TrueCar, Inc. - Quarter Report: 2022 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2022

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 001-36449

TRUECAR, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware						04-3807511
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)						(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

1401 Ocean Ave, Suite 200

Santa Monica, California 90401

(800) 200-2000

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share	TRUE	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 5, 2022, 90,626,136 shares of the registrant’s common stock were outstanding.

TRUECAR, INC.

INDEX


		Page
	PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	5
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 3 0 , 2022 and December 31, 2021	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	22
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	37
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	38
	PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	39
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	39
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	74

Item 6.	Exhibits	75
	Signatures	76

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “might,” “likely,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “seeks,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•our future financial performance and our expectations regarding our revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit or gross margin, operating expenses and ability to maintain or grow revenue, scale our business, generate cash flow, fulfill our mission and achieve and maintain future profitability;

•our ability to forecast our financial and operational performance;

•our relationship with key industry participants, including car dealers and automobile manufacturers;

•anticipated trends, demand rates and challenges in our business and in the markets in which we operate;

•our ability to successfully roll out our TrueCar+ offering, provide a compelling value proposition to consumers using that offering and integrate our current and future offerings into that experience;

•our ability to anticipate market needs and develop new and enhanced products and services to meet those needs and to successfully monetize those products and services;

•maintaining and expanding our customer base in key geographies, including our ability to maintain or increase the number of high-volume brand dealers in our network generally and in key geographies;

•the short- and long-term effects of the coronavirus pandemic on our business;

•our ability to mitigate the financial effect of the termination of our partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank;

•our ability to maintain and grow our existing additional affinity partner relationships, and to attract new affinity partners to offer our services to their members;

•our reliance on our third-party service providers;

•the impact of competition in our industry and innovation by our competitors;

•our anticipated growth and growth strategies, including our ability to maintain or increase close rates and the rate at which site visitors prospect with a TrueCar certified dealer;

•our ability to successfully maintain or increase dealer subscription rates and manage dealer churn;

•our ability to attract significant automobile manufacturers to participate, and remain participants, in our incentive programs;

•our ability to anticipate or adapt to future changes in our industry;

•the impact on our business of seasonality, cyclical trends affecting the overall economy and actual or threatened severe weather events;

•our ability to hire and retain necessary qualified employees;

•our continuing ability to provide customers access to our products;

•our ability to maintain and scale our technical infrastructure and leverage our technology platform to enhance our customer experience and launch new product offerings;

•the evolution of technology affecting our products, services and markets;

•our ability to adequately protect our intellectual property;

•the outcome, and effect on our business, of litigation to which we are a party, including our ability to settle any such litigation;

•our ability to navigate changes in domestic or international economic, political or business conditions, including supply shortages, such as of automotive semiconductors, changes in interest rates, consumer demand and import tariffs and governmental responses to the coronavirus pandemic;

•our ability to stay abreast of, and in compliance with, new or modified laws and regulations that currently apply or become applicable to our business, including newly-enacted and rapidly-changing privacy, data protection and net neutrality laws and regulations and changes in applicable tax laws and regulations;

•the continued expense and administrative workload associated with being a public company;

•our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls necessary to accurately report our financial results and prevent fraud;

•our liquidity and working capital requirements;

•the estimates and estimate methodologies used in preparing our consolidated financial statements;

•the future trading prices of our common stock and the impact of securities analysts’ reports on these prices;

•our plans to pursue acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions;

•our ability to use the proceeds of the ALG divestiture in a manner that maximizes shareholder value;

•the extent to which we repurchase our common stock under our share repurchase plan and the effect of these repurchases on long-term stockholder value, the volatility and trading price of our common stock and our cash reserves;

•our ability to effectively and timely integrate our operations with those of any business we acquire, including Digital Motors, and related factors, including the difficulties associated with such integration (such as the difficulties, challenges and costs associated with managing and integrating new facilities, assets and employees) and the achievement of the anticipated benefits of such integration;

•the preceding and other factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” and in other reports we may file with the Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time; and

•the factors set forth in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss these risks in greater detail in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date the statements are made. We assume no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect actual results, changes in assumptions or changes in other factors affecting forward-looking information, except to the extent required by applicable securities laws. If we do update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

SUMMARY OF RISKS AFFECTING OUR BUSINESS

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those highlighted in the section titled “Risk Factors” later in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.

•If our lead quality or quantity declines, our unit volume could as well, and dealers could leave our network or insist on lower subscription rates, which could reduce our revenue and harm our business.

•If we are not successful in rolling out our TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers using that offering, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or monetizing it, our business and prospects could be adversely affected.

•The ongoing disruptions and uncertainties caused by the coronavirus pandemic have meaningfully disrupted our business and may continue to do so, including in new and unforeseen ways.

•The termination of our partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank has adversely affected our business and we may not be able to mitigate its negative financial effects.

•We may not be able to grow and optimize the geographic coverage of dealers in our network, and maintain or increase the representation of high-volume brands in that network or manage dealer churn and increase dealer subscription rates, which would limit our growth.

•We may not be able to provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users, which could cause the number of transactions between our users and dealers, and therefore our revenues, to decline.

•Our business is subject to risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including interest rates, inflation, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges (including relating to automotive semiconductors) and other macroeconomic issues.

•The failure to attract manufacturers to participate in our incentive programs, or to induce them to remain participants in those programs, could reduce our growth or adversely affect our operating results.

•The loss of a significant affinity partner or a significant reduction in units attributable to our affinity partners would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results.

•If key industry participants, including car dealers or automobile manufacturers perceive us in a negative light or our relationships with them suffer harm, our ability to grow and our financial performance may be damaged.

•Our business could be adversely affected by executive turnover and other transitions in our senior management team. An inability to navigate these transitions and attract, retain and integrate new management and other personnel could harm our business.

•We rely on relationships with data providers and may experience interruptions in the data feeds they provide, which could adversely affect our current and future product offerings, including TrueCar+, to users and dealers as well as the timeliness of the information we provide, and which may impair our ability to attract or retain consumers and dealers and to timely invoice dealers.

•We rely on Internet search engines to drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected.

•The success of our business relies heavily on our marketing and branding efforts and those of our affinity partners, and these efforts may not be successful.

•We are subject to a complex framework of regulations, many of which are unsettled, still developing and contradictory, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model or otherwise harm our business.

•We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.

•We face litigation and are party to legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

•We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

TRUECAR, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except par value and share data)

(Unaudited)


	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	199,681	$	245,217
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,605 and $3,099 at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	14,566		16,710
Prepaid expenses	7,914		6,145
Other current assets	5,119		1,866
Total current assets	227,280		269,938
Property and equipment, net	18,775		19,155
Operating lease right-of-use assets	18,724		23,605
Goodwill	59,775		51,205
Intangible assets, net	16,356		4,950
Equity method investment	—		14,500
Other assets	4,252		4,317

Total assets	$	345,162	$	387,670
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable (includes related party payables of $1,128 at December 31, 2021)	$	10,248	$	11,364
Accrued employee expenses	5,275		5,187
Operating lease liabilities, current	4,370		5,253
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	11,697		9,677

Total current liabilities	31,590		31,481
Deferred tax liabilities	136		103
Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion	20,981		26,300
Other liabilities	4,394		—
Total liabilities	57,101		57,884
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock — $0.0001 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; no shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021	—		—
Common stock — $0.0001 par value; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; 90,509,585 and 96,213,243 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively	10		10
Additional paid-in capital	705,331		723,623
Accumulated deficit	(417,280)		(393,847)
Total stockholders’ equity	288,061		329,786
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	345,162	$	387,670

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

TRUECAR, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands except per share data)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Revenues	$	42,275	$	65,766	$	85,808	$	130,871
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization presented separately below)	3,817		5,746		8,763		11,204
Sales and marketing	26,324		37,476		53,405		77,575
Technology and development	11,380		10,780		21,635		21,973
General and administrative	10,937		13,853		22,661		26,531
Depreciation and amortization	3,785		4,591		7,445		8,903
Total costs and operating expenses	56,243		72,446		113,909		146,186
Loss from operations	(13,968)		(6,680)		(28,101)		(15,315)
Interest income	279		13		306		28
Other income	—		42		—		667
Gain (loss) from equity method investment	96		(357)		1,845		(686)
Loss before income taxes	(13,593)		(6,982)		(25,950)		(15,306)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	(2,574)		133		(2,517)		227
Loss from continuing operations	(11,019)		(7,115)		(23,433)		(15,533)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes	—		(168)		—		(168)
Net loss	$	(11,019)	$	(7,283)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,701)

Net loss per share, basic and diluted
Continuing operations	$	(0.12)	$	(0.07)	$	(0.25)	$	(0.16)
Discontinued operations	$	0.00	$	0.00	$	0.00	$	0.00

Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	91,016		98,810		93,457		98,696

Other comprehensive loss:
Comprehensive loss	$	(11,019)	$	(7,283)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,701)

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

TRUECAR, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands except share data)

(Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
	Common Stock					Accumulated Deficit		Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		APIC
Balance at December 31, 2021	96,213,243	$	10	$	723,623	$	(393,847)	$	329,786
Net loss	—	—		—		(12,414)		(12,414)
Repurchase of common stock	(3,107,370)	—		(11,028)		—		(11,028)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		3,744		—		3,744
Shares issued in connection with employee stock plan, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	481,122	—		(861)		—		(861)
Balance at March 31, 2022	93,586,995	$	10	$	715,478	$	(406,261)	$	309,227
Net loss	—	—		—		(11,019)		(11,019)
Repurchase of common stock	(3,731,415)	—		(14,075)		—		(14,075)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		4,777		—		4,777
Shares issued in connection with employee stock plan, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	654,005	—		(849)		—		(849)
Balance at June 30, 2022	90,509,585	$	10	$	705,331	$	(417,280)	$	288,061


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
	Common Stock					Accumulated Deficit		Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares	Amount		APIC
Balance at December 31, 2020	99,690,942	$	10	$	738,290	$	(355,518)	$	382,782
Net loss	—	—		—		(8,418)		(8,418)
Repurchase of common stock	(1,683,692)	—		(7,829)		—		(7,829)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		6,732		—		6,732
Shares issued in connection with employee stock plans, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	660,311	—		(1,075)		—		(1,075)
Balance at March 31, 2021	98,667,561	$	10	$	736,118	$	(363,936)	$	372,192
Net loss	—	—		—		(7,283)		(7,283)
Repurchase of common stock	(2,088,784)	—		(11,556)		—		(11,556)
Stock-based compensation	—	—		5,507		—		5,507
Shares issued in connection with employee stock plan, net of shares withheld for employee taxes	1,034,680	—		(630)		—		(630)
Balance at June 30, 2021	97,613,457	$	10	$	729,439	$	(371,219)	$	358,230

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

TRUECAR, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Cash flows from operating activities
Net loss	$	(23,433)	$	(15,701)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes	—		$	(168)
Net loss from continuing operations	(23,433)		(15,533)

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	7,445		8,903
Deferred income taxes	(2,524)		50
Bad debt expense and other reserves	178		468
Stock-based compensation	7,985		11,542
Increase in the fair value of contingent consideration liability	—		41
Amortization of lease right-of-use assets	2,156		2,142
(Gain) loss from equity method investment	(1,845)		686
Impairment of right-of-use assets and write-off and loss on disposal of finite-lived assets	—		1,666
Other noncash (gain) expense	(258)		219
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	1,970		9,620
Prepaid expenses and other assets	(1,650)		(1,416)
Accounts payable	(1,153)		3,250
Accrued employee expenses	303		(1,171)
Operating lease liabilities	(2,877)		(2,551)
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	153		(2,394)
Other liabilities	—		(366)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities - continuing operations	(13,550)		15,156
Net cash used in operating activities - discontinued operations	—		(168)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	(13,550)		14,988
Cash flows from investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(5,880)		(5,410)
Cash from sale of equity method investment	12,800		—
Cash paid for acquisition, net of cash acquired	(12,093)		—
Net cash used in investing activities - continuing operations	(5,173)		(5,410)
Net cash provided by investing activities - discontinued operations	—		7,500
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(5,173)		2,090
Cash flows from financing activities
Payment of contingent consideration liability	—		(2,214)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	179		1,344
Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards	(1,889)		(3,049)
Payments for the repurchase of common stock	(25,103)		(19,400)
Net cash used in financing activities	(26,813)		(23,319)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	(45,536)		(6,241)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	245,217		273,314
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	199,681	$	267,073

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

TRUECAR, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(Unaudited)

(Continued)


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash activities
Stock-based compensation capitalized for software development	$	536	$	697
Capitalized assets included in accounts payable, accrued employee expenses and other accrued expenses	780		850
Changes in right-of-use assets for operating lease obligations	3,047		—
Changes in lease liabilities for operating lease obligations	3,636		—

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

TRUECAR, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Organization and Nature of Business

TrueCar, Inc. is an Internet-based information, technology, and communication services company. Hereinafter, TrueCar, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc., DealerScience, LLC and Digital Motors Corporation are collectively referred to as “TrueCar” or the “Company” TrueCar Dealer Solutions, Inc. is referred to as “TCDS,” DealerScience, LLC is referred to as “DealerScience” and Digital Motors Corporation is referred to as “Digital Motors.” TrueCar was incorporated in the state of Delaware in February 2005 and began business operations in April 2005. Its principal corporate offices are located in Santa Monica, California.

TrueCar is a digital automotive marketplace that (i) provides pricing transparency about what other people paid for their cars and enables consumers to engage with TrueCar Certified Dealers who are committed to providing a superior purchase experience; (ii) empowers Certified Dealers to attract these informed, in-market consumers in a cost-effective, accountable manner; and (iii) allows automobile manufacturers (“OEMs”) to more effectively target their incentive spending at deep-in-market consumers during their purchase process. TrueCar has established a diverse software ecosystem on a common technology infrastructure, powered by proprietary data and analytics. Consumers access TrueCar’s platform through the TrueCar.com website and TrueCar mobile applications or through the car buying websites and mobile applications that TrueCar operates for its affinity group marketing partners (“Auto Buying Programs”). An affinity group is comprised of a network of members or employees that provides discounts to its members.

Through its subsidiary TCDS, the Company provides its TrueCar Trade and Payments products. Our Trade solution gives consumers information on the value of their trade-in vehicles and enables them to obtain a guaranteed trade-in price before setting foot in the dealership. This valuation is, in turn, backed by a third-party guarantee to dealers that the vehicles will be repurchased at the indicated price if the dealer does not want to keep them. The Company’s Payments solution leverages the digital retailing technology of its DealerScience subsidiary, acquired in December 2018, to help consumers calculate accurate monthly payments.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and Article 10-1 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, some information and footnote disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of the Company’s management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, and include all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) necessary for a fair statement of the interim periods presented.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2021 has been derived from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the disclosures required by GAAP. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto contained in the Company’s Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of TrueCar and its wholly owned subsidiaries. Business acquisitions are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements from the date of the acquisition. The Company’s purchase accounting results in all assets and liabilities of acquired businesses being recorded at their estimated fair values on the acquisition dates. Equity investments through which the Company is able to exercise significant influence over but does not control the investee and is not the primary beneficiary of the investee’s activities are accounted for using the equity method. Divestitures are included in the Company’s consolidated statements through the date of disposition. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Assets and liabilities that are subject to judgment and use of estimates include sales allowances and allowances for doubtful accounts, contract assets, the fair value of assets and liabilities assumed in business combinations, the recoverability and related impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets, valuation allowances with respect to deferred tax assets, useful lives associated with property and equipment and intangible assets, right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities, contingencies, and the valuation and assumptions underlying stock-based compensation and other equity instruments. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates compared to historical experience and trends, which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities. In addition, the Company engaged valuation specialists to assist with management’s determination of the fair values of its single reporting unit related to goodwill impairment, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, assets and liabilities assumed in business combinations, assets and liabilities of its equity method investment and performance-based stock units.

Segments

The Company has one operating segment. From January 1, 2022 through June 30, 2022, the Company’s chief operating decision maker (the “CODM”) was comprised of both the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer, who jointly managed the Company’s operations based on consolidated financial information for purposes of evaluating financial performance and allocating resources.

The CODM reviews financial information on a consolidated basis, accompanied by information about dealer revenue, OEM incentive revenue, and other revenue (Note 13). All of the Company’s principal operations, decision-making functions and assets are located in the United States.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company determines its allowance for doubtful accounts based on historical write-off experience and specific circumstances that make it likely that recovery will not occur. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts periodically and assesses the aging of account balances, with an emphasis on those that are past due over ninety days. Account balances are charged off against the allowance when the Company determines that it is probable the receivable will not be recovered.

The Company considers the need to adjust historical information to reflect the extent to which the Company expects current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts to differ from the conditions that existed for the period over which historical information was evaluated. The primary current and future economic indicators that the Company uses to develop its current estimate of expected credit losses include the current and forecast U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

The Company calculates the expected credit losses on a pool basis for those trade receivables that have similar risk characteristics. For those trade receivables that do not share similar risk characteristics, the allowance for doubtful accounts is calculated on an individual basis. Risk characteristics relevant to the Company’s accounts receivable include revenue billing model and aging status.

The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts and sales allowances (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Allowances, at beginning of period	$	2,513	$	6,149	$	3,099	$	7,147
Charged as a reduction of revenue	679		1,287		1,469		2,566
Charged to bad debt expense in general and administrative expenses	18		236		178		468
Write-offs, net of recoveries	(1,605)		(1,883)		(3,141)		(4,392)
Allowances, at end of period	$	1,605	$	5,789	$	1,605	$	5,789

The Company’s assessment considered business and market disruptions caused by COVID-19 and estimates of expected emerging credit and collectability trends. The continued volatility in market conditions and evolving shifts in credit trends are difficult to predict causing variability and volatility that may have a material impact on our allowance for credit losses in future periods.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized and is tested for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized. There was no impairment during the Company’s last annual test performed at December 31, 2021.

As a result of the continued economic disruption as well as a decline in the Company’s stock price and market capitalization, the Company concluded a triggering event had occurred as of June 30, 2022. The Company performed an interim quantitative impairment test, in which the Company estimated the fair value of its single reporting unit by utilizing a market approach, which is based on the market capitalization of the Company using its share price in the Nasdaq Global Select Market and an appropriate control premium. Determining the control premium requires the exercise of significant assumptions and judgments, which are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value hierarchy, including expected future cash flows, which were based on the synergies market participants could realize if they acquire the reporting unit, and the discount rate. Based on the results of the interim impairment test, the Company concluded that the fair value of its reporting unit was greater than the carrying value and that goodwill was not impaired as of June 30, 2022. While the Company believes it has made reasonable estimates and assumptions to estimate the control premium of its reporting unit, it is possible that a material change could occur. If actual results are not consistent with the Company’s estimates and assumptions, or if the Company’s share price decreases, the fair value of the Company’s reporting unit may decrease to below its carrying value, which could result in impairment of the Company’s goodwill.

3. Business Combination

On May 31, 2022 (the “Acquisition Date”), the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of Digital Motors for $15.5 million in cash and up to $8.0 million of contingent cash consideration based on the occurrence of certain events including the achievement of product development milestones and future revenues. The acquisition of Digital Motors is intended to accelerate TrueCar's plan to deliver a robust digital car buying and selling experience with its TrueCar+ marketplace. At the Acquisition Date, the Company assessed the probabilities of Digital Motors meeting product development milestones and future revenue targets and recorded contingent consideration of $6.3 million, with $4.4 million recorded in Other liabilities and $1.9 million recorded in Accrued expenses and other current liabilities. From the Acquisition Date through June 30, 2022, there were no significant changes to the value of the contingent consideration.

The Company recorded goodwill of $8.6 million, which represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The goodwill is attributable to the workforce of the acquired business and the significant synergies expected to arise from the Company’s acquisition of Digital Motors. Goodwill attributed to the acquisition is not deductible for income tax purposes. The purchase consideration was preliminarily allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their fair value as of the Acquisition Date.

The following table summarizes the preliminary allocation of the purchase consideration and the estimated fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed for the acquisition of Digital Motors as of the Acquisition Date (in thousands). The purchase price allocation is preliminary and is subject to revision as additional information about the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed become available, including deferred taxes and residual goodwill.


	Digital Motors
Assets acquired
Cash	5,201
Acquired technology	12,500
Other assets acquired	328
Goodwill	8,570
Total assets acquired	$	26,599
Liabilities assumed
Accounts payable	1,102
Accrued employee expenses	984
Deferred tax liabilities	2,556
Other liabilities assumed	171
Total liabilities assumed	4,813
Net assets acquired	21,786
Consideration paid
Cash paid	$	15,484
Contingent consideration	$	6,302
Total consideration	$	21,786

The estimated useful life for acquired technology is 4 years. Total liabilities assumed include $1.8 million of accrued Digital Motors transaction expenses, which were paid by the Company as of June 30, 2022 and included in cash paid for acquisition, net of cash acquired on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, the Company incurred transaction costs of $0.9 million in connection with the Digital Motors acquisition which were expensed as incurred and included in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the operating results of Digital Motors from the Acquisition Date through June 30, 2022. Separate operating results and pro forma results of operations for Digital Motors have not been presented as the effect of the acquisition is not material to the Company’s financial results.

4. Discontinued Operations

On November 30, 2020, the Company completed the sale of its 100% interest (the “Divestiture”) in ALG to J.D. Power for $112.5 million in cash (subject to customary working capital and other adjustments) pursuant to the Membership Interest Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 31, 2020 (the “Purchase Agreement”). The Purchase Agreement provides for J.D. Power to pay the Company (i) a potential cash earnout of up to $7.5 million based upon ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2020 and (ii) a potential cash earnout of up to $15 million based upon ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2022. The Company received cash proceeds of $111.5 million, net of working capital adjustments, and transactions costs of approximately $1.9 million. As part of the Divestiture, the Company also received a five-year data license from J.D. Power for use of certain ALG data in the Company’s products and services. The Company recorded the fair value of the data license of $1.9 million in other current assets and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The data license is being treated as additional consideration received and is being amortized on a straight-line basis over five years. The Company accounts for the future earnouts as gain contingencies and recognizes the contingent consideration associated with the Divestiture when the consideration is determined to be realizable. During the first quarter of 2021, the Company received a cash payment of $7.5 million related to the first earnout, which is reflected within investing activities of discontinued operations on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows. During the second quarter of 2021, the Company recognized an additional expense of $0.2 million, which is reflected within loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

5. Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Accounting standards describe a fair value hierarchy based on the following three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, that may be used to measure fair value:

•Level 1 — Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, liabilities, or funds.

•Level 2 — Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

•Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The carrying amounts of cash equivalents, accounts receivable, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses and other current liabilities approximate fair value because of the short maturity of these items.

The Company recorded a contingent consideration liability upon the acquisition of Digital Motors in 2022 (Note 3). Contingent consideration is measured at fair value and is based on significant inputs not observable in the market, which represents a Level 3 measurement within the fair-value hierarchy. The valuation of contingent consideration uses assumptions the Company believes a market participant would make. The Company assesses these estimates on an ongoing basis as it obtains additional data impacting the assumptions. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration related to updated assumptions and estimates are recognized within the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. The Company determined the fair value of the contingent consideration using the Scenario-Based model. Because the Digital Motors purchase agreement makes payment of the contingent consideration contingent on achievement of certain product development milestones and future revenue targets, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of contingent consideration are the probabilities of achieving those targets and discount rates. Significant increases or decreases in the probabilities of achieving the targets would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively.

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 by level within the fair value hierarchy. Financial assets are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement (in thousands):


	At June 30, 2022								At December 31, 2021
							Total Fair								Total Fair
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	185,782	$	—	$	—	$	185,782	$	234,763	$	—	$	—	$	234,763
Total assets	$	185,782	$	—	$	—	$	185,782	$	234,763	$	—	$	—	$	234,763


	At June 30, 2022								At December 31, 2021
							Total Fair								Total Fair
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Value
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration, current	$	—	$	—	$	1,908	$	1,908	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Contingent consideration, non-current	$	—	$	—	$	4,394	$	4,394	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	6,302	$	6,302	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

Derivative Assets

The following table summarizes the changes in fair value of the derivative asset for the escrow payment upon the sale of the equity method investment in Accu-Trade in March 2022 (in thousands). The gain from the changes in fair value of the derivative asset was recognized in gain (loss) from equity method investment in the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.


	Three Months and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022

Fair value, beginning of period	$	2,850
Additions and changes in fair value	96
Escrow settlement receivable	(2,946)
Fair value, end of period	$	—

6. Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment consisted of the following at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 (in thousands):


	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021
Computer equipment, software, and internally developed software	$	83,034	$	77,237
Furniture and fixtures	3,226		3,794
Leasehold improvements	12,609		15,664
	98,869		96,695
Less: Accumulated depreciation	(80,094)		(77,540)
Total property and equipment, net	$	18,775	$	19,155

Included in the table above are property and equipment of $1.3 million and $1.3 million at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which are capitalizable but had not yet been placed in service. These balances were comprised primarily of capitalized software not ready for its intended use.

Total depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was $3.2 million and $4.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Total depreciation and amortization expense of property and equipment was $6.4 million and $8.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Amortization of internal use capitalized software development costs was $3.0 million and $3.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Amortization of internal use capitalized software development costs was $5.8 million and $6.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

7. Credit Facility

The Company is party to a third amended and restated loan and security agreement (the “Credit Facility”) with a financial institution that provides for advances under a $35.0 million revolving line of credit. In February 2018, the Company entered into a first amendment to the Credit Facility that, among other things, extended the expiration from February 18, 2018 to February 18, 2021. In December 2018, the Company entered into a second amendment to the Credit Facility to make certain other revisions that did not alter the borrowing amounts, interest rates, or required ratios. In February 2021, the Company entered into a third amendment to the Credit Facility to extend the expiration date to April 19, 2021 that did not alter the borrowing amounts, interest rates, or required ratios. In April 2021, the Company entered into a fourth amendment to the Credit Facility to extend the maturity date to April 12, 2024 that did not alter the borrowing amounts, interest rates, or required ratios. The Credit Facility provided a $10.0 million subfacility for the issuance of letters of credit and contained an increase option permitting the Company, subject to the lender’s consent, to increase the revolving credit facility by up to $15.0 million, to an aggregate maximum of $50.0 million.

The Credit Facility bears interest, at the Company’s option, at either (i) the prime rate published by The Wall Street Journal, plus a spread of -0.25% to 0.25%, or (ii) a LIBOR rate determined in accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility, plus a spread of 1.75% to 2.25%. In each case, the spread is based on the Company’s adjusted quick ratio, which is a ratio of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents plus net billed accounts receivable to current liabilities, excluding operating lease obligations, plus all obligations and liabilities to the financial institution including issued and outstanding letters of credit.

Interest is due and payable quarterly in arrears for prime rate loans and on the earlier of the last day of each quarter or the end of an interest period, as defined in the Credit Facility, for LIBOR rate loans. The Company is also obligated to pay an unused revolving line facility fee of 0.00% to 0.15% per annum based on the Company’s adjusted quick ratio.

The Credit Facility requires the Company to maintain an adjusted quick ratio of at least 1.25 to 1.00 on the last day of each quarter. The Credit Facility also limits the Company’s ability to pay dividends. At June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Company was in compliance with the Credit Facility’s financial covenants.

The Company’s future material domestic subsidiaries are required, upon the lender’s request, to become co-borrowers under the Credit Facility. Additionally, the Credit Facility contains acceleration clauses that accelerate any borrowings in the event of default. The Company’s obligations and those of its future material domestic subsidiaries are collateralized by substantially all of their respective assets, subject to certain exceptions and limitations.

At June 30, 2022, the Company had no outstanding amounts under the Credit Facility and the amount available was $32.6 million, reduced for the letters of credit issued and outstanding under the subfacility of $2.4 million.

8. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company may become subject to legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. When the Company becomes aware of a claim or potential claim, it assesses the likelihood of any loss or exposure. In accordance with authoritative guidance, the Company records loss contingencies in its financial statements only for matters in which losses are probable and can be reasonably estimated. Where a range of loss can be reasonably estimated with no best estimate in the range, the Company records the minimum estimated liability. If the loss is not probable or the amount of the loss cannot be reasonably estimated, the Company discloses the nature of the specific claim if the likelihood of a potential loss is reasonably possible and the amount involved is material. The Company continuously assesses the potential liability related to the Company’s pending litigation and revises its estimates when additional information becomes available. The Company is not currently a party to any material legal proceedings, other than as described below.

Stockholder Litigation

Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation

In March 2018, Leon Milbeck filed a putative securities class action complaint against the Company in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California (the “Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation”). The complaint, as amended, sought an award of unspecified damages, interest, attorney’s fees and equitable relief based on allegations that the defendants made false or misleading statements about our business, operations, prospects and performance during a purported class period of February 16, 2017 through November 6, 2017 in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and that the defendants made actionable misstatements in violation of Section 11 of the Securities Act in connection with the Company’s secondary offering that occurred during the class period. The amended complaint named the Company certain of its then-current and former officers and directors as defendants. On May 26, 2020, the case was dismissed pursuant to a settlement. As a result, the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation has been resolved.

Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation

In August 2019, three purported stockholder derivative actions were filed in Delaware alleging a variety of claims nominally on the Company’s behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaints named the Company, certain of its then-current and former directors and officers, USAA and, in one of the actions, certain entities affiliated with USAA and certain of our current and former directors as defendants. On October 7, 2019, the Delaware Court of Chancery consolidated the cases into a single action in that court bearing the caption In re TrueCar, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation (the “Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation”). On November 6, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint against all of the defendants named in the prior actions, asserting claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, contribution and indemnification against the Company’s current and former officers and directors, and claims for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty against the entities affiliated with USAA and with certain of the Company’s current and former directors. The plaintiffs sought an award of damages against the defendants on behalf of the Company and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On December 19, 2019, the defendants filed motions to dismiss for failure to make a pre-suit demand. On September 30, 2020, the court dismissed the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation with prejudice for failure to make a pre-suit demand and failure to state a claim and the plaintiffs did not appeal the ruling. As a result, the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation is resolved. Following the court’s decision, the plaintiffs sent a letter to the Company demanding that it pursue claims against certain current and former officers for various alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties, based substantially on the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. On November 18, 2020, the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”) established a special committee of the Board (the “Special Committee”) to investigate the claims contained in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, the Lee Derivative Litigation and other related stockholder demands. In October 2021, following the aforementioned investigation, the Board adopted the Special Committee’s recommendation that the Board refuse the demands in their entirety and conclude that no further action is necessary. The Company has not recorded an accrual related to this matter as of June 30, 2022 as the Company does not believe a loss is probable or reasonably estimable.

Lee Derivative Litigation

In December 2019, Sulgi Lee, a purported stockholder, filed a derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery (the “Lee Derivative Litigation”) alleging a variety of claims nominally on the Company’s behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaint named the Company, certain of its then-current and former directors and officers and USAA as defendants. The plaintiff seeks an award of damages against the defendants on the Company’s behalf and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On May 5, 2020, the court entered the parties’ stipulation to stay this litigation pending the outcome of the motions to dismiss in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation. Following the dismissal of the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, on December 22, 2020, the court entered the parties’ further stipulation to stay the Lee Derivative Litigation pending the outcome of the Special Committee’s investigation. Following the Board’s action on the Special Committee’s recommendation, which is described above, the plaintiff dismissed her claims against the Company on June 22, 2022. As a result, the Lee Derivative Litigation has been resolved and the Company has not recorded an accrual related to this matter as of June 30, 2022 as the Company does not believe a loss is probable or reasonably estimable.

Employment Contracts

The Company has entered into employment contracts with certain executives of the Company. Employment under these contracts is at-will employment. However, under the provisions of the contracts, the Company would incur severance obligations of up to twelve months of the executive’s annual base salary for certain events such as involuntary terminations.

Indemnifications

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnities of varying scope and terms to customers, vendors, lessors, investors, directors, officers, employees and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the Company’s breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company, or intellectual property infringement claims made by third parties. While the Company’s future obligations under certain of these agreements may contain limitations on liability for indemnification, other agreements do not contain such limitations and under such agreements it is not possible to predict the maximum potential amount of future payments due to the conditional nature of the Company’s obligations and the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, payments made by the Company under such indemnities have not had a material effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. Additionally, the Company does not believe that any amounts that it may be required to pay under these indemnities in the future will be material to the Company’s business, financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

9. Stock-based Awards

Stock Options

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2022 is as follows:


	Number of Options	Weighted-Average Exercise Price		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life
				(in years)
Outstanding at December 31, 2021	6,078,180	$	9.24	6.2
Granted	—	—
Exercised	(66,904)	2.68
Forfeited/expired	(591,738)	7.32
Outstanding at June 30, 2022	5,419,538	$	9.53	5.5

At June 30, 2022, total remaining stock-based compensation expense for unvested stock option awards was $2.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.4 years. For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for stock option awards of $0.4 million and $1.0 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense for stock option awards of $0.8 million and $2.6 million, respectively.

Restricted Stock Units

Activity in connection with restricted stock units is as follows for the six months ended June 30, 2022:


	Number of Shares	Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested — December 31, 2021	7,536,114	$	4.60
Granted	6,514,994	4.06
Vested	(1,626,096)	4.72
Forfeited	(1,003,114)	4.75
Non-vested — June 30, 2022	11,421,898	$	4.26

At June 30, 2022, total remaining stock-based compensation expense for non-vested restricted stock units was $43.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 3.0 years. For the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $4.1 million and $4.2 million in stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded $7.2 million and $8.9 million in stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units, respectively.

Stock-based Compensation Cost

The Company recorded stock-based compensation cost relating to stock options and restricted stock units in the following categories on the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Cost of revenue	$	46	$	66	$	83	$	137
Sales and marketing	1,233		1,512		2,408		4,471
Technology and development	1,056		1,159		1,956		2,347
General and administrative	2,152		2,420		3,538		4,587
Total stock-based compensation expense	4,487		5,157		7,985		11,542
Amount capitalized to internal software use	290		350		536		697
Total stock-based compensation cost	$	4,777	$	5,507	$	8,521	$	12,239

10. Income Taxes

In determining quarterly provisions for income taxes, the Company uses the annual estimated effective tax rate applied to the actual year-to-date loss, adjusted for discrete items, if any, that are taken into account in the relevant period. The Company’s annual estimated effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily as a result of state taxes, tax amortization of goodwill and changes in the Company’s valuation allowance.

The Company recorded an income tax benefit of $2.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and income tax expense of $0.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2021. For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the Company recorded an income tax benefit of $2.5 million and income tax expense of $0.2 million, respectively. The Company’s income tax benefit for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2022 includes a $2.6 million discrete income tax benefit from the release of valuation allowance resulting from net deferred tax liabilities recorded in Digital Motors acquisition accounting that is a source of income in assessing realization of the Company’s net deferred tax assets. For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, the Company’s provision for income taxes primarily reflects tax expense associated with state income taxes and the amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets. The Company continues to maintain a full valuation allowance as it is more likely than not that the Company’s net deferred tax assets will not be realized.

There were no material changes to the Company’s unrecognized tax benefits in the six months ended June 30, 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2021, there was a $1.1 million increase in unrecognized tax benefit primarily related to bonus expense that does not qualify as a federal income tax deduction when accrued for financial reporting purposes. The Company expects the amount of unrecognized tax benefits to decrease by $1.1 million during the fiscal year as a result of proposed filing of application for a change in accounting method with the filing of the tax return.

The Company is subject to United States federal and state taxation. Due to the presence of net operating loss carryforwards, all income tax years remain open for examination by the IRS and various state taxing authorities. The Company is not currently under Internal Revenue Service or state tax examination.

11. Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share (in thousands, except per share data):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Net loss	$	(11,019)	$	(7,283)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,701)
Loss from continuing operations	$	(11,019)	$	(7,115)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,533)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes	$	—	$	(168)	$	—	$	(168)

Weighted average common shares outstanding, basic and diluted	91,016		98,810		93,457		98,696
Net loss per share, basic and diluted
Continuing operations	$	(0.12)	$	(0.07)	$	(0.25)	$	(0.16)
Discontinued operations	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

The following table presents the number of anti-dilutive shares excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share at June 30, 2022 and 2021 (in thousands):


	June 30,
	2022	2021
Options to purchase common stock	5,420	9,312
Common stock warrants	—	510
Non-vested restricted stock unit awards	11,422	8,573
Total shares excluded from net loss per share	16,842	18,395

Share Repurchase Program

In July 2020, the Company’s board of directors authorized an open market stock repurchase program (the “Program”) of up to $75 million to allow for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s common stock through September 30, 2022. In May 2021, the Company’s board of directors increased the authorization of the Program by an additional $75 million, bringing the total authorization to $150 million. In July 2022, the Company’s board of directors extended the expiration of the Program until September 30, 2024. The timing and amount of any repurchases will be determined by Company management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. Repurchases of the Company’s common stock may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit common stock to be repurchased when the Company might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws, open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate the Company to purchase any minimum number of shares. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company repurchased and retired a total of 6.8 million shares under the Program for $25.0 million. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had a remaining authorization of $50.5 million for future share repurchases.

12. Related Party Transactions

Transactions with Accu-Trade

On March 1, 2022, the Company sold its 20% ownership interests in Accu-Trade at the investment’s carrying value and no longer considers Accu-Trade a related party after the sale. The Company recognized contra-revenue of $0.1 million and cost of revenue of $1.1 million for the two months ended March 1, 2022, and recognized contra-revenue of $0.3 million and $0.6 million and cost of revenue of $1.3 million and $2.5 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively, related to a software and data licensing agreement that was terminated as part of the sale. The Company had amounts due to Accu-Trade included in accounts payable at December 31, 2021 of $1.1 million. No amounts were due to Accu-Trade at June 30, 2022.

13. Revenue Information

Disaggregation of Revenue

The Company disaggregates revenue into three revenue streams: dealer revenue, OEM incentives revenue, and other revenue. The following table presents the Company’s revenue categories during the periods presented (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Dealer revenue	$	40,705	$	62,670	$	82,991	$	124,727
OEM incentives revenue	1,396		2,768		2,424		5,565
Other revenue	174		328		393		579
Total revenues	$	42,275	$	65,766	$	85,808	$	130,871

Contract Balances

The Company’s contract asset balance for estimated variable consideration to be received upon the occurrence of subsequent vehicle sales is included within other current assets and is distinguished from accounts receivable in that these amounts are conditional upon subsequent sales and not only upon the passage of time. Substantially all of the contract asset balances of $0.9 million at December 31, 2021 were transferred to accounts receivable during the six months ended June 30, 2022 as vehicle sales occurred, with no significant changes in the estimate. A contract asset of $0.9 million and $0.9 million was recorded as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, for leads delivered where consideration to be received was still conditional upon subsequent vehicle sales.

Item 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 1 “Financial Statements” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including, but not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

TrueCar is a leading automotive digital marketplace that enables car buyers to connect to our network of Certified Dealers. We are building the industry’s most personalized and efficient car buying experience as we seek to bring more of the purchasing process online.

We have established a diverse software ecosystem on a common technology infrastructure, powered by proprietary data and analytics. Our company-branded platform is available on our TrueCar website and mobile applications. In addition, we customize and operate our platform on a co-branded basis for our many affinity group marketing partners, including financial institutions like Navy Federal, PenFed and American Express; membership-based organizations like Consumer Reports, AARP, Sam’s Club, and AAA; and employee buying programs for large enterprises such as IBM and Walmart. We enable users to obtain market-based pricing data on new and used cars, and to connect with our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. We also allow automobile manufacturers, known in the industry as OEMs, to connect with TrueCar users during the purchase process and efficiently deliver targeted incentives to consumers.

We benefit consumers by providing information related to what others have paid for a make, model and trim of car in their area and price offers on actual vehicle inventory, which we refer to as VIN-based offers, from our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. VIN-based offers provide consumers with price offers for specific vehicles from specific dealers. We benefit our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers by enabling them to attract these informed, in-market consumers in a cost-effective, accountable manner, which we believe helps them to sell more cars profitably. We benefit OEMs by allowing them to more effectively target their incentive spending at deep-in-market consumers during their purchase process.

Our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers consists primarily of new car franchises, representing all major makes of cars, as well as independent dealers selling used vehicles. TrueCar Certified Dealers operate in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Our subsidiary, TCDS, provides our TrueCar Trade and Payments products. Our Trade solution gives consumers information on the value of their trade-in vehicles and enables them to obtain a guaranteed trade-in price before setting foot in the dealership. This valuation is, in turn, backed by a third-party guarantee to dealers that the vehicles will be repurchased at the indicated price if the dealer does not want to keep them. Our Payments solution leverages the digital retailing technology of our DealerScience subsidiary to help consumers calculate accurate monthly payments.

During the three months ended June 30, 2022, we generated revenues of $42.3 million and recorded a loss from continuing operations of $11.0 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2021, we generated revenues of $65.8 million and recorded a loss from continuing operations of $7.1 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we generated revenues of $85.8 million and recorded a loss from continuing operations of $23.4 million. During the six months ended June 30, 2021, we generated revenues of $130.9 million and recorded a loss from continuing operations of $15.5 million.

Market Environment

Events surrounding the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic have resulted and will continue to result in significant economic disruptions. We continue to experience the negative effects of COVID-19 on our business, operations and financial results as reflected in the year over year decline in revenues, and we expect to experience further negative effects on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties. In addition to vehicle inventory shortages caused by closures in OEM production facilities in the early days of the COVID-19 induced lockdown, OEMs have also been forced to cut production as supply-chain disruption due to the pandemic resulted in a global automotive semiconductor chip shortage. The ensuing automobile inventory shortage has resulted in significant unmet demand, with automotive dealers seeing some incoming new car shipments presold. At the same time, wider economic inflation has led to the Federal Reserve raising interest rates, which along with the expectation for future rate hikes are starting to have their intended impact on the U.S. economy. Domestically, consumers are concerned about inflation and while employment remains strong, a possible recession stemming from tighter monetary policy is also weighing on consumer sentiment. Higher interest rates could also reduce consumer demand by making vehicle financing more expensive and reducing the amount of inventory purchased by dealers due to higher financing costs. The inventory shortage along with pressure on consumer demand may impact the decision of our current network of Certified Dealers and OEMs to cancel or pause on our services and product offerings and could discourage new dealers and OEMs from joining our network. Refer to Part II, Item 1A, Risk Factors, for additional disclosures of risks related to COVID-19, the global automotive semiconductor chip shortage, and rising interest rates.

Key Metrics

We regularly review a number of key metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make operating and strategic decisions.


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
Average Monthly Unique Visitors	7,207,807		9,617,228		7,236,588		9,396,466
Units (1)	90,112		194,791		181,712		360,649
Monetization	$	467	$	336	$	470	$	361
Franchise Dealer Count	7,908		9,614		7,908		9,614
Independent Dealer Count	4,178		3,545		4,178		3,545

(1)We issued full credits of the amount originally invoiced with respect to 2,225 and 3,478 units during the three months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We issued full credits of the amount originally invoiced with respect to 4,607 and 8,087 units during the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The number of units has not been adjusted downwards related to units credited as discussed in the description of the unit metric below.

Average Monthly Unique Visitors

We define a monthly unique visitor as an individual who has visited our website, our landing page on our affinity group marketing partner sites, or our mobile applications within a calendar month. We identify unique visitors through cookies for browser-based visits on either a desktop computer or mobile device and through device IDs for mobile application visits. In addition, if a TrueCar.com user logs in, we supplement their identification with their log-in credentials to attempt to avoid double counting on TrueCar.com across devices, browsers and mobile applications. If an individual accesses our service using different devices or different browsers on the same device within a given month, the first access through each such device or browser is counted as a separate monthly unique visitor, except where adjusted based upon TrueCar.com log-in information. We calculate average monthly unique visitors as the sum of the monthly unique visitors in a given period, divided by the number of months in the period. We view our average monthly unique visitors as a key indicator of the growth in our business and audience reach, the strength of our brand, and the visibility of car-buying services to the member base of our affinity group marketing partners.

The number of average monthly unique visitors decreased 25.1% to approximately 7.2 million in the three months ended June 30, 2022 from approximately 9.6 million in the same period of 2021. The number of average monthly unique visitors decreased 23.0% to approximately 7.2 million in the six months ended June 30, 2022 from approximately 9.4 million in the same period of 2021. The decrease was due to our lower marketing spend deployed as a result of constrained dealer inventory during the three months and six months ended June 30, 2022.

Units

We define units as the number of automobiles purchased from TrueCar Certified Dealers that are matched to users of TrueCar.com, our TrueCar-branded mobile applications or the car-buying sites and mobile applications we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners. A unit is counted after we have matched the sale to a TrueCar user with one of TrueCar Certified Dealers. We view units as a key indicator of the health of our business, the effectiveness of our product and the size and geographic coverage of our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers.

On occasion, we issue credits to our TrueCar Certified Dealers with respect to units sold. However, we do not adjust our unit metric for these credits as we believe that in most cases a vehicle has in fact been purchased through our platform given the high degree of accuracy of our sales matching process. Credits are most frequently issued to a dealer that claims that it had a pre-existing relationship with a purchaser of a vehicle, and we determine whether we will issue a credit based on a number of factors, including the facts and circumstances related to the dealer claim and the level of claim activity at the dealership. In most cases, we issue credits in order to maintain strong business relations with the dealer and not because we have made an erroneous sales match or billing error.

The number of units decreased 53.7% to 90,112 units in the three months ended June 30, 2022 from 194,791 units in the three months ended June 30, 2021. The number of units decreased 49.6% to 181,712 units in the six months ended June 30, 2022 from 360,649 units in the six months ended June 30, 2021. The unit decrease for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to lower automobile inventory levels resulting from the global automotive semiconductor chip

shortage. The impact of the chip shortage on units will be dependent on the duration of the chip-related production cuts by OEMs.

Monetization

We define monetization as the average transaction revenue per unit, which we calculate by dividing all of our transaction revenue (dealer revenue and OEM incentives revenue) in a given period by the number of units in that period. Our monetization increased to $467 for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to $336 for the three months ended June 30, 2021. Our monetization increased to $470 for six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to $361 for the six months ended June 30, 2021. The increase for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily due to a higher unit mix shift to used cars that provide higher monetization than new cars and a higher monetization associated with franchise and independent dealer subscription arrangements as subscription revenue tend to lag a downturn in units. We expect our monetization to be affected in the future by changes in our pricing structure, unit volume, and the unit mix between new and used cars.

Franchise Dealer Count

We define franchise dealer count as the number of franchise dealers in the network of TrueCar Certified Dealers at the end of a given period. This number is calculated by counting the number of brands of new cars sold at each individual location, or rooftop, regardless of the size of the dealership that owns the rooftop. The network is comprised of dealers with a range of unit sales volume per dealer, with dealers representing certain brands consistently achieving higher than average unit sales volume. We view our ability to increase our franchise dealer count, particularly dealers representing high volume brands, as an indicator of our market penetration and the likelihood of converting users of our platform into unit sales. Our TrueCar Certified Dealer network includes independent non-franchised dealers that primarily sell used cars and are not included in franchise dealer count.

Our franchise dealer count was 7,908 at June 30, 2022, a decrease from 9,614 at June 30, 2021, and a decrease from 8,482 at December 31, 2021. The decline in franchise dealer count was primarily due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result of automobile inventory shortages and high consumer demand, certain franchise dealers have less of a need for marketing services and products. We expect our franchise dealer count to continue to be impacted by these inventory shortages.

Independent Dealer Count

We define independent dealer count as the number of dealers in the network of TrueCar Certified Dealers at the end of a given period that exclusively sell used vehicles. This number is calculated by counting each location, or rooftop, individually, regardless of the size of the dealership that owns the rooftop. Our independent dealer count was 4,178 at June 30, 2022, an increase from 3,545 at June 30, 2021, and a slight increase from 4,013 at December 31, 2021. We expect our independent dealer count to be impacted by new car shortages that increase demand for used cars, but which have also resulted in inventory constraints in the used car market.

Non-GAAP Financial Measure

Adjusted EBITDA is a financial measure that is not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) adjusted to exclude interest income, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, gain (loss) from equity method investment, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration, other income, lease exit costs, impairment of lease of right-of-use, or ROU, assets, transaction costs, and income taxes. We have provided below a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net loss, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net loss or any other measure of financial performance calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our Adjusted EBITDA measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other organizations as they may not calculate Adjusted EBITDA in the same manner as we calculate this measure.

We use Adjusted EBITDA as an operating performance measure as it is (i) an integral part of our reporting and planning processes; (ii) used by our management and board of directors to assess our operational performance, and together with operational objectives, as a measure in evaluating employee compensation and bonuses; and (iii) used by our management to make financial and strategic planning decisions regarding future operating investments. We believe that using Adjusted EBITDA facilitates operating performance comparisons on a period-to-period basis because it excludes variations primarily caused by changes in the excluded items noted above. In addition, we believe that Adjusted EBITDA and similar measures are widely used by investors, securities analysts, rating agencies and other parties in evaluating companies as measures of financial performance and debt service capabilities.

Our use of Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are:

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the receipt of interest or the payment of income taxes;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditures or any other contractual commitments;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the lease exit costs and impairment charges associated with subleasing;

•Adjusted EBITDA does not consider the dilutive impact of shares issued or to be issued in connection with stock-based compensation; and

•other companies, including companies in our own industry, may calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA alongside other financial performance measures, including our net loss, our other GAAP results, and various cash flow metrics. In addition, in evaluating Adjusted EBITDA you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses such as those that are the subject of adjustments in deriving Adjusted EBITDA, and you should not infer from our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA that our future results will not be affected by these expenses or any unusual or non-recurring items.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net (loss) income to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods presented:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Reconciliation of Net Loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net loss	$	(11,019)	$	(7,283)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,701)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes	—		168		—		168
Loss from continuing operations	(11,019)		(7,115)		(23,433)		(15,533)

Non-GAAP adjustments:
Interest income	(279)		(13)		(306)		(28)
Depreciation and amortization	3,785		4,591		7,445		8,903
Stock-based compensation	4,487		5,157		7,985		11,542
(Gain) loss from equity method investment (1)	(96)		357		(1,845)		686
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	—		10		—		41
Other income	—		(42)		—		(667)
Lease exit costs (2)	(455)		—		214		—
Impairment of ROU assets (3)	—		1,652		—		1,652
Transaction costs (4)	1,171		—		1,171		—
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	(2,574)		133		(2,517)		227
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(4,980)	$	4,730	$	(11,286)	$	6,823

(1)For the six months ended June 30, 2022, the excluded amount includes a $1.8 million gain from changes in fair value of a derivative asset recognized from the sale of our equity method investment in Accu-Trade in the first quarter of 2022.

(2)Represents lease exit costs and early termination gains associated with certain of our existing office location. We consider these charges to be unrelated to our underlying results of operations and believe that their exclusion is appropriate to facilitate period-to-period operating performance comparisons.

(3)The excluded amounts represent impairment charges on our ROU assets associated with certain of our existing office locations. We consider these charges to be unrelated to our underlying results of operations and believe that their exclusion is appropriate to facilitate period-to-period operating performance comparisons.

(4)The excluded amounts represent external legal, accounting, consulting and other third-party fees and costs we incurred in connection with the Digital Motors acquisition, and $0.25 million associated with acceleration of unvested options to purchase shares of Digital Motors stock held by Digital Motors employees at the time of the acquisition that are accounted for as post-combination compensation expense. These expenses are included in general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of comprehensive loss. We consider these fees and costs, which are associated with merger and acquisition transactions outside the normal course of our operations, to be unrelated to our underlying results of operations and believe that their exclusion provides investors with a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our business operations.

Components of Operating Results

Revenues

Our revenues are comprised primarily of dealer revenue and OEM incentives revenue. We recognize transaction revenue for certain of our Auto Buying Program and OEM incentives arrangements at the time introductions and incentives are delivered based upon expected subsequent vehicle sales between the Auto Buying Program user and the dealer.

Costs and Operating Expenses

Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenue includes expenses related to the fulfillment of our services, consisting primarily of data costs and licensing fees paid to third-party service providers and expenses related to operating our website and mobile applications, including those associated with hosting fees, data processing costs required to deliver introductions to our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, employee costs related to certain dealer operations, sales matching, and facilities costs. Cost of revenue excludes depreciation and amortization of software costs and other hosting and data infrastructure equipment used to operate our platforms, which are included in the depreciation and amortization line item on our condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of: television, digital, and radio advertising; media production costs; affinity group partner marketing fees, which also include loan subvention costs where we pay certain affinity group marketing partners a portion of consumers’ borrowing costs for car loan products offered by these affinity group marketing partners; marketing sponsorship programs; and digital customer acquisition. In addition, sales and marketing expenses include employee-related expenses for sales, customer support, marketing and public relations employees, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock-based compensation expenses; third-party contractor fees; and facilities costs. Marketing and advertising costs promote our services and are expensed as incurred, except for media production costs, which are expensed the first time the advertisement is aired.

Technology and Development. Technology and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock-based compensation expenses; third-party contractor fees; facilities costs; software costs; and costs associated with our product development, product management, research and analytics, and internal IT functions.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, severance, and stock-based compensation expenses for executive, finance, accounting, legal, and human resources functions. General and administrative expenses also include legal, accounting, and other third-party professional service fees, bad debt, and facilities costs.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation consists primarily of depreciation expense recorded on property and equipment. Amortization expense consists primarily of amortization recorded on intangible assets, capitalized software costs and leasehold improvements.

Interest Income. Interest income consists of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents.

Other Income. Other income consists of fees earned associated with the transition services agreement we entered into with J.D. Power in connection with our ALG divestiture.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes. We are subject to federal and state income taxes in the United States. We provided a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets at June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as it is more likely than not that some or all of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. As a result of the change in valuation allowance, our income tax benefit is significantly less than the federal statutory rate of 21%.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, our benefit from income taxes is primarily due to the discrete income tax benefit from the release of valuation allowance resulting from net deferred tax liabilities recorded in Digital Motors acquisition accounting that is a source of income in assessing realization of our consolidated net deferred tax assets. Our provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2021 primarily reflects tax expense associated with state income taxes and the amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our selected consolidated statements of operations data for each of the periods indicated.


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues	$	42,275	$	65,766	$	85,808	$	130,871
Costs and operating expenses:
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization presented separately below)	3,817		5,746		8,763		11,204
Sales and marketing	26,324		37,476		53,405		77,575
Technology and development	11,380		10,780		21,635		21,973
General and administrative	10,937		13,853		22,661		26,531
Depreciation and amortization	3,785		4,591		7,445		8,903
Total costs and operating expenses	56,243		72,446		113,909		146,186
Loss from operations	(13,968)		(6,680)		(28,101)		(15,315)
Interest income	279		13		306		28
Other income	—		42		—		667
Gain (loss) from equity method investment	96		(357)		1,845		(686)
Loss before income taxes	(13,593)		(6,982)		(25,950)		(15,306)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	(2,574)		133		(2,517)		227
Loss from continuing operations	(11,019)		$	(7,115)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,533)
Loss from discontinued operations, net of taxes	—		(168)		—		(168)
Net loss	$	(11,019)	$	(7,283)	$	(23,433)	$	(15,701)

Other Non-GAAP Financial Information:
Adjusted EBITDA	$	(4,980)	$	4,730	$	(11,286)	$	6,823

Comparison of the Three and Six Months Ended June 30, 2022 and 2021

Revenues


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Dealer revenue	$	40,705	$	62,670	$	82,991	$	124,727
OEM incentives revenue	1,396		2,768		2,424		5,565
Other revenue	174		328		393		579
Total revenues	$	42,275	$	65,766	$	85,808	$	130,871

Three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to three months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease in our total revenues of $23.5 million, or 35.7%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021 was mainly due to pressure on our close rates brought on by high vehicle prices and limited new vehicle inventories associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. Dealer revenue, OEM incentives revenue, and Other revenue comprised 96.3%, 3.3%, and 0.4%, respectively, of revenues for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to 95.3%, 4.2%, and 0.5%, respectively, for the same period in 2021. The decrease of $22.0 million in dealer revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily a result of low inventory associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. The decrease of $1.4 million in OEM incentives revenue for the three months ended June 30, 2022 was driven by lower vehicle incentive volumes and by certain OEMs pausing their programs as a result of low inventory associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. Other revenue was relatively flat for the three months ended June 30, 2022. We expect our revenues to continue to be impacted by the inventory constraints caused by the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage as well as by higher interest rates, which could reduce consumer demand by making vehicle financing more expensive and reducing the amount of inventory purchased by dealers due to higher financing costs. These market conditions may influence dealers on our Certified Dealers network to cancel or pause our services or product offerings and could discourage new dealers from joining our network, and may also influence OEMs to pause their incentive programs.

Six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease in total revenues of $45.1 million, or 34.4%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021 was mainly due to pressure on our close rates brought on by higher vehicle prices and limited new vehicle inventories associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. Dealer revenue, OEM incentives revenue, and Other revenue comprised 96.7%, 2.8%, and 0.5%, respectively, of revenues for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to 95.3%, 4.3%, and 0.4%, respectively, for the same period in 2021. The decrease of $41.7 million in dealer revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was primarily a result of lower inventory associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. The decrease of $3.1 million in OEM incentives revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was driven by lower vehicle incentive volumes and by certain OEMs pausing their programs as a result of lower inventory associated with the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. Other revenue was relatively flat for the six months ended June 30, 2022.

Costs and Operating Expenses

Cost of Revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)	$	3,817		$	5,746		$	8,763		$	11,204
Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) as a percentage of revenues	9.0		%	8.7		%	10.2		%	8.6		%

Three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to three months ended June 30, 2021. Cost of revenue decreased $1.9 million, or 33.6%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021 primarily due to a $1.7 million decrease in data and licensing expenses.

Six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to six months ended June 30, 2021. Cost of revenue decreased $2.4 million, or 21.8%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily due to a $2.1 million decrease in data and licensing expenses.

Sales and Marketing Expenses


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(dollars in thousands)
Sales and marketing expenses	$	26,324		$	37,476		$	53,405		$	77,575
Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues	62.3		%	57.0		%	62.2		%	59.3		%

Three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to three months ended June 30, 2021. Sales and marketing expenses decreased $11.2 million, or 29.8%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily reflects a $7.9 million decrease in our branded media spend and a $3.1 million decrease in revenue share paid to our affinity marketing partners. We expect sales and marketing expenses to vary over the course of the year depending on the state of the automobile inventory and semiconductor chip shortages that will impact our branded media spend and revenue share that we pay to our affinity marketing partners. Additionally, we expect to incur incremental branded media expenses to support the rollout of our TrueCar+ initiatives.

Six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to six months ended June 30, 2021. Sales and marketing expenses decreased $24.2 million, or 31.2%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily reflects a $16.8 million decrease in our branded media spend, a $4.3 million decrease in revenue share paid to our affinity marketing partners, and a $2.1 million decrease in stock-based compensation expenses.

Technology and Development Expenses


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(dollars in thousands)
Technology and development expenses	$	11,380		$	10,780		$	21,635		$	21,973
Technology and development expenses as a percentage of revenues	26.9		%	16.4		%	25.2		%	16.8		%
Capitalized software costs	$	2,936		$	3,011		$	5,796		$	5,958

Three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to three months ended June 30, 2021. Technology and development expenses increased $0.6 million, or 5.6%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. The increase primarily reflects a $1.0 million increase in employee-related expenses associated with increased headcount offset by a $0.3 million decrease in outsourced services and a $0.2 million decrease in facilities costs. Capitalized software costs were relatively flat. We expect technology and development expenses to continue to be affected by variations in headcount.

Six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to six months ended June 30, 2021. Technology and development expenses decreased $0.3 million, or 1.5%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily reflects a $0.3 million decrease in facilities costs. Capitalized software costs were relatively flat.

General and Administrative Expenses


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022			2021			2022			2021
	(dollars in thousands)
General and administrative expenses	$	10,937		$	13,853		$	22,661		$	26,531
General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues	25.9		%	21.1		%	26.4		%	20.3		%

Three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to three months ended June 30, 2021. General and administrative expenses decreased $2.9 million, or 21.0%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily reflects a $1.7 million impairment charge on our right-of-use asset associated with an office lease recognized in the second quarter of 2021, and a $0.8 million gain related to an early lease termination recognized in the second quarter of 2022.

Six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to six months ended June 30, 2021. General and administrative expenses decreased $3.9 million, or 14.6%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021. The decrease primarily reflects a $1.7 million impairment charge on our right-of-use asset associated with an office lease recognized in the second quarter of 2021, a $1.1 million decrease in stock-based compensation expenses, and a $0.4 million decrease in professional services fees.

Depreciation and Amortization Expenses


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Depreciation and amortization expenses	$	3,785	$	4,591	$	7,445	$	8,903

Three months ended June 30, 2022 compared to three months ended June 30, 2021. Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $0.8 million, or 17.6%, for the three months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the three months ended June 30, 2021. We expect our depreciation and amortization expenses to continue to be affected by the amount of capitalized internally developed software costs, property and equipment, and the timing of placing projects in service.

Six months ended June 30, 2022 compared to six months ended June 30, 2021. Depreciation and amortization expenses decreased $1.5 million, or 16.4%, for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the six months ended June 30, 2021.

Other Income

For the six months ended June 30, 2021, other income consists primarily of fees earned from the transition services agreement we entered into with J.D. Power in connection with our ALG divestiture.

Gain (Loss) from Equity Method Investment


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Gain (loss) from equity method investment	$	96	$	(357)	$	1,845	$	(686)

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recognized a gain of $1.8 million from changes in fair value of a derivative asset recognized from the sale of our equity method investment in Accu-Trade. No gain or loss was recognized at the time of the sale as the fair value of the sales proceeds received including the initial fair value of the derivative asset was equal to the then carrying value of the investment.

Provision for (Benefit from) Income Taxes


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	(in thousands)
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes	$	(2,574)	$	133	$	(2,517)	$	227

For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2022, the benefit from income taxes is primarily due to the discrete income tax benefit from the release of valuation allowance resulting from net deferred tax liabilities recorded in Digital Motors acquisition accounting that is a source of income in assessing realization of consolidated net deferred tax assets. For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2021, the provision for income taxes primarily reflects tax expense associated with state income taxes and the amortization of tax-deductible goodwill that is not an available source of income to realize deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At June 30, 2022, our principal sources of liquidity were cash and cash equivalents totaling $199.7 million.

We have incurred cumulative losses of $417.3 million from our operations through June 30, 2022, and expect to incur additional losses in the future. We generate cash inflows from operations primarily from selling services to dealers participating in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, and cash outflows to enable our business operations, develop new services and core technologies that further enhance our online automotive marketplace, and fund repurchases of our common stock based on our evaluation of market conditions and other factors. We believe that our existing sources of liquidity will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. However, our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our revenue levels, the timing and extent of our spending to support our technology and development efforts, costs related to potential acquisitions to further expand our business and product offerings, collection of accounts receivable, macroeconomic activity, and the length and severity of business disruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and inventory constraints caused by the global automobile semiconductor chip shortage. To the extent that existing cash and cash equivalents, and cash from operations, are insufficient to fund our future activities, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. Additional funds may not be available on terms favorable to us or at all.

Credit Facility

We are party to a credit facility with Silicon Valley Bank that provides for advances of up to $35.0 million. This credit facility provides a $10.0 million subfacility for the issuance of letters of credit and contains an increase option permitting us, subject to the lender’s consent, to increase the revolving credit facility by up to $15.0 million, to an aggregate maximum of $50.0 million. The credit facility’s previous three-year term matured on April 19, 2021. In April 2021, we entered into an amendment to extend the maturity date of our credit facility for another three years to expire on April 12, 2024. No amounts were outstanding at June 30, 2022. The amount available under the amended credit facility at June 30, 2022 was $32.6 million, reduced for the letters of credit issued and outstanding under the subfacility of $2.4 million. See Note 7 of our condensed consolidated financial statements herein for more information about our amended credit facility.

Share Repurchase Program

In the third quarter of 2020, our board of directors authorized an open market stock repurchase program (the “Program”) of up to $75 million to allow for the repurchase of shares of our common stock through September 30, 2022. In the second quarter of 2021, our board of directors increased the authorization of the Program by an additional $75 million, bringing the total authorization to $150 million. In the third quarter of 2022, our board of directors extended the Program’s expiration to September 30, 2024. The timing and amount of any repurchases is determined by us based on our evaluation of market conditions and other factors. Repurchases of our common stock may be made under a Rule 10b5-1 plan, which would permit common stock to be repurchased when we might otherwise be precluded from doing so under insider trading laws, open market purchases, privately-negotiated transactions, block purchases or otherwise in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time and does not obligate us to purchase any minimum number of shares. During the six months ended June 30, 2022 the Company repurchased and retired a total of 6.8 million shares under the Program for $25.0 million. As of June 30, 2022, the Company had a remaining authorization of $50.5 million for future share repurchases.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes net cash derived from operating, investing, and financing activities from continuing operations, as well as net cash from discontinued operations:


	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2022		2021
Consolidated Cash Flow Data:	(in thousands)
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities	$	(13,550)	$	15,156
Net cash used in investing activities	(5,173)		(5,410)
Net cash used in financing activities	(26,813)		(23,319)
Net cash used in continuing operations	(45,536)		(13,573)
Net cash provided by discontinued operations	—		7,332
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	(45,536)	$	(6,241)

Operating Activities of Continuing Operations

Our net loss and cash flows provided by or used in operating activities are significantly influenced by our investments in headcount and infrastructure to support our growth and marketing, advertising, and sponsorship expenses. Our net loss has been significantly greater than cash provided by or used in operating activities due to the inclusion of non-cash expenses and charges.

Cash used in operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 2022 was $13.6 million. This was primarily due to our net loss of $23.4 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including depreciation and amortization expense of $7.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $8.0 million, amortization of lease right-of-use assets of $2.2 million, and a gain from equity method investment of $1.8 million. Net cash used in operations also reflected a decrease of $3.3 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities, which primarily reflected a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $2.9 million, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1.7 million, and a decrease in accounts payable of $1.2 million. These decreases were offset by a decrease in accounts receivable of $2.0 million.

Cash provided by operating activities from continuing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2021 was $15.2 million. This was primarily due to our loss from continuing operations of $15.5 million, adjusted for non-cash items, including stock-based compensation expense of $11.5 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $8.9 million, amortization of lease right-of-use assets of $2.1 million, an impairment charge associated with certain of our existing office locations of $1.7 million, bad debt expense of $0.5 million, and loss from equity method investment of $0.7 million. Net cash provided by operations also reflected an increase of $5.0 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities, which primarily reflected a decrease in accounts receivable of $9.6 million primarily due to improved collections efforts, and an increase in accounts payable of $3.3 million. These increases were offset by a decrease in accrued employee expenses of $1.2 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $2.6 million, a decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $2.4 million primarily related to decreased accrued marketing spend and marketing fees payable to our affinity group partners and advertisers, and a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1.4 million primarily due to the timing of payments of certain insurance premiums.

Investing Activities of Continuing Operations

Cash used in investing activities of $5.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 consisted of $12.1 million paid for our acquisition of Digital Motors and $5.9 million investments in software and computer hardware, offset by $12.8 million received from the sale of our equity method investment in Accu-Trade.

Cash used in investing activities of $5.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 resulted from investments in software and computer hardware.

Financing Activities of Continuing Operations

Cash used in financing activities of $26.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 represented payments of $25.1 million for the repurchase of shares of our common stock under our open market stock repurchase program and taxes paid of $1.9 million for the net share settlement of certain equity awards. These decreases were offset by proceeds received of $0.2 million from the exercise of employee stock options.

Cash used in financing activities of $23.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2021 primarily represents payments of $19.4 million for the repurchase and retirement of our common stock, taxes paid of $3.0 million for the net share settlement of certain equity awards, and the portion of the payment associated with an acquisition date fair value of a contingent

consideration of $2.2 million related to our 2018 acquisition of DealerScience. These decreases were offset by an increase due to cash received of $1.3 million for the exercise of employee stock options.

Net Cash Provided by Discontinued Operations

Net cash provided by discontinued operations for the three months ended June 30, 2021 consisted of $7.5 million cash earnout received from J.D. Power based upon ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2020.

Contractual Obligations and Known Future Cash Requirements

Information related to the Company’s contractual obligations, commercial commitments and expected cash requirements can be found in Note 3 and Note 9 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022. There have been no material changes in our contractual obligations and known future cash requirements since December 31, 2021.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and related disclosures in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make judgements, assumptions and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Note 2 in our Annual Report on Form 10-K describes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements. Since December 31, 2021, there have been no material changes in our accounting policies that are impacted by judgements, assumptions and estimates.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

There are no new accounting pronouncements not yet adopted or effective that are expected to have a material impact on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may affect our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. We do not believe that there is any material market risk exposure that would require disclosure under this item.

Interest Rate Risk

We had cash and cash equivalents of $199.7 million at June 30, 2022, which consist entirely of bank deposits and short-term money market funds. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. To date, fluctuations in interest income have not been significant.

We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.

To the extent we borrow funds under our credit facility, we would be subject to fluctuations in interest rates. See Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements herein. As of June 30, 2022, we had no borrowings under the credit facility.

We believe that we do not have a material exposure to changes in fair value as a result of changes in interest rates.

Inflation Risk

We do not believe that inflation has had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. However, if inflation leads to a significant decrease in consumer demand for vehicles, or if our costs were to become subject to significant inflationary pressures and we are not able to fully offset such higher costs through price increases, inflation could harm our business, operating results and financial condition.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Historically, as our operations and sales have been primarily in the United States, we have not faced any significant foreign currency risk. If we plan for international expansion, our risks associated with fluctuation in currency rates will become greater, and we will continue to reassess our approach to managing this risk.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2022. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2022, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Refer to the disclosure under the heading “Legal Proceedings” in Note 8 “Commitments and Contingencies” to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report for legal proceedings. From time to time, we may be involved in various legal proceedings arising from the normal course of our business activities.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this report, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes, and Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” before making an investment in our common stock. If any of the following risks is realized, our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not believed by us to be material could also impact us.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.

Since 2020, beginning with disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic, the automotive industry has experienced, and may continue to experience, a decline in inventory supply. This decline is attributable to a number of factors, including supply chain disruptions and shortages of critical parts, such as automotive semiconductor chips, fewer trade-ins from diminished vehicle sales, lease extensions on vehicles that would otherwise have been returned to dealerships, the closure of or restrictions on the operations of wholesale auctions limiting dealers’ ability to source stock and replenish inventory and increases in the costs that dealers incur when purchasing inventory as a result of macroeconomic factors such as rising interest rates and inflation. The limited supply of inventory has also led to an increase in wholesale auction prices and the prices that dealers charge consumers for automobiles.

The reduced inventory and increased prices have had, and may continue to have, several negative effects on us, including: a reduction in dealers’ willingness to participate in our network, at our standard rates or at all, and corresponding pressure on our dealer count and revenue; an increase in competition for dealers’ advertising spending and a limitation on the effectiveness of our advertising, as detailed in the risk factor “The success of our business relies heavily on our marketing and branding efforts, especially with respect to the TrueCar website and our branded mobile applications, as well as those efforts of the affinity group marketing partners whose websites we power, and these efforts may not be successful” a reduction in automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending and willingness to partner with us on incentives, as detailed in the risk factor “The failure to attract manufacturers to participate in our car manufacturer incentive programs, or to induce manufacturers to remain participants in those programs, could reduce our growth or have an adverse effect on our operating results” an adverse effect on consumer satisfaction with the experience we provide due to unusually high vehicle sale prices; and an adverse impact on the amount of inventory available on our sites, which could contribute to a decline in the number of consumer visits to our sites and the number of connections between consumers and dealers through our platform and, as detailed in the risk factor “The loss of a critical mass of dealers, either nationally or in any given geographic area, could deprive us of the data we need to provide certain of our key features, including our TrueCar Curve, our used-car inventory count and certain key elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, any of which could negatively affect our business,” disrupt our search-engine optimization efforts. We cannot predict when, if ever, these automobile inventory-related issues will be resolved, and until they are, they are likely to continue to adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects.

Decreases in the quality or quantity of the leads we provide to dealers adversely affect our business and revenue by, among other things, decreasing our unit volume and causing some dealers on our network to lose faith in our value proposition and choose to leave our network or insist on lower subscription rates.

Our Auto Buying Program introduces consumers to TrueCar Certified Dealers, who either pay us a subscription fee or a fee per vehicle sold to our users introduced to them through our platform. The quality and quantity of these leads are important variables in the success of our business and depend on many factors, including the attractiveness of our car-buying experience, the efficiency of the algorithm that matches our users with TrueCar Certified Dealers and consumers’ loyalty to our brand or to that of the partner through which they were introduced to the Auto Buying Program, among others. When our lead quality or quantity declines, for example, in response to macroeconomic factors such as interest rates, inventory shortages or inflation, our unit volume declines, which results in lower revenues from pay-per-sale billing arrangements, as well as a greater difficulty in justifying our value proposition to dealers. Additionally, diminished lead quality or quantity often causes TrueCar Certified Dealers to be dissatisfied with our program, which makes it more likely that they choose to leave our network or insist on lower subscription rates.

Historically, some of our TrueCar Certified Dealers have expressed concern about our lead quality, and we observed an increase in this concern in the first half of 2019. Further, the wind-down and subsequent termination of our affinity partnership with USAA Federal Savings Bank, or USAA, adversely affected our overall lead quantity and lead quality. Additionally, during the first several months of the coronavirus pandemic, we noticed a substantial but temporary decrease in lead quantity, and since 2021 we have experienced a material decline in lead quality. We believe that the lead quality challenges that we have experienced since 2021 are substantially related to the contemporaneous industry-wide automobile inventory shortages, which we discuss in greater detail in the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.” We cannot predict how further developments will affect our lead quantity and quality, and negative developments in these metrics, like many others in the total value proposition that we provide to our TrueCar Certified Dealers, have adversely affected our revenues, results of operations and business and may continue to do so in the future.

If we are not successful in rolling out our TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers and dealers using that offering, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or appropriately monetizing it, our business and prospects would be adversely affected.

We believe that our effort to build out our end-to-end consumer car-buying experience, TrueCar+, is critical to the success of our business. Through this initiative, we integrate certain of our current product offerings along with other offerings designed to provide an end-to-end car-buying experience into one seamless experience.

For example, we currently offer an Access package containing our Payments and Trade solutions to our dealers. We began providing the Trade solution in 2019 pursuant to a 10-year commercial agreement with Accu-Trade. In March 2022, our original agreement was terminated and replaced with a new commercial agreement with the Accu-Trade business in connection with the acquisition of Accu-Trade by Cars.com Inc. and the related redemption of our 20% ownership interest in Accu-Trade. Accu-Trade, as a subsidiary of Cars.com, supplies the valuation data we use in providing offers and guarantees those offers to dealers. Accu-Trade’s services are provided at no cost to the us during the first year of the agreement and the agreement is cancellable by either party thereafter on 60 days’ notice. We cannot assure you that Accu-Trade will continue to be able to supply accurate valuation data and to stand behind its guarantees. If it is unable to do so, our Trade product, the TrueCar+ offering of which we expect it to be a critical part and our business and prospects could be adversely affected. For example, as a result of closures of departments of motor vehicles across the United States and other disruptions caused by the coronavirus pandemic, Accu-Trade temporarily stopped guaranteeing its vehicle valuations for part of the first half of 2020, during which time we converted our “True Cash Offers” to “True Cash Estimates,” and we cannot assure you that we will not be required to do so again in the future. We cannot assure you that our current agreement with Accu-Trade will remain in place following its initial one-year term, and if the agreement is terminated and we are unable to find a comparable alternative source of valuation data, our business could be adversely affected.

Also, since 2020, we have introduced a number of other products to help streamline consumers’ car-buying experience. The first of these products allows consumers to connect with one of our insurance partners, from whom they may obtain car insurance. We also have partnered with two different financial institutions, one of which allows consumers who have received offers from dealers who also have partnered with the institution to pre-qualify for a car loan, and the other of which allows consumers to review their credit score to facilitate financing quotations. We have introduced, and intend to continue to introduce, additional other products to facilitate the implementation of our TrueCar+ offering. For more information on potential risks to our reputation with dealers arising from these new products, refer to the risk factor “If key industry participants, including car dealers, affinity partners and automobile manufacturers, perceive us in a negative light or our relationships with them suffer harm, our ability to grow and our financial performance may be damaged.”

Further, we completed the acquisition of Digital Motors Corporation in the second quarter of 2022. The acquisition was undertaken in part to allow us to pursue the integration of certain features of Digital Motors’ existing automotive retail and financial technology platform into our current and future product offerings, including our TrueCar+ offering. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully integrate any technology developed by Digital Motors into our own platforms or that the benefits of any such integration will make TrueCar+ or any other offerings more attractive to dealers and consumers. For more information on potential risks related our acquisitions and similar transactions, refer to the risk factor “We have in the past undertaken and may in the future pursue acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results, and if we do not manage them successfully or if acquired entities or investments fail to perform as expected, our financial results, business and prospects could be harmed.”

If we are not successful in rolling out the TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers and dealers using it, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or appropriately monetizing it, our business, revenue, operating results and prospects would be adversely affected.

The coronavirus pandemic and the responses to it by governments, organizations and individuals has materially negatively affected our business. We cannot predict the extent to which our business will continue to be disrupted by it and its effects in the future.

We continue to experience the negative effects of the coronavirus pandemic on our business, operations and financial results and we may experience further negative effects on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows due to numerous uncertainties. During the coronavirus pandemic, governments around the world have taken extraordinary and unprecedented measures to slow the spread of the virus and its variants. These measures included, among many others, orders requiring so-called “non-essential” businesses to close and individuals to “shelter at home,” as well as capacity and other restrictions on businesses. Even where not required by applicable governmental authorities, individuals and organizations have voluntarily canceled and scaled down social and commercial activities to protect themselves and their members from infection.

These responses to the pandemic caused unparalleled damage to the global economy and negatively affected our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows in a number of ways. Most directly, in the first and second quarters of 2020, a number of state and local governments took steps that prohibited or curtailed the sale of automobiles during the pandemic. In some jurisdictions, shelter-at-home orders, or other orders related to the pandemic, impeded car sales. On top of these legal restrictions, the economic uncertainty and the large number of consumers who were unemployed, as well as the decrease in consumers’ need and willingness to make discretionary trips outside of the home, decreased the demand for cars.

Cumulatively, these factors resulted in a drastic reduction in the number of cars bought by our users from our dealers. In the second and third quarters of 2020, for example, our units declined by approximately 22% over the same two-quarter period in 2019, with the effect most pronounced in April 2020. These factors continued to negatively affect the number of cars bought by our users from our dealers in subsequent quarters, and this was compounded by the wind-down and termination of our partnership with USAA later in the year. This decline in units had a number of negative effects. First, it directly translated into lowered revenue from our pay-per-sale dealers. Second, we took costly steps to support our subscription dealers, including by allowing some of them to switch to pay-per-sale arrangements (which generally reduced our fees from the prenegotiated subscription rate during pandemic conditions), and substantially lowering the subscription rates on our invoices for other subscription dealers during the second quarter. Third, the nationwide decline in car sales caused many dealers to suspend or cancel their participation in our network. Finally, the combination of the pandemic-related deterioration in our dealers’ financial condition and our efforts to support them through the pandemic caused a material reduction in our ability to collect accounts receivable in a timely manner, which had largely corrected by the end of 2020.

Although we have experienced a marked improvement in our financial and operational metrics since the height of the pandemic, particularly in connection with the spread of variants and subvariants of the coronavirus that followed the initial outbreak, such as the Delta and Omicron variants and various Omicron subvariants, we have experienced continued uncertainty surrounding both governmental restrictions and changes in dealer and consumer behavior that has had and may continue to have negative financial and operational impacts on our business.

Further, uncertainty continues to surround the pandemic’s duration and its long-term effect on governmental, economic and societal conditions. We cannot predict or prepare for every eventuality, and our business could suffer depending upon how employee, consumer or dealer behavior or the macroeconomic environment are affected. For example, consumer demand for cars could be permanently decreased if remote working remains prevalent after the pandemic, reducing the need for workers to commute. Further, many dealers have been highly profitable during the pandemic as a result of low inventory levels and marketing costs, and if dealers continue this operational approach, our business could be adversely affected.

Additionally, in the first quarter of 2020, we transitioned all of our employees to mandatory work-from-home status to reduce the risk of transmission of the coronavirus in accordance with the orders of relevant governmental authorities. Although we have not yet finalized our post-pandemic dynamic workplace policy, we may reopen certain physical office locations to certain employees when it is safe to do so and local requirements and our ability to meet office space needs allow. If we have employees who opt, or are required, to return to the office, they may nevertheless be exposed to health risks, which could expose us to potential liability. Further, the transition from current work-from-home conditions for all employees to a policy that permits or requires some employees to return to the office could disrupt our business and have negative effects on our attrition, morale and productivity.

Finally, we may be unable to offer new products and services, or retool or otherwise update our existing products and services, in a way that responds to consumers’ and dealers’ changing preferences and expectations. For example, if consumers become accustomed to contactless purchases and we are not able to successfully rollout our TrueCar+ experience, we may not be able to return our units and revenues to unaffected levels and our business would be harmed.

The termination of our partnership with USAA adversely affected our business and we may be unable to mitigate its negative financial effects.

The largest source of user traffic and unit sales from our affinity group marketing partners in 2019 came from the car-buying site we maintained for USAA. In 2019, 293,142 units, representing 29% of all of our units during that year, were matched to users of that site. Our affinity group marketing agreement with USAA reached the end of its term in 2020, at which time we entered into a transition services agreement with USAA pursuant to which it briefly continued to offer its members an auto-buying program as it wound down the offering. Even as the partnership was wound down during 2020, 154,339 units, representing 20.1% of all of our units that year, were attributable to the program. As such, the number of units purchased using the USAA car-buying site has in the past had a significant influence on our operating results.

The termination of our affinity partnership with USAA had a material adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results and prospects, and may have led to the loss of some dealers from our network. To the extent that we are not able to mitigate the

continuing adverse effects of the termination of our relationship with USAA, our business, revenues, results of operations and cash flows will continue to be materially negatively affected.

The growth of our business relies significantly on our ability to maintain and increase the revenues that we derive from dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. Failure to do so would harm our financial performance.

We derive most of our revenues from dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. If we are unable to maintain and increase these revenues, our financial performance will be harmed. We seek to increase these revenues in a number of ways.

First, as described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, we work to develop, introduce and improve, new products for dealers, including our TrueCar+ offering, to increase revenue and drive dealer adoption of our offerings.

Second, we endeavor to support and maintain our currently active TrueCar Certified Dealers. As described in greater detail elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, the coronavirus pandemic imposed financial hardships on dealers that resulted in some of them going out of business or canceling or suspending their participation in our offerings, and the termination of our partnership with USAA diminished the number of users that we refer to our dealers and decreased the average quality of the leads that we provide our dealers, and we have taken actions intended to mitigate these effects on our dealers.

Third, because approximately two-thirds of our unit volume from our dealers is subject to subscription billing arrangements, with the remainder being subject to pay-per-sale billing arrangements, our ability to properly manage dealer subscription rates is critical to maintaining and increasing our dealer revenues. If the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers on subscription billing arrangements increases relative to those on a pay-per-sale billing model, the growth of our business will be even more dependent on our ability to manage dealer subscription rates.

If we are unable to convince subscription-based dealers of our value proposition, we could be unable to maintain or increase dealer subscription rates even if our unit volume increases. Similarly, if our unit volume declines and we are not able to appropriately manage the subscription rates of affected dealers, those dealers could insist on lower subscription rates or terminate their participation in our dealer network. Any of these and other similar subscription-related eventualities could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, during the coronavirus pandemic, our monetization rates have exhibited substantially greater volatility than historical levels. In response to this volatility, we provided automatic discounts to most of our subscription dealers during the second quarter of 2020. In the future, we expect to continue to adjust individual dealers’ subscription rates in an effort to bring their monetization rates into line with historical levels. If we do not successfully balance the need to maintain dealer relationships with appropriate subscription adjustments with the need to maintain our revenues, our business, operating results and financial condition could be negatively affected.

Finally, we strive to grow and optimize the geographic coverage of dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers and to improve the representation of high-volume brands in our network to increase the number of transactions between our users and dealers. Some automotive brands consistently achieve higher than average sales volume per dealer. As a consequence, dealers representing those brands make a disproportionately greater contribution to our unit volume. Our ability to grow and to optimize the geographic coverage of dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, increase the number of dealers representing high-volume brands and grow the overall number of dealers in our network is an important factor in growing our business.

As described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, car dealerships have sometimes viewed our business in a negative light. Although we have taken steps intended to improve our relationships with, and our reputation among, car dealerships, including the commitments made in our pledge to dealers, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Since the beginning of 2020, we have experienced the loss of a significant number of car dealers in our network and we may be unable to maintain or grow the number of car dealers in our network, in a geographically optimized manner or at all, or increase the proportion of dealers in our network representing high volume brands. As noted earlier in this “Risk Factors” section, many of our dealers canceled or suspended their participation in our network as a result of the coronavirus pandemic and the termination of our affinity partnership with USAA led to the loss of additional dealers from our network. If we experience a similar decline in the future, it would have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, our ability to increase the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers in an optimized manner depends on strong relationships with other constituents, including car manufacturers and state dealership associations. From time to time, car manufacturers have communicated concerns about our business to dealers in our network. For example, many car manufacturers maintain guidelines that prohibit dealers from advertising a car at a price that is below an established floor, referred to as “minimum allowable advertised price,” or “MAAP,” guidelines. If a manufacturer takes the position that its MAAP guidelines apply to prices provided by a TrueCar Certified Dealer to our users and the dealer submits a price to a user that falls below the applicable MAAP guidelines, the manufacturer may discourage that dealer from remaining in the network

and may discourage other dealers within its brand from joining the network. For example, in 2011, Honda publicly announced that it would not provide advertising allowances to dealers that remained in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers. While we subsequently addressed Honda’s concerns and it ceased withholding advertising allowances from our TrueCar Certified Dealers, discord with specific car manufacturers could impede our ability to grow our dealer network. Although a number of manufacturers have introduced MAAP guidelines, and we have implemented certain changes designed to accommodate these guidelines, others may do so in the future and it is unclear whether we will be able to accommodate new, and continue to accommodate existing, guidelines without making material, unfavorable adjustments to our business practices or user experience and, if we are not, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition, state dealership associations maintain significant influence over the dealerships in their states as lobbying groups and as thought leaders. To the extent that these associations view us in a negative light, our reputation with car dealers in the corresponding states may be negatively affected. If our relationships with car manufacturers or state dealership associations suffer, our ability to maintain and grow the number of car dealers in our network would be harmed.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or increase the revenues that we derive from dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers in any of the ways described above, or otherwise, and failure to do so would harm our financial performance.

The loss of a critical mass of dealers, either nationally or in any given geographic area, could deprive us of the data we need to provide certain of our key features, including our TrueCar Curve, our inventory supply and certain key elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, any of which would negatively affect our business.

As discussed in more detail under the risk factor “If we suffer a significant interruption in our access to third-party data, we may be unable to maintain key aspects of our user experience, including the TrueCar Curve and certain elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, and our business and operating results would be harmed,” we depend on data provided by our dealers to populate our TrueCar Curve, a graphical distribution of what others paid for the same make and model of car, among other aspects of our user experience. If a critical mass of dealers nationally, or in any given geographic area, goes out of business, or cancels or suspends their participation in our network, we may be unable to provide the TrueCar Curve, our used-car inventory count and certain key elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder experience to users in the affected areas, or the quality of the information or user experience could deteriorate in those areas.

Additionally, because much of our organic traffic from search engines originates from used-car-related search terms, and our ranking for those terms is heavily influenced by our inventory levels, the loss of a critical mass of dealers in any given geographic area could also cause a loss of used-car inventory on our sites that would diminish our organic search traffic and therefore our number of monthly unique visitors. For example, a decrease in our relevant inventory would result in a decrease in pages that are available for search-engine indexation and a greater probability that a user leaves our pages early, which is generally a negative signal for ranking algorithms. For more information on the reliance of our business on search-engine results, refer to the risk factor “We rely, in part, on Internet search engines to drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected.”

Although dealer cancellations and suspensions at the beginning of the pandemic were disproportionately concentrated in California and the Northeastern United States, we do not believe that we have to date lost a critical mass of dealers in any particular geographic area. Nevertheless, recent decreases in our dealer count have affected our ability to present a wide array of dealers and inventory to some of our users, which could harm our business. Further, if we do lose a critical mass of dealers nationally, in any geographic area or for any particular manufacturer, our business, reputation and results of operations would be negatively affected.

If we are unable to provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users, the number of transactions between our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers, and the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers, could decline, and our revenue and results of operations would suffer harm.

The user experience on our TrueCar-branded website platform has evolved since its launch in 2010, but has not changed dramatically. While we continue to devote substantial resources to the development of our platform and enhancement of our user experience, including the rollout of our TrueCar+ end-to-end car-buying solution, we cannot assure you that we will be able to create such an end-to-end car-buying solution, or provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users. Our failure to do so could cause the number of transactions between our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers to decline, prevent us from effectively monetizing our user traffic and cause us to lose consumers to competitors’ platforms. In addition, as described elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, if we are unable to provide a compelling car-buying experience to our users, the quality of the leads we provide to dealers could decline, which could result in dealers leaving our network.

We believe that our ability to provide a compelling car-buying experience is subject to a number of factors, including:

•the actions taken by other participants in the car-buying process, including dealers and automobile manufacturers;

•our ability to provide our TrueCar+ offering in a manner that is user-friendly, accepted by dealers and differentiated from those of our competitors;

•our ability to launch other new products that are effective and have a high degree of consumer engagement;

•our ability to constantly innovate and improve our existing products, including in response to the coronavirus pandemic and associated changes in consumer and dealer behavior and preferences;

•the compliance of the dealers within our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers with applicable laws, regulations and the rules of our platform, including the requirement that they honor the prices they quote to our users;

•our access to a sufficient amount of data to enable us to provide relevant vehicle and pricing information to consumers, including data provided by TrueCar Certified Dealers through our systems; and

•our ability to constantly innovate and improve our mobile application and platform to enable us to provide products and services that users want to use on the devices they prefer.

Our business is subject to risks related to the larger automotive ecosystem, including interest rates, consumer demand, global supply chain challenges and other macroeconomic issues.

Decreases in consumer demand could adversely affect the market for automobile purchases and, as a result, reduce the number of consumers using our platform. Consumer purchases of new and used automobiles generally decline during recessionary periods and other periods in which disposable income is adversely affected. For example, the number of new vehicle sales in the United States decreased from approximately 16.1 million in 2007 to approximately 10.4 million in 2009, and in connection with the coronavirus pandemic and the subsequent shortage of automobile semiconductor chips dropped from 17.0 million in 2019 to 14.5 million in 2020 and 14.9 million in 2021, according in each case to the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Various economic uncertainties, including stock market and commodity pricing volatility, could lead to a downturn that may impact our business. Purchases of new and used automobiles are typically discretionary for consumers and have been, and may continue to be, affected by negative trends in the economy, including the cost of energy and gasoline, the availability and cost of credit, reductions in business and consumer confidence, inflation, stock market volatility, new tariffs or border adjustment taxes, increased unemployment and changes in environmental regulations and fuel economy standards. Similarly, a change in gasoline prices, such as the increases in gasoline prices following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 and the implementation of sanctions against Russia by Western and other governments, governmental policy or other macroeconomic factors could increase the relative demand for electric vehicles, many of which are currently sold directly to consumers by manufacturers such as Tesla without the involvement of franchised dealers such as the TrueCar Certified Dealers on our network.

Interest rates in particular can have a significant impact on automobile purchases and affordability due to the direct relationship between interest rates and monthly loan payments, a critical factor for many consumers. Interest rate increases by the U.S. Federal Reserve, such as those that have been implemented to date in 2022 and those additional increases currently forecast to occur in 2022, could negatively affect the number of vehicles purchased by consumers, and any reduction in purchases could adversely affect automobile dealers and car manufacturers and lead to a reduction in other spending by these constituents, including targeted incentive programs. Higher interest rates combined with increased vehicle prices resulting from low inventory, as discussed in the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending” or other factors may also increase the amount of time that consumers spend between purchasing vehicles as the ability for a consumer to trade in or sell an existing vehicle to finance a new purchase may be diminished if the value of any loans associated with such existing vehicle are high relative to the value of the vehicle itself. Increases in interest rates may also result in dealers purchasing lower amounts of inventory from manufacturers due to increases in dealers’ own financing costs.

Similarly, inflation, both with respect to new and used cars prices and the broader macroeconomic environment, may negatively affect consumer behavior and purchasing power, reducing the number of cars purchased by consumers during periods of heightened inflation, such as the twelve months ending June 30, 2022, during which consumer prices increased 9.1% according to the Department of Labor. In addition, our business may be negatively affected by challenges to the larger automotive ecosystem, including challenges arising from growth in car manufacturer subscription service offerings, increasing

interest rates on loans, global supply chain challenges, such as those resulting from the ongoing automotive microchip shortage, which has disrupted automobile production, automotive tariffs or the Japanese tsunami in 2011 and other macroeconomic issues. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The failure to attract manufacturers to participate in our car manufacturer incentive programs, or to induce manufacturers to remain participants in those programs, could reduce our growth or have an adverse effect on our operating results.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022, we derived approximately 2.8% of our revenue from our arrangements with car manufacturers to promote the sale of their vehicles through additional consumer incentives (for the six months ended June 30, 2021, the corresponding figure was approximately 4.3%), and, while more volatile than other of our revenue sources, we believe that this revenue stream represents a potential growth opportunity for our business following the resolution of current automobile inventory shortages. Low vehicle inventories in 2021 that have persisted in 2022 have reduced manufacturers’ incentive spending. Certain manufacturers who currently participate in these programs have suspended their participation indefinitely due to the low inventory levels, and certain manufacturers who formerly participated in programs of this type have informed us that they will not consider partnering with us again until inventory returns to more typical levels. Failure to attract additional manufacturers to participate in these programs could reduce our growth and harm our operating results. For more information on in effect of low vehicle inventory levels on our business, refer to the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertisement expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.” Additionally, our relationships with manufacturers typically begin with a short-term pilot arrangement and, even if a relationship progresses beyond the pilot stage, it may only be for a short term and may not be renewed by the manufacturer, which could cause fluctuations in our operating results. If we are unable to induce the manufacturers with which we currently have relationships to continue or expand their incentive programs on our platform, or to enter into longer-term arrangements, or if we are unable to attract new manufacturers to our platform, that would have an adverse effect on our business, revenue, operating results and prospects.

The loss of a significant affinity group marketing partner or a significant reduction in the number of cars purchased from our TrueCar Certified Dealers by members of our affinity group marketing partners would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results.

Our financial performance is substantially dependent upon the number of cars purchased from TrueCar Certified Dealers by users of the TrueCar website, our branded mobile applications and the car-buying sites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners. A majority of the cars purchased by our users have historically been matched to the car-buying sites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners, and although the termination of our affinity partner relationship with USAA has increased our branded sites’ relative unit contributions, our relationships with our affinity group marketing partners will remain critical to our business and financial performance. However, several aspects of our relationships with affinity groups might change in a manner that harms our business and financial performance, including:

•affinity group marketing partners might terminate their relationship with us or make the relationship non-exclusive, resulting in a reduction in the number of transactions between users of our platform and TrueCar Certified Dealers;

•affinity group marketing partners might de-emphasize the car-buying programs within their offerings or alter the user experience for members in a way that results in a decrease in the number of transactions between their members and our TrueCar Certified Dealers; or

•the economic structure of our agreements with affinity group marketing partners might change, resulting in a decrease in our operating margins on transactions by their members.

For example, in 2020, USAA terminated its affinity marketing partnership with us. USAA accounted for a substantial share of our units and revenues and this termination had a materially adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects. For more information on the termination of our affinity partnership with USAA, refer to the risk factor “The termination of our partnership with USAA adversely affected our business, and we may be unable to mitigate its negative financial effects.”

Additional changes like these to our relationships with our affinity group marketing partners could happen for a number of reasons both within and outside of our control. For example, we share certain information of our users with our affinity partners, and those partners may in turn use that information to offer enhanced value propositions to our users, such as manufacturer incentives or other benefits provided by third parties that we refer to as buyer’s bonuses, or for analytical or other business purposes. Affinity partners that derive value from that information may terminate their relationship with us, or change

the relationship in a manner adverse to our business, if we cease or limit our sharing of the information, and we cannot assure you that we will not be required to do so due to market conditions or contractual counterparties, or by law or regulators given the rapidly evolving environment surrounding privacy matters in the United States. For more information on these matters, refer to the risk factor “We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.” Our relationships with our affinity group marketing partners could also be harmed by any number of macroeconomic, social, political, legal or regulatory changes or other factors and our and our partners’ respective responses to them.

Further, as discussed earlier in this “Risk Factors” section, the disruption occasioned by the coronavirus pandemic caused our average net monetization per unit to fall materially in the second quarter of 2020 because the proportional discounts we provided to dealers on subscription-based billing arrangements on average exceeded the proportional decrease in their units. For more information on the impact of the pandemic on our business, refer to the risk factor “The coronavirus pandemic and the responses to it by governments, organizations and individuals materially negatively affected our business. We cannot predict the extent to which our business will be disrupted by it and its effects in the future.” Because our revenue sharing arrangements with our affinity partners are typically tied to our average net monetization, a decrease in this metric negatively affects the per-unit revenues that those partners receive from their partnership with us, and the decrease in our average net monetization could result in any of the adverse actions by affinity partners referred to above.

A significant change to our relationships with affinity group marketing partners may have a negative effect on our business in other ways. For example, the termination by an affinity group marketing partner of our relationship may create the perception that our products and services are no longer beneficial to the members of affinity groups or a more general negative association with our business. In addition, a termination by an affinity group marketing partner may result in the loss of the data it provided to us about automobile transactions. This loss of data may decrease the quantity and quality of the information that we provide to consumers and may also reduce our ability to identify transactions for which we can invoice dealers. If our relationships with affinity group marketing partners change, our business, revenue, operating results and prospects may be harmed.

If key industry participants, including car dealers, affinity partners and automobile manufacturers, perceive us in a negative light or our relationships with them suffer harm, our ability to grow and our financial performance may be damaged.

Our primary source of revenue consists of fees paid by TrueCar Certified Dealers to us in connection with the sales of automobiles to our users. In addition, our value proposition to consumers depends on our ability to provide pricing information on automobiles from a sufficient number of automobile dealers by brand and in a given consumer’s geographic area. If our relationships with our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers suffer harm in a manner that leads to the departure of these dealers from our network, then our revenue and ability to maintain and grow unique visitor traffic would be adversely affected.

For example, at the end of 2011 and the beginning of 2012, due to regulatory and publicity-related challenges, many dealers canceled their agreements with us and our franchise dealer count fell from 5,571 at November 30, 2011 to 3,599 at February 28, 2012. In 2015, 279 franchise dealers became inactive as the result of a contractual dispute with a large dealer group, and our franchise dealer count decreased from 9,300 at June 30, 2015 to 8,702 at September 30, 2015. At June 30, 2022, our franchise dealer count was 7,908.

TrueCar Certified Dealers have no contractual obligation to maintain their relationship with us. Accordingly, these dealers may leave our network at any time or may develop or use other products or services in lieu of ours. Further, while we believe that our service provides a lower cost, accountable customer acquisition channel, dealers may have difficulty rationalizing their marketing spend across TrueCar and other channels, which may dilute our dealer value proposition. If we are unable to create and maintain a compelling value proposition for dealers to become and remain TrueCar Certified Dealers, our dealer network may fail to grow and the number of dealers in our network could decline.

Similarly, if dealers come to view our products and services, in particular the products and services associated with TrueCar+ that we have recently begun to provide and in the future may provide, in a negative light, whether because they perceive them as competing with their own offerings or otherwise, our dealer network could be adversely affected.

In addition, although the automobile dealership industry is fragmented, a small number of groups have significant influence over the industry, including state and national dealership associations, state regulators, car manufacturers, consumer groups, individual dealers and consolidated dealer groups. If any of these groups comes to believe that automobile dealerships should not do business with us, this belief could become quickly and widely shared by automobile dealerships, and we could lose a significant number of dealers in our network. For example, in 2015, the California New Car Dealers Association, or CNCDA, filed a lawsuit alleging that we were operating in the State of California as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker. Although this litigation was ultimately settled, we cannot assure you that similar litigation will not be brought

against us in the future. A significant number of automobile dealerships are also members of larger dealer groups, and if a group decides to leave our network, that decision would typically apply to all dealerships within the group.

Furthermore, automobile manufacturers may provide their franchise dealers with financial or other marketing support on the condition that they adhere to certain marketing guidelines, and these manufacturers may determine that the manner in which certain dealers use our platform is inconsistent with the terms of those guidelines. That determination could result in potential or actual loss of the manufacturers’ financial or other marketing support to the dealers whose use of the TrueCar platform is deemed objectionable. The potential or actual loss of marketing support could cause those dealers to cease being members of our TrueCar Certified Dealer network, which would adversely affect our ability to maintain or grow the number and productivity of dealers in our network or the revenue derived from those dealers. And, as discussed in greater detail in the risk factor “The loss of a significant affinity group marketing partner or a significant reduction in the number of cars purchased from our TrueCar Certified Dealers by members of our affinity group marketing partners would reduce our revenue and harm our operating results,” a majority of our units have historically been matched to the car-buying sites we maintain for our affinity group marketing partners, and any deterioration in our reputation or relationships with those partners could result in a number of adverse effects on our business.

We cannot assure you that we will maintain strong relationships with the dealers in our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers or that we will not suffer dealer attrition in the future. We may also have disputes with dealers from time to time, including relating to the collection of fees from them and other matters. We may need to modify our products, change pricing or take other actions to address dealer concerns in the future. If a significant number of these automobile dealerships decide to leave our network or change their financial or business relationship with us, our business, growth, operating results, financial condition and prospects would suffer.

Our business could be adversely affected by executive and other transitions in our senior management team or if any vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We could face management turnover, which could divert our remaining management team’s attention from key business areas and negatively affect our business in other ways. Although we generally enter into employment agreements with our executives, the agreements have no specific duration and our executive officers are at-will employees. As a result, they may terminate their employment relationship with us at any time, and we cannot ensure that we will be able to retain the services of any of them. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

We have experienced management turnover such as this in the past. For example, in 2019, we experienced significant turnover in our top executives, including the departures of our chief executive officer, chief technology officer and chief marketing officer and the replacement of our chief financial officer, chief people officer and executive vice president of dealer solutions, and in 2020, after nine months of service in an interim capacity, our board of directors appointed Michael Darrow as our chief executive officer. Also in 2020, in connection with the reorganization of our business discussed earlier in this “Risk Factors” section, we hired a new chief operating officer and chief consumer officer, and our chief financial officer and chief accounting officer resigned. In 2021, we hired a new chief financial officer and a new senior vice president, head of product, our executive vice president of dealer solutions departed and we terminated the employment of our chief operating officer, and in 2022, we hired a new chief people officer. As a result of this turnover and open positions, our remaining management team took on increased responsibilities.

Management transition is often difficult and inherently causes some loss of institutional knowledge and a learning curve for new executives, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with any such transition, and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any vacant roles and train any new hires could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate candidates for any vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek. The search for candidates for these positions has resulted, and may in the future result, in significant recruiting and relocation costs.

An inability to retain, attract and integrate qualified personnel could harm our ability to develop and successfully grow our business.

We believe our success has depended, and continues to depend, on the efforts and talents of our executives and employees. The loss of key personnel, including members of management as well as key engineering, product and technology employees who understand our business and can innovate our products, could have an adverse effect on our business. Additionally, our future success depends on our continuing ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees, including our dealer, marketing, finance, accounting, legal and other personnel. Competition for qualified employees in our industry, particularly for software engineers, data scientists and other technical staff, is intense, and we face

significant competition in hiring and retaining them. Moreover, we have in the past conducted reductions in force that could adversely affect employee morale, retention and recruiting efforts. We are also limited in our ability to recruit internationally by immigration and other laws.

To attract and retain executives and other key employees in this competitive marketplace, we must provide competitive compensation packages, including cash and stock-based compensation. Our primary forms of stock-based incentive awards are time-based restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units and stock options. Our stock price has long experienced substantial volatility, which may negatively impact the extent to which our stock-based compensation is viewed as a valuable benefit. Further, in response to the financial disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic, we temporarily reduced executive base salaries and deferred employee bonuses, raises and promotions. Although we have since been able to reverse these temporary measures, executives’ and other employees’ bonuses have also been negatively affected by the disruptions we have faced recently, including the termination of the USAA partnership, the coronavirus pandemic and the automobile inventory shortage. The fact that we have taken these actions, and if we take any similar measures in the future, could hamper our recruiting and retention. If our total compensation packages are not considered competitive, our ability to attract, retain and motivate executives and key employees could be weakened. If we do not succeed in attracting well-qualified employees, retaining and motivating existing employees or integrating new employees, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We may fail to respond adequately to changes in technology and consumer demands that could lead to decreased demand for automobiles.

In recent years, the market for motor vehicles has been characterized by rapid changes in technology and consumer demands. Self-driving technology, ride sharing, transportation networks and other fundamental changes in the automotive industry and transportation technology and infrastructure could have a substantial impact on consumer demand for the purchase or lease of automobiles. Moreover, if a broader nationwide shift toward work-from-home arrangements persists in the long term as a result of changes implemented in response to the coronavirus pandemic, consumer demand for cars could decrease. If we fail to respond adequately to a decline in the demand for automobile purchases, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, growth, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Additionally, we are not currently able to monetize a transaction in which a manufacturer sells a new automobile directly to a consumer without the involvement of a TrueCar Certified Dealer, as Tesla and some other electric car manufacturers do in certain states, for example. Some more traditional manufacturers, such as Ford, have indicated an intent to adopt certain operating standards pioneered by the electric car industry with respect to their own electric vehicles, such as offering their electric models at fixed prices and supplying dealers with lower inventory. Some manufacturers are also promoting “build-to-order” models in which consumers can order a car with preselected options and features from a manufacturer via a dealership. If these practices become widespread, there may be a decrease in dealers’ and consumers’ dependence on third party services such as ours that incorporate the inventory selection that a dealer has at a given time and rely on the ability of dealers to negotiate price with consumers. If we are not able to adjust our business model in response to these and other developments in the industry, including in response to changing consumer demands during and after the coronavirus pandemic, our business, growth, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

Our ability to enhance our current product offerings, or grow complementary product offerings, may be limited, which could negatively impact our growth rate, revenues and financial performance.

As we introduce new offerings, or enhance existing products and services on our platform, for example, in connection with our rollout of TrueCar+, we may incur losses or otherwise fail to introduce these products or product enhancements successfully. Our attempts to do so may place us in competitive and regulatory environments with which we are unfamiliar and involve various risks, including the need to invest significant resources and the possibility that returns on these investments are not achieved for several years, if at all.

In addition, we may not successfully demonstrate the value of these enhanced or complementary products to dealers or consumers, and failure to do so would compromise our ability to successfully expand our user experience and could harm our growth rate, revenue and operating performance.

Further, key contractual counterparties, including our affinity group marketing partners and automobile manufacturers who participate in our incentive programs, are increasingly requiring that our products adhere to technical standards, including accessibility standards, more stringent than those that we believe are currently required by applicable law. Ensuring that our products adhere to these requirements could divert our attention from key initiatives and require the investment of a significant amount of resources and, if we are unsuccessful in implementing the standards, could negatively affect our reputation and contractual relationships, which could adversely affect our growth rate, revenue and financial and operating performance.

We may make product and investment decisions that do not prioritize short-term financial results and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect.

We may make product and investment decisions that do not prioritize short-term financial results if we believe that those decisions are consistent with our mission or will otherwise improve our financial performance over the long term. For example, we completed a long-term replatforming of our technology platform in 2018 that required a substantial dedication of resources over a sustained period of time and therefore caused a delay in pursuing other projects that may have had a more immediate financial impact.

We also may introduce new features or other changes to existing products, or introduce new stand-alone products, that attract users away from products or use cases where we have more proven means of monetization. For example, in 2020, we introduced new consumer experiences that allow our users more control over the dealers to which their contact information is provided, the specific information so provided and the methods by which they are contacted. Although we believe that these experiences improved our product and will yield long-term financial benefits, in the short term, certain aspects of those new experiences had an incrementally negative impact on our monetization rates. Similarly, as discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, we believe that the rollout of our TrueCar+ offering is critical to the long-term success of our business. However, we cannot assure you that we will do so successfully, or, if we do, that it will improve our business.

These and other similar decisions may adversely affect our business and results of operations and may not produce the long-term benefits that we expect.

Failure to maintain or increase our revenue, or to reduce our expenses as a percentage of revenue, would adversely affect our financial condition and profitability.

We expect to make significant future investments to support the further development and expansion of our business and these investments may not result in increased revenue or growth on a timely basis or at all, and may not be sufficient to replace the revenue that we historically derived from our partnership with USAA. Furthermore, these investments may not decrease as a percentage of revenue if our business grows. In particular, we may continue to make substantial expenditures to acquire or develop and launch new products and enhance our existing products and services, continue to grow and train our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers and continue to upgrade and enhance our technology infrastructure. We also intend to continue investing to increase awareness of our brand, including through television, digital, social, email, out of home, experiential and radio advertisements, particularly in connection with the rollout of TrueCar+. There can be no assurance that these investments will have the effect of maintaining or increasing revenue or that we will eventually be able to decrease our expenses as a percentage of revenue, and failure to do so would adversely affect our financial condition and profitability.

We cannot predict whether we will be able to maintain or grow our business. If we are unable to successfully respond to changes in the market, our business could be harmed.

Our business has grown when users and automobile dealers have increasingly used our products and services. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to maintain or grow our business. We expect that our business will evolve in ways that may be difficult to predict. For example, marketing expenditures in certain situations become inefficient, particularly with respect to the TrueCar website and our branded mobile applications. Revenue growth may be dependent on a number of factors, including the success of our TrueCar+ offering or our ability to focus on increasing the number of transactions, subscriptions and other sources from which we derive revenue by growing our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers, including dealers representing high-volume brands, both on an overall basis and in important geographies, as well as growth in the revenue we derive from car manufacturer incentive programs. It is also possible that dealers could broadly determine that they no longer believe in the value of our services. For example, as described in greater detail in the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending,” the automobile inventory shortage in recent periods reduced the attractiveness of our value proposition to many dealers.

In the event of these or any other developments, our continued success will depend on our ability to successfully adjust our strategy to meet the changing market dynamics. If we are unable to do so, our business could be harmed and our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on relationships with data providers and may experience interruptions in the data feeds or API services they provide, which could adversely affect our current and future product offerings, including TrueCar+, and could limit our ability to provide our complete platform to our consumers and dealer customers as well as the timeliness of the information we provide, and which may impair our ability to attract or retain consumers and TrueCar Certified Dealers and to timely invoice our dealers, and otherwise negatively affect our business.

We receive data that is important for our business, such as automobile purchase data, from many third-party data providers, including our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers; dealer management system, or DMS, data feed providers; data aggregators and integrators; survey companies; purveyors of registration data; our affinity group marketing partners; and other companies with which we partner from time to time. An interruption in our receipt of data from any of the data sources on which we rely could negatively affect our business.

For example, in the circumstances in which we employ a pay-per-sale billing model, we use automobile purchase data to match purchases from TrueCar Certified Dealers so that we may collect transaction fees from those dealers and recognize revenue from the related transactions. We also use that data to demonstrate to TrueCar Certified Dealers on a subscription billing model the value we provide to support maintaining or increasing our subscription rates.

From time to time, we experience interruptions in one or more data feeds that we receive from third-party data providers, particularly DMS data feed providers. These interruptions sometimes negatively affect our business, for example, by impacting our ability to timely invoice the dealers in our network. These interruptions may occur for a number of reasons, including changes to the software used by these data feed providers and difficulties in renewing our agreements with third-party data feed providers.

In the circumstances in which we employ a pay-per-sale billing model, an interruption in the automobile purchase data feeds that we receive may affect our ability to match automobile purchases made by our users from TrueCar Certified Dealers, thereby delaying our submission of an invoice to a dealer in our network for a given transaction and delaying the timing of cash receipts from the dealer, and in circumstances in which we employ a subscription billing model, an interruption in those data feeds may affect our ability to justify maintaining or increasing our subscription rates. The redundancies of automobile purchase data feeds received from multiple providers may not result in sufficient data to match automobile purchases made by our users from TrueCar Certified Dealers. In the case of an interruption in these data feeds, our billing structure may transition to a subscription model for affected automobile dealers in our network until the interruption ceases. However, our subscription billing model may result in lower revenues during an interruption and, when an interruption ceases, we may not be able to retroactively match a transaction and collect a fee. In addition, our likelihood of collecting the fee owed to us for a given transaction decreases for those periods during which we are unable to submit an invoice to automobile dealers. Interruptions that occur in close proximity to the end of a given reporting period could result in delays in our ability to recognize those transaction revenues in that reporting period and these shortfalls in transaction revenue could be material to our operating results.

Finally, as described in greater detail in the risk factor “If we are not successful in rolling out our TrueCar+ offering, providing a compelling value proposition to consumers using that offering, integrating our current and future offerings into that experience or appropriately monetizing it, our business and prospects could be adversely affected,” we depend on certain third-party providers of data and other services in providing our Access package of Trade and Payments solutions, and our TrueCar+ offering relies on these and a number of other third-party providers. If our access to any of these providers is interrupted, or if any of them ends or adversely alters its relationship with us or the data they provide, we may be required to modify or curtail features of our TrueCar+ offering.

We rely, in part, on Internet search engines to drive traffic to our website, and if we fail to appear prominently in the search results, our traffic would decline and our business would be adversely affected.

We depend in part on Internet search engines such as Google, Bing and Yahoo! to drive traffic to our website, both through organic search results and the purchase of car-related keywords. For example, when a user types an automobile-related term into an Internet search engine, we rely on a high organic search ranking of our webpages in these search results to refer the user to our website. However, our ability to maintain high, non-paid search result rankings is not within our control. Our competitors’ Internet search engine optimization efforts may result in their websites receiving a higher search result page ranking than ours, or Internet search engines could revise their methodologies in a way that adversely affects our search result rankings. If Internet search engines modify their search algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, or if our competitors’ search engine optimization efforts are more successful than ours, overall growth in our user base could slow, our user base could decline or we could attract a less in-market user base. Internet search engine providers could provide automobile dealer and pricing information directly in search results, align with our competitors or choose to develop competing services. Our website has experienced fluctuations in search result rankings in the past, and we anticipate similar fluctuations in the future.

We also purchase car-related keywords by anticipating what words and terms consumers will use to search for car purchases on search engines and then bid on those words and terms in the search engines’ auction systems. Search engines frequently update and change the logic that determines the placement and ordering of results on a user’s search, which may reduce the effectiveness of the keywords we have purchased. Further, we bid against our competitors and other advertisers for preferred placement on the search engines’ results pages. Many of our competitors have greater resources with which to bid and better brand recognition and consumer visibility than we do. We experience competition for paid advertisements, which increases the cost of paid Internet search advertising and as a result our marketing and advertising expenses. Search engines

may also adopt a more aggressive auction-pricing system for keywords that causes us to incur higher advertising costs or reduces our market visibility to prospective users. If paid search advertising costs increase or become cost-prohibitive, whether because of increased competition, pricing system changes, algorithm changes or otherwise, our advertising expenses could rise significantly or we could reduce or discontinue our paid search advertisements. Moreover, the use of voice recognition technology like Alexa, Google Assistant or Siri may drive traffic away from search engines, which could reduce traffic to our website. Any reduction in the number of users directed to our website through Internet search engines could harm our business and operating results.

Our users may in some cases require dealers who wish to communicate with them other than by email to communicate by text message rather than by calling. If consumers or dealers do not see value in this functionality, or if it results in privacy concerns, our business could be negatively affected.

We allow some of our users to choose how dealers contact them other than by email, whether both by telephone and by text message or only by text message. We believe that allowing our users to select their methods of communication is beneficial to both consumers and dealers, but we cannot assure you that they will agree. To the extent that dealers perceive text-message connections to be less valuable, for example because dealers believe that they are able to sell fewer cars to our users when using it, our business and results of operations could be negatively affected.

Additionally, we use a third-party vendor to facilitate text message communications between our users and dealers, and we have access to those communications. If either we, or our third-party vendor, are perceived to violate our dealers’ or users’ privacy in connection with those communications, or any law or regulation that applies to those communications, our reputation and business could be harmed. For more information on this type of risk, refer to the risk factor “We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.”

The success of our business relies heavily on our marketing and branding efforts, especially with respect to the TrueCar website and our branded mobile applications, as well as those efforts of the affinity group marketing partners whose websites we power, and these efforts may not be successful.

We believe that the TrueCar website and our TrueCar-branded mobile applications are important components of the growth of our business. Because TrueCar.com is a consumer brand, we rely heavily on marketing and advertising to increase the visibility of this brand with potential users of our products and services. We have historically advertised and intend to continue advertising in the future through a combination of television marketing campaigns, digital and online media, sponsorship programs and other means, the goals of which are to increase the strength and recognition of, and trust in, the TrueCar brand and to drive more unique visitors to our website and mobile applications, and we expect to continue to advertise in support of our branding initiatives and future product launches. For more information on this initiative, see the risk factor “If consumers and dealers do not respond positively to our branding, our financial performance and our ability to grow unique visitor traffic and expand our dealer network could be negatively affected.” We incurred expenses of $136.5 million and $151.9 million on sales and marketing during the years ended 2021 and 2020, respectively.

We strive to decrease incremental user acquisition costs by scaling our business and revenues. Our revenue growth has been highly influenced by marketing expenditures. In part because of our reliance on a subscription-based billing model, incremental marketing expenditures may not result in sufficient revenue to permit the recovery of incremental user acquisition costs through revenue growth. This limits the growth in revenue that can be achieved through marketing expenditures. If we are unable to recover our marketing costs through increases in user traffic and in the number of transactions by users of our platform, our growth, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

Additionally, when we discontinue our broad marketing campaigns or elect to reduce our sales and marketing costs to decrease our losses, as we did at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, our ability to acquire consumers and dealers and grow our revenues is adversely affected. Further, the industry-wide vehicle inventory shortages that began in 2021 and have continued in 2022 resulted in increased vehicle prices that required us to discontinue long-running, high-performing advertising messages about the amount of savings that our users typically save off of the manufacturers’ suggested retail price, which we believe reduces the effectiveness of our advertising. For more information on the 2021 inventory shortage, see the risk factor “Low automobile inventory supply levels adversely impact our business, results of operations and prospects by increasing competition for dealers’ advertising expenditures and reducing automobile manufacturers’ incentive spending.”

Our current and potential competitors may also have significantly more financial, marketing and other resources than we have and the ability to devote greater resources to the promotion and support of their products and services. The realities of competing for users and brand visibility, as well as ensuring the satisfaction of our dealers, may limit our ability to reduce our own marketing expenditures, potentially negatively impacting our operating margins and financial results.

Moreover, the number of transactions generated by the members of our affinity group marketing partners depends in part on the emphasis that these affinity group marketing partners place on marketing the purchase of cars within their platforms. Should one or more of our affinity group marketing partners decide to deemphasize the marketing of our platform, or if their marketing efforts are otherwise unsuccessful, our revenue, business and financial results would be harmed.

Finally, as noted above, we rely in part on digital and online media for our marketing efforts. Historically, this has involved, among other things, collecting, tracking, using and sharing certain personal data of consumers who interact with our webpages or application. The protection of the privacy of consumers’ data is a topic of heightened national political and commercial attention in a rapidly-changing landscape. The developments resulting from this heightened attention include, in addition to the legal and regulatory changes discussed in greater detail elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section, numerous actual and potential actions by private entities to protect consumers’ data privacy. For example, recent versions of Apple’s iOS software require all applications on iPhones running that operating system to request permission from users before using their personal data. Because of this, Facebook has restricted our ability to use the data of its users who are directed to our webpages or application. These restrictions have negatively impacted the effectiveness of our digital marketing, and we expect that similar future restrictions imposed on us by other third parties similar to Apple and Facebook could have similar impacts, which may lead us to redirect resources to other marketing channels. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to mitigate the negative effects of these and other similar changes, and failure to do so could harm our revenue, business, operating margins and financial results.

If consumers and dealers do not respond positively to our branding, our financial performance and our ability to grow unique visitor traffic and expand our dealer network could be negatively affected.

We regularly expend resources on the preservation and refreshment of our branding. For example, in 2020, shortly before the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, we launched a rebranding campaign that included a change in our logo and extensive advertising and promotional activity and we plan to engage in additional branding campaigns in connection with the rollout of our TrueCar+ offering. We also refreshed our go-to-market tagline in the first quarter of 2022. We cannot guarantee that any given investment in our branding will improve our brand recognition or otherwise result in benefits that outweigh its costs. If consumers and dealers do not respond positively to our branding, our sales, performance and consumer and dealer relationships could be adversely affected.

Moreover, maintaining and enhancing our brand largely depends on the success of our efforts to maintain the trust of our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers and to deliver value to each of our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers. If our existing or potential users come to perceive that we are not focused primarily on providing them with a better car-buying experience, or if dealers do not perceive us as offering a compelling value proposition, our reputation and the strength of our brand would be adversely affected.

Complaints or negative publicity about our business practices, our marketing and advertising campaigns, our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the integrity of the data that we provide to users, our approach to data privacy and security issues and other aspects of our business, irrespective of their validity, could diminish users’ and dealers’ confidence in and use of our products and services and adversely affect our brand. These concerns could also diminish the trust of existing and potential affinity group marketing partners. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance our brand, and failure to do so could harm our business growth prospects and operating results.

We participate in a highly competitive market, and pressure from existing and new companies may adversely affect our business and operating results.

We face significant competition from companies that provide vehicle inventory listings, vehicle information, lead generation and car-buying services designed to reach consumers and enable dealers to reach these consumers.

Our competitors offer various products and services that compete with us. Some of these competitors include:

•Internet search engines and online automotive sites such as Google, Amazon Vehicles, Autotrader.com, eBay Motors, AutoWeb.com (formerly Autobytel.com), KBB.com, CarSaver.com, CarGurus.com and Cars.com;

•sites operated by automobile manufacturers such as General Motors and Ford;

•online automobile retailers such as Carvana, Vroom, CarMax (and its subsidiary Edmunds) and Shift Technologies;

•providers of offline, membership-based car-buying services such as the Costco Auto Program; and

•offline automotive classified listings, such as trade periodicals and local newspapers.

We compete with many of the companies that provide the above-mentioned products and services, among other companies, for a share of car dealers’ overall marketing budget for online and offline media marketing spend. If car dealers come to view alternative marketing and media strategies to be superior to us, we may not be able to maintain or grow the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers and our TrueCar Certified Dealers may sell fewer cars to users of our platform, and our business, operating results and financial condition will be harmed.

We also expect that new competitors will continue to enter the automotive retail industry with competing products and services, which could have an adverse effect on our revenue, business and financial results.

Our competitors could significantly impede our ability to expand and optimize our network of TrueCar Certified Dealers and to reach consumers. Our competitors may also develop and market new technologies that render our existing or future products and services less competitive, unmarketable or obsolete. Moreover, if our competitors develop products or services with similar or superior functionality to our solutions, we may need to decrease the prices for our solutions in order to remain competitive. If we are unable to maintain our current pricing structure due to competitive pressures, our revenue will be reduced and our operating results will be negatively affected.

Our current and potential competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, and the ability to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and support of their products and services. Additionally, they may have more extensive automotive industry relationships, longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. As a result, these competitors may be better able to respond more quickly with new technologies and to undertake more extensive marketing or promotional campaigns. Further, if any of our competitors have existing relationships with dealers or automobile manufacturers for marketing or data analytics solutions, those dealers and automobile manufacturers may be unwilling to continue to partner with us. If we are unable to compete with these companies, the demand for our products and services could substantially decline.

In addition, if one or more of our competitors were to merge or partner with another of our competitors, the change in the competitive landscape could adversely affect our ability to compete effectively. Our competitors may also establish or strengthen cooperative relationships with our current or future third-party data providers, technology partners or other parties with whom we have relationships, thereby limiting our ability to develop, improve and promote our solutions. We may not be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors, and competitive pressures may harm our revenue, business and financial results.

We are subject to a complex framework of laws and regulations, including, among others, those concerning vehicle sales, advertising and brokering, many of which are unsettled, still developing and contradictory, which have in the past, and could in the future, subject us to claims, challenge our business model or otherwise harm our business.

Various aspects of our business are or may be subject, directly or indirectly, to U.S. laws and regulations. Failure to comply with those laws or regulations may result in the suspension or termination of our ability to do business in affected jurisdictions or the imposition of significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines or the award of significant damages against us and our TrueCar Certified Dealers in class action or other civil litigation.

Motor Vehicle Sales, Advertising and Brokering Laws

The advertising and sale of new or used motor vehicles is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not sell motor vehicles, regulatory authorities or third parties could take the position that some of the regulations applicable to dealers or to the manner in which motor vehicles are advertised and sold generally are directly applicable to our business. If our products or services are determined not to comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or our TrueCar Certified Dealers could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. In addition, even without a determination that our products or services do not comply with relevant regulatory requirements, if dealers are uncertain about the applicability of those laws and regulations to our business, we may lose, or have difficulty increasing the number of, TrueCar Certified Dealers in our network, which would adversely affect our future growth.

Several jurisdictions in which we do business have laws and regulations that strictly regulate or prohibit the brokering of motor vehicles or the making of so-called “bird-dog” payments by dealers to third parties in connection with the sale of motor vehicles through persons other than licensed salespersons. If our products or services are determined to fall within the scope of those laws or regulations, we may be forced to implement new measures, which could be costly, to reduce our exposure to those obligations, including the discontinuation of certain products or services in affected jurisdictions. Additionally, if regulators conclude that our products or services fall within the scope of those laws and regulations, we or our TrueCar Certified Dealers could be subject to significant civil or criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation.

In addition to generally applicable consumer protection laws, many jurisdictions in which we do business have laws and regulations that specifically regulate the advertising for sale of new or used motor vehicles. These advertising laws and regulations are frequently subject to multiple interpretations and are not uniform from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, sometimes imposing inconsistent requirements on the advertiser of a new or used motor vehicle. If the content displayed on the websites we operate is determined or alleged to be inaccurate or misleading, under motor vehicle advertising laws, generally applicable consumer protection laws or otherwise, we could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation. Moreover, allegations like these, even if unfounded or decided in our favor, could be extremely costly to defend, could require us to pay significant sums in settlements and could interfere with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions.

From time to time, certain authorities, dealer associations and others have taken the position that aspects of our products and services violate brokering, “bird-dog” or advertising laws. When these allegations have arisen, we have endeavored to resolve the identified concerns on a consensual and expeditious basis, through negotiation and education efforts, without resorting to the judicial process. In some instances, we have nevertheless been required to suspend all or certain aspects of our business operations in a jurisdiction pending the resolution of these issues, the resolution of which included the payment of fines in 2011 and 2012 in an aggregate amount of approximately $26,000. For example, in the beginning of 2012, following implementation of our first nationwide television advertising campaign, regulatory inquiries into the compliance of our products and services with brokering, “bird-dog” and advertising laws intensified to a degree we had not previously experienced. Responding to and resolving these inquiries, as well as our efforts to ameliorate the related adverse publicity and loss of TrueCar Certified Dealers from our network, resulted in decreased revenues and increased expenses and, accordingly, increased our losses during much of 2012.

In 2015, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by the CNCDA in the California Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles, which we refer to as the CNCDA Litigation. The complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief based on allegations that we were operating in the State of California as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker. In 2017, the parties entered into a binding settlement agreement to fully resolve the lawsuit, and the litigation was dismissed.

Also in 2015, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed in the California Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles by numerous dealers participating on the TrueCar platform, which we refer to as the Participating Dealer Litigation. The complaint, as subsequently amended, sought declaratory and injunctive relief based on allegations that we were engaging in unfairly competitive practices and were operating as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker in contravention of various state laws. Later that year, the plaintiffs voluntarily dismissed this lawsuit “without prejudice,” which means that the Participating Dealer Litigation is currently resolved, but that it could be re-filed at a later date.

Also in 2015, we received a letter from the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles, which we refer to as the Texas DMV Notice, asserting that certain aspects of our advertising in Texas constituted false, deceptive, unfair or misleading advertising within the meaning of applicable Texas law. We then responded to the Texas DMV Notice in an effort to resolve the concerns raised by the Texas DMV Notice without making material, unfavorable adjustments to our business practices or user experience in Texas. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter following our response to the Texas DMV Notice, we consider the issues raised by the Texas DMV Notice to be informally resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future.

Also in 2015, we were named as a defendant in a putative class action lawsuit filed by Gordon Rose in the California Superior Court for the County of Los Angeles, which we refer to as the California Consumer Class Action. The complaint asserted claims for unjust enrichment, violation of the California Consumer Legal Remedies Act and violation of the California Business and Professions Code, based in part on allegations that we are operating in the State of California as an unlicensed automobile dealer and autobroker. After the trial and appellate courts rejected the plaintiff’s motion for class certification, he voluntarily dismissed the remainder of his case, meaning that the California Consumer Class Action is currently resolved.

In 2016, we received a letter from the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Commission, which we refer to as the Mississippi MVC Letter, asserting that an aspect of our advertising in Mississippi was not in compliance with a regulation adopted by the Mississippi Motor Vehicle Commission. We responded to the Mississippi MVC Letter in an effort to resolve the concerns raised by the Mississippi MVC Letter without making material, unfavorable adjustments to our business practices or user experience in Mississippi. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter following our response to the Mississippi MVC Letter, we consider the issues raised by the Mississippi MVC Letter to be informally resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future.

Also in August 2016, we met with investigators from the California Department of Motor Vehicles, or the California DMV, regarding an allegation made by a dealer that we were operating as an unlicensed automobile auction in California, which we refer to as the Unlicensed Auction Allegation. We provided the investigators with information about our business in an effort to resolve the concerns raised by the Unlicensed Auction Allegation. Later that year, we were informally advised by an investigator for the California DMV that the concerns raised by the Unlicensed Auction Allegation had been resolved, but that

the investigators will continue to evaluate our responses regarding certain matters related to the advertising of new motor vehicles. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter, we consider the issues raised by the Unlicensed Auction Allegation to be informally resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future.

In 2017, we received an investigatory subpoena from the Consumer Protection Section of the Office of the Attorney General of the State of Ohio issued pursuant to the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act. The investigatory subpoena requested certain information about online content we displayed related to vehicles listed for sale by TrueCar Certified Dealers in Ohio. We responded to the investigatory subpoena and supplied the information it sought. In light of the fact that no further action has been taken with respect to this matter subsequent to our response to the investigatory subpoena, we consider this matter to be resolved, but we cannot assure you that this matter or similar matters will not reemerge in the future.

Also in 2017, we were named as a defendant in a putative class action filed by Kip Haas in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, which we refer to as the Federal Consumer Class Action. The complaint asserted claims for violation of the California Business and Professions Code, based principally on allegations of false and misleading advertising and unfair business practices. The complaint sought an award of unspecified damages, interest, injunctive relief and attorney’s fees. Later that year, the parties entered into a binding settlement agreement, and the litigation was dismissed.

If regulators or other third parties take the position in the future that our products or services violate applicable brokering, “bird-dog” or advertising laws or regulations, responding to those allegations could be costly, require us to pay significant sums in settlements, require us to pay civil and criminal penalties, including fines, interfere with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions or require us to make adjustments to our products and services or the manner in which we derive revenue from our participating dealers, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, loss of TrueCar Certified Dealers from our network, decreased revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability.

Insurance Regulatory Laws

The advertising and sale of automobile insurance is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not sell insurance, certain of our partners sell insurance to the public in general, and may sell insurance to our users in particular. Further, we enter into arrangements with certain such partners from time to time pursuant to which we receive fees based in whole or in part on the volume of our users who choose to interact with those partners. We cannot guarantee you that regulatory authorities or third parties will not take the position that some of the regulations applicable to insurance brokers or to the manner in which insurance products are advertised or sold generally apply to our platforms or business. If our products or services are determined to fall within the scope of those laws or regulations, we or our partners may be required to implement new measures, which could be costly, to reduce our or their exposure to those obligations, including the discontinuation of certain products or services in affected jurisdictions. Additionally, if our products or services are determined not to comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or our partners could be subject to significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. Even without a determination that our products or services fall within the scope of those laws or regulations or do not comply their requirements, if any of our current or prospective affinity or other partners is uncertain about the applicability of those laws and regulations to our business, those partners may terminate or curtail their business with us, or we could have difficulty attracting new partners, which would adversely affect our future growth. Any or all of these adverse effects could result in substantial negative publicity, decreased revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability.

Laws Relating to Financial Products

The provision of financial products, including related to the purchase or lease of automobiles, is highly regulated by the jurisdictions in which we do business. Although we do not provide financial products, certain of our partners provide automobile financing or other financial products to the public in general, and may provide automobile financing products to our users in particular, including products that may involve a credit application or access to consumer credit scores. Further, we enter into arrangements with certain such partners from time to time pursuant to which we receive fees based in whole or in part on the volume of our users who choose to interact with those partners, including arrangements based upon the volume of our users who complete transactions with those partners. We cannot assure you that relevant regulatory authorities or third parties will not take the position that some of the regulations applicable to financial product providers, or to the manner in which such products are advertised or sold, apply to our platforms or business. If our products or services are determined to fall within the scope of those laws or regulations, we or our partners may be required to implement new measures to comply with these laws and regulations, which could be costly, or be required to discontinue or limit the offering of certain products or services in affected jurisdictions. Additionally, if our products or services are determined not to comply with relevant regulatory requirements, we or our partners could be subject to possibly significant civil and criminal penalties, including fines, or the award of significant damages in class action or other civil litigation, as well as orders interfering with our ability to continue

providing our products and services in certain jurisdictions. Even without a determination that our products or services fall within the scope of those laws or regulations or do not comply their requirements, if any of our current or prospective affinity or other partners is uncertain about the applicability of those laws and regulations to our business, those partners may terminate or curtail their business with us, or we could have difficulty attracting new partners, which would adversely affect our future growth. Any or all of these adverse effects could result in substantial negative publicity, increased regulatory scrutiny, decreased revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability.

Federal Advertising Regulations

The Federal Trade Commission, or the FTC, has authority to take actions to remedy or prevent advertising practices that it considers to be unfair or deceptive and that affect commerce in the United States. If the FTC takes the position in the future that any aspect of our business constitutes an unfair or deceptive advertising practice, responding to those allegations could require us to pay significant damages, settlements and civil penalties, or could require us to make adjustments to our products and services, any or all of which could result in substantial adverse publicity, loss of participating dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability.

In March 2015, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit purportedly filed on behalf of numerous automotive dealers who are not on the TrueCar platform in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint sought injunctive relief in addition to over $250 million in damages based on allegations that we violated the Lanham Act as well as various state laws prohibiting unfair competition and deceptive acts or practices related to our advertising and promotional activities. In July 2019, the court granted our motion for summary judgment as to the plaintiffs’ Lanham Act claim and, in light of the dismissal of the plaintiffs’ sole federal claim, the court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over their state-law claims and therefore dismissed them without prejudice.

Federal Antitrust Laws

The antitrust laws prohibit, among other things, any joint conduct among competitors that would lessen competition in the marketplace. Some of the information that we obtain from dealers is competitively sensitive and, if disclosed inappropriately, could potentially be used by dealers to impede competition or otherwise diminish independent pricing activity. A governmental or private civil action alleging the improper exchange of information, or unlawful participation in price maintenance or other unlawful or anticompetitive activity, even if unfounded, could be costly to defend and adversely impact our ability to maintain and grow our dealer network.

In addition, governmental or private civil actions under the antitrust laws could result in orders suspending or terminating our ability to do business or otherwise altering or limiting certain of our business practices, including the manner in which we handle or disclose dealer pricing information, or the imposition of significant civil or criminal penalties, including fines or the award of significant damages against us and our TrueCar Certified Dealers in class action or other civil litigation.

Privacy Laws

We are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that relate to privacy, data protection and personal information, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. As a result, the application, interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and inconsistently with our current practices and policies. For example, legislative or regulatory actions affecting the manner in which we display content to our users, use or share information or obtain consent to use or share information could adversely affect the manner in which we provide our services or adversely affect our financial results. For more information concerning these and other similar potential actions, refer to the risk factor “We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.”

Other

The foregoing description of laws and regulations to which we are or may be subject is not exhaustive, and the regulatory framework governing our operations is subject to continuous change. The enactment of new laws and regulations or the interpretation of existing laws and regulations in an unfavorable way may affect the operation of our business, directly or indirectly, which could result in substantial regulatory compliance costs, civil or criminal penalties, including fines, adverse publicity, loss of participating dealers, lost revenues, increased expenses and decreased profitability. Further, investigations by government agencies, including the FTC, into allegedly anticompetitive, unfair, deceptive or otherwise unlawful business practices by us or our TrueCar Certified Dealers, could cause us to incur additional expenses and, if adversely concluded, could result in substantial civil or criminal penalties and significant legal liability. Finally, the evolution of our business, in particular in connection with the development and implementation of our TrueCar+ offering, could implicate additional regulatory frameworks with which we have not had prior experience. For example, regulators could take the position that our permitting consumers to use our technology solutions and interactive platform to arrange with our dealers for transportation of vehicles

they purchase from those dealers implicates regulations enforced by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. Further, some states have enacted laws which prohibit the sale of certain items, including cars, on specific days of the week. If a state were to conclude that the use of certain planned features of our TrueCar+ offering, such as the ability for a user to reserve a car and pay the purchase price online, on days affected by such laws would result in a violation of such laws, the ability of users to access these features could be diminished and the value of our TrueCar+ offering may be adversely affected. If any additional regulatory frameworks are finally determined to apply to our business, or if we are found for any reason not to comply with any applicable regulations, our business could be negatively impacted.

We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data, and our actual or perceived failure to protect this information and data could damage our reputation and brand and harm our business and operating results.

We collect, process, store, share, disclose and use personal information and other data provided by consumers and dealers. We rely on encryption and authentication technology licensed from third parties to effect secure transmission of this information. From time to time, concerns have been expressed about whether our products, services or processes compromise the privacy of our users. Concerns about our practices with regard to the collection, use or disclosure of personal information or other privacy-related matters, even if unfounded, could harm our business and operating results.

There are many federal, state, local and foreign laws regarding privacy and the collection, processing, storage, sharing, disclosure, use or protection of personal information and other data. The scope of these laws is changing, they are subject to differing interpretations and they may be costly to comply with and may be inconsistent between countries and jurisdictions or conflict with other rules.

Numerous jurisdictions in which we do business are currently considering, or have enacted, data protection legislation, most prominently, the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, which we refer to as the CCPA. The CCPA imposes sweeping data protection obligations on many companies doing business in California and provides for substantial fines for non-compliance and, in some cases, a private right of action for consumers who are victims of data breaches involving their unencrypted personal information. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. Moreover, California voters in 2020 amended the CCPA to, among other things, further restrict information sharing, heighten penalties and establish a new governmental agency to enforce the CCPA. The CCPA has increased our compliance costs and potential liability. Modifications to our data processing practices and policies, products and consumer experience that we have made to comply with the CCPA and similar legislation, or that we may be required to make in the future as a result of the continuing changes to the requirements under that legislation or similar future legislation, may materially negatively impact our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects.

Legislation similar to the CCPA has also passed in a number of other states. The potential effects of these states’ legislation are far-reaching and may require us to incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply, and it is unclear whether, and if so how, the United States Congress will respond to these overlapping, state-by-state enactments.

Further, many laws, including the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003 and the Pallone-Thune Telephone Robocall Abuse Criminal Enforcement and Deterrence Act of 2019, regulate outbound contacts with consumers, such as phone calls, texts or emails. If we, or dealers on our network, are perceived to have violated these or other similar laws and regulations, our brand and reputation could be negatively affected and we could face potentially costly litigation.

Our business operations and data handling procedures are based on industry standards. We maintain and update privacy and information security policies and employ an audit and assurance program designed to ensure that we comply with privacy and security-related obligations to third parties. We strive to monitor the changing regulatory environment and to address the new requirements of applicable laws and regulations and other mandatory obligations relating to privacy and data protection. However, it is possible that these obligations may be interpreted and applied in new ways or in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, that they may conflict with other rules or our practices or that new regulations could be enacted. In addition to the increasing technical and financial burdens they impose on our business, the rapid legislative and other legal developments in this field create considerable uncertainties and impose substantial compliance costs and challenges. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with our privacy policies, our privacy-related obligations to consumers or other third parties or our privacy-related legal obligations, including those imposed by the CCPA and other state privacy laws, or any compromise of security that results in the unauthorized release or transfer of sensitive information, which may include personally identifiable information or other user data, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others. Any of these consequences could cause consumers and automobile dealers to lose trust in us, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects. Additionally, if vendors, developers or other third parties that we work with violate applicable laws or our policies, such violations may also put consumer or dealer information at risk and could in turn harm our reputation, business and operating results.

We face litigation and are party to legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We are subject to a variety of claims and lawsuits. These claims may arise from a wide variety of business practices and initiatives, including product innovations, the content and functionality of the websites and mobile applications that we operate, our advertising practices and content, our use and storage of data, our use of intellectual property, M&A transactions and business transactions or other business relationships, such as those with our users, participating dealers, affinity partners, OEM partners, licensors, licensees landlords, tenants and employees. Additionally, as a public company, we face the risk of stockholder lawsuits, particularly if we experience declines in the price of our common stock. Adverse outcomes in any claim or lawsuit against us could result in significant monetary damages or injunctive relief that could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business. Examples of litigation to which we are, and have been, subject include:

Stockholder Litigation

Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation

In March 2018, Leon Milbeck filed a putative securities class action against us in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, which we refer to as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaint, as amended, sought an award of unspecified damages, interest, attorney’s fees and equitable relief based on allegations that the defendants made false or misleading statements about our business, operations, prospects and performance during a purported class period of February 16, 2017 through November 6, 2017 in violation of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and that the defendants made actionable misstatements in violation of Section 11 of the Securities Act in connection with its secondary offering that occurred during the class period. The amended complaint named us, certain of our then-current and former officers and directors as defendants. On May 26, 2020, the case was dismissed pursuant to a settlement. As a result, the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation is resolved, and we do not anticipate a loss related to this matter, because the settlement was covered by our directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. However, if similar litigation is filed against us, we may incur significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards. If any such matter is not ultimately resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs or adverse changes in our dealer network, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation

In August 2019, three purported stockholder derivative actions were filed in Delaware alleging a variety of claims nominally on our behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. The complaints named us, certain of our then-current and former directors and officers, USAA and, in one of the actions, certain of entities affiliated with USAA and certain of our current and former directors as defendants. On October 7, 2019, the Delaware Court of Chancery consolidated the cases into a single action in that court bearing the caption In re TrueCar, Inc. Stockholder Derivative Litigation, which we refer to as the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation. On November 6, 2019, the plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint against all of the defendants named in the prior actions, asserting claims for breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, contribution and indemnification against our current and former officers and directors, and claims for aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty against the entities affiliated with USAA and with our current and former directors. The plaintiffs sought an award of damages against the defendants on our behalf and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On December 19, 2019, we filed motions to dismiss for failure to make a pre-suit demand and failure to state a claim. On September 30, 2020, the court dismissed the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation with prejudice for failure to make a pre-suit demand and failure to state a claim and the plaintiffs did not appeal the ruling. As a result, the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation has been resolved. Following the court’s decision, the plaintiffs sent a letter to us demanding that we pursue claims against certain current and former officers for various alleged breaches of their fiduciary duties, based substantially on the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation. On November 18, 2020, our board of directors established a special committee of the board, which we refer to as the Special Committee, to investigate the claims in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, the Lee Derivative Litigation and other related stockholder demands. In October 2021, following the aforementioned investigation, our board of directors adopted the Special Committee’s recommendation that our board refuse the demands in their entirety and conclude that no further action is necessary.

Lee Derivative Litigation

In December 2019, Sulgi Lee, a purported stockholder, filed a derivative action in the Delaware Court of Chancery alleging a variety of claims nominally on our behalf arising out of alleged breaches of fiduciary duty under Delaware law based upon substantially the same factual allegations as the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation, which we refer to as the Lee Derivative Litigation and, together with the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, the Derivative Litigation. The complaint named us, certain of our then-current and former directors and officers and USAA as defendants. The plaintiff seeks an award of damages against the defendants on our behalf and various alleged corporate governance reforms. On May 5, 2020,

the court entered the parties’ stipulation to stay the Lee Derivative Litigation pending the outcome of the motions to dismiss in the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation. Following the dismissal of the Delaware Consolidated Derivative Litigation, on December 22, 2020, the court entered the parties’ further stipulation to stay the Lee Derivative Litigation pending the outcome of the Special Committee’s investigation. Following the board’s action on the Special Committee’s recommendation, which is described above, the plaintiff dismissed her claims on June 22, 2022. As a result, the Lee Derivative Litigation is resolved, and we do not anticipate a loss related to this matter. However, if similar litigation is filed against us, we may incur significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards. If any such matter is not ultimately resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs or adverse changes in our dealer network, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Trademark Litigation

In April 2020, we were named as a defendant in a lawsuit filed by Six Star, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida. The complaint alleged that our new “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline infringed and diluted Six Star’s “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark and included claims of false advertising and deceptive and unfair trade practices. The complaint sought injunctive relief in addition to certain monetary awards. On June 25, 2021, the parties entered into a settlement agreement pursuant to which the parties agreed to dismiss the litigation in exchange for our agreement to not use Six Star’s “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark and to only use our “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline in connection with our trademarked word “TrueCar.” The settlement agreement did not provide for either party to pay the other any amount. On June 28, 2021, the court dismissed the litigation pursuant to the settlement agreement. As a result, this litigation is currently resolved and we do not anticipate further legal expenses or loss related to this matter. However, if similar litigation is filed against us, we may incur significant legal fees, settlements or damages awards. If any such matter is not ultimately resolved in our favor, losses arising from the results of litigation or settlements, as well as ongoing defense costs or adverse changes in our dealer network, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

***

In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of a particular company’s securities, securities class action lawsuits have often been instituted against affected companies, and as noted above, this type of lawsuit has been instituted against us in the form of the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation and the Derivative Litigation, among others. Additional lawsuits of this type or similar types, if instituted against us or one or more of our officers or directors, whether arising from alleged facts the same as, similar to or different from those alleged in the Milbeck Federal Securities Litigation or the Derivative Litigation, could result in significant legal fees, settlements or damage awards, as well as the diversion of our management’s attention and resources, and thus could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have incurred significant legal fees in our defense of certain of the matters referred to above and we may incur additional fees and other liabilities in connection with those matters that are still pending and any additional lawsuits that may be filed against us or one or more of our officers or directors hereafter. Our insurance policies may not provide sufficient coverage to adequately mitigate the legal fees and potential liabilities arising from these matters and, even where fees and liabilities are covered by those policies, we may be unable to fully collect the insurance proceeds in a timely manner or at all. As a result, these fees and other liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have in the past undertaken and may in the future pursue acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions, which could divert our management’s attention, result in additional dilution to our stockholders and otherwise disrupt our operations and harm our operating results, and if we do not manage them successfully or if acquired entities or investments fail to perform as expected, our financial results, business and prospects could be harmed.

In pursuing our business strategy, we routinely discuss and evaluate potential acquisitions, divestitures, investments and other similar transactions. For example, we may seek to expand or complement our existing products and services through the acquisition of or investment in attractive businesses and technologies rather than through internal development, such as our acquisitions of DealerScience in 2018 and Digital Motors in 2022, our investment in Accu-Trade in 2019 and divestment thereof in 2022 and our divestiture of our ALG subsidiary in 2020.

Transactions such as these require significant management time and resources and have the potential to divert our attention from our ongoing business, and we may not manage them successfully. We may be required to make substantial investments of resources to support any such transaction, and we cannot assure you that they will be successful. Additionally, strategic investments in and partnerships with other businesses expose us to the risk that we may not be able to control the operations of those businesses, which could decrease the benefits we realize from a particular relationship. We are also exposed to the risk that our partners in strategic investments may encounter financial difficulties that could lead to disruption of their activities, or impairment of assets acquired, which could adversely affect future reported results of operations and stockholders’ equity.

The risks we face in connection with transactions such as these include:

•diversion of management time and focus from operating our business;

•additional operating losses and expenses of other businesses;

•integration of acquisitions, including coordination of technology, research and development and sales and marketing functions;

•transition of the other business’s users to our website and mobile applications;

•retention of employees from an acquired business, or separation of employees from a divested business;

•cultural and other challenges associated with integrating employees from an acquired business into our organization;

•integration of an acquired business’s accounting, management information, human resources, legal and other administrative systems, or extrication of such systems from a divested business;

•the need to implement or improve controls, procedures and policies at a business that prior to the transaction may have lacked effective controls, procedures and policies;

•potential write-offs of intangibles or other assets acquired in acquisitions or similar transactions, or write-downs of investments, that may have an adverse effect our operating results in a given period;

•the risks associated with the businesses, products or technologies in question, which may differ from or be more significant than the risks our business faces;

•the risks associated with obtaining necessary regulatory approval for a transaction;

•liability for the activities, products or services of the business, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities;

•risk related to the payment of contingent consideration; and

•litigation or other claims in connection with the business, product or technology in question, including claims from terminated employees, consumers, former stockholders or other third parties.

Our failure to address these risks or other problems encountered in connection with our past or future transactions could cause us to fail to realize the anticipated benefits of those transactions, cause us to incur unanticipated liabilities and harm our business generally. Future transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of our equity securities; the incurrence of debt, contingent liabilities or amortization expenses; or the write-off of goodwill, any of which could harm our financial condition, and the anticipated benefits of any transaction may not materialize.

For example, the total consideration of $135 million payable in connection with the divestiture of our ALG subsidiary in 2020, which we refer to as the Divestiture, included up to a maximum of $22.5 million in contingent consideration, comprising one payment of up to $7.5 million payable based on ALG’s achievement of certain revenue metrics in 2020 and another payment of up to $15 million payable based on its achievement of certain other revenue metrics in 2022. The first tranche of $7.5 million in contingent consideration was paid in the first quarter of 2021, but we cannot guarantee that we will receive any of the $15 million amount of the remaining contingent payment because of a number of factors that are beyond our control, including broader macroeconomic factors referred to elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section as well as the fact that we

have no control over ALG’s operations or business strategy other than through certain limited operational covenants set forth in the definitive documentation giving effect to the Divestiture.

Further, we acquired our Digital Motors subsidiary in the second quarter of 2022 in part to integrate certain features of its existing automotive retail and financial technology platform into our current and future product offerings, including our TrueCar+ offering. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to successfully integrate any technology developed by Digital Motors into our own platforms or that the benefits of any such integration will make our offerings more attractive to dealers and consumers. We also cannot guarantee that any benefits that result from our acquisition of Digital Motors or any other acquisition will outweigh the costs incurred due to the allocation of financial and other resources to such acquisition, or result in a meaningful return on our investment.

Our platform must integrate with a variety of web browsers and operating systems, both on desktop computers and mobile devices, that are developed by others, and our business is dependent on our ability to maintain our platform’s functionality and deliver a compelling user experience across those browsers and operating systems.

We interact with users through our Internet-based platform, which is designed to operate on a variety of network, hardware and software platforms that are developed by others and over which we have no control, including the numerous web browsers and operating systems that consumers use to access the Internet, both on desktop computers and mobile devices. As a result, we need to continuously modify and enhance our platform to keep pace with consumers’ evolving expectations and changes in network, hardware, software, communication and browser technologies.

For example, some web browsers have begun to discontinue third-party cookie tracking, and the providers of certain other web browsers have announced an intention to do so as well. Certain of our marketing efforts currently rely on cookies to identify in-market consumers. We cannot assure you that we will be able to mitigate any adverse effects that result from browsers blocking our cookies, or altering the manner in which, or the extent to which, they support our cookies.

If we are unable to respond in a timely and cost-effective manner to the rapid technological developments in the network, hardware and software programs that consumers use to interact with us and our dealers and partners, or otherwise to provide a compelling user experience across each of the devices and browsers that consumers prefer to use, our platform could become obsolete or otherwise attract fewer users, which could adversely impact our revenues, business and operating results.

The success of our business depends on consumers’ continued and unimpeded access to our platform on the Internet.

Consumers must have Internet access to use our platform. Some providers may take measures that affect consumers’ ability to use our platform, such as degrading the quality of the connections through which we transmit data packets over their lines, giving those packets lower priority, giving other packets higher priority than ours, blocking our packets entirely or attempting to charge their customers more for using our platform. If network operators attempt to interfere with our services, extract fees from us to deliver our platform or otherwise engage in discriminatory practices, our business could be adversely affected.

In December 2010, the FCC adopted so-called “net neutrality” rules barring Internet providers from blocking or slowing down access to online content, protecting services like ours from this type of interference, which we refer to as the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations. Effective June 11, 2018, however, the FCC repealed the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations, and considerable uncertainty currently surrounds the regulatory environment in this field. For example, on September 30, 2018, California enacted the California Internet Consumer Protection and Net Neutrality Act of 2018, or the California Net Neutrality Act. Among other things, the California Net Neutrality Act, which took effect on January 1, 2019, imposes net neutrality requirements similar to the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations. On the day of its enactment, the federal government sued California, claiming that the California Net Neutrality Act was preempted by federal law and subsequent challenges were raised by telecom and other industry groups. The State of California initially agreed not to enforce the California Net Neutrality Act pending the resolution of the ongoing legal challenges, though the challenges to the law were struck down by U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California in February 2021 and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld the lower court’s ruling in January 2022. Following the Ninth Circuit’s ruling, the plaintiffs agreed to dismiss their claims in April 2022. On October 1, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit upheld the FCC’s repeal of the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations, but overturned the FCC’s preemption of state-level regulations like the California Net Neutrality Act and similar enactments of other states, including Oregon, Vermont and Washington, and remanded to the FCC for further action. On October 27, 2020, the FCC, on remand, readopted its previous order. This FCC action could be subject to further court challenges, and following the recent federal election, could be subject to repeal by a newly-constituted FCC, and on July 9, 2021, President Biden signed an executive order calling on the FTC to do so. On April 10, 2019, the United States House of Representatives voted in favor of legislation that would reinstate the Federal Net Neutrality Regulations. As a result, considerable uncertainty currently complicates this area of the law. We cannot predict the final outcome of the current legal challenges to the FCC’s action or any future challenges to the California Net Neutrality Act or similar laws in other states

or whether other states or governmental entities, including the U.S. Congress, will respond to the D.C. Circuit’s decision, the FCC’s decision or the enactment of the California Net Neutrality Act. In this regulatory environment, we could experience discriminatory or anti-competitive practices that could impede our growth, cause us to incur additional expense or otherwise negatively affect our business.

If we suffer a significant interruption in our access to third-party data, we may be unable to maintain key aspects of our user experience, including the TrueCar Curve and certain elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s functionality, and our business and operating results would be harmed.

Our business relies on our ability to analyze data for the benefit of our users and the TrueCar Certified Dealers in our network. We use data obtained through agreements with third parties to power certain aspects of the user experience on our platform, including certain elements of our TrueCar Deal Builder’s payments functionality and the TrueCar Curve, a graphical distribution of what others paid for the same make and model of car. In addition, the effectiveness of our user acquisition efforts depends in part on the availability of data relating to existing and potential users of our platform. If we are unable to renew data agreements as they expire, or use alternative data sources, and we experience a material disruption in the data provided to us, the information that we provide to our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers may be limited, the quality of this information may suffer, the user experience may be negatively affected and certain functionality on our platform may be disabled, and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows would be materially and adversely affected.

Security breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or user data, or other hacking and phishing attacks on our systems, could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

Our industry is prone to cyberattacks by third parties seeking unauthorized access to our data or users’ data or to disrupt our ability to provide service. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches and improper access to or disclosure of our data or user data, including personal information, content or payment information from users, could result in the loss or misuse of such data, which could harm our business and reputation and diminish our competitive position. In addition, computer malware, viruses, social engineering (such as spear phishing attacks) and general hacking have become more prevalent in our industry, have occurred on our systems in the past and are likely to occur on our systems in the future. Such attacks may cause interruptions to the services we provide, degrade the user experience, cause users to lose confidence and trust in our products, impair our internal systems or result in financial harm to us. Further, these risks could be heightened by the fact that most of our employees work from home.

Our efforts to protect our data or the data we receive could also be unsuccessful due to software bugs or other technical malfunctions; employee, contractor or vendor error or malfeasance; government surveillance; or other threats. In addition, third parties may attempt to fraudulently induce employees or users to disclose information to gain access to our data or our users’ data. Cyberattacks continue to evolve in sophistication and volume and may be inherently difficult to detect for long periods of time. Although we have developed systems and processes that are designed to protect our data and user data, to prevent data loss and to prevent or detect security breaches, we cannot assure you that such measures will provide absolute security, and we may need to expend significant resources in protecting against or remediating security breaches and cyberattacks.

In addition, some of our third-party partners, including developers, affinity group marketing partners and OEM partners, may receive or store information that we or our users provide. If these partners fail to adopt or adhere to adequate data security practices, or suffer a breach of their networks, our data or our users’ data could be improperly accessed, used or disclosed. Affected users or government authorities could initiate legal or regulatory actions against us in connection with any actual or perceived security breaches or improper disclosure of data, which could cause us to incur significant expense and liability or result in orders or consent decrees requiring us to modify our business practices. Such incidents or our efforts to remediate those incidents could have a material and adverse effect on our business, reputation or financial results.

Our products and internal systems rely on software that is highly technical. If it contains undetected errors or vulnerabilities, our business could be adversely affected.

Our products and internal systems rely on software, including software developed or maintained internally or by third parties, that is highly technical and complex. In addition, our products and internal systems depend on the ability of that software to store, retrieve, process and manage substantial amounts of data. The software on which we rely has contained, and may in the future contain, undetected errors, bugs or vulnerabilities. Some errors may only be discovered after the code has been released for external or internal use. Errors, vulnerabilities or other design defects within the software on which we rely have in the past, and may in the future, result in a negative experience for consumers, dealers and partners who use our products, delay product introductions or enhancements, result in targeting, measurement or billing errors, compromise our ability to protect consumers’, dealers’ and partners’ data and our intellectual property or lead to reductions in our ability to provide some or all of our products and services. In addition, any errors, bugs, vulnerabilities or defects discovered in the software on which we rely, and any associated degradation or interruption of service, could result in damage to our reputation, loss of users, loss of revenue or liability for damages, any of which could adversely affect our business and financial results.

Our business is dependent on our ability to maintain and scale our technical infrastructure, and any significant disruption in service on our website or mobile applications could damage our reputation and result in a loss of consumers, which could harm our business, brand, operating results and financial condition.

Our brand, reputation and ability to attract consumers, affinity groups and advertisers depend on the reliable performance of our technology platform and content delivery. We have on occasion in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, interruptions with our systems. Interruptions in these systems, whether due to system failures, computer viruses, denial-of-service attacks or physical or electronic break-ins, could affect the security or availability of our products and services on our website and mobile application and prevent or inhibit the ability of consumers to access our products and services. To the extent that our consumer base and the number of TrueCar Certified Dealers grow, we would need an increasing amount of technical infrastructure, including network capacity and computing power, to satisfy consumers’ and dealers’ needs, and we may not effectively scale and grow our technical infrastructure to accommodate any increased demands. Problems with the reliability or security of our systems or with the upgrading, architectural unification or scaling of those systems could harm our reputation, result in a loss of consumers, dealers and affinity group marketing partners and result in additional costs. In addition, a significant disruption in our billing systems could affect our ability to match automobile purchases made by our users from TrueCar Certified Dealers and delay or prevent us from submitting invoices to TrueCar Certified Dealers, receiving payment for invoices and recognizing revenue related to purchases.

Any errors, defects, disruptions or other performance or reliability problems with our network operations, or with the services we receive from third-party network infrastructure providers, could cause interruptions in access to our products and could harm our reputation, business, operating results and financial condition.

We rely on Amazon Web Services for the majority of our computing, storage, bandwidth and other services. Any disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services would negatively affect our operations and seriously harm our business.

Amazon provides a distributed computing infrastructure platform for business operations, or what is commonly referred to as a “cloud” computing service, and we currently run nearly all of our computing on Amazon Web Services.

Any transition of the cloud services currently provided by Amazon Web Services to another cloud provider would be difficult to implement and would cause us to incur significant time and expense. We have built our software and computer systems to use computing, storage capabilities, bandwidth and other services provided by Amazon, some of which do not have a readily available alternative in the market. Given this, any significant disruption of or interference with our use of Amazon Web Services would negatively impact our operations and seriously harm our business.

If our users or partners are not able to access our products and services through Amazon Web Services or encounter difficulties in doing so, we may lose customers, dealers, partners and revenue. The level of service provided by Amazon Web Services or similar providers may also impact our customers’, dealers’ and partners’ usage of our products and services and satisfaction with us. If Amazon Web Services or similar providers experience interruptions in service regularly or for a prolonged period of time, or other similar issues, our business would be seriously harmed. Hosting costs also have increased in the past and may continue to increase to the extent that our user base and user engagement grow and may seriously harm our business if we are unable to grow our revenues faster than the cost of using the services of Amazon or similar providers.

Amazon has broad discretion to change and interpret its terms of service and other policies that apply to us, and those actions may be unfavorable to us. Amazon may also alter how we are able to process data on the Amazon Web Services platform. If Amazon makes changes or interpretations that are unfavorable to us, our business could be seriously harmed. Additionally, any disruption of or interference with the use of Amazon Web Services, including disruptions due to system failures, denial-of-service or other cyberattacks and computer viruses, or an interruption to Amazon’s systems or in the infrastructure that allows us to connect to them for an extended period, may impact our ability to operate the business and would adversely impact our operations and our business.

Our growth in prior years may not be indicative of our future growth.

Our revenue grew from $38.1 million in 2010 to $278.7 million in 2021. However, our rate of revenue growth declined from 2017 to 2018 and our overall revenue declined by 16.8% in 2020 to $278.7 million and by a further 16.9% in 2021 to $231.7 million. In light of the termination of our partnership with USAA in 2020 and the automobile inventory shortage that has affected our business since 2021, our revenue in the near future may continue to be lower than it has been in past periods. In addition, our ability to grow our revenue is dependent on our ability to:

•successfully develop and rollout our TrueCar+ offering;

•expand our dealer network in a geographically optimized manner, including increasing dealers in our network representing high-volume brands;

•increase the number of transactions between our users and TrueCar Certified Dealers;

•increase dealer subscription rates, and manage dealer churn;

•grow the revenue we derive from car manufacturer incentive programs;

•increase the number of dealers subscribing to our other products, including our Reach and Sponsored Listings products;

•maintain and grow our affinity group marketing partner relationships and increase the productivity of our current affinity group marketing partners, and to replace the units generated by our former partnership with USAA;

•increase the number of users of our products and services, and in particular the number of unique visitors to the TrueCar website and our TrueCar-branded mobile applications, including by improving our search-engine optimization;

•enhance our consumer experience and increase the rate at which site visitors prospect with a TrueCar Certified Dealer and purchase from the prospected dealer;

•improve the quality of our existing products and services, and introduce high-quality new products and services; and

•introduce third-party ancillary products and services, including by integrating acquired products and services into our business.

We may not successfully accomplish any of these objectives. We plan to continue our investment in future growth. Among other things, we expect to continue to expend substantial financial and other resources on:

•marketing and advertising;

•dealer outreach and training;

•technology and product development, including the continuing development of TrueCar+, other new products and new features for existing products;

•strategic partnerships, investments and acquisitions; and

•general administration, including legal, accounting and other compliance expenses related to being a public company.

We have a history of losses and we may not be profitable in the future.

We have not been profitable since inception. We had an accumulated deficit of $417.3 million at June 30, 2022. During the six months ended June 30, 2022, we had a net loss of $23.4 million. From time to time in the past, we have made significant investments in our operations that have not resulted in corresponding revenue growth and, as a result, increased our losses. We continue to make significant investments to support the further development and expansion of our business and these investments may not result in increased revenue or growth on a timely basis or at all. Our revenue growth has been highly influenced by marketing expenditures. Incremental marketing expenditures in certain situations do not result in sufficient incremental revenue to cover their cost. This limits the growth in revenue that can be achieved through marketing expenditures. In addition, as a public company, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other expenses.

We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including slowing demand for our products and services, increasing competition, weakness in the automobile industry generally and other risks described in this report, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays, and other unknown factors. If we incur losses in the future, we may not be able to reduce costs effectively because many of our costs are fixed. In addition, if we reduce variable costs to respond to losses, this may affect our ability to acquire users and dealers, improve our products and services and grow our revenues. Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability and we may continue to incur significant losses in the future, and this could seriously harm our business and cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Our unique visitors, revenue and operating results fluctuate due to seasonality.

Our revenue trends reflect consumers’ car buying patterns. Across the automotive industry, consumers tend to purchase a higher volume of cars in the second and third quarters of each year, due in part to the introduction of new vehicle models from manufacturers. In the past, these seasonal trends have not been pronounced due to the overall growth of our business, and more recently the effects of seasonality on our results have been outweighed by disruptions to our business, such as the termination of our partnership with USAA, the coronavirus pandemic and the automobile inventory shortage, but we expect that in the future our revenues may be affected more by these seasonal trends. Our business could also be impacted by cyclical trends affecting the overall economy, specifically the retail automobile industry, as well as by actual or threatened severe weather or other significant events outside of our control.

Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our business and operating results.

Our business depends on our intellectual property, the protection of which is crucial to our success. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, trade secret and copyright law and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property, technology and confidential information by requiring our employees and consultants to enter into confidentiality and assignment of inventions agreements and third parties to enter into nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not effectively prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, intellectual property or technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our website features, software and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary.

Competitors may adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to user confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of the term “TrueCar.”

We have also registered trademarks under the laws of certain jurisdictions outside of the United States. If applicable authorities determine that we do not conduct sufficient activities in such jurisdictions to maintain our rights over such trademarks, our ability to expand our business and our brand into new markets in the future could be harmed.

We currently hold the “TrueCar.com” and “True.com” Internet domain names as well as various other related domain names. The regulation of domain names in the United States is subject to change. Regulatory bodies could establish additional top-level domains, appoint additional domain name registrars or modify the requirements for holding domain names. As a result, we may not be able to acquire or maintain all domain names that use the name TrueCar.

We are occasionally party to intellectual property disputes, which can be costly and could harm our business and operating results.

From time to time, we face allegations that we, or businesses we acquired or in which we invested, have infringed the trademarks, copyrights, patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties, including from our competitors or non-practicing entities. For example, in the second quarter of 2020, a Florida dealer sued us claiming that our “BUY SMARTER DRIVE HAPPIER” tagline, which is featured in some of our marketing materials, infringed its “BUY SMART BE HAPPY” trademark. Although this litigation was resolved without any effect on our business, if any similar litigation is brought and decided adversely to us, we could be required to change our tagline and replace the marketing materials in which it is featured, which would be costly and could damage our brand. For more information on this litigation, refer to the risk factor “We face litigation and are party to legal proceedings that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.” Moreover, as discussed in greater detail under the risk factor “Failure to adequately protect our intellectual property could harm our business and operating results,” from time to time, we take legal action to protect our own intellectual property.

Patent and other intellectual property litigation may be protracted and expensive, and the results are difficult to predict and may require us to stop offering some features, purchase licenses or modify our products and features while we develop non-infringing substitutes or may result in significant settlement costs.

In addition, we use open-source software in our products and expect to use open-source software in the future. From time to time, we may face claims by companies that incorporate open-source software into their products, claiming ownership of, or demanding release of, the source code, the open-source software or derivative works that were developed using the software, or otherwise seeking to enforce the terms of the applicable open-source license. These claims could also result in litigation, require us to purchase a costly license or require us to devote additional research and development resources to change our platform or services, any of which would have a negative effect on our business and operating results.

Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, these matters, and the time and resources necessary to litigate or resolve them, could harm our business, operating results and reputation.

The impairment of our goodwill, intangible or other long-lived assets or investments would require us to record a non-cash charge to earnings, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

At June 30, 2022, we had goodwill and intangible assets of $59.8 million and $16.4 million, respectively. Under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, we review our goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We review our intangible assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For example, in the first quarter of 2020, in light of the global economic disruption and uncertainty occasioned by the coronavirus pandemic and the announcement of the then-impending termination of our affinity partnership with USAA, we performed an interim quantitative impairment test as of March 31, 2020, which concluded that the carrying value of our single reporting unit was greater than its fair value. Accordingly, during the three months ended March 31, 2020, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge of $10.2 million, of which $1.9 million was included in discontinued operations.

We cannot guarantee you that in future periods we will not be required to recognize additional impairment charges, whether in our goodwill or other intangible assets, nor that we will be able to avoid a significant charge to earnings in our consolidated financial statements during the period in which an impairment is determined to exist. As a result, the carrying value of our goodwill and intangible assets may not be recoverable due to factors such as a decline in our stock price and market capitalization, reduced estimates of future revenues or cash flows or slower growth rates in our industry. Estimates of future revenues and cash flows are based on a long-term financial outlook of our operations. Actual performance in the near-term or long-term could be materially different from these forecasts, which could impact future estimates and the recorded value of the intangible assets. If we have to reduce the carrying value of our goodwill or intangible assets, the impairment charge could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Further, we review our equity-method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable. We recognize an impairment of an equity-method investment if the fair value of the investment as a whole, and not the underlying assets, has declined and the decline is other than temporary. For example, on February 2, 2022, we entered into a redemption agreement with Accu-Trade to redeem our 20% ownership interest in Accu-Trade. The terms of the transaction provided for initial cash consideration of $12.8 million to be paid at the closing of the transaction and $3.2 million cash to be held in an escrow account. As a result of the events and circumstances leading up to our entry into the redemption agreement with Accu-Trade, we concluded that the carrying value of our investment in Accu-Trade was greater than its fair value. Accordingly, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized an impairment charge of $4.1 million. Further, if any other equity-method investment that we make in the future, is not recoverable, we may be required to record an impairment charge, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

If our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes is limited, we may not receive the benefit of those assets.

We had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $301.4 million and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $236.0 million at December 31, 2021. These federal and state net operating loss carryforwards begin to expire in the years ending December 31, 2034 and 2022, respectively. Federal net operating losses generated after December 31, 2017 will not expire and will carry forward indefinitely, but will be limited in any given year to offsetting a maximum of 80% of our taxable income for the year, determined without regard to the application of such net operating loss carryforwards. At December 31, 2021, we had federal and state research and development credit carryforwards of approximately $13.4 million and $11.0 million, respectively. The federal credit carryforwards begin to expire in the year ending December 31, 2028. The state credit carryforwards can be carried forward indefinitely.

Sections 382 and 383 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, which we refer to as the IRC, impose substantial restrictions on the utilization of net operating losses and other tax attributes in the event of a cumulative “ownership change” of a corporation of more than 50% over a three-year period. Accordingly, if we generate taxable income in the future, changes in our stock ownership, including equity offerings and share repurchase programs, as well as other changes that may be outside our control, could potentially result in material limitations on our ability to use our net operating loss and research tax credit carryforwards. We experienced a cumulative ownership change as of December 31, 2019 within the meaning of Sections 382 and 383 of the IRC. We estimate that up to $15.2 million and $0.5 million of federal and state net operating loss carryforwards, respectively, may expire unused. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2020 for the Section 382 limitation of $3.2 million which was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact. Additionally, with the finalization of our 2011 - 2020 research and development tax credit study in 2021, we estimate that certain federal research and development credit carryforwards may expire unused. Accordingly, we recorded a reduction of deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2021 for the Section 383 limitation of $12.3 million which was fully offset by a corresponding decrease in our valuation allowance, with no net tax provision impact.

Changes in applicable tax law and resolutions of tax disputes could negatively affect our financial results.

We are subject to taxation in the United States. Changes in tax laws applicable to us, including interpretations thereof and related accounting standards, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. For example, in 2018, the United States Supreme Court decided South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. That decision overturned earlier case law that online sellers are not required to collect sales and use taxes unless they have a physical presence in the buyer’s state. Although the Wayfair decision has not had a material effect on our business, it has resulted in nationwide uncertainty over sales tax liability and could precipitate responses from federal and state legislators, regulators and courts that materially increase our tax administrative costs and tax risk. Many states have also adopted laws requiring so-called “marketplace facilitators” to collect and remit sales taxes on behalf of participants in their marketplaces. Certain states also require sales tax to be collected and remitted with respect to the provision of software as a service (SaaS), downloadable software, information services, data processing services and, under certain circumstances, lead generating services. To the extent regulators take the position that such laws require us to collect and remit sales taxes related to the sales of cars to consumers by TrueCar Certified Dealers or characterize any of our existing or future product offerings as taxable SaaS, downloadable software, information services, data processing services, lead generation services or as any other taxable product or service, our business could be adversely affected.

In the second quarter of 2020, California enacted legislation suspending net operating loss deductions for taxpayers with more than $1 million of business income and imposing a $5 million cap on the use of tax credits effective for tax years 2020 through 2022. Legislation enacted by California in the first quarter of 2022 restored net operating loss deductions and removed the limit on tax credits for the 2022 tax year. For the impacted tax years, including 2020, during which we recognized net taxable income in California due to the Divestiture, California taxes that otherwise could have been offset by California net operating losses, which are limited to a 20-year carryforward period, will instead need to be offset by our California research and development credits, which do not expire (i.e., can be carried forward indefinitely), up to the $5 million annual cap. As a result, our tax assets may be or have been diminished. Further, potential revisions to federal corporate tax law are currently under discussion in Congress. We continue to monitor and evaluate the impact of these and other changes in applicable tax law.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We may fail to meet our publicly announced guidance or other expectations about our business and future operating results, which could cause our stock price to decline.

We typically provide guidance about our business and future operating results as part of our press releases, investor conference calls or otherwise. In developing any such guidance, our management must make certain assumptions and judgments about our future performance. For example, in the second quarter of 2015 and the fourth quarter of 2018, our business results varied significantly from guidance for the quarter and the price of our common stock declined. Our future business results may vary significantly from our guidance due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, and which could materially and adversely affect our operations, financial condition and operating results. If our publicly-announced guidance of future operating results fails to meet the expectations of securities analysts, investors or other interested parties, the price of our common stock could decline. Given the volatility of our business recently during the coronavirus pandemic, the ongoing automobile inventory shortage and following the termination of our partnership with USAA, we have not in recent quarters provided guidance about our future operating results, which may also have caused, and may in the future cause, additional volatility in the trading price of our common stock.

The price of our common stock has been and may continue to be volatile, and the value of your investment could decline.

The trading price of our common stock has been volatile since our initial public offering and is likely to continue to fluctuate substantially. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our common stock since you might be unable to sell your shares at or above the price you paid. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, the trading price of our common stock fluctuated from a low of $2.51 per share to a high of $4.08 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, the trading price of our common stock fluctuated from a low of $3.08 per share to a high of $6.25 per share. The trading price of our common stock depends on a number of factors, including those described in this “Risk Factors” section, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance. Additional factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common stock include the following:

•price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

•volatility in the market prices and trading volumes of technology stocks;

•changes in operating performance and stock market valuations of other technology companies generally, or those in the automotive industry in particular;

•sales of shares of our common stock by us or our stockholders;

•the failure of securities analysts to maintain coverage of us, changes in financial estimates or recommendations by any securities analysts who follow our company;

•our failure to meet our publicly-announced guidance of future operating results or otherwise to meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors in this regard;

•announcements by us or our competitors of new products or innovations to existing products;

•the public’s reaction to our press releases, other public announcements and filings with the SEC, including the guidance regarding our future operating results or the absence of such guidance;

•rumors and market speculation involving us or other companies in our industry;

•actual or anticipated changes in our operating results or fluctuations in our operating results;

•actual or anticipated developments in our business, our competitors’ businesses or the competitive landscape generally;

•our ability to control costs, including our operating expenses;

•litigation involving us, our industry or both, or investigations by regulators into our operations or those of our competitors;

•developments or disputes concerning our intellectual property or other proprietary rights;

•announced or completed acquisitions, divestitures, investments or other similar transactions involving us or our competitors;

•new laws or regulations or new interpretations of existing laws or regulations applicable to our business;

•changes in accounting standards, policies, guidelines, interpretations or principles;

•any significant change in our management;

•conditions in the automobile industry; and

•general macroeconomic conditions and the growth rate of our markets and the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on these conditions and markets.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market for technology companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry factors, including those relating to the coronavirus pandemic, may seriously affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. Additionally, as a public company, we face the risk of shareholder lawsuits, particularly if we experience declines in the price of our common stock. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the market prices of our securities, securities class action lawsuits have often been instituted against us, and we may in the future be subject to these legal actions.

Concentration of ownership among our existing executive officers and directors, their affiliates and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock may prevent new investors from influencing significant corporate decisions.

As of June 30, 2022, our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock (based upon the most recent filings on Schedule 13G with the SEC with respect to each such holder) beneficially owned, in the aggregate, approximately 70% of our outstanding shares of common stock (assuming exercise of all beneficially owned shares). Some of these persons or entities may have interests that are different from yours. For example, these stockholders may support proposals and actions with which you may disagree or which are not in your interests. These stockholders are able to exercise a significant level of control over all matters requiring stockholder approval, including the election of directors, amendment of our certificate of incorporation and approval of significant corporate transactions. This control could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control of our company or changes in management and will make the approval of certain transactions difficult or impossible without the support of these stockholders, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock.

Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public markets, or the perception that such sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock.

The market price of our common stock could decline as a result of the sale of substantial amounts of our common stock, particularly sales by our directors, executive officers and significant stockholders, a large number of shares of our common stock becoming available for sale or the perception in the market that holders of a large number of shares intend to sell their shares.

At June 30, 2022, approximately 90.5 million shares of our common stock were outstanding. In addition, as of June 30, 2022, there were 5.4 million shares underlying options and 11.4 million shares underlying restricted stock units. If these additional shares are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold in the public market, the trading price of our stock could decline. Under Rule 144 under the Securities Act, shares held by non-affiliates for more than six months may generally be sold without restriction, other than a current public information requirement, and may be sold freely without any restrictions after one year. Shares held by affiliates may also be sold under Rule 144, subject to applicable restrictions, including volume and manner of sale limitations.

In January 2017, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which we refer to as the 2017 Registration Statement. Under the 2017 Registration Statement, we sold 1.15 million shares of common stock and certain selling stockholders sold 9.2 million shares of common stock.

Although the 2017 Registration Statement has expired and we have deregistered the unsold shares thereunder, we may file a subsequent registration statement with the SEC, after which we or selling stockholders may periodically offer additional securities in amounts, at prices and on terms to be announced when and if the securities are offered. If we do so, we will prepare and file with the SEC a prospectus supplement containing specific information about the terms of the offering.

Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.

If our existing stockholders, including employees and service providers who obtain equity, sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline. All of our outstanding shares are eligible for sale in the public market, other than approximately 4.0 million shares (including vested options) as of June 30, 2022 held by directors, executive officers and other affiliates that are subject to volume limitations under Rule 144 of the Securities Act. Our employees, other service providers and directors are subject to our trading blackout periods. In addition, we have reserved shares for issuance under our equity incentive plans. The issuance and subsequent sale of these shares will be dilutive to our existing stockholders and the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Anti-takeover provisions contained in our certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could impair a takeover attempt.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws and Delaware law contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying or preventing an acquisition deemed undesirable by our board of directors. Our corporate governance documents include provisions:

•creating a classified board of directors whose members serve staggered three-year terms;

•authorizing “blank check” preferred stock, which could be issued by our board of directors without stockholder approval and may contain voting, liquidation, dividend and other rights superior to our common stock;

•limiting the liability of, and providing indemnification to, our directors and officers;

•limiting the ability of our stockholders to call and bring business before special meetings;

•requiring advance notice of stockholder proposals for business to be conducted at meetings of our stockholders and for nominations of candidates for election to our board of directors;

•controlling the procedures for the conduct and scheduling of board of directors and stockholder meetings; and

•providing our board of directors with the express power to postpone previously scheduled annual meetings and to cancel previously scheduled special meetings.

These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our management.

As a Delaware corporation, we are also subject to provisions of Delaware law, including Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prevents some stockholders holding more than 15% of our outstanding common stock from engaging in certain business combinations without approval of the holders of substantially all of our outstanding common stock.

Any provision of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws or of Delaware law that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or agents.

Our certificate of incorporation provides that, unless we otherwise agree, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for:

•any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf;

•any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty;

•any action asserting a claim against us under the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws;

•any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our certificate of incorporation or bylaws; and

•any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal-affairs doctrine.

This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, employees or other agents, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, employees and other agents. If a court were to find this exclusive-forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business.

We do not expect to declare any dividends in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the operation and expansion of our business, and we do not anticipate declaring any cash dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our credit facility currently restrict our payment of cash dividends on our capital stock. Consequently, investors may need to rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.

We cannot guarantee that our share repurchase program will be fully used or that it will enhance long-term stockholder value. Share repurchases could also increase the volatility of the trading price of our stock and will diminish our cash reserves.

Although our board of directors has authorized a share repurchase program, the program does not require us to spend any specific dollar amount on repurchases or to repurchase any specific number of shares of our common stock. We cannot guarantee when or if the repurchases authorized under the program will be made or that the program will enhance long-term stockholder value. For example, we made no repurchases of shares under our share repurchase program in the three months ended December 31, 2021 before resuming the program in the first quarter of 2022 and for a portion of the second quarter of 2022. The program could affect the trading price of our stock and increase volatility, and any announcement of a termination of the program may result in a decrease in the trading price of our stock. In addition, to the extent that repurchases are made, implementation of this program will diminish our cash reserves.

General Risk Factors

We have incurred and will continue to incur substantial costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has been and will be required to continue to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other expenses. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Act and other laws and rules implemented by the SEC and Nasdaq impose various requirements on public companies, including in relation to corporate governance practices. Our management and other personnel devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, changing rules and regulations may increase our legal, accounting and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time consuming and costly. If, despite our efforts to comply with new or changing laws, regulations and standards, we fail to comply, regulatory authorities may initiate legal proceedings against us, and our business may be harmed. Further, failure to comply with these laws, regulations and standards may make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or to incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage, which could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or board committees or as executive officers.

Our compliance with applicable provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act relating to management assessment of internal controls requires that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management time on compliance-related issues as we implement additional corporate governance practices and comply with reporting requirements. If we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Furthermore, investor perceptions of our company may suffer if, in the future, material weaknesses are found, and this could cause a decline in the market price of our stock. Irrespective of compliance with Section 404, any failure of our internal control over financial reporting could have a material adverse effect on our stated operating results and harm our reputation. If we are unable to implement and maintain internal controls effectively or efficiently, it could harm our operations, financial reporting or financial results and could result in an adverse opinion on internal control from our independent registered public accounting firm.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our stock adversely, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. The analysts who cover us have from time to time in the past changed their recommendation regarding our stock adversely, and provided more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, which has in the past caused our stock price to decline. Any of these analysts could do so again, which could cause our stock price to decline again. Additionally, from time to time, analysts who cover us have ceased coverage of our company, and if any further analysts who cover us were to cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control could damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could impact consumer spending.

Our corporate headquarters, many of our employees and many of our essential business operations are located in the Los Angeles area, near major geologic faults that have experienced earthquakes in the past. An earthquake or other natural disaster or power shortage or outage could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, if any of our facilities or the facilities of our third-party service providers, dealers or partners is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, wildfires, power shortages, floods, public health crises (such as pandemics and epidemics), political crises (such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict) or other events outside our control, including a cyberattack, our critical business or IT systems could be destroyed or disrupted and our ability to conduct normal business operations and our revenues and operating results could be adversely affected. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact consumer spending in the impacted regions or, depending upon the severity, globally, which could adversely impact our operating results.

We may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances. If capital is not available to us, our operating results, business and financial condition may be harmed.

Since our founding, we have raised substantial equity and debt financing to support the growth of our business. Because we intend to continue to make investments to support the growth of our business, we may require additional capital to pursue our business objectives and respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances, including to develop new products or services or further improve existing products and services, enhance our operating infrastructure and acquire complementary businesses and technologies. Accordingly, we may need to engage in further equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. However, additional funds may not be available when we need them, on terms that are acceptable to us or at all. In addition, our current revolving credit facility contains restrictive covenants relating to our capital raising activities and other financial and operational matters, and any debt financing that we secure in the future could involve further restrictive covenants which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and pursue business opportunities. Volatility in the credit markets, including increased volatility due to the economic disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic, may also have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain debt financing.

If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to pursue our business objectives and to respond to business opportunities, challenges or unforeseen circumstances could be significantly limited, and our business, operating results, financial condition and prospects could be adversely affected.

You may experience future dilution as a result of future equity offerings.

If we raise additional funds through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of the securities will result in dilution to our stockholders. We may sell shares or other securities in any other offering at a price per share that is less than the price per share paid by investors in the past, and investors purchasing shares or other securities in the future could have rights superior to existing stockholders. The price per share at which we sell additional shares of our common stock, or securities convertible or exchangeable into common stock, in future transactions may be higher or lower than the price per share paid in the past. In addition, if we were to issue securities in connection with our acquisition of complementary businesses, products or technologies, our stockholders would also experience dilution.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a)Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

(b)Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

Share repurchase activity during the three months ended June 30, 2022 was as follows:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1, 2022 — April 30, 2022	2,631,703	$3.80	2,631,703	$54,477,081
May 1, 2022 — May 31, 2022	1,099,712	$3.66	1,099,712	$50,454,521
June 1, 2022 — June 30, 2022	—	N/A	—	$50,454,521

On August 6, 2020, the Company issued a press release announcing that its Board of Directors (the “Board”) had authorized a share repurchase program of up to $75 million to allow for the repurchase of the Company’s common stock, with such authorization effective until September 30, 2022. In May 2021, the Board increased the authorization of the share repurchase program by an additional $75 million, bringing the total authorization to $150 million. In July 2022, the Board extended the expiration of the repurchase program to September 30, 2024 without increasing the total dollar amount authorized for repurchases. The Company’s share repurchase program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any dollar amount of its shares.

Item 6. Exhibits

The documents listed below are incorporated by reference or are filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in each case as indicated therein (numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).

Exhibit
Number

Description

Incorporated by
Reference From Form

Incorporated
by Reference
from Exhibit
Number

Date Filed

3.1

Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant.

10-Q

3.1

August 7, 2020

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant.

S-1/A File No. 333-195036

3.4

May 5, 2014

10.1#

Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

Filed herewith

10.2#

Form of Performance-Based Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement

Filed herewith

31.1

Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Filed herewith

31.2

Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Filed herewith

32.1 (1)

Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Furnished herewith

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.

101.SCH

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

Filed herewith

101.CAL

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

Filed herewith

101.DEF

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

Filed herewith

101.LAB

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

Filed herewith

101.PRE

Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Filed herewith

104

Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XRBL with applicable taxonomy extension information contained in Exhibit 101)

Filed herewith

# Indicates a compensatory plan.

(1)This certification is deemed not filed for purpose of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

TRUECAR, INC.

Date:

August 8, 2022

By:

/s/ Michael D. Darrow

Michael D. Darrow

President & Chief Executive Officer

(Principal Executive Officer)

Date:

August 8, 2022

By:

/s/ Jantoon E. Reigersman

Jantoon E. Reigersman

Chief Financial Officer and Chief Operating Officer

(Principal Financial Officer)