2,378,966)
 $1,210,330 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $1.24 
 $(1.56)
 $(0.59)
 $(1.49)
 
Note 8 - Organizational and Offering Costs
 
Expenses incurred in organizing of the Trust and the initial offering of the Shares of the Fund, including applicable SEC registration fees were borne directly by the Sponsor. The Fund is not obligated to reimburse these costs to the Sponsor. The Fund bears its own costs incurred in connection with the registration and offering of additional shares, which include registration fees, legal fees, underwriting fees and other similar costs.
 
Note 9 – Subsequent Events
 
Management has evaluated the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 for subsequent events through the date of this filing and noted no material events requiring either recognition through the date of the filing or disclosure herein for the Trust and Funds.
 
 
 
F-50
 

 
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Soybean Fund
 
 Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities, including the schedules of investments, of Teucrium Soybean Fund (the “Fund”), as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.
 
 
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
We have served as the Fund’s auditor since 2014.
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-51
 
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 

To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Soybean Fund
 
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Teucrium Soybean Fund (the “Fund”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 
 
Basis for opinion
The Fund’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A fund’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A fund’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the fund; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the fund are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the fund; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the fund’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
F-52
 
 TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND
STATEMENTS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 $27,874,691 
 $26,774,939 
Interest receivable
  42 
  4 
Other assets
  4,370 
  - 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  931,896 
  228,400 
   Due from broker
  - 
  1,022,182 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  931,896 
  1,250,582 
Total assets
  28,810,999 
  28,025,525 
 
    
    
Liabilities
    
    
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  23,139 
  24,973 
Other liabilities
  8,921 
  19,285 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  - 
  39,250 
   Due to broker
  643,808 
  - 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  643,808 
  39,250 
Total liabilities
  675,868 
  83,508 
 
    
    
Net assets
 $28,135,131 
 $27,942,017 
 
    
    
Shares outstanding
  1,775,004 
  1,725,004 
 
    
    
Shares authorized
  9,700,000 
  10,350,000 
 
    
    
Net asset value per share
 $15.85 
 $16.20 
 
    
    
Market value per share
 $15.83 
 $16.18 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
F-53
 
TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2019
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 1.50%  (cost $103)
 $103 
  0.00%
  103 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
U.S. Treasury Obligations
    
    
    
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.53% (cost: $714,992 due 01/30/2020) (a)(b)
 $715,165 
  2.54%
  716,000 
 
    
    
    
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.15% (cost: $2,487,131 due 01/06/2020)
 $2,499,260 
  8.88%
  2,500,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 1.93% (cost: $2,488,133 due 02/04/2020)
  2,495,467 
  8.87 
  2,500,000 
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 1.86% (cost: $2,493,962 due 01/06/2020)
  2,499,358 
  8.89 
  2,500,000 
Jabil Inc. 2.03% (cost: $2,488,637 due 02/28/2020)
  2,491,864 
  8.86 
  2,500,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 1.99% (cost: $2,493,813 due 01/31/2020)
  2,495,875 
  8.87 
  2,500,000 
Total Commercial Paper (cost: $12,451,676)
 $12,481,824 
  44.37%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $13,197,092 
  46.91%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States soybean futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT soybean futures MAR20 (207 contracts)
 $345,319 
  1.23%
 $9,889,425 
CBOT soybean futures MAY20 (175 contracts)
  247,987 
  0.88 
  8,476,563 
CBOT soybean futures NOV20 (200 contracts)
  338,590 
  1.20 
  9,787,500 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $931,896 
  3.31%
 $28,153,488 
 
(a) Discount yield at the time of purchase inclusive of collateral fees.
(b) The security is held by the broker as collateral for open futures contracts.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
F-54

TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2018
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 2.24% (cost $100)
 $100 
  0.00%
  100 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 2.63% (cost: $2,484,833 due 1/10/2019)
 $2,498,375 
  8.94%
  2,500,000 
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. 2.96% (cost: $2,490,844 due 1/10/2019)
  2,498,169 
  8.94 
  2,500,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 2.80% (cost: $4,986,486 due 1/4/2019)
  4,998,842 
  17.89 
  5,000,000 
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. 2.98% (cost: $2,491,806 due 1/15/2019)
  2,497,132 
  8.94 
  2,500,000 
Total Commercial Paper (cost: $12,453,969)
 $12,492,518 
  44.71
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $12,492,618 
  44.71%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States soybean futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT soybean futures MAR19 (218 contracts)
 $228,400 
  0.82%
 $9,755,500 
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States soybean futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT soybean futures MAY19 (185 contracts)
 $35,688 
  0.13%
 $8,396,688 
CBOT soybean futures NOV19 (209 contracts)
  3,562 
  0.01 
  9,773,363 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $39,250 
  0.14%
 $18,170,051 
 
  The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-55
 
TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND 
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on trading of commodity futures contracts:
    
    
    
   Realized (loss) gain on commodity futures contracts
 $(438,468)
 $(2,085,438)
 $8,425 
   Net change in unrealized appreciation or (depreciation) on commodity futures contracts
  742,746 
  637,213 
  (793,538)
Interest income
  677,163 
  460,170 
  152,945 
         Total income (loss)
  981,441 
  (988,055)
  (632,168)
 
    
    
    
Expenses
    
    
    
   Management fees
  278,152 
  212,287 
  133,058 
   Professional fees
  193,574 
  271,612 
  179,081 
   Distribution and marketing fees
  492,175 
  516,337 
  209,915 
   Custodian fees and expenses
  66,109 
  60,879 
  28,109 
   Business permits and licenses fees
  19,578 
  30,179 
  17,505 
   General and administrative expenses
  48,352 
  42,615 
  24,282 
   Brokerage commissions
  4,193 
  15,780 
  8,462 
   Other expenses
  2,812 
  21,704 
  9,689 
           Total expenses
  1,104,945 
  1,171,393 
  610,101 
 
    
    
    
Expenses waived by the Sponsor
  (96,303)
  (394,591)
  (126,489)
 
    
    
    
Total expenses, net
  1,008,642 
  776,802 
  483,612 
 
    
    
    
Net loss
 $(27,201)
 $(1,764,857)
 $(1,115,780)
 
    
    
    
Net loss per share
 $(0.35)
 $(1.65)
 $(1.23)
Net loss per weighted average share
 $(0.02)
 $(1.40)
 $(1.55)
Weighted average shares outstanding
  1,784,251 
  1,261,579 
  717,607 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-56
 
TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND 
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 $(27,201)
 $(1,764,857)
 $(1,115,780)
Capital transactions
    
    
    
Issuance of Shares
  9,627,010 
  26,403,162 
  20,374,923 
Redemption of Shares
  (9,406,695)
  (6,960,313)
  (21,877,218)
Total capital transactions
  220,315 
  19,442,849 
  (1,502,295)
Net change in net assets
  193,114 
  17,677,992 
  (2,618,075)
 
    
    
    
Net assets, beginning of period
 $27,942,017 
 $10,264,025 
 $12,882,100 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, end of period
 $28,135,131 
 $27,942,017 
 $10,264,025 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at beginning of period
 $16.20 
 $17.85 
 $19.08 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at end of period
 $15.85 
 $16.20 
 $17.85 
 
    
    
    
Creation of Shares
  650,000 
  1,575,000 
  1,100,000 
Redemption of Shares
  600,000 
  425,000 
  1,200,000 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-57
 
TEUCRIUM SOYBEAN FUND 
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Net loss
 $(27,201)
 $(1,764,857)
 $(1,115,780)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
 
    
    
   Net change in unrealized (appreciation) or depreciation on commodity futures contracts
  (742,746)
  (637,213)
  793,538 
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
    
    
    
  Due from broker
  1,022,182 
  (232,546)
  (618,663)
  Interest receivable
  (38)
  18 
  16 
  Other assets
  (4,370)
  1,839 
  2,265 
  Due to broker
  643,808 
  - 
  - 
  Management fee payable to Sponsor
  (1,834)
  12,862 
  220 
  Other liabilities
  (10,364)
  9,802 
  4,885 
   Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities
  879,437 
  (2,610,095)
  (933,519)
 
    
    
    
Cash flows from financing activities:
    
    
    
  Proceeds from sale of Shares
  9,627,010 
  26,403,162 
  20,374,923 
  Redemption of Shares
  (9,406,695)
  (6,960,313)
  (21,877,218)
   Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities
  220,315 
  19,442,849 
  (1,502,295)
 
    
    
    
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
  1,099,752 
  16,832,754 
  (2,435,814)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
  26,774,939 
  9,942,185 
  12,377,999 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $27,874,691 
 $26,774,939 
 $9,942,185 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
 
F-58
 
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019
 
Note 1 – Organization and Operation
 
Teucrium Soybean Fund (referred to herein as “SOYB” or the “Fund”) is a commodity pool that is a series of Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust formed on September 11, 2009. The Fund issues common units, called the “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in the Fund. The Fund continuously offers Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 Shares at their Net Asset Value (“NAV”) to “Authorized Purchasers” through Foreside Fund Services, LLC, which is the distributor for the Fund (the “Distributor”). Authorized Purchasers sell such Shares, which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca under the symbol “SOYB,” to the public at per-Share offering prices that reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the Shares on the NYSE Arca, the NAV of the Fund at the time the Authorized Purchaser purchased the Creation Baskets and the NAV at the time of the offer of the Shares to the public, the supply of and demand for Shares at the time of sale, and the liquidity of the markets for soybean interests. The Fund’s Shares trade in the secondary market on the NYSE Arca at prices that are lower or higher than their NAV per Share.
 
The investment objective of SOYB is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for soybeans (“Soybeans Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”):
 
SOYB Benchmark
 
              CBOT Soybeans Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire (excluding August & September)
35%
Third to expire (excluding August & September)
30%
Expiring in the November following the expiration of the third-to-expire contract
35%
 
The fund commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011 and has a fiscal year ending December 31. The Fund’s sponsor is Teucrium Trading, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The Sponsor is responsible for the management of the Fund. The Sponsor is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and became a commodity pool operator registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) effective November 10, 2009. The Sponsor registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor ("CTA") with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017.
 
On June 13, 2011, the initial Form S-1 for SOYB was declared effective by the SEC. On September 16, 2011, two Creation Baskets were issued representing 100,000 shares and $2,500,000. On September 19, 2011, SOYB started trading on the NYSE Arca. The current registration statements for SOYB was declared effective by the SEC on April 30, 2018. The registration statements for SOYB registered an additional 5,000,000 shares.
 
Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement, Teucrium Trading, LLC, in its capacity as the Sponsor (“Sponsor”), may terminate a Fund at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, including, for instance, if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund.
 
 
F-59
 
Note 2 – Principal Contracts and Agreements
 
The Sponsor employs U.S. Bank N.A. as the Custodian for the Funds. The principal business address for U.S. Bank N.A is 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services") is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. In addition, effective on the Conversion Date, Global Fund Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Bank, commenced serving as administrator for each Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC reports on behalf of the Funds, and also became the registrar and transfer agent for each Fund’s Shares. For such services, U.S. Bank and Global Fund Services will receive an asset based fee, subject to a minimum annual fee.
 
For custody services, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges. For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, which are based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually. A combined minimum annual fee of up to $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund. These services are recorded in custodian fees and expenses on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Foreside Fund Services, LLC (“Foreside” or the “Distributor”) as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor and the Sponsor calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules. For its services as the Distributor, Foreside receives a fee of 0.01% of the Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Teucrium Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements. For its services under the SASA, Foreside receives a fee of $5,000 per registered representative and $1,000 per registered location. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below. Pursuant to a Consulting Services Agreement, Foreside Consulting Services, LLC, performs certain consulting support services for the Trust's Sponsor. Additionally, Foreside Distributors, LLC performs certain distribution consulting services pursuant to a Distribution Consulting Agreement with the Trust's Sponsor.   
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc. (“ED&F Man”) serves as the Underlying Funds’ clearing broker to execute and clear the Underlying Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services. ED&F Man is registered as a FCM with the U.S. CFTC and is a member of the NFA. ED&F Man is also registered as a broker/dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the FINRA. ED&F Man is a clearing member of ICE Futures U.S., Inc., Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and all other major United States commodity exchanges. For Corn, Soybean, Sugar and Wheat Futures Contracts ED&F Man is paid $9.00 per round turn. Prior to August 21, 2019, these expenses were recorded in brokerage commissions on the statements of operations. Beginning on August 21, 2019, these expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the statements of operations when a contract is sold. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. For its services, the Trustee receives an annual fee of $3,300 from the Trust. These services are recorded in business permits and licenses fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
 
 
F-60
 
The Sponsor employs Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC ("ETC") as the Marketing Agent, providing certain marketing consulting services in connection with the content strategy and e-mail marketing for the Funds. For its services as the Marketing Agent, ETC receives $2,500 a month and 0.02% of the Fund's average daily net assets, when assets are above the combined amount of $160 million. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of the operations. A summary of these expenses is included below:
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Amount Recognized for Custody Services
 $66,109 
 $60,879 
 $28,109 
Amount of Custody Services Waived
 $12,828 
 $28,904 
 $4,574 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Distribution Services
 $30,189 
 $29,079 
 $15,730 
Amount of Distribution Services Waived
 $- 
 $14,542 
 $6,932 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Brokerage Commissions
 $4,193 
 $15,780 
 $8,462 
Amount of Brokerage Commissions Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Wilmington Trust
 $533 
 $711 
 $204 
Amount of Wilmington Trust Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $204 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for ETC
 $9,385 
 $- 
 $- 
Amount of ETC Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Commodity futures contracts are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on commodity futures contracts are reflected in the statements of operations as the difference between the original contract amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statements of operations. Interest on cash equivalents with financial institutions are recognized on the accrual basis. The Funds earn interest on funds held at the custodian and other financial institutions at prevailing market rates for such investments.
 
Beginning in February 2018, the Sponsor began investing a portion of cash in commercial paper, which is deemed a cash equivalent based on the rating and duration of contracts as described in the notes to the financial statements and reflected in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities and in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of cash flows. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
 
F-61
 
Beginning in February of 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the broker in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
The Sponsor adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Trust or the Fund. 
 
Brokerage Commissions
 
Beginning on August 21, 2019, the Sponsor began recognizing the expense for brokerage commissions for futures contract trades on a per-trade basis. Prior to the change, brokerage commissions on all open commodity futures contracts were accrued on the trade date and on a full-turn basis. The below table shows the amounts included on the statements of operations as unrealized losses attributed to brokerage commissions as of December 31, 2019, as well as total brokerage commissions paid in 2019 inclusive of this unrealized loss.
 
 
 
SOYB
 
Unrealized Loss Attributed to Brokerage Commissions
 $1,742 
Total Brokerage Commissions paid including unrealized loss
 $12,219 
 
Income Taxes
 
For United States federal income tax purposes, the Fund will be treated as a partnership. The Fund does not record a provision for income taxes because the shareholders report their share of the Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Fund’s transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes.
 
The Fund is required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Fund files an income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. For all tax years 2016 to 2019, the Fund remains subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in the Fund recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. Based on its analysis, the Fund has determined that it has not incurred any liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. However, the Fund’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.
 
The Fund will recognize interest accrued related to any unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
The Fund may be subject to potential examination by U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign jurisdictional authorities in the area of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax laws.
 
Creations and Redemptions
 
Authorized Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 shares from the Fund. The amount of the proceeds required to purchase a Creation Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
 
 
F-62
 
Authorized Purchasers may redeem shares from the Fund only in blocks of 25,000 shares called “Redemption Baskets.” The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Redemption Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to redeem the basket is properly received.
 
The Fund receives or pays the proceeds from shares sold or redeemed within three business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from Authorized Purchasers are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as receivable for shares sold. Amounts payable to Authorized Purchasers upon redemption are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as payable for shares redeemed.
 
As outlined in the most recent Form S-1 filing, 50,000 shares represents two Redemption Baskets for the Fund and a minimum level of shares. If the Fund experienced redemptions that caused the number of Shares outstanding to decrease to the minimum level of Shares required to be outstanding, until the minimum number of Shares is again exceeded through the purchase of a new Creation Basket, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Purchaser.
 
Allocation of Shareholder Income and Losses
 
Profit or loss is allocated among the shareholders of the Fund in proportion to the number of shares each shareholder holds as of the close of each month.
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less when acquired. The Fund reported its cash equivalents in the statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short term maturities. Each Fund that is a series of the Trust has the balance of its cash equivalents on deposit with financial institutions. The Trust holds a balance in money market funds that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities. Effective in the second quarter 2015, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in alternative demand deposit savings accounts, which are classified as cash and not as cash equivalents. Assets deposited with the bank may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Effective in the first quarter 2018, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in investment grade commercial paper with durations of 90 days or less, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured. Effective February 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the FCM in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured.
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Money Market Funds
 $103 
 $100 
 $100 
Demand Deposit Savings Accounts
  14,677,599 
  14,282,321 
  9,942,085 
Commercial Paper
  12,481,824 
  12,492,518 
  - 
Treasury Bills
  715,165 
  - 
  - 
Total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 $27,874,691 
 $26,774,939 
 $9,942,185 
 
Due from/to Broker
 
The amount recorded by the Fund for the amount due from and to the clearing broker includes, but is not limited to, cash held by the broker, amounts payable to the clearing broker related to open transactions and payables for commodities futures accounts liquidating to an equity balance on the clearing broker’s records.
 
F-63
 
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a relatively small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in a futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Fund’s clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over-the-counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Fund’s trading, the Fund (and not its shareholders personally) is subject to margin calls.
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions.
 
Calculation of Net Asset Value
 
The Fund’s NAV is calculated by:
 
Taking the current market value of its total assets and
Subtracting any liabilities
 
The administrator, Fund Services, calculates the NAV of the Fund once each trading day. It calculates the NAV as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The NAV for a particular trading day is released after 4:15 p.m. (EST).
 
In determining the value of Soybean Futures Contracts, the administrator uses the CBOT closing price. The administrator determines the value of all other Fund investments as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The value of over-the-counter soybean interests is determined based on the value of the commodity or futures contract underlying such soybean interest, except that a fair value may be determined if the Sponsor believes that the Fund is subject to significant credit risk relating to the counterparty to such soybean interest. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract when the Futures Contract closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day. Treasury securities held by the Fund are valued by the administrator using values received from recognized third-party vendors and dealer quotes. NAV includes any unrealized profit or loss on open soybean interests and any other income or expense accruing to the Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund.
 
 
F-64
 
Sponsor Fee, Allocation of Expenses and Related Party Transactions
 
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Fund in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, the Sponsor elected not to outsource services directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities. In addition, the Fund is contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.

The Fund generally pays for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity.
 
These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the statements of operations. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Fund. Such expenses are primarily recorded as distribution and marketing fees on the statement of operations. All asset-based fees and expenses for the Funds are calculated on the prior day’s net assets.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Recognized Related Party Transactions
 $379,031 
 $444,365 
 $183,076 
Waived Related Party Transactions
 $31,537 
 $192,822 
 $45,597 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund. The Sponsor has determined that there would be no recovery sought for the amounts below in any future period:
 
 
 
SOYB
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $96,303 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $394,591 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $126,489 
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy
 
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
 
F-65
 
In determining fair value, the Fund uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Fund. Unobservable inputs reflect the Fund’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
 
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 financial instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these financial instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
 
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 
The availability of valuation techniques and observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Those estimated values do not necessarily represent the amounts that may be ultimately realized due to the occurrence of future circumstances that cannot be reasonably determined. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be materially higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Fund in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy, within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Fund’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Fund uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified to a lower level within the fair value hierarchy. When such a situation exists on a quarter close, the Sponsor will calculate the NAV on a particular day using the Level 1 valuation, but will later recalculate the NAV for the impacted Fund based upon the valuation inputs from these alternative verifiable sources (Level 2 or Level 3) and will report such NAV in its applicable financial statements and reports.
 
On December 31, 2019 and 2018, in the opinion of the Trust and the Fund, the reported value of the Soybean Futures Contracts traded on the CBOT fairly reflected the value of the Soybean Futures Contracts held by the Fund, with no adjustments necessary. The determination is made as of the settlement of the futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Fund considers the average volume of the specific underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
The Fund records its derivative activities at fair value. Gains and losses from derivative contracts are included in the statements of operations. Derivative contracts include futures contracts related to commodity prices. Futures, which are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the CBOT and the ICE, or reported on another national market, are generally categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives contracts (such as forward and swap contracts) which may be valued using models, depending on whether significant inputs are observable or unobservable, are categorized in Levels 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
F-66
 
Expenses
 
Expenses are recorded using the accrual method of accounting.
 
Net Income (Loss) per Share
 
Net income (loss) per Share is the difference between the NAV per unit at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The weighted average number of Shares outstanding was computed for purposes of disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average Share. The weighted average Shares are equal to the number of Shares outstanding at the end of the period, adjusted proportionately for Shares created or redeemed based on the amount of time the Shares were outstanding during such period.
 
New Accounting Pronouncements
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-07: “Codification Updates to SEC Sections: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates.” The amendments improve, update, and simplify the SEC’s regulations on financial reporting and disclosure. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-04: “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” The amendments clarify and improve areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement, specifically relating to ASU 2017-12. The amendments were early adopted for the quarter ended June 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-01: "Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements." These amendments align the guidance for fair value of underlying assets by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842 with that of existing guidance. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-13: “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. These amendments modify public and private company fair value disclosure requirements. While some disclosures were removed or modified, others were added. The guidance is a result of the FASB’s test of the principals developed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118." These amendments add guidance to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Act). The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2018; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-67
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments”. The amendment amends the early adoption date option for certain companies related to adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2016-02. The SEC staff stated the SEC would not object to a public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC adopting ASC Topic 842 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. These amendments refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)”. These amendments require disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on the financial statements of a registrant when such standards are adopted in a future period. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2017; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments are effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)”. The amendments in this update require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Sponsor elected to early adopt ASU 2016-18 for the year ending December 31, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in May 2014, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaces the revenue recognition requirements of “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605).” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU provides new and more detailed guidance on specific topics and expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 also permits early adoption of ASU 2014-09, but not before the original effective date, which was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Trust and the Fund record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14. The Sponsor elected to adopt the amendments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
 
F-68
  
The FASB issued ASU 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting”. The amendments make targeted improvements to clarify the principal versus agent assessment and are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2016-11. The Sponsor elected to adopt ASU 2016-11 for the year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve the recognitions measurement and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments to this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments are required to be applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements
 
The Fund’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy as described in the Fund’s significant accounting policies in Note 3. The following table presents information about the Fund’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
 
December 31, 2019
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Cash Equivalents
 $13,197,092 
 $- 
 $- 
 $13,197,092 
Soybeans futures contracts
  931,896 
  - 
  - 
  931,896 
Total
 $14,128,988 
 $- 
 $- 
 $14,128,988 
 
 
F-69
 
December 31, 2018
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Cash Equivalents
 $12,492,618 
 $- 
 $- 
 $12,492,618 
Soybeans futures contracts
  228,400 
  - 
  - 
  228,400 
Total
 $12,721,018 
 $- 
 $- 
 $12,721,018 
 
    
    
    
    
Liabilities:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $- 
 $39,250 
 
F-70
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
Note 5 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
 
In the normal course of business, the Fund utilizes derivative contracts in connection with its proprietary trading activities. Investments in derivative contracts are subject to additional risks that can result in a loss of all or part of an investment. The Fund’s derivative activities and exposure to derivative contracts are classified by the following primary underlying risks: interest rate, credit, commodity price, and equity price risks. In addition to its primary underlying risks, the Fund is also subject to additional counterparty risk due to inability of its counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. For years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund invested only in commodity futures contracts.

Futures Contracts
 
The Fund is subject to commodity price risk in the normal course of pursuing its investment objectives. A futures contract represents a commitment for the future purchase or sale of an asset at a specified price on a specified date.
 
The purchase and sale of futures contracts requires margin deposits with a FCM. Subsequent payments (variation margin) are made or received by the Fund each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and are recorded as unrealized gains or losses by the Fund. Futures contracts may reduce the Fund’s exposure to counterparty risk since futures contracts are exchange-traded; and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as the counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default.
 
The Commodity Exchange Act requires an FCM to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary activities. A customer’s cash and other equity deposited with an FCM are considered commingled with all other customer funds subject to the FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to the Fund’s pro rata share of segregated customer funds available. It is possible that the recovery amount could be less than the total of cash and other equity deposited.
 
The following table discloses information about offsetting assets and liabilities presented in the statements of assets and liabilities to enable users of these financial statements to evaluate the effect or potential effect of netting arrangements for recognized assets and liabilities. These recognized assets and liabilities are presented as defined in FASB ASU No. 2011-11 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” and subsequently clarified in FASB ASU 2013-01 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.”
 
 
F-71
 
The following table also identifies the fair value amounts of derivative instruments included in the statements of assets and liabilities as derivative contracts, categorized by primary underlying risk and held by the FCM, ED&F Man as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2019 
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $931,896 
 $- 
 $931,896 
 $- 
 $643,808 
 $288,088 
 
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2018
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $228,400 
 $- 
 $228,400 
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $189,150 
 
 
F-72
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2018
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 (iv)       
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $39,250 
 $39,250 
 $- 
 $- 
 

The following is a summary of realized and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of the derivative instruments utilized by the Fund:
 
Year ended December 31, 2019
 
 
 
Realized Loss on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $(438,468)
 $742,746 
 
Year ended December 31, 2018
 
Primary Underlying Risk
 
Realized Loss on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation
on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $(2,085,438)
 $637,213 
 
 
F-73
 
Year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Realized Gain on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Depreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Soybeans futures contracts
 $8,425 
 $(793,538)

Volume of Derivative Activities
 
The average notional market value categorized by primary underlying risk for all futures contracts held was $27.5 million in 2019, $21.9 million in 2018, and $13.2 million in 2017.
 
Note 6 - Financial Highlights
 
The following table presents per share performance data and other supplemental financial data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. This information has been derived from information presented in the financial statements and is presented with total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor and with total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor, as appropriate.
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Per Share Operation Performance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net asset value at beginning of period
 $16.20 
 $17.85 
 $19.08 
Income (loss) from investment operations:
    
    
    
Investment income
  0.38 
  0.37 
  0.21 
Net realized and unrealized loss on commodity futures contracts
  (0.16)
  (1.40)
  (0.77)
Total expenses, net
  (0.57)
  (0.62)
  (0.67)
Net decreases in net asset value
  (0.35)
  (1.65)
  (1.23)
Net asset value at end of period
 $15.85 
 $16.20 
 $17.85 
Total Return
  (2.15)%
  (9.24)%
  (6.45)%
Ratios to Average Net Assets (Annualized)
    
    
    
Total expenses
  3.97%
  5.52%
  4.59%
Total expenses, net
  3.63%
  3.66%
  3.63%
Net investment loss
  (1.20)%
  (1.49)%
  (2.48)%
 
The financial highlights per share data are calculated consistent with the methodology used to calculate asset-based fees and expenses.
 
 
F-74
 
Note 7 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
 
The following summarized quarterly financial information presents the results of operations for the Teucrium Soybean Fund and other data for three-month periods ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
Total (Loss) Income
 $(303,245)
 $744,160 
 $(305,701)
 $846,227 
Total Expenses
  288,839 
  303,108 
  271,010 
  241,988 
Total Expenses, net
  225,927 
  269,717 
  271,010 
  241,988 
Net Income (Loss)
 $(529,172)
 $474,443 
 $(576,711)
 $604,239 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $(0.41)
 $(0.07)
 $(0.21)
 $0.34 
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Total (Loss) Income
 $854,752 
 $(2,378,109)
 $(292,647)
 $827,947 
Total Expenses
  215,850 
  240,283 
  424,902 
  290,357 
Total Expenses, net
  115,908 
  155,798 
  261,424 
  243,671 
Net Income (Loss)
 $738,844 
 $(2,533,907)
 $(554,071)
 $584,276 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $1.19 
 $(2.82)
 $(0.39)
 $0.37 
 
Note 8 - Organizational and Offering Costs
 
Expenses incurred in organizing of the Trust and the initial offering of the Shares of the Fund, including applicable SEC registration fees were borne directly by the Sponsor. The Fund is not obligated to reimburse these costs to the Sponsor. The Fund bears its own costs incurred in connection with the registration and offering of additional shares, which include registration fees, legal fees, underwriting fees and other similar costs.
 
Note 9 – Subsequent Events
 
Management has evaluated the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 for subsequent events through the date of this filing and noted no material events requiring either recognition through the date of the filing or disclosure herein for the Fund.
 
 
 
F-75
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 

To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Sugar Fund
 
 Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities, including the schedules of investments, of Teucrium Sugar Fund (the “Fund”), as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.
 
 
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
We have served as the Fund’s auditor since 2014.
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-76
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 

To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Sugar Fund
 
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Teucrium Sugar Fund (the “Fund”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 
 
Basis for opinion
The Fund’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A fund’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A fund’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the fund; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the fund are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the fund; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the fund’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
F-77
TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND 
STATEMENTS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 $12,215,795 
 $10,261,941 
Interest receivable
  28 
  90 
Other assets
  1,140 
  4,621 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  347,429 
  233,979 
   Due from broker
  - 
  351,972 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  347,429 
  585,951 
Total assets
  12,564,392 
  10,852,603 
 
    
    
Liabilities
    
    
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  10,609 
  9,918 
Other liabilities
  2,695 
  16,290 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  - 
  47,656 
   Due to broker
  237,908 
  - 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  237,908 
  47,656 
Total liabilities
  251,212 
  73,864 
 
    
    
Net assets
 $12,313,180 
 $10,778,739 
 
    
    
Shares outstanding
  1,750,004 
  1,525,004 
 
    
    
Shares authorized
  9,725,000 
  10,525,000 
 
    
    
Net asset value per share
 $7.04 
 $7.07 
 
    
    
Market value per share
 $7.02 
 $7.09 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-78
 
TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS
December 31, 2019
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 1.50% (cost $103)
 $103 
  0.00%
  103 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Principal Amount
 
U.S. Treasury Obligations
    
    
    
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.53% (cost: $683,030 due 01/30/2020) (a)(b)
 $683,196 
  5.55%
  684,000 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
    
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
FMC Technologies 1.86% (cost: $2,494,476 due 01/02/2020)
 $2,499,872 
  20.30%
  2,500,000 
Total Cash Equivalents
 $3,183,171 
  25.85%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States sugar futures contracts
    
    
    
ICE sugar futures MAY20 (284 contracts)
 $88,865 
  0.72%
 $4,306,803 
ICE sugar futures JUL20 (241 contracts)
  223,677 
  1.82 
  3,687,107 
ICE sugar futures MAR21 (268 contracts)
  34,887 
  0.28 
  4,316,301 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $347,429 
  2.82%
 $12,310,211 
 
(a) Discount yield at the time of purchase inclusive of collateral fees.
(b) The security is held by the broker as collateral for open futures contracts.

 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
 
F-79

TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2018
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 2.24% (cost $100)
 $100 
  0.00%
  100 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Principal Amount
 
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
Enbridge Energy Partners, L.P. 2.98% (cost: $2,491,806 due 1/15/2019)
 $2,497,132 
  23.17%
  2,500,000 
Total Cash Equivalents
 $2,497,232 
  23.17%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States sugar futures contracts
    
    
    
ICE sugar futures MAY19 (278 contracts)
 $29,254 
  0.27%
 $3,767,456 
ICE sugar futures JUL19 (235 contracts)
  204,725 
  1.90 
  3,221,568 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $233,979 
  2.17%
 $6,989,024 
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States sugar futures contracts
    
    
    
ICE sugar futures MAR20 (257 contracts)
 $47,656 
  0.44%
 $3,785,096 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
F-80
 
TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND 
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized and unrealized (loss) gain on trading of commodity futures contracts:
    
    
    
   Realized gain (loss) on commodity futures contracts
 $113,747 
 $(2,314,984)
 $(2,435,305)
   Net change in unrealized appreciation on commodity futures contracts
  161,106 
  69,137 
  263,581 
Interest income
  240,634 
  249,417 
  78,889 
         Total income (loss)
  515,487 
  (1,996,430)
  (2,092,835)
 
    
    
    
Expenses
    
    
    
   Management fees
  103,160 
  122,198 
  70,762 
   Professional fees
  116,404 
  186,127 
  63,308 
   Distribution and marketing fees
  239,069 
  277,033 
  126,152 
   Custodian fees and expenses
  29,935 
  33,901 
  19,038 
   Business permits and licenses fees
  19,207 
  29,289 
  17,342 
   General and administrative expenses
  25,290 
  24,228 
  14,512 
   Brokerage commissions
  3,471 
  24,030 
  10,525 
   Other expenses
  2,151 
  11,470 
  4,948 
           Total expenses
  538,687 
  708,276 
  326,587 
 
    
    
    
Expenses waived by the Sponsor
  (171,746)
  (268,920)
  (129,334)
 
    
    
    
Total expenses, net
  366,941 
  439,356 
  197,253 
 
    
    
    
Net income (loss)
 $148,546 
 $(2,435,786)
 $(2,290,088)
 
    
    
    
Net loss per share
 $(0.03)
 $(2.72)
 $(3.18)
Net income (loss) per weighted average share
 $0.10 
 $(1.50)
 $(3.40)
Weighted average shares outstanding
  1,477,196 
  1,620,415 
  674,456 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
F-81
 
TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND 
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
 $148,546 
 $(2,435,786)
 $(2,290,088)
Capital transactions
    
    
    
Issuance of Shares
  5,467,420 
  18,588,300 
  10,190,950 
Redemption of Shares
  (4,081,525)
  (11,737,485)
  (7,051,123)
Total capital transactions
  1,385,895 
  6,850,815 
  3,139,827 
Net change in net assets
  1,534,441 
  4,415,029 
  849,739 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, beginning of period
 $10,778,739 
 $6,363,710 
 $5,513,971 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, end of period
 $12,313,180 
 $10,778,739 
 $6,363,710 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at beginning of period
 $7.07 
 $9.79 
 $12.97 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at end of period
 $7.04 
 $7.07 
 $9.79 
 
    
    
    
Creation of Shares
  800,000 
  2,450,000 
  925,000 
Redemption of Shares
  575,000 
  1,575,000 
  700,000 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
 
F-82
 
TEUCRIUM SUGAR FUND 
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Net income (loss)
 $148,546 
 $(2,435,786)
 $(2,290,088)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
 
    
   Net change in unrealized (appreciation) on commodity futures contracts
  (161,106)
  (69,137)
  (263,581)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
    
    
    
  Due from broker
  351,972 
  (24,087)
  237,396 
  Interest receivable
  62 
  (43)
  4 
  Other assets
  3,481 
  (4,345)
  4,159 
  Due to broker
  237,908 
  - 
  - 
  Management fee payable to Sponsor
  691 
  4,286 
  5,632 
  Other liabilities
  (13,595)
  10,963 
  5,327 
   Net cash provided by/(used in) operating activities
  567,959 
  (2,518,149)
  (2,301,151)
 
    
    
    
Cash flows from financing activities:
    
    
    
  Proceeds from sale of Shares
  5,467,420 
  18,588,300 
  10,190,950 
  Redemption of Shares
  (4,081,525)
  (11,737,485)
  (7,051,123)
   Net cash provided by financing activities
  1,385,895 
  6,850,815 
  3,139,827 
 
    
    
    
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
  1,953,854 
  4,332,666 
  838,676 
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
  10,261,941 
  5,929,275 
  5,090,599 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $12,215,795 
 $10,261,941 
 $5,929,275 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
F-83
 
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
December 31, 2019
 
Note 1 – Organization and Operation
 
Teucrium Sugar Fund (referred to herein as “CANE” or the “Fund”) is a commodity pool that is a series of Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust formed on September 11, 2009. The Fund issues common units, called the “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in the Fund. The Fund continuously offers Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 Shares at their Net Asset Value (“NAV”) to “Authorized Purchasers” through Foreside Fund Services, LLC, which is the distributor for the Fund (the “Distributor”). Authorized Purchasers sell such Shares, which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca under the symbol “CANE,” to the public at per-Share offering prices that reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the Shares on the NYSE Arca, the NAV of the Fund at the time the Authorized Purchaser purchased the Creation Baskets and the NAV at the time of the offer of the Shares to the public, the supply of and demand for Shares at the time of sale, and the liquidity of the markets for sugar interests. The Fund’s Shares trade in the secondary market on the NYSE Arca at prices that are lower or higher than their NAV per Share.
 
The investment objective of CANE is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for No. 11 sugar (“Sugar Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the ICE Futures US (“ICE Futures”):
 
  CANE Benchmark
 
ICE Sugar Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire
35%
Third to expire
30%
Expiring in the March following the expiration of the third-to-expire contract
35%

The Fund commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011 and has a fiscal year ending December 31. The Fund’s sponsor is Teucrium Trading, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The Sponsor is responsible for the management of the Fund. The Sponsor is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and became a commodity pool operator registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) effective November 10, 2009. The Sponsor registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor ("CTA") with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017.
 
On June 13, 2011, the initial Form S-1 for CANE was declared effective by the SEC. On September 16, 2011, two Creation Baskets were issued representing 100,000 shares and $2,500,000. On September 19, 2011, CANE started trading on the NYSE Arca. The current registration statements for CANE was declared effective by the SEC on April 30, 2018. The registration statements for CANE registered an additional 5,000,000 shares.
 
Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement, Teucrium Trading, LLC, in its capacity as the Sponsor (“Sponsor”), may terminate a Fund at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, including, for instance, if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund.
 
 
F-84
 
Note 2 – Principal Contracts and Agreements
 
The Sponsor employs U.S. Bank N.A. as the Custodian for the Funds. The principal business address for U.S. Bank N.A is 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services") is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. In addition, effective on the Conversion Date, Global Fund Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Bank, commenced serving as administrator for each Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC reports on behalf of the Funds, and also became the registrar and transfer agent for each Fund’s Shares. For such services, U.S. Bank and Global Fund Services will receive an asset based fee, subject to a minimum annual fee.
 
For custody services, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges. For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, which are based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually. A combined minimum annual fee of up to $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund. These services are recorded in custodian fees and expenses on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Foreside Fund Services, LLC (“Foreside” or the “Distributor”) as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor and the Sponsor calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules. For its services as the Distributor, Foreside receives a fee of 0.01% of the Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Teucrium Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements. For its services under the SASA, Foreside receives a fee of $5,000 per registered representative and $1,000 per registered location. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below. Pursuant to a Consulting Services Agreement, Foreside Consulting Services, LLC, performs certain consulting support services for the Trust's Sponsor. Additionally, Foreside Distributors, LLC performs certain distribution consulting services pursuant to a Distribution Consulting Agreement with the Trust's Sponsor.   
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc. (“ED&F Man”) serves as the Underlying Funds’ clearing broker to execute and clear the Underlying Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services. ED&F Man is registered as a FCM with the U.S. CFTC and is a member of the NFA. ED&F Man is also registered as a broker/dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the FINRA. ED&F Man is a clearing member of ICE Futures U.S., Inc., Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and all other major United States commodity exchanges. For Corn, Soybean, Sugar and Wheat Futures Contracts ED&F Man is paid $9.00 per round turn. Prior to August 21, 2019, these expenses were recorded in brokerage commissions on the statements of operations. Beginning on August 21, 2019, these expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the statements of operations when a contract is sold. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. For its services, the Trustee receives an annual fee of $3,300 from the Trust. These services are recorded in business permits and licenses fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
 
F-85
 
The Sponsor employs Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC ("ETC") as the Marketing Agent, providing certain marketing consulting services in connection with the content strategy and e-mail marketing for the Funds. For its services as the Marketing Agent, ETC receives $2,500 a month and 0.02% of the Fund's average daily net assets, when assets are above the combined amount of $160 million. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of the operations. A summary of these expenses is included below:
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Amount Recognized for Custody Services
 $29,935 
 $33,901 
 $19,038 
Amount of Custody Services Waived
 $9,410 
 $18,786 
 $13,246 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Distribution Services
 $13,940 
 $15,840 
 $9,947 
Amount of Distribution Services Waived
 $6,891 
 $9,155 
 $5,473 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Brokerage Commissions
 $3,471 
 $18,182 
 $10,525 
Amount of Brokerage Commissions Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Wilmington Trust
 $224 
 $334 
 $192 
Amount of Wilmington Trust Waived
 $224 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for ETC
 $3,837 
 $- 
 $- 
Amount of ETC Waived
 $1,941 
 $- 
 $- 
 
Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Commodity futures contracts are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on commodity futures contracts are reflected in the statements of operations as the difference between the original contract amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statements of operations. Interest on cash equivalents with financial institutions are recognized on the accrual basis. The Funds earn interest on funds held at the custodian and other financial institutions at prevailing market rates for such investments.
 
Beginning in February 2018, the Sponsor began investing a portion of cash in commercial paper, which is deemed a cash equivalent based on the rating and duration of contracts as described in the notes to the financial statements and reflected in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities and in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of cash flows. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
 
F-86
 
Beginning in February of 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the broker in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
The Sponsor adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Trust or the Fund. 
 
Brokerage Commissions
 
Beginning on August 21, 2019, the Sponsor began recognizing the expense for brokerage commissions for futures contract trades on a per-trade basis. Prior to the change, brokerage commissions on all open commodity futures contracts were accrued on the trade date and on a full-turn basis. The below table shows the amounts included on the statements of operations as unrealized losses atrributed to brokerage commissions as of December 31, 2019, as well as total brokerage commissions paid in 2019 inclusive of this unrealized loss. 
 
 
 
CANE
 
Unrealized Loss Attributed to Brokerage Commissions
 $1,944 
Total Brokerage Commissions paid including unrealized loss
 $12,776 
 
Income Taxes
 
For United States federal income tax purposes, the Fund will be treated as a partnership. The Fund does not record a provision for income taxes because the shareholders report their share of the Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Fund’s transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes.
 
The Fund is required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Fund files an income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. For all tax years 2016 to 2019, the Fund remains subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in the Fund recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. Based on its analysis, the Fund has determined that it has not incurred any liability for tax benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. However, the Fund’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.
 
The Fund will recognize interest accrued related to any unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
The Fund may be subject to potential examination by U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign jurisdictional authorities in the area of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax laws.
 
 
F-87
 
Creations and Redemptions
 
Authorized Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 shares from the Fund. The amount of the proceeds required to purchase a Creation Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
 
Authorized Purchasers may redeem shares from the Fund only in blocks of 25,000 shares called “Redemption Baskets.” The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Redemption Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to redeem the basket is properly received.
 
The Fund receives or pays the proceeds from shares sold or redeemed within three business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from Authorized Purchasers are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as receivable for shares sold. Amounts payable to Authorized Purchasers upon redemption are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as payable for shares redeemed.
 
As outlined in the most recent Form S-1 filing, 50,000 shares represents two Redemption Baskets for the Fund and a minimum level of shares. If the Fund experienced redemptions that caused the number of Shares outstanding to decrease to the minimum level of Shares required to be outstanding, until the minimum number of Shares is again exceeded through the purchase of a new Creation Basket, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Purchaser.
 
Allocation of Shareholder Income and Losses
 
Profit or loss is allocated among the shareholders of the Fund in proportion to the number of shares each shareholder holds as of the close of each month.
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less when acquired. The Fund reported its cash equivalents in the statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short term maturities. Each Fund that is a series of the Trust has the balance of its cash equivalents on deposit with financial institutions. The Trust holds a balance in money market funds that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities. Effective in the second quarter 2015, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in alternative demand deposit savings accounts, which are classified as cash and not as cash equivalents. Assets deposited with the bank may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Effective in the first quarter 2018, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in investment grade commercial paper with durations of 90 days or less, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured. Effective February 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the FCM in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Money Market Funds
 $103 
 $100 
 $100 
Demand Deposit Savings Accounts
  9,032,624 
  7,764,709 
  5,929,175 
Commercial Paper
  2,499,872 
  2,497,132 
  - 
Treasury Bills
  683,196 
  - 
  - 
Total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 $12,215,795 
 $10,261,941 
 $5,929,275 
 
 
F-88
 
Due from/to Broker
 
The amount recorded by the Fund for the amount due from and to the clearing broker includes, but is not limited to, cash held by the broker, amounts payable to the clearing broker related to open transactions and payables for commodities futures accounts liquidating to an equity balance on the clearing broker’s records.
 
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a relatively small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in a futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Fund’s clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over-the-counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Fund’s trading, the Fund (and not its shareholders personally) is subject to margin calls.
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions.
 
Calculation of Net Asset Value
 
The Fund’s NAV is calculated by:
 
Taking the current market value of its total assets and
Subtracting any liabilities
 
The administrator, Global Fund Services, calculates the NAV of the Fund once each trading day. It calculates the NAV as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The NAV for a particular trading day is released after 4:15 p.m. (EST).
 
In determining the value of Sugar Futures Contracts, the administrator uses the ICE closing price. The administrator determines the value of all other Fund investments as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The value of over-the-counter sugar interests is determined based on the value of the commodity or futures contract underlying such sugar interest, except that a fair value may be determined if the Sponsor believes that the Fund is subject to significant credit risk relating to the counterparty to such sugar interest. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract when the Futures Contract closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day. Treasury securities held by the Fund are valued by the administrator using values received from recognized third-party vendors and dealer quotes. NAV includes any unrealized profit or loss on open sugar interests and any other income or expense accruing to the Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund.
 
 
F-89
 
Sponsor Fee, Allocation of Expenses and Related Party Transactions
 
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Fund in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, the Sponsor elected not to outsource services directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities. In addition, the Fund is contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.

The Fund generally pays for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity.
 
These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the statements of operations. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Fund. Such expenses are primarily recorded as distribution and marketing fees on the statement of operations. All asset-based fees and expenses for the Funds are calculated on the prior day’s net assets.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Recognized Related Party Transactions
 $183,750 
 $242,126 
 $109,266 
Waived Related Party Transactions
 $77,532 
 $93,112 
 $57,667 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund. The Sponsor has determined that there would be no recovery sought for the amounts below in any future period:
 
 
 
CANE
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $171,746 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $268,920 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $129,334 
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy
 
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
 
F-90
 
In determining fair value, the Fund uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Fund. Unobservable inputs reflect the Fund’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
 
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 financial instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these financial instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
 
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 
The availability of valuation techniques and observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Those estimated values do not necessarily represent the amounts that may be ultimately realized due to the occurrence of future circumstances that cannot be reasonably determined. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be materially higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Fund in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy, within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Fund’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Fund uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified to a lower level within the fair value hierarchy. When such a situation exists on a quarter close, the Sponsor will calculate the NAV on a particular day using the Level 1 valuation, but will later recalculate the NAV for the impacted Fund based upon the valuation inputs from these alternative verifiable sources (Level 2 or Level 3) and will report such NAV in its applicable financial statements and reports.
 
On December 31, 2019 and 2018, in the opinion of the Trust and the Fund, the reported value of the Sugar Futures Contracts traded on the ICE fairly reflected the value of the Sugar Futures Contracts held by the Fund, and no adjustments were necessary. The determination is made as of the settlement of the futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Fund considers the average volume of the specific underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
The Fund records its derivative activities at fair value. Gains and losses from derivative contracts are included in the statements of operations. Derivative contracts include futures contracts related to commodity prices. Futures, which are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the CBOT and the ICE, or reported on another national market, are generally categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives contracts (such as forward and swap contracts) which may be valued using models, depending on whether significant inputs are observable or unobservable, are categorized in Levels 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
Expenses
 
Expenses are recorded using the accrual method of accounting.
 
 
F-91
 
Net Income (Loss) per Share
 
Net income (loss) per Share is the difference between the NAV per unit at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The weighted average number of Shares outstanding was computed for purposes of disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average Share. The weighted average Shares are equal to the number of Shares outstanding at the end of the period, adjusted proportionately for Shares created or redeemed based on the amount of time the Shares were outstanding during such period.
 
New Accounting Pronouncements
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-07: “Codification Updates to SEC Sections: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates.” The amendments improve, update, and simplify the SEC’s regulations on financial reporting and disclosure. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-04: “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” The amendments clarify and improve areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement, specifically relating to ASU 2017-12. The amendments were early adopted for the quarter ended June 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-01: "Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements." These amendments align the guidance for fair value of underlying assets by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842 with that of existing guidance. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-13: “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. These amendments modify public and private company fair value disclosure requirements. While some disclosures were removed or modified, others were added. The guidance is a result of the FASB’s test of the principals developed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118." These amendments add guidance to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Act). The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2018; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments”. The amendment amends the early adoption date option for certain companies related to adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2016-02. The SEC staff stated the SEC would not object to a public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC adopting ASC Topic 842 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. These amendments refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-92
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)”. These amendments require disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on the financial statements of a registrant when such standards are adopted in a future period. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2017; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments are effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)”. The amendments in this update require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Sponsor elected to early adopt ASU 2016-18 for the year ending December 31, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in May 2014, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaces the revenue recognition requirements of “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605).” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU provides new and more detailed guidance on specific topics and expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 also permits early adoption of ASU 2014-09, but not before the original effective date, which was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Trust and the Fund record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14. The Sponsor elected to adopt the amendments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting”. The amendments make targeted improvements to clarify the principal versus agent assessment and are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2016-11. The Sponsor elected to adopt ASU 2016-11 for the year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve the recognitions measurement and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments to this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments are required to be applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements
 
The Fund’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy as described in the Fund’s significant accounting policies in Note 3. The following table presents information about the Fund’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018.
 
 
F-93
 
December 31, 2019
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Cash Equivalents
 $3,183,171 
 $- 
 $- 
 $3,183,171 
Sugar Futures Contracts
  347,429 
  - 
  - 
  347,429 
Total
 $3,530,600 
 $- 
 $- 
 $3,530,600 
 
December 31, 2018
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Cash Equivalents
 $2,497,232 
 $- 
 $- 
 $2,497,232 
Sugar futures contracts
  233,979 
  - 
  - 
  233,979 
Total
 $2,731,211 
 $- 
 $- 
 $2,731,211 
 
    
    
    
    
 
    
    
    
    
Liabilities:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Commodity Futures Contracts
    
    
    
    
Sugar futures contracts
 $47,656 
 $- 
 $- 
 $47,656 
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
Note 5 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
 
In the normal course of business, the Fund utilizes derivative contracts in connection with its proprietary trading activities. Investments in derivative contracts are subject to additional risks that can result in a loss of all or part of an investment. The Fund’s derivative activities and exposure to derivative contracts are classified by the following primary underlying risks: interest rate, credit, commodity price, and equity price risks. In addition to its primary underlying risks, the Fund is also subject to additional counterparty risk due to inability of its counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund invested only in commodity futures contracts.
 
Futures Contracts
 
The Fund is subject to commodity price risk in the normal course of pursuing its investment objectives. A futures contract represents a commitment for the future purchase or sale of an asset at a specified price on a specified date.
 
The purchase and sale of futures contracts requires margin deposits with a FCM. Subsequent payments (variation margin) are made or received by the Fund each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and are recorded as unrealized gains or losses by the Fund. Futures contracts may reduce the Fund’s exposure to counterparty risk since futures contracts are exchange-traded; and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as the counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default.
 
 
F-94
 
The Commodity Exchange Act requires an FCM to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary activities. A customer’s cash and other equity deposited with an FCM are considered commingled with all other customer funds subject to the FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to the Fund’s pro rata share of segregated customer funds available. It is possible that the recovery amount could be less than the total of cash and other equity deposited.
 
The following table discloses information about offsetting assets and liabilities presented in the statements of assets and liabilities to enable users of these financial statements to evaluate the effect or potential effect of netting arrangements for recognized assets and liabilities. These recognized assets and liabilities are presented as defined in FASB ASU No. 2011-11 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” and subsequently clarified in FASB ASU 2013-01 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.”
 
The following table also identifies the fair value amounts of derivative instruments included in the statements of assets and liabilities as derivative contracts, categorized by primary underlying risk and held by the FCM, ED&F Man as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2019
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
  (iv)      
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Sugar futures contracts
 $347,429 
 $- 
 $347,429 
 $- 
 $237,908 
 $109,521 
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i)-(ii)
 
 
 (iv)      
 
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sugar Futures Contracts
 $233,979
 $- 
 $233,979 
 $  47,656 
 $- 
 $186,323 

 
 
F-95
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2018
  
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 
(iv)  
 
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sugar futures contracts
 $47,656 
 $- 
 $47,656 
 $47,656 
 $- 
 $- 
 
The following is a summary of realized and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of the derivative instruments utilized by the Fund:
 
 
Year ended December 31, 2019
 
 
 
Realized Gain on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sugar futures contracts
 $113,747 
 $161,106 
 
 
 
Year ended December 31, 2018

 
Realized Loss on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sugar futures contracts
 $(2,314,984)
 $69,137 
 
Year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Realized Loss on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sugar futures contracts
 $(2,435,305)
 $263,581 
 
 
F-96
 
Volume of Derivative Activities
 
The average notional market value categorized by primary underlying risk for all futures contracts held was $10.4 million in 2019, $12.3 million in 2018, and $7.1 million in 2017.
 
Note 6 - Financial Highlights
 
The following table presents per share performance data and other supplemental financial data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. This information has been derived from information presented in the financial statements and is presented with total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor and with total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor, as appropriate.
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Per Share Operation Performance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net asset value at beginning of period
 $7.07 
 $9.79 
 $12.97 
Income (loss) from investment operations:
    
    
    
Investment income
  0.16 
  0.15 
  0.12 
Net realized and unrealized gain (loss) on commodity futures contracts
  0.06 
  (2.60)
  (3.01)
Total expenses, net
  (0.25)
  (0.27)
  (0.29)
Net decrease in net asset value
  (0.03)
  (2.72)
  (3.18)
Net asset value at end of period
 $7.04 
 $7.07 
 $9.79 
Total Return
  (0.45)%
  (27.78)%
  (24.52)%
Ratios to Average Net Assets (Annualized)
    
    
    
Total expenses
  5.22%
  5.80%
  4.62%
Total expenses, net
  3.56%
  3.60%
  2.79%
Net investment loss
  (1.23)%
  (1.56)%
  (1.68)%
 
The financial highlights per share data are calculated consistent with the methodology used to calculate asset-based fees and expenses.
 
 
F-97
 
 
Note 7 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
 
The following summarized quarterly financial information presents the results of operations for the Teucrium Sugar Fund and other data for three-month periods ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $488,023 
 $(271,558)
 $(486,975)
 $785,997 
Total Expenses
  135,037 
  151,926 
  118,027 
  133,697 
Total Expenses, net
  93,555 
  93,972 
  80,834 
  98,580 
Net Income (Loss)
 $394,468 
 $(365,530)
 $(567,809)
 $687,417 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $0.23 
 $(0.20)
 $(0.45)
 $0.39 
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $(1,127,935)
 $(689,717)
 $(1,857,077)
 $1,678,297 
Total Expenses
  141,974 
  182,157 
  213,470 
  170,674 
Total Expenses, net
  61,284 
  115,948 
  142,099 
  120,024 
Net Income (Loss)
 $(1,189,219)
 $(805,665)
 $(1,999,176)
 $1,558,273 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $(1.50)
 $(0.67)
 $(0.99)
 $0.44 
 
Note 8 - Organizational and Offering Costs
 
Expenses incurred in organizing of the Trust and the initial offering of the Shares of the Fund, including applicable SEC registration fees, were borne directly by the Sponsor. The Fund is not obligated to reimburse these costs to the Sponsor. The Fund bears its own costs incurred in connection with the registration and offering of additional shares, which include registration fees, legal fees, underwriting fees and other similar costs.
 
Note 9 – Subsequent Events
 
Management has evaluated the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 for subsequent events through the date of this filing and noted no material events requiring either recognition through the date of the filing or disclosure herein for the Fund other than those noted below:
 
The total net assets of the Fund decreased by $3,517,548 or 29% for the period from December 31, 2019 through March 9, 2020. This was driven by a 23% decrease in the shares outstanding and a 7% decrease in the net asset value per share.
 
  
 
F-98
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 

To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Wheat Fund
 
 Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities, including the schedules of investments, of Teucrium Wheat Fund (the “Fund”), as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.
 
 
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
We have served as the Fund’s auditor since 2014.
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-99
  
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Wheat Fund
 
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Teucrium Wheat Fund (the “Fund”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 
 
Basis for opinion
The Fund’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A fund’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A fund’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the fund; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the fund are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the fund; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the fund’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-100
 

TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND 
STATEMENTS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
 $51,467,643 
 $63,300,447 
Interest receivable
  71 
  7 
Other assets
  4,209 
  13,454 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  5,068,476 
  - 
   Due from broker
  - 
  5,867,925 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  5,068,476 
  5,867,925 
   Total assets
  56,540,399 
  69,181,833 
 
    
    
Liabilities
    
    
Management fee payable to Sponsor
  42,917 
  48,550 
Payable for purchases of commercial paper
  - 
  9,969,591 
Other liabilities
  2,876 
  28,419 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Commodity futures contracts
  - 
  3,985,400 
   Due to broker
  4,258,410 
  - 
      Total equity in trading accounts
  4,258,410 
  3,985,400 
   Total liabilities
  4,304,203 
  14,031,960 
 
    
    
Net assets
 $52,236,196 
 $55,149,873 
 
    
    
Shares outstanding
  8,950,004 
  9,275,004 
 
    
    
Shares authorized
  43,000,000 
  15,175,000 
 
    
    
Net asset value per share
 $5.84 
 $5.95 
 
    
    
Market value per share
 $5.85 
 $5.93 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-101
 
TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2019
  
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 1.50% (cost $119)
 $119 
  0.00%
  119 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
U.S. Treasury Obligations
    
    
    
U.S. Treasury Bills 1.53% (cost: $1,948,259 due 01/30/2020) (a)(b)
 $1,948,728 
  3.73%
  1,951,000 
 
    
    
    
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 1.86% (cost: $2,493,962 due 01/06/2020)
 $2,499,358 
  4.79%
  2,500,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 1.99% (cost: $2,493,813 due 01/31/2020)
  2,495,875 
  4.78 
  2,500,000 
FMC Technologies, Inc. 1.93% (cost: $4,976,266 due 02/04/2020)
  4,990,933 
  9.56 
  5,000,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.15% (cost: $2,487,131 due 01/06/2020)
  2,499,261 
  4.78 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.16% (cost: $4,973,547 due 01/15/2020)
  4,995,839 
  9.56 
  5,000,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.12% (cost: $2,487,750 due 01/09/2020)
  2,498,833 
  4.78 
  2,500,000 
Total Commercial Paper (cost: $19,912,469)
 $19,980,099 
  38.25%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $21,928,946 
  41.98%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
Notional Amount
 
 
    
    
 
(Long Exposure)
 
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States wheat futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT wheat futures MAY20 (650 contracts)
 $2,113,350 
  4.04%
 $18,256,875 
CBOT wheat futures JUL20 (556 contracts)
  892,498 
  1.71 
  15,665,300 
CBOT wheat futures DEC20 (634 contracts)
  2,062,628 
  3.95 
  18,314,675 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $5,068,476 
  9.70%
 $52,236,850 
  
(a) Discount yield at the time of purchase inclusive of collateral fees.
(b) The security is held by the broker as collateral for open futures contracts.

 
F-102
 
TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND 
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS 
December 31, 2018
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 2.24% (cost $100)
 $100 
  0.00%
  100 
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
 
 Principal Amount
 
Commercial Paper
    
    
    
CNH Industrial Capital LLC 2.62% (cost: $2,484,833 due 1/10/2019)
 $2,498,375 
  4.53%
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 2.75% (cost: $2,491,469 due 1/10/2019)
  2,498,294 
  4.53 
  2,500,000 
Enable Midstream Partners, LP 3.04% (cost: $4,962,425 due 2/28/2019)
  4,975,785 
  9.02 
  5,000,000 
Energy Transfer Operating, L.P. 3.10% (cost: $7,481,452 due 1/31/2019)
  7,481,452 
  13.57 
  7,500,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.63% (cost: $2,483,750 due 1/3/2019)
  2,499,639 
  4.53 
  2,500,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.68% (cost: $2,483,806 due 1/18/2019)
  2,496,872 
  4.53 
  2,500,000 
Ford Motor Credit Company LLC 2.81% (cost: $2,483,783 due 2/6/2019)
  2,493,050 
  4.52 
  2,500,000 
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. 2.83% (cost: $2,488,139 due 3/5/2019)
  2,488,139 
  4.51 
  2,500,000 
Humana Inc. 2.91% (cost: $2,484,600 due 2/11/2019)
  2,491,800 
  4.52 
  2,500,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.73% (cost: $4,988,709 due 1/2/2019)
  4,999,618 
  9.07 
  5,000,000 
Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. 2.77% (cost: $2,494,462 due 1/2/2019)
  2,499,809 
  4.53 
  2,500,000 
Total Commercial Paper (cost: $37,327,428)
 $37,422,833 
  67.86%
    
Total Cash Equivalents
 $37,422,933 
  67.86%
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
    
    
 
    
 
Percentage of
 
 
Notional Amount
 
Description: Liabilities
 
Fair Value
 
 
Net Assets
 
 
(Long Exposure)
 
 
    
    
    
Commodity futures contracts
    
    
    
United States wheat futures contracts
    
    
    
CBOT wheat futures MAY19 (756 contracts)
 $1,367,838 
  2.48%
 $19,296,900 
CBOT wheat futures JUL19 (637 contracts)
  544,812 
  0.99 
  16,514,225 
CBOT wheat futures DEC19 (713 contracts)
  2,072,750 
  3.76 
  19,340,125 
Total commodity futures contracts
 $3,985,400 
  7.23%
 $55,151,250 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-103
 
TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND 
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on trading of commodity futures contracts:
    
    
    
   Realized (loss) gain on commodity futures contracts
 $(9,623,635)
 $2,502,112 
 $(5,305,113)
   Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on commodity futures contracts
  9,053,876 
  (1,389,350)
  1,325,538 
Interest income
  1,319,942 
  1,343,227 
  745,357 
         Total income (loss)
  750,183 
  2,455,989 
  (3,234,218)
 
    
    
    
Expenses
    
    
    
   Management fees
  534,850 
  648,593 
  654,207 
   Professional fees
  349,582 
  575,124 
  585,774 
   Distribution and marketing fees
  735,336 
  1,094,984 
  1,070,569 
   Custodian fees and expenses
  96,947 
  125,550 
  143,071 
   Business permits and licenses fees
  32,473 
  20,759 
  20,733 
   General and administrative expenses
  72,435 
  103,842 
  107,357 
   Brokerage commissions
  14,841 
  63,679 
  59,520 
   Other expenses
  8,164 
  42,950 
  37,382 
           Total expenses
  1,844,628 
  2,675,481 
  2,678,613 
 
    
    
    
Expenses waived by the Sponsor
  (2,500)
  (234,736)
  (323,244)
 
    
    
    
Total expenses, net
  1,842,128 
  2,440,745 
  2,355,369 
 
    
    
    
Net (loss) income
 $(1,091,945)
 $15,244 
 $(5,589,587)
 
    
    
    
Net loss per share
 $(0.11)
 $(0.04)
 $(0.90)
Net (loss) income per weighted average share
 $(0.11)
 $0.00 
 $(0.58)
Weighted average shares outstanding
  9,768,840 
  10,111,031 
  9,594,936 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-104
 
TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND 
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net (loss) income
 $(1,091,945)
 $15,244 
 $(5,589,587)
Capital transactions
    
    
    
Issuance of Shares
  11,940,413 
  12,997,590 
  35,809,657 
Redemption of Shares
  (13,762,145)
  (19,278,980)
  (31,148,810)
Total capital transactions
  (1,821,732)
  (6,281,390)
  4,660,847 
Net change in net assets
  (2,913,677)
  (6,266,146)
  (928,740)
 
    
    
    
Net assets, beginning of period
 $55,149,873 
 $61,416,019 
 $62,344,759 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, end of period
 $52,236,196 
 $55,149,873 
 $61,416,019 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at beginning of period
 $5.95 
 $5.99 
 $6.89 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at end of period
 $5.84 
 $5.95 
 $5.99 
 
    
    
    
Creation of Shares
  2,175,000 
  2,000,000 
  5,375,000 
Redemption of Shares
  2,500,000 
  2,975,000 
  4,175,000 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
F-105

TEUCRIUM WHEAT FUND 
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Net (loss) income
 $(1,091,945)
 $15,244 
 $(5,589,587)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
 
    
   Net change in unrealized (appreciation) depreciation on commodity futures contracts
  (9,053,876)
  1,389,350 
  (1,325,538)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
    
    
    
  Due from broker
  5,867,925 
  (701,671)
  2,215,452 
  Interest receivable
  (64)
  104 
  168 
  Other assets
  9,245 
  (11,593)
  5,776 
  Due to broker
  4,258,410 
  - 
  - 
  Management fee payable to Sponsor
  (5,633)
  (3,424)
  (171)
  Payable for purchases of commercial paper
  (9,969,591)
  9,969,591 
  - 
  Other liabilities
  (25,543)
  (7,995)
  33,373 
   Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities
  (10,011,072)
  10,649,606 
  (4,660,527)
 
    
    
    
Cash flows from financing activities:
    
    
    
  Proceeds from sale of Shares
  11,940,413 
  12,997,590 
  35,809,657 
  Redemption of Shares
  (13,762,145)
  (19,278,980)
  (31,148,810)
   Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities
  (1,821,732)
  (6,281,390)
  4,660,847 
 
    
    
    
Net change in cash and cash equivalents
  (11,832,804)
  4,368,216 
  320 
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period
  63,300,447 
  58,932,231 
  58,931,911 
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period
 $51,467,643 
 $63,300,447 
 $58,932,231 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
 
F-106
 
 
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019
 
Note 1 – Organization and Operation
 
Teucrium Wheat Fund (referred to herein as “WEAT” or the “Fund”) is a commodity pool that is a series of Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust formed on September 11, 2009. The Fund issues common units, called the “Shares,” representing fractional undivided beneficial interests in the Fund. The Fund continuously offers Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 Shares at their Net Asset Value (“NAV”) to “Authorized Purchasers” through Foreside Fund Services, LLC, which is the distributor for the Fund (the “Distributor”). Authorized Purchasers sell such Shares, which are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) Arca under the symbol “WEAT,” to the public at per-Share offering prices that reflect, among other factors, the trading price of the Shares on the NYSE Arca, the NAV of the Fund at the time the Authorized Purchaser purchased the Creation Baskets and the NAV at the time of the offer of the Shares to the public, the supply of and demand for Shares at the time of sale, and the liquidity of the markets for wheat interests. The Fund’s Shares trade in the secondary market on the NYSE Arca at prices that are lower or higher than their NAV per Share.
 
The investment objective of WEAT is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the Shares’ Net Asset Value (“NAV”) reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for three futures contracts for wheat (“Wheat Futures Contracts”) that are traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”):
 
WEAT Benchmark
 
CBOT Wheat Futures Contract
Weighting
Second to expire
35%
Third to expire
30%
December following the third-to-expire
35%

The Fund commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011 and has a fiscal year ending December 31. The Fund’s sponsor is Teucrium Trading, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The Sponsor is responsible for the management of the Fund. The Sponsor is a member of the National Futures Association (the “NFA”) and became a commodity pool operator registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the “CFTC”) effective November 10, 2009. The Sponsor registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor ("CTA") with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017.
 
On June 13, 2011, the Fund’s initial registration of 10,000,000 shares on Form S1 was declared effective by the SEC. On September 19, 2011, the Fund listed its shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol “WEAT.” On the business day prior to that, the Fund issued 100,000 shares in exchange for $2,500,000 at the Fund’s initial NAV of $25 per share. The Fund also commenced investment operations on September 19, 2011 by purchasing commodity futures contracts traded on the CBOT. On December 31, 2010, the Fund had four shares outstanding, which were owned by the Sponsor. The current registration statement for WEAT was declared effective on April 29, 2019. This registration statement for WEAT registered an additional 30,000,000 shares.

Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement, Teucrium Trading, LLC, in its capacity as the Sponsor (“Sponsor”), may terminate a Fund at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, including, for instance, if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund.
 
Note 2 – Principal Contracts and Agreements
 
The Sponsor employs U.S. Bank N.A. as the Custodian for the Funds. The principal business address for U.S. Bank N.A is 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services") is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. In addition, effective on the Conversion Date, Global Fund Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Bank, commenced serving as administrator for each Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC reports on behalf of the Funds, and also became the registrar and transfer agent for each Fund’s Shares. For such services, U.S. Bank and Global Fund Services will receive an asset based fee, subject to a minimum annual fee.
 
 
F-107
 
For custody services, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges. For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, which are based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually. A combined minimum annual fee of up to $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund. These services are recorded in custodian fees and expenses on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Foreside Fund Services, LLC (“Foreside” or the “Distributor”) as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor and the Sponsor calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules. For its services as the Distributor, Foreside receives a fee of 0.01% of the Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Teucrium Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements. For its services under the SASA, Foreside receives a fee of $5,000 per registered representative and $1,000 per registered location. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below. Pursuant to a Consulting Services Agreement, Foreside Consulting Services, LLC, performs certain consulting support services for the Trust's Sponsor. Additionally, Foreside Distributors, LLC performs certain distribution consulting services pursuant to a Distribution Consulting Agreement with the Trust's Sponsor.   
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc. (“ED&F Man”) serves as the Underlying Funds’ clearing broker to execute and clear the Underlying Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services. ED&F Man is registered as a FCM with the U.S. CFTC and is a member of the NFA. ED&F Man is also registered as a broker/dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the FINRA. ED&F Man is a clearing member of ICE Futures U.S., Inc., Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and all other major United States commodity exchanges. For Corn, Soybean, Sugar and Wheat Futures Contracts ED&F Man is paid $9.00 per round turn. Prior to August 21, 2019, these expenses were recorded in brokerage commissions on the statements of operations. Beginning on August 21, 2019, these expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the statements of operations when a contract is sold. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. For its services, the Trustee receives an annual fee of $3,300 from the Trust. These services are recorded in business permits and licenses fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC ("ETC") as the Marketing Agent, providing certain marketing consulting services in connection with the content strategy and e-mail marketing for the Funds. For its services as the Marketing Agent, ETC receives $2,500 a month and 0.02% of the Fund's average daily net assets, when assets are above the combined amount of $160 million. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of the operations. A summary of these expenses is included below:
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
Amount Recognized for Custody Services
 $96,947 
 $125,550 
 $143,071 
Amount of Custody Services Waived
 $- 
 $31,513 
 $12,241 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Distribution Services
 $44,421 
 $62,031 
 $75,469 
Amount of Distribution Services Waived
 $- 
 $9,354 
 $14,910 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Brokerage Commissions
 $14,841 
 $63,678 
 $59,520 
Amount of Brokerage Commissions Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Wilmington Trust
 $837 
 $967 
 $1,349 
Amount of Wilmington Trust Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for ETC
 $13,810 
 $- 
 $- 
Amount of ETC Waived
 $- 
 $- 
 $- 
 
 
 
F-108
 
Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
  
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Commodity futures contracts are recorded on the trade date. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on commodity futures contracts are reflected in the statements of assets and liabilities as the difference between the original contract amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statements of operations. Interest on cash equivalents and deposits with the Futures Commission Merchant are recognized on the accrual basis. The Fund earns interest on its assets denominated in U.S. dollars on deposit with the Futures Commission Merchant. In addition, the Fund earns interest on funds held at the custodian and at other financial institutions at prevailing market rates for such investments.

Beginning in October 2017, the Sponsor began investing a portion of cash in commercial paper, which is deemed a cash equivalent based on the rating and duration of contracts as described in the notes to the financial statements and reflected in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilites and in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of cash flows. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
Beginning in February of 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the broker in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts. Accretion on these investments are recognized using the effective interest method in U.S. dollars and included in interest income on the statements of operations.
 
The Sponsor adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Trust or the Fund.
 
Brokerage Commissions
 
Beginning on August 21, 2019, the Sponsor began recognizing the expense for brokerage commissions for futures contract trades on a per-trade basis. Prior to the change, brokerage commissions on all open commodity futures contracts were accrued on the trade date and on a full-turn basis. The below table shows the amounts included on the statements of operations as unrealized losses atrributed to brokerage commissions as of December 31, 2019 as well as total brokerage commissions paid in 2019 inclusive of this unrealized loss. 
 
 
 
WEAT
 
Unrealized Loss Attributed to Brokerage Commissions
 $5,612 
Total Brokerage Commissions paid including unrealized loss
 $41,004 
 
Income Taxes
 
For United States federal income tax purposes, the Fund will be treated as a partnership. The Fund does not record a provision for income taxes because the shareholders report their share of the Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Fund’s transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes
 
 
F-109
 
The Fund is required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Fund files an income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. For all tax years 2016 to 2019, the Fund remains subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in the Fund recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. Based on its analysis, the Fund has determined that it has not incurred any liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. However, the Fund’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.
 
The Fund will recognize interest accrued related to any unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
The Fund may be subject to potential examination by U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign jurisdictional authorities in the area of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax laws.
 
Creations and Redemptions
 
Authorized Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets consisting of 25,000 shares from the Fund. The amount of the proceeds required to purchase a Creation Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
 
Authorized Purchasers may redeem shares from the Fund only in blocks of 25,000 shares called “Redemption Baskets.” The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Redemption Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to redeem the basket is properly received.
 
The Fund receives or pays the proceeds from shares sold or redeemed within three business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption. The amounts due from Authorized Purchasers are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as receivable for shares sold. Amounts payable to Authorized Purchasers upon redemption are reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as payable for shares redeemed.
 
As outlined in the most recent Form S-1 filing, 50,000 shares represents two Redemption Baskets for the Fund and a minimum level of shares. If the Fund experienced redemptions that caused the number of Shares outstanding to decrease to the minimum level of Shares required to be outstanding, until the minimum number of Shares is again exceeded through the purchase of a new Creation Basket, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Purchaser.
 
Allocation of Shareholder Income and Losses
 
Profit or loss is allocated among the shareholders of the Fund in proportion to the number of shares each shareholder holds as of the close of each month.
 
 
F-110
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less when acquired. The Fund reported its cash equivalents in the statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly liquid nature and short term maturities. Each Fund that is a series of the Trust has the balance of its cash equivalents on deposit with financial institutions. The Trust holds a balance in money market funds that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities. Effective in the second quarter 2015, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in alternative demand deposit savings accounts, which are classified as cash and not as cash equivalents. Assets deposited with the bank may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Effective in the fourth quarter 2017, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the available cash for the Funds in investment grade commercial paper with durations of 90 days or less, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured. Effective February 2019, the Sponsor began investing a portion of the cash held by the FCM in short term Treasury Bills as collateral for open futures contracts, which is classified as a cash equivalent and is not FDIC insured. 
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Money Market Funds
 $119 
 $100 
 $170 
Demand Deposit Savings Accounts
  29,538,697 
  25,877,514 
  33,967,188 
Commercial Paper
  19,980,099 
  37,422,833 
  24,964,873 
Treasury Bills
  1,948,728 
  - 
  - 
Total cash and cash equivalents as presented on the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 $51,467,643 
 $63,300,447 
 $58,932,231 
 
Payable for Purchases of Commercial Paper
 
The amount recorded by the Fund for commercial paper transactions awaiting settlement, which represents the amount payable for contracts purchased but not yet settled as of the reporting date. The value of the contract is included in cash and cash equivalents, and the payable amount is included as a liability.
 
Due from/to Broker
 
The amount recorded by the Fund for the amount due from and to the clearing broker includes, but is not limited to, cash held by the broker, amounts payable to the clearing broker related to open transactions and payables for commodities futures accounts liquidating to an equity balance on the clearing broker’s records.
 
Margin is the minimum amount of funds that must be deposited by a commodity interest trader with the trader’s broker to initiate and maintain an open position in futures contracts. A margin deposit acts to assure the trader’s performance of the futures contracts purchased or sold. Futures contracts are customarily bought and sold on initial margin that represents a relatively small percentage of the aggregate purchase or sales price of the contract. Because of such low margin requirements, price fluctuations occurring in the futures markets may create profits and losses that, in relation to the amount invested, are greater than are customary in other forms of investment or speculation. As discussed below, adverse price changes in a futures contract may result in margin requirements that greatly exceed the initial margin. In addition, the amount of margin required in connection with a particular futures contract is set from time to time by the exchange on which the contract is traded and may be modified from time to time by the exchange during the term of the contract. Brokerage firms, such as the Fund’s clearing brokers, carrying accounts for traders in commodity interest contracts generally require higher amounts of margin as a matter of policy to further protect themselves. Over-the-counter trading generally involves the extension of credit between counterparties, so the counterparties may agree to require the posting of collateral by one or both parties to address credit exposure.
 
 
F-111
 
When a trader purchases an option, there is no margin requirement; however, the option premium must be paid in full. When a trader sells an option, on the other hand, he or she is required to deposit margin in an amount determined by the margin requirements established for the underlying interest and, in addition, an amount substantially equal to the current premium for the option. The margin requirements imposed on the selling of options, although adjusted to reflect the probability that out-of-the-money options will not be exercised, can in fact be higher than those imposed in dealing in the futures markets directly. Complicated margin requirements apply to spreads and conversions, which are complex trading strategies in which a trader acquires a mixture of options positions and positions in the underlying interest.
 
Ongoing or “maintenance” margin requirements are computed each day by a trader’s clearing broker. When the market value of a particular open futures contract changes to a point where the margin on deposit does not satisfy maintenance margin requirements, a margin call is made by the broker. If the margin call is not met within a reasonable time, the broker may close out the trader’s position. With respect to the Fund’s trading, the Fund (and not its shareholders personally) is subject to margin calls.
 
Finally, many major U.S. exchanges have passed certain cross margining arrangements involving procedures pursuant to which the futures and options positions held in an account would, in the case of some accounts, be aggregated and margin requirements would be assessed on a portfolio basis, measuring the total risk of the combined positions.
 
Calculation of Net Asset Value
 
The Fund’s NAV is calculated by:
 
Taking the current market value of its total assets and
Subtracting any liabilities
 
The administrator, Global Fund Services, calculates the NAV of the Fund once each trading day. It calculates the NAV as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The NAV for a particular trading day is released after 4:15 p.m. (EST).
 
In determining the value of Wheat Futures Contracts, the administrator uses the CBOT closing price. The administrator determines the value of all other Fund investments as of the earlier of the close of the NYSE or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The value of over-the-counter wheat interests is determined based on the value of the commodity or futures contract underlying such wheat interest, except that a fair value may be determined if the Sponsor believes that the Fund is subject to significant credit risk relating to the counterparty to such wheat interest. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract when the Futures Contract closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day. Treasury securities held by the Fund are valued by the administrator using values received from recognized third-party vendors and dealer quotes. NAV includes any unrealized profit or loss on open wheat interests and any other income or expense accruing to the Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund.
 
Sponsor Fee, Allocation of Expenses and Related Party Transactions
 
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Fund in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, the Sponsor elected not to outsource services directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities. In addition, the Fund is contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.
 
 
F-112

The Fund generally pays for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity.
 
These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the statements of operations. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Fund. Such expenses are primarily recorded as distribution and marketing fees on the statement of operations. All asset-based fees and expenses for the Funds are calculated on the prior day’s net assets.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Recognized Related Party Transactions
 $557,131 
 $966,288 
 $893,340 
Waived Related Party Transactions
 $2,500 
 $99,345 
 $125,219 
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund. The Sponsor has determined that there would be no recovery sought for the amounts below in any future period:
 
 
 
WEAT
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $2,500 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $234,736 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $323,244 
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy
 
In accordance with U.S. GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
In determining fair value, the Fund uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Fund. Unobservable inputs reflect the Fund’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
 
 
F-113
 
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 financial instruments. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these financial instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
 
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 
The availability of valuation techniques and observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Those estimated values do not necessarily represent the amounts that may be ultimately realized due to the occurrence of future circumstances that cannot be reasonably determined. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be materially higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Fund in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy, within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Fund’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Fund uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified to a lower level within the fair value hierarchy. When such a situation exists on a quarter close, the Sponsor will calculate the NAV on a particular day using the Level 1 valuation, but will later recalculate the NAV for the impacted Fund based upon the valuation inputs from these alternative verifiable sources (Level 2 or Level 3) and will report such NAV in its applicable financial statements and reports.
 
The determination is made as of the settlement of the futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Fund considers the average volume of the specific underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
On December 31, 2019 and 2018, in the opinion of the Trust and the Fund, the reported value of the Wheat Futures Contracts traded on the CBOT fairly reflected the value of the Wheat Futures Contracts held by the Fund, and no adjustments were necessary. The determination is made as of the settlement of the futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Fund considers the average volume of the specific underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any significant transfers between any of the levels of the fair value hierarchy.
 
The Fund records its derivative activities at fair value. Gains and losses from derivative contracts are included in the statements of operations. Derivative contracts include futures contracts related to commodity prices. Futures, which are listed on a national securities exchange, such as the CBOT and the ICE, or reported on another national market, are generally categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. OTC derivatives contracts (such as forward and swap contracts) which may be valued using models, depending on whether significant inputs are observable or unobservable, are categorized in Levels 2 or 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
 
Expenses
 
Expenses are recorded using the accrual method of accounting.
 
 
F-114
 
Net Income (Loss) per Share
 
Net income (loss) per Share is the difference between the NAV per unit at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The weighted average number of Shares outstanding was computed for purposes of disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average Share. The weighted average Shares are equal to the number of Shares outstanding at the end of the period, adjusted proportionately for Shares created or redeemed based on the amount of time the Shares were outstanding during such period.
 
New Accounting Pronouncements
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-07: “Codification Updates to SEC Sections: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates.” The amendments improve, update, and simplify the SEC’s regulations on financial reporting and disclosure. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-04: “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” The amendments clarify and improve areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement, specifically relating to ASU 2017-12. The amendments were early adopted for the quarter ended June 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-01: "Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements." These amendments align the guidance for fair value of underlying assets by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842 with that of existing guidance. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-13: “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. These amendments modify public and private company fair value disclosure requirements. While some disclosures were removed or modified, others were added. The guidance is a result of the FASB’s test of the principals developed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118." These amendments add guidance to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Act). The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2018; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments”. The amendment amends the early adoption date option for certain companies related to adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2016-02. The SEC staff stated the SEC would not object to a public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC adopting ASC Topic 842 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. These amendments refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-115
 
 The FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)”. These amendments require disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on the financial statements of a registrant when such standards are adopted in a future period. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2017; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
  
The FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments are effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)”. The amendments in this update require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Sponsor elected to early adopt ASU 2016-18 for the year ending December 31, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in May 2014, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaces the revenue recognition requirements of “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605).” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU provides new and more detailed guidance on specific topics and expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 also permits early adoption of ASU 2014-09, but not before the original effective date, which was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Trust and the Fund record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14. The Sponsor elected to adopt the amendments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting”. The amendments make targeted improvements to clarify the principal versus agent assessment and are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2016-11. The Sponsor elected to adopt ASU 2016-11 for the year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve the recognitions measurement and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments to this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments are required to be applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-116
  
Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements
 
The Fund’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy as described in the Fund’s significant accounting policies in Note 3. The following table presents information about the Fund’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
 
December 31, 2019
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Cash Equivalents
 $21,928,946 
 $- 
 $- 
 $21,928,946 
Wheat Futures contracts
  5,068,476 
  - 
  - 
  5,068,476 
Total
 $26,997,422 
 $- 
 $- 
 $26,997,422 
 
December 31, 2018
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Cash Equivalents
 $37,422,933 
 $- 
 $- 
 $37,422,933 
 
    
    
    
    
Liabilities:
 
                         Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Wheat Futures contracts
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 $- 
 $3,985,400 
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any transfers between any of the level of the fair value hierarchy.
 
See the Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy section in Note 3 above for an explanation of the transfers into and out of each level of the fair value hierarchy.
 
Note 5 – Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
 
In the normal course of business, the Fund utilizes derivative contracts in connection with its proprietary trading activities. Investments in derivative contracts are subject to additional risks that can result in a loss of all or part of an investment. The Fund’s derivative activities and exposure to derivative contracts are classified by the following primary underlying risks: interest rate, credit, commodity price, and equity price risks. In addition to its primary underlying risks, the Fund is also subject to additional counterparty risk due to inability of its counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund invested only in commodity futures contracts.
 
 
F-117
 
Futures Contracts
 
The Fund is subject to commodity price risk in the normal course of pursuing its investment objectives. A futures contract represents a commitment for the future purchase or sale of an asset at a specified price on a specified date.
 
The purchase and sale of futures contracts requires margin deposits with a FCM. Subsequent payments (variation margin) are made or received by the Fund each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the value of the contract, and are recorded as unrealized gains or losses by the Fund. Futures contracts may reduce the Fund’s exposure to counterparty risk since futures contracts are exchange-traded; and the exchange’s clearinghouse, as the counterparty to all exchange-traded futures, guarantees the futures against default.
 
The Commodity Exchange Act requires an FCM to segregate all customer transactions and assets from the FCM’s proprietary activities. A customer’s cash and other equity deposited with an FCM are considered commingled with all other customer funds subject to the FCM’s segregation requirements. In the event of an FCM’s insolvency, recovery may be limited to the Fund’s pro rata share of segregated customer funds available. It is possible that the recovery amount could be less than the total of cash and other equity deposited.
 
The following table discloses information about offsetting assets and liabilities presented in the statements of assets and liabilities to enable users of these financial statements to evaluate the effect or potential effect of netting arrangements for recognized assets and liabilities. These recognized assets and liabilities are presented as defined in FASB ASU No. 2011-11 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities” and subsequently clarified in FASB ASU 2013-01 “Balance Sheet (Topic 210): Clarifying the Scope of Disclosures about Offsetting Assets and Liabilities.”
 
The following table also identifies the fair value amounts of derivative instruments included in the statements of assets and liabilities as derivative contracts, categorized by primary underlying risk and held by the FCM, ED&F Man as of December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
Offsetting of Financial Assets and Derivative Assets as of December 31, 2019
 

 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
  (iv)      
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 

 

 
 

 
 

 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Assets
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities a
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due to Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

 
Wheat futures contracts
 $5,068,476 
 $- 
 $5,068,476 
 $- 
 $4,258,410 
 $810,066 
 
 
 
F-118
 
Offsetting of Financial Liabilities and Derivative Liabilities as of December 31, 2018
 
 
 
(i)
 
 
(ii)
 
 
(iii) = (i-ii)
 
 
(iv)  
 
 
(v) = (iii)-(iv)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross Amount Not Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 

 
Description
 
Gross Amount of Recognized Liabilities
 
 
Gross Amount Offset in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Net Amount Presented in the Statement of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
Futures Contracts Available for Offset
 
 
Collateral, Due from Broker
 
 
Net Amount
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wheat futures contracts
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 $3,985,400 
 $- 
 
The following is a summary of realized and net change in unrealized gains (losses) of the derivative instruments utilized by the Fund:
 
Year ended December 31, 2019
 
 
 
Realized Loss on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wheat futures contracts
 $(9,623,635)
 $9,053,876 
 
Year ended December 31, 2018
 

 
Realized  Gain on
Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized  Depreciation
on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wheat futures contracts
 $2,502,112 
 $(1,389,350)
 
Year ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Realized Loss on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
 
Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation on Commodity Futures Contracts
 
Commodity Price
 
 
 
 
 
 
Wheat futures contracts
 $(5,305,113)
 $1,325,538 
 
 
F-119
 
Volume of Derivative Activities
 
The average notional market value categorized by primary underlying risk for all futures contracts held was $53.1 million in 2019, $65.0 million in 2018, and $66.0 million in 2017.

Note 6 – Financial Highlights
 
The following table presents per share performance data and other supplemental financial data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. This information has been derived from information presented in the financial statements and is presented with total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor and with total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor, as appropriate.
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Per Share Operation Performance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net asset value at beginning of period
 $5.95 
 $5.99 
 $6.89 
 
Income (loss) from investment operations:
 
    
    
Investment income
  0.14 
  0.13 
  0.08 
Net realized and unrealized (loss) gain on commodity futures contracts
  (0.06)
  0.07 
  (0.73)
Total expenses, net
  (0.19)
  (0.24)
  (0.25)
Net decrease in net asset value
  (0.11)
  (0.04)
  (0.90)
Net asset value at end of period
 $5.84 
 $5.95 
 $5.99 
Total Return
  (1.84)%
  (0.67)%
  (13.06)%
 
Ratios to Average Net Assets (Annualized)
 
    
    
Total expenses
  3.45%
  4.13%
  4.09%
Total expenses, net
  3.44%
  3.76%
  3.60%
Net investment loss
  (0.97)%
  (1.69)%
  (2.46)%
 
The financial highlights per share data are calculated consistent with the methodology used to calculate asset-based fees and expenses
 
 
F-120
 
Note 7 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
 
The following summarized quarterly financial information presents the results of operations for the Teucrium Wheat Fund and other data for three-month periods ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $(5,839,784)
 $5,372,766 
 $(3,968,920)
 $5,186,121 
Total Expenses
  495,266 
  544,200 
  409,653 
  395,509 
Total Expenses, net
  492,766 
  544,200 
  409,653 
  395,509 
Net Income (Loss)
 $(6,332,550)
 $4,828,566 
 $(4,378,573)
 $4,790,612 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $(0.65)
 $0.45 
 $(0.44)
 $0.53 
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $2,696,228 
 $2,560,956 
 $(533,797)
 $(2,267,398)
Total Expenses
  656,128 
  772,566 
  679,205 
  567,581 
Total Expenses, net
  632,359 
  651,551 
  635,374 
  521,460 
Net Income (Loss)
 $2,063,869 
 $1,909,405 
 $(1,169,171)
 $(2,788,858)
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $0.20 
 $0.18 
 $(0.13)
 $(0.29)
 
Note 8 – Organizational and Offering Costs
 
Expenses incurred in organizing of the Trust and the initial offering of the Shares of the Fund, including applicable SEC registration fees, were borne directly by the Sponsor. The Fund is not obligated to reimburse these costs to the Sponsor. The Fund bears its own costs incurred in connection with the registration and offering of additional shares, which include registration fees, legal fees, underwriting fees and other similar costs.
 
Note 9 – Subsequent Events
 
Management has evaluated the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 for subsequent events through the date of this filing and noted no material events requiring either recognition through the date of the filing or disclosure herein for the Fund.
 
 
F-121
  
 
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 

To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Agricultural Fund
 
 Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying statements of assets and liabilities, including the schedules of investments, of Teucrium Agricultural Fund (the “Fund”), as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, the related statements of operations, changes in net assets, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Fund as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2019, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”), and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion.
 
 
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Fund’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error orfraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
We have served as the Fund’s auditor since 2014.
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-122
 
 Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
 
To the Sponsor and Shareholders of
     Teucrium Agricultural Fund
 
Opinion on internal control over financial reporting
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Teucrium Agricultural Fund (the “Fund”) as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). In our opinion, the Fund maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by COSO.
 
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the financial statements of the Fund as of and for the year ended December 31, 2019, and our report dated March 11, 2020 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.
 
 
Basis for opinion
The Fund’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Fund’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Fund in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
 
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
 
 
Definition and limitations of internal control over financial reporting
A fund’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A fund’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the fund; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the fund are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the fund; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the fund’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
 
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
 
 
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
 
New York, New York
March 11, 2020
 
 
F-123
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
STATEMENTS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash equivalents
 $2,633 
  2,862 
Interest receivable
  3 
  5 
Equity in trading accounts:
    
    
   Investments in securities, at fair value (cost $1,908,649 and $2,021,172 as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively)
  1,476,880 
  1,523,286 
Total assets
  1,479,516 
  1,526,153 
 
    
    
Liabilities
    
    
Other liabilities
  736 
  1,393 
 
    
    
Net assets
 $1,478,780 
 $1,524,760 
 
    
    
Shares outstanding
  75,002 
  75,002 
 
    
    
Shares authorized
  4,625,000 
  4,625,000 
 
    
    
Net asset value per share
 $19.72 
 $20.33 
 
    
    
Market value per share
 $19.60 
 $20.53 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-124
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS
December 31, 2019
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exchange-traded funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 $360,286 
  24.36%
  24,308 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
  371,397 
  25.11 
  23,431 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
  373,786 
  25.28 
  53,124 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
  371,411 
  25.12 
  63,637 
Total exchange-traded funds (cost: $1,908,649)
 $1,476,880 
  99.87%
    
 
    
    
    
Cash equivalents
    
    
    
Money market funds
    
    
    
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 1.50% (cost $2,633)
 $2,633 
  0.18%
  2,633 
 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-125
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
SCHEDULE OF INVESTMENTS
December 31, 2018
 
 
Description: Assets
 
Fair Value
 
 
Percentage of Net Assets
 
 
Shares
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Exchange-traded funds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Teucrium Corn Fund
 $383,506 
  25.15%
  23,808 
Teucrium Soybean Fund
  381,970 
  25.05 
  23,581 
Teucrium Sugar Fund
  374,067 
  24.53 
  52,924 
Teucrium Wheat Fund
  383,743 
  25.17 
  64,537 
Total exchange-traded funds (cost: $2,021,172)
 $1,523,286 
  99.90%
    
 
    
    
    
Cash equivalents
    
    
    
Money market funds
    
    
    
Fidelity Institutional Money Market Funds - Government Portfolio 2.24% (cost $2,862)
 $2,862 
  0.19%
  2,862 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 
 
F-126
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Realized and unrealized gain (loss) on trading of securities:
    
    
    
   Realized loss on securities
 $(109,378)
 $(341,548)
 $(238,398)
   Net change in unrealized appreciation on securities
  66,117 
  156,615 
  65,864 
Interest income
  63 
  51 
  14 
         Total loss
  (43,198)
  (184,882)
  (172,520)
 
    
    
    
Expenses
    
    
    
   Professional fees
  10,380 
  16,709 
  15,175 
   Distribution and marketing fees
  17,185 
  21,061 
  14,657 
   Custodian fees and expenses
  2,159 
  2,554 
  2,090 
   Business permits and licenses fees
  12,030 
  12,238 
  12,195 
   General and administrative expenses
  1,491 
  2,074 
  1,739 
   Other expenses
  54 
  834 
  625 
           Total expenses
  43,299 
  55,470 
  46,481 
 
    
    
    
Expenses waived by the Sponsor
  (40,517)
  (48,366)
  (40,270)
 
    
    
    
Total expenses, net
  2,782 
  7,104 
  6,211 
 
    
    
    
Net loss
 $(45,980
 $(191,986
 $(178,731)
 
    
    
    
Net loss per share
 $(0.61)
 $(2.42)
 $(3.58)
Net loss per weighted average share
 $(0.61)
 $(2.82)
 $(3.57)
Weighted average shares outstanding
  75,002 
  68,153 
  50,002 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
 
 
F-127
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Operations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net loss
 $(45,980)
 $(191,986)
 $(178,731)
Capital transactions
    
    
    
Issuance of Shares
  - 
  579,107 
  - 
Total capital transactions
  - 
  579,107 
    
Net change in net assets
  (45,980)
  387,121 
  (178,731)
 
    
    
    
Net assets, beginning of period
 $1,524,760 
 $1,137,639 
 $1,316,370 
 
    
    
    
Net assets, end of period
 $1,478,780 
 $1,524,760 
 $1,137,639 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at beginning of period
 $20.33 
 $22.75 
 $26.33 
 
    
    
    
Net asset value per share at end of period
 $19.72 
 $20.33 
 $22.75 
 
    
    
    
Creation of Shares
  - 
  25,000 
  - 
Redemption of Shares
  - 
  - 
  - 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
 

 
 
 
F-128
 
TEUCRIUM AGRICULTURAL FUND
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Net loss
 $(45,980)
 $(191,986)
 $(178,731)
 
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
 
    
   Net change in unrealized appreciation on securities
  (66,117)
  (156,615)
  (65,864)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
    
    
    
Net sale of investments in securities
  112,523 
  (230,551)
  243,298 
Interest receivable
  2 
  (3)
  (1)
Other assets
  - 
  - 
  508 
Other liabilities
  (657)
  436 
  904 
   Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities
  (229)
  (578,719)
  114 
 
    
    
    
Cash flows from financing activities:
    
    
    
  Proceeds from sale of Shares
  - 
  579,107 
  - 
   Net cash provided by financing activities
  - 
  579,107 
  - 
 
    
    
    
Net change in cash equivalents
  (229)
  388 
  114 
Cash equivalents, beginning of period
  2,862 
  2,474 
  2,360 
Cash equivalents, end of period
 $2,633 
 $2,862 
 $2,474 
 
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

 
 
 
F-129
 
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
December 31, 2019
 
Note 1 — Organization and Business
 
Teucrium Agricultural Fund (referred to herein as “TAGS” or the “Fund”) is a series of Teucrium Commodity Trust (“Trust”), a Delaware statutory trust organized on September 11, 2009. The Fund operates pursuant to the Trust’s Fifth Amended and Restated Declaration of Trust and Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”). The Fund was formed on March 29, 2011 and is managed and controlled by Teucrium Trading, LLC (the “Sponsor”). The Sponsor is a limited liability company formed in Delaware on July 28, 2009 that is registered as a commodity pool operator (“CPO”) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and is a member of the National Futures Association (“NFA”). The Sponsor registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor ("CTA") with the CFTC effective September 8, 2017.
 
On April 22, 2011, a registration statement was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). On February 10, 2012, the Fund’s initial registration of 5,000,000 shares on Form S-1 was declared effective by the SEC. On March 28, 2012, the Fund listed its shares on the NYSE Arca under the ticker symbol “TAGS.” On the business day prior to that, the Fund issued 300,000 shares in exchange for $15,000,000 at the Fund’s initial NAV of $50 per share. The Fund also commenced investment operations on March 28, 2012 by purchasing shares of the Underlying Funds. On December 31, 2011, the Fund had two shares outstanding, which were owned by the Sponsor. The current registration statement for TAGS was declared effective on April 30, 2018.
 
The investment objective of the TAGS is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of the NAV of its Shares reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average (the “Underlying Fund Average”) of the NAVs per share of four other commodity pools that are series of the Trust and are sponsored by the Sponsor: the Teucrium Corn Fund, the Teucrium Wheat Fund, the Teucrium Soybean Fund and the Teucrium Sugar Fund (collectively, the “Underlying Funds”). The Underlying Fund Average will have a weighting of 25% to each Underlying Fund, and the Fund’s assets will be rebalanced, generally on a daily basis, to maintain the approximate 25% allocation to each Underlying Fund:
 
TAGS Benchmark
 
Underlying Fund
Weighting
CORN
25%
SOYB
25%
CANE
25%
WEAT
25%
 
The investment objective of each Underlying Fund is to have the daily changes in percentage terms of its shares’ NAV reflect the daily changes in percentage terms of a weighted average of the closing settlement prices for certain Futures Contracts for the commodity specified in the Underlying Fund’s name. (This weighted average is referred to herein as the Underlying Fund’s “Benchmark,” the Futures Contracts that at any given time make up an Underlying Fund’s Benchmark are referred to herein as the Underlying Fund’s “Benchmark Component Futures Contracts,” and the commodity specified in the Underlying Fund’s name is referred to herein as its “Specified Commodity.”) Specifically, the Teucrium Corn Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second-to-expire Futures Contract for corn traded on the Chicago Board of Trade (“CBOT”), weighted 35%, (2) the third-to-expire CBOT corn Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT corn Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third-to-expire contract, weighted 35%. The Teucrium Wheat Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second-to-expire CBOT wheat Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third-to-expire CBOT wheat Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT wheat Futures Contract expiring in the December following the expiration month of the third-to-expire contract, weighted 35%. The Teucrium Soybean Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second-to-expire CBOT soybean Futures Contract, weighted 35%, (2) the third-to-expire CBOT soybean Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the CBOT soybean Futures Contract expiring in the November following the expiration month of the third-to-expire contract, weighted 35%, except that CBOT soybean Futures Contracts expiring in August and September will not be part of the Teucrium Soybean Fund’s Benchmark because of the less liquid market for these Futures Contracts. The Teucrium Sugar Fund’s Benchmark is: (1) the second-to-expire Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract traded on ICE Futures US (“ICE Futures”), weighted 35%, (2) the third-to-expire ICE Futures Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract, weighted 30%, and (3) the ICE Futures Sugar No. 11 Futures Contract expiring in the March following the expiration month of the third-to-expire contract, weighted 35%.
 
 
F-130
 
While the Fund expects to maintain substantially all of its assets in shares of the Underlying Funds at all times, the Fund may hold some residual amount of assets in obligations of the United States government (“Treasury Securities”) or cash equivalents, and/or merely hold such assets in cash (generally in interest-bearing accounts). The Underlying Funds invest in Commodity Interests to the fullest extent possible without being leveraged or unable to satisfy their expected current or potential margin or collateral obligations with respect to their investments in Commodity Interests. After fulfilling such margin and collateral requirements, the Underlying Funds will invest the remainder of the proceeds from the sale of baskets in Treasury Securities or cash equivalents, and/or merely hold such assets in cash. Therefore, the focus of the Sponsor in managing the Underlying Funds is investing in Commodity Interests, in Treasury Securities, and cash and cash equivalents. The Fund and Underlying Funds will earn interest income from the Treasury Securities and cash equivalents that it purchases and on the cash it holds through the Fund’s custodian and other financial institutions.
 
Subject to the terms of the Trust Agreement, Teucrium Trading, LLC, in its capacity as the Sponsor (“Sponsor”), may terminate a Fund at any time, regardless of whether the Fund has incurred losses, including, for instance, if it determines that the Fund’s aggregate net assets in relation to its operating expenses make the continued operation of the Fund unreasonable or imprudent. However, no level of losses will require the Sponsor to terminate a Fund.
 
Note 2 – Principal Contracts and Agreements
 
The Sponsor employs U.S. Bank N.A. as the Custodian for the Funds. The principal business address for U.S. Bank N.A is 1555 North Rivercenter Drive, Suite 302, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212. U.S. Bank N.A. is a Wisconsin state chartered bank subject to regulation by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Wisconsin State Banking Department. The principal address for U.S. Bancorp Fund Services, LLC doing business as U.S. Bank Global Fund Services ("Global Fund Services") is 615 E. Michigan Street, Milwaukee, WI 53202. In addition, effective on the Conversion Date, Global Fund Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S. Bank, commenced serving as administrator for each Fund, performing certain administrative and accounting services and preparing certain SEC reports on behalf of the Funds, and also became the registrar and transfer agent for each Fund’s Shares. For such services, U.S. Bank and Global Fund Services will receive an asset based fee, subject to a minimum annual fee.
 
For custody services, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.0075% of average gross assets up to $1 billion, and .0050% of average gross assets over $1 billion, annually, plus certain per-transaction charges. For Transfer Agency, Fund Accounting and Fund Administration services, which are based on the total assets for all the Funds in the Trust, the Funds will pay to U.S. Bank N.A. 0.06% of average gross assets on the first $250 million, 0.05% on the next $250 million, 0.04% on the next $500 million and 0.03% on the balance over $1 billion annually. A combined minimum annual fee of up to $64,500 for custody, transfer agency, accounting and administrative services is assessed per Fund. These services are recorded in custodian fees and expenses on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Foreside Fund Services, LLC (“Foreside” or the “Distributor”) as the Distributor for the Funds. The Distribution Services Agreement among the Distributor and the Sponsor calls for the Distributor to work with the Custodian in connection with the receipt and processing of orders for Creation Baskets and Redemption Baskets and the review and approval of all Fund sales literature and advertising materials. The Distributor and the Sponsor have also entered into a Securities Activities and Service Agreement (the “SASA”) under which certain employees and officers of the Sponsor are licensed as registered representatives or registered principals of the Distributor, under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) rules. For its services as the Distributor, Foreside receives a fee of 0.01% of the Fund’s average daily net assets and an aggregate annual fee of $100,000 for all Teucrium Funds, along with certain expense reimbursements. For its services under the SASA, Foreside receives a fee of $5,000 per registered representative and $1,000 per registered location. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below. Pursuant to a Consulting Services Agreement, Foreside Consulting Services, LLC, performs certain consulting support services for the Trust's Sponsor. Additionally, Foreside Distributors, LLC performs certain distribution consulting services pursuant to a Distribution Consulting Agreement with the Trust's Sponsor.   
 
ED&F Man Capital Markets, Inc. (“ED&F Man”) serves as the Underlying Funds’ clearing broker to execute and clear the Underlying Funds’ futures and provide other brokerage-related services. ED&F Man is registered as a FCM with the U.S. CFTC and is a member of the NFA. ED&F Man is also registered as a broker/dealer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and is a member of the FINRA. ED&F Man is a clearing member of ICE Futures U.S., Inc., Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, New York Mercantile Exchange, and all other major United States commodity exchanges. For Corn, Soybean, Sugar and Wheat Futures Contracts ED&F Man is paid $9.00 per round turn. Prior to August 21, 2019, these expenses were recorded in brokerage commissions on the statements of operations. Beginning on August 21, 2019, these expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the statements of operations when a contract is sold. A summary of these expenses is included in the disclosure of the underlying Funds.
 
 
F-131
 
The sole Trustee of the Trust is Wilmington Trust Company, a Delaware banking corporation. The Trustee will accept service of legal process on the Trust in the State of Delaware and will make certain filings under the Delaware Statutory Trust Act. For its services, the Trustee receives an annual fee of $3,300 from the Trust. These services are recorded in business permits and licenses fees on the statements of operations. A summary of these expenses is included below.
 
The Sponsor employs Exchange Traded Concepts, LLC ("ETC") as the Marketing Agent, providing certain marketing consulting services in connection with the content strategy and e-mail marketing for the Funds. For its services as the Marketing Agent, ETC receives $2,500 a month and 0.02% of the Fund's average daily net assets, when assets are above the combined amount of $160 million. These services are recorded in distribution and marketing fees on the statements of the operations. A summary of these expenses is included below:
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Amount Recognized for Custody Services
 $2,159 
 $2,554 
 $2,090 
Amount of Custody Services Waived
 $2,159 
 $2,425 
 $1,796 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Distribution Services
 $1,045 
 $1,207 
 $1,032 
Amount of Distribution Services Waived
 $879 
 $1,130 
 $682 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for Wilmington Trust
 $18 
 $24 
 $16 
Amount of Wilmington Trust Waived
 $18 
 $24 
 $- 
 
    
    
    
Amount Recognized for ETC
 $301 
 $- 
 $- 
Amount of ETC Waived
 $261 
 $- 
 $- 
  
Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation
 
The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) as detailed in the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standards Codification.
 
Revenue Recognition
 
Investment transactions are accounted for on a trade-date basis. All such transactions are recorded on the identified cost basis and marked to market daily. Unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments are reflected in the statements of assets and liabilities as the difference between the original amount and the fair market value as of the last business day of the year or as of the last date of the financial statements. Beginning on August 21, 2019, brokerage commission expenses were recognized on a per-trade basis. The half-turn is recognized as an unrealized loss on the statements of operations for contracts that have been purchased since the change in recognition, and a full turn is recognized as a realized loss on the statements of operations when a contract is sold. Changes in the appreciation or depreciation between periods are reflected in the statements of operations.
 
 
F-132
 
The Sponsor adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts With Customers, for the year ended December 31, 2018. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements of the Trust or the Fund. 
 
Brokerage Commissions
 
Brokerage commissions are accrued on the trade date and on a full-turn basis.
 
Income Taxes
 
For United States federal income tax purposes, the Fund will be treated as a partnership. The Fund does not record a provision for income taxes because the shareholders report their share of the Fund’s income or loss on their income tax returns. The financial statements reflect the Fund’s transactions without adjustment, if any, required for income tax purposes.
 
The Fund is required to determine whether a tax position is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination by the applicable taxing authority, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The Fund files an income tax return in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, and may file income tax returns in various U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions. For all tax years 2016 to 2019, the Fund remains subject to income tax examinations by major taxing authorities. The tax benefit recognized is measured as the largest amount of benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. De-recognition of a tax benefit previously recognized results in the Fund recording a tax liability that reduces net assets. This policy has been applied to all existing tax positions upon the Fund’s initial adoption. Based on its analysis, the Fund has determined that it has not incurred any liability for unrecognized tax benefits as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018, and 2017. However, the Fund’s conclusions regarding this policy may be subject to review and adjustment at a later date based on factors including, but not limited to, ongoing analysis of and changes to tax laws, regulations, and interpretations thereof.
 
The Fund will recognize interest accrued related to any unrecognized tax benefits and penalties in income tax fees payable, if assessed. No interest expense or penalties have been recognized as of and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017.
 
The Fund may be subject to potential examination by U.S. federal, U.S. state, or foreign jurisdictional authorities in the area of income taxes. These potential examinations may include questioning the timing and amount of deductions, the nexus of income among various tax jurisdictions, and compliance with U.S. federal, U.S. state and foreign tax laws. 

Creations and Redemptions
 
Effective August 28, 2018, the Sponsor filed a prospectus supplement updating the Creation and Redemption Basket size to 12,500 shares. Prior to this prospectus supplement, the basket size for Creations and Redemptions was 25,000 shares.
 
Authorized Purchasers may purchase Creation Baskets consisting of 12,500 shares from the Fund. The amount of the proceeds required to purchase a Creation Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Creation Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to create the basket is properly received.
 
Authorized Purchasers may redeem shares from the Fund only in blocks of 12,500 shares called “Redemption Baskets.” The amount of the redemption proceeds for a Redemption Basket will be equal to the NAV of the shares in the Redemption Basket determined as of 4:00 p.m. (EST) on the day the order to redeem the basket is properly received.
 
 
F-133
 
The Fund will receive the proceeds from shares sold or will pay for redeemed shares within three business days after the trade date of the purchase or redemption, respectively. The amounts due from Authorized Purchasers will be reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as receivable for shares sold. Amounts payable to Authorized Purchasers upon redemption will be reflected in the Fund’s statements of assets and liabilities as payable for shares redeemed.
 
As outlined in the most recent Form S-1 filing, 50,000 shares represents four Redemption Baskets for the Fund and a minimum level of shares. If the Fund experienced redemptions that caused the number of Shares outstanding to decrease to the minimum level of Shares required to be outstanding, until the minimum number of Shares is again exceeded through the purchase of a new Creation Basket, there can be no more redemptions by an Authorized Purchaser.

Allocation of Shareholder Income and Losses
 
Profit or loss is allocated among the shareholders of the Fund in proportion to the number of shares each shareholder holds as of the close of each month.
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
 
Cash equivalents are highly-liquid investments with original maturity dates of 90 days or less when acquired. The Fund reported its cash equivalents in the statements of assets and liabilities at market value, or at carrying amounts that approximate fair value, because of their highly-liquid nature and short-term maturities. The Fund has these balances of its cash equivalents on deposit with banks. Assets deposited with the bank may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. TAGS had a balance of $2,633 and $2,862 in money market funds at December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively; these balances are included in cash equivalents on the statements of assets and liabilities.
 
Payable/Receivable for Securities Purchased/Sold
 
Due from/to broker for investments in securities are securities transactions pending settlement. The Fund is subject to credit risk to the extent any broker with whom it conducts business is unable to fulfill contractual obligations on its behalf. The management of the Funds monitors the financial condition of such brokers and does not anticipate any losses from these counterparties.
 
Calculation of Net Asset Value
 
The Fund’s NAV is calculated by:
 
Taking the current market value of its total assets and
Subtracting any liabilities
 
The administrator, Global Fund Services, will calculate the NAV of the Fund once each trading day. It will calculate the NAV as of the earlier of the close of the New York Stock Exchange or 4:00 p.m. (EST). The NAV for a particular trading day will be released after 4:15 p.m. (EST).
 
 
F-134
 
For purposes of the determining the Fund’s NAV, the Fund’s investments in the Underlying Funds will be valued based on the Underlying Funds’ NAVs. In turn, in determining the value of the Futures Contracts held by the Underlying Funds, the Administrator will use the closing price on the exchange on which they are traded. The Administrator will determine the value of all other Fund and Underlying Fund investments as of the earlier of the close of the New York Stock Exchange or 4:00 p.m. (EST), in accordance with the current Services Agreement between the Administrator and the Trust. The value of over-the-counter Commodity Interests will be determined based on the value of the commodity or Futures Contract underlying such Commodity Interest, except that a fair value may be determined if the Sponsor believes that the Underlying Fund is subject to significant credit risk relating to the counterparty to such Commodity Interest. For purposes of financial statements and reports, the Sponsor will recalculate the NAV of an Underlying Fund where necessary to reflect the “fair value” of a Futures Contract held by an Underlying Fund when a Futures Contract held by an Underlying Fund closes at its price fluctuation limit for the day. Treasury Securities held by the Fund or Underlying Funds will be valued by the Administrator using values received from recognized third-party vendors (such as Reuters) and dealer quotes. NAV will include any unrealized profit or loss on open Commodity Interests and any other credit or debit accruing to the Fund but unpaid or not received by the Fund.
 
Sponsor Fee, Allocation of Expenses and Related Party Transactions
 
The Sponsor is responsible for investing the assets of the Fund in accordance with the objectives and policies of the Fund. In addition, the Sponsor arranges for one or more third parties to provide administrative, custodial, accounting, transfer agency and other necessary services to the Trust and the Funds. In addition, the Sponsor elected not to outsource services directly attributable to the Trust and the Funds such as accounting, financial reporting, regulatory compliance and trading activities. In addition, the Fund is contractually obligated to pay a monthly management fee to the Sponsor, based on average daily net assets, at a rate equal to 1.00% per annum.

The Fund generally pays for all brokerage fees, taxes and other expenses, including licensing fees for the use of intellectual property, registration or other fees paid to the SEC, FINRA, formerly the National Association of Securities Dealers, or any other regulatory agency in connection with the offer and sale of subsequent Shares after its initial registration and all legal, accounting, printing and other expenses associated therewith. The Fund also pays its portion of the fees and expenses associated with the Trust’s tax accounting and reporting requirements. Certain aggregate expenses common to all Funds within the Trust are allocated by the Sponsor to the respective funds based on activity drivers deemed most appropriate by the Sponsor for such expenses, including but not limited to relative assets under management and creation order activity.
 
These aggregate common expenses include, but are not limited to, legal, auditing, accounting and financial reporting, tax-preparation, regulatory compliance, trading activities, and insurance costs, as well as fees paid to the Distributor, which are included in the related line item in the statements of operations. A portion of these aggregate common expenses are related to the Sponsor or related parties of principals of the Sponsor; these are necessary services to the Funds, which are primarily the cost of performing accounting and financial reporting, regulatory compliance, and trading activities that are directly attributable to the Fund. Such expenses are primarily recorded as distribution and marketing fees on the statement of operations. All asset-based fees and expenses for the Funds are calculated on the prior day’s net assets.
 
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2019
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2018
 
 
Year Ended
December 31, 2017
 
Recognized Related Party Transactions
 $13,711 
 $18,186 
 $12,512 
Waived Related Party Transactions
 $11,641 
 $13,526 
 $9,438 
 
 
F-135
 
The Sponsor has the ability to elect to pay certain expenses on behalf of the Funds or waive the management fee. This election is subject to change by the Sponsor, at its discretion. Expenses paid by the Sponsor and Management fees waived by the Sponsor are, if applicable, presented as waived expenses in the statements of operations for each Fund. The Sponsor has determined that there would be no recovery sought for the amounts below in any future period:
 
 
 
TAGS
 
Year Ended December 31, 2019
 $40,517 
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 $48,366 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 $40,270 
 
Expenses
 
Expenses are recorded using the accrual method of accounting.
 
Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of the revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
New Accounting Pronouncements
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-07: “Codification Updates to SEC Sections: Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Final Rule Releases No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, and Nos. 33-10231 and 33-10442, Investment Company Reporting Modernization, and Miscellaneous Updates.” The amendments improve, update, and simplify the SEC’s regulations on financial reporting and disclosure. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended September 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-04: “Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments.” The amendments clarify and improve areas of guidance related to the recently issued standards on credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement, specifically relating to ASU 2017-12. The amendments were early adopted for the quarter ended June 30, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2019-01: "Leases (Topic 842): Codification Improvements." These amendments align the guidance for fair value of underlying assets by lessors that are not manufacturers or dealers in Topic 842 with that of existing guidance. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-13: “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement. These amendments modify public and private company fair value disclosure requirements. While some disclosures were removed or modified, others were added. The guidance is a result of the FASB’s test of the principals developed to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments will be effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and may be adopted early. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-136
 
The FASB issued ASU 2018-05, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118." These amendments add guidance to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (Act). The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2018; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-13, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments”. The amendment amends the early adoption date option for certain companies related to adoption of ASU No. 2014-09 and ASU No. 2016-02. The SEC staff stated the SEC would not object to a public business entity that otherwise would not meet the definition of a public business entity except for a requirement to include or the inclusion of its financial statements or financial information in another entity’s filing with the SEC adopting ASC Topic 842 for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. The amendments were early adopted for the year ended December 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities”. These amendments refine and expand hedge accounting for both financial (e.g., interest rate) and commodity risks. Its provisions create more transparency around how economic results are presented, both on the face of the financial statements and in the footnotes. It also makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-03, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections (Topic 250) and Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323)”. These amendments require disclosure of the impact that recently issued accounting standards will have on the financial statements of a registrant when such standards are adopted in a future period. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2017; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business”. The amendments are intended to help companies and other organizations evaluate whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The amendments are effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those periods. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)”. The amendments in this update require that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. Therefore, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning of period and end of period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Sponsor elected to early adopt ASU 2016-18 for the year ending December 31, 2017 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2014-09 in May 2014, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” which replaces the revenue recognition requirements of “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605).” This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods and services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU provides new and more detailed guidance on specific topics and expands and improves disclosures about revenue. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-14 which defers the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year to fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. ASU 2015-14 also permits early adoption of ASU 2014-09, but not before the original effective date, which was for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016. The Trust and the Fund record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2014-09 and 2015-14. The Sponsor elected to adopt the amendments for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-11, “Revenue Recognition (Topic 605) and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Rescission of SEC Guidance Because of Accounting Standards Updates 2014-09 and 2014-16 Pursuant to Staff Announcements at the March 3, 2016 EITF Meeting”. The amendments make targeted improvements to clarify the principal versus agent assessment and are intended to make the guidance more operable and lead to more consistent application. The Trust and the Funds record income or loss from the recognition and measurement of futures contracts and from interest income under Subtopic 825-10. Revenue from financial instruments which are valued under Subtopic 825 will not be subject to the application of ASU 2016-11. The Sponsor elected to adopt ASU 2016-11 for the year ending December 31, 2017. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
 
F-137
 
The FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842).” The amendments in this update increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The amendments were adopted for the quarter ended March 31, 2019; the adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.

The FASB issued ASU 2016-01, “Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” The amendments in this update are intended to improve the recognitions measurement and disclosure of financial instruments. The amendments to this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. These amendments are required to be applied prospectively. The adoption did not have a material impact on the financial statements and disclosures of the Trust or the Fund.
 
Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy
 
In accordance with GAAP, fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
 
In determining fair value, the Fund uses various valuation approaches. In accordance with GAAP, a fair value hierarchy for inputs is used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Fund. Unobservable inputs reflect the Fund’s assumptions about the inputs market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is categorized into three levels based on the inputs as follows:
 
Level 1 - Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Fund has the ability to access. Valuation adjustments and block discounts are not applied to Level 1 financial instruments of the Underlying Funds and securities of the Fund, together the “financial instruments”. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these financial instruments does not entail a significant degree of judgment.
 
Level 2 - Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
 
Level 3 - Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.
 
The availability of valuation techniques and observable inputs can vary from financial instrument to financial instrument and is affected by a wide variety of factors including, the type of financial instrument, whether the financial instrument is new and not yet established in the marketplace, and other characteristics particular to the transaction. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Those estimated values do not necessarily represent the amounts that may be ultimately realized due to the occurrence of future circumstances that cannot be reasonably determined. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, those estimated values may be materially higher or lower than the values that would have been used had a ready market for the financial instruments existed. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Fund in determining fair value is greatest for financial instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy, within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls, is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
 
Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant rather than an entity-specific measure. Therefore, even when market assumptions are not readily available, the Fund’s own assumptions are set to reflect those that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. The Fund uses prices and inputs that are current as of the measurement date, including periods of market dislocation. In periods of market dislocation, the observability of prices and inputs may be reduced for many financial instruments. This condition could cause a financial instrument to be reclassified to a lower level within the fair value hierarchy. When such a situation exists on a quarter close, the Sponsor will calculate the Net Asset Value (“NAV”) on a particular day using the Level 1 valuation, but will later recalculate the NAV for the impacted Fund based upon the valuation inputs from these alternative verifiable sources (Level 2 or Level 3) and will report such NAV in its applicable financial statements and reports.
 
The determination is made as of the settlement of the underlying futures contracts on the last day of trading for the reporting period. In making the determination of a Level 1 or Level 2 transfer, the Fund considers the average volume of the underlying futures contracts traded on the relevant exchange for the years being reported.
 
 
F-138
 
Investments in the financial instruments of the Underlying Funds are freely tradable and listed on the NYSE Arca. These investments are valued at the NAV of the Underlying Fund as of the valuation date as calculated by the administrator based on the exchange-quoted prices of the commodity futures contracts held by the Underlying Funds.
 
Net Income (Loss) per Share
 
Net income (loss) per Share is the difference between the NAV per unit at the beginning of each period and at the end of each period. The weighted average number of Shares outstanding was computed for purposes of disclosing net income (loss) per weighted average Share. The weighted average Shares are equal to the number of Shares outstanding at the end of the period, adjusted proportionately for Shares created or redeemed based on the amount of time the Shares were outstanding during such period.
 
Note 4 – Fair Value Measurements
 
The Fund’s assets and liabilities recorded at fair value have been categorized based upon a fair value hierarchy as described in the Fund’s significant accounting policies in Note 3. The following table presents information about the Fund’s assets and liabilities measured at fair value as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018:
 
December 31, 2019
 
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2019
 
Exchange Traded Funds
 $1,476,880 
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,476,880 
Cash Equivalents
  2,633 
  - 
  - 
  2,633 
Total
 $1,479,513 
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,479,513 
 
December 31, 2018
Assets:
 
Level 1
 
 
Level 2
 
 
Level 3
 
 
Balance as of
December 31, 2018
 
Exchange Traded Funds
 $1,523,286 
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,523,286 
Cash Equivalents
 $2,862 
 $- 
 $- 
 $2,862 
Total
 $1,526,148 
 $- 
 $- 
 $1,526,148 
 
For the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, the Fund did not have any transfers between any of the level of the fair value hierarchy.
 
 
F-139
 
See the Fair Value - Definition and Hierarchy section in Note 3 above for an explanation of the transfers into and out of each level of the fair value hierarchy.

Note 5 - Financial Highlights
 
The following table presents per share performance data and other supplemental financial data for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017. This information has been derived from information presented in the financial statements and is presented with total expenses gross of expenses waived by the Sponsor and with total expenses net of expenses waived by the Sponsor, as appropriate.
  
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
Year ended
 
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
Per Share Operation Performance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net asset value at beginning of period
 $20.33 
 $22.75 
 $26.33 
Income (loss) from investment operations:
    
    
    
Net realized and unrealized loss on investment transactions
  (0.57)
  (2.32)
  (3.46)
Total expenses, net
  (0.04)
  (0.10)
  (0.12)
Net decrease in net asset value
  (0.61)
  (2.42)
  (3.58)
Net asset value at end of period
 $19.72 
 $20.33 
 $22.75 
Total Return
  (3.02)%
  (10.64)%
  (13.60)%
Ratios to Average Net Assets (Annualized)
    
    
    
Total expenses
  2.96%
  3.77%
  3.74%
Total expenses, net
  0.19%
  0.48%
  0.50%
Net investment loss
  (0.19)%
  (0.48)%
  (0.50)%
 
The financial highlights per share data are calculated consistent with the methodology used to calculate asset-based fees and expenses.
 
 
F-140
 
Note 6 – Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited)
 
The following summarized quarterly financial information presents the results of operations for the Teucrium Agricultural Fund and other data for three-month periods ended March 31, June 30, September 30 and December 31, 2019 and 2018.
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2019
 
 
June 30, 2019
 
 
September 30, 2019
 
 
December 31, 2019
 
Total (Loss) Income
 $(60,556)
 $47,570 
 $(84,363)
 $54,151 
Total Expenses
  22,301 
  7,876 
  4,686 
  8,436 
Total Expenses, net
  717 
  695 
  683 
  687 
Net (Loss) Income
 $(61,273)
 $46,875 
 $(85,046)
 $53,464 
Net (Loss) Income per share
 $(0.82)
 $0.63 
 $(1.14)
 $0.72 
 
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
Three months ended
 
 
 
March 31, 2018
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
 
September 30, 2018
 
 
December 31, 2018
 
Total Income (Loss)
 $3,444 
 $(133,431)
 $(80,986)
 $26,092 
Total Expenses
  18,629 
  12,096 
  10,539 
  14,207 
Total Expenses, net
  1,414 
  2,010 
  1,911 
  1,770 
Net Income (Loss)
 $2,030 
 $(135,441)
 $(82,897)
 $24,322 
Net Income (Loss) per share
 $0.04 
 $(1.68)
 $(1.10)
 $0.32 
 
Note 7 – Organizational and Offering Costs
 
Expenses incurred in organizing of the Trust and the initial offering of the Shares of the Fund, including applicable SEC registration fees, were borne directly by the Sponsor. The Fund is not obligated to reimburse these costs to the Sponsor. The Fund bears its own costs incurred in connection with the registration and offering of additional shares, which include registration fees, legal fees, underwriting fees and other similar costs.
 
Note 8 – Subsequent Events
 
Management has evaluated the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019 for subsequent events through the date of this filing and noted no material events requiring either recognition through the date of the filing or disclosure herein for the Fund.
 
 
F-141
 
SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
Teucrium Commodity Trust (Registrant)
 
 
 
 
By:
Teucrium Trading, LLC
 
 
its Sponsor
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Sal Gilbertie
 
Name:  
Sal Gilbertie
 
Title:
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ Cory Mullen-Rusin
 
Name:
Cory Mullen-Rusin
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
 
 
Date: March 11, 2020