UNITED BANKSHARES INC/WV - Annual Report: 2018 (Form 10-K)

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10-K

FORM 10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

[ X ] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2018

[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 002-86947

United Bankshares, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


West Virginia		55-0641179
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

300 United Center 500 Virginia Street, East Charleston, West Virginia		25301
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (304) 424-8716

Securities registered pursuant to section 12(b) of the Act:


Common Stock, $2.50 Par Value		NASDAQ Global Select Market
(Title of class)		(Name of exchange on which registered)

Securities registered pursuant to 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes [ X ] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes [ ] No [ X ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [ X ] No [ ]

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K

(Continued)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes [ X ] No [ ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:


Large accelerated filer [ X ]		Accelerated filer [ ]
Non-accelerated filer [ ]		Smaller reporting company [ ]
		Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).
Yes [ ] No [ X ]

The aggregate market value of United Bankshares, Inc. common stock, representing all of its voting stock that was held by non-affiliates on June 30, 2018, was approximately $3,615,835,714.

As of January 31, 2019, United Bankshares, Inc. had 102,104,403 shares of common stock outstanding with a par value of $2.50.

Documents Incorporated By Reference

Certain specifically designated portions of the Definitive Proxy Statement for the United Bankshares, Inc. 2019 Annual Shareholders’ Meeting to be held on May 15, 2019 are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K

(Continued)

As of the date of filing this Annual report, neither the annual shareholders’ report for the year ended December 31, 2018, nor the proxy statement for the annual United shareholders’ meeting has been mailed to shareholders.

CROSS-REFERENCE INDEX


		Page
Part I

Item 1.	BUSINESS		4
Item 1A.	RISK FACTORS		17
Item 1B.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS		26
Item 2.	PROPERTIES		27
Item 3.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS		27
Item 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES		27

Part II

Item 5.	MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON STOCK, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES		28
Item 6.	SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA		31
Item 7.	MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		32
Item 7A.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK		63
Item 8.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA		68
Item 9.	CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES		138
Item 9A.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES		138
Item 9B.	OTHER INFORMATION		138

Part III

Item 10.	DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE		139
Item 11.	EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION		139
Item 12.	SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS		139
Item 13.	CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE		139
Item 14.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES		140

Part VI

Item 15.	EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES		141

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K, PART I

Item 1.

BUSINESS

Organizational History and Subsidiaries

United Bankshares, Inc. (United) is a West Virginia corporation registered as a financial holding company pursuant to the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. United was incorporated on March 26, 1982, organized on September 9, 1982, and began conducting business on May 1, 1984 with the acquisition of three wholly-owned subsidiaries. Since its formation in 1982, United has acquired thirty-one banking institutions including its recent acquisition of Cardinal Financial Corporation, which consummated after the close of business on April 21, 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2017, United consolidated its two banking subsidiaries, merging United Bank, Inc. into United Bank. Therefore, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, United has one banking subsidiary “doing business” under the name of United Bank, operating under the laws of Virginia. United Bank offers a full range of commercial and retail banking services and products. United also owns nonbank subsidiaries which engage in other community banking services such as asset management, real property title insurance, financial planning, mortgage banking, and brokerage services.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, United and its subsidiaries had approximately 2,230 full-time equivalent employees and officers. None of these employees are represented by a collective bargaining unit and management considers employee relations to be excellent.

Web Site Address

United’s web site address is “www.ubsi-inc.com”. United makes available free of charge on its web site the annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments thereto, as soon as reasonably practicable after United files such reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The reference to United’s web site does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained in the web site and should not be considered part of this document. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Business of United

As a financial holding company, United’s present businesses are community banking and mortgage banking. As of December 31, 2018, United’s consolidated assets approximated $19.3 billion and total shareholders’ equity approximated $3.3 billion.

United is permitted to acquire other banks and bank holding companies, as well as thrift institutions. United is also permitted to engage in certain non-banking activities which are closely related to banking under the provisions of the Bank Holding Company Act and the Federal Reserve Board’s Regulation Y. Management continues to consider such opportunities as they arise, and in this regard, management from time to time makes inquiries, proposals, or expressions of interest as to potential opportunities, although no agreements or understandings to acquire other banks or bank holding companies or non-banking subsidiaries or to engage in other nonbanking activities, other than those identified herein, presently exist. See Note B—Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of United’s completed merger with Cardinal Financial Corporation.

Business of Subsidiaries

United, through its subsidiaries, engages primarily in community banking and mortgage banking offering most types of business permitted by law and regulation. Included among the banking services offered are the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, commercial, and floor plan loans; and the making of construction and real estate loans. Also offered are individual retirement accounts, safe deposit boxes, wire transfers and other standard banking products and services. As part of its lending function, United Bank offers credit card services.

United Bank maintains a trust department which acts as trustee under wills, trusts and pension and profit sharing plans, as executor and administrator of estates, and as guardian for estates of minors and incompetents, and in addition performs a variety of investment and security services. Trust services are available to customers of affiliate banks. United Bank provides services to its correspondent banks such as check clearing, safekeeping and the buying and selling of federal funds.

George Mason Mortgage, LLC (George Mason), a wholly-owned subsidiary of United Bank, is engaged in the operation of a general mortgage and agency business, including the origination and acquisition of residential real estate loans for resale and generally the activities commonly conducted by a mortgage banking company. These loans are for single-family, owner-occupied residences with either adjustable or fixed rate terms, with a variety of maturities tailored to effectively serve its markets.

United Brokerage Services, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of United Bank, is a fully-disclosed broker/dealer and a Registered Investment Advisor with the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., the Securities and Exchange Commission, and a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation. United Brokerage Services, Inc. offers a wide range of investment products as well as comprehensive financial planning and asset management services to the general public.

United Bank is a member of a network of automated teller machines known as the New York Currency Exchange (NYCE) ATM network. The NYCE is an interbank network connecting the ATMs of various financial institutions in the United States and Canada.

United through United Bank offers an Internet banking service, Smart Touch Online Banking, which allows customers to perform various transactions using a computer or tablet from any location or from a mobile device such as a smart phone or other cellular device as long as they have access to the Internet, applicable software and a secure browser. Specifically, customers can check personal account balances, receive information about transactions within their accounts, make transfers between accounts, stop payment on a check, and reorder checks. Customers may also pay bills online and can make payments to virtually any business or individual. Customers can set up recurring fixed payments, one-time future payments or a one-time immediate payment. Customers can also set up their own merchants, view and modify that merchant list, view pending transactions and view their bill payment history with approximately three (3) months of history.

United also offers an automated telephone banking system, Telebanc, which allows customers to access their personal account(s) or business account(s) information from a touch-tone telephone.

Lending Activities

United’s loan portfolio, net of unearned income, increased $410.8 million or 3.16% in 2018 due mainly to growth in residential real estate loans. The loan portfolio is comprised of commercial, real estate and consumer loans including credit card and home equity loans. Residential real estate loans increased $505.2 million or 16.86%. Consumer loans increased $250.3 million or 35.04%. Commercial, financial and agricultural loans decreased $258.9 million or 3.31% as commercial real estate loans decreased $217.5 million or 3.74% and commercial loans (not secured by real estate) decreased $41.3 million or 2.07%. Construction and land development loans decreased $94.4 million or 6.28%.

Commercial Loans

The commercial loan portfolio consists of loans to corporate borrowers primarily in small to mid-size industrial and commercial companies, as well as automobile dealers, service, retail and wholesale merchants. Collateral securing these loans includes equipment, machinery, inventory, receivables, vehicles and commercial real estate. Commercial loans are considered to contain a higher level of risk than other loan types although care is taken to minimize these risks. Numerous risk factors impact this portfolio including industry specific risks such as economy, new technology, labor rates and cyclicality, as well as customer specific factors, such as cash flow, financial structure, operating controls and asset quality. United diversifies risk within this portfolio by closely monitoring industry concentrations and portfolios to ensure that it does not exceed established lending guidelines. Diversification is intended to limit the risk of loss from any single unexpected economic event or trend. Underwriting standards require a comprehensive credit analysis and independent evaluation of virtually all larger balance commercial loans by the loan committee prior to approval.

Real Estate Loans

Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial mortgages, which generally are secured by nonresidential and multi-family residential properties. Also included in this portfolio are loans that are secured by owner-occupied real estate, but made for purposes other than the construction or purchase of real estate. Commercial real estate loans are to many of the same customers and carry similar industry risks as the commercial loan portfolio. Real estate mortgage loans to consumers are secured primarily by a first lien deed of trust. These loans are traditional one-to-four family residential mortgages. The loans generally do not exceed an 80% loan to value ratio at the loan origination date and most are at a variable rate of interest. These loans are considered to be of normal risk. Also included in the category of real estate mortgage loans are home equity loans.

As of December 31, 2018, approximately $417.7 million or 3.11% of United’s loan portfolio were real estate loans that met the regulatory definition of a high loan-to-value loan. A high loan-to-value real estate loan is defined as any loan, line of credit, or combination of credits secured by liens on or interests in real estate that equals or exceeds a certain percentage established by United’s primary regulator of the real estate’s appraised value, unless the loan has other appropriate credit support. The certain percentage varies depending on the loan type and collateral. Appropriate credit support may include mortgage insurance, readily marketable collateral, or other acceptable collateral that reduces the loan-to-value ratio below the certain percentage.

Consumer Loans

Consumer loans are secured by automobiles, boats, recreational vehicles, and other personal property. Personal loans, student loans and unsecured credit card receivables are also included as consumer loans. United monitors the risk associated with these types of loans by monitoring such factors as portfolio growth, lending policies and economic conditions. Underwriting standards are continually evaluated and modified based upon these factors.

Underwriting Standards

United’s loan underwriting guidelines and standards are updated periodically and are presented for approval by the Board of Directors of United Bank. The purpose of the standards and guidelines is to grant loans on a sound and collectible basis; to invest available funds in a safe, profitable manner; to serve the legitimate credit needs of the communities of United’s primary market area; and to ensure that all loan applicants receive fair and equal treatment in the lending process. It is the intent of the underwriting guidelines and standards to: minimize loan losses by carefully investigating the credit history of each applicant, verify the source of repayment and the ability of the applicant to repay, collateralize those loans in which collateral is deemed to be required, exercise care in the documentation of the application, review, approval, and origination process, and administer a comprehensive loan collection program.

United’s underwriting standards and practices are designed to originate both fixed and variable rate loan products in a manner which is consistent with the prudent banking practices applicable to these exposures. Typically, both fixed and variable rate loan underwriting practices incorporate conservative methodology,

including the use of stress testing for commercial loans, and other product appropriate measures designed to provide an adequate margin of safety for the full collection of both principal and interest within contractual terms. Consumer real estate secured loans are underwritten to the initial rate, and to a higher assumed rate commensurate with normal market conditions. Therefore, it is the intent of United’s underwriting standards to insure that adequate primary repayment capacity exists to address both future increases in interest rates, and fluctuations in the underlying cash flows available for repayment. Historically, and at December 31, 2018, United has not offered “teaser rate” loans, and had no loan portfolio products which were specifically designed for “sub-prime” borrowers. Management defines “sub-prime” borrowers as consumer borrowers with a credit score of less than 660.

The above guidelines are adhered to and subject to the experience, background and personal judgment of the loan officer assigned to the loan application. A loan officer may grant, with justification, a loan with variances from the underwriting guidelines and standards. However, the loan officer may not exceed his or her respective lending authority without obtaining the prior, proper approval as outlined in United’s loan policy from a superior, a regional supervisor or market president (dual approval per policy) or the Loan Committee, whichever is deemed appropriate for the nature of the variance.

Loan Concentrations

United has commercial loans, including real estate and owner-occupied, income-producing real estate and land development loans, of approximately $8.9 billion as of December 31, 2018. These loans are primarily secured by real estate located in West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, southwestern Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia. United categorizes these commercial loans by industry according to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) to monitor the portfolio for possible concentrations in one or more industries. As of the most recent fiscal year-end, United has one such industry classification that exceeded 10% of total loans. As of December 31, 2018, approximately $6.2 billion or 45.9% of United’s total loan portfolio were for the purpose of real estate development and construction. The loans were originated by United’s subsidiary banks using underwriting standards as set forth by management. United’s loan administration policies are focused on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, including commercial real estate loans, in terms of loan approval and credit quality. It is the opinion of management that these loans do not pose any unusual risks and that adequate consideration has been given to the above loans in establishing the allowance for loan losses.

United does not have a loan classification concentration in the mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction industry. As of December 31, 2018, approximately $114.8 million or less than 1% of United’s total loan portfolio were for the purpose of extracting, manufacturing and distributing oil, coal and natural gas.

Secondary Markets

United generally originates loans within the primary market area of United Bank. United may from time to time make loans to borrowers and/or on properties outside of its primary market area as an accommodation to its existing customers. In addition to offices in the primary market area of United Bank, George Mason also has offices in North Carolina and South Carolina. United does not service mortgage loans for others.

United Bank and George Mason both originate and acquire residential real estate loans for resale in the secondary market. Mortgage loan originations are generally intended to be sold in the secondary market on a best efforts or mandatory basis.

During 2018, United originated $2.0 billion of real estate loans for sale in the secondary market and sold $2.0 billion of loans designated as held for sale in the secondary market. Net gains on the sales of these loans during 2018 were $58.1 million.

The principal sources of revenue from United’s mortgage banking business are: (i) loan origination fees; (ii) gains or losses from the sale of loans; and (iii) interest earned on mortgage loans during the period that they are held by United pending sale, if any.

Investment Activities

United’s investment policy stresses the management of the investment securities portfolio, which includes both securities held to maturity and securities available for sale, to maximize return over the long-term in a manner that is consistent with good banking practices and relative safety of principal. United currently does not engage in trading account activity. The Asset/Liability Management Committee of United is responsible for the coordination and evaluation of the investment portfolio.

Sources of funds for investment activities include “core deposits”. Core deposits include certain demand deposits, savings and NOW accounts. These deposits are relatively stable and they are the lowest cost source of funds available to United. Short-term borrowings have also been a significant source of funds. These include federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and FHLB borrowings. Repurchase agreements represent funds that are generally obtained as the result of a competitive bidding process.

United’s investment portfolio is comprised of a significant amount of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Agencies and Corporations as well as mortgage-backed securities. Obligations of States and Political Subdivisions are comprised of primarily “investment grade” rated municipal securities. Interest and dividends on securities for the years of 2018, 2017, and 2016 were $61.7 million, $42.2 million, and $36.1 million, respectively. For the year of 2018, United realized net losses on sales of securities of $862 thousand. For the years of 2017 and 2016, United realized net gains on sales of securities of $5.6 million, and $313 thousand, respectively. In the year 2018, United recognized other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) charges of $1.76 million, consisting mainly of OTTI on securities United intends to sell. In the year 2017, United recognized OTTI charges of $60 thousand, consisting of OTTI on collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs). In the year 2016, United recognized OTTI charges of $33 thousand, consisting of OTTI on collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs).

Competition

United faces a high degree of competition in all of the markets it serves. United considers all of West Virginia to be included in its market area. This area includes the five largest West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA): the Parkersburg MSA, the Charleston MSA, the Huntington MSA, the Morgantown MSA and the Wheeling MSA. United serves the Ohio counties of Lawrence, Belmont, Jefferson and Washington and Fayette county in Pennsylvania primarily because of their close proximity to the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders and United banking offices located in those counties or in nearby West Virginia. United’s Virginia markets include the Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. MSA, the Winchester MSA, the Harrisonburg MSA, and the Charlottesville MSA. United considers all of the above locations to be the primary market area for the business of its banking subsidiary.

With prior regulatory approval, West Virginia and Virginia banks are permitted unlimited branch banking throughout each state. In addition, interstate acquisitions of and by West Virginia and Virginia banks and bank holding companies are permissible on a reciprocal basis, as well as reciprocal interstate acquisitions by thrift institutions. These conditions serve to intensify competition within United’s market.

As of December 31, 2018, there were 62 bank holding companies operating in the State of West Virginia registered with the Federal Reserve System and the West Virginia Board of Banking and Financial Institutions and 94 bank holding companies operating in the Commonwealth of Virginia registered with the Federal Reserve System and the Virginia State Corporation Commission. These holding companies are headquartered in various states and control banks throughout West Virginia and Virginia, which compete for business as well as for the acquisition of additional banks.

Economic Characteristics of Primary Market Area

As of December 2018, West Virginia’s seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 5.1%, the lowest seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in 2018, according to information from West Virginia’s Bureau of Employment Programs. The number of unemployed state residents declined by 200 to 40,100, the lowest

seasonally adjusted total unemployment since July 2017. Total unemployment was down 2,200 over the year. The national unemployment rate was 3.9%. The state unemployment rate of 5.1% for December 2018 was a decrease from a rate of 5.2% for the month of November 2018 and down from the rate of 5.5% for the month of December 2017. Since December 2017, total nonfarm payroll employment has increased 4,700. Employment gains included 2,200 in education and health services, 2,100 in government, 1,100 in trade, transportation, and utilities, 1,100 in construction, and 900 in leisure and hospitality. Employment declines included 1,400 in professional and business services, 1,000 in other services, 200 in information, and 100 in mining and logging. Employment was unchanged in both manufacturing and in financial activities. West Virginia’s not seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 4.8% in December 2018. West Virginia’s economy enjoyed its strongest year of growth in nearly a decade during 2017, emerging from several years of severe economic weakness. Most of the bounce back in the state’s economy is connected to the energy sector, not only from the increased production of coal and natural gas but also as a result of a massive build-out of new natural gas pipeline infrastructure throughout the state. According to the latest forecast from the West Virginia University College of Business and Economics, employment in West Virginia is estimated to increase 0.4% per year on average through 2023, compared to an expectation of 0.7% for the nation as a whole. A slightly positive growth overall in energy through 2023; this growth will be driven by the natural gas industry. Construction is expected to add jobs at the fastest rate going forward, with much of the job growth occurring early in the forecast horizon due to natural gas pipeline construction. In the middle part of the forecast horizon, construction employment growth will be driven in part by public infrastructure investments. Manufacturing is expected to add jobs at an above-average rate over the forecast horizon, in large part due gains in chemicals, automotive components, and aerospace equipment. Per capita personal income is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 1.4% over the next five years, somewhat less than the national rate. The fastest growing segment of income is non-wage income, such as Social Security benefits. While the state overall is expected to lose population in coming years, around a dozen counties are expected to add residents and several more are expected to remain generally stable. Population gains will be heavily concentrated in North-Central West Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle.

United’s Virginia banking offices are located in markets that historically have reflected low unemployment rate levels. According to information available from the Virginia Employment Commission, Virginia’s seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 2.8% as of December of 2018. The December 2018 seasonally adjusted unemployment rate for Virginia was down 0.8 percentage point from a year ago and continued to be the lowest rate since the April 2001 rate of 2.8%. The labor force, which expanded for the third consecutive month, added 4,213 for a total of 4,359,242 and set a new record high. Household employment increased by 4,953, which was the twelfth consecutive monthly increase, and at 4,236,062, set a new record high. The number of unemployed continued to drop, declining by 740 to 123,180. Virginia’s seasonally adjusted unemployment rate continues to be below the national rate of 3.9%. In December, private sector employment decreased by 1,100 jobs to 3,330,900, while public sector payrolls increased by 1,000 jobs to 700,200. Virginia’s unadjusted unemployment rate was 2.6% in December of 2018. Over 2018, seasonally adjusted total nonfarm employment increased in all ten of Virginia’s metropolitan areas. The Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News metropolitan area experienced the largest absolute job gain, up 13,700 jobs (+1.8%). Northern Virginia was ranked second, with a gain of 12,100 jobs (+0.8%), and Richmond was ranked third, with a gain of 11,100 jobs (+1.7%). The other over-the-year job gains occurred in: Roanoke (+4,100 jobs); Charlottesville (+3,200 jobs); Lynchburg and Winchester (+1,900 jobs each); Blacksburg-Christiansburg-Radford (+1,800 jobs); Staunton-Waynesboro (+1,100 jobs); and Harrisonburg (+700 jobs). Virginia’s seasonally adjusted nonfarm employment decreased by a slight 100 jobs in December to 4,031,100, after increasing the previous eleven months.

Regulation and Supervision

United, as a financial holding company, is subject to the restrictions of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and is registered pursuant to its provisions. As such, United is subject to the reporting requirements of and examination by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“Board of Governors”).

The Bank Holding Company Act prohibits the acquisition by a bank holding company of direct or indirect ownership of more than five percent of the voting shares of any bank within the United States without prior

approval of the Board of Governors. With certain exceptions, a bank holding company also is prohibited from acquiring direct or indirect ownership or control of more than five percent of the voting shares of any company which is not a bank, and from engaging directly or indirectly in business unrelated to the business of banking, or managing or controlling banks.

The Board of Governors, in its Regulation Y, permits financial holding companies to engage in preapproved non-banking activities closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks. Approval of the Board of Governors is necessary to engage in certain other non-banking activities which are not preapproved or to make acquisitions of corporations engaging in these activities. In addition, on a case-by-case basis, the Board of Governors may approve other non-banking activities. A financial holding company may also engage in financial activities, including securities underwriting and dealing, insurance agency and underwriting activities, and merchant banking activities.

As a financial holding company doing business in West Virginia, United is also subject to regulation and examination by the West Virginia Board of Banking and Financial Institutions (the West Virginia Banking Board) and must submit annual reports to the West Virginia Banking Board. Further, any acquisition application that United must submit to the Board of Governors must also be submitted to the West Virginia Banking Board for approval.

The Board of Governors has broad authority to prohibit activities of financial holding companies and their non-banking subsidiaries that represent unsafe and unsound banking practices or which constitute violations of laws or regulations. The Board of Governors also can assess civil money penalties for certain activities conducted on a knowing and reckless basis, if those activities caused a substantial loss to a depository institution. The penalties can be as high as $1 million for each day the activity continues.

United Bank, as a Virginia state member bank, is subject to supervision, examination and regulation by the Federal Reserve System, and as such, are subject to applicable provisions of the Federal Reserve Act and regulations issued thereunder. United Bank is subject to the Virginia banking statutes and regulations, and is primarily regulated by the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions. As a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”), United Bank’s deposits are insured as required by federal law. Bank regulatory authorities regularly examine revenues, loans, investments, management practices, and other aspects of United Bank. These examinations are conducted primarily to protect depositors and not shareholders. In addition to these regular examinations, United Bank must furnish to regulatory authorities quarterly reports containing full and accurate statements of its affairs.

United is also under the jurisdiction of the SEC and certain state securities commissions in regard to the offering and sale of its securities. Generally, United must file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1933, as amended, to issue additional shares of its common stock. United is also registered under and is subject to the regulatory and disclosure requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as administered by the SEC. United is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the quotation symbol “UBSI,” and is subject to the rules of the NASDAQ for listed companies.

SEC regulations require us to disclose certain types of business and financial data on a regular basis to the SEC and to our shareholders. We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports with the SEC. We prepare and file an annual report on Form 10-K with the SEC that contains detailed financial and operating information, as well as a management response to specific questions about United’s operations. SEC regulations require that our annual reports to shareholders contain certified financial statements and other specific items such as management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations. We must also file quarterly reports with the SEC on Form 10-Q that contain detailed financial and operating information for the prior quarter and we must file current reports on Form 8-K to provide the pubic with information on recent material events.

In addition to periodic reporting to the SEC, we are subject to proxy rules and tender offer rules issued by the SEC. Our officers, directors and principal shareholders (holding 10% or more of our stock) must also submit reports to the SEC regarding their holdings of our stock and any changes to such holdings, and they are subject to short-swing profit liability.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010

On July 21, 2010, President Obama signed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Dodd-Frank Act), into law. The Dodd-Frank Act significantly changes regulation of financial institutions and the financial services industry. The Dodd-Frank Act includes, among other things, provisions creating a Financial Services Oversight Council to identify emerging systemic risks and improve interagency cooperation; centralizing the responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating a new agency, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which is responsible for implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer financial laws; permanently raising the current standard maximum deposit insurance amount to $250,000; establishing strengthened capital standards for banks, and disallowing trust preferred securities as qualifying for Tier 1 capital (subject to certain grandfather provisions for existing trust preferred securities); establishing new minimum mortgage underwriting standards; granting the Federal Reserve Board the power to regulate debit card interchange fees; and implementing corporate governance changes.

On December 10, 2013, the banking agencies issued a final rule implementing Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act, commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule”. The Federal Reserve issued an order on December 18, 2014 extending the period which banking entities have to divest disallowed securities under the Volcker Rule to July 21, 2016. The Federal Reserve also announced its intention to grant an additional one year extension of the conformance period until July 21, 2017. On January 14, 2014, the banking agencies approved an interim final rule to permit banking entities to retain interests in certain collateralized debt obligations backed primarily by trust preferred securities (Trup Cdos) from the prohibitions under the Volcker Rule. During the third quarter of 2014 United sold four Trup Cdos for a net gain of $1.3 million in response to the Volcker Rule. Under the Volcker Rule, these four securities were identified by United as covered funds and were required to be divested of before July 21, 2017. United believes the remaining Trup Cdo portfolio is excluded from the scope of the Volcker Rule.

On May 24, 2018, President Trump signed into law the “Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (the EGRRCPA Act)” which provides certain limited amendments to the Dodd-Frank Act, as well as certain targeted modifications to other post-financial crisis regulatory requirements. In addition, the legislation establishes new consumer protections and amends various securities- and investment company-related requirements. The EGRRCPA Act primarily amends several other laws, including the Truth in Lending Act (TILA), Federal Credit Union Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and Securities Act of 1933. The Act is divided into six titles, which aim to: improve consumer access to mortgage credit (Title I); provide regulatory relief and protect consumer access to credit (Title II); protect the credit information of consumers, including veterans and servicemembers (Title III); tailor regulations for certain bank holding companies, including raising the threshold levels for exemption from certain prudential standards and stress testing (Title IV); encourage capital formation by reforming certain Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations (Title V); and protect student borrowers (Title VI).

Deposit Insurance

The deposits of United Bank are insured by the FDIC to the extent provided by law. Accordingly, United Bank is also subject to regulation by the FDIC. United Bank is subject to deposit insurance assessments to maintain the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) of the FDIC. The FDIC utilizes a risk-based assessment system that imposes insurance premiums based upon a risk matrix that takes into account a bank’s capital level and supervisory rating (CAMELS rating) and certain financial measures to assess an institution’s ability to withstand asset-related stress and funding-related stress. The risk matrix utilizes four risk categories which are distinguished by capital levels and supervisory ratings.

In October 2010, the FDIC adopted a new DIF restoration plan to ensure that the fund reserve ratio reaches 1.35% by September 30, 2020, as required by the Dodd-Frank Act. Under the new restoration plan, the FDIC will update its loss and income projections at least semi-annually for the fund and, if needed, will increase or decrease assessment rates, following notice-and-comment rulemaking if required.

In April 2011, the FDIC implemented rulemaking under the Dodd-Frank Act to reform the deposit insurance assessment system. The final rule redefined the assessment base used for calculating deposit insurance assessments. Specifically, the rule bases assessments on an institution’s total assets less tangible capital, as opposed to total deposits. Since the new base is larger than the prior base, the FDIC also proposed lowering assessment rates so that the rules would not significantly alter the total amount of revenue collected from the industry. The new assessment scale ranges from 2.5 basis points for the least risky institutions to 45 basis points for the riskiest.

As part of the its changes in April 2011, the FDIC established a new methodology for determining assessment rates for large and highly complex institutions, as defined in the rules. In October 2012, the FDIC announced revised changes to some of the definitions used to determine assessment rates for these large and highly complex insured depository institutions. The rule generally applies to FDIC-regulated banks with assets greater than $10 billion and took effect April 1, 2013. In the second quarter of 2018, United Bank was reclassified as a large institution for deposit insurance assessment purposes. Generally, this new classification will result in higher FDIC insurance premiums.

On September 30, 2018, the Deposit Insurance Fund Reserve Ratio reached 1.36%, exceeding the statutorily required minimum reserve ratio of 1.35% ahead of the September 30, 2020, deadline required under the Dodd-Frank Act. FDIC regulations provide for two changes to deposit insurance assessments upon reaching the minimum: (1) surcharges on insured depository institutions with total consolidated assets of $10 billion or more (large banks) ceased on December 28, 2018; and (2) small banks will receive assessment credits for the portion of their assessments that contributed to the growth in the reserve ratio from between 1.15% and 1.35%, to be applied when the reserve ratio is at or above 1.38%. United will benefit from both these changes.

United’s FDIC insurance expense totaled $11.5 million, $7.1 million, and $8.5 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Capital Requirements

As a financial holding company, United is subject to consolidated regulatory capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve Board. United Bank is also subject to the capital requirements administered by the Federal Reserve Board. On July 2, 2013, the Federal Reserve, United’s and United Bank’s primary federal regulator, published final rules (the Basel III Capital Rules) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations. The rules implement the Basel Committee’s December 2010 framework known as “Basel III” for strengthening international capital standards as well as certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The Basel III Capital Rules substantially revise the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions, including United and its banking subsidiaries, compared to the current U.S. risk-based capital rules. The Basel III Capital Rules define the components of capital and address other issues affecting the numerator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios. The Basel III Capital Rules also address risk weights and other issues affecting the denominator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios and replace the existing risk-weighting approach, which was derived from Basel I capital accords of the Basel Committee, with a more risk-sensitive approach based, in part, on the standardized approach in the Basel Committee’s 2004 “Basel II” capital accords. The Basel III Capital Rules also implement the requirements of Section 939A of the Dodd-Frank Act to remove references to credit ratings from the federal banking agencies’ rules. The Basel III Capital Rules were effective for United and United Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to a phase-in period).

The Basel III Capital Rules, among other things, (i) introduce a new capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1” (CET1), (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consist of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (iii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital and (iv) expand the scope of the deductions/adjustments from capital as compared to existing regulations.

When fully phased in on January 1, 2019, the Basel III Capital Rules will require United and United Bank to maintain (i) a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 4.5%, plus a 2.5% “capital conservation buffer” (which is added to the 4.5% CET1 ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7% upon full implementation), (ii) a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 6.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 6.0% Tier 1 capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.5% upon full implementation), (iii) a minimum ratio of Total capital (that is, Tier 1 plus Tier 2) to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.0%, plus the capital conservation buffer (which is added to the 8.0% total capital ratio as that buffer is phased in, effectively resulting in a minimum total capital ratio of 10.5% upon full implementation) and (iv) a minimum leverage ratio of 4%, calculated as the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average assets (as compared to a current minimum leverage ratio of 3% for banking organizations that either have the highest supervisory rating or have implemented the appropriate federal regulatory authority’s risk-adjusted measure for market risk).

The Basel III Capital Rules also provide for a “countercyclical capital buffer” that is applicable to only certain covered institutions and is not expected to have any current applicability to United and United Bank.

The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer (or below the combined capital conservation buffer and countercyclical capital buffer, when the latter is applied) will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the initial minimum capital ratios as of January 1, 2015 are as follows:

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4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets.

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6.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets.

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8.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets.

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4.0% Tier 1 capital to average assets.

The Basel III Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1. These include, for example, the requirement that mortgage servicing rights, deferred tax assets dependent upon future taxable income and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such categories in the aggregate exceed 15% of CET1. Under current capital standards, the effects of accumulated other comprehensive income items included in capital are excluded for the purposes of determining regulatory capital ratios. Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the effects of certain accumulated other comprehensive items are not excluded; however, non-advanced approaches banking organizations, including United and United Bank, may make a one-time permanent election to continue to exclude these items. Upon adoption on January 1, 2015, United and United Bank made this election in order to avoid significant variations in the level of capital depending upon the impact of interest rate fluctuations on the fair value of United’s securities portfolio. The Basel III Capital Rules also preclude certain hybrid securities, such as trust preferred securities, as Tier 1 capital of bank holding companies, subject to phase-out. However, because United was less than $15 billion in total consolidated assets for reporting periods prior to June 30, 2017, the Basel III Capital Rules grandfathered United’s Trust Preferred Securities as Tier 1 capital and was thus subject to a limit of 25% of Tier 1 capital elements excluding any non-qualifying capital instruments and after all regulatory capital deductions and adjustments applied to Tier 1 capital, which is substantially similar to the limit in the general risk-based capital rules.

However, with the acquisition of Cardinal on April 21, 2017, United’s total consolidated assets now exceeds $15 billion. As a result, United’s Trust Preferred Securities are no longer included in United’s Tier 1 capital but are included as a component of Tier 2 capital on a permanent basis without phase-out. This new requirement was reflected in United’s regulatory capital amounts for June 30, 2017, the first reporting period after the Cardinal acquisition.

As stated, implementation of the deductions and other adjustments to CET1 began on January 1, 2015 and will be phased-in over a 4-year period (beginning at 40% on January 1, 2015 and an additional 20% per year thereafter). The implementation of the capital conservation buffer began on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and will be phased in over a four-year period (increasing by that amount on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019).

The Basel III Capital Rules prescribe a standardized approach for risk weightings that expand the risk-weighting categories from the current four Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories. Specific changes to current rules impacting United’s determination of risk-weighted assets include, among other things:

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Applying a 150% risk weight instead of a 100% risk weight for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development and construction loans.

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Assigning a 150% risk weight to exposures (other than residential mortgage exposures) that are 90 days past due.

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Providing for a 20% credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable (currently set at 0%).

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Providing for a risk weight, generally not less than 20% with certain exceptions, for securities lending transactions based on the risk weight category of the underlying collateral securing the transaction.

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Providing for a 100% risk weight for claims on securities firms.

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Eliminating the current 50% cap on the risk weight for OTC derivatives.

In addition, the Basel III Capital Rules also provide more advantageous risk weights for derivatives and repurchase-style transactions cleared through a qualifying central counterparty and increases the scope of eligible guarantors and eligible collateral for purposes of credit risk mitigation.

The Basel III liquidity framework also requires banks and bank holding companies to measure their liquidity against specific liquidity tests. One test, referred to as the “Liquidity Coverage Ratio” (“LCR”), is designed to ensure that the banking entity maintains an adequate level of unencumbered high-quality liquid assets equal to the entity’s expected net cash outflow for a 30-day time horizon (or, if greater, 25% of its expected total cash outflow) under an acute liquidity stress scenario. The other test, referred to as the “Net Stable Funding Ratio” (“NSFR”), is designed to promote more medium- and long-term funding of the assets and activities of banking entities over a one-year time horizon. These requirements will incent banking entities to increase their holdings of U.S. Treasury securities and other sovereign debt as a component of assets and increase long-term debt as a funding source. On September 3, 2014, the federal banking agencies finalized rules implementing the LCR for advanced approaches banking organizations and a modified version of the LCR for bank holding companies with at least $50 billion in total consolidated assets that are not advanced approaches banking organizations, neither of which would apply to United or its banking subsidiaries. The federal banking agencies have not yet proposed rules to implement the NSFR.

As of December 31, 2018, United and United Bank met all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules on a fully phased-in basis if such requirements were currently effective.

The Basel III Capital Rules adopted in July of 2013 do not address the proposed Liquidity Coverage Ratio Test and Net Stable Funding Ratio Test called for by the proposed Basel III framework.

Failure to meet statutorily mandated capital guidelines or more restrictive ratios separately established for a financial institution could subject United to a variety of enforcement remedies, including issuance of a capital directive, the termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC, a prohibition on accepting or renewing brokered deposits, limitations on the rates of interest that the institution may pay on its deposits and other restrictions on its business. As described below, significant additional restrictions can be imposed on United if it would fail to meet applicable capital requirements.

Prompt Corrective Action

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (“FDICIA”) establishes a new regulatory scheme, which ties the level of supervisory intervention by bank regulatory authorities primarily to a depository institution’s capital category. Among other things, FDICIA authorizes regulatory authorities to take “prompt corrective action” with respect to depository institutions that do not meet minimum capital requirements. FDICIA establishes five capital tiers: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized and critically undercapitalized.

Effective January 1, 2015, under the Basel III Capital Rules, the current prompt corrective action requirements for an institution to be “well-capitalized” is a total risk-based capital ratio of 10% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8% or greater, a CET1 ratio of 6.5% or greater and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5 percent or greater.

United Bank was considered a “well capitalized” institution as of December 31, 2018. Well-capitalized institutions are permitted to engage in a wider range of banking activities, including among other things, the accepting of “brokered deposits,” and the offering of interest rates on deposits higher than the prevailing rate in their respective markets.

Community Reinvestment Act

The Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (“CRA”) requires depository institutions to assist in meeting the credit needs of their market areas consistent with safe and sound banking practice. Under the CRA, each depository institution is required to help meet the credit needs of its market areas by, among other things, providing credit to low- and moderate-income individuals and communities. Depository institutions are periodically examined for compliance with the CRA and are assigned ratings. Banking regulators take into account CRA ratings when considering approval of a proposed transaction. United Bank received a rating of “outstanding” in its most recent CRA examination.

Cybersecurity

In March 2015, federal regulators issued two related statements regarding cybersecurity. One statement indicates that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. The other statement indicates that a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. If United fails to observe the regulatory guidance, United could be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

In the ordinary course of business, United relies on electronic communications and information systems to conduct its operations and to store sensitive data. United employs an in-depth, layered, defensive approach that leverages people, processes and technology to manage and maintain cybersecurity controls. United employs a

variety of preventative and detective tools to monitor, block, and provide alerts regarding suspicious activity, as well as to report on any suspected advanced persistent threats. Notwithstanding the strength of its defensive measures, the threat from cyber-attacks is severe, attacks are sophisticated and increasing in volume, and attackers respond rapidly to changes in defensive measures. While to date, United and United Bank have not experienced a significant compromise, significant data loss or any material financial losses related to cybersecurity attacks, United’s systems and those of its customers and third-party service providers are under constant threat and it is possible that United could experience a significant event in the future. Risks and exposures related to cybersecurity attacks are expected to remain high for the foreseeable future due to the rapidly evolving nature and sophistication of these threats, as well as due to the expanding use of Internet banking, mobile banking and other technology-based products and services by United and its customers. See Item 1A. Risk Factors for a further discussion of risk related to cybersecurity.

Deposit Acquisition Limitation

Under West Virginia banking law, an acquisition or merger is not permitted if the resulting depository institution or its holding company, including its affiliated depository institutions, would assume additional deposits to cause it to control deposits in the State of West Virginia in excess of twenty five percent (25%) of such total amount of all deposits held by insured depository institutions in West Virginia. This limitation may be waived by the Commissioner of Banking by showing good cause.

Consumer Laws and Regulations

In addition to the banking laws and regulations discussed above, bank subsidiaries are also subject to certain consumer laws and regulations that are designed to protect consumers in transactions with banks. Among the more prominent of such laws and regulations are the Truth in Lending Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, the Truth in Savings Act, the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, the Expedited Funds Availability Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the Fair Debt Collection Act, the Right to Financial Privacy Act and the Fair Housing Act. These laws and regulations mandate certain disclosure requirements and regulate the manner in which financial institutions must deal with customers when taking deposits or making loans to such customers. United’s bank subsidiary must comply with the applicable provisions of these consumer protection laws and regulations as part of its ongoing customer relations.

As discussed above, the Dodd-Frank Act centralized responsibility for consumer financial protection by creating the CFPB, and giving it responsibility for implementing, examining and enforcing compliance with federal consumer protection laws. The CFPB has broad rulemaking, supervisory and enforcement authority over consumer financial products and services, including deposit products, residential mortgages, home-equity loans, and credit cards. The CFPB’s functions include investigating consumer complaints, rulemaking, supervising and examining banks’ consumer transactions, and enforcing rules related to consumer financial products and services. Banks with more than $10 billion in assets, such as United Bank, are subject to these federal consumer financial laws.

Incentive Compensation

The Federal Reserve Board reviews, as part of its regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations, such as United, that are not “large, complex banking organizations.” These reviews are tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements. The findings of this supervisory initiative will be included in reports of examination. Deficiencies will be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions. Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management control or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.

In June 2010, the Federal Reserve Board, OCC and FDIC issued comprehensive final guidance on incentive compensation policies intended to ensure that the incentive compensation policies of banking organizations do not undermine the safety and soundness of such organizations by encouraging excessive risk-taking. The guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization, either individually or as part of a group, is based upon the key principles that a banking organization’s incentive compensation arrangements should (i) provide incentives that do not encourage risk-taking beyond the organization’s ability to effectively identify and manage risks, (ii) be compatible with effective internal controls and risk management, and (iii) be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors.

In April and May of 2016, the Federal Reserve Board, other federal banking agencies and the SEC (the “Agencies”) jointly published proposed rulemaking designed to implement provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act prohibiting incentive compensation arrangements that would encourage inappropriate risk taking at a covered institution, which includes a bank or bank holding company with $1 billion or more of assets, such as United. The proposed rule expanded beyond the June 2010 principals based guidance and broadened the scope to include community banks. The proposed rules (i) prohibit incentive-based compensation arrangements that encourage executive officers, employees, directors or principal shareholders to expose the institution to inappropriate risks by providing excessive compensation (based on the standards for excessive compensation adopted pursuant to the FDIA) and (ii) prohibit incentive-based compensation arrangements for executive officers, employees, directors or principal shareholders that could lead to a material financial loss for the institution. The proposed rule requires covered institutions to establish policies and procedures for monitoring and evaluating their compensation practices. As of February 2019, final rules have not been adopted. If these or other regulations are adopted in a form similar to that initially proposed, they will impose limitations on the manner in which we may structure compensation for our executives.

The scope and content of the U.S. banking regulators’ policies on incentive compensation are continuing to develop. It cannot be determined at this time whether or when a final rule will be adopted and whether compliance with such a final rule will adversely affect the ability of United and United Bank to hire, retain and motivate their key employees.

Item 1A.

RISK FACTORS

United is subject to risks inherent to the Company’s business. The material risks and uncertainties that management believes affect the Company are described below. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included or incorporated by reference in this report. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties that management is not aware of or focused on or that management currently deems immaterial may also impair United’s business operations. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.

RISKS RELATING TO UNITED’S BUSINESS

Changes in economic and political conditions could adversely affect our earnings, as our borrowers’ ability to repay loans and the value of the collateral securing our loans decline.

United’s success depends, to a certain extent, upon local and national economic and political conditions, as well as governmental monetary policies. Conditions such as an economic recession, rising unemployment, changes in interest rates, money supply and other factors beyond its control may adversely affect United’s and United Bank’s asset quality, deposit levels and loan demand and, therefore, its earnings. Because United has a significant amount of real estate loans, decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral. Adverse changes in the economy may also have a negative effect on the ability of our borrowers to make timely repayments of their loans, which could have an adverse impact on our earnings. Consequently, declines in the economy in our market area could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The value of certain investment securities is volatile and future declines or other-than-temporary impairments could have a materially adverse effect on future earnings and regulatory capital.

Continued volatility in the fair value for certain investment securities, whether caused by changes in market conditions, interest rates, credit risk of the issuer, the expected yield of the security, or actual defaults in the portfolio could result in significant fluctuations in the value of the securities as well as any regulatory rulemaking such as the Volcker Rule which could exclude or limit the holdings of certain investment securities. This could have a material adverse impact on United’s accumulated other comprehensive income and shareholders’ equity depending on the direction of the fluctuations. Furthermore, future downgrades, defaults or prepayments, including the liquidation of the underlying collateral in certain securities, could result in future classifications as other-than-temporarily impaired. This could have a material impact on United’s future earnings, although the impact on shareholders’ equity will be offset by any amount already included in other comprehensive income for securities that were temporarily impaired.

There are no assurances as to adequacy of the allowance for loan losses.

United believes that its allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level appropriate to absorb any probable losses in its loan portfolio given the current information known to management.

Management establishes the allowance based upon many factors, including, but not limited to:

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historical loan loss experience;

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industry diversification of the commercial loan portfolio;

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the effect of changes in the local real estate market on collateral values;

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the amount of nonperforming loans and related collateral security;

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current economic conditions that may affect the borrower’s ability to pay and value of collateral;

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volume, growth and composition of the loan portfolio; and

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other factors management believes are relevant.

These determinations are based upon estimates that are inherently subjective, and their accuracy depends on the outcome of future events, so ultimate losses may differ from current estimates. Changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates, that are generally beyond United’s control, can affect United’s loan losses. Continuing deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of United’s control, may require an increase in the allowance for credit losses. United can provide no assurance that its allowance is sufficient to cover actual loan losses should such losses differ substantially from our current estimates.

In addition, federal and state regulators, as an integral part of their respective supervisory functions, periodically review United’s allowance for loan losses, and may require an increase in the provision for loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs, based on judgments different than those of management. Furthermore, if charge-offs in future periods exceed the allowance for loan losses, United will need additional provisions to increase the allowance for loan losses. Any increases in the allowance for loan losses will result in a decrease in net income and, possibly, capital, and may have a material adverse effect on United’s business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in interest rates may adversely affect United’s business.

United’s earnings, like most financial institutions, are significantly dependent on its net interest income. Net interest income is the difference between the interest income United earns on loans and other assets which earn interest and the interest expense incurred to fund those assets, such as on savings deposits and borrowed money.

Therefore, changes in general market interest rates, such as a change in the monetary policy of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or otherwise beyond those which are contemplated by United’s interest rate risk model and policy, could have an effect on net interest income. For more information concerning United’s interest rate risk model and policy, see the discussion under the caption “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” under Item 7A.

United is subject to credit risk.

There are risks inherent in making any loan, including risks with respect to the period of time over which the loan may be repaid, risks resulting from changes in economic and industry conditions, risks inherent in dealing with individual borrowers and risks resulting from uncertainties as to the future value of collateral. United seeks to mitigate the risk inherent in its loan portfolio by adhering to prudent loan approval practices. Although United believes that its loan approval criteria are appropriate for the various kinds of loans the Company makes, United may incur losses on loans that meet our loan approval criteria. A significant decline in general economic conditions caused by inflation or deflation, recession, unemployment, changes in government fiscal and monetary policies, acts of terrorism, or other factors beyond our control could cause our borrowers to default on their loan payments, and the collateral values securing such loans to decline and be insufficient to repay any outstanding indebtedness. In such events, we could experience significant loan losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

United’s information systems may experience an interruption or breach in security.

United relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business. In addition, as part of its business, United collects, processes and retains sensitive and confidential client and customer information. United’s facilities and systems, and those of our third party service providers, may be vulnerable to security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and/or human errors, or other similar events. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems could result in failures or disruptions in the Company’s customer relationship management, general ledger, deposit, loan and other systems. While United has policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the failure, interruption or security breach of its information systems, there can be no assurance that any such failures, interruptions or security breaches will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any failures, interruptions or security breaches of the Company’s information systems could damage United’s reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject United to additional regulatory scrutiny, or expose the Company to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on United’s financial condition and results of operations.

Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a cyber-attack, other breach of our computer systems or otherwise, could severely harm our business.

In the normal course of our business, we collect, process and retain sensitive and confidential client and customer information on our behalf and on behalf of other third parties. Despite the security measures we have in place, our facilities and systems may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks, security breaches, acts of vandalism, computer viruses, misplaced or lost data, programming and / or human errors, or other similar events.

Information security risks for financial institutions like us have increased recently in part because of new technologies, the use of the internet and telecommunications technologies (including mobile devices) to conduct financial and other business transactions and the increased sophistication and activities of organized crime, perpetrators of fraud, hackers, terrorists and others. In addition to cyber-attacks or other security breaches involving the theft of sensitive and confidential information, hackers have engaged in attacks against large financial institutions, particularly denial of service attacks, designed to disrupt key business services such as customer-facing web sites. We are not able to anticipate or implement effective preventive measures against all security breaches of these types. Although we employ detection and response mechanisms designed to contain and mitigate security incidents, early detection may be thwarted by persistent sophisticated attacks and malware designed to avoid detection.

We also face risks related to cyber-attacks and other security breaches in connection with card transactions that typically involve the transmission of sensitive information regarding our customers through various third parties. Some of these parties have in the past been the target of security breaches and cyber-attacks, and because the transactions involve third parties and environments that we do not control or secure, future security breaches or cyber-attacks affecting any of these third parties could impact us through no fault of our own, and in some cases we may have exposure and suffer losses for breaches or attacks relating to them. We also rely on numerous other third party service providers to conduct other aspects of our business operations and face similar risks relating to them. While we conduct security assessments on our higher risk third parties, we cannot be sure that their information security protocols are sufficient to withstand a cyber-attack or other security breach.

Any cyber-attack or other security breach involving the misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential customer information could severely damage our reputation, erode confidence in the security of our systems, products and services, expose us to the risk of litigation and liability, disrupt our operations and have a material adverse effect on our business.

United’s business continuity plans or data security systems could prove to be inadequate, resulting in a material interruption in, or disruption to, its business and a negative impact on results of operations.

United relies heavily on communications and information systems to conduct its business. Any failure, interruption or breach in security of these systems, whether due to severe weather, natural disasters, cyber-attack, acts of war or terrorism, criminal activity or other factors, could result in failures or disruptions in general ledger, deposit, loan, customer relationship management and other systems. While United has disaster recovery and other policies and procedures designed to prevent or limit the effect of the failure, interruption or security breach of its information systems, there can be no assurance that any such failures, interruptions or security breaches will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed. The occurrence of any failures, interruptions or security breaches of United’s information systems could damage its reputation, result in a loss of customer business, subject it to additional regulatory scrutiny or expose it to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on results of operations.

The negative economic effects caused by terrorist attacks, including cyber-attacks, potential attacks and other destabilizing events would likely contribute to the deterioration of the quality of United’s loan portfolio and could reduce its customer base, level of deposits, and demand for its financial products such as loans.

High inflation, natural disasters, acts of terrorism, including cyber-attacks, an escalation of hostilities or other international or domestic occurrences, and other factors could have a negative impact on the economy of the Mid-Atlantic regions in which United operates. An additional economic downturn in its markets would likely contribute to the deterioration of the quality of United’s loan portfolio by impacting the ability of its customers to repay loans, the value of the collateral securing loans, and may reduce the level of deposits in its bank and the stability of its deposit funding sources. An additional economic downturn could also have a significant impact on the demand for United’s products and services. The cumulative effect of these matters on United’s results of operations and financial condition would likely be adverse and material.

Loss of United’s Chief Executive Officer or other executive officers could adversely affect its business.

United’s success is dependent upon the continued service and skills of its executive officers and senior management. If United loses the services of these key personnel, it could have a negative impact on United’s business because of their skills, years of industry experience and the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel. The services of Richard M. Adams, United’s Chief Executive Officer, would be particularly difficult to replace. United and Mr. Adams are parties to an Employment Agreement providing for his continued employment by United through March 31, 2022.

United operates in a highly competitive market.

There is a risk that aggressive competition could result in United controlling a smaller share of these markets. A decline in market share could lead to a decline in net income which would have a negative impact on stockholder value.

United may be adversely affected by the soundness of other financial institutions.

Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. United has exposure to many different industries and counterparties, and routinely executes transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, or other institutional clients. Recent defaults by financial services institutions, and even rumors or questions about a financial institution or the financial services industry in general, have led to marketwide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by United or other institutions. Any such losses could adversely affect United’s financial condition or results of operations.

United is subject to extensive government regulation and supervision.

United is subject to extensive federal and state regulation, supervision and examination. Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect depositors’ funds, federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, not shareholders. These regulations affect United’s lending practices, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy, operations and growth, among other things. These regulations also impose obligations to maintain appropriate policies, procedures and controls, among other things, to detect, prevent and report money laundering and terrorist financing and to verify the identities of United’s customers. Congress and federal regulatory agencies continually review banking laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. The Dodd-Frank Act, enacted in July 2010, instituted major changes to the banking and financial institutions regulatory regimes. Other changes to statutes, regulations or regulatory policies, including changes in interpretation or implementation of statutes, regulations or policies, could affect United in substantial and unpredictable ways. Such changes could subject the Company to additional costs, limit the types of financial services and products United may offer and/or increase the ability of nonbanks to offer competing financial services and products, among other things. United expends substantial effort and incurs costs to improve its systems, audit capabilities, staffing and training in order to satisfy regulatory requirements, but the regulatory authorities may determine that such efforts are insufficient. Failure to comply with relevant laws, regulations or policies could result in sanctions by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties and/or reputation damage, which could have a material adverse effect on United’s business, financial condition and results of operations. While the Company has policies and procedures designed to prevent any such violations, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur.

In the normal course of business, United and its subsidiaries are routinely subject to examinations and challenges from federal and state tax authorities regarding the amount of taxes due in connection with investments that the Company has made and the businesses in which United has engaged. Recently, federal and state taxing authorities have become increasingly aggressive in challenging tax positions taken by financial institutions. These tax positions may relate to tax compliance, sales and use, franchise, gross receipts, payroll, property and income tax issues, including tax base, apportionment and tax credit planning. The challenges made by tax authorities may result in adjustments to the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions or the allocation of income among tax jurisdictions. If any such challenges are made and are not resolved in the Company’s favor, they could have a material adverse effect on United’s financial condition and results of operations.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) may reshape the consumer financial laws through rulemaking and enforcement of the prohibitions against unfair, deceptive and abusive business practices. Compliance with any such change may impact the business operations of depository institutions offering consumer financial products or services, including United Bank.

The CFPB has broad rulemaking authority to administer and carry out the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act with respect to financial institutions that offer covered financial products and services to consumers. The CFPB has also been directed to write rules identifying practices or acts that are unfair, deceptive or abusive in connection with any transaction with a consumer for a consumer financial product or service, or the offering of a consumer financial product or service. The concept of what may be considered to be an “abusive” practice is relatively new under the law. Moreover, United Bank is supervised and examined by the CFPB for compliance with the CFPB’s regulations and policies. The costs and limitations related to this additional regulatory reporting regimen have yet to be fully determined, although they may be material and the limitations and restrictions that will be placed upon United Bank with respect to its consumer product offering and services may produce significant, material effects on United Bank (and United’s) profitability.

United may elect or be compelled to seek additional capital in the future, but capital may not be available when it is needed.

United is required by federal and state regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support the Company’s operations. In addition, United may elect to raise additional capital to support the Company’s business or to finance acquisitions, if any, or United may otherwise elect to raise additional capital. In that regard, a number of financial institutions have recently raised considerable amounts of capital as a result of deterioration in their results of operations and financial condition arising from the turmoil in the mortgage loan market, deteriorating economic conditions, declines in real estate values and other factors, which may diminish United’s ability to raise additional capital.

United’s ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets, economic conditions and a number of other factors, many of which are outside the Company’s control, and on United’s financial performance. Accordingly, United cannot be assured of its ability to raise additional capital if needed or on terms acceptable to the Company. If United cannot raise additional capital when needed, it may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

United is subject to higher regulatory capital requirements and failure to comply with these standards may impact dividend payments, equity repurchases and executive compensation.

On July 2, 2013, the Federal Reserve published final rules that substantially amend the regulatory risk-based capital rules applicable to United and United Bank. The rules implement the “Basel III” regulatory capital reforms and changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act, or the Basel III Capital Rules. The new rules were effective for United and United Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to a phase-in period for certain of the new rules).

The Basel III Capital Rules, among other things, (i) introduce a capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1”, or CET1, (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 Capital” instruments meeting specified requirements, (iii) define CET1 narrowly by requiring that most deductions/ adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital and (iv) expand the scope of the deductions/adjustments from capital as compared to existing regulations, and particularly as applied to CET1.

Under the Basel III Capital Rules, the initial minimum capital and leverage ratios as of January 1, 2015 are as follows:

•

4.5% CET1 to risk-weighted assets.

•

6.0% Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets.

•

8.0% Total capital to risk-weighted assets.

•

4.0% Tier 1 capital to average assets.

In addition to raising minimum capital and leverage ratios, the Basel III Capital Rules also establish a capital conservation buffer that is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. The capital conservation buffer will be phased in from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2019 in equal annual installments, and when fully implemented the capital conservation buffer will effectively add 2.5% to each of the minimum capital ratios. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.

With respect to United’s banking subsidiary, United Bank, the Basel III Capital Rules also revise the “prompt corrective action” regulations pursuant to Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, by (i) introducing a CET1 ratio requirement at each level (other than critically undercapitalized), with the required CET1 ratio being 6.5% for well-capitalized status; (ii) increasing the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio requirement for each category, with the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio for well-capitalized status being 8% (as compared to the current 6%); and (iii) eliminating the current provision that provides that a bank with a composite supervisory rating of 1 may have a 3% leverage ratio and still be adequately capitalized. The Basel III Capital Rules do not change the total risk-based capital requirement for any “prompt corrective action” category.

The Basel III Capital Rules prescribe a standardized approach for risk weightings that expand the risk-weighting categories from the current four Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories. In particular, the Basel III Capital Rules increase risk weights that apply to past-due exposures and high volatility commercial real estate loans.

The Basel III changes have resulted in generally higher minimum capital ratios that require United and its subsidiaries to maintain capital buffers above minimum requirements to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and executive bonus payments. In addition, the application of more stringent capital requirements for United could, among other things, result in lower returns on invested capital, require the raising of additional capital and result in additional regulatory actions if United were to be unable to comply with such requirements. Implementation of changes to asset risk weightings for risk based capital calculations, items included or deducted in calculating regulatory capital and/or additional capital conservation buffers could result in management modifying its business strategy and could limit United’s ability to make distributions, including paying dividends.

In addition, in the current economic and regulatory environment, regulators of banks and bank holding companies have become more likely to impose capital requirements on bank holding companies and banks that are more stringent than those required by applicable existing regulations.

Failure to maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in the future could impair United’s ability to accurately and timely report its financial results or prevent fraud, resulting in loss of investor confidence and adversely affecting United’s business and stock price.

Effective internal controls over financial reporting are necessary to provide reliable financial reports and prevent fraud. Management believes that United’s internal controls over financial reporting are currently effective. Management will continually review and analyze the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting for Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404 compliance. Any failure to maintain, in the future, an effective internal control environment could impact United’s ability to report its financial results on an accurate and timely basis, which could result in regulatory actions, loss of investor confidence, and adversely impact United’s business and stock price.

United could face unanticipated environmental liabilities or costs related to real property owned or acquired through foreclosure. Compliance with federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations, including those related to investigation and clean-up of contaminated sites, could have a negative effect on expenses and results of operations.

A significant portion of United’s loan portfolio is secured by real property. During the ordinary course of business, United may foreclose on and take title to properties securing certain loans. In doing so, there is a risk that hazardous or toxic substances could be found on these properties. If hazardous or toxic substances are found, United may be liable for remediation costs, as well as for personal injury and property damage. Environmental laws may require United to incur substantial expenses and may materially reduce the affected property’s value or limit United’s ability to use or sell the affected property. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase exposure to environmental liability. Although United has policies and procedures to perform an environmental review before initiating any foreclosure action on real property, these reviews may not be sufficient to detect all potential environmental hazards. The remediation costs and any other financial liabilities associated with an environmental hazard could have a material adverse effect on results of operations.

United’s earnings are significantly affected by the fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government and its agencies.

The policies of the Federal Reserve impact United significantly. The Federal Reserve regulates the supply of money and credit in the United States. Its policies directly and indirectly influence the rate of interest earned on loans and paid on borrowings and interest-bearing deposits and can also affect the value of financial instruments we hold. Those policies determine to a significant extent our cost of funds for lending and investing. Changes in those policies are beyond our control and are difficult to predict. Federal Reserve policies can also affect our borrowers, potentially increasing the risk that they may fail to repay their loans. For example, a tightening of the money supply by the Federal Reserve could reduce the demand for a borrower’s products and services. This could adversely affect the borrower’s earnings and ability to repay its loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

New accounting or tax pronouncements or interpretations may be issued by the accounting profession, regulators or other government bodies which could change existing accounting methods. Changes in accounting methods could negatively impact United’s results of operations and financial condition.

Current accounting and tax rules, standards, policies and interpretations influence the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. These laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time. Events that may not have a direct impact on United, such as the bankruptcy of major U.S. companies, have resulted in legislators, regulators and authoritative bodies, such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC, the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and various taxing authorities, responding by adopting and/or proposing substantive revision to laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations. New accounting pronouncements and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future. A change in accounting standards may adversely affect reported financial condition and results of operations.

United’s vendors could fail to fulfill their contractual obligations, resulting in a material interruption in, or disruption to, its business and a negative impact on results of operations.

United is dependent upon third parties for certain information system, data management and processing services and to provide key components of its business infrastructure. United has entered into subcontracts for the supply of current and future services, such as data processing, mortgage loan processing and servicing, and certain property management functions. These services must be available on a continuous and timely basis and be in compliance with any regulatory requirements. Failure to do so could substantially harm United’s business.

United often purchases services from vendors under agreements that typically can be terminated on a periodic basis. There can be no assurance, however, that vendors will be able to meet their obligations under these agreements or that United will be able to compel them to do so. Risks of relying on vendors include the following:

•

If an existing agreement expires or a certain service is discontinued by a vendor, then United may not be able to continue to offer its customers the same breadth of products and its operating results would likely suffer unless it is able to find an alternate supply of a similar service.

•

Agreements United may negotiate in the future may commit it to certain minimum spending obligations. It is possible United will not be able to create the market demand to meet such obligations.

•

If market demand for United’s products increases suddenly, its current vendors might not be able to fulfill United’s commercial needs, which would require it to seek new arrangements or new sources of supply, and may result in substantial delays in meeting market demand.

•

United may not be able to control or adequately monitor the quality of services it receives from its vendors. Poor quality services could damage United’s reputation with its customers.

In addition, these third party service providers are sources of operational and informational security risk to United, including risks associated with operational errors, information system interruptions or breaches, and unauthorized disclosures of sensitive or confidential client or customer information. If third party service providers encounter any of these issues, or if United has difficulty communicating with them, United could be exposed to disruption of operations, loss of service or connectivity to customers, reputational damage, and litigation risk that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or our business.

Potential problems with vendors such as those discussed above could have a significant adverse effect on United’s business, lead to higher costs and damage its reputation with its customers and, in turn, have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH UNITED’S COMMON STOCK

United’s stock price can be volatile.

Stock price volatility may make it more difficult for United shareholders to resell their common stock when they want and at prices they find attractive. United’s stock price can fluctuate significantly in response to a variety of factors, including, among other things:

•

Actual or anticipated negative variations in quarterly results of operations;

•

Negative recommendations by securities analysts;

•

Poor operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors deem comparable to United;

•

News reports relating to negative trends, concerns and other issues in the financial services industry or the economy in general;

•

Negative perceptions in the marketplace regarding United and/or its competitors;

•

New technology used, or services offered, by competitors;

•

Adverse changes in interest rates or a lending environment with prolonged low interest rates;

•

Adverse changes in the real estate market;

•

Negative economic news;

•

Failure to integrate acquisitions or realize anticipated benefits from acquisitions;

•

Adverse changes in government regulations; and

•

Geopolitical conditions such as acts or threats of terrorism or military conflicts.

General market fluctuations, industry factors and general economic and political conditions and events, such as economic slowdowns or recessions, interest rate changes or credit loss trends, could also cause United’s stock price to decrease regardless of operating results.

Dividend payments by United’s subsidiaries to United and by United to its shareholders can be restricted.

The declaration and payment of future cash dividends will depend on, among other things, United’s earnings, the general economic and regulatory climate, United’s liquidity and capital requirements, and other factors deemed relevant by United’s board of directors. Federal Reserve Board policy limits the payment of cash dividends by bank holding companies, without regulatory approval, and requires that a holding company serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiaries.

United’s principal source of funds to pay dividends on its common stock is cash dividends from its subsidiaries. The payment of these dividends by its subsidiaries is also restricted by federal and state banking laws and regulations. As of December 31, 2018, approximately $179.1 million was available for dividend payments from United Bank to United without regulatory approval.

An investment in United common stock is not an insured deposit.

United common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity. Investment in United common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described in this section and elsewhere in this prospectus and joint proxy statement and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company. As a result, someone who acquires United common stock, could lose some or all of their investment.

Certain banking laws may have an anti-takeover effect.

Provisions of federal banking laws, including regulatory approval requirements, could make it more difficult to be acquired by a third party, even if perceived to be beneficial to United’s shareholders. These provisions effectively inhibit a non-negotiated merger or other business combination, which could adversely affect the market price of United’s common stock.

Item 1B.

UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None

Item 2. PROPERTIES

Offices

United is headquartered in the United Center at 500 Virginia Street, East, Charleston, West Virginia. United’s executive offices are located in Parkersburg, West Virginia at Fifth and Avery Streets. United operates one hundred and thirty-nine (139) full service offices—fifty-one (51) offices located throughout West Virginia, eighty-three (83) offices in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia and the Northern Virginia, Maryland and Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, four (4) in southwestern Pennsylvania and one (1) in southeastern Ohio. United owns all of its West Virginia facilities except for two in the Charleston area and one each in areas of Beckley, Wheeling, Parkersburg, and Clarksburg, all of which are leased under operating leases. United owns most of its facilities in the Shenandoah Valley region of Virginia except for nine offices, two in Winchester, one each in Charlottesville, Front Royal, Harrisonburg, Stanardsville, Waynesboro, Weyers Cave and Woodstock, all of which are leased under operating leases. United leases all of its facilities under operating lease agreements in the Northern Virginia, Maryland and Washington, D.C. areas except for five offices, two in Arlington, one each in Alexandria, Chantilly and Vienna, Virginia, which are owned facilities. United owns all of its Pennsylvania facilities. In Ohio, United owns its one facility in Bellaire. United leases operations centers in the Charleston, West Virginia and Chantilly, Virginia areas and owns one operations center in the Morgantown, West Virginia area.

Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

United and its subsidiaries are currently involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of business. Management is vigorously pursuing all its legal and factual defenses and, after consultation with legal counsel, believes that all such litigation will be resolved with no material effect on United’s financial position.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K, PART II

Item 5.

MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Stock

As of January 31, 2019, 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $2.50 per share, were authorized for United, of which 105,250,136 were issued, including 3,145,733 shares held as treasury shares. The outstanding shares are held by approximately 6,475 shareholders of record, as well as 61,123 shareholders in street name as of January 31, 2019. The unissued portion of United’ s authorized common stock (subject to registration approval by the SEC) and the treasury shares are available for issuance as the Board of Directors determines advisable. United offers its shareholders the opportunity to invest dividends in shares of United stock through its dividend reinvestment plan. United has also established stock option plans and a stock bonus plan as incentive for certain eligible officers. In addition to the above incentive plans, United is occasionally involved in certain mergers in which additional shares could be issued and recognizes that additional shares could be issued for other appropriate purposes.

In August of 2017, United’s Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase plan, whereby United could buy up to 2,000,000 shares of its common stock in the open market. This plan was completed in 2018 and the Board of Directors approved a new plan in November of 2018 to repurchase up to 3,352,000 shares of the Company’s common stock on the open market at prevailing prices through November 7, 2019. As of December 31, 2018, United still has 2,482,000 shares available for repurchase under the plan. During 2018, 2,870,000 shares were repurchased under stock repurchase plans. During 2017, no shares were repurchased under a stock repurchase plan.

The Board of Directors believes that the availability of authorized but unissued common stock of United is of considerable value if opportunities should arise for the acquisition of other businesses through the issuance of United’s stock. Shareholders do not have preemptive rights, which allow United to issue additional authorized shares without first offering them to current shareholders.

Currently, United has only one voting class of stock issued and outstanding and all voting rights are vested in the holders of United’s common stock. On all matters subject to a vote of shareholders, the shareholders of United will be entitled to one vote for each share of common stock owned. Shareholders of United have cumulative voting rights with regard to election of directors.

United’s common stock is traded over the counter on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations System, Global Select Market (NASDAQ) under the trading symbol UBSI. The closing sale price reported for United’s common stock on February 25, 2019, the last practicable date, was $38.49.

On December 23, 2008, the shareholders of United authorized the issuance of preferred stock up to 50,000,000 shares with a par value of $1.00 per share. The authorized preferred stock may be issued by the Company’s Board of Directors in one or more series, from time to time, with each such series to consist of such number of shares and to have such voting powers, full or limited, or no voting powers, and such designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, as shall be stated in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of such series adopted by the Board of Directors. Currently, no shares of preferred stock have been issued.

The authorization of preferred stock will not have an immediate effect on the holders of the Company’s common stock. The actual effect of the issuance of any shares of preferred stock upon the rights of the holders of common stock cannot be stated until the Board of Directors determines the specific rights of any shares of preferred stock. However, the effects might include, among other things, restricting dividends on common stock, diluting the voting power of common stock, reducing the market price of common stock or impairing the liquidation rights of the common stock without further action by the shareholders. Holders of the common stock will not have preemptive rights with respect to the preferred stock.

There are no preemptive or conversion rights or, redemption or sinking fund provisions with respect to United’s stock. All of the issued and outstanding shares of United’s stock are fully paid and non-assessable.

Stock Performance Graph

The following Stock Performance Graph and related information shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the Securities and Exchange Commission, nor shall such information be incorporated by reference into any future filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended, except to the extent that United specifically incorporates it by reference into such filing.

The following graph compares United’s cumulative total shareholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) on its common stock for the five-year period ending December 31, 2018, with the cumulative total return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) of the Standard and Poor’s Midcap 400 Index and with the NASDAQ Bank Index. The cumulative total shareholder return assumes a $100 investment on December 31, 2013 in the common stock of United and each index and the cumulative return is measured as of each subsequent fiscal year-end. There is no assurance that United’s common stock performance will continue in the future with the same or similar trends as depicted in the graph.

LOGO


	Period Ending
	12/31/13		12/31/14		12/31/15		12/31/16		12/31/17		12/31/18
United Bankshares, Inc.		100.00		123.86		126.57		163.55		127.36		118.39
NASDAQ Bank Index		100.00		104.92		114.20		157.56		166.15		139.28
S&P Mid-Cap Index		100.00		109.74		107.34		129.60		150.63		133.91

Issuer Repurchases

The table below includes certain information regarding United’s purchase of its common shares during the three months ended December 31, 2018:


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1) (2)		Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans (3)		Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans (3)
10/01 – 10/31/2018		623,100	$	34.65		623,100		0
11/01 – 11/30/2018		20,005	$	35.56		20,000		3,332,000
12/01 – 12/31/2018		850,000	$	31.88		850,000		2,482,000

Total		1,493,105	$	33.09

(1)

Includes shares exchanged in connection with the exercise of stock options under United’s stock option plans. Shares are purchased pursuant to the terms of the applicable stock option plan and not pursuant to a publicly announced stock repurchase plan. For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, no shares were exchanged by participants in United’s stock option plans.

(2)

Includes shares purchased in open market transactions by United for a rabbi trust to provide payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries. For the quarter ended December 31, 2018, the following shares were purchased for the deferred compensation plan: November 2018 –5 shares at an average price of $35.83.

(3)

In November of 2018, United’s Board of Directors approved a repurchase plan to repurchase up to 3,352,000 shares of United’s common stock on the open market (the 2018 Plan). The timing, price and quantity of purchases under the plans are at the discretion of management and the plan may be discontinued, suspended or restarted at any time depending on the facts and circumstances.

Item 6.

SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

The following consolidated selected financial data is derived from United’s audited financial statements as of and for the five years ended December 31, 2018. The selected financial data should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this report.


	Five Year Summary
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Summary of Operations:
Total interest income	$	717,715		$	623,806		$	470,341		$	423,630		$	418,542
Total interest expense		129,070			74,809			45,010			39,506			42,834
Net interest income		588,645			548,997			425,331			384,124			375,708
Provision for loan losses		22,013			28,406			24,509			22,574			21,937
Other income		128,712			131,645			70,032			73,626			80,962
Other expense		368,179			367,409			248,196			231,687			239,847
Income taxes		70,823			134,246			75,575			65,530			64,998
Net income		256,342			150,581			147,083			137,959			129,888
Cash dividends		141,610			131,755			98,696			89,667			88,522

Per common share:
Net income:
Basic		2.46			1.54			2.00			1.99			1.93
Diluted		2.45			1.54			1.99			1.98			1.92
Cash dividends		1.36			1.33			1.32			1.29			1.28
Book value per share		31.78			30.85			27.59			24.61			23.90

Selected Ratios:
Return on average shareholders’ equity		7.84	%		5.09	%		7.67	%		8.10	%		8.13	%
Return on average assets		1.36	%		0.85	%		1.10	%		1.12	%		1.11	%
Dividend payout ratio		55.24	%		87.50	%		67.10	%		65.00	%		68.15	%

Selected Balance Sheet Data:
Average assets	$	18,848,027		$	17,617,429		$	13,376,803		$	12,265,115		$	11,652,776
Investment securities		2,543,727			2,071,645			1,403,638			1,204,182			1,316,040
Loans held for sale		249,846			265,955			8,445			10,681			8,680
Total loans		13,422,222			13,011,421			10,341,137			9,384,080			9,104,652
Total assets		19,250,498			19,058,959			14,508,892			12,577,944			12,328,811
Total deposits		13,994,749			13,830,591			10,796,867			9,341,527			9,045,485
Long-term borrowings		1,499,103			1,363,977			1,172,026			1,015,249			1,105,314
Total liabilities		15,998,874			15,818,429			12,273,145			10,865,309			10,672,651
Shareholders’ equity		3,251,624			3,240,530			2,235,747			1,712,635			1,656,160

Item 7.

MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Congress passed the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 to encourage corporations to provide investors with information about the company’s anticipated future financial performance, goals, and strategies. The act provides a safe haven for such disclosure; in other words, protection from unwarranted litigation if actual results are not the same as management expectations.

United desires to provide its shareholders with sound information about past performance and future trends. Consequently, any forward-looking statements contained in this report, in a report incorporated by reference to this report, or made by management of United in this report, in any other reports and filings, in press releases and in oral statements, involve numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. Actual results could differ materially from those contained in or implied by United’s statements for a variety of factors including, but not limited to: changes in economic conditions; business conditions in the banking industry; movements in interest rates; competitive pressures on product pricing and services; success and timing of business strategies; the nature and extent of governmental actions and reforms; and rapidly changing technology and evolving banking industry standards.

The discussion in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” lists some of the factors that could cause United’s actual results to vary materially from those expressed or implied by any forward-looking statements, and such discussion is incorporated into this discussion by reference.

ACQUISITIONS

On April 21, 2017, United acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Cardinal Financial Corporation (“Cardinal”), headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia. The acquisition of Cardinal expands United’s existing footprint in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Statistical Area (“MSA”). Cardinal also operated George Mason Mortgage, LLC (“George Mason”), a residential mortgage lending company based in Fairfax, Virginia with offices located in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and the District of Columbia. As a result of the merger, George Mason became an indirectly-owned subsidiary of United. The Cardinal merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. At consummation, Cardinal had assets of $4.14 billion, portfolio loans of $3.31 billion and deposits of $3.34 billion.

In addition, after the close of business on June 3, 2016, United acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Bank of Georgetown, a privately held community bank headquartered in Washington, D.C. The acquisition of Bank of Georgetown enhances United’s existing footprint in the Washington, D.C. MSA. The merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. At consummation, Bank of Georgetown had assets of approximately $1.28 billion, loans of $999.77 million, and deposits of $971.37 million.

Both the results of operations of Cardinal and Bank of Georgetown are included in the consolidated results of operations from their respective dates of acquisition. Also, United consolidated its banking subsidiaries during the fourth quarter of 2017. As a result of the Cardinal acquisition, the year of 2018 and 2017 were impacted by increased levels of average balances, income, and expense. In addition, the fourth quarter and year of 2017 included merger-related expenses of $1.78 million and $26.84 million, respectively, from the Cardinal acquisition.

INTRODUCTION

The following discussion and analysis presents the significant changes in financial condition and the results of operations of United and its subsidiaries for the periods indicated below. This discussion and the consolidated financial statements and the notes to Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of United Bankshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, unless otherwise indicated. Management has evaluated all significant events and transactions that occurred after December 31, 2018, but prior to the date these financial statements were issued, for potential recognition or disclosure required in these financial statements.

This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto, which are included elsewhere in this document.

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

This discussion and analysis contains certain financial measures that are not recognized under GAAP. Under SEC Regulation G, public companies making disclosures containing financial measures that are not in accordance with GAAP must also disclose, along with each “non-GAAP” financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure.

Generally, United has presented these non-GAAP financial measures because it believes that these measures provide meaningful additional information to assist in the evaluation of United’s results of operations or financial position. Presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures is consistent with how United’s management evaluates its performance internally and these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in the banking industry. Specifically, this discussion contains certain references to financial measures identified as tax-equivalent net interest income, the allowance for loan losses as a percentage of non-acquired loans and noninterest income excluding a net gain on the sale of bank premises, noncash, other-than-temporary impairment charges on certain investment securities and net gains and losses from sales and calls of investment securities. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures to be helpful in understanding United’s results of operations or financial position. However, this non-GAAP information should be considered supplemental in nature and not as a substitute for related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Where non-GAAP financial measures are used, the comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as reconciliation to that comparable GAAP financial measure, as well as a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure, can be found within this discussion and analysis. Investors should recognize that United’s presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures might not be comparable to similarly titled measures at other companies.

APPLICATION OF CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounting and reporting policies of United conform with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates, assumptions and judgments, which are reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors, are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from these estimates. These policies, along with the disclosures presented in the financial statement notes and in this financial review, provide information on how significant assets and liabilities are valued in the financial statements and how those values are determined. Based on the valuation techniques used and the sensitivity of financial statement amounts to the methods, assumptions, and estimates underlying those amounts, management has identified the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of investment securities and the related other-than-temporary impairment analysis, the accounting for acquired loans and the calculation of the income tax provision to be the accounting areas that require the most subjective or complex judgments, and as such could be most subject to revision as new information becomes available. The most significant accounting policies followed by United are presented in Note A, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of the probable credit losses inherent in the lending portfolio. Determining the allowance for loan losses requires management to make estimates of losses that are highly uncertain and require a high degree of judgment. At December 31, 2018, the allowance for loan losses was $76.7 million and is subject to periodic adjustment based on management’s assessment of current probable losses in the loan portfolio. Such adjustment from period to period can have a significant impact on United’s consolidated financial statements. To illustrate the potential effect on the financial statements of our estimates of the allowance for loan losses, a

10% increase in the allowance for loan losses would have required $7.7 million in additional allowance (funded by additional provision for credit losses), which would have negatively impacted the year of 2018 net income by approximately $6.0 million, after-tax or $0.06 diluted per common share. Management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and the appropriate provision for loan losses is based upon a quarterly evaluation of the loan portfolio. This evaluation is inherently subjective and requires significant estimates, including estimates related to the amounts and timing of future cash flows, value of collateral, losses on pools of homogeneous loans based on historical loss experience, and consideration of current economic trends, all of which are susceptible to constant and significant change. The allowance allocated to specific credits and loan pools grouped by similar risk characteristics is reviewed on a quarterly basis and adjusted as necessary based upon subsequent changes in circumstances. In determining the components of the allowance for loan losses, management considers the risk arising in part from, but not limited to, charge-off and delinquency trends, current economic and business conditions, lending policies and procedures, the size and risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, concentrations of credit, and other various factors. The methodology used to determine the allowance for loan losses is described in Note A, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. A discussion of the factors leading to changes in the amount of the allowance for loan losses is included in the Provision for Loan Losses section of this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A). For a discussion of concentrations of credit risk, see Item 1, under the caption of Loan Concentrations in this Form 10-K.

Investment Securities

Accounting estimates are used in the presentation of the investment portfolio and these estimates impact the presentation of United’s financial condition and results of operations. United classifies its investments in debt as either held to maturity or available for sale. Securities held to maturity are accounted for using historical costs, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts. Securities available for sale are accounted for at fair value, with the net unrealized gains and losses, net of income tax effects, presented as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. When available, fair values of securities are based on quoted prices or prices obtained from third party vendors. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that consider observable market data. Prices obtained from third party vendors that do not reflect forced liquidation or distressed sales are not adjusted by management. Where prices reflect forced liquidation or distressed sales, as is the case with United’s portfolio of trust preferred securities (Trup Cdos), management estimates fair value based on a discounted cash flow methodology using appropriately adjusted discount rates reflecting nonperformance and liquidity risks. Due to the subjective nature of this valuation process, it is possible that the actual fair values of these securities could differ from the estimated amounts, thereby affecting United’s financial position, results of operations and cash flows. The potential impact to United’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows for changes in the valuation process cannot be reasonably estimated.

If the estimated value of investments is less than the cost or amortized cost, the investment is considered impaired and management evaluates whether an event or change in circumstances has occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment. If such an event or change has occurred, management must exercise judgment to determine the nature of the potential impairment (i.e., temporary or other-than-temporary) in order to apply the appropriate accounting treatment. If United intends to sell, or is more likely than not they will be required to sell an impaired debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss, other-than-temporary impairment is recognized in earnings. The amount recognized in earnings is equal to the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If United does not intend to sell, and is not more likely than not they will be required to sell the impaired debt security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into the following: 1) the amount representing the credit loss, which is recognized in earnings, and 2) the amount related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income. For additional information on management’s consideration of investment valuation and other-than-temporary impairment, see Note C and Note U, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accounting for Acquired Loans

Loans acquired are initially recorded at their acquisition date fair values. The fair value of the acquired loans is based on the present value of the expected cash flows, including principal, interest and prepayments. Periodic principal and interest cash flows are adjusted for expected losses and prepayments, then discounted to determine the present value and summed to arrive at the estimated fair value. Fair value estimates involve assumptions and judgments as to credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, default rates, loss severity, payment speeds, collateral values and discount rate.

Acquired loans are divided into loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration, which are accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 310-30 (acquired impaired) and loans that do not meet this criteria, which are accounted for under ASC Topic 310-20 (acquired performing). Acquired impaired loans have experienced a deterioration of credit quality from origination to acquisition for which it is probable that United will be unable to collect all contractually required payments receivable, including both principal and interest. In the assessment of credit quality, numerous assumptions, interpretations and judgments must be made, based on internal and third-party credit quality information and ultimately the determination as to the probability that all contractual cash flows will not be able to be collected. This is a point in time assessment and inherently subjective due to the nature of the available information and judgment involved.

Subsequent to the acquisition date, United continues to estimate the amount and timing of cash flows expected to be collected on acquired impaired loans. Increases in expected cash flows will generally result in a recovery of any previously recorded allowance for loan losses, to the extent applicable, and/or a reclassification from the nonaccretable difference to accretable yield, which will be recognized prospectively. The present value of any decreases in expected cash flows after the acquisition date will generally result in an impairment charge recorded as a provision for loan losses, resulting in an increase to the allowance for loan losses.

For acquired performing loans, the difference between the acquisition date fair value and the contractual amounts due at the acquisition date represents the fair value adjustment. Fair value adjustments may be discounts (or premiums) to a loan’s cost basis and are accreted (or amortized) to interest income over the loan’s remaining life using the level yield method. Subsequent to the acquisition date, the methods utilized to estimate the required allowance for loan losses for these loans is similar to originated loans.

See Note B and D, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding United’s acquired loans disclosures.

Income Taxes

United’s calculation of income tax provision is inherently complex due to the various different tax laws and jurisdictions in which we operate and requires management’s use of estimates and judgments in its determination. The current income tax liability also includes income tax expense related to our uncertain tax positions as required in ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes.” Changes to the estimated accrued taxes can occur due to changes in tax rates, implementation of new business strategies, resolution of issues with taxing authorities and recently enacted statutory, judicial and regulatory guidance. These changes can be material to the Company’s operating results for any particular reporting period. The analysis of the income tax provision requires the assessments of the relative risks and merits of the appropriate tax treatment of transactions, filing positions, filing methods and taxable income calculations after considering statutes, regulations, judicial precedent and other information. United strives to keep abreast of changes in the tax laws and the issuance of regulations which may impact tax reporting and provisions for income tax expense. United is also subject to audit by federal and state authorities. Because the application of tax laws is subject to varying interpretations, results of these audits may produce indicated liabilities which differ from United’s estimates and provisions. United continually evaluates its exposure to possible tax assessments arising from audits and records its estimate of probable exposure based on current facts and circumstances. The potential impact to United’s operating results for any of the changes cannot be reasonably estimated. See Note M, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding United’s ASC Topic 740 disclosures.

Use of Fair Value Measurements

United determines the fair value of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in ASC Topic 820, whereby the fair value of certain assets and liabilities is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. ASC Topic 820

establishes a three-level hierarchy for disclosure of assets and liabilities recorded at fair value. The classification of assets and liabilities within the hierarchy is based on whether the inputs in the methodology for determining fair value are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market-based information obtained from independent sources (Level 1 or Level 2), while unobservable inputs reflect management’s estimate of market data (Level 3). For assets and liabilities that are actively traded and have quoted prices or observable market data, a minimal amount of subjectivity concerning fair value is needed. Prices and values obtained from third party vendors that do not reflect forced liquidation or distressed sales are not adjusted by management. When quoted prices or observable market data are not available, management’s judgment is necessary to estimate fair value.

At December 31, 2018, approximately 14.24% of total assets, or $2.74 billion, consisted of financial instruments recorded at fair value. Of this total, approximately 90.17% or $2.47 billion of these financial instruments used valuation methodologies involving observable market data, collectively Level 1 and Level 2 measurements, to determine fair value. Approximately 9.83% or $269.58 million of these financial instruments were valued using unobservable market information or Level 3 measurements. Most of these financial instruments valued using unobservable market information were loans held for sale at our mortgage banking segment and Trup Cdos classified as available-for-sale. At December 31, 2018, only $3.00 million or less than 1% of total liabilities were recorded at fair value. This entire amount was valued using methodologies involving observable market data. United does not believe that any changes in the unobservable inputs used to value the financial instruments mentioned above would have a material impact on United’s results of operations, liquidity, or capital resources. See Note U for additional information regarding ASC Topic 820 and its impact on United’s financial statements.

Any material effect on the financial statements related to these critical accounting areas is further discussed in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

2018 COMPARED TO 2017

United’s total assets as of December 31, 2018 were $19.25 billion, increasing $191.54 million or 1.00% from December 31, 2017. The increase was mainly due to increases of $410.80 million or 3.16% in portfolio loans and $472.08 million or 22.79% in investment securities. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $645.77 million or 38.76%, loans held for sale decreased $16.11 million or 6.06%, and other assets decreased $27.16 million or 5.61%. Total liabilities increased $180.45 million or 1.14% from year-end 2017 mainly the result of deposits increasing $164.16 million or 1.19%. Borrowings remained flat, increasing $8.87 million or less than 1% while accrued expenses and other liabilities increased $6.71 million or 4.61%. Shareholders’ equity was relatively flat from December 31, 2017, increasing $11.09 million or less than 1%.

The following discussion explains in more detail the changes in financial condition by major category.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents at December 31, 2018 decreased $645.77 million or 38.76% from year-end 2017. Of this total decrease, cash and due from banks decreased $8.86 million or 4.50% while interest-bearing deposits with other banks decreased $636.93 million or 43.37% as United used excess cash to mainly invest in securities and grow loans. Federal funds increased $14 thousand or 1.77%. During the year of 2018, net cash of $292.53 million was provided by operating activities while $871.51 million and $66.79 million were used in investing activities and financing activities, respectively. Further details related to changes in cash and cash equivalents are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Securities

Total investment securities at December 31, 2018 increased $472.08 million or 22.79% from year-end 2017. Securities available for sale increased $448.28 million or 23.73%. This change in securities available for sale reflects $442.73 million in sales, maturities and calls of securities, $917.91 million in purchases, and a decrease of $11.91 million in market value. Securities held to maturity declined $429 thousand or 2.10% from year-end 2017 due to calls and maturities of securities. Equity securities, now carried at fair value, were $9.73 million at December 31, 2018. Other investment securities increased $14.49 million or 8.92% from year-end 2017 due mainly to the purchase of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) stock.

The following is a summary of available for sale securities at December 31:


	2018		2017		2016
		(In thousands)
U.S. Treasury and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	86,285	$	114,735	$	95,247
States and political subdivisions		212,670		303,101		196,350
Mortgage-backed securities		1,611,906		1,283,933		896,472
Asset-backed securities		272,459		109,829		217
Marketable equity securities		0		9,712		12,436
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		6,176		37,856		48,558
Single issue trust preferred securities		8,754		13,417		13,363
Corporate securities		162,634		28,101		14,996

TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES, at amortized cost	$	2,360,884	$	1,900,684	$	1,277,639


TOTAL AVAILABLE FOR SALE SECURITIES, at fair value	$	2,337,039	$	1,888,756	$	1,259,214

The following is a summary of held to maturity securities at December 31:


	2018		2017		2016
		(In thousands)
U.S. Treasury and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	5,074	$	5,187	$	5,295
States and political subdivisions		5,473		5,797		8,598
Mortgage-backed securities		20		23		30
Single issue trust preferred securities		9,412		9,401		19,315
Other corporate securities		20		20		20

TOTAL HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES, at amortized cost	$	19,999	$	20,428	$	33,258


TOTAL HELD TO MATURITY SECURITIES, at fair value	$	18,655	$	20,018	$	31,178

At December 31, 2018, gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities were $29.71 million. Securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 consisted primarily of state and political subdivision securities, and agency commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities. The state and political subdivisions securities relate to securities issued by various municipalities. The agency commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities relate to commercial and residential properties and provide a guaranty of full and timely payments of principal and interest by the issuing agency.

As of December 31, 2018, United’s mortgage-backed securities had an amortized cost of $1.61 billion, with an estimated fair value of $1.59 billion. The portfolio consisted primarily of $1.05 billion in agency residential mortgage-backed securities with a fair value of $1.04 billion, $3.93 million in non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities with an estimated fair value of $4.26 million, and $560.63 million in commercial agency mortgage-backed securities with an estimated fair value of $554.60 million.

As of December 31, 2018, United’s corporate securities had an amortized cost of $459.46 million, with an estimated fair value of $455.64 million. The portfolio consisted primarily of $6.18 million in Trup Cdos with a fair value of $5.92 million and $18.17 million in single issue trust preferred securities with an estimated fair value of $16.33 million. In addition to the trust preferred securities, the Company held positions in various other corporate securities, including asset-backed securities with an amortized cost of $272.46 million and a fair value of $271.97 million and other corporate securities, with an amortized cost of $162.65 million and a fair value of $161.42 million.

The Trup Cdos consisted of pools of trust preferred securities issued by trusts related to financial institutions. During the first quarter of 2018, seven Trup Cdos were sold and one Trup Cdo was redeemed at par. During the second quarter of 2018, one additional Trup Cdo was redeemed at par. United’s Trup Cdos had a fair value of $5.92 million as of December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, all of the Trup Cdos were rated below investment grade. United’s single issue trust preferred securities had a fair value of $16.33 million as of December 31, 2018. Of the $16.33 million, $3.88 million or 23.77% were investment grade; $5.16 million or 31.58% were split rated; $2.13 million or 13.03% were below investment grade; and $5.16 million or 31.62% were unrated. The two largest exposures accounted for 71.62% of the $16.33 million. These included SunTrust Bank at $6.53 million and Emigrant Bank at $5.16 million. All single-issue trust preferred securities are currently receiving full scheduled principal and interest payments.

The following is a summary of available for sale single-issue trust preferred securities as of December 31, 2018:


Security	Moodys		S&P		Fitch		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Unrealized Loss/(Gain)
	(Dollars in thousands)
Emigrant Bank		NR		NR		WD	$	5,724	$	5,163	$	561
M&T Bank		NR		BBB-		BBB-		3,030		3,199		(169	)

							$	8,754	$	8,362	$	392

Additionally, the Company owns two single-issue trust preferred securities that are classified as held-to-maturity and include at least one rating below investment grade. These securities include SunTrust Bank (amortized cost balance of $7.43 million) and Royal Bank of Scotland (amortized cost balance of $977 thousand).

During 2018, United recognized net other-than-temporary impairment charges totaling $1.76 million. Of the $1.76 million, $1.46 million was recognized during the fourth quarter of 2018 related to securities in an unrealized loss position that were identified to be sold. Other than these securities that were identified to be sold, management does not believe that any other individual security with an unrealized loss as of December 31, 2018 is other-than-temporarily impaired. United believes the decline in value resulted from changes in market interest rates, credit spreads and liquidity, not an adverse change in the expected contractual cash flows. Based on a review of each of the securities in the investment portfolio, management concluded that it was not probable that it would be unable to realize the cost basis investment and appropriate interest payments on such securities. United has the intent and the ability to hold these securities until such time as the value recovers or the securities mature. However, United acknowledges that any impaired securities may be sold in future periods in response to significant, unanticipated changes in asset/liability management decisions, unanticipated future market movements or business plan changes.

Further information regarding the amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment securities, including remaining maturities as well as a more detailed discussion of management’s other-than-temporary impairment analysis, is presented in Note C, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loans held for sale

Loans held for sale decreased $16.11 million or 6.06% from year-end 2017 mainly due to a $27.42 million transfer from loans held for sale to portfolio loans. Loan originations for the year of 2018 were $1.99 billion while loans sales were also $1.98 billion. Loans held for sale were $249.85 million at December 31, 2018 as compared to $265.96 million at year-end 2017.

Portfolio Loans

Loans, net of unearned income, increased $410.80 million or 3.16% from year-end 2017. Since year-end 2017, residential real estate loans increased $505.22 million or 16.86% and consumer loans increased $250.27 million or 35.04%, due mainly to an increase in automobile loans. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease in commercial, financial and agricultural loans of $258.86 million or 3.31% as commercial real estate loans decreased $217.52 million or 3.74% and commercial loans (not secured by real estate) decreased $41.34 million or 2.07%. In addition, construction and land development loans decreased $94.44 million or 6.28%.

A summary of loans outstanding is as follows:


	December 31
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Commercial, financial & agricultural	$	7,553,044		$	7,811,906		$	6,088,775		$	5,426,335		$	5,353,991
Residential real estate		3,501,393			2,996,171			2,403,437			2,268,685			2,263,354
Construction & land development		1,410,468			1,504,907			1,255,738			1,273,054			1,133,251
Consumer		964,627			714,353			608,769			430,878			368,896
Less: Unearned income		(7,310	)		(15,916	)		(15,582	)		(14,872	)		(14,840	)

Total loans		13,422,222			13,011,421			10,341,137			9,384,080			9,104,652
Allowance for loan losses		(76,703	)		(76,627	)		(72,771	)		(75,726	)		(75,529	)

TOTAL LOANS, NET	$	13,345,519		$	12,934,794		$	10,268,366		$	9,308,354		$	9,029,123


Loans held for sale	$	249,846		$	265,955		$	8,445		$	10,681		$	8,680

The following table summarizes the outstanding balances of portfolio loans originated and acquired, by type, as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:


	December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Commercial, financial and agricultural		Residential real estate		Construction & land development		Consumer		Total
Originated	$	4,887,688	$	2,686,817	$	1,179,676	$	959,392	$	9,713,573
Acquired		2,665,356		814,576		230,792		5,235		3,715,959

Total gross loans	$	7,553,044	$	3,501,393	$	1,410,468	$	964,627	$	13,429,532


	December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Commercial, financial and agricultural		Residential real estate		Construction & land development		Consumer		Total
Originated	$	4,647,745	$	1,974,804	$	1,032,629	$	707,661	$	8,362,839
Acquired		3,164,161		1,021,367		472,278		6,692		4,664,498

Total gross loans	$	7,811,906	$	2,996,171	$	1,504,907	$	714,353	$	13,027,337

The following table shows the maturity of commercial, financial, and agricultural loans and real estate construction and land development loans as of December 31, 2018:


(In thousands)	Less Than One Year		One To Five Years		Over Five Years		Total
Commercial, financial & agricultural	$	1,392,338	$	2,393,738	$	3,766,968	$	7,553,044
Construction & land development		458,418		757,701		194,349		1,410,468

Total	$	1,850,756	$	3,151,439	$	3,961,317	$	8,963,512

At December 31, 2018, commercial, financial and agricultural loans and real estate construction and land development loans by maturity are as follows:


	Less Than		One to		Over
(In thousands)	One Year		Five Years		Five Years		Total
Outstanding with fixed interest rates	$	493,638	$	1,662,848	$	1,795,059	$	3,851,545
Outstanding with adjustable rates		1,357,118		1,488,591		2,166,258		5,011,967

	$	1,850,756	$	3,151,439	$	3,961,317	$	8,963,512

More information relating to loans is presented in Note D, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Assets

Other assets decreased $27.16 million or 5.61% from year-end 2017. Deferred taxes decreased $6.35 million and income tax receivable decreased $16.73 million. In addition, other real estate owned decreased $7.48 million due to sales and declines in fair value and core deposit intangibles decreased $8.04 million due to amortization. Partially offsetting these decreases were increases in bank owned life insurance policies of $4.98 million due to change in fair value and dealer reserve of $6.14 million due to an increase in automobile loans.

Deposits

Deposits represent United’s primary source of funding. Total deposits at December 31, 2018 increased $164.16 million or 1.19%. In terms of composition, interest-bearing deposits were relatively flat, increasing $42.03 million or less than 1% while noninterest-bearing deposits increased $122.13 million or 2.84% from December 31, 2017.

Noninterest-bearing deposits consists of demand deposit and noninterest bearing money market (MMDA) account balances. The $122.13 million increase in noninterest-bearing deposits was due mainly to increases in commercial noninterest-bearing deposits of $130.68 million or 3.93% and personal noninterest-bearing deposits of $20.34 million or 2.90%.

Interest-bearing deposits consists of interest-bearing checking (NOW), regular savings, interest-bearing MMDA, and time deposit account balances. Interest-bearing MMDAs increased $2.20 billion while NOW accounts decreased $1.78 billion since year-end 2017 due mainly to sweep activity of $1.61 billion from NOW accounts to interest-bearing MMDAs to reduce United’s reserve requirement at its Federal Reserve Bank. Otherwise, interest-bearing MMDAs increased $591.73 million or 15.75% as brokered MMDAs, personal MMDAs and public funds MMDAs were up $121.04 million, $224.04 million, and $41.19 million, respectively. Commercial MMDAs decreased $19.61 million. Excluding the sweep activity, NOW accounts decreased $177.38 million or 8.22% mainly due to a decrease of $170.49 million in personal NOW accounts and a $31.51 million decrease in commercial NOW accounts. Partially offsetting these decreases was an increase of $24.62 million in public funds NOW accounts.

Regular savings decreased $79.14 million or 7.65% from year-end 2017 mainly due to a $66.70 million decrease in personal savings accounts and a $12.34 million decrease in commercial savings accounts.

Time deposits under $100,000 decreased $82.82 million or 10.42% from year-end 2017. This decrease in time deposits under $100,000 is the result of decreases of $28.12 million and $33.81 million in fixed rate certificates of deposits (CDs) and Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS) balances, respectively. In addition, variable rate CDs decreased $20.80 million.

Since year-end 2017, time deposits over $100,000 decreased $210.36 million or 11.73% as CDARS balances decreased $397.21 million, which was partially offset by a $92.75 million increase in brokered deposits, a $30.99 million increase in fixed rate CDs over $100,000, and a $70.65 million increase in public funds CDs over $100,000.

The table below summarizes the changes by deposit category since year-end 2017:


	December 31		December 31
	2018		2017		$ Change			% Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Demand deposits	$	3,212,878	$	4,294,687	$	(1,081,809	)		(25.19	%)
Interest-bearing checking		374,495		2,156,974		(1,782,479	)		(82.64	%)
Regular savings		954,961		1,034,100		(79,139	)		(7.65	%)
Money market accounts		7,157,028		3,756,259		3,400,769			90.54	%
Time deposits under $100,000		712,313		795,137		(82,824	)		(10.42	%)
Time deposits over $100,000 ⁽¹⁾		1,583,074		1,793,434		(210,360	)		(11.73	%)


Total deposits	$	13,994,749	$	13,830,591	$	164,158			1.19	%

(1)

Includes time deposits of $250,000 or more of $979,707 and $790,703 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

At December 31, 2018, the scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows:


Year	Amount
(In thousands)
2019	$	1,494,211
2020		442,121
2021		172,555
2022		140,199
2023 and thereafter		46,301

TOTAL	$	2,295,387

Maturities of time certificates of deposit of $100,000 or more outstanding at December 31, 2018 are summarized as follows:


	Amount
( In thousands)
3 months or less	$	300,073
Over 3 through 6 months		429,803
Over 6 through 12 months		366,941
Over 12 months		486,257


TOTAL	$	1,583,074

The average daily amount of deposits and rates paid on such deposits is summarized for the years ended December 31:


	2018							2017							2016
			Interest							Interest							Interest
	Amount		Expense		Rate			Amount		Expense		Rate			Amount		Expense		Rate
	(Dollars in thousands)
Demand deposits	$	4,297,474	$	0		0.00	%	$	3,800,902	$	0		0.00	%	$	2,921,628	$	0		0.00	%
NOW and money market deposits		6,062,294		57,723		0.95	%		5,650,379		25,867		0.46	%		4,364,102		14,151		0.32	%
Savings deposits		1,043,348		2,161		0.21	%		992,798		2,002		0.20	%		733,233		994		0.14	%
Time deposits		2,337,368		31,623		1.35	%		2,505,711		21,857		0.87	%		1,840,790		13,980		0.76	%


TOTAL	$	13,740,484	$	91,507		0.67	%	$	12,949,790	$	49,726		0.38	%	$	9,859,753	$	29,125		0.30	%

More information relating to deposits is presented in Note I, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Borrowings

Total borrowings at December 31, 2018 remained flat from year-end 2017, increasing $8.87 million or less than 1%. During the year of 2018, short-term borrowings decreased $126.26 million or 26.44% due to a $108.43 million decrease in short-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase and a $25.00 million decrease in short-term FHLB advances. Federal funds purchased increased $7.17 million. Long-term borrowings increased $135.13 million or 9.91%

from year-end 2017 due to a $192.67 million increase in long-term FHLB advances. Partially offsetting this increase were the redemption of a trust preferred issuance (Century Trust) and the repayment of a wholesale security sold under an agreement to repurchase.

The table below summarizes the changes by borrowing category since year-end 2017:


	December 31				Amount			Percentage
	2018		2017		Change			Change
(Dollars in thousands)
Federal funds purchased	$	23,400	$	16,235	$	7,165			44.13	%
Short-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase		152,927		261,352		(108,425	)		(41.49	%)
Long-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase		0		50,000		(50,000	)		(100.00	%)
Short-term FHLB advances		175,000		200,000		(25,000	)		(12.50	%)
Long-term FHLB advances		1,264,198		1,071,531		192,667			17.98	%
Issuances of trust preferred capital securities		234,905		242,446		(7,541	)		(3.11	%)


Total borrowings	$	1,850,430	$	1,841,564	$	8,866			0.48	%

For a further discussion of borrowings see Notes J and K, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other liabilities at December 31, 2018 increased $6.71 million or 4.61% from year-end 2017. In particular, interest payable increased $4.90 million, accrued mortgage escrow liabilities increased $2.60 million, accounts payable associated with George Mason increased $4.39 million and incentives payables increased $1.25 million. Partially offsetting these increases was a $5.12 million decrease in the pension liability due to a discretionary contribution of $7.00 million to the Company’s pension plan during the first quarter of 2018.

Shareholders’ Equity

Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2018 was relatively flat from December 31, 2017, increasing $11.09 million or less than 1%.

Retained earnings increased $121.22 million or 13.59% from year-end 2017. Earnings net of dividends for the year of 2018 were $114.73 million. Amounts reclassed to retained earnings from AOCI for the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 and ASU No. 2018-02 totaled $6.49 million for the year of 2018.

Since year-end 2017, accumulated other comprehensive income decreased $14.99 million or 35.68% due mainly to a decrease of $16.23 million in the fair value of United’s available for sale investment portfolio, net of deferred income taxes partially offset by the reclass to retained earnings of $6.49 million and the reversal of $7.22 million in noncredit OTTI for securities sold in 2018. The after-tax accretion of pension costs was $3.67 million for the year of 2018 while the after-tax pension accounting adjustment at year-end 2018 resulted in a decline of $3.17 million.

During the second quarter of 2018, United began repurchasing its common stock on the open market under repurchase plans approved by United’s Board of Directors. United repurchased 2,870,000 shares in 2018 at a cost of $100.94 million or an average price per share of $34.95.

EARNINGS SUMMARY

Overview

Net income for the year 2018 was $256.34 million or $2.45 per diluted share, an increase of $105.76 million or 70.24% from $150.58 million or $1.54 per diluted share for the year of 2017. The results for the year of 2017 included additional income tax expense of $37.73 million or $0.39 per diluted share related to the estimated impact of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act). Income before income taxes for the year of 2018 was $327.17 million, an increase of $42.34 million or 14.86% from the year of 2017.

As previously mentioned, United completed its acquisition of Cardinal on April 21, 2017. The financial results of Cardinal are included in United’s results from the acquisition date. As a result of the acquisition, the year of 2018 was impacted for increased levels of average balances, income, and expense as compared to the year of 2017. In addition, the year of 2017 included merger-related expenses of $26.84 million due to the Cardinal acquisition.

United’s return on average assets for the year of 2018 was 1.36% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 7.84% as compared to 0.85% and 5.09% for the year of 2017. United’s Federal Reserve peer group’s (bank holding companies with total assets over $10 billion) most recently reported average return on assets and average return on equity were 1.23% and 10.29%, respectively, for the first nine months of 2018.

Net interest income for the year of 2018 was $588.65 million, an increase of $39.65 million or 7.22% from the prior year. The increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $93.91 million while total interest expense only increased $54.26 million from the year of 2017.

The provision for credit losses was $22.01 million for the year 2018 as compared to $28.41 million for the year of 2017. Noninterest income was $128.71 million for the year of 2018 which was a decrease of $2.93 million or 2.23% from the year of 2017. Noninterest expense was $368.18 million which was relatively flat from the year of 2017, increasing $770 thousand or less than 1%.

Income taxes for the year of 2018 was $70.82 million as compared to $134.25 million for the year of 2017. United’s effective tax rate was approximately 21.7% and 47.1% for years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to 33.9% for 2016. As previously mentioned, the year of 2017 included additional income tax expense of $37.73 million related to the estimated impact of the enactment of the Tax Act.

Business Segments

As a result of the Cardinal acquisition, United now operates in two business segments: community banking and mortgage banking. Prior to the Cardinal acquisition, United’s business activities were confined to just one reportable segment of community banking.

Community Banking

Net income attributable to the community banking segment for the year of 2018 was $266.39 million compared to net income of $168.27 million for the year of 2017.

Net interest income increased $34.49 million to $593.11 million for the year of 2018, compared to $558.62 million for the same period of 2017. Generally, net interest income for the year of 2018 increased from the year of 2017 because of the earning assets added from the Cardinal acquisition. Provision for loan losses was $22.01 million for the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to a provision of $28.41 million for the same period of 2017. Noninterest income was relatively flat for the year of 2018, increasing $668 thousand to $70.28 million as compared to $69.62 million for the year of 2017. Noninterest expense was $301.12 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, compared to $291.58 million for the same period of 2017. The increase of $9.54 million in noninterest expense was primarily attributable to increases in branches and staffing from the Cardinal acquisition.

Mortgage Banking

The mortgage banking segment reported a net loss of $2.26 million for the year of 2018 as compared to a net loss of $2.71 million for the year of 2017. Noninterest income, which consists mainly of realized and unrealized gains associated with the fair value of commitments and loans held for sale, was $68.56 million for the year of 2018 as compared to $58.53 million for the year of 2017. Noninterest expense was $72.63 million for the year of 2018 as compared to $62.07 million the year of 2017. Noninterest expense consists mainly of salaries, commissions and benefits of mortgage segment employees.

The following discussion explains in more detail the consolidated results of operations by major category.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income represents the primary component of United’s earnings. It is the difference between interest income from earning assets and interest expense incurred to fund these assets. Net interest income is impacted by changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as changes in market interest rates. Such changes, and their impact on net interest income in 2018 and 2017, are presented below.

Net interest income for the year of 2018 was $588.65 million, which was an increase of $39.65 million or 7.22% from the year of 2017. The $39.65 million increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $93.91 million while total interest expense only increased $54.26 million from the year of 2017. Generally, interest income for the year of 2018 increased from the year of 2017 because of the earning assets added from the Cardinal acquisition. The higher amount of interest expense for the year of 2018 was due mainly to the interest-bearing liabilities added from the Cardinal acquisition and higher interest rates. For the purpose of this remaining discussion, net interest income is presented on a tax-equivalent basis to provide a comparison among all types of interest earning assets. The tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of income from certain loans and investments. Although this is a non-GAAP measure, United’s management believes this measure is more widely used within the financial services industry and provides better comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. United uses this measure to monitor net interest income performance and to manage its balance sheet composition.

Tax-equivalent net interest income for the year of 2018 was $592.97 million, an increase of $35.55 million or 6.38% from the year of 2017. This increase in tax-equivalent net interest income was primarily attributable to an increase in average earning assets from the Cardinal acquisition. Average earning assets increased $1.00 billion or 6.45% from the year of 2017 as average net loans increased $874.71 million or 6.98% for the year of 2018. Average investment securities increased $590.24 million or 34.30% while short-term investments decreased $461.75 million or 35.39%. The average yield on earning assets increased 29 basis points from the year of 2017 due to higher market interest rates and additional loan accretion of $1.99 million on acquired loans. Loan accretion was $43.20 million and $41.20 million for the year of 2018 and 2017, respectively. Partially offsetting the increases to tax-equivalent net interest income for the year of 2018 was an increase of 46 basis points in the average cost of funds as compared to the year of 2017 due to higher market interest rates. In particular, the average cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 43 basis points. In addition, average interest-bearing liabilities for the year of 2018 increased $412.76 million or 3.83% due to the Cardinal acquisition. The net interest margin of 3.58% for the year of 2018 was the same as the net interest margin for the year of 2017.

United’s tax-equivalent net interest income also includes the impact of acquisition accounting fair value adjustments. The following table provides the discount/premium and net accretion impact to tax-equivalent net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.


	Year Ended
(Dollars in thousands)	December 31 2018		December 31 2017		December 31 2016
Loan Accretion	$	43,197	$	41,202	$	20,845
Certificates of deposit		1,258		2,244		111
Long-term borrowings		1,074		617		210

Total	$	45,529	$	44,063	$	21,166

The following table reconciles the difference between net interest income and tax-equivalent net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.


	Year Ended
(Dollars in thousands)	December 31 2018		December 31 2017		December 31 2016
Net interest income (GAAP)	$	588,645	$	548,997	$	425,331
Tax-equivalent adjustment (non-GAAP) ⁽¹⁾		4,328		8,429		6,121

Tax-equivalent net interest income (non-GAAP)	$	592,973	$	557,426	$	431,452

(1)

The tax-equivalent adjustment combines amounts of interest income on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for 2018 and 35% for 2017 and 2016. All interest income on loans and investment securities was subject to state income taxes.

The following table shows the consolidated daily average balance of major categories of assets and liabilities for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 with the consolidated interest and rate earned or paid on such amount. The interest income and yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 35% for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. Interest income on all loans and investment securities was subject to state taxes.


	Year Ended December 31, 2018								Year Ended December 31, 2017								Year Ended December 31, 2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Balance			Interest (1)		Avg. Rate (1)			Average Balance			Interest (1)		Avg. Rate (1)			Average Balance			Interest (1)		Avg. Rate (1)
ASSETS
Earning Assets:
Federal funds sold, securities repurchased under agreements to resell & other short-term investments	$	843,079		$	19,268		2.29	%	$	1,304,830		$	16,035		1.23	%	$	682,988		$	3,495		0.51	%
Investment Securities:
Taxable		2,080,145			56,273		2.71	%		1,486,460			36,715		2.47	%		1,173,829			32,357		2.76	%
Tax-exempt		231,009			6,904		2.99	%		234,450			8,491		3.62	%		145,763			5,771		3.96	%

Total Securities		2,311,154			63,177		2.73	%		1,720,910			45,206		2.63	%		1,319,592			38,128		2.89	%
Loans, net of unearned income (2)		13,476,416			639,598		4.75	%		12,598,295			570,994		4.53	%		9,991,696			434,839		4.35	%
Allowance for loan losses		(76,848	)							(73,434	)							(73,813	)

Net loans		13,399,568					4.77	%		12,524,861					4.56	%		9,917,883					4.38	%

Total earning assets		16,553,801		$	722,043		4.36	%		15,550,601		$	632,235		4.07	%		11,920,463		$	476,462		4.00	%

Other assets		2,294,226								2,066,828								1,456,340

TOTAL ASSETS	$	18,848,027							$	17,617,429							$	13,376,803

LIABILITIES
Interest-Bearing Funds:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	9,443,010		$	91,507		0.97	%	$	9,148,888		$	49,726		0.54	%	$	6,938,125		$	29,125		0.42	%
Short-term borrowings		224,948			2,245		1.00	%		309,794			1,579		0.51	%		409,939			1,584		0.39	%
Long-term borrowings		1,509,604			35,318		2.34	%		1,306,120			23,504		1.80	%		1,118,673			14,301		1.28	%

Total Interest-Bearing Funds		11,177,562			129,070		1.15	%		10,764,802			74,809		0.69	%		8,466,737			45,010		0.53	%

Noninterest-bearing deposits		4,297,474								3,800,902								2,921,628
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		104,047								92,432								69,551

TOTAL LIABILITIES		15,579,083								14,658,136								11,457,916
SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		3,268,944								2,959,293								1,918,887

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	18,848,027							$	17,617,429							$	13,376,803


NET INTEREST INCOME				$	592,973							$	557,426							$	431,452



INTEREST SPREAD							3.21	%							3.38	%							3.47	%

NET INTEREST MARGIN							3.58	%							3.58	%							3.62	%

(1)

The interest income and the yields on federally nontaxable loans and investment securities are presented on a tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21 % for 2018 and 35% for 2017 and 2016.

(2)

Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.

The following table sets forth a summary for the periods indicated of the changes in consolidated interest earned and interest paid detailing the amounts attributable to (i) changes in volume (change in the average volume times the prior year’s average rate), (ii) changes in rate (change in the average rate times the prior year’s average volume), and (iii) changes in rate/volume (change in the average volume times the change in average rate).


	2018 Compared to 2017												2017 Compared to 2016
	Increase (Decrease) Due to												Increase (Decrease) Due to
(In thousands)	Volume			Rate			Rate/ Volume			Total			Volume			Rate			Rate/ Volume			Total
Interest income:
Federal funds sold, securities purchased under agreements to resell and other short-term investments	$	(5,680	)	$	13,831		$	(4,918	)	$	3,233		$	3,171		$	4,918		$	4,451		$	12,540
Investment securities:
Taxable		14,664			3,568			1,326			19,558			8,629			(3,404	)		(867	)		4,358
Tax-exempt (1)		(125	)		(1,477	)		15			(1,587	)		3,512			(496	)		(296	)		2,720

Loans (1),(2)		39,887			26,302			2,415			68,604			114,186			17,852			4,117			136,155


TOTAL INTEREST INCOME		48,746			42,224			(1,162	)		89,808			129,498			18,870			7,405			155,773

Interest expense:
Interest-bearing deposits	$	1,588		$	39,340		$	853		$	41,781		$	9,285		$	8,326		$	2,990		$	20,601
Short-term borrowings		(433	)		1,518			(419	)		666			(391	)		492			(106	)		(5	)
Long-term borrowings		3,663			7,053			1,098			11,814			2,399			5,817			987			9,203


TOTAL INTEREST EXPENSE		4,818			47,911			1,532			54,261			11,293			14,635			3,871			29,799


NET INTEREST INCOME	$	43,928		$	(5,687	)	$	(2,694	)	$	35,547		$	118,205		$	4,235		$	3,534		$	125,974

(1)

Yields and interest income on federally tax-exempt loans and investment securities are computed on a fully tax-equivalent basis using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% for 2018 and 35% for 2017 and 2016.

(2)

Nonaccruing loans are included in the daily average loan amounts outstanding.

Provision for Loan Losses

At December 31, 2018, nonperforming loans were $142.82 million or 1.06% of loans, net of unearned income compared to nonperforming loans of $168.74 million or 1.30% of loans, net of unearned income at December 31, 2017. The components of nonperforming loans include: 1) nonaccrual loans, 2) loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal, but have not been put on a nonaccrual basis and 3) loans whose terms have been restructured for economic or legal reasons due to financial difficulties of the borrowers.

Loans past due 90 days or more were $14.85 million at December 31, 2018, an increase of $5.05 million or 51.50% from $9.80 million at year-end 2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in delinquencies of loans that have matured as well as a one significant relationship with delinquent payments at year-end. At December 31, 2018, nonaccrual loans were $68.54 million, a decrease of $40.26 million or 37.00% from $108.80 million at year-end 2017. This decrease was primarily due to the restructure of two large nonaccrual relationships such that they are now reported as restructured loans as well as losses recognized on several large commercial nonaccrual relationships. Restructured loans were $59.43 million at December 31, 2018, an increase of $9.30 million or 18.55% from $50.13 million at year-end 2017. Thirteen loans totaling $24.28 million were restructured during the year of 2018. Nine of the restructured loans totaling $16.99 million were associated with two oil, gas and coal industry-related relationships. The remaining difference was mainly due to repayments and charge-offs. The losses inherent on these loans has been properly evaluated and allocated within the Company’s allowance for loan losses.

Nonperforming assets include nonperforming loans and real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans (OREO). Total nonperforming assets of $159.69 million, including OREO of $16.87 million at December 31, 2018, represented 0.83% of total assets.

Management is not aware of any other significant loans or securities, groups of loans or securities, or segments of the loan or investment portfolio not included below or disclosed elsewhere herein where there are serious doubts as to the ability of the borrowers or issuers to comply with the present repayment terms of the debt. The following table summarizes nonperforming assets for the indicated periods.


	December 31
	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
	(In thousands)
Nonaccrual loans
Originated	$	57,258	$	97,971	$	77,111	$	83,146	$	64,312
Acquired		11,286		10,832		6,414		8,043		10,739
Loans which are contractually past due 90 days or more as to interest or principal, and are still accruing interest
Originated		11,945		7,288		7,763		11,462		10,868
Acquired		2,906		2,515		823		166		807
Restructured loans (1)
Originated		58,101		48,709		21,115		23,890		22,234
Acquired		1,324		1,420		37		0		0

Total nonperforming loans	$	142,820	$	168,735	$	113,263	$	126,707	$	108,960

Other real estate owned		16,865		24,348		31,510		32,228		38,778

TOTAL NONPERFORMING ASSETS	$	159,685	$	193,083	$	144,773	$	158,935	$	147,738

(1)	Restructured loans with an aggregate balance of $48.90 million, $30.87 million, and $11.11 million at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 respectively, were on nonaccrual status, but are not included in the “Nonaccrual loans” category.

Loans are designated as impaired when, in the opinion of management, the collection of principal and interest in accordance with the loan contract is doubtful. At December 31, 2018, impaired loans were $389.53 million, which was a decrease of $37.40 million or 8.76% from the $426.93 million in impaired loans at December 31, 2017. This decrease was due mainly to a reduction in the outstanding balance of acquired impaired loans. Acquired impaired loans are accounted for under ASC Subtopic 310-30. The recorded investment balance and the contractual principal balance of the acquired impaired loans were $149.74 million and $195.71 million at December 31, 2018, respectively, as compared to $210.52 million and $285.96 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. For the acquired impaired loans accounted for under ASC 310-30, the difference between the contractually required payments due and the cash flows expected to be collected, considering the impact of prepayments, is referred to as the non-accretable difference (the credit mark). The credit mark is not recognized in income. The remaining credit mark was $38.53 million and $60.15 million at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. For further details regarding impaired loans, see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

United maintains an allowance for loan losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments are referred to as the allowance for credit losses. At December 31, 2018, the allowance for credit losses was $78.09 million as compared to $77.31 million at December 31, 2017.

At December 31, 2018, the allowance for loan losses was $76.70 million as compared to $76.63 million at December 31, 2017. As a percentage of loans, net of unearned income, the allowance for loan losses was 0.57% at December 31, 2018 and 0.59% at December 31, 2017. The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans or coverage ratio was 53.71% and 45.41% at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company’s detailed methodology and analysis indicated a minimal increase in the allowance for loan losses primarily because of the offsetting factors of increased loss allocations on impaired loans, shortened loss emergence periods and changes within historical loss rates.

For the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the provision for loan losses was $22.01 million and $28.41 million, respectively. Net charge-offs were $21.94 million for the year of 2018 as compared to net charge-offs of $24.55 million for the year of 2017. These lower amounts of provision expense and net charge-offs in 2018 compared to the same periods in 2017 were due to the recognition of losses on several large commercial relationships in 2017. Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans were 0.17% and 0.20% for the year of 2018 and 2017, respectively. The reserve for lending-related commitments at December 31, 2018 was $1.39 million, an increase of $710 thousand or 104.57% from December 31, 2017. Changes to the reserve for lending-related commitments are recorded in other expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The following table summarizes United’s credit loss experience for each of the five years ended December 31:


	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
	(Dollars in thousands)
Balance of allowance for loan losses at beginning of year	$	76,627		$	72,771		$	75,726		$	75,529		$	74,198

Loans charged off:
Commercial, financial & agricultural		19,963			23,731			26,130			15,917			10,117
Residential real estate		3,162			2,973			4,597			6,411			5,027
Construction & land development		2,731			3,337			2,659			862			7,476
Consumer		2,750			2,822			2,794			2,309			2,621

TOTAL CHARGE-OFFS		28,606			32,863			36,180			25,499			25,241
Recoveries:
Commercial, financial & agricultural		4,696			6,238			7,198			1,617			2.934
Residential real estate		1,114			601			639			495			573
Construction & land development		197			726			433			511			685
Consumer		662			748			446			499			443


TOTAL RECOVERIES		6,669			8,313			8,716			3,122			4,635


NET LOANS CHARGED OFF		21,937			24,550			27,464			22,377			20,606
Provision for loan losses		22,013			28,406			24,509			22,574			21,937


BALANCE OF ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES AT END OF YEAR	$	76,703		$	76,627		$	72,771		$	75,726		$	75,529

Reserve for lending-related commitments		1,389			679			1,044			936			1,518


BALANCE OF ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AT END OF YEAR	$	78,092		$	77,306		$	73,815		$	76,662		$	77,047
BALANCE OF ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES AT END OF YEAR	$	78,092		$	77,306		$	73,815		$	76,662		$	77,047


Loans outstanding at the end of period (gross) (1)	$	13,429,532		$	13,027,337		$	10,356,719		$	9,398,952		$	9,119,492

Average loans outstanding during period (net of unearned income) (1)	$	13,258,619		$	12,399,901		$	9,983,828		$	9,117,844		$	8,715,370

Net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans outstanding		0.17	%		0.20	%		0.28	%		0.25	%		0.24	%

Allowance for loan losses, as a percentage of nonperforming loans		53.71	%		45.41	%		64.25	%		59.76	%		69.32	%

(1)

Excludes loans held for sale.

United evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses and its loan administration policies are focused upon the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio and lending-related commitments. United’s process for evaluating the allowance is a formal company-wide process that focuses on early identification of potential problem credits and procedural discipline in managing and accounting for those credits. This process determines the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses, allocation among loan types and lending-related commitments, and the resulting provision for credit losses. The provision for credit losses includes the provision for loan losses and a provision for lending-related commitments included in other expenses.

Allocations are made for specific commercial loans based upon management’s estimate of the borrowers’ ability to repay and other factors impacting collectibility. Other commercial loans not specifically reviewed on an individual basis are evaluated based on historical loss percentages applied to loan pools that have been segregated by risk. Allocations for loans other than commercial loans are made based upon historical loss experience adjusted for current environmental conditions. The allowance for credit losses includes estimated probable inherent but unidentified losses within the portfolio due to uncertainties in economic conditions, delays in obtaining information, including unfavorable information about a borrower’s financial condition, the difficulty in identifying triggering events that correlate perfectly to subsequent loss rates, and risk factors that have not yet fully manifested themselves in loss allocation factors. In addition, a portion of the allowance accounts for the inherent imprecision in the allowance for credit losses analysis.

The following table presents the allocation of United’s allowance for credit losses for each of the five years ended December 31:


	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014
	(In thousands)
Commercial, financial & agricultural	$	53,323	$	56,959	$	45,243	$	40,274	$	39,139
Residential real estate		12,448		9,927		13,770		15,148		13,835
Construction & land development		7,992		7,187		10,606		18,205		19,402
Consumer		2,695		2,481		2,805		1,995		3,083
Allowance for estimated imprecision		245		73		347		104		70

Allowance for loan losses	$	76,703	$	76,627	$	72,771	$	75,726	$	75,529
Reserve for lending-related commitments		1,389		679		1,044		936		1,518

Allowance for credit losses	$	78,092	$	77,306	$	73,815	$	76,662	$	77,047

The following is a summary of loans outstanding as a percent of total loans at December 31:


	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Commercial, financial & agricultural		56.27	%		60.04	%		58.88	%		57.82	%		58.80	%
Residential real estate		26.09	%		23.03	%		23.24	%		24.18	%		24.86	%
Construction & land development		10.51	%		11.56	%		12.14	%		13.57	%		12.45	%
Consumer		7.13	%		5.37	%		5.74	%		4.43	%		3.89	%

Total		100.00	%		100.00	%		100.00	%		100.00	%		100.00	%

United’s company-wide review of the allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2018 produced increased allocations in three of the four loan categories. The residential real estate allocation increased $2.52 million primarily due to an increase in allocations recognized for impaired loans. The allocation related to the real estate construction and development loan pool increased $805 thousand due to an increase in allocations recognized for impaired loans. The consumer loan pool experienced a minimal increase of $213 thousand due to an increase in outstanding loan balances. Offsetting these increases was a decrease in the commercial, financial & agricultural loan pool allocation of $3.64 million primarily due to a decrease in historical loss rates and shortened loss emergence periods. In summary, the overall level of the allowance for loan losses was relatively stable in comparison to year-end 2017 as a result of offsetting factors within the portfolio as described above.

An allowance is established for probable credit losses on impaired loans via specific allocations. Nonperforming commercial loans and leases are regularly reviewed to identify impairment. A loan or lease is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts contractually due. Measuring impairment of a loan requires judgment and estimates, and the eventual outcomes may differ from those estimates. Impairment is measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows from the loan discounted at the loan’s effective rate, the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When the selected measure is less than the recorded investment in the loan, an impairment has occurred. The allowance for impaired loans was $28.36 million at December 31, 2018 and $22.35 million at December 31, 2017. In comparison to the prior year-end, this element of the allowance increased by $6.01 million primarily due to increased specific allocations for real estate construction and development loans as well as residential real estate loans.

Management believes that the allowance for credit losses of $78.09 million at December 31, 2018 is adequate to provide for probable losses on existing loans and lending-related commitments based on information currently available. United’s loan administration policies are focused on the risk characteristics of the loan portfolio in terms of loan approval and credit quality. The commercial loan portfolio is monitored for possible concentrations of credit in one or more industries. Management has lending limits as a percentage of capital per type of credit concentration in an effort to ensure adequate diversification within the portfolio. Most of United’s commercial loans are secured by real estate located in West Virginia, southeastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia. It is the opinion of management that these commercial loans do not pose any unusual risks and that adequate consideration has been given to these loans in establishing the allowance for credit losses.

Management is not aware of any potential problem loans, trends or uncertainties, which it reasonably expects, will materially impact future operating results, liquidity, or capital resources which have not been disclosed. Additionally, management has disclosed all known material credits, which cause management to have serious doubts as to the ability of such borrowers to comply with the loan repayment schedules.

Other Income

Other income consists of all revenues, which are not included in interest and fee income related to earning assets. Noninterest income has been and will continue to be an important factor for improving United’s profitability. Recognizing the importance, management continues to evaluate areas where noninterest income can be enhanced.

Noninterest income for the year of 2018 was $128.71 million, which was a decrease of $2.93 million or 2.23% from the year of 2017. The decline was due mainly to a decline in net gains on investment securities’ activity of $8.20 million.

United recognized a net loss of $2.62 million on investment securities’ activity in 2018 as compared to a net gain of $5.58 million in 2017. In particular, United recognized a net loss of $862 thousand on the sales, calls and redemption of investment securities for the year of 2018 as compared to a net gain of $5.64 million for the year of 2017 which included a net gain of $3.77 million on the redemption of an investment security during the first quarter of 2017. In addition, United recognized other-than-temporary (OTTI) of $1.76 million for the year of 2018 as compared to OTTI of $60 thousand for the year of 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2018, United recognized OTTI of $1.46 million on investment securities that the Company intends to sell.

Income from mortgage banking activities totaled $58.11 million for the year of 2018 compared to $58.91 million for the year of 2017. The decrease of $798 thousand or 1.35% for the year of 2018 was mainly due to decreased production and sales of mortgage loans in the secondary market by United’s mortgage banking subsidiary, George Mason. Mortgage loan sales were $1.98 billion in the year of 2018 as compared to $2.40 billion in the year of 2017. Mortgage loans originated for sale were $1.99 billion for the year of 2018 as compared to $2.37 billion for the year of 2017. However, George Mason did originate approximately $680 million of portfolio mortgage loan products for United Bank during the year of 2018.

Fees from trust services for the year of 2018 were $12.93 million, an increase of $1.13 million or 9.57% from the year of 2017. The increase was due to an increase in the value of managed assets.

Fees from brokerage services for the year of 2018 were $9.35 million, an increase of $1.62 million or 20.92% from the year of 2017 due to increased volume.

In addition, United recognized a net gain of $2.76 million in the year of 2018 on the sale of bank premises.

Other Expense

Just as management continues to evaluate areas where noninterest income can be enhanced, it strives to improve the efficiency of its operations to reduce costs. Other expense includes all items of expense other than interest expense, the provision for credit losses and income tax expense. Noninterest expense for the year of 2018 was $368.18 million, which was relatively flat from the year of 2017, increasing $770 thousand or less than 1%.

Employee compensation for the year of 2018 decreased $1.93 million or 1.16% from the year of 2017. Merger severance charges of $12.78 million from the Cardinal acquisition were included in the year of 2017. Otherwise, base salaries for the year of 2018 increased $9.96 million or 9.16% from the same time period in 2017 due mainly to additional employees from the Cardinal acquisition. The remainder of the increase in employee compensation for the year of 2018 was due mainly to higher employee incentives expense.

Employee benefits expense for the year of 2018 increased $1.18 million or 3.36% as compared to the year of 2017. Expense related to United’s Stock and Investment Plan increased $1.28 million due to additional employees from the Cardinal acquisition. Pension expense decreased $563 thousand. United uses certain valuation methodologies to measure the fair value of the assets within United’s pension plan which are presented in Note N, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The funded status of United’s pension plan is based upon the fair value of the plan assets compared to the projected benefit obligation. The determination of the projected benefit obligation and the associated periodic benefit expense involves significant judgment and estimation of future employee compensation levels, the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. If United assumes a 1% increase or decrease in the estimation of future employee compensation levels while keeping all other assumptions constant, the benefit cost associated with the pension plan would increase by approximately $803 thousand and decrease by approximately $746 thousand, respectively. If United assumes a 1% increase or decrease in the discount rate while keeping all other assumptions constant, the benefit cost associated with the pension plan would decrease by approximately $2.26 million and increase by approximately $2.66 million, respectively. If United assumes a 1% increase or decrease in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets while keeping all other assumptions constant, the benefit cost associated with the pension plan would decrease by approximately $1.47 million and increase by approximately $1.47 million, respectively.

Net occupancy expense decreased $2.61 million or 6.67% for the year of 2018 as compared to the prior year. Included in net occupancy expense for the year of 2017 were charges of $5.93 million for the termination of leases and the reduction in the value of leasehold improvements for closed offices in the Cardinal acquisition. Otherwise, real property taxes increased $525 thousand and building maintenance increased $518 thousand.

Other real estate owned (OREO) expense decreased $2.56 million or 42.63% for the year of 2018 due to fewer declines in the fair value of OREO properties and a decrease in maintenance expense.

Equipment expense increased $3.32 million or 31.52% for the year of 2018 due to increased maintenance costs on equipment.

Data processing expense increased $2.78 million or 13.23% for the year of 2018 as compared to the prior year due to additional processing as a result of the Cardinal acquisition. In addition, the results for the year of 2017 included a penalty of $525 thousand for the termination of Cardinal’s data processing contract.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance expense for the year of 2018 increased $4.41 million or 62.59% from the year of 2017 as United Bank is now considered a large institution and subject to increased assessment rates.

Other expense for the year of 2018 decreased $3.99 million or 4.95% from the year of 2017. Included in other expense for the year of 2017 were merger-related expenses of $7.61 million. Business franchise taxes decreased $1.56 million for the year of 2018 as compared to the year of 2017. Consulting and legal expense increased $1.40 million.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2018, income taxes were $70.82 million, compared to $134.25 million for 2017. The year for 2017 included additional income tax expense of $37.73 million related to the estimated impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the Tax Act). The year of 2018 include a benefit of $832 thousand related to New Markets tax credits. Income before income taxes for the year of 2018 increased $42.34 million or 14.86% from the year of 2017. United’s effective tax rate was approximately 21.7% and 47.1% for years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, as compared to 33.9% for 2016. The lower effective tax rate for the year of 2018 was due to the impact of the Tax Act. For further details related to income taxes, see Note M, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Quarterly Results

Net income for the first three months of 2018 was $61.71 million or $0.59 per diluted share compared to $38.81 million or $0.48 per share for the first three months of 2017. As previously mentioned, United completed its acquisition of Cardinal on April 21, 2017. The financial results of Cardinal are included in United’s results from the acquisition date. As a result of the acquisition, the first quarter of 2018 was impacted for increased levels of average balances, income, and expense as compared to the first quarter of 2017. Net interest income for the first three months of 2018 was $144.04 million, which was an increase of $36.42 million or 33.84% from net interest income of $107.62 million for the first three months of 2017. The increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $46.43 million while total interest expense only increased $10.00 million from the first quarter of 2017. The provision for credit losses was $5.18 million for the first three months of 2018 as compared to $5.90 million for the first three months of 2017. Noninterest income was $31.19 million for the first three months of 2018, up $11.05 million or 54.83% when compared to the first three months of 2017. Included in the results for the first quarter of 2017 was a net gain of $3.77 million on the redemption of an investment security. Noninterest expense for the first three months of 2018 increased $27.61 million or 43.94% from the first three months of 2017. The first quarter of 2017 included $1.23 million of merger expenses related to the acquisition of Cardinal. Income taxes decreased $2.32 million or 11.46% for the first three months of 2018 as compared to the first three months of 2017.

Net income for the second quarter of 2018 was $66.27 million or $0.63 per diluted share, as compared to $37.06 million or $0.37 per diluted share for the prior year second quarter. The second quarter of 2017 included merger-related expenses of $23.22 million due to the Cardinal acquisition. Net interest income for the second quarter of 2018 was $149.12 million, an increase of $12.88 million or 9.45% from the second quarter of 2017. The increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $23.05 million while total interest expense only increased $10.18 million from the second quarter of 2017. The provision for credit losses was $6.20 million for the second quarter of 2018 as compared to $8.25 million for the second quarter of 2017. For the second quarter of 2018, noninterest income was $36.01 million, which was a decrease of $4.50 million or 11.11% from the second quarter of 2017. This increase from 2017 was mainly due to additional income from mortgage banking activities as a result of the Cardinal acquisition. For the second quarter of 2018, noninterest expense decreased $18.73 million or 16.70% from the second quarter of 2017 due mainly to the Cardinal acquisition. Income taxes for the second quarter of 2018 were $19.24 million as compared to $19.30 million for the second quarter of 2017.

Net income for the third quarter of 2018 was $64.41 million or $0.62 per diluted share, as compared to $56.74 million or $0.54 per diluted share for the prior year third quarter. Net interest income for the third quarter of 2018 was $148.78 million, which was a decrease of $1.5 million or 1% from the third quarter of 2017. The decrease in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $13.45 million while total interest expense increased $14.95 million from the third quarter of 2017. The provision for loan losses was $4.81 million for the third quarter of 2018 as compared to $7.28 million for the third quarter of 2017. For the third quarter of 2018, noninterest income was $31.69 million, which was a decrease of $6.54 million or 17.12% from the third quarter of 2017. This decrease was due to decreased production and sales of mortgage loans in the secondary market by United’s mortgage banking subsidiary, George Mason. For the third quarter of 2018, noninterest expense decreased $3.34 million or 3.45% from the third quarter of 2017. This decrease from 2017 was mainly due to employee compensation decreasing $3.57 million or 7.95% as a result of a $3.23 million decrease in commissions expense and fewer employees related to a decrease in production and sales of mortgage loans at George Mason. Income taxes for the third quarter of 2018 were $17.93 million as compared to $27.84 million for the third quarter of 2017.

Net income for the fourth quarter of 2018 were $63.95 million or $0.62 per diluted share as compared to earnings of $17.98 million or $0.17 per diluted share for the fourth quarter of 2017. The results for the fourth quarter of 2017 included additional income tax expense of $37.73 million or $0.36 per diluted share related to the estimated impact of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act). Net interest income for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $146.71 million, which was a decrease of $8.15 million or 5.26% from the fourth quarter of 2017. The $8.15 million decrease in net

interest income occurred because total interest income increased $10.98 million while total interest expense increased $19.13 million from the fourth quarter of 2017. Tax-equivalent net interest income for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $147.77 million, a decrease of $9.35 million or 5.95% from the fourth quarter of 2017 due mainly to an increase of 66 basis points in the average cost of funds as compared to the fourth quarter of 2017 due to higher market interest rates. In addition, loan accretion on acquired loans decreased $7.99 million or 47.55%. For the quarters ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the provision for loan losses was $5.82 million and $6.98 million. Noninterest income for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $29.83 million, which was a decrease of $2.94 million or 8.96% from the fourth quarter of 2017. The decrease was due mainly to a decrease of $3.74 million in income from mortgage banking activities due to decreased production and sales of mortgage loans in the secondary market by George Mason. Noninterest expense for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $91.00 million, a decrease of $4.78 million or 4.99% from the fourth quarter of 2017. In particular, employee compensation decreased $2.25 million due mainly to a decrease in commissions and incentives expense related to the decline in production and sales of mortgage loans at George Mason, employees benefits expense decreased $672 thousand due mainly to a decline in health insurance costs, and within other expense, merger expenses decreased $1.78 million and business franchise taxes declined $1.51 million. For the fourth quarter of 2018, income tax expense was $15.76 million, an decrease of $51.13 million from the fourth quarter of 2017 mainly due to the previously mentioned additional income tax expense of $37.73 million recorded in the fourth quarter of 2017, which related to the impact of the Tax Act. The fourth quarter and year of 2018 included a benefit of $832 thousand related to New Markets tax credits.

Additional quarterly financial data for 2018 and 2017 may be found in Note X, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Effect of Inflation

United’s income statements generally reflect the effects of inflation. Since interest rates, loan demand and deposit levels are impacted by inflation, the resulting changes in the interest-sensitive assets and liabilities are included in net interest income. Similarly, operating expenses such as salaries, rents and maintenance include changing prices resulting from inflation. One item that would not reflect inflationary changes is depreciation expense. Subsequent to the acquisition of depreciable assets, inflation causes price levels to rise; therefore, historically presented dollar values do not reflect this inflationary condition. With inflation levels at relatively low levels and monetary and fiscal policies being implemented to keep the inflation rate increases within an acceptable range, management expects the impact of inflation would continue to be minimal in the near future.

The Effect of Regulatory Policies and Economic Conditions

United’s business and earnings are affected by the monetary and fiscal policies of the United States government, its agencies and various other governmental regulatory authorities. The Federal Reserve Board regulates the supply of money in order to influence general economic conditions. Among the instruments of monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve Board are (i) conducting open market operations in United States government obligations, (ii) changing the discount rate on financial institution borrowings, (iii) imposing or changing reserve requirements against financial institution deposits, and (iv) restricting certain borrowings and imposing or changing reserve requirements against certain borrowings by financial institutions and their affiliates. These methods are used in varying degrees and combinations to affect directly the availability of bank loans and deposits, as well as the interest rates charged on loans and paid on deposits.

United’s business and earnings are also affected by general and local economic conditions. In 2014, certain credit markets experienced difficult conditions and volatility. Downturns in the credit market can cause a decline in the value of certain loans and securities, a reduction in liquidity and a tightening of credit. A downturn in the credit market often signals a weakening economy that can cause job losses and thus distress on borrowers and their ability to repay loans. Uncertainties in credit markets and the economy present significant challenges for the financial services industry.

Regulatory policies and economic conditions have had a significant effect on the operating results of financial institutions in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future; however, United cannot accurately predict the nature, timing or extent of any effect such policies or economic conditions may have on its future business and earnings.

Contractual Obligations, Commitments, Contingent Liabilities and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

United has various financial obligations, including contractual obligations and commitments, that may require future cash payments. The table below presents, by payment date, significant known contractual obligations to third parties as of December 31, 2018:


			Total Payments Due by Period
(In thousands)	Total		One Year or Less		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		Over Five Years
(In thousands)	Total		One Year or Less		One to Three Years		Three to Five Years		Over Five Years
Deposits without a stated maturity (1)	$	11,699,362	$	11,699,362	$	0	$	0	$	0
Time deposits (2) (3)		2,343,322		1,521,994		631,685		189,596		47
Short-term borrowings (2)		351,364		351,364		0		0		0
Long-term borrowings (2) (3)		1,700,878		1,154,318		120,783		44,614		381,163
Operating leases		77,308		18,590		30,209		17,869		10,640

(1)

Excludes interest.

(2)

Includes interest on both fixed and variable rate obligations. The interest associated with variable rate obligations is based upon interest rates in effect at December 31, 2018. The interest to be paid on variable rate obligations is affected by changes in market interest rates, which materially affect the contractual obligation amounts to be paid.

(3)

Excludes carrying value adjustments such as unamortized premiums or discounts.

As of December 31, 2018, United recorded a liability for uncertain tax positions, including interest and penalties, of $2.37 million. This liability represents an estimate of tax positions that United has taken in its tax returns which may ultimately not be sustained upon examination by tax authorities. Since the ultimate amount and timing of any future cash settlements cannot be predicted with reasonable certainty, this estimated liability is excluded from the contractual obligations table.

United also enters into derivative contracts, mainly to protect against adverse interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities, under which it is required to either pay cash to or receive cash from counterparties depending on changes in interest rates. Derivative contracts are carried at fair value and not notional value on the consolidated balance sheet. Because the derivative contracts recorded on the balance sheet at December 31, 2018 do not represent the amounts that may ultimately be paid under these contracts, they are excluded from the preceding table. Further discussion of derivative instruments is included in Note Q, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

United is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include loan commitments and standby letters of credit. United’s maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the financial instrument for the loan commitments and standby letters of credit is the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. United uses the same policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.

The following table details the amounts of significant commitments and letters of credit as of December 31, 2018:


(In thousands)	Amount
Commitments to extend credit:
Revolving open-end secured by 1-4 residential	$	609,211
Credit card and personal revolving lines		187,422
Commercial		3,029,737

Total unused commitments	$	3,826,370

Financial standby letters of credit	$	65,199
Performance standby letters of credit		75,833

Total letters of credit	$	141,032

Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses, generally within one year, and may require the payment of a fee. Further discussion of commitments is included in Note P, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Liquidity

In the opinion of management, United maintains liquidity that is sufficient to satisfy its depositors’ requirements and the credit needs of its customers. Like all banks, United depends upon its ability to renew maturing deposits and other liabilities on a daily basis and to acquire new funds in a variety of markets. A significant source of funds available to United is “core deposits.” Core deposits include certain demand deposits, statement and special savings and NOW accounts. These deposits are relatively stable and they are the lowest cost source of funds available to United. Short-term borrowings have also been a significant source of funds. These include federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase as well as advances from the FHLB. Repurchase agreements represent funds that are obtained as the result of a competitive bidding process.

Liquid assets are cash and those items readily convertible to cash. All banks must maintain sufficient balances of cash and near-cash items to meet the day-to-day demands of customers and United’s cash needs. Other than cash and due from banks, the available for sale securities portfolio and maturing loans are the primary sources of liquidity.

The goal of liquidity management is to ensure the ability to access funding that enables United to efficiently satisfy the cash flow requirements of depositors and borrowers and meet United’s cash needs. Liquidity is managed by monitoring funds availability from a number of primary sources. Substantial funding is available from cash and cash equivalents, unused short-term borrowings, and a geographically dispersed network of branches providing access to a diversified and substantial retail deposit market.

Short-term needs can be met through a wide array of outside sources such as correspondent and downstream correspondent federal funds and utilization of Federal Home Loan Bank advances.

Other sources of liquidity available to United to provide long-term as well as short-term funding alternatives, in addition to FHLB advances, are long-term certificates of deposit, lines of credit, borrowings that are secured by bank premises or stock of United’s subsidiaries and issuances of trust preferred securities. In the normal course of business, United through its Asset Liability Committee evaluates these as well as other alternative funding strategies that may be utilized to meet short-term and long-term funding needs. See Notes J and K, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cash flows provided by operations in 2018 were $292.53 million due mainly to net income of $256.34 million for the year of 2018. In 2017, cash flows provided by operations were $253.93 million due mainly to net income of $150.58 million for the year of 2017. In 2018, net cash of $871.51 million was used in investing activities which was primarily due net purchases of $493.57 million in investment securities and net growth of $391.38 million in loans. In 2017, net cash of $266.68 million was provided by investing activities which was primarily due to net repayments of $496.03 million in loans and net cash acquired in the Cardinal acquisition of $44.53 million. Partially offsetting this increase were net purchases of $233.35 million in investment securities. During the year of 2018, net cash of $66.79 million was used in financing activities due primarily to the payment of cash dividends in the amount of $142.35 million and the acquisition of treasury stock for $100.72 million. Partially offsetting these uses of cash for financing activities were net increases of $195.00 million and $165.42 million in long-term borrowings and deposits, respectively. During the year of 2017, net cash of $288.97 million was used in financing activities due primarily to a decline in deposits of $313.84 million and the payment of cash dividends in the amount of $121.35 million. Partially offsetting these decreases was the net repayment of $30.21 million in long-term borrowings. The net effect of the cash flow activities was a decrease in cash and cash equivalents of $645.77 million for the year of 2018 as compared to an increase in cash and cash equivalents of $231.64 million for the year of 2017. See the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

United anticipates it can meet its obligations over the next 12 months and has no material commitments for capital expenditures. There are no known trends, demands, commitments, or events that will result in or that are reasonably likely to result in United’s liquidity increasing or decreasing in any material way. United also has lines of credit available. See Notes J and K, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more detail regarding the amounts available to United under its lines of credit.

The Asset Liability Committee monitors liquidity to ascertain that a liquidity position within certain prescribed parameters is maintained. No changes are anticipated in the policies of United’s Asset and Liability Committee.

Capital Resources

United’s capital position is financially sound. United seeks to maintain a proper relationship between capital and total assets to support growth and sustain earnings. United has historically generated attractive returns on shareholders’ equity. United is considered to be well-capitalized based upon regulatory guidelines. United’s risk-based capital ratio is 14.37% at December 31, 2018 while its Common Equity Tier 1 capital, Tier 1 capital and leverage ratios are 12.16%, 12.16% and 10.13%, respectively. The regulatory requirements for a well-capitalized financial institution are a risk-based capital ratio of 10.0%, a Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.5%, a Tier 1 capital ratio of 8.0% and a leverage ratio of 5.0%. See Note T, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Total shareholders’ equity was $3.25 billion at December 31, 2018, which was relatively flat from December 31, 2017, increasing $11.09 million or less than 1%. This slight increase was primarily due to the retention of earnings.

United’s equity to assets ratio was 16.89% at December 31, 2018 as compared to 17.00% at December 31, 2017. The primary capital ratio, capital and reserves to total assets and reserves, was 17.23% at December 31, 2018 as compared to 17.34% at December 31, 2017. United’s average equity to average asset ratio was 17.34% and 16.80% for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. All these financial measurements reflect a financially sound position.

During the fourth quarter of 2018, United’s Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.34 per share. Dividends per share of $1.36 for the year of 2018 represented an increase over the $1.33 per share paid for 2017. Total cash dividends declared to common shareholders were $141.61 million for the year of 2018 as compared to $131.76 million for the year of 2017. The year 2018 was the forty-fifth consecutive year of dividend increases to United shareholders.

The following table shows selected consolidated operating and capital ratios for each of the last three years ended December 31:


	2018			2017			2016
Return on average assets		1.36	%		0.85	%		1.10	%
Return on average equity		7.84	%		5.09	%		7.67	%
Dividend payout ratio		55.24	%		87.50	%		67.10	%
Average equity to average assets ratio		17.34	%		16.80	%		14.34	%

2017 COMPARED TO 2016

FINANCIAL CONDITION SUMMARY

United’s total assets as of December 31, 2017 were $19.06 billion which was an increase of $4.55 billion or 31.36% from December 31, 2016, primarily the result of the acquisition of Cardinal on April 21, 2017. Portfolio loans increased $2.67 billion or 25.82%, loans held for sale increased $257.51 million or 3,049.26%, cash and cash equivalents increased $231.64 million or 16.15%, investment securities increased $668.01 million or 47.59%, goodwill increased $614.61 million or 71.15%, other assets increased $69.47 million or 16.75%, bank premises and equipment increased $28.99 million or 38.18% and interest receivable increased $13.42 million or 34.05% due primarily to the Cardinal merger.

Portfolio loans, net of unearned income, increased $2.67 billion or 25.82% from year-end 2016 mainly as a result of the Cardinal acquisition which added $3.17 billion, including purchase accounting amounts, in portfolio loans. Since year-end 2016, commercial, financial and agricultural loans increased $1.72 billion or 28.30% as commercial real estate loans increased $1.34 billion or 29.89% and commercial loans (not secured by real estate) increased $385.54 million or 23.90%. In addition, residential real estate loans and other consumer loans increased $592.73 million or 24.66% and $105.58 million or 17.34%, respectively, while construction and land development loans increased $249.17 million or 19.84%. These increases were due primarily to the Cardinal acquisition. Otherwise, portfolio loans, net of unearned income, declined $496.03 million from year-end 2016.

Total investment securities at December 31, 2017 increased $668.01 million or 47.59% from year-end 2016. Cardinal added $395.83 million in investment securities, including purchase accounting amounts, upon consummation of the acquisition. Securities available for sale increased $629.54 million or 49.99%. This change in securities available for sale reflects $378.05 million acquired from Cardinal, $684.44 million in sales, maturities and calls of securities, $932.47 million in purchases, and an increase of $6.50 million in market value. Securities held to maturity decreased $12.83 million or 38.58% from year-end 2016 due to calls and maturities of securities. Other investment securities increased $51.30 million or 46.14% from year-end 2016. Cardinal added $14.27 million in other investment securities. Otherwise, Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) stock increased $33.28 million.

Other assets increased $69.47 million or 16.75% from year-end 2016. Other than amounts added from Cardinal’s balance sheet at acquisition, United added $28.72 million in core deposit intangibles and $1.08 million for the George Mason trade name intangible from the acquisition. The cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies increased $5.59 million, excluding $33.50 million acquired from Cardinal, due to an increase in the cash surrender value. In addition, income tax receivable increased $23.24 million due to a timing difference in payments. The remainder of the increase in other assets is the result of an increase of $2.81 million due mainly to derivative assets at George Mason. Partially offsetting these increases was a decrease of $17.17 million in deferred tax assets due the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act that resulted in a revaluation of United’s deferred tax assets and liabilities using a lower enacted corporate tax rate.

Total liabilities increased $3.55 billion or 28.89% from year-end 2016. This increase in total liabilities was due mainly to an increase of $3.03 billion or 28.10% and $459.99 million or 33.29% in deposits and borrowings, respectively, mainly due to the Cardinal acquisition. Shareholders’ equity increased $1.00 billion or 44.94% from year-end 2016 due primarily to the acquisition of Cardinal.

In terms of composition, noninterest-bearing deposits increased $1.12 billion or 35.40% while interest-bearing deposits increased $1.91 billion or 25.06% from December 31, 2016. Organically, deposits declined $313.84 million from year-end 2016. The increase in noninterest-bearing deposits was due mainly to increases in commercial noninterest-bearing deposits of $899.94 million or 37.05% and personal noninterest-bearing deposits of $126.68 million or 22.05% as a result of the Cardinal acquisition. Public funds noninterest-bearing deposits increased $27.20 million or 26.94%. All major categories of interest-bearing deposits increased from year-end 2016 as the result of the Cardinal acquisition. Interest-bearing checking accounts increased $378.82 million or 21.30% mainly due to a $84.58 million increase in commercial interest-bearing checking accounts and a $275.26 million increase in personal interest-bearing checking accounts. Regular savings increased $312.88 million or 43.38% due to the Cardinal acquisition. Interest-bearing MMDAs increased $604.36 million or 19.17% as commercial MMDAs increased $469.13 million or 25.50% and personal MMDAs increased $124.02 million or 10.67%. Time deposits under $100,000 increased $102.13 million or 14.74% due mainly to an increase in fixed rate certificates of deposits (CDs) and variable rate CDs of $56.44 million and $20.33 million due to the Cardinal acquisition. Time deposits over $100,000 increased $512.69 million or 40.03% due to increases in brokered deposits of $51.89 million, fixed rate CDs of $214.38 million, Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS) balances of $156.56 million and public funds CDs of $83.64 million, all as a result of the Cardinal acquisition.

Since year-end 2016, short-term borrowings increased $268.04 million or 127.91% due to increases of $200.00 million and $74.04 million in short-term FHLB advances and short-term securities sold under agreements to repurchase, respectively. Federal funds purchased decreased $6.00 million. Cardinal added $96.21 million in short-term borrowings, all of which was repaid prior to year-end. Long-term borrowings increased $191.95 million or 16.38% since year-end 2016 as long-term FHLB advances increased $173.82 million and issuances of trust preferred capital securities increased $18.13 million. Cardinal added $220.12 million in long-term borrowings, $20 million of which was repaid prior to year-end.

Accrued expenses and other liabilities at December 31, 2017 increased $51.94 million or 55.46% from year-end 2016. Cardinal added $41.55 million including an unfavorable lease liability of $2.28 million. In particular, deferred compensation increased $14.48 million, dividends payable increased $10.40 million, accrued mortgage escrow liabilities

increased $5.54 million, other accrued expenses increased $5.55 million and income taxes payable increased $10.47 million. Partially offsetting these increases in accrued expenses and other liabilities was a decrease of $4.46 million in the pension liability due to a $10 million payment in the third quarter of 2017 and a decline of $2.13 million in derivative liabilities due to a change in fair value.

Shareholders’ equity at December 31, 2017 increased $1.00 billion or 44.94% from December 31, 2016 mainly as a result of the Cardinal acquisition. The Cardinal transaction added approximately $975.25 million in shareholders’ equity as 23,690,589 shares were issued from United’s authorized but unissued shares for the merger at a cost of approximately $972.50 million. Earnings net of dividends for the year of 2017 were $18.83 million. Accumulated other comprehensive income increased $2.69 million due mainly to an increase of $4.09 million in United’s available for sale investment portfolio, net of deferred income taxes. The after-tax accretion of pension costs was $2.87 million for the year of 2017. Partially offsetting these increases to accumulated other comprehensive income was the after-tax pension accounting adjustment at year-end 2017 resulting in a decline of $4.27 million.

EARNINGS SUMMARY

Net income for the year 2017 was $150.58 million or $1.54 per diluted share compared to $147.08 million or $1.99 per diluted share for the year of 2016. The results for the year of 2017 included additional income tax expense of $37.73 million or $0.39 per diluted share related to the estimated impact of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the Tax Act). Income before income taxes for the year of 2017 was $284.83 million, an increase of $62.17 million or 27.92% from the year of 2016. As previously mentioned, United completed its acquisition of Cardinal on April 21, 2017. The financial results of Cardinal are included in United’s results from the acquisition date. As a result of the acquisition, the year of 2017 was impacted for increased levels of average balances, income, and expense as compared to the year of 2016. Also, United consolidated its banking subsidiaries during the fourth quarter of 2017. As a result of the Cardinal acquisition the year of 2017 was impacted by increased levels of average balances, income, and expense. In addition, as previously mentioned, United completed its acquisition of Bank of Georgetown on June 3, 2016. The financial results of Bank of Georgetown were included in United’s results from the acquisition date. As a result, the year of 2016 were impacted by increased levels of average balances, income, and expense. In addition, the year of 2017 included merger-related expenses of $26.84 million as compared to merger-related expenses of $6.13 million for the year of 2016.

United’s return on average assets for the year of 2017 was 0.85% and return on average shareholders’ equity was 5.09% as compared to 1.10% and 7.67% for the year of 2016. United’s Federal Reserve peer group’s (bank holding companies with total assets over $10 billion) most recently reported average return on assets and average return on equity were 0.98% and 8.35%, respectively, for the first nine months of 2017.

Net interest income for the year of 2017 was $549.00 million, an increase of $123.67 million or 29.08% from the prior year. The increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $153.47 million while total interest expense only increased $29.80 million from the year of 2016.

The provision for credit losses was $28.41 million for the year 2017 as compared to $24.51 million for the year of 2016. Noninterest income was $131.65 million for the year of 2017, up $61.61 million or 87.98% when compared to the year of 2016. This increase from 2016 was mainly due to additional income from mortgage banking activities as a result of the Cardinal acquisition. Noninterest expense was $367.41 million, an increase of $119.21 million or 48.03% for the year of 2017 when compared to 2016. This increase from 2016 was due mainly to the Cardinal acquisition.

Income taxes for the year of 2017 was $134.25 million as compared to $75.58 million for the year of 2016. United’s effective tax rate was approximately 47.1% and 33.9% for years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as compared to 32.2% for 2015. As previously mentioned, the year of 2017 included additional income tax expense of $37.73 million related to the estimated impact of the enactment of the Tax Act.

Business Segments

Community Banking

Net income attributable to the community banking segment for the year of 2017 was $168.27 million compared to net income of $152.72 million for the year of 2016.

Net interest income increased $125.48 million to $558.62 million for the year of 2017, compared to $433.14 million for the same period of 2016. Generally, net interest income for the year of 2017 increased from the year of 2016 because of the earning assets added from the Cardinal acquisition. Provision for loan losses was $28.41 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to a provision of $24.51 million for the same period of 2016. Noninterest income decreased by $3.00 million to $69.62 million for the year of 2017 as compared to $72.62 million for the year of 2016. The decrease was mainly due to a decline of $684 thousand in income from bank-owned life insurance policies due to death benefits recorded in the third quarter of 2016. Noninterest expense was $291.58 million for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to $249.89 million for the same period of 2016. The increase of $41.69 million in noninterest expense was primarily attributable to increases in branches, staffing and merger-related expenses from the Cardinal acquisition.

Mortgage Banking

The mortgage banking segment reported a net loss of $2.71 million for the year of 2017. Noninterest income, which consists mainly of realized and unrealized gains associated with the fair value of commitments and loans held for sale, was $58.53 million the year of 2017. Noninterest expense was $62.07 million the year of 2017. Noninterest expense consists mainly of salaries, commissions and benefits of mortgage segment employees. There is no comparison to results for 2016 because United did not have a mortgage banking segment in 2016.

The following discussion explains in more detail the results of operations by major category.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income for the year of 2017 was $549.00 million, which was an increase of $123.67 million or 29.08% from the year of 2016. The $123.67 million increase in net interest income occurred because total interest income increased $153.47 million while total interest expense only increased $29.80 million from the year of 2016.

Generally, interest income for the year of 2017 increased from the year of 2016 because of the earning assets added from the Cardinal acquisition. In addition, loan accretion on acquired loans for the year of 2017 increased from the same time period last year. For the purpose of this remaining discussion, net interest income is presented on a tax-equivalent basis to provide a comparison among all types of interest earning assets. The tax-equivalent basis adjusts for the tax-favored status of income from certain loans and investments. Although this is a non-GAAP measure, United’s management believes this measure is more widely used within the financial services industry and provides better comparability of net interest income arising from taxable and tax-exempt sources. United uses this measure to monitor net interest income performance and to manage its balance sheet composition.

Tax-equivalent net interest income for the year of 2017 was $557.43 million, an increase of $125.97 million or 29.20% from the year of 2016. This increase in tax-equivalent net interest income was primarily attributable to an increase in average earning assets from the Cardinal acquisition. Average earning assets increased $3.63 billion or 30.45% from the year of 2016 as average net loans increased $2.61 billion or 26.29% for the year of 2017. Average investment securities

increased $401.32 million or 30.41%. In addition, the average yield on earning assets increased 7 basis points from the year of 2016 due to additional loan accretion of $20.36 million on acquired loans and higher market interest rates. Partially offsetting the increases to tax-equivalent net interest income for the year of 2017 was an increase of 16 basis points in the average cost of funds as compared to the year of 2016 due to higher market interest rates. The net interest margin of 3.58% for the year of 2017 was a decrease of 4 basis points from the net interest margin of 3.62% for the year of 2016.

Provision for Loan Losses

For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the provision for loan losses was $28.41 million and $24.51 million, respectively. Net charge-offs were $24.55 million for the year of 2017 as compared to net charge-offs of $27.46 million for the year of 2016. The higher amounts of provision expense for the year of 2017 compared to the year of 2016 was due to an increase in loss factors pertaining to the Company’s exposure to the oil, gas and coal industry. The lower amount of net charge-offs for the year of 2017 was due to the charge-off in 2016 of a large loan relationship which had deteriorated to the point of non-collectability. Annualized net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans were 0.20% for the year of 2017. The reserve for lending-related commitments at December 31, 2017 was $679 thousand, a decrease of $365 thousand or 34.96% from December 31, 2016.

At December 31, 2017, the allowance for loan losses was $76.63 million as compared to $72.78 million at December 31, 2016. As a percentage of loans, net of unearned income, the allowance for loan losses was 0.59% at December 31, 2017 and 0.70% at December 31, 2016, respectively. The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans or coverage ratio was 45.41% and 64.25% at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. The Company’s detailed methodology and analysis indicated a minimal increase in the allowance for loan losses primarily because of the offsetting factors of changes within historical loss rates and reduced loss allocations on impaired loans.

Other Income

Noninterest income for the year of 2017 was $131.65 million, which was an increase of $61.61 million or 87.98% from the year of 2016.

Income from mortgage banking activities totaled $58.91 million for the year of 2017 compared to $3.45 million for the year of 2016. The increase for 2017 is the result of the acquisition of Cardinal and, in particular, the acquisition of its mortgage banking subsidiary, George Mason. Mortgage loan sales were $2.40 billion in the year of 2017 as compared to $156.57 million in the year of 2016.

Net gains on the sales, calls and redemption of investment securities for the year of 2017 increased $5.33 million from the year of 2016 due mainly to a net gain of $3.77 million on the redemption of an investment security during the first quarter of 2017.

Fees from deposit services for the year of 2017 were $33.62 million, an increase of $764 thousand or 2.33% from the year of 2016. In particular, debit card income increased $431 thousand and fees from overdraft increased $244 thousand during the year of 2017.

Partially offsetting these increases to noninterest income was a decline in income from bank-owned life insurance policies. Income from bank-owned life insurance for the year of 2017 decreased $684 thousand or 11.81% from the year of 2016. This decrease was due to death benefits recorded in the third quarter of 2016.

Other Expense

Noninterest expense for the year of 2017 was $367.41 million, an increase of $119.21 million or 48.03% from the year of 2016. Generally, the increase was primarily due to increased general operating and merger-related expenses as a result of the Cardinal acquisition.

Employee compensation for the year of 2017 increased $70.97 million or 76.08% from the year of 2016. Merger severance charges of $12.78 million from the Cardinal acquisition were included in the year of 2017 as compared to $670 thousand in the year of 2016 from the Bank of Georgetown acquisition. Otherwise, base salaries for the year of 2017 increased $27.88 million or 34.48% from the same time period in 2016 due mainly to additional employees from the Cardinal acquisition. The remainder of the increase in employee compensation for the year of 2017 was due mainly to higher employee incentives and commissions expense mainly related to the mortgage banking production of George Mason.

Employee benefits expense for the year of 2017 increased $8.18 million or 28.23% as compared to the year of 2016. This increase was due in large part to additional health insurance expense of $4.27 million from last year due to higher premiums and additional employees from the Cardinal acquisition. In addition, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) expense for the year of 2017 increased $3.69 million from the year of 2016 due mainly to the additional employees from the Cardinal acquisition. Expense related to United’s Stock and Investment Plan increased $1.13 million there again due to additional employees from the Cardinal acquisition. Pension expense decreased $1.86 million. United uses certain valuation methodologies to measure the fair value of the assets within United’s pension plan which are presented in Note N, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The funded status of United’s pension plan is based upon the fair value of the plan assets compared to the projected benefit obligation. The determination of the projected benefit obligation and the associated periodic benefit expense involves significant judgment and estimation of future employee compensation levels, the discount rate and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. If United assumes a 1% increase or decrease in the estimation of future employee compensation levels while keeping all other assumptions constant, the benefit cost associated with the pension plan would increase by approximately $656 thousand and decrease by approximately $609 thousand, respectively. If United assumes a 1% increase or decrease in the discount rate while keeping all other assumptions constant, the benefit cost associated with the pension plan would decrease by approximately $1.75 million and increase by approximately $2.10 million, respectively. If United assumes a 1% increase or decrease in the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets while keeping all other assumptions constant, the benefit cost associated with the pension plan would decrease by approximately $1.22 million and increase by approximately $1.22 million, respectively.

Net occupancy expense increased $11.54 million or 41.91% for the year of 2017 as compared to the prior year. The increase was due mainly to additional building rental expense from the offices added in the Cardinal acquisition. Included in net occupancy expense for the year of 2017 were charges of $5.93 million for the termination of leases and the reduction in the value of leasehold improvements for closed offices in the Cardinal acquisition as compared to charges of $1.58 million in the year of 2016 for the termination of leases for closed offices in the Bank of Georgetown acquisition.

Data processing expense increased $5.74 million or 37.56% for the year of 2017 as compared to the prior year due to additional processing as a result of the Cardinal acquisition. In addition, the results for the year of 2017 included a penalty of $525 thousand for the termination of Cardinal’s data processing contract.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance expense for the year of 2017 decreased $1.50 million or 17.51% from the year of 2016 due to lower premiums.

Other expense for the year of 2017 increased $22.16 million or 37.95% from the year of 2016. Included in other expense for the year of 2017 were merger-related expenses of $7.61 million as compared to merger-related expenses of $3.30 million for the year of 2016. Amortization of core deposit intangibles increased $3.83 million for the year of 2017 as compared to the same period in 2016 due to the additional core deposit intangibles added in the Cardinal acquisition. Business and occupation (B&O) taxes increased $4.81 million for the year of 2017 as compared to the year of 2016. Several other general operating expenses such as telephone, insurance and office supplies expense increased as a result of the Cardinal acquisition.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2017, income taxes were $134.25 million, compared to $75.58 million for 2016. The increase was mainly due to the previously mentioned additional income tax expense of $37.73 million related to the estimated impact of the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities at the lower rate as a result of the Tax Act and to higher earnings. Income before income taxes for the year of 2017 increased $62.17 million or 27.92% from the year of 2016. United’s effective tax rate was approximately 47.1% and 33.9% for years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as compared to 32.2% for 2015.

Item 7A.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The objective of United’s Asset/Liability Management function is to maintain consistent growth in net interest income within United’s policy guidelines. This objective is accomplished through the management of balance sheet liquidity and interest rate risk exposures due to changes in economic conditions, interest rate levels and customer preferences.

Interest Rate Risk

Management considers interest rate risk to be United’s most significant market risk. Interest rate risk is the exposure to adverse changes in United’s net interest income as a result of changes in interest rates. United’s earnings are largely dependent on the effective management of interest rate risk.

Management of interest rate risk focuses on maintaining consistent growth in net interest income within Board-approved policy limits. United’s Asset/Liability Management Committee (ALCO), which includes senior management representatives and reports to the Board of Directors, monitors and manages interest rate risk to maintain an acceptable level of change to net interest income as a result of changes in interest rates. Policy established for interest rate risk is stated in terms of the change in net interest income over a one-year and two-year horizon given an immediate and sustained increase or decrease in interest rates. The current limits approved by the Board of Directors are structured on a staged basis with each stage requiring specific actions.

United employs a variety of measurement techniques to identify and manage its exposure to changing interest rates. One such technique utilizes an earnings simulation model to analyze the sensitivity of net interest income to movements in interest rates. The model is based on actual cash flows and repricing characteristics for on and off-balance sheet instruments and incorporates market-based assumptions regarding the impact of changing interest rates on the prepayment rate of certain assets and liabilities. The model also includes executive management projections for activity levels in product lines offered by United. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in interest rates are also incorporated into the model. Rate scenarios could involve parallel or nonparallel shifts in the yield curve, depending on historical, current, and expected conditions, as well as the need to capture any material effects of explicit or embedded options. These assumptions are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and management’s strategies.

Interest sensitive assets and liabilities are defined as those assets or liabilities that mature or are repriced within a designated time frame. The principal function of managing interest rate risk is to maintain an appropriate relationship between those assets and liabilities that are sensitive to changing market interest rates. The difference between rate sensitive assets and rate sensitive liabilities for specified periods of time is known as the “GAP.” Earnings-simulation analysis captures not only the potential of these interest sensitive assets and liabilities to mature or reprice, but also the probability that they will do so. Moreover, earnings-simulation analysis considers the relative sensitivities of these balance sheet items and projects their behavior over an extended period of time. United closely monitors the sensitivity of its assets and liabilities on an on-going basis and projects the effect of various interest rate changes on its net interest margin.

The following table shows United’s estimated earnings sensitivity profile as of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:


Change in Interest Rates	Percentage Change in Net Interest Income
(basis points)	December 31, 2018	December 31, 2017
+200	(2.71%)	(1.22%)
+100	(1.29%)	(0.48%)
-100	0.97%	(0.18%)
-200	(0.97%)	—-

At December 31, 2018, given an immediate, sustained 100 basis point upward shock to the yield curve used in the simulation model, net interest income for United is estimated to decrease by 1.29% over one year as compared to a decrease of 0.48% at December 31, 2017. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained upward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 2.71% over one year as of December 31, 2018, as compared to a decrease of 1.22% as of December 31, 2017. A 100 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would increase net interest income by an estimated 0.97% over one year as of December 31, 2018 as compared to a decrease of 0.18%, over one year as of December 31, 2017. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 0.97% over one year as of December 31, 2018. With the federal funds rate at 1.50% at December 31, 2017, management believed a 200 basis point immediate, sustained decline in rates was highly unlikely.

In addition to the one year earnings sensitivity analysis, a two-year analysis is also performed. Compared to the one year analysis, United is projected to show improved performance in year two within the upward rate shock scenarios. Given an immediate, sustained 100 basis point upward shock to the yield curve used in the simulation model, net interest income for United is estimated to increase by 0.98% in year two as of December 31, 2018. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained upward shock in the yield curve would increase net interest income by an estimated 1.43% in year two as of December 31, 2018. A 100 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 1.99% in year two as of December 31, 2018. A 200 basis point immediate, sustained downward shock in the yield curve would decrease net interest income by an estimated 8.03% in year two as of December 31, 2018.

This analysis does not include the potential increased refinancing activities, which should lessen the negative impact on net income from falling rates. While it is unlikely market rates would immediately move 100 or 200 basis points upward or downward on a sustained basis, this is another tool used by management and the Board of Directors to gauge interest rate risk. All of these estimated changes in net interest income are and were within the policy guidelines established by the Board of Directors.

To further aid in interest rate management, United’s subsidiary bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB). The use of FHLB advances provides United with a low risk means of matching maturities of earning assets and interest-bearing funds to achieve a desired interest rate spread over the life of the earning assets. In addition, United uses credit with large regional banks and trust preferred securities to provide funding.

As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, United may use derivative instruments to protect against adverse price or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities and on future cash flows. These derivatives commonly consist of interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, futures, forward contracts, written and purchased options. Interest rate swaps obligate two parties to exchange one or more payments generally calculated with reference to a fixed or variable rate of interest applied to the notional amount. United accounts for its derivative activities in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging.”

Extension Risk

A key feature of most mortgage loans is the ability of the borrower to repay principal earlier than scheduled. This is called a prepayment. Prepayments arise primarily due to sale of the underlying property, refinancing, or foreclosure. In general, declining interest rates tend to increase prepayments, and rising interest rates tend to slow prepayments. Like other fixed-income securities, when interest rates rise, the value of mortgage- related securities generally declines. The rate of prepayments on underlying mortgages will affect the price and volatility of mortgage-related securities and may shorten or extend the effective maturity of the security beyond what was anticipated at the time of purchase. If interest rates rise, United’s holdings of mortgage-related securities may experience reduced returns if the borrowers of the underlying mortgages pay off their mortgages later than anticipated. This is generally referred to as extension risk.

At December 31, 2018, United’s mortgage related securities portfolio had an amortized cost of $1.6 billion, of which approximately $1.1 billion or 66% were fixed rate collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs). These fixed rate CMOs consisted primarily of planned amortization class (PACs), sequential-pay and accretion directed (VADMs) bonds having an average life of approximately 4 years and a weighted average yield of 2.74%, under current projected prepayment assumptions. These securities are expected to have very little extension risk in a rising rate environment. Current models show that in rates up 300 basis points, the average life of these securities would only extend to 4.5 years. The projected price decline of the fixed rate CMO portfolio in rates up 300 basis points would be 11%, or less than the price decline of a 5- year treasury note. By comparison, the price decline of a 30-year current coupon mortgage backed security (MBS) in rates higher by 300 basis points would be approximately 19.4%.

United had approximately $249 million in balloon and other securities with a projected yield of 2.29% and a projected average life of 3.7 years on December 31, 2018. This portfolio consisted primarily of Fannie Mae Delegated Underwriting and Servicing (DUS) mortgage backed securities (MBS) with a weighted average loan age (WALA) of 4.7 years and a weighted average maturity (WAM) of 4 years.

United had approximately $116 million in 15-year mortgage backed securities with a projected yield of 2.56% and a projected average life of 3.5 years as of December 31, 2018. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 15-year mortgage paper with a weighted average loan age (WALA) of 5.4 years and a weighted average maturity (WAM) of 9.6 years.

United had approximately $82 million in 20-year mortgage backed securities with a projected yield of 2.79% and a projected average life of 5.2 years on December 31, 2018. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 20-year mortgage paper with a weighted average loan age (WALA) of 5.7 years and a weighted average maturity (WAM) of 13.8 years.

United had approximately $62 million in 30-year mortgage backed securities with a projected yield of 2.96% and a projected average life of 7 years on December 31, 2018. This portfolio consisted of seasoned 30-year mortgage paper and Home Equity Conversion Mortgages with a weighted average loan age (WALA) of 2.3 years and a weighted average maturity (WAM) of 27.8 years.

The remaining 3% of the mortgage related securities portfolio at December 31, 2018, included adjustable rate securities (ARMs), 10-year mortgage backed pass-through securities and other fixed rate mortgage backed securities.

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Management of United Bankshares, Inc. (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on our assessment, we believe that, as of December 31, 2018, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

Ernst & Young LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm who audited the Company’s consolidated financial statements has also issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. Ernst & Young’s report on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting appears on the following page.


/s/ Richard M. Adams				/s/ W. Mark Tatterson
Richard M. Adams, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer				W. Mark Tatterson, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

March 1, 2019

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of United Bankshares, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited United Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, United Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and our report dated March 1, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Charleston, West Virginia

March 1, 2019

Item 8.

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of United Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of United Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 1, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1986.

Charleston, West Virginia

March 1, 2019

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except par value)


	December 31 2018		December 31 2017
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	187,886	$	196,742
Interest-bearing deposits with other banks		831,707		1,468,636
Federal funds sold		803		789

Total cash and cash equivalents		1,020,396		1,666,167
Securities available for sale at estimated fair value (amortized cost-$2,360,884 at December 31, 2018 and $1,900,684 at December 31, 2017)		2,337,039		1,888,756
Securities held to maturity (estimated fair value-$18,655 at December 31, 2018 and $20,018 at December 31, 2017)		19,999		20,428
Equity securities at estimated fair value		9,734		0
Other investment securities		176,955		162,461
Loans held for sale (at fair value-$247,104 at December 31, 2018 and $263,308 at December 31, 2017)		249,846		265,955
Loans		13,429,532		13,027,337
Less: Unearned income		(7,310)		(15,916)

Loans net of unearned income		13,422,222		13,011,421
Less: Allowance for loan losses		(76,703)		(76,627)

Net loans		13,345,519		12,934,794
Bank premises and equipment		95,245		104,894
Goodwill		1,478,014		1,478,380
Accrued interest receivable		60,597		52,815
Other assets		457,154		484,309

TOTAL ASSETS	$	19,250,498	$	19,058,959


Liabilities
Deposits:
Noninterest-bearing	$	4,416,815	$	4,294,687
Interest-bearing		9,577,934		9,535,904

Total deposits		13,994,749		13,830,591
Borrowings:
Federal funds purchased		23,400		16,235
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		152,927		311,352
Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		1,439,198		1,271,531
Other long-term borrowings		234,905		242,446
Reserve for lending-related commitments		1,389		679
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		152,306		145,595

TOTAL LIABILITIES		15,998,874		15,818,429

Shareholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $1.00 par value; Authorized-50,000,000 shares, none issued		0		0
Common stock, $2.50 par value; Authorized-200,000,000 shares; issued-105,239,121 and 105,069,821 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, including 2,915,633 and 29,173 shares in treasury at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively		263,098		262,675
Surplus		2,134,462		2,129,077
Retained earnings		1,013,037		891,816
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(57,019)		(42,025)
Treasury stock, at cost		(101,954)		(1,013)

TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		3,251,624		3,240,530

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	19,250,498	$	19,058,959

See notes to consolidated financial statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)


	Year Ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Interest income
Interest and fees on loans	$	636,720	$	565,537	$	430,738
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments		19,268		16,035		3,495
Interest and dividends on securities:
Taxable		56,273		36,715		32,357
Tax-exempt		5,454		5,519		3,751

Total interest income		717,715		623,806		470,341
Interest expense
Interest on deposits		91,507		49,726		29,125
Interest on short-term borrowings		2,245		1,579		1,584
Interest on long-term borrowings		35,318		23,504		14,301

Total interest expense		129,070		74,809		45,010

Net interest income		588,645		548,997		425,331
Provision for loan losses		22,013		28,406		24,509

Net interest income after provision for loan losses		566,632		520,591		400,822
Other income
Fees from trust services		12,930		11,801		12,025
Fees from brokerage services		9,347		7,730		7,012
Fees from deposit services		33,973		33,622		32,858
Bankcard fees and merchant discounts		5,168		4,795		5,215
Other service charges, commissions, and fees		2,228		2,057		2,059
Income from bank-owned life insurance		5,045		5,110		5,794
Income from mortgage banking activities		58,109		58,907		3,450
Net gain on the sale of bank premises		2,763		0		0
Net investment securities (losses) gains		(2,618)		5,584		280
Other income		1,767		2,039		1,339


Total other income		128,712		131,645		70,032
Other expense
Employee compensation		164,468		166,393		95,655
Employee benefits		36,172		34,997		26,591
Net occupancy expense		36,462		39,067		27,529
Other real estate owned (OREO) expense		3,444		6,003		5,844
Equipment expense		13,846		10,528		8,622
Data processing expense		23,800		21,019		15,280
Bankcard processing expense		1,971		1,809		1,742
FDIC insurance expense		11,464		7,051		8,548
Other expense		76,552		80,542		58,385


Total other expense		368,179		367,409		248,196


Income before income taxes		327,165		284,827		222,658
Income taxes		70,823		134,246		75,575


Net income	$	256,342	$	150,581	$	147,083

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)


	Year Ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Earnings per common share:
Basic	$	2.46	$	1.54	$	2.00

Diluted	$	2.45	$	1.54	$	1.99

Dividends per common share	$	1.36	$	1.33	$	1.32

Average outstanding shares:
Basic		104,015,976		97,502,633		73,531,992
Diluted		104,298,825		97,890,078		73,893,127

See notes to consolidated financial statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands)


	Year Ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Net income	$	256,342	$	150,581	$	147,083

Change in net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale (AFS) securities, net of tax		(9,015)		4,093		(7,782)
Accretion of the net unrealized loss on the transfer of AFS securities to held-to-maturity (HTM) securities, net of tax		6		5		6
Change in defined benefit pension plan, net of tax		504		(1,406)		1,271

Comprehensive income, net of tax	$	247,837	$	153,273	$	140,578

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)


											Accumulated
	Common Stock										Other						Total
			Par					Retained			Comprehensive			Treasury			Shareholders’
	Shares		Value		Surplus			Earnings			Income (Loss)			Stock			Equity
Balance at January 1, 2016		69,626,932	$	174,067	$	752,997		$	824,603		$	(38,212	)	$	(820	)	$	1,712,635
Net income		0		0		0			147,083			0			0			147,083
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		0		0		0			0			(6,505	)		0			(6,505	)

Total comprehensive income, net of tax																		140,578
Stock based compensation expense		0		0		2,817			0			0			0			2,817
Issuance of common stock (4,330,000 shares)		4,330,000		10,825		189,091			0			0			0			199,916
Acquisition of Bank of Georgetown (6,527,746 shares)		6,527,746		16,319		248,176			0			0			0			264,495
Purchase of treasury stock (16 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			(1	)		(1	)
Issuance of treasury stock (1,500 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			52			52
Distribution of treasury stock for deferred compensation plan (28 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			1			1
Cash dividends ($1.32 per share)		0		0		0			(98,696	)		0			0			(98,696	)
Grant of restricted stock (64,092 shares)		64,092		161		(161	)		0			0			0			0
Forfeiture of restricted stock (5,955 shares)		0		0		207			0			0			(207	)		0
Common stock options exercised (519,482 shares)		519,482		1,299		12,651			0			0			0			13,950

Balance at December 31, 2016		81,068,252		202,671		1,205,778			872,990			(44,717	)		(975	)		2,235,747
Net income		0		0		0			150,581			0			0			150,581
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		0		0		0			0			2,692			0			2,692

Total comprehensive income, net of tax																		153,273
Stock based compensation expense		0		0		3,555			0			0			0			3,555
Acquisition of Cardinal Financial Corporation (23,690,589 shares)		23,690,589		59,226		916,028			0			0			0			975,254
Purchase of treasury stock (86 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			(1	)		(1	)
Distribution of treasury stock for deferred compensation plan (31 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			1			1
Cash dividends ($1.33 per share)		0		0		0			(131,755	)		0			0			(131,755	)
Grant of restricted stock (90,075 shares)		90,075		225		(225	)		0			0			0			0
Forfeiture of restricted stock (840 shares)		0		0		38			0			0			(38	)		0
Common stock options exercised (220,905 shares)		220,905		553		3,903			0			0			0			4,456

Balance at December 31, 2017		105,069,821		262,675		2,129,077			891,816			(42,025	)		(1,013	)		3,240,530
Cumulative effect of adopting Accounting Standard Update 2016-01									136			(136	)					0
Reclass due to adopting Accounting Standard Update 2018-02									6,353			(6,353	)					0
Comprehensive income:
Net income		0		0		0			256,342			0			0			256,342
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		0		0		0			0			(8,505	)		0			(8,505	)

Total comprehensive income, net of tax																		247,837
Stock based compensation expense		0		0		4,073			0			0			0			4,073
Purchase of treasury stock (2,880,855 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			(100,724	)		(100,724	)
Distribution of treasury stock for deferred compensation plan (31 shares)		0		0		0			0			0			1			1
Cash dividends ($1.36 per share)		0		0		0			(141,610	)		0			0			(141,610	)
Grant of restricted stock (97,004 shares)		97,004		243		(243	)		0			0			0			0
Forfeiture of restricted stock (5,636 shares)		0		0		218			0			0			(218	)		0
Common stock options exercised (72,296 shares)		72,296		180		1,337			0			0			0			1,517

Balance at December 31, 2018		105,239,121	$	263,098	$	2,134,462		$	1,013,037		$	(57,019	)	$	(101,954	)	$	3,251,624

See notes to consolidated financial statements

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31
	2018			2017			2016
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income	$	256,342		$	150,581		$	147,083
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan losses		22,013			28,406			24,509
Depreciation, amortization and accretion		(21,061	)		(21,567	)		(8,720	)
(Gain) Loss on sales of bank premises, OREO and equipment		(772	)		4,813			5,196
Loss (Gain) on securities		2,618			(5,584	)		(280	)
Loans originated for sale		(1,994,707	)		(2,373,622	)		(154,335	)
Proceeds from sales of loans		2,041,508			2,455,213			160,021
Gain on sales of loans		(58,109	)		(58,907	)		(3,450	)
Stock-based compensation		4,073			3,555			2,817
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation arrangements		158			2,201			4,008
Deferred income tax expense		9,353			60,827			7,252
Increase in cash surrender value of bank-owned life insurance policies		(5,045	)		(5,110	)		(3,837	)
Contribution to pension plan		(7,000	)		(10,000	)		0
Amortization of net periodic pension costs		2,566			3,310			5,156
Changes in:
Loans held for sale		27,417			(8,893	)		0
Interest receivable		(7,782	)		(2,024	)		(755	)
Other assets		11,824			32,924			(5,855	)
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		9,137			(2,195	)		(8,076	)

NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES		292,533			253,928			170,734

INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from maturities and calls of held to maturity securities		328			14,214			5,730
Purchases of held to maturity securities		0			(1,403	)		0
Proceeds from sales of securities available for sale		171,202			247,131			103,440
Proceeds from maturities and calls of securities available for sale		270,754			439,181			410,550
Purchases of securities available for sale		(917,907	)		(932,474	)		(504,978	)
Proceeds from sales of equity securities		2,005			0			0
Purchases of equity securities		(657	)		0			0
Proceeds from sales and redemptions of other investment securities		37,860			40,837			64,411
Purchases of other investment securities		(57,154	)		(74,090	)		(72,052	)
Redemption of bank-owned life insurance policies		0			0			630
Purchases of bank premises and equipment		(5,776	)		(14,357	)		(7,271	)
Proceeds from sales of bank premises and equipment		8,397			17			554
Acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash paid		0			44,531			29,330
Proceeds from sales of OREO properties		10,816			7,066			17,871
Net change in loans		(391,381	)		496,025			(17,255	)

NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY INVESTING ACTIVITIES		(871,513	)		266,678			30,960

FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Cash dividends paid		(142,350	)		(121,354	)		(96,351	)
Acquisition of treasury stock		(100,724	)		(1	)		(1	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		1,500			4,619			13,337
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock		0			0			199,916
Distribution of treasury stock for deferred compensation plan		1			1			1
Repayment of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		(755,000	)		(845,208	)		(725,673	)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings		950,000			815,000			795,000
Repayment of trust preferred issuance		(9,374	)		0			0
Changes in:
Time deposits		(293,184	)		614,821			75,639
Other deposits		458,600			(928,665	)		408,127
Federal funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase and other short-term borrowings		(176,260	)		171,821			(294,497	)


NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES		(66,791	)		(288,966	)		375,498


(DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		(645,771	)		231,640			577,192

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT BEGINNING OF YEAR		1,666,167			1,434,527			857,335


CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF YEAR	$	1,020,396		$	1,666,167		$	1,434,527

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES


(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Supplemental information
Cash paid for interest	$	124,679	$	72,715	$	44,609
Cash paid for income taxes		55,336		73,096		61,905
Noncash investing activities:
Transfers of loans to OREO	$	1,840	$	17,615	$	21,776

See notes to consolidated financial statements

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

December 31, 2018

NOTE A—SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of Operations: United Bankshares, Inc. (United, the Company) is a financial holding company headquartered in Charleston, West Virginia. United considers all of West Virginia to be included in its market area. This area includes the five largest West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA): the Parkersburg MSA, the Charleston MSA, the Huntington MSA, the Morgantown MSA and the Wheeling MSA. United serves the Ohio counties of Lawrence, Belmont, Jefferson and Washington and Fayette county in Pennsylvania primarily because of their close proximity to the Ohio and Pennsylvania borders and United banking offices located in those counties or in nearby West Virginia. United’s Virginia markets include the Maryland, northern Virginia and Washington, D.C. MSA, the Winchester MSA, the Harrisonburg MSA, and the Charlottesville MSA. United considers all of the above locations to be the primary market area for the business of its banking subsidiaries.

Operating Segments: As a result of the acquisition Cardinal Financial Corporation (Cardinal) at the close of business on April 21, 2017, United now operates in two business segments: community banking and mortgage banking. Prior to the Cardinal acquisition, United’s business activities were confined to just one reportable segment of community banking.

Through its community banking segment, United offers a full range of banking products and services through various delivery channels. Included among the banking products and services offered are the acceptance of deposits in checking, savings, time and money market accounts; the making and servicing of personal, credit card commercial, and floor plan loans; and the making of construction and real estate loans. Also offered are trust and brokerage services, safe deposit boxes, and wire transfers. The mortgage banking segment engages primarily in the origination and acquisition of residential mortgages for sale into the secondary market though George Mason Mortgage, LLC (George Mason), an indirectly owned subsidiary of United.

Basis of Presentation: The consolidated financial statements and the notes to consolidated financial statements include the accounts of United and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

The Cardinal acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method and their results of operations have been included in the United’s consolidated financial statements as of the acquisition date (April 21, 2017).

United determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity (VIE) under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Voting interest entities are entities in which the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and provides the equity holders with the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities. United consolidates voting interest entities in which it has all, or at least a majority of, the voting interest. As defined in applicable accounting standards, VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. A controlling financial interest in a VIE is present when an enterprise has both the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and an obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The enterprise with a controlling financial interest, known as the primary beneficiary, consolidates the VIE. United’s wholly owned and indirect wholly owned statutory trust subsidiaries are VIEs for which United is not the primary beneficiary. Accordingly, its accounts are not included in United’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company has evaluated events and transactions subsequent to December 31, 2018 through the date these financial statements were issued. Based on definitions and requirements of generally accepted accounting principles for “Subsequent Events,” the Company has not identified any events that would require adjustments to, or disclosure in the financial statements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents: United considers cash and due from banks, interest-bearing deposits with other banks and federal funds sold as cash and cash equivalents.

Securities: Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Debt securities that United has the positive intent and the ability to hold to maturity are carried at amortized cost. Securities to be held for indefinite periods of time are classified as available for sale and carried at estimated fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on securities classified as available for sale are carried as a separate component of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of deferred income taxes. Equity investments with readily determinable fair values are measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized within noninterest income of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Gains or losses on sales of securities are recognized by the specific identification method and are reported in securities gains and losses within noninterest income of the Consolidated Statements of Income. United reviews available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities on a quarterly basis for possible impairment. United determines whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis of a security is other-than-temporary. This determination requires significant judgment. In making this judgment, United’s review includes an analysis of the facts and circumstances of each individual investment such as the severity of loss, the length of time the fair value has been below cost, the expectation for that security’s performance, the creditworthiness of the issuer, recent changes in external credit ratings, and the assessment of collection of the security’s contractual amounts from the issuer or issuers. If United intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that United will be required to sell an impaired debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss, other-than-temporary impairment is recognized in earnings. The credit loss is defined as the difference between the present value of cash flows expected to be collected (discounted at the contractual rate) and the amortized cost basis. The amount recognized in earnings is equal to the entire difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. If United does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that United will be required to sell the impaired debt security prior to recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment is separated into the following: 1) the amount representing the credit loss, which is recognized within noninterest income of the Consolidated Statements of Income, and 2) the amount related to all other factors, which is recognized in other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Certain security investments that do not have readily determinable fair values and for which United does not exercise significant influence are carried at cost and are classified as other investment securities on the balance sheet. These cost-method investments are reviewed for impairment at least annually or sooner if events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable.

Securities Purchased Under Resale Agreements and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase: Securities purchased under agreements to resell and securities sold under agreements to repurchase are accounted for as collateralized financing transactions. They are recorded at the amounts at which the securities were acquired or sold plus accrued interest. Securities, generally U.S. government and federal agency securities, pledged as collateral under these financing arrangements cannot be repledged or sold, unless replaced, by the secured party. The fair value of the collateral either received from or provided to a third party is continually monitored and additional collateral is obtained or is requested to be returned to United as deemed appropriate.

Loans: Loans are reported at the principal amount outstanding, net of unearned income. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to operations using methods that produce a level yield on individual principal amounts outstanding. Loan origination and commitment fees and related direct loan origination costs are deferred and amortized as an adjustment of loan yield over the estimated life of the related loan. Loan fees net of costs accreted and included in interest income were $44,547,000, $44,475,000, and $18,471,000, for the years of 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The accrual of interest

income on commercial and most consumer loans generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 to 120 days past due as to principal or interest. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Management may elect to continue the accrual of interest when the estimated net realizable value of collateral exceeds the principal balance and accrued interest, and the loan is in the process of collection.

Loans are designated as impaired when, in the opinion of management, based on current information and events, the collection of principal and interest in accordance with the loan contract is doubtful. Consistent with United’s existing method of income recognition for loans, interest on impaired loans, except those classified as nonaccrual, is recognized as income using the accrual method. United’s method of income recognition for impaired loans that are classified as nonaccrual is to recognize interest income on the cash basis or apply the cash receipt to principal when the ultimate collectibility of principal is in doubt.

A loan is categorized as a trouble debt restructuring (TDR) if a concession is granted to provide for a reduction of either interest or principal due to a deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. A loan classified as a TDR will generally retain such classification until the loan is paid in full. However, a one-to-four-family residential mortgage TDR loan that yields a market rate and demonstrates the ability to pay under the terms of the restructured note through a sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally one year, is removed from the TDR classification. Interest income on TDRs is accrued at the reduced rate and the loan is returned to performing status once the borrower demonstrates the ability to pay under the terms of the restructured note through a sustained period of repayment performance, which is generally six months. The portfolio of TDR loans is monitored monthly.

Loans Acquired Through Transfer: Loans acquired through the completion of a transfer, including loans acquired in a business combination, that have evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that United will be unable to collect all contractually required payment receivable are initially recorded at fair value (as determined by the present value of expected future cash flows) with no valuation allowance. The difference between the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition and the investment in the loan, or the “accretable yield,” is recognized as interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition, or the “nonaccretable difference,” are not recognized as a yield adjustment or as a loss accrual or a valuation allowance. Increases in expected cash flows subsequent to the initial investment are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining life. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairment. Valuation allowances on these impaired loans reflect only losses incurred after the acquisition (meaning the present value of all cash flows expected at acquisition that ultimately are not to be received).

Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale consist of one-to-four family conforming residential real estate loans originated for sale in the secondary market.

Loans held for sale within the mortgage banking segment are recorded under the fair value option at a fair value measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing.

Loans held for sale within the community banking segment are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value is based on the price secondary markets are currently offering for similar loans using observable market data which is not materially different than cost due to the short duration between origination and sale.

Gains and losses on sale of loans are recorded within income from mortgage banking activities.

Allowance for Credit Losses: United maintains an allowance for loan losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments such as unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments are referred to as the allowance for credit losses.

The allowance for loan losses is management’s estimate of the probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. Management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses and the appropriate provision for credit losses is based upon a quarterly evaluation of the portfolio. This evaluation is inherently subjective and requires significant

estimates, including the amounts and timing of estimated future cash flows, estimated losses on pools of loans based on historical loss experience, and consideration of current economic trends, all of which are susceptible to constant and significant change. The amounts allocated to specific credits and loan pools grouped by similar risk characteristics are reviewed on a quarterly basis and adjusted as necessary based upon subsequent changes in circumstances. In determining the components of the allowance for credit losses, management considers the risk arising in part from, but not limited to, charge-off and delinquency trends, current economic and business conditions, lending policies and procedures, the size and risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, concentrations of credit, and other various factors. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, while recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited to the allowance for loan losses.

In determining the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, management makes allocations to specific commercial loans classified by management as to risk. Management determines the loan’s risk by considering the borrowers’ ability to repay, the collateral securing the credit and other borrower-specific factors that may impact collectibility. For impaired loans, specific allocations are based on the present value of expected future cash flows using the loan’s effective interest rate, or as a practical expedient, at the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral-dependent. Other commercial loans not specifically reviewed on an individual basis are evaluated based on loan pools, which are grouped by similar risk characteristics using management’s internal risk ratings. Allocations for these commercial loan pools are determined based upon historical loss experience adjusted for current environmental conditions and risk factors and the estimate period it takes for losses to result in a charge-off. Allocations for loans, other than commercial loans, are developed by applying historical loss experience adjusted for current environmental conditions and risk factors to loan pools grouped by similar risk characteristics. The environmental factors considered for each of the loan portfolios includes estimated probable inherent but undetected losses within the portfolio due to uncertainties in economic conditions, delays in obtaining information, including unfavorable information about a borrower’s financial condition, the difficulty in identifying triggering events that correlate perfectly to subsequent loss rates, and risk factors that have not yet fully manifested themselves in loss allocation factors. While allocations are made to specific loans and pools of loans, the allowance is available for all loan losses. Management believes that the allowance for credit losses is adequate to provide for probable losses on existing loans and loan-related commitments based on information currently available.

Bank Premises and Equipment: Bank premises and equipment are stated at cost, less allowances for depreciation and amortization. The provision for depreciation is computed principally by the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. Useful lives range primarily from three to 15 years for furniture, fixtures and equipment and five to 40 years for buildings and improvements. Leasehold improvements are generally amortized over the lesser of the term of the respective leases or the estimated useful lives of the improvements.

Other Real Estate Owned: At December 31, 2018 and 2017, other real estate owned (OREO) included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets was $16,865,000 and $24,348,000, respectively. OREO consists of real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans. Such assets are carried at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. Any adjustment to the fair value at the date of transfer is charged against the allowance for loan losses. Any subsequent valuation adjustments as well as any costs relating to operating, holding or disposing of the property are recorded in other expense in the period incurred. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the recorded investment of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process was $520,000 and $873,000, respectively.

Revenue Recognition: Interest and dividend income, loans fees, fees from trust and brokerage services, deposit services and bankcard fees are recognized and accrued as earned.

Descriptions of our revenue-generating activities that are within the scope of ASC Topic 606, which are presented in our Consolidated Statements of Income as components of Other Income are discussed below. There are no significant judgements relating to the amount and timing of revenue recognition for those revenue streams under the scope of ASC Topic 606.

Fees from Trust Services

Revenue from trust services primarily is comprised of fees earned from the management and administration of trusts and other customer assets. Trust services include custody of assets, investment management, escrow services, and similar fiduciary activities. The Company’s performance obligation is generally satisfied over time and the resulting fees are recognized monthly, based upon the month-end market value of the assets under management and the applicable fee rate. Payment is generally received a few days after month end through a direct charge to customers’ accounts.

Fees from Brokerage Services

Revenue from brokerage services are recorded as the income is earned at the time the related service is performed. In return for such services, the Company charges a commission for the sales of various securities products primarily consisting of investment company shares, annuity products, and corporate debt and equity securities, for its selling and administrative efforts. For account supervision, advisory and administrative services, revenue is recognized over a period of time as earned based on customer account balances and activity.

Fees from Deposit Services

Service charges on deposit accounts consist of account analysis fees (i.e., net fees earned on analyzed business and public checking accounts), monthly service fees, check orders, ATM activity fees, debit card fees, and other deposit account related fees. Revenue is recognized when our performance obligation is completed which is generally monthly for account maintenance services or when a transaction has been completed (ATM or debit card activity).

Bankcard Fees and Merchant Discounts

Bankcard fees and merchant discounts are primarily comprised of credit card income and merchant services income. Credit card income is primarily comprised of interchange fees earned whenever the Company’s credit cards are processed through card payment networks such as Visa. Merchant services income mainly represents fees charged to merchants to process their credit card transactions. The Company’s performance obligation for bankcard fees and exchange are largely satisfied, and related revenue recognized at the time services are rendered. Payment is typically received immediately or in the following month.

Advertising Costs: Advertising costs are generally expensed as incurred and included in Other Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Advertising expense was $4,643,000, $4,519,000, and $3,410,000 for the years of 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

Income Taxes: Income tax expense is the total of the current year income tax due or refundable and the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities (excluding deferred tax assets and liabilities related to business combinations or components of other comprehensive income). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are the expected future tax amounts for the temporary differences between carrying amounts and tax bases of assets and liabilities, computed using enacted tax rates. A valuation allowance, if needed, reduces deferred tax assets to the expected amount most likely to be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of a sufficient level of future taxable income and recoverable taxes paid in prior years. Although realization is not assured, management believes it is more likely than not that all of the deferred tax assets will be realized. Interest and/or penalties related to income taxes are reported as a component of income tax expense.

For uncertain income tax positions, United records a liability based on a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not, and a measurement attribute for all tax positions taken on a tax return, in order for those tax positions to be recognized in the financial statements.

United files a consolidated income tax return with its subsidiaries. Federal income tax expense or benefit has been allocated to subsidiaries on a separate return basis.

Intangible Assets: Intangible assets relating to the estimated fair value of the deposit base of the acquired institutions are being amortized on an accelerated basis over a one to seven-year period. Management reviews intangible assets on an annual basis, or sooner if indicators of impairment exist, and evaluates changes in facts and circumstances that may indicate impairment in the carrying value. United incurred amortization expense of $8,039,000, $7,772,000, and $3,944,000 in 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively, related to all intangible assets.

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives (such as a trade name intangible) are not amortized, but are tested for impairment at least annually or sooner if indicators of impairment exist. Intangible assets with definite useful lives (such as core deposit intangibles) are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values, and reviewed for impairment at least annually or as indicators of impairment are identified. Based on the most recent goodwill impairment test, no impairment was noted. As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, total goodwill approximated $1,478,014,000 and $1,478,380,000, respectively.

Derivative Financial Instruments: United accounts for its derivative financial instruments in accordance with the Derivatives and Hedging topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC Topic 815). ASC Topic 815 requires all derivative instruments to be carried at fair value on the balance sheet. United has designated certain derivative instruments to manage interest rate risk as hedge relationships with certain assets, liabilities or cash flows being hedged. Certain derivatives used for interest rate risk management are not designated in a hedge relationship.

Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.

For a fair value hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to the hedged financial instrument. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a fair value hedge are offset in current period earnings. For a cash flow hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity, net of tax. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a cash flow hedge are offset to other comprehensive income, net of tax. The portion of a hedge that is ineffective is recognized immediately in earnings.

At inception of a hedge relationship, United formally documents the hedged item, the particular risk management objective, the nature of the risk being hedged, the derivative being used, how effectiveness of the hedge will be assessed and how the ineffectiveness of the hedge will be measured. United also assesses hedge effectiveness at inception and on an ongoing basis using regression analysis. Hedge ineffectiveness is measured by using the change in fair value method. The change in fair value method compares the change in the fair value of the hedging derivative to the change in the fair value of the hedged exposure, attributable to changes in the benchmark rate.

United through George Mason enters into interest rate lock commitments to finance residential mortgage loans with its customers. These commitments, which contain fixed expiration dates, offer the borrower an interest rate guarantee provided the loan meets underwriting guidelines and closes within the timeframe established by United. Interest rate risk arises on these commitments and subsequently closed loans if interest rates change between the time of the interest rate lock and the delivery of the loan to the investor. Market risk on interest rate lock commitments and mortgage loans held for sale is managed using corresponding forward mortgage loan sales contracts. United is a party to these forward mortgage loan sales contracts to sell loans servicing released and short sales of mortgage-backed securities. When the interest rate is locked with the borrower, the rate lock commitment, forward sale agreement, and mortgage-backed security position are undesignated derivatives and marked to fair value through earnings. The fair value of the rate lock derivative includes the servicing premium and the interest spread for the difference between retail and wholesale mortgage rates. Income from mortgage banking activities includes the gain recognized for the period presented and associated elements of fair value.

United sells mortgage loans on either a best efforts or mandatory delivery basis. For loans sold on a mandatory delivery basis, United enters into forward mortgage-backed securities (the “residual hedge”) to mitigate the effect of interest rate risk. Both the rate lock commitment for mandatory delivery loans and the residual hedge are recorded at fair value through earnings and are not designated as accounting hedges. At the closing of the loan, the loan commitment derivative expires and United records a loan held for sale at fair value and continues to mark these assets to market under the election of the fair value option. United closes out of the trading mortgage-backed securities assigned within the residual hedge and replaces the securities with a forward sales contract once a price has been accepted by an investor and recorded at fair value. For those loans selected to be sold under a best efforts delivery basis, at the closing of the loan, the rate lock commitment derivative expires and the Company records a loan held for sale at fair value under the election of fair value option and continues to be obligated under the same forward loan sales contract entered into at inception of the rate lock commitment.

For derivatives that are not designated in a hedge relationship, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized in earnings in the same period as the change in the fair value.

Stock-Based Compensation: Compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock awards issued to participants is based upon the fair value of the award at the date of grant. The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using a binomial lattice option pricing model, while the fair value of restricted stock awards is based upon the stock price at the date of grant. Compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period for options and the respective period for stock awards.

Stock-based compensation expense was $4,073,000 in 2018, $3,555,000 in 2017, and $2,817,000 in 2016.

Treasury Stock: United records common stock purchased for treasury at cost. At the date of subsequent reissuance, the treasury stock account is reduced by the cost of such stock using the weighted-average cost method.

Trust Assets and Income: Assets held in a fiduciary or agency capacity for customers are not included in the balance sheets since such items are not assets of the company. Trust income is reported on an accrual basis.

Earnings Per Common Share: United calculates earnings per common share in accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share,” which provides that unvested share-based payment awards that contain nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities and shall be included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. United has determined that its outstanding non-vested restricted stock awards are participating securities.

Under the two-class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period, excluding outstanding participating securities. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of stock compensation using the treasury stock method.

The reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of basic earnings per share with that of diluted earnings per share is presented as follows:


	Year Ended December 31
(Dollars in thousands, except per share)	2018		2017		2016
Distributed earnings allocated to common stock	$	141,336	$	131,527	$	98,510
Undistributed earnings allocated to common stock		114,542		18,816		48,317

Net earnings allocated to common shareholders	$	255,878	$	150,343	$	146,827

Average common shares outstanding		104,015,976		97,502,633		73,531,992
Dilutive effect of stock compensation		282,849		387,445		361,135

Average diluted shares outstanding		104,298,825		97,890,078		73,893,127

Earnings per basic common share	$	2.46	$	1.54	$	2.00
Earnings per diluted common share	$	2.45	$	1.54	$	1.99

Fair Value Measurements: United determines the fair values of its financial instruments based on the fair value hierarchy established in ASC Topic 820, which also clarifies that fair value of certain assets and liabilities is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants.

ASC Topic 820 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect United’s market assumptions.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy based on these two types of inputs are as follows:

When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities, United looks to active and observable markets to price identical assets or liabilities whenever possible and classifies such items in Level 1. When identical assets and liabilities are not traded in active markets, United looks to market observable data for similar assets and liabilities and classifies such items as Level 2. Nevertheless, certain assets and liabilities are not actively traded in observable markets and United must use alternative valuation techniques using unobservable inputs to determine a fair value and classifies such items as Level 3. For assets and liabilities that are not actively traded, the fair value measurement is based primarily upon estimates that require significant judgment. Therefore, the results may not be realized in an actual sale or immediate settlement of the asset or liability. Additionally, there are inherent weaknesses in any calculation technique, and changes in the underlying assumptions used, including discount rates and estimates of future cash flows, could significantly affect the results of current or future values. The level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant in the fair value measurement.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements:

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2018-14 “Compensation – Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefits – General (Topic 715-20): Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans.” This update amends ASC Topic 715 to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other post retirement plans. The ASU’s changes related to disclosures are part of the FASB’s disclosure framework project, which the FASB launched in 2014 to improve effectiveness of disclosures in notes to financial statements. ASU No. 2018-14 is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim fiscal periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020; early adoption is permitted. ASU No. 2018-14 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13 “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Disclosure Framework – Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement.” This amendment changes the fair value measurement disclosure requirements of ASC Topic 820 and is the result of a broader disclosure project called FASB Concepts Statement, Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting – Chapter 8: Notes to Financial Statements, which was finalized in August 2018. ASU No. 2018-13 is effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim fiscal periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019; early adoption is permitted for any eliminated or modified disclosure upon issuance of this ASU. ASU No. 2018-13 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In June 2018, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2018-07 “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718):Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” This update has been issued as part of a simplification initiative which will expand the scope of ASC Topic 718 to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from non-employees and expands the scope through the amendments to address and improve aspects of the accounting for non-employee share-based payment transactions. Consequently, the accounting for share-based payments to nonemployees and employees will be substantially aligned. ASU No. 2018-07 is effective for public companies for fiscal years, and interim fiscal periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018; early adoption is permitted. ASU No. 2018-07 was adopted by United on January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-03, “Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” ASU 2018-03 clarifies that entities that use the measurement alternative for equity securities without readily determinable fair values can change its measurement approach to fair value. This election is irrevocable and will apply to all future purchases of

identical or similar investments of the same issuer. The amended guidance also clarifies that adjustments made under the measurement alternative should reflect the fair value of the security as of the date that an observable transaction took place rather than the current reporting date. Entities will use the prospective transition approach only for securities they elect to measure using the measurement alternative. ASU No. 2018-03 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017; early adoption is permitted. ASU No. 2018-03 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income,” to help organizations address certain stranded income tax effects in accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”). This ASU provides financial statement preparers with an option to reclassify stranded tax effects within AOCI to retained earnings in each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act (or portion thereof) is recorded. The amendments are effective for all organizations for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Organizations should apply the proposed amendments either in the period of adoption or retrospectively to each period (or periods) in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Act is recognized. United adopted ASU No. 2018-02 in the first quarter of 2018 and reclassified $6,353,000 of stranded income tax effected amounts in AOCI to retained earnings.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, “Targeting Improvement to Accounting for Hedging Activities.” This ASU amends ASC 815 and its objectives are to improve the transparency and understandability of information conveyed to financial statement users about an entity’s risk management activities by better aligning the entity’s financial reporting for hedging relationships with those risk management activities and reduce the complexity and simplify the application of hedge accounting by preparers. This ASU makes certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting, including to derivative instruments as well as allow a one-time election to reclassify fixed-rate, prepayable debt securities from a held-to-maturity classification to an available-for-sale classification. ASU No. 2017-12 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018; early adoption is permitted. United adopted the standard on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach. As part of this adoption, the Company made a one-time election to transfer eligible HTM securities to the AFS category in order to optimize the investment portfolio management for capital and risk management considerations. The Company transferred HTM securities with a carrying amount of $11,544,000, which resulted in a decrease of $1,098,000 to AOCI.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-11, “Part I, Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features and Part II, Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling interests with a Scope Exception.” Part I of this ASU simplifies the accounting for financial instruments that include down round features while the amendments in Part II, which do not have an accounting effect, address the difficulty of navigating the guidance in ASC 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity”, due to the existence of extensive pending content in the Codification. ASU No. 2017-11 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. ASU No. 2017-11 was adopted by United on January 1, 2019. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Stock Compensation, Scope of Modification Accounting.” This ASU clarifies when changes to the terms of conditions of a share-based payment award must be accounted for as modifications. Companies will apply the modification accounting guidance if the value, vesting conditions or classification of the award changes. The new guidance should reduce diversity in practice and result in fewer changes to the terms of an award being accounted for as modifications, as the guidance will allow companies to make certain non-substantive changes to awards without accounting for them as modifications. It does not change the accounting for modifications. ASU No. 2017-09 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017; early adoption is permitted. ASU No. 2017-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-07, “Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost.” ASU No. 2017-07 amends ASC Topic 715, “Compensation - Retirement Benefits” and will change how employers that sponsor defined benefit pension and/or other postretirement benefit plans present the net periodic benefit cost in the income statement. Employers will present the service cost component of net periodic benefit cost in the same income statement line item as other employee compensation costs arising from services rendered during the

period. Only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization in assets. Employers will present the other components of the net periodic benefit cost separately from the line item that includes the service cost and outside of any subtotal of operating income, if one is presented. These components will not be eligible for capitalization in assets. ASU No. 2017-07 was effective for United on January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU No. 2017-07 had a slight change in presentation but did not materially impact the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. United elected to use the practical expedient and used amounts previously disclosed in its Employee Benefits Plan footnote (Note N) to retrospectively adjust prior period amounts of employee compensation and employee benefits within United’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, “Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350).” ASU No. 2017-04 eliminates the requirement to calculate the implied fair value of goodwill to measure a goodwill impairment charge. Instead, entities will record an impairment charge based on the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying amount over its fair value. ASU No. 2017-04 is effective for United on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted, and management is currently evaluating the possible impact this standard may have on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-01, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business.” ASU No. 2017-01 changes the definition of a business to assist entities with evaluation when a set of transferred assets and activities is a business. The guidance requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. The guidance also requires a business to include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs by more closely aligning it with how outputs are described in ASC Topic 606. ASU No. 2017-01 was effective for United on January 1, 2018 and did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” ASU No. 2016-15 amends ASC Topic 230 to add and clarify guidance on the classification of certain cash receipts and payments in the statement of cash flows as a result of diversity in practice and in certain circumstances, financial statement restatements. Entities should apply ASU No. 2016-15 using a retrospective transition method to each period presented. ASU No. 2016-15 was effective for United on January 1, 2018 and did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” ASU No. 2016-13 changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments that aren’t measured at fair value through net income. The standard will replace today’s “incurred loss” approach with an “expected loss” model for instruments measured at amortized cost and require entities to record allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount under the current other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) model. ASU No. 2016-13 also simplifies the accounting model for purchased credit-impaired debt securities and loans. Entities will apply the standard’s provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. ASU No. 2016-13 is effective for United on January 1, 2020, with early adoption permitted. United has completed an initial data gap assessment and loan segmentation procedures, and is currently evaluating the various forecasting and modeling assumptions that will be used to estimate the initial current expected credit loss allowance. United has engaged a third-party service provider to assist with the implementation of the new accounting standard. Management is currently evaluating the possible impact this standard may have on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” ASU No. 2016-09 changed certain aspects of accounting for share-based payments to employees. The new guidance, amongst other things, requires all income tax effects of awards to be recognized in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled. The requirement to report those income tax effects in earnings was applied to settlements occurring on or after January 1, 2017 and the impact of applying that guidance reduced reporting income tax expense by $1,048,000 for the year of 2017. ASU No. 2016-09 also allows an employer to repurchase more of an employee’s shares than it could previously for tax withholding purposes without triggering liability accounting and make a policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur. The Company will continue to estimate the number of awards expected to be forfeited and adjust the estimate when it is no longer probable that the employee will fulfill the service condition, as was previously required. ASU No. 2016-09 also requires that all income tax-related cash flows resulting from share-based payments be reported as operating activities in the statement of cash flows. Previously, income tax benefits at

settlement of an award were reported as a reduction to operating cash flows and an increase to financing cash flows to the extent that those benefits exceeded the income tax benefits reported in earnings during the award’s vesting period. The adoption of ASU No. 2016-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. ASU No. 2016-02 includes a lessee accounting model that recognizes two types of leases, finance leases and operating leases, while lessor accounting will remain largely unchanged from the current GAAP. ASU No. 2016-02 requires, amongst other things, that a lessee recognize on the balance sheet a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for leases with terms of more than twelve months. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11 “Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements.” This update creates an additional transition method, and a lessor practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components if specified criteria are met. The new transition method allows companies to use the effective date of the new leases standard as the date of initial application transition. Companies that elect this transition option will not adjust their comparative period financial information for the effect of ASC Topic 842, nor will they make the new required lease disclosure for periods before the effective date. In addition, these companies will carry forward their ASC Topic 840 disclosures for comparative periods. The practical expedient permits lessors to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset to not separate lease and non-lease components if specified criteria are met. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10 “Codification Improvements to ASC Topic 842, Leases.” This update includes narrow amendments to clarify how to apply certain aspects of the new leases standard. The amendments address the rate implicit in the lease, impairment of the net investment in the lease, lessee reassessment of lease classification, lessor reassessment of lease term and purchase options, variable payments that depend on an index or rate and certain transition adjustments. ASU 2018-10 does not make any substantive changes to the core provisions or principals of the new leases standard. United adopted the standard using the modified retrospective transition method on January 1, 2019. The Company has evaluated and has elected the practical expedients, which allows for existing leases to be accounted for consistent with current guidance, with the exception of the balance sheet recognition for lessees. Adoption of the standard resulted in the recognition of additional net lease assets and lease liabilities of $67,040,000 and $70,692,000, respectively, as of January 1, 2019. Of the difference between these two amounts, $1,049,000 was recorded as an adjustment to retained earnings.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, “Financial Instruments Overall: Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” ASU 2016-01 makes changes to the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities, the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value under the fair value option and disclosure of fair value of instruments. In addition, ASU No. 2016-01 clarifies guidance related to the valuation allowance assessment when recognizing deferred tax assets resulting from unrealized losses on available-for-sale debt securities. ASU No. 2016-01 was adopted by United on January 1, 2018 and did not have a significant impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606).” ASU No. 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”, and most industry-specific guidance throughout the ASC. The amendments require an entity to recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. The new revenue recognition standard sets forth a five-step principle-based approach for determining revenue recognition. For United, revenue is comprised of net interest income and noninterest income. As the standard does not apply to revenue associated with financial instruments, net interest income, gains and losses from securities, income from bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) and income from mortgage banking activities are not impacted by the standard. Based on a review and evaluation of a number of revenue contracts, United’s management determined that ASU No. 2014-09 impacts certain recurring revenue streams related to noninterest income such as fees from trust and brokerage services. However, based on an assessment of these revenue streams under the standard, management concluded that ASU No. 2014-09 does not have a material impact on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations. In addition, in the Company’s evaluation of the nature of its contracts with customers, United has determined that further disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers into more granular categories beyond those presented in the Consolidated Statements of Income was not necessary. ASU No. 2014-09 was adopted by United on January 1, 2018 using the modified-retrospective transition method. No cumulative effect adjustment was made to the opening balance of retained earnings because the amount was considered immaterial. The impact of ASU No. 2014-09 for the year of 2018 was also immaterial to United’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, shareholders’ equity, cash flows and disclosures.

NOTE B—MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

Cardinal Financial Corporation

On April 21, 2017 (Cardinal Acquisition Date), United acquired 100% of the outstanding common stock of Cardinal Financial Corporation (Cardinal), headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia. The acquisition of Cardinal expands United’s existing footprint in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Statistical Area. At consummation, Cardinal had assets of $4,136,008,000, loans of $3,313,033,000 and deposits of $3,344,740,000. Cardinal also operated George Mason Mortgage, LLC (George Mason), a residential mortgage lending company based in Fairfax, Virginia with offices located in Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and the District of Columbia. As a result of the merger, George Mason became an indirectly-owned subsidiary of United.

The merger was accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting. The results of operations of Cardinal are included in the consolidated results of operations from the Cardinal Acquisition Date.

The aggregate purchase price was $975,254,000, including common stock valued at $972,499,000, stock options assumed valued at $2,741,000, and cash paid for fractional shares of $14,000. The number of shares issued in the transaction was 23,690,589, which were valued based on the closing market price of $41.05 for United’s common shares on April 21, 2017. The purchase price has been allocated to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets resulting in additions to goodwill, core deposit intangibles and the George Mason trade name intangible of $612,920,000, $28,724,000 and $1,080,000, respectively. The core deposit intangibles are being amortized over ten years. The George Mason trade name provides a source of market recognition to attract potential clients and retain existing relationships. United believes the George Mason trade name provides a competitive advantage and is likely going to be used into perpetuity and thus will not be subject to amortization, but rather be evaluated for impairment.

Because the consideration paid was greater than the net fair value of the acquired assets and liabilities, the Company recorded goodwill as part of the acquisition. None of the goodwill from the Cardinal acquisition is deductible for tax purposes. United used an independent third party to help determine the fair values of the assets and liabilities acquired from Cardinal. As a result of the merger, United recorded fair value discounts of $144,434,000 on the loans acquired, $2,281,000 on leases and $8,738,000 on trust preferred issuances, respectively, and premiums of $4,408,000 on land acquired, $5,072,000 on interest-bearing deposits and $10,740,000 on long-term FHLB advances, respectively. The remaining discount and premium amounts are being accreted or amortized on an accelerated or straight-line basis over each asset’s or liability’s estimated remaining life at the time of acquisition except for loans and land. The discount on loans will be accreted into income based on the effective yield method. The premium on land will not be amortized. At December 31, 2018, the discounts on leases and trust preferred issuances had an average estimated remaining life of 4.75 years and 15.72 years, respectively, and the premiums on the interest-bearing deposits and the FHLB advances each had an average estimated remaining life of 3.75 years and 3.56 years, respectively. United assumed $1,825,000 of liabilities to provide severance benefits to terminated employees of Cardinal, which has no remaining balance as of December 31, 2018. The estimated fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities, including identifiable intangible assets and goodwill are considered final as of April 21, 2018.

In many cases, determining the estimated fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities required United to estimate cash flows expected to result from those assets and liabilities and to discount those cash flows at appropriate rates of interest. The most significant of those determinations related to the fair value of acquired loans. The fair value of the acquired loans was based on the present value of the expected cash flows. Periodic principal and interest cash flows were adjusted for expected losses and prepayments, then discounted to determine the present value and summed to arrive at the estimated fair value. For such loans, the excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is recognized as interest income over the remaining lives of the loans. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition reflects the impact of estimated credit losses and other factors, such as prepayments. In accordance with GAAP, there was no carry-over of Cardinal’s previously established allowance for loan losses.

The acquired loans were divided into loans with evidence of credit quality deterioration, which are accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 (acquired impaired) and loans that do not meet this criteria, which are accounted for under ASC Topic

310-20 (acquired performing). Acquired impaired loans have experienced a deterioration of credit quality from origination to acquisition for which it is probable that United will be unable to collect all contractually required payments receivable, including both principal and interest. Subsequent decreases in the expected cash flows require United to evaluate the need for additions to the Company’s allowance for credit losses. Subsequent improvements in expected cash flows generally result in the recognition of additional interest income over the then remaining lives of the loans.

In conjunction with the Cardinal merger, the acquired loan portfolio was accounted for at fair value as follows:


(In thousands)	April 21, 2017
Contractually required principal and interest at acquisition	$	4,211,734
Contractual cash flows not expected to be collected		(56,176	)

Expected cash flows at acquisition		4,155,558
Interest component of expected cash flows		(986,959	)

Basis in acquired loans at acquisition – estimated fair value	$	3,168,599

Included in the above table is information related to acquired impaired loans. Specifically, contractually required principal and interest, cash flows expected to be collected and estimated fair value of acquired impaired loans were $132,837,000, $108,275,000, and $86,696,000, respectively.

The consideration paid for Cardinal’s common equity and the amounts of acquired identifiable assets and liabilities assumed as of the Cardinal Acquisition Date were as follows:


(In thousands)
Purchase price:
Value of common shares issued (23,690,589 shares)	$	972,499
Fair value of stock options assumed		2,741
Cash for fractional shares		14

Total purchase price		975,254

Identifiable assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		44,545
Investment securities		395,829
Loans held for sale		271,301
Loans		3,168,599
Premises and equipment		24,774
Core deposit intangibles		28,724
George Mason trade name intangible		1,080
Other assets		135,383

Total identifiable assets	$	4,070,235
Identifiable liabilities:
Deposits	$	3,349,812
Short-term borrowings		96,215
Long-term borrowings		220,119
Unfavorable lease liability		2,281
Other liabilities		39,474

Total identifiable liabilities		3,707,901

Fair value of net assets acquired including identifiable intangible assets		362,334

Resulting goodwill	$	612,920

The consolidated financial statements of United for the years of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 include the operating results of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities subsequent to the Cardinal Acquisition Date. The operations of United’s metropolitan Washington D.C. geographic area primarily includes the acquired operations of Cardinal. Cardinal’s results of operations prior to the Cardinal Acquisition Date are not included in United’s consolidated financial statements.

NOTE C—INVESTMENT SECURITIES

Securities Available for Sale

Securities held for indefinite periods of time are classified as available for sale and carried at estimated fair value. The amortized cost and estimated fair values of securities available for sale are summarized as follows.


	December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cumulative OTTI in AOCI⁽¹⁾

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	86,285	$	35	$	430	$	85,890	$	0
State and political subdivisions		212,670		439		4,121		208,988		0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		1,047,345		3,235		14,930		1,035,650		0
Non-agency		3,927		332		0		4,259		86
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency		560,634		996		7,030		554,600		0
Asset-backed securities		272,459		450		939		271,970		0
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		6,176		91		350		5,917		2,586
Single issue trust preferred securities		8,754		169		561		8,362		0
Other corporate securities		162,634		118		1,349		161,403		0

Total	$	2,360,884	$	5,865	$	29,710	$	2,337,039	$	2,672


	December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Cumulative OTTI in AOCI⁽¹⁾

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	114,735	$	385	$	362	$	114,758	$	0
State and political subdivisions		303,101		3,197		2,429		303,869		0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		821,857		2,096		9,360		814,593		0
Non-agency		4,969		543		0		5,512		86
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency		457,107		1,059		3,309		454,857		0
Asset-backed securities		109,829		148		7		109,970		0
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		37,856		542		4,129		34,269		20,770
Single issue trust preferred securities		13,417		368		1,225		12,560		0
Other corporate securities		28,101		407		18		28,490		0
Marketable equity securities		9,712		179		13		9,878		0

Total	$	1,900,684	$	8,924	$	20,852	$	1,888,756	$	20,856

(1)	Other-than-temporary impairment in accumulated other comprehensive income. Amounts are before-tax.

The following is a summary of securities available for sale which were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 and 2017.


	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2018
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	66,072	$	250	$	7,374	$	180
State and political subdivisions		53,421		544		94,337		3,577
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		195,009		1,597		508,041		13,333
Non-agency		0		0		0		0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency		107,443		1,124		294,129		5,906
Asset-backed securities		151,427		939		0		0
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		0		0		2,150		350
Single issue trust preferred securities		0		0		5,163		561
Other corporate securities		129,709		1,233		6,879		116

Total	$	703,081	$	5,687	$	918,073	$	24,023


	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
(In thousands)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
December 31, 2017
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	36,678	$	230	$	22,920	$	132
State and political subdivisions		82,896		566		59,432		1,863
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		460,414		4,621		182,482		4,739
Non-agency		0		0		0		0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency		282,858		2,386		70,763		923
Asset-backed securities		27,931		7		0		0
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		0		0		28,629		4,129
Single issue trust preferred securities		0		0		4,485		1,225
Other corporate securities		6,975		18		0		0
Marketable equity securities		0		0		363		13
Total	$	897,752	$	7,828	$	369,074	$	13,024

The following table shows the proceeds from maturities, sales and calls of available for sale securities and the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of those securities that have been included in earnings as a result of any sales and calls. Gains or losses on sales and calls of available for sale securities were recognized by the specific identification method. The realized losses relate to sales of securities within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers and its subsidiaries.


	Year Ended
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Proceeds from maturities, sales and calls	$	441,956	$	686,312	$	513,990
Gross realized gains		1,594		3,274		268
Gross realized losses		2,364		1,400		13

At December 31, 2018, gross unrealized losses on available for sale securities were $29,710,000 on 599 securities of a total portfolio of 830 available for sale securities. Securities in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2018 consisted

primarily of agency commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities, and state and political subdivision securities. The agency commercial and residential mortgage-backed securities relate to commercial and residential properties and provide a guaranty of full and timely payments of principal and interest by the issuing agency. The state and political subdivisions securities relate to securities issued by various municipalities.

In determining whether or not a security is other-than-temporarily impaired (OTTI), management considered the severity and the duration of the loss in conjunction with United’s positive intent and the more likely than not ability to hold these securities to recovery of their cost basis or maturity. As of December 31, 2018, securities with total unrealized losses of $1,456,000 were identified to be sold. Therefore, OTTI was recognized on these securities in amount of $1,456,000 as of December 31, 2018 due to the lack of intent to hold these securities to the recovery of their cost basis which is included in Net investment securities (losses) gains on United’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

State and political subdivisions

United’s state and political subdivisions portfolio relates to securities issued by various municipalities located throughout the United States. The total amortized cost of available for sale state and political subdivision securities was $212,670,000 at December 31, 2018. As of December 31, 2018, approximately 74% of the portfolio was supported by the general obligation of the issuing municipality, which allows for the securities to be repaid by any means available to the municipality. The majority of the portfolio was rated AA or higher, and less than one percent of the portfolio was rated below investment grade as of December 31, 2018. In addition to monitoring the credit ratings of these securities, management also evaluates the financial performance of the underlying issuers on an ongoing basis. As of December 31, 2018, OTTI in the amount of $74,000 was recognized on nine of these securities due to the intent to sell these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, with the exception of the securities identified to be sold, it was determined that none of the other state and political subdivision securities were other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Agency mortgage-backed securities

United’s agency mortgage-backed securities portfolio relates to securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae. The total amortized cost of available for sale agency mortgage-backed securities was $1,607,979,000 at December 31, 2018. Of the $1,607,979,000 amount, $560,634,000 was related to agency commercial mortgage-backed securities and $1,047,345,000 was related to agency residential mortgage-backed securities. Each of the agency mortgage-backed securities provides a guarantee of full and timely payments of principal and interest by the issuing agency. As of December 31, 2018, OTTI in the amount of $1,341,000 was recognized on twenty-three of these securities due to the intent to sell these securities before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, with the exception of the securities identified to be sold, it was determined that none of the other agency mortgage-backed securities were other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities

United’s non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities portfolio relates to securities of various private label issuers. The total amortized cost of available for sale non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities was $3,927,000 at December 31, 2018. Of the $3,927,000 amount, $118,000 was rated above investment grade and $3,809,000 was rated below investment grade. The entire portfolio of the non-agency residential mortgage-backed securities are either the senior or super-senior tranches of their respective structure. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, it was determined that none of the non-agency mortgage-backed securities were other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Single issue trust preferred securities

The majority of United’s single issue trust preferred portfolio consists of obligations from large cap banks (i.e. banks with market capitalization in excess of $10 billion). Management reviews each issuer’s current and projected earnings trends, asset quality, capitalization levels, and other key factors. Upon completing the review for the fourth quarter of 2018, it was determined that none of the single issue trust preferred securities were other-than-temporarily impaired. All single issue trust preferred securities are currently receiving interest payments. The amortized cost of available for sale single issue trust preferred securities as of December 31, 2018 consisted of $3,030,000 in investment grade bonds and $5,724,000 in unrated bonds. The investment grade bonds were rated BBB-. All of the unrated bonds were in an unrealized loss position for twelve months or longer as of December 31, 2018.

Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations (Trup Cdos)

The total amortized cost balance of United’s Trup Cdo portfolio was $6,176,000 as of December 31, 2018. For any securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses its intentions regarding any sale of securities as well as the likelihood that it would be required to sell prior to recovery of the amortized cost. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has determined that it does not intend to sell any Trup Cdo and that it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost.

To determine a net realizable value and assess whether other-than-temporary impairment existed, management performed detailed cash flow analysis to determine whether, in management’s judgment, it was more likely that United would not recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security. Except for the debt securities that have already been deemed to be other-than-temporarily impaired, management does not believe any other individual security with an unrealized loss as of December 31, 2018 is other-than-temporarily impaired.

Corporate securities

As of December 31, 2018, United’s Corporate securities portfolio had a total amortized cost balance of $162,634,000. The majority of the portfolio consisted of debt issuances of corporations representing a variety of industries, including financial institutions. Of the $162,634,000, 87% was investment grade rated and 13% was unrated. For corporate securities, management has evaluated the near-term prospects of the investment in relation to the severity and duration of any impairment. As of December 31, 2018, OTTI in the amount of $35,000 was recognized on one of these securities due to the intent to sell this security before the recovery of the amortized cost basis. Based upon management’s analysis and judgment, with the exception of the security identified to be sold, it was determined that none of the other corporate securities were other-than-temporarily impaired at December 31, 2018.

Below is a progression of the credit losses on securities which United has recorded other-than-temporary charges. These charges were recorded through earnings and other comprehensive income.


(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31
	2018		2017		2016
Balance of cumulative credit losses at beginning of period	$	18,060	$	22,162	$	23,773
Additional credit losses on securities for which OTTI was previously recognized		0		0		33
Reductions for securities sold or paid off during the period		(14,922)		(4,102)		(1,644)

Balance of cumulative credit losses at end of period	$	3,138	$	18,060	$	22,162

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available for sale at December 31, 2018 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations without penalties.

Maturities of mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $1,611,906,000 and an estimated fair value of $1,594,509,000 at December 31, 2018 are included below based upon contractual maturity.


			Estimated
(In thousands)	Amortized		Fair
	Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	77,534	$	77,266
Due after one year through five years		518,975		514,734
Due after five years through ten years		483,567		477,135
Due after ten years		1,280,808		1,267,904

Total	$	2,360,884	$	2,337,039

Securities Held to Maturity

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of securities held to maturity are summarized as follows:.


	December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	5,074	$	90	$	0	$	5,164
State and political subdivisions		5,473		7		1		5,479
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		20		2		0		22
Single issue trust preferred securities		9,412		0		1,442		7,970
Other corporate securities		20		0		0		20

Total	$	19,999	$	99	$	1,443	$	18,655


	December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	5,187	$	308	$	0	$	5,495
State and political subdivisions		5,797		10		0		5,807
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		23		3		0		26
Single issue trust preferred securities		9,401		0		731		8,670
Other corporate securities		20		0		0		20

Total	$	20,428	$	321	$	731	$	20,018

Even though the market value of the held-to-maturity investment portfolio is less than its cost, the unrealized loss has no impact on the net worth or regulatory capital requirements of United. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s largest held-to-maturity single-issue trust preferred exposure was to SunTrust Bank ($7,435,000). The two held-to-maturity single-issue trust preferred exposures with at least one rating below investment grade included SunTrust Bank ($7,435,000) and Royal Bank of Scotland ($977,000).

No gross realized gains and losses on calls and sales of held to maturity securities have been included in earnings for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities held to maturity at December 31, 2018 by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

Maturities of mortgage-backed securities with an amortized cost of $20,000 and an estimated fair value of $22,000 at December 31, 2018 are included below based upon contractual maturity.


			Estimated
(In thousands)	Amortized		Fair
	Cost		Value
Due in one year or less	$	7,913	$	8,005
Due after one year through five years		1,059		1,061
Due after five years through ten years		8,030		7,134
Due after ten years		2,997		2,455

Total	$	19,999	$	18,655

Equity securities at fair value

Equity securities consist mainly of equity securities of financial institutions and mutual funds within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries. The fair value of United’s equity securities was $9,734,000 at December 31, 2018. Prior to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-01 on January 1, 2018, equity securities were included in available for sale securities.


(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31, 2018
Net losses recognized during the period	$	(92	)
Net losses recognized during the period on equity securities sold		(2	)
Unrealized gains recognized during the period on equity securities still held at period end		92
Unrealized losses recognized during the period on equity securities still held at period end		(182	)

Other investment securities

During the fourth quarter of 2018, United evaluated all of its cost method investments to determine if certain events or changes in circumstances during the fourth quarter of 2018 had a significant adverse effect on the fair value of any of its cost method securities. United determined that there was no individual security that experienced an adverse event during the fourth quarter. There were no other events or changes in circumstances during the fourth quarter which would have an adverse effect on the fair value of its cost method securities.

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, and for other purposes as required or permitted by law, approximated $1,887,176,000 and $1,403,565,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The fair value of mortgage-backed securities is affected by changes in interest rates and prepayment speeds. When interest rates decline, prepayment speeds generally accelerate due to homeowners refinancing their mortgages at lower interest rates. This may result in the proceeds being reinvested at lower interest rates. Rising interest rates may decrease the assumed prepayment speed. Slower prepayment speeds may extend the maturity of the security beyond its estimated maturity. Therefore, investors may not be able to invest at current higher market rates due to the extended expected maturity of the security. United had a net unrealized loss of $17,395,000 at December 31, 2018 and net unrealized loss of $8,968,000 at December 31, 2017 on all mortgage-backed securities.

The following table sets forth the maturities of all securities (based on amortized cost) at December 31, 2018, and the weighted-average yields of such securities (calculated on the basis of the cost and the effective yields weighted for the scheduled maturity of each security).


						After 1 But					After 5 But
(Dollars in thousands)	Within 1 Year					Within 5 Years					Within 10 Years					After 10 Years
	Amount		Yield			Amount		Yield			Amount		Yield			Amount		Yield
U.S. Treasury and other U.S. Government agencies and corporations	$	10,042		3.97	%	$	65,019		2.45	%	$	16,298		3.09	%	$	0		0.00	%
States and political subdivisions (1)		23,021		1.82	%		10,795		2.88	%		40,664		2.60	%		143,663		3.18	%
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		0		0.00	%		2,030		4.69	%		247,219		2.44	%		798,116		2.81	%
Non-agency		187		5.00	%		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		3,740		5.84	%
Commercial mortgage-backed
Agency		47,198		1.98	%		323,743		2.33	%		144,585		2.91	%		45,108		2.76	%
Asset-backed securities		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		272,459		3.24	%
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		6,176		4.07	%
Single issue trust preferred securities		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		10,530		5.05	%		7,636		4.63	%
Other corporate securities		5,000		1.98	%		118,447		3.35	%		32,365		4.02	%		6,842		1.86	%
Marketable equity securities		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		9,734		2.92	%
Other investment securities		0		0.00	%		0		0.00	%		250		2.25	%		176,705		3.86	%

(1)

Tax-equivalent adjustments (using a 21% federal rate) have been made in calculating yields on obligations of states and political subdivisions.

There are no securities with a single issuer, other than the U.S. government and its agencies and corporations, the book value of which in the aggregate exceeds 10% of United’s total shareholders’ equity.

NOTE D—LOANS

Major classes of loans are as follows:


	December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017
Commercial, financial, and agricultural
Owner-occupied	$	1,291,790	$	1,361,629
Nonowner-occupied		4,303,613		4,451,298
Other commercial		1,957,641		1,998,979

Total commercial, financial & agricultural		7,553,044		7,811,906
Residential real estate		3,501,393		2,996,171
Construction & land development		1,410,468		1,504,907
Consumer:
Bankcard		10,203		10,314
Other Consumer		954,424		704,039
Less: Unearned income		(7,310)		(15,916)

Total Loans, net of unearned income	$	13,422,222	$	13,011,421

The table above does not include loans held for sale of $249,846,000 and $265,955,000 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Loans held for sale consist of single-family residential real estate loans originated for sale in the secondary market.

The outstanding loan balances in the table above include previously acquired impaired loans with a recorded investment of $149,737,000 or 1.12% of total gross loans at December 31, 2018 and $210,521,000 or 1.62% of total gross loans at December 31, 2017. The contractual principal in these acquired impaired loans was $195,706,000 and $285,964,000 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The balances above do not include future accretable net interest (i.e. the difference between the undiscounted expected cash flows and the recorded investment in the loan) on the acquired impaired loans. The outstanding loan balances in the table above also include unamortized deferred loan fees of $93,372,000 and $121,019,000 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Activity for the accretable yield for the year of 2018 follows.


(In thousands)

Accretable yield at the beginning of the period	$	39,098
Accretion (including cash recoveries)		(15,498	)
Additions		0
Net reclassifications to accretable from non-accretable		10,776
Disposals (including maturities, foreclosures, and charge-offs)		(8,087	)

Accretable yield at the ending of the period	$	26,289

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, loans-in-process of $53,997,000 and $37,738,000 and overdrafts from deposit accounts of $13,833,000 and $24,714,000, respectively, are included within the appropriate loan classifications above.

United’s subsidiary bank has made loans, in the normal course of business, to the directors and officers of United and its subsidiaries, and to their associates. The aggregate dollar amount of these loans was $93,282,000 and $36,360,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. During 2018, $93,175,000 of new loans were made and repayments totaled $36,253,000.

NOTE E—CREDIT QUALITY

Management monitors the credit quality of its loans on an ongoing basis. Measurement of delinquency and past due status are based on the contractual terms of each loan.

For all loan classes, past due loans are reviewed on a monthly basis to identify loans for nonaccrual status. Generally, when collection in full of the principal and interest is jeopardized, the loan is placed on nonaccrual status. The accrual of interest income on commercial and most consumer loans generally is discontinued when a loan becomes 90 to 120 days past due as to principal or interest. However, regardless of delinquency status, if a loan is fully secured and in the process of collection and resolution of collection is expected in the near term (generally less than 90 days), then the loan will not be placed on nonaccrual status. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest recognized in income in the current year is reversed, and unpaid interest accrued in prior years is charged to the allowance for loan losses. United’s method of income recognition for loans that are classified as nonaccrual is to recognize interest income on a cash basis or apply the cash receipt to principal when the ultimate collectibility of principal is in doubt. Nonaccrual loans will not normally be returned to accrual status unless all past due principal and interest has been paid and the borrower has evidenced their ability to meet the contractual provisions of the note.

A loan is categorized as a troubled debt restructuring (TDR) if a concession is granted and there is deterioration in the financial condition of the borrower. TDRs can take the form of a reduction of the stated interest rate, splitting a loan into separate loans with market terms on one loan and concessionary terms on the other loan, receipts of assets from a debtor in partial or full satisfaction of a loan, the extension of the maturity date or dates at a stated interest rate lower than the current market rate for new debt with similar risk, the reduction of the face amount or maturity amount of the debt as stated in the instrument or other agreement, the reduction of accrued interest or any other concessionary type of renegotiated debt. As of December 31, 2018, United had TDRs of $59,425,000. Of the $59,425,000 aggregate balance of TDRs at December 31, 2018, $48,899,000 was on nonaccrual and $690,000 were 90 days or more past due. As of December 31, 2017, United had TDRs of $50,129,000. Of the $50,129,000 aggregate balance of TDRs at December 31, 2017, $30,868,000 was on nonaccrual, $95,000 were 90 days or more past due and $1,254,000 were 30 to 89 days past due. All these amounts are included in the appropriate categories in the “Age Analysis of Past Due Loans” table on a subsequent page. As of December 31, 2018, there were no commitments to lend additional funds to debtors owing receivables whose terms have been modified in TDRs. At December 31, 2018, United had restructured loans in the amount of $1,615,000 that were modified by a reduction in the interest rate, $1,818,000 that were modified by a combination of a reduction in the interest rate and the principal and $55,992,000 that were modified by a change in terms.

A loan acquired and accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 “Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality” is reported as an accruing loan and a performing asset unless it does not perform in accordance with its restructured contractual provisions.

The following table sets forth United’s troubled debt restructurings that have been restructured during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, segregated by class of loans:


	Troubled Debt Restructurings
	For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Pre- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post- Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		0	$	0	$	0		1	$	5,333	$	5,327
Nonowner-occupied		1		61		61		0		0		0
Other commercial		9		16,991		16,560		13		32,211		29,411
Residential real estate		3		7,225		6,077		0		0		0
Construction & land development		0		0		0		1		1,456		1,383
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		0		0		0		0		0		0

Total		13	$	24,277	$	22,698		15	$	39,000	$	36,121

During 2018, $22,698,000 of restructured loans were modified by a change in terms. During 2017, $36,121,000 of restructured loans were modified by a change in loan terms. In some instances, the post-modification balance on a restructured loan is larger than the pre-modification balance due to the advancement of monies for items such as delinquent taxes on real estate property. The loans were evaluated individually for allocation within United’s allowance for loan losses. The modifications had an immaterial impact on the financial condition and results of operations for United.

The following table presents troubled debt restructurings, by class of loan, that had charge-offs during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. These loans were restructured during the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and subsequently defaulted, resulting in principal charge-offs during the year of 2018 and 2017.


	Year Ended December 31, 2018				Year Ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment		Number of Contracts		Recorded Investment
Troubled Debt Restructurings
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied		0	$	0		0	$	0
Nonowner-occupied		0		0		0		0
Other commercial		1		0		1		1,495
Residential real estate		1		2,173		0		0
Construction & land development		0		0		0		0
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		0		0		0		0

Total		2	$	2,173		1	$	1,495

The following table sets forth United’s age analysis of its past due loans, segregated by class of loans:


Age Analysis of Past Due Loans As of December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	30-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or more Past Due		Total Past Due		Current & Other (1)		Total Financing Receivables		Recorded Investment >90 Days & Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	9,224	$	17,742	$	26,966	$	1,264,824	$	1,291,790	$	629
Nonowner-occupied		16,108		18,092		34,200		4,269,413		4,303,613		1,171
Other commercial		13,556		46,040		59,596		1,898,045		1,957,641		2,850
Residential real estate		37,111		30,278		67,389		3,434,004		3,501,393		9,141
Construction & land development		8,462		19,412		27,874		1,382,594		1,410,468		680
Consumer:
Bankcard		657		177		834		9,369		10,203		177
Other consumer		8,909		1,243		10,152		944,272		954,424		893

Total	$	94,027	$	132,984	$	227,011	$	13,202,521	$	13,429,532	$	15,541

(1)

Other includes loans with a recorded investment of $149,737 acquired and accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 “Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality”.


Age Analysis of Past Due Loans As of December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	30-89 Days Past Due		90 Days or more Past Due		Total Past Due		Current & Other (1)		Total Financing Receivables		Recorded Investment >90 Days & Accruing
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	7,968	$	13,663	$	21,631	$	1,339,998	$	1,361,629	$	458
Nonowner-occupied		10,398		20,448		30,846		4,420,452		4,451,298		634
Other commercial		11,533		68,476		80,009		1,918,970		1,998,979		940
Residential real estate		35,300		28,637		63,937		2,932,234		2,996,171		6,519
Construction & land development		1,615		17,190		18,805		1,486,102		1,504,907		385
Consumer:
Bankcard		449		186		635		9,679		10,314		186
Other consumer		9,288		968		10,256		693,783		704,039		775

Total	$	76,551	$	149,568	$	226,119	$	12,801,218	$	13,027,337	$	9,897

(1)

Other includes loans with a recorded investment of $210,521 acquired and accounted for under ASC Topic 310-30 “Loans and Debt Securities Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality”.

The following table sets forth United’s nonaccrual loans, segregated by class of loans:


Loans on Nonaccrual Status
(In thousands)	December 31, 2018		December 31, 2017
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	17,113	$	13,205
Nonowner-occupied		16,921		19,814
Other commercial		43,190		67,536
Residential real estate		21,137		22,118
Construction & land development		18,732		16,805
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0
Other consumer		350		193

Total	$	117,443	$	139,671

United assigns credit quality indicators of pass, special mention, substandard and doubtful to its loans. For United’s loans with a corporate credit exposure, United internally assigns a grade based on the creditworthiness of the borrower. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, United internally assigns a grade based upon an individual loan’s delinquency status. United reviews and updates, as necessary, these grades on a quarterly basis.

Special mention loans, with a corporate credit exposure, have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loans or in the Company’s credit position at some future date. Borrowers may be experiencing adverse operating trends (declining revenues or margins) or an ill proportioned balance sheet (e.g., increasing inventory without an increase in sales, high leverage, tight liquidity). Adverse economic or market conditions, such as interest rate increases or the entry of a new competitor, may also support a special mention rating. Nonfinancial reasons for rating a credit exposure special mention include management problems, pending litigation, an ineffective loan agreement or other material structural weakness, and any other significant deviation from prudent lending practices. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, loans that are past due 30-89 days are generally considered special mention.

A substandard loan with a corporate credit exposure is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt by the borrower. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. They require more intensive supervision by management. Substandard loans are generally characterized by current or expected unprofitable operations, inadequate debt service coverage, inadequate liquidity, or marginal capitalization. Repayment may depend on collateral or other credit risk mitigants. For some substandard loans, the likelihood of full collection of interest and principal may be in doubt and thus, placed on nonaccrual. For loans with a consumer credit exposure, loans that are 90 days or more past due or that have been placed on nonaccrual are considered substandard.

A loan with corporate credit exposure is classified as doubtful if it has all the weaknesses inherent in one classified as substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable. A doubtful loan has a high probability of total or substantial loss, but because of specific pending events that may strengthen the loan, its classification as loss is deferred. Doubtful borrowers are usually in default, lack adequate liquidity or capital, and lack the resources necessary to remain an operating entity. Pending events can include mergers, acquisitions, liquidations, capital injections, the perfection of liens on additional collateral, the valuation of collateral, and refinancing. Generally, there are not any loans with a consumer credit exposure that are classified as doubtful. Usually, they are charged-off prior to such a classification. Loans classified as doubtful are also considered impaired.

The following tables set forth United’s credit quality indicators information, by class of loans:

Credit Quality Indicators


Corporate Credit Exposure
As of December 31, 2018
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Owner- occupied		Nonowner- occupied		Other Commercial		Construction & Land Development
Grade:
Pass	$	1,201,387	$	4,161,149	$	1,858,821	$	1,330,899
Special mention		34,487		46,442		14,424		28,629
Substandard		55,916		96,022		81,946		50,940
Doubtful		0		0		2,450		0

Total	$	1,291,790	$	4,303,613	$	1,957,641	$	1,410,468

Credit Quality Indicators


Corporate Credit Exposure
As of December 31, 2017
	Commercial Real Estate
(In thousands)	Owner- occupied		Nonowner- occupied		Other Commercial		Construction & Land Development
Grade:
Pass	$	1,276,088	$	4,312,985	$	1,848,868	$	1,413,706
Special mention		20,165		57,618		55,564		5,196
Substandard		65,376		80,695		90,625		86,005
Doubtful		0		0		3,922		0

Total	$	1,361,629	$	4,451,298	$	1,998,979	$	1,504,907

Credit Quality Indicators


Consumer Credit Exposure
As of December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Residential Real Estate		Bankcard		Other Consumer
Grade:
Pass	$	3,436,584	$	9,369	$	944,241
Special mention		19,051		657		8,914
Substandard		45,758		177		1.269
Doubtful		0		0		0

Total	$	3,501,393	$	10,203	$	954,424


As of December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Residential Real Estate		Bankcard		Other Consumer
Grade:
Pass	$	2,945,266	$	9,679	$	693,727
Special mention		18,025		449		9,334
Substandard		32,880		186		978
Doubtful		0		0		0

Total	$	2,996,171	$	10,314	$	704,039

Loans are designated as impaired when, in the opinion of management, based on current information and events, the collection of principal and interest in accordance with the loan contract is doubtful. Typically, United does not consider loans for impairment unless a sustained period of delinquency (i.e. 90-plus days) is noted or there are subsequent events that impact repayment probability (i.e. negative financial trends, bankruptcy filings, eminent foreclosure proceedings, etc.). Impairment is evaluated in total for smaller-balance loans of a similar nature and on an individual loan basis for other loans. Consistent with United’s existing method of income recognition for loans, interest on impaired loans, except those classified as nonaccrual, is recognized as income using the accrual method. Impaired loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when deemed uncollectible.

The following table set forth United’s impaired loans information, by class of loans:


	Impaired Loans
	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowance
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	63,633	$	63,798	$	0	$	78,117	$	78,419	$	0
Nonowner-occupied		98,845		98,904		0		134,136		134,195		0
Other commercial		40,291		50,459		0		46,993		49,552		0
Residential real estate		28,207		29,279		0		26,751		28,202		0
Construction & land development		37,174		40,459		0		52,279		59,691		0
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		27		27		0		15		15		0
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	10,004	$	10,004	$	2,542	$	9,132	$	9,132	$	2,251
Nonowner-occupied		15,720		15,720		2,715		7,797		7,797		1,592
Other commercial		61,266		62,812		17,581		60,512		70,396		16,721
Residential real estate		19,623		22,064		3,265		9,813		10,418		1,552
Construction & land development		14,742		19,446		2,254		1,383		1,383		229
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		0		0		0		0		0		0
Total:
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	73,637	$	73,802	$	2,542	$	87,249	$	87,551	$	2,251
Nonowner-occupied		114,565		114,624		2,715		141,933		141,992		1,592
Other commercial		101,557		113,271		17,581		107,505		119,948		16,721
Residential real estate		47,830		51,343		3,265		36,564		38,620		1,552
Construction & land development		51,916		59,905		2,254		53,662		61,074		229
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		27		27		0		15		15		0

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	Impaired Loans
	For the Year Ended
	December 31, 2018				December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	67,665	$	1,548	$	72,387	$	1,830
Nonowner-occupied		103,611		1,516		124,892		711
Other commercial		51,416		718		54,533		720
Residential real estate		27,459		657		22,736		369
Construction & land development		41,892		914		43,328		955
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		28		0		26		3
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	7,658	$	25	$	11,389	$	221
Nonowner-occupied		12,298		387		12,068		261
Other commercial		51,118		1,072		68,930		642
Residential real estate		15,365		460		13,631		36
Construction & land development		8,893		79		1,992		83
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		0		0		0		0
Total:
Commercial real estate:
Owner-occupied	$	75,323	$	1,573	$	83,776	$	2,051
Nonowner-occupied		115,909		1,903		136,960		972
Other commercial		102,534		1,790		123,463		1,362
Residential real estate		42,824		1,117		36,367		405
Construction & land development		50,785		993		45,320		1,038
Consumer:
Bankcard		0		0		0		0
Other consumer		28		0		26		3

NOTE F—ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The allowance for loan losses is management’s estimate of the probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. For purposes of determining the general allowance, the loan portfolio is segregated by product type to recognize differing risk profiles among categories. It is further segregated by credit grade for non-homogenous loan pools and delinquency for homogeneous loan pools. The outstanding principal balance within each pool is multiplied by historical loss data, the loss emergence period (which is the period of time between the event that triggers a loss and the confirmation and/or charge off of that loss) and certain qualitative factors to derive the general loss allocation per pool. Specific loss allocations are calculated for

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commercial loans in excess of $500,000 in accordance with ASC Topic 310. Risk characteristics of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and other commercial loans are similar in that they are normally dependent upon the borrower’s internal cash flow from operations to service debt. Nonowner-occupied commercial real estate loans differ in that cash flow to service debt is normally dependent on external income from third parties for use of the real estate such as rents, leases and room rates. Residential real estate loans are dependent upon individual borrowers who are affected by changes in general economic conditions, demand for housing and resulting residential real estate valuation. Construction and land development loans are impacted mainly by demand whether for new residential housing or for retail, industrial, office and other types of commercial construction within a given area. Consumer loan pool risk characteristics are influenced by general, regional and local economic conditions.

Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, while recoveries of previously charged-off amounts are credited to the allowance for loan losses. For commercial loans, when a loan or a portion of a loan is identified to contain a loss, a charge-off recommendation is directed to management to charge-off all or a portion of that loan. Generally, any unsecured commercial loan more than six months delinquent in payment of interest must be charged-off in full. If secured, the charge-off is generally made to reduce the loan balance to a level equal to the liquidation value of the collateral when payment of principal and interest is six months delinquent. Any commercial loan, secured or unsecured, on which a principal or interest payment has not been made within 90 days, is reviewed monthly for appropriate action.

For consumer loans, closed-end retail loans that are past due 120 cumulative days delinquent from the contractual due date and open-end loans 180 cumulative days delinquent from the contractual due date are charged-off. Any consumer loan on which a principal or interest payment has not been made within 90 days is reviewed monthly for appropriate action. For a one-to-four family open-end or closed-end residential real estate loan, home equity loan, or high-loan-to-value loan that has reached 180 or more days past due, management evaluates the collateral position and charges-off any amount that exceeds the value of the collateral. On retail credits for which the borrower is in bankruptcy, all amounts deemed unrecoverable are charged off within 60 days of the receipt of the notification. On retail credits effected by fraud, a loan is charged-off within 90 days of the discovery of the fraud. In the event of the borrower’s death and if repayment within the required timeframe is uncertain, the loan is generally charged-off as soon as the amount of the loss is determined.

For loans acquired through the completion of a transfer, including loans acquired in a business combination, that have evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and for which it is probable, at acquisition, that United will be unable to collect all contractually required payment receivable are initially recorded at fair value (as determined by the present value of expected future cash flows) with no valuation allowance. The difference between the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition and the investment in the loan, or the “accretable yield,” is recognized as interest income on a level-yield method over the life of the loan. Contractually required payments for interest and principal that exceed the undiscounted cash flows expected at acquisition, or the “nonaccretable difference,” are not recognized as a yield adjustment or as a loss accrual or a valuation allowance. Increases in expected cash flows subsequent to the initial investment are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the yield on the loan over its remaining life. Decreases in expected cash flows are recognized as impairment. Valuation allowances on these impaired loans reflect only losses incurred after the acquisition (meaning the present value of all cash flows expected at acquisition that ultimately are not to be received). The amount of provision for loan losses related to loans acquired that have evidence of deterioration of credit quality resulted in provision for loan losses expense of $4,218,000 for the year of 2018, a reversal of provision for loan losses expense of $1,106,000 for the year of 2017 and provision for loan losses expense of $1,676,000 for the year of 2016.

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A progression of the allowance for loan losses, by portfolio segment, for the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 is summarized as follows:


Allowance for Loan Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Commercial Real Estate				Other Commercial		Residential Real Estate		Construction & Land Development		Consumer		Allowance for Estimated Imprecision		Total
(In thousands)	Owner- occupied		Nonowner- occupied		Other Commercial		Residential Real Estate		Construction & Land Development		Consumer		Allowance for Estimated Imprecision		Total
Allowance for Loan Losses:
Beginning balance	$	5,401	$	6,369	$	45,189	$	9,927	$	7,187	$	2,481	$	73	$	76,627
Charge-offs		3,225		314		16,424		3,162		2,731		2,750		0		28,606
Recoveries		1,189		563		2,944		1,114		197		662		0		6,669
Provision		1,698		301		9,632		4,569		3,339		2,302		172		22,013

Ending balance	$	5,063	$	6,919	$	41,341	$	12,448	$	7,992	$	2,695	$	245	$	76,703

Ending Balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	2,543	$	2,715	$	17,581	$	3,265	$	2,254	$	0	$	0	$	28,358
Ending Balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	2,520	$	4,204	$	23,760	$	9,183	$	5,738	$	2,695	$	245	$	48,345
Ending Balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0
Financing receivables:
Ending balance	$	1,291,790	$	4,303,613	$	1,957,641	$	3,501,393	$	1,410,468	$	964,627	$	0	$	13,429,532
Ending Balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	27,599	$	25,231	$	72,300	$	21,998	$	14,807	$	0	$	0	$	161,935
Ending Balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	1,234,919	$	4,215,060	$	1,860,085	$	3,468,356	$	1,374,840	$	964,600	$	0	$	13,117,860
Ending Balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	$	29,272	$	63,322	$	25,256	$	11,039	$	20,821	$	27	$	0	$	149,737

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Allowance for Loan Losses and Carrying Amount of Loans For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Commercial Real Estate				Other Commercial		Residential Real Estate		Construction & Land Development		Consumer		Allowance for Estimated Imprecision		Total
(In thousands)	Owner- occupied		Nonowner- occupied		Other Commercial		Residential Real Estate		Construction & Land Development		Consumer		Allowance for Estimated Imprecision		Total
Allowance for Loan Losses:
Beginning balance	$	5,273	$	6,883	$	33,087	$	13,770	$	10,606	$	2,805	$	347	$	72,771
Charge-offs		2,246		296		21,189		2,973		3,337		2,822		0		32,863
Recoveries		2,599		244		3,395		601		726		748		0		8,313
Provision		(225)		(462)		29,896		(1,471)		(808)		1,750		(274)		28,406

Ending balance	$	5,401	$	6,369	$	45,189	$	9,927	$	7,187	$	2,481	$	73	$	76,627

Ending Balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	2,251	$	1,592	$	16,721	$	1,552	$	229	$	0	$	0	$	22,345
Ending Balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	3,150	$	4,777	$	28,468	$	8,375	$	6,958	$	2,481	$	73	$	54,282
Ending Balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0	$	0
Financing receivables:
Ending balance	$	1,361,629	$	4,451,298	$	1,998,979	$	2,996,171	$	1,504,907	$	714,353	$	0	$	13,027,337
Ending Balance: individually evaluated for impairment	$	36,721	$	21,851	$	78,715	$	14,316	$	16,921	$	0	$	0	$	168,524
Ending Balance: collectively evaluated for impairment	$	1,291,379	$	4,320,997	$	1,892,706	$	2,967,666	$	1,461,206	$	714,338	$	0	$	12,648,292
Ending Balance: loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	$	33,529	$	108,450	$	27,558	$	14,189	$	26,780	$	15	$	0	$	210,521

United maintains an allowance for loan losses and a reserve for lending-related commitments such as unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit. The reserve for lending-related commitments of $1,389,000 and $679,000 at December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, is separately classified on the balance sheet and is included in other liabilities. The combined allowance for loan losses and reserve for lending-related commitments are referred to as the allowance for credit losses.

A progression of the allowance for credit losses, which includes the allowance for loan losses and the reserve for lending-related commitments, for the periods presented is summarized as follows:


	Year Ended December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Balance of allowance for loan losses at beginning of period	$	76,627	$	72,771	$	75,726
Provision for loan losses		22,013		28,406		24,509

		98,640		101,177		100,235

Loans charged off		28,606		32,863		36,180
Less recoveries		(6,669)		(8,313)		(8,716)

Net charge-offs		21,937		24,550		27,464

Balance of allowance for loan losses at end of period	$	76,703	$	76,627	$	72,771
Reserve for lending-related commitments		1,389		679		1,044

Balance of allowance for credit losses at end of period	$	78,092	$	77,306	$	73,815

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NOTE G—BANK PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT AND LEASES

Bank premises and equipment are summarized as follows:


	December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017

Land	$	31,679	$	34,970
Buildings and improvements		103,014		103,914
Leasehold improvements		41,001		44,684
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		72,045		99,232

		247,739		282,799
Less allowance for depreciation and amortization		152,494		177,905

Net bank premises and equipment	$	95,245	$	104,894

Depreciation expense was $10,254,000, $8,914,000, and $7,889,000 for years ending December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, while amortization expense was $102,000, $122,000 and $136,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

United and certain subsidiaries have entered into various noncancelable-operating leases. These noncancelable operating leases are subject to renewal options under various terms and some leases provide for periodic rate adjustments based on cost-of-living index changes. Rent expense for noncancelable operating leases approximated $20,256,000, $24,740,000, and $14,661,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Future minimum lease payments, by year and in the aggregate, under noncancelable operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more, for years subsequent to December 31, 2018, consisted of the following:


Year	Amount
(In thousands)
2019	$	18,590
2020		16,359
2021		13,850
2022		10,269
2023		7,600
Thereafter		10,640

Total minimum lease payments	$	77,308

NOTE H—GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLES

The following is a summary of intangible assets subject to amortization and those not subject to amortization:


	December 31, 2018
	Community Banking					Mortgage Banking				Total
(In thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible assets	$	98,359	($	62,492	)	$	0	$	0	$	98,359	($	62,492)

Non-amortized intangible assets:
George Mason trade name	$	0				$	1,080			$	1,080

Goodwill not subject to amortization	$	1,472,699				$	5,315			$	1,478,014

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	December 31, 2017
	Community Banking					Mortgage Banking				Total
(In thousands)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
Amortized intangible assets:
Core deposit intangible assets	$	98,359	($	54,453	)	$	0	$	0	$	98,359	($	54,453)

Non-amortized intangible assets:
George Mason trade name	$	0				$	1,080			$	1,080

Goodwill not subject to amortization	$	1,473,265				$	5,115			$	1,478,380

The following table provides a reconciliation of goodwill:


(In thousands)	Community Banking			Mortgage Banking		Total
Goodwill at December 31, 2017	$	1,473,265		$	5,115	$	1,478,380
Addition to goodwill from Cardinal acquisition		(566	)		200		(366	)

Goodwill at December 31, 2018	$	1,472,699		$	5,315	$	1,478,014

The following table sets forth the anticipated amortization expense for intangible assets for the years subsequent to 2018:


Year	Amount
(In thousands)
2019	$	7,016
2020		6,309
2021		5,369
2022		4,581
2023 and thereafter		12,592

NOTE I—DEPOSITS

The book value of deposits consisted of the following:


(In thousands)	December 31
	2018		2017
Demand deposits	$	3,212,878	$	4,294,687
Interest-bearing checking		374,495		2,156,974
Regular savings		954,961		1,034,100
Money market accounts		7,157,028		3,756,259
Time deposits under $100,000		712,313		795,137
Time deposits over $100,000		1,583,074		1,793,434


Total deposits	$	13,994,749	$	13,830,591

Included in time deposits over $100,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017 were time deposits of $250,000 or more of $979,707,000 and $790,703,000, respectively. Interest paid on deposits approximated $87,219,000, $48,887,000, and $29,048,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

United’s subsidiary banks have received deposits, in the normal course of business, from the directors and officers of United and its subsidiaries, and their associates. Such related party deposits were accepted on substantially the same terms,

106

including interest rates and maturities, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated persons. The aggregate dollar amount of these deposits was $24,102,000 and $19,318,000 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decline was due mainly to a merger of United’s banking subsidiaries in 2017 and the resulting change in the composition of the bank’s board of directors.

NOTE J—SHORT-TERM BORROWINGS

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, short-term borrowings and the related weighted-average interest rates were as follows:


	2018					2017
			Weighted-						Weighted-
(Dollars in thousands)			Average						Average
	Amount		Rate			Amount			Rate
Federal funds purchased	$	23,400		2.40	%	$	16,235			1.40	%
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase		152,927		0.96	%⁽¹⁾		261,352	⁽¹⁾		0.36	%⁽¹⁾

Total	$	176,327				$	277,587

(1)

Excludes a wholesale security sold under an agreement to repurchase assumed in the Virginia Commerce merger of $50,000 with an interest rate of 4.37% at 2017 and matured in May of 2018.

Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase have been a significant source of funds for the company. United has various unused lines of credit available from certain of its correspondent banks in the aggregate amount of $230,000,000. These lines of credit, which bear interest at prevailing market rates, permit United to borrow funds in the overnight market, and are renewable annually subject to certain conditions.

The following table shows the distribution of United’s federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase and the weighted-average interest rates thereon at the end of each of the last three years. Also provided are the maximum amount of borrowings and the average amounts of borrowings as well as weighted-average interest rates for the last three years. The table does not include the long-term wholesale security sold under an agreement to repurchase mentioned above assumed in the Virginia Commerce merger.


(Dollars in thousands)	Federal Funds Purchased			Securities Sold Under Agreements To Repurchase
At December 31:
2018	$	23,400		$	152,927
2017		16,235			261,352
2016		22,235			187,316
Weighted-average interest rate at year-end:
2018		2.40	%		0.96	%
2017		1.40	%		0.36	%
2016		0.65	%		0.25	%
Maximum amount outstanding at any month’s end:
2018	$	25,790		$	328,484
2017		25,800			377,687
2016		32,200			353,833
Average amount outstanding during the year:
2018	$	16,773		$	194,956
2017		18,433			287,663
2016		22,717			298,494
Weighted-average interest rate during the year:
2018		1.86	%		0.61	%
2017		0.88	%		0.33	%
2016		0.32	%		0.17	%

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At December 31, 2018, all the repurchase agreements were in overnight accounts. The rates offered on these funds vary according to movements in the federal funds and short-term investment market rates.

United has a $20,000,000 line of credit with an unrelated financial institution to provide for general liquidity needs. The line is an unsecured, revolving line of credit. The line is renewable on a 360 day basis and carries an indexed, floating-rate of interest. The line requires compliance with various financial and nonfinancial covenants. At December 31, 2018, United had no outstanding balance under this credit.

Interest paid on short-term borrowings approximated $2,238,000, $1,574,000, and $1,587,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

NOTE K—LONG-TERM BORROWINGS

United’s subsidiary bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB). Membership in the FHLB makes available short-term and long-term borrowings from collateralized advances. All FHLB borrowings are collateralized by a mix of single-family residential mortgage loans, commercial loans and investment securities. At December 31, 2018, the total carrying value of loans pledged as collateral for FHLB advances approximated $4,359,804,000. United had an unused borrowing amount as of December 31, 2018 of approximately $3,839,484,000 available subject to delivery of collateral after certain trigger points.

Advances may be called by the FHLB or redeemed by United based on predefined factors and penalties.

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, FHLB advances and the related weighted-average interest rates were as follows:


	2018								2017
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Weighted- Average Contractual Rate			Weighted- Average Effective Rate			Amount		Weighted- Average Contractual Rate			Weighted- Average Effective Rate
FHLB advances	$	1,439,198		2.42	%		2.42	%	$	1,271,531		1.60	%		1.60	%

Overnight funds of $175,000,000 were included in the $1,439,198,000 above at December 31, 2018. Overnight funds of $200,000,000 were included in the $1,271,531,000 above at December 31, 2017. The weighted-average effective rate considers the effect of any interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges outstanding at year-end 2018 and 2017 to manage interest rate risk on its long-term debt. Additional information is provided in Note Q, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

A long-term wholesale security sold under an agreement to repurchase was assumed in the Virginia Commerce merger. At December 31, 2017, the balance of the wholesale security sold under an agreement to repurchase was $50,000,000. The repurchase agreement had an interest rate of 4.37% at December 31, 2017 and matured in May of 2018.

At December 31, 2018, United had a total of fourteen statutory business trusts that were formed for the purpose of issuing or participating in pools of trust preferred capital securities (Capital Securities) with the proceeds invested in junior subordinated debt securities (Debentures) of United. The Debentures, which are subordinate and junior in right of payment to all present and future senior indebtedness and certain other financial obligations of United, are the sole assets of the trusts and United’s payment under the Debentures is the sole source of revenue for the trusts. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the outstanding balance of the Debentures was $234,905,000 and $242,446,000, respectively, and was included in the category of long-term debt on the Consolidated Balance Sheets entitled “Other long-term borrowings.” The Capital Securities are not included as a component of shareholders’ equity in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. United fully and unconditionally guarantees each individual trust’s obligations under the Capital Securities.

Under the provisions of the subordinated debt, United has the right to defer payment of interest on the subordinated debt at any time, or from time to time, for periods not exceeding five years. If interest payments on the subordinated debt are deferred, the dividends on the Capital Securities are also deferred. Interest on the subordinated debt is cumulative.

108

For reporting periods prior to June 30, 2017, the Trust Preferred Securities qualified as Tier 1 regulatory capital under the “Basel III Capital Rules” as published by United’s primary federal regulator, the Federal Reserve, in July of 2013. The “Basel III Capital Rules” established a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations. Because United was less than $15 billion in total consolidated assets, the Basel III Capital Rules grandfathered United’s Trust Preferred Securities as Tier 1 capital under the limitations for restricted capital elements in the general risk-based capital rules. As a result, beginning in 2015 (the adoption date), United’s Trust Preferred Securities was subject to a limit of 25 percent of Tier 1 capital elements excluding any non-qualifying capital instruments and after all regulatory capital deductions and adjustments applied to Tier 1 capital, which is substantially similar to the limit in the general risk-based capital rules. Trust preferred securities no longer included in United’s Tier 1 capital could be included as a component of Tier 2 capital on a permanent basis without phase-out.

Information related to United’s statutory trusts is presented in the table below:


(Dollars in thousands) Description	Issuance Date	Amount of Capital Securities Issued	Interest Rate	Maturity Date
United Statutory Trust III	December 17, 2003	$20,000	3-month LIBOR + 2.85%	December 17, 2033
United Statutory Trust IV	December 19, 2003	$25,000	3-month LIBOR + 2.85%	January 23, 2034
United Statutory Trust V	July 12, 2007	$50,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.55%	October 1, 2037
United Statutory Trust VI	September 20, 2007	$30,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.30%	December 15, 2037
Premier Statutory Trust II	September 25, 2003	$ 6,000	3-month LIBOR + 3.10%	October 8, 2033
Premier Statutory Trust III	May 16, 2005	$ 8,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.74%	June 15, 2035
Premier Statutory Trust IV	June 20, 2006	$14,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.55%	September 23, 2036
Premier Statutory Trust V	December 14, 2006	$10,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.61%	March 1, 2037
Centra Statutory Trust I	September 20, 2004	$10,000	3-month LIBOR + 2.29%	September 20, 2034
Centra Statutory Trust II	June 15, 2006	$10,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.65%	July 7, 2036
Virginia Commerce Trust II	December 19, 2002	$15,000	6-month LIBOR + 3.30%	December 19, 2032
Virginia Commerce Trust III	December 20, 2005	$25,000	3-month LIBOR + 1.42%	February 23, 2036
Cardinal Statutory Trust I	July 27, 2004	$20,000	3-month LIBOR + 2.40%	September 15, 2034
UFBC Capital Trust I	December 30, 2004	$ 5,000	3-month LIBOR + 2.10%	March 15, 2035

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Debentures and their related weighted-average interest rates were as follows:


	2018					2017
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Weighted- Average Rate			Amount		Weighted- Average Rate
Century Trust	$	0		0.00	%	$	8,800		10.88	%
United Statutory Trust III		20,619		5.64	%		20,619		4.45	%
United Statutory Trust IV		25,774		5.37	%		25,774		4.23	%
United Statutory Trust V		51,547		3.95	%		51,547		2.89	%
United Statutory Trust VI		30,928		4.09	%		30,928		2.89	%
Premier Statutory Trust II		6,186		5.54	%		6,186		4.46	%
Premier Statutory Trust III		8,248		4.53	%		8,248		3.33	%
Premier Statutory Trust IV		14,433		4.37	%		14,433		3.23	%
Premier Statutory Trust V		10,310		4.35	%		10,310		3.09	%
Centra Statutory Trust I		10,000		5.08	%		10,000		3.92	%
Centra Statutory Trust II		10,000		4.09	%		10,000		3.01	%
Virginia Commerce Trust II		12,245		5.80	%		12,014		5.14	%
Virginia Commerce Trust III		16,742		4.07	%		16,216		2.87	%
Cardinal Statutory Trust I		14,428		5.19	%		14,031		3.99	%
UFBC Capital Trust I		3,445		4.89	%		3,340		3.69	%

Total	$	234,905				$	242,446

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At December 31, 2018, the scheduled maturities of long-term borrowings were as follows:


Year	Amount
(In thousands)
2019	$	1,136,088
2020		40,618
2021		51,494
2022		19,680
2023		0
2024 and thereafter		251,223

Total	$	1,499,103

Interest paid on long-term borrowings approximated $35,222,000, $22,254,000, and $13,974,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

NOTE L—OTHER EXPENSE

The following details certain items of other expense for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Legal, consulting & other professional services	$	13,248	$	11,844	$	9,763
Franchise & other taxes not on income		11,428		12,586		7,778
Automated Teller Machine (ATM) expenses		6,892		6,686		7,365

NOTE M—INCOME TAXES

The income tax provisions included in the consolidated statements of income are summarized as follows:


	Year Ended December 31
(In thousands)	2018			2017		2016
Current expense:
Federal	$	52,041		$	65,459	$	63,169
State		9,429			7,960		5,154
Deferred expense:
Federal		8,298			20,920		8,844
Tax Act remeasurement		(120	)		37,732		0
State		1,175			2,175		(1,592	)

Total income taxes	$	70,823		$	134,246	$	75,575

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was signed into law. The Tax Act lowered the Federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018 and made numerous other tax law changes. U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) requires companies to recognize the effect of tax law changes in the period of enactment. As a result of the Tax Act, United was required to remeasure deferred tax assets and liabilities at the new tax rate and as a result, recorded provisional deferred income tax expense of $37,732,000 in the fourth quarter of 2017. Upon final analysis of available information and refinement of its calculations during 2018, United decreased the provisional amount by $120,000 which is included as a component of deferred income tax expense in the table above. United considers the Tax Act re-measurement of its deferred income taxes to be complete.

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The following is a reconciliation of income tax expense to the amount computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income before income taxes:


	Year Ended December 31
(Dollars in thousands)	2018						2017						2016
	Amount			%			Amount			%			Amount			%
Tax on income before taxes at statutory federal rate	$	68,704			21.0%		$	99,689			35.0%		$	77,930			35.0%
Plus: State income taxes net of federal tax benefits		8,362			2.6			6,207			2.2			4,084			1.8

		77,066			23.6			105,896			37.2			82,014			36.8
Increase (decrease) resulting from:
Tax-exempt interest income		(3,298	)		(1.0	)		(5,362	)		(1.9	)		(3,919	)		(1.8	)
Deferred taxes due to the Tax Act		(120	)		0.0			37,732			13.2			0			0.0
Other items-net		(2,825	)		(0.9	)		(4,020	)		(1.4	)		(2,520	)		(1.1	)

Income taxes	$	70,823			21.7%		$	134,246			47.1%		$	75,575			33.9%

For years ended 2018, 2017 and 2016, United incurred a federal income tax benefit of $180,000 and federal income tax expense applicable to the sales and calls of securities of $2,088,000, and $114,000, respectively. Income taxes paid approximated $55,336,000, $73,096,000, and $61,905,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. At December 31, 2018, United had no federal or state net operating loss carryforwards.

Taxes not on income, which consists mainly of business franchise taxes, were $11,428,000, $12,586,000, and $7,778,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. These amounts are recorded in other expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Significant components of United’s deferred tax assets and liabilities (included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets) at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:


(In thousands)	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for credit losses	$	18,109	$	18,012
Accrued benefits payable		13,914		12,175
Other accrued liabilities		846		779
Unrecognized components of net periodic pension costs		13,259		13,443
Unrealized loss on securities available for sale		5,572		2,797
Other real estate owned		2,482		3,169
Deferred mortgage points		983		3,028
Purchase accounting intangibles		6,049		14,855

Total deferred tax assets		61,214		68,258


Deferred tax liabilities:
Premises and equipment		1,414		2,994
Other		2,899		1,627

Total deferred tax liabilities		4,313		4,621

Net deferred tax assets	$	56,901	$	63,637

At December 31, 2018 and 2017, United believes that all of the deferred tax amounts shown above are more likely than not to be realized based on an assessment of all available positive and negative evidence and therefore no valuation allowance has been recorded.

In accordance with ASC Topic 740, “Income Taxes,” United records a liability for uncertain income tax positions based on a recognition threshold of more-likely-than-not, and a measurement attribute for all tax positions taken on a tax return, in order for those tax positions to be recognized in the financial statements.

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Below is a reconciliation of the total amounts of unrecognized tax benefits:


	December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017
Unrecognized tax benefits at beginning of year	$	2,894	$	2,442
Increase in unrecognized tax benefits as a result of tax positions taken during the current period		156		972
Decreases in the unrecognized tax benefits as a result of a lapse of the applicable statute of limitations		(1,045)		(520)

Unrecognized tax benefits at end of year	$	2,005	$	2,894

The entire amount of unrecognized tax benefits, if recognized, would impact United’s effective tax rate. Over the next 12 months, the statute of limitations will close on certain income tax returns. However, at this time, United cannot reasonably estimate the amount of tax benefits, if any, it may recognize over the next 12 months.

United is currently open to audit under the statute of limitations by the Internal Revenue Service for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2016 and 2017 and certain State Taxing authorities for the years ended December 31, 2015 through 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, and 2017, the total amount of accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions was $675,000 and $670,000, respectively. United accounts for interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions as part of its provision for federal and state income taxes. No interest or penalties were recognized in the results of operations for the years of 2018, 2017 and 2016.

NOTE N—EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS

United has a defined benefit retirement plan covering qualified employees. Pension benefits are based on years of service and the average of the employee’s highest five consecutive plan years of basic compensation paid during the ten plan years preceding the date of determination. Contributions by United are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to service to date, but also for those expected to be earned in the future.

In September of 2007, after a recommendation by United’s Pension Committee and approval by United’s Board of Directors, the United Bankshares, Inc. Pension Plan (the Plan) was amended to change the participation rules. The decision to change the participation rules for the Plan followed current industry trends, as many large and medium size companies have taken similar steps. The amendment provided that employees hired on or after October 1, 2007, will not be eligible to participate in the Plan. However, new employees will continue to be eligible to participate in United’s Savings and Stock Investment 401(k) plan. This change had no impact on current employees hired prior to October 1, 2007 as they will continue to participate in the Plan, with no change in benefit provisions, and will continue to be eligible to participate in United’s Savings and Stock Investment 401(k) Plan.

As of December 31, 2016, United changed the method used to estimate the interest cost component of net periodic benefit cost for the Plan. Under the previous method, appropriate spot rates were used to discount the projected benefit obligation (PBO) cash flows based on date of measurement. Then, a single aggregated discount rate was calculated such that the present value of the PBO remained the same. This rate is technically a weighted-average of the spot rates. This single discount rate was applied to the interest and service costs as well. Under the full yield curve approach, separate discount rates are used to calculate the present value for each projected cash flow. That is, individual spot rates are applied to the cash flows in each time period. This does not have any impact on the present value of the PBO as the PBO was originally discounted with spot rates. The adoption of this method concerns the manner in which it affects interest and service costs. Interest costs typically decrease when using this method because of the different weightings applied to the cash flows; that is, interest costs closer to the current period will be discounted with a smaller rate than those further in the future based on a typical yield curve, and greater future Interest Costs values are discounted with greater longer-term spot rates. Similarly, service costs typically have longer durations and will thus be subject to longer-term spot rates, decreasing the present value of these costs. As a result, the full yield curve method is preferable as it provides a more granular, and thus a more accurate, determination of costs. This new method constitutes a change in an accounting estimate under the provisions of ASC Topic 250, “Accounting Changes and Error Corrections,” that is inseparable from a change in accounting principle and was accounted for prospectively, with the resulting change impacting the recognition of net periodic pension cost beginning January 1, 2017. The impact of this accounting change on United’s net periodic pension cost for the year of 2017 was a decline of $1,000,000 in expense from the amount that would have been recorded under the previous method.

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Net consolidated periodic pension cost included the following components:


(Dollars in thousands)	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Service cost	$	2,566	$	2,146	$	2,374
Interest cost		5,341		5,149		5,950
Expected return on plan assets		(10,260)		(8,538)		(8,089)
Recognized net actuarial loss		4,919		4,553		4,921

Net periodic pension cost	$	2,566	$	3,310	$	5,156

Weighted-Average Assumptions:
Discount rate		3.83%		4.49%		4.75%
Expected return on assets		7.00%		7.00%		7.25%
Rate of Compensation Increase (prior to age 45)		3.50%		3.50%		3.50%
Rate of Compensation Increase (otherwise)		3.00%		3.00%		3.00%

Amounts related to the Plan recognized as a component of other comprehensive income were as follows:


(In thousands)	Year Ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016
Net actuarial loss	$	4,232	$	6,784	$	2,914
Amortization of:
Prior service cost		0		0		0
Actuarial loss		(4,919)		(4,553)		(4,921)

Total recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(687)	$	2,231	$	(2,007)

Included in accumulated other comprehensive income at December 31, 2018 are unrecognized actuarial losses of $55,535,000 ($42,595,000 net of tax) that have not yet been recognized in net periodic pension cost. The amortization of this item expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019 is $4,744,000 ($3,639,000 net of tax).

The reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the projected benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 and the accumulated benefit obligation at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:


(Dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2018			2017
Change in Projected Benefit Obligation
Projected Benefit Obligation at the Beginning of the Year	$	152,740		$	134,515
Service Cost		2,566			2,146
Interest Cost		5,341			5,149
Actuarial (Gain) Loss		(13,301	)		15,367
Benefits Paid		(4,714	)		(4,437	)

Projected Benefit at the End of the Year	$	142,632		$	152,740
Accumulated Benefit Obligation at the End of the Year	$	130,567		$	139,025

Change in Plan Assets
Fair Value of Plan Assets at the Beginning of the Year	$	142,395		$	119,711
Actual Return on Plan Assets		(7,273	)		17,121
Benefits Paid		(4,714	)		(4,437	)
Employer Contributions		7,000			10,000

Fair value of plan assets at end of year	$	137,408		$	142,395

Net Amount Recognized
Funded Status	$	(5,224	)	$	(10,346	)
Unrecognized Transition Asset		0			0
Unrecognized Prior Service Cost		0			0
Unrecognized Net Loss		55,535			56,222

Net Amount Recognized	$	50,311		$	45,876

Weighted-Average Assumptions at the End of the Year
Discount Rate		4.52	%		3.83	%
Rate of Compensation Increase (prior to age 45)		3.50	%		3.50	%
Rate of Compensation Increase (otherwise)		3.00	%		3.00	%

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Asset allocation for the defined benefit pension plan as of the measurement date, by asset category, is as follows:


Plan Assets	Target Allocation 2019			Allowable Allocation Range			Percentage of Plan Assets at
							December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017
Equity Securities		68	%		50-70	%		67	%		71%
Debt Securities		27	%		20-50	%		26	%		26%
Other		5	%		3-15	%		7	%		3%

Total								100	%		100%

Equity securities include United common stock in the amounts of $3,292,000 (4%) at December 31, 2018 and $3,677,000 (3%) at December 31, 2017.

The policy, as established by the Pension Committee, primarily consisting of United’s Executive Management, is to invest assets based upon the target allocations stated above. The assets are reallocated periodically to meet the above target allocations. The investment policy is reviewed at least annually, subject to the approval of the Pension Committee, to determine if the policy should be changed. Prohibited investments include, but are not limited to, futures contracts, private placements, uncovered options, real estate, the use of margin, short sales, derivatives for speculative purposes, and other investments that are speculative in nature. In order to achieve a prudent level of portfolio diversification, the securities of any one company are not to exceed 10% of the total plan assets, and no more than the 15% of total plan assets is to be invested in any one industry (other than securities of U.S. Government or Agencies). Additionally, no more than 15% of the plan assets is to be invested in foreign securities, both equity and fixed. The expected long-term rate of return for the plan’s total assets is based on the expected return of each of the above categories, weighted based on the median of the target allocation for each class. United uses the corridor approach based on 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation and the market-related value of plan assets to amortize actuarial gains and losses.

At December 31, 2018, the benefits expected to be paid in each of the next five fiscal years, and in the aggregate for the five years thereafter are as follows:


Year	Amount
(In thousands)
2019	$	5,660
2020		5,666
2021		6,055
2022		6,423
2023		6,792
2024 through 2028		39,343

During the first quarter of 2018 and the third quarter of 2017, United made discretionary contributions of $7,000,000 and $10,000,000, respectively.United did not contribute to the plan in 2016 as no contributions were required by funding regulations or law. For 2019, no contributions to the plan are required by funding regulations or law. However, United may make a discretionary contribution in 2019, the amount of which cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

In accordance with ASC Topic 715 and using the guidance contained in ASC Topic 820, the following is a description of the valuation methodologies used to measure the plan assets at fair value.

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Cash and Cash Equivalents: These underlying assets are highly liquid U.S. government obligations. The fair value of cash and cash equivalents approximates cost (Level 1).

Debt Securities: Securities of the U.S. Government, municipalities, private issuers and corporations are valued at the closing price reported in the active market in which the individual security is traded, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Using a market approach valuation methodology, third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that considers observable market data (Level 2).

Common and Preferred Stock: These securities are valued at the closing price on the respective stock exchange (Level 1).

Mutual Funds: Generally, these securities are valued at the closing price reported in the active market in which the individual mutual fund is traded (Level 1). However, certain funds are valued by the fund administrator using pricing models that considers observable market data (Level 2).

The following tables present the balances of the plan assets, by fair value hierarchy level, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017:


			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2018 Using
(In thousands) Description	Balance as of December 31, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and Cash equivalents	$	10,086	$	10,086	$	0	$	0

Fixed Income Mutual Funds:
Taxable		35,086		35,086		0		0
Equity Securities:
Common stock		22,846		22,846		0		0
Equity Mutual Funds:
Domestic equity large cap		28,090		28,090		0		0
Domestic equity small cap		15,212		15,212		0		0
International emerging equity		8,791		8,791		0		0
International equity developed		17,297		17,297		0		0

Total	$	137,408	$	137,408	$	0	$	0


			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using
(In thousands) Description	Balance as of December 31, 2017		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Cash and Cash equivalents	$	4,549	$	4,549	$	0	$	0

Fixed Income Mutual Funds:
Taxable		30,752		30,752		0		0
Alternative		6,302		6,302		0		0

Equity Securities:
Common stock		24,003		24,003		0		0

Equity Mutual Funds:
Domestic equity large cap		28,936		28,936		0		0
Domestic equity mid cap		13,108		13,108		0		0
Domestic equity small cap		9,520		9,520		0		0
International emerging equity		5,264		5,264		0		0
International equity developed		15,752		15,752		0		0
Alternative equity		4,209		4,209		0		0

Total	$	142,395	$	142,395	$	0	$	0

115

Common stock investments are diversified amongst various industries with no industry representing more than 5% of the total plan assets.

The United Bankshares, Inc. Savings and Stock Investment Plan (the Plan) is a defined contribution plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. Each employee of United, who completes ninety (90) days of qualified service, is eligible to participate in the Plan. Each participant may contribute from 1% to 100% of compensation to his/her account, subject to Internal Revenue Service maximum deferral limits. United matches 100% of the first 4% of salary deferred with United stock. Vesting is 100% for employee deferrals and the company match at the time the employee makes his/her deferral. United’s expense relating to the Plan approximated $4,486,000, $3,201,000, and $2,069,000 in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The assets of United’s defined benefit plan and 401(k) Plan each include investments in United common stock. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the combined plan assets included 1,099,386 and 998,401 shares, respectively, of United common stock with an approximate fair value of $34,202,000 and $34,682,000, respectively. Dividends paid on United common stock held by the plans approximated $1,401,000, $1,218,000, and $1,173,000 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016, respectively.

United has certain other supplemental deferred compensation plans covering various key employees. Periodic charges are made to operations so that the liability due each employee is fully recorded as of the date of their retirement. Amounts charged to expense have not been significant in any year.

NOTE O—STOCK BASED COMPENSATION

On May 18, 2016, United’s shareholders approved the 2016 Long-Term Incentive Plan (2016 LTI Plan). The 2016 LTI Plan became effective as of May 18, 2016. An award granted under the 2016 LTI Plan may consist of any non-qualified stock options or incentive stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance units or other-stock-based award. These awards all relate to the common stock of United. The maximum number of shares of United common stock which may be issued under the 2016 LTI Plan is 1,700,000. The 2016 LTI Plan will be administered by a board committee appointed by United’s Board of Directors (the Board). Unless otherwise determined by the Board, the Compensation Committee of the Board (the Committee) shall administer the 2016 LTI Plan. Any and all shares may be issued in respect of any of the types of Awards, provided that (1) the aggregate number of shares that may be issued in respect of restricted stock awards, and restricted stock unit awards which are settled in shares is 500,000, and (2) the aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to stock options is 1,200,000. The shares to be offered under the 2016 LTI Plan may be authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares. The maximum number of options and SARs, in the aggregate, which may be awarded to any individual key employee during any calendar year is 100,000. The maximum number of stock options and SARs, in the aggregate, which may be awarded to any non-employee director during any calendar year is 10,000. The maximum number of shares of restricted stock or shares subject to a restricted stock units award that may be granted during any calendar year is 50,000 shares to any individual key employee and 5,000 shares to any individual non-employee director. Subject to certain change in control provisions, the 2016 LTI Plan provides that awards of restricted stock and restricted stock units will vest as the Committee determines in the award agreement, provided that no awards will vest sooner than 1/3 per year over the first three anniversaries of the award. Awards granted to executive officers of United typically will have performance based vesting conditions. A Form S-8 was filed on July 29, 2016 with the Securities and Exchange Commission to register all the shares which were available for the 2016 LTI Plan.

116

The 2016 LTI Plan replaces the 2011 Long-Term Incentive Plan (2011 LTI Plan) which expired during the second quarter of 2016. During the year of 2018, a total of 276,192 non-qualified stock options and 97,004 of restricted stock were granted under the 2016 LTI Plan. Compensation expense of $4,073,000, $3,555,000, and $2,817,000 related to the nonvested awards under United’s Long-Term Incentive Plans was incurred for the years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Compensation expense was included in employee compensation in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Stock Options

United currently has options outstanding from various option plans other than the 2016 LTI Plan (the Prior Plans); however, no common shares of United stock are available for grants under the Prior Plans as these plans have expired. Awards outstanding under the Prior Plans will remain in effect in accordance with their respective terms. The maximum term for options granted under the plans is ten (10) years.

The fair value of the options for 2018 was estimated at the date of grant using a binomial lattice option pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions: risk-free interest rates of 2.74%; dividend yield of 3.00%; volatility factors of the expected market price of United’s common stock of 0.255; and a weighted-average expected option life of 6.93 years, respectively. The estimated fair value of the options at the date of grant was $7.56 for the options granted during 2018. ASC Topic 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” defines a lattice model as a model that produces an estimated fair value based on the assumed changes in prices of a financial instrument over successive periods of time. A binomial lattice model assumes at least two price movements are possible in each period of time.

A summary of activity under the United’s stock option plans as of December 31, 2018, and the changes during the year of 2018 are presented below:


	Year ended December 31, 2018
						Weighted Average
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)				Aggregate		Remaining
				Intrinsic		Contractual		Exercise
	Shares			Value		Term (Yrs.)		Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2018		1,558,438						$	31.09
Granted		276,192							37.60
Exercised		(72,296	)						22.26
Forfeited or expired		(31,945	)						34.18

Outstanding at December 31, 2018		1,730,389		$	4,570		5.5	$	32.43


Exercisable at December 31, 2018		1,154,717		$	4,570		4.2	$	28.85

The following table summarizes the status of United’s nonvested awards for the year ended December 31, 2018:


	Shares			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Nonvested at January 1, 2018		507,871		$ 7.89
Granted		276,192		7.56
Vested		(188,265	)	7.53
Forfeited or expired		(20,126	)	7.71

Nonvested at December 31, 2018		575,672		$ 7.86

As of December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested option awards was $2,952,000 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 1.2 years. The total fair value of awards vested during the year ended December 31, 2018, was $1,418,000.

Cash received from options exercised under the Plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1,500,000, $4,619,000, and $13,337,000, respectively. During 2018 and 2017, 72,296 and 220,905 shares, respectively, were issued in connection with stock option exercises. All shares issued in connection with stock option exercises for 2018

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and 2017 were issued from authorized and unissued stock. The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted in the year of 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $7.56, $8.85, and $6.97, respectively. The total intrinsic value of options exercised under the Plans during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $1,057,000, $3,721,000, and $11,001,000, respectively.

ASC Topic 230, “Statement of Cash Flows,” requires the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost to be reported as an operating cash flow. This requirement reduces net operating cash flows. While the company cannot estimate what those amounts will be in the future (because they depend on, among other things, the date employees exercise stock options), United recognized cash flows used in operating activities of $158,000, $2,201,000, and $4,008,000 from excess tax benefits related to share-based compensation arrangements for the year of 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Restricted Stock

Under the 2011 LTI Plan, United may award restricted common shares to key employees and non-employee directors. Restricted shares granted to participants have a four-year time-based vesting period. Recipients of restricted shares do not pay any consideration to United for the shares, have the right to vote all shares subject to such grant and receive all dividends with respect to such shares, whether or not the shares have vested. Presently, these nonvested participating securities have an immaterial impact on diluted earnings per share. As of December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to nonvested stock awards was $4,936,000 with a weighted-average expense recognition period of 1.3 years.

The following summarizes the changes to United’s restricted common shares for the year ended December 31, 2018:


	Number of Shares		Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value Per Share
Outstanding at January 1, 2018		170,496	$ 40.05
Granted		97,004	37.60
Vested		(62,561)	37.59
Forfeited		(5,636)	38.66

Outstanding at December 31, 2018		199,303	$ 39.67

NOTE P—COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

United is a party to financial instruments with off-balance-sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and to alter its own exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include loan commitments, standby letters of credit, and interest rate swap agreements. The instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the financial statements.

United’s maximum exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the counterparty to the financial instrument for the loan commitments and standby letters of credit is the contractual or notional amount of those instruments. United uses the same policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments. Collateral may be obtained, if deemed necessary, based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the commitment contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require the payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily, and historically do not, represent future cash requirements. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary upon the extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the counterparty. United had approximately $3,826,370,000 and $4,224,719,000 of loan commitments outstanding as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, the majority of which contractually expire within one year. Included in the December 31, 2018 amount are commitments to extend credit of $385,762,000 related to George Mason’s mortgage loan funding commitments and are of a shot-term nature.

118

Commercial and standby letters of credit are agreements used by United’s customers as a means of improving their credit standing in their dealings with others. Under these agreements, United guarantees certain financial commitments of its customers. A commercial letter of credit is issued specifically to facilitate trade or commerce. Typically, under the terms of a commercial letter of credit, a commitment is drawn upon when the underlying transaction is consummated as intended between the customer and a third party. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, United had no outstanding commercial letters of credit. A standby letter of credit is generally contingent upon the failure of a customer to perform according to the terms of an underlying contract with a third party. United has issued standby letters of credit of $141,032,000 and $147,017,000 as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. In accordance with ASC Topic 450, “Contingencies,” United has determined that substantially all of its letters of credit are renewed on an annual basis and the fees associated with these letters of credit are immaterial.

George Mason provides for its estimated exposure to repurchase loans previously sold to investors for which borrowers failed to provide full and accurate information on their loan application or for which appraisals have not been acceptable or where the loan was not underwritten in accordance with the loan program specified by the loan investor, and for other exposure to its investors related to loan sales activities. United evaluates the merits of each claim and estimates its reserve based on actual and expected claims received and considers the historical amounts paid to settle such claims. During 2017, George Mason settled with investors on such loans for a total of $59,000. This reserve had a balance of $516,000 for the year ended December 31, 2018. No expense related to this reserve was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2018. George Mason had a reserve balance of $575,000 on the Cardinal Acquisition Date.

United has derivative counter-party risk that may arise from the possible inability of George Mason’s third party investors to meet the terms of their forward sales contracts. George Mason works with third-party investors that are generally well-capitalized, are investment grade and exhibit strong financial performance to mitigate this risk. United does not expect any third-party investor to fail to meet its obligation.

NOTE Q—DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

United uses derivative instruments to help aid against adverse price changes or interest rate movements on the value of certain assets or liabilities and on future cash flows. These derivatives may consist of interest rate swaps, caps, floors, collars, futures, forward contracts, written and purchased options. United also executes derivative instruments with its commercial banking customers to facilitate its risk management strategies.

United accounts for its derivative financial instruments in accordance with ASC Topic 815 which requires all derivative instruments to be carried at fair value on the balance sheet. United has designated certain derivative instruments used to manage interest rate risk as hedge relationships with certain assets, liabilities or cash flows being hedged. Certain derivatives used for interest rate risk management are not designated in a hedge relationship.

119

United sells mortgage loans on either a best efforts or mandatory delivery basis. For loans sold on a mandatory delivery basis, United enters into forward mortgage-backed securities (the “residual hedge”) to mitigate the effect of interest rate risk. Both the rate lock commitment under mandatory delivery and the residual hedge are recorded at fair value through earnings and are not designated as accounting hedges. At the closing of the loan, the loan commitment derivative expires and United records a loan held for sale at fair value and continues to mark these assets to market under the election of fair value option. United closes out of the trading mortgage-backed securities assigned within the residual hedge and replaces the securities with a forward sales contract once a price has been accepted by an investor and recorded at fair value. For those loans selected to be sold under best efforts delivery, at the closing of the loan, the rate lock commitment derivative expires and the Company records a loan held for sale at fair value under the election of fair value option and continues to be obligated under the same forward loan sales contract entered into at inception of the rate lock commitment.

The derivative portfolio also includes derivative financial instruments not included in hedge relationships. These derivatives consist of interest rate swaps used for interest rate management purposes and derivatives executed with commercial banking customers to facilitate their interest rate management strategies. For derivatives that are not designated in a hedge relationship, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized in earnings in the same period as the change in fair value. Gains and losses on other derivative financial instruments are included in noninterest income and noninterest expense, respectively.

120

The following tables disclose the derivative instruments’ location on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets and the notional amount and fair value of those instruments at December 31, 2018 and 2017.


	Asset Derivatives
	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Balance Sheet Location		Notional Amount		Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location		Notional Amount		Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts (hedging commercial loans)		Other assets	$	85,623	$	1,859		Other assets	$	71,831	$	538

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments			$	85,623	$	1,859			$	71,831	$	538

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate swap contracts		Other assets	$	0	$	0		Other assets	$	0	$	0
Forward loan sales commitments		Other assets		21,604		542		Other assets		31,024		2
Interest rate lock commitments		Other assets		93,955		4,103		Other assets		148,866		4,559

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments			$	115,559	$	4,645			$	179,890	$	4,561

Total asset derivatives			$	201,182	$	6,504			$	251,721	$	5,099


	Liability Derivatives
	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Balance Sheet Location		Notional Amount		Fair Value		Balance Sheet Location		Notional Amount		Fair Value
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts (hedging commercial loans)		Other liabilities	$	0	$	0		Other liabilities	$	18,795	$	165

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments			$	0	$	0			$	18,795	$	165

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Interest rate swap contracts		Other liabilities	$	0	$	0		Other liabilities	$	0	$	0
TBA mortgage-backed securities		Other liabilities		200,281		3,002		Other liabilities		236,500		312
Interest rate lock commitments		Other liabilities		0		0		Other liabilities		0		0

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments			$	200,281	$	3,002			$	236,500	$	312

Total liability derivatives			$	200,281	$	3,002			$	255,295	$	477

Derivative contracts involve the risk of dealing with both bank customers and institutional derivative counterparties and their ability to meet contractual terms. Credit risk arises from the possible inability of counterparties to meet the terms of their contracts. United’s exposure is limited to the replacement value of the contracts rather than the notional amount of the contract. The Company’s agreements generally contain provisions that limit the unsecured exposure up to an agreed upon threshold. Additionally, the Company attempts to minimize credit risk through certain approval processes established by management.

121

The effect of United’s derivative financial instruments on its Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is presented as follows:


		Year Ended
(In thousands)	Income Statement Location	December 31, 2018			December 31, 2017			December 31, 2016
Derivatives in hedging relationships Fair Value Hedges:
Interest rate swap contracts	Interest income/ (expense)	$	(170)		$	(781	)	$	(30	)

Total derivatives in hedging relationships		$	(170)		$	(781	)	$	(30	)

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
Forward loan sales commitments	Income from Mortgage Banking Activities		530			(426	)		0
TBA mortgage-backed securities	Income from Mortgage Banking Activities		(2,690	)		1,547			0
Interest rate lock commitments	Income from Mortgage Banking Activities		(2,413	)		(7,730	)		0

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments		$	(4,573)		$	(6,609	)	$	0

Total derivatives		$	(4,743)		$	(7,390)		$	(30)

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, changes in the fair value of any interest rate swaps attributed to hedge ineffectiveness were recorded, but not significant to United’s Consolidated Statements of Income.

NOTE R—COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The changes in accumulated other comprehensive income are as follows:


	For the Years Ended December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Net Income	$	256,342	$	150,581	$	147,083
Available for sale (“AFS”) securities:
AFS securities with OTTI charges during the period		(1,456)		(60)		(77)
Related income tax effect		339		22		28
Income tax rate change		0		0		208
Less : OTTI charges recognized in net income		1,456		60		33
Related income tax benefit		(339)		(22)		(12)
Reclassification of previous noncredit OTTI to credit OTTI		0		0		415
Related income tax benefit		0		0		(150)

Net unrealized gains on AFS securities with OTTI		0		0		445
AFS securities – all other:
Change in net unrealized (losses) gains on AFS securities arising during the period		(14,715)		8,371		(12,931)
Related income tax effect		5,109		(3,097)		4,867
Net reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income		770		(1,874)		(255)
Related income tax (benefit) expense		(179)		693		92

		(9,015)		4,093		(8,227	)

Net effect of AFS securities on other comprehensive income		(9,015)		4,093		(7,782)

Held to maturity (“HTM”) securities:
Accretion on the unrealized loss for securities transferred from AFS to the HTM investment portfolio prior to call or maturity		8		8		9
Related income tax benefit		(2)		(3)		(3)

Net effect of HTM securities on other comprehensive income		6		5		6

Defined benefit pension plan:
Net actuarial loss during the period		(4,232)		(6,784)		(2,914)
Related income tax expense		1,063		2,510		1,077
Amortization of prior service cost recognized in net income		0		0		0
Related income tax benefit		0		0		0
Amortization of net actuarial loss recognized in net income		4,919		4,553		4,921
Related income tax benefit		(1,246)		(1,685)		(1,813)

Net effect of change in defined benefit pension plan on other comprehensive income		504		(1,406)		1,271

Total change in other comprehensive income, net of tax		(8,505)		2,692		(6,505	)

Total Comprehensive Income	$	247,837	$	153,273	$	140,578

122

The components of accumulated other comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2018 are as follows:


Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) by Component^(a)
For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)	Unrealized Gains/ Losses on AFS Securities			Accretion on the unrealized loss for securities transferred from AFS to the HTM			Defined Benefit Pension Items			Total
Balance at January 1, 2018	($	7,516	)	($	46	)	($	34,463	)	($	42,025	)
Cumulative effect of adopting Accounting Standard Update 2016-01		(136	)		0			0			(136	)
Reclass due to adopting Accounting Standard Update 2018-02		(1,622	)		(10	)		(4,721	)		(6,353	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassification		(9,606	)		6			0			(9,600	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		591			0			504			1,095

Net current-period other comprehensive income, net of tax		(9,015	)		6			504			(8,505	)

Balance at December 31, 2018	($	18,289	)	($	50	)	($	38,680	)	($	57,019	)

(a) All amounts are net-of-tax.


Reclassifications out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (AOCI) For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands) Details about AOCI Components	Amount Reclassified from AOCI			Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
Available for sale (“AFS”) securities:
Reclassification of previous noncredit OTTI to credit OTTI	$	0			Total other-than-temporary impairment losses
Net reclassification adjustment for losses (gains) included in net income		770			Net gains on sales/calls of investment securities

		770			Total before tax
Related income tax effect		(179	)		Tax expense

		591			Net of tax
Pension plan:
Net actuarial loss		(4,232	)(a)
Amortization of net actuarial loss		4,919	(b)

		687			Total before tax
Related income tax effect		(183	)		Tax expense

		504			Net of tax

Total reclassifications for the period	$	1,095


(a) This AOCI component is included in the computation of changes in plan assets (see Note N, Employee Benefit Plans)
(b) This AOCI component is included in the computation of net periodic pension cost (see Note N, Employee Benefit Plans)

123

NOTE S—UNITED BANKSHARES, INC. (PARENT COMPANY ONLY) FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Condensed Balance Sheets
	December 31
(In thousands)	2018			2017
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	68,186		$	93,198
Securities available for sale		6,822			22,066
Securities held to maturity		997			996
Equity securities		5,094			0
Other investment securities		163			163
Investment in subsidiaries:
Bank subsidiaries		3,478,956			3,437,036
Nonbank subsidiaries		14,706			12,535
Goodwill		(16,008	)		(16,008	)
Other assets		10,615			10,309

Total Assets	$	3,569,531		$	3,560,295

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Junior subordinated debentures of subsidiary trusts	$	234,905		$	242,446
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		83,002			77,319
Shareholders’ equity (including other accumulated comprehensive loss of $57,019 and $42,025 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively)		3,251,624			3,240,530

Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	3,569,531		$	3,560,295


Condensed Statements of Income
	Year Ended December 31
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2016
Income
Dividends from banking subsidiaries:
Bank subsidiaries	$	215,000		$	115,000		$	75,600
Nonbank subsidiaries		0			58			10
Net interest income		227			437			86
Management fees:
Bank subsidiaries		25,026			45,693			35,792
Nonbank subsidiaries		27			27			27
Other income		(596	)		1,766			8

Total Income		239,684			162,981			111,523

Expenses
Operating expenses		37,214			71,653			42,249

Income Before Income Taxes and Equity in Undistributed Net Income of Subsidiaries		202,470			91,328			69,274
Applicable income tax benefit		(2,470	)		(6,126	)		(3,061	)

Income Before Equity in Undistributed Net Income of Subsidiaries		204,940			97,454			72,335
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries:
Bank subsidiaries		51,392			50,560			74,656
Nonbank subsidiaries		10			2,567			92

Net Income	$	256,342		$	150,581		$	147,083

124


Condensed Statements of Cash Flows
	Year Ended December 31
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Operating Activities
Net income	$	256,342	$	150,581	$	147,083
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		(51,402)		(53,127)		(74,748)
Amortization of net periodic pension costs		293		228		393
Stock-based compensation		4,073		3,555		2,817
Excess tax benefits from stock-based compensation arrangements		158		2,201		4,008
Net gain on securities transactions		607		(1,185)		(8)
Net change in other assets and liabilities		(1,904)		8,764		(8,344)

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities		208,167		111,017		71,201

Investing Activities
Net proceeds from sales (purchases) of securities		9,446		(19,268)		(234)
Net proceeds from sales of equity securities		1,348		0		0
Net cash paid in acquisition of subsidiary		0		22,146		(10)
Increase in investment in subsidiaries		(2,400)		(34,203)		(100,000)
Change in other investment securities		0		(63)		0

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities		8,394		(31,388)		(100,244)

Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of common stock		0		0		199,916
Cash dividends paid		(142,350)		(121,354)		(96,351)
Acquisition of treasury stock		(100,724)		(1)		(1)
Proceeds from sale of treasury stock from deferred compensation plan		1		1		1
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		1,500		4,619		13,337


Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities		(241,573)		(116,735)		116,902


(Decrease) Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents		(25,012)		(37,106)		87,859

Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Year		93,198		130,304		42,445


Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Year	$	68,186	$	93,198	$	130,304

NOTE T—REGULATORY MATTERS

The subsidiary banks are required to maintain average reserve balances with their respective Federal Reserve Bank. The average amount of those consolidated reserve balances maintained and required for the year ended December 31, 2018, were approximately $791,237,000 and $334,280,000, respectively. The average amount of those consolidated reserve balances maintained and required for the year ended December 31, 2017, was approximately $1,251,806,000 and $471,763,000, respectively.

The primary source of funds for the dividends paid by United to its shareholders is dividends received from its subsidiary bank. Dividends paid by United’s subsidiary banks are subject to certain regulatory limitations. Generally, the most restrictive provision requires regulatory approval if dividends declared in any year exceed that year’s net income, as defined, plus the retained net profits of the two preceding years.

During 2019, the retained net profits available for distribution to United by United Bank as dividends without regulatory approval, are approximately $101,952,000, plus net income for the interim period through the date of declaration.

Under Federal Reserve regulation, United Bank is also limited as to the amount they may loan to affiliates, including the parent company. Loans from United Bank to the parent company are limited to 10% of the banking subsidiaries’ capital and surplus, as defined, or $282,863,000 at December 31, 2018, and must be secured by qualifying collateral.

125

United’s subsidiary banks are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Pursuant to capital adequacy guidelines, United’s subsidiary banks must meet specific capital guidelines that involve various quantitative measures of the banks’ assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. United’s subsidiary banks’ capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

As previously mentioned, the new Basel III Capital Rules became effective for United and United Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to a phase-in period). These new quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require United and United Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total, Tier I capital, and common Tier I capital as defined in the regulations, to risk-weighted assets, as defined, and of Tier I capital, as defined, to average assets, as defined. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on United’s financial statements. As of December 31, 2018, United exceeds all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.

At December 31, 2018, the most recent notification from its regulators, United and United Bank were categorized as well-capitalized. To be categorized as well-capitalized, United must maintain minimum total risk-based, Tier I risk-based, Common Tier I risk-based, and Tier I leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes would impact United’s well-capitalized status.

United’s and United Bank, capital amounts (in thousands of dollars) and ratios are presented in the following table.


(Dollars in thousands)	Actual					For Capital Adequacy Purposes				To Be Well- Capitalized
	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio		Amount		Ratio
As of December 31, 2018:
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):
United Bankshares	$	2,119,774		14.4	%	$	1,179,708		³8.0%	$	1,474,635		³10.0%
United Bank		2,080,234		14.1	%		1,177,953		³8.0%		1,472,441		³10.0%
Tier I Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):
United Bankshares	$	1,793,682		12.2	%	$	884,781		³6.0%	$	1,179,708		³8.0%
United Bank		2,002,142		13.6	%		883,465		³6.0%		1,177,953		³8.0%
Common Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets):
United Bankshares	$	1,793,682		12.2	%	$	663,586		³4.5%	$	958,513		³6.5%
United Bank		2,002,142		13.6	%		662,599		³4.5%		957,087		³6.5%
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets):
United Bankshares	$	1,793,682		10.1	%	$	707,916		³4.0%	$	884,895		³5.0%
United Bank		2,002,142		11.3	%		706,977		³4.0%		883,721		³5.0%
As of December 31, 2017:
Total Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):
United Bankshares	$	2,093,369		14.2	%	$	1,177,952		³8.0%	$	1,472,439		³10.0%
United Bank		2,013,852		13.7	%		1,174,099		³8.0%		1,467,624		³10.0%
Tier I Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets):
United Bankshares	$	1,759,189		12.0	%	$	883,464		³6.0%	$	1,177,952		³8.0%
United Bank		1,936,546		13.2	%		880,575		³6.0%		1,174,099		³8.0%
Common Tier I Capital (to Risk Weighted Assets):
United Bankshares	$	1,759,189		12.0	%	$	662,598		³4.5%	$	957,086		³6.5%
United Bank		1,936,546		13.2	%		660,431		³4.5%		953,956		³6.5%
Tier I Capital (to Average Assets):
United Bankshares	$	1,759,189		10.1	%	$	698,388		³4.0%	$	872,985		³5.0%
United Bank		1,936,546		11.0	%		702,311		³4.0%		877,888		³5.0%

126

United’s mortgage banking entity, George Mason, is subject to net worth requirements issued by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Failure to meet minimum capital requirements of HUD can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on George Mason’s operations.

The minimum net worth requirement of HUD at December 31, 2018 was $2,500,000. George Mason’s net worth was $15,399,000 at December 31, 2018, which exceeded the HUD requirements.

NOTE U—FAIR VALUES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS

In accordance with ASC Topic 820, the following describes the valuation techniques used by United to measure certain financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the financial statements.

Securities available for sale and equity securities: Securities available for sale and equity securities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value measurement is based upon quoted market prices, when available (Level 1). If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Using a market approach valuation methodology, third party vendors compile prices based on observable market inputs, which include benchmark yields, issuer spreads, benchmark securities, and “To Be Announced” prices (Level 2). Management internally reviews the fair values provided by third party vendors on a monthly basis. Management also performs a quarterly price testing analysis at the individual security level which compares the pricing provided by the third party vendors to an independent pricing source’s valuation of the same securities. Variances that are deemed to be material are reviewed by management. Additionally, to further assess the reliability of the information received from third party vendors, management obtains documentation from third party vendors related to the sources, methodologies, and inputs utilized in valuing securities classified as Level 2. Management analyzes this information to ensure the underlying assumptions appear reasonable. Management also obtains an independent service auditor’s report from third party vendors to provide reasonable assurance that appropriate controls are in place over the valuation process. Upon completing its review of the pricing from third party vendors at December 31, 2018, management determined that the prices provided by its third party pricing source were reasonable and in line with management’s expectations for the market values of these securities. Therefore, prices obtained from third party vendors that did not reflect forced liquidation or distressed sales were not adjusted by management at December 31, 2018. Management utilizes a number of factors to determine if a market is inactive, all of which may require a significant level of judgment. Factors that management considers include: a significant widening of the bid-ask spread, a considerable decline in the volume and level of trading activity in the instrument, a significant variance in prices among market participants, and a significant reduction in the level of observable inputs. Any securities available for sale not valued based upon quoted market prices or third party pricing models that consider observable market data are considered Level 3. Currently, United considers its valuation of available-for-sale Trup Cdos as Level 3. Based upon management’s review of the market conditions for Trup Cdos, it was determined that an income approach valuation technique (present value technique) that maximizes the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs is the most representative measurement technique for these securities. The present value technique discounts expected future cash flows of a security to arrive at a present value. Management considers the following items when calculating the appropriate discount rate: the implied rate of return when the market was last active, changes in the implied rate of return as markets moved from very active to inactive, recent changes in credit ratings, and recent activity showing that the market has built in increased liquidity and credit premiums. Management’s internal credit review of each security was also factored in to determine the appropriate discount rate. The credit review considered each security’s collateral, subordination, excess spread, priority of claims, principal and interest.

Loans held for sale: For residential mortgage loans sold in the mortgage banking segment, the loans closed are recorded at fair value using the fair value option which is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing. These valuations fall into the Level 3 category. The unobservable input is the Company’s historical sales prices. The range of historical sales prices increased the investor’s indicated pricing by a range of 0.08% to 1.25% with a weighted average increase of 0.32%.

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Derivatives: United utilizes interest rate swaps to hedge exposure to interest rate risk and variability of cash flows associated to changes in the underlying interest rate of the hedged item. These hedging interest rate swaps are classified as either a fair value hedge or a cash flow hedge. United’s derivative portfolio also includes derivative financial instruments not included in hedge relationships. These derivatives consist of interest rate swaps used for interest rate management purposes and derivatives executed with commercial banking customers to facilitate their interest rate management strategies. United utilizes third-party vendors for derivative valuation purposes. These vendors determine the appropriate fair value based on a net present value calculation of the cash flows related to the interest rate swaps using primarily observable market inputs such as interest rate yield curves (Level 2). Valuation adjustments to derivative fair values for liquidity and credit risk are also taken into consideration, as well as the likelihood of default by United and derivative counterparties, the net counterparty exposure and the remaining maturities of the positions. Values obtained from third party vendors are typically not adjusted by management. Management internally reviews the derivative values provided by third party vendors on a quarterly basis. All derivative values are tested for reasonableness by management utilizing a net present value calculation.

For a fair value hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to the hedged financial instrument. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a fair value hedge are offset in current period earnings either in interest income or interest expense depending on the nature of the hedged financial instrument. For a cash flow hedge, the fair value of the interest rate swap is recognized on the balance sheet as either a freestanding asset or liability with a corresponding adjustment to other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity, net of tax. Subsequent adjustments due to changes in the fair value of a derivative that qualifies as a cash flow hedge are offset to other comprehensive income, net of tax. The portion of a hedge that is ineffective is recognized immediately in earnings.

The Company records its interest rate lock commitments and forward loan sales commitments at fair value determined as the amount that would be required to settle each of these derivative financial instruments at the balance sheet date. In the normal course of business, George Mason enters into contractual interest rate lock commitments to extend credit to borrowers with fixed expiration dates. The commitments become effective when the borrowers “lock-in” a specified interest rate within the timeframes established by the mortgage companies. All borrowers are evaluated for credit worthiness prior to the extension of the commitment. Market risk arises if interest rates move adversely between the time of the interest rate lock by the borrower and the sale date of the loan to the investor. To mitigate the effect of the interest rate risk inherent in providing rate lock commitments to borrowers, George Mason enters into either a forward sales contract to sell loans to investors when using best efforts or a TBA mortgage-backed security under mandatory delivery. As TBA mortgage-backed securities are actively traded in an open market, TBA mortgage-backed securities fall into a Level 1 category. The forward sales contracts lock in an interest rate and price for the sale of loans similar to the specific rate lock commitments. Under the Company’s best efforts model, the rate lock commitments to borrowers and the forward sales contracts to investors through to the date the loan closes are undesignated derivatives and accordingly, are marked to fair value through earnings. These valuations fall into a Level 2 category. For residential mortgage loans sold in the mortgage banking segment, the interest rate lock commitments are recorded at fair value which is measured using valuations from investors for loans with similar characteristics adjusted for the Company’s actual sales experience versus the investor’s indicated pricing. These valuations fall into the Level 3 category. The unobservable input is the Company’s historical sales prices. The range of historical sales prices increased the investor’s indicated pricing by a range of 0.08% to 1.25% with a weighted average increase of 0.32%.

For interest rate swap derivatives that are not designated in a hedge relationship, changes in the fair value of the derivatives are recognized in earnings in the same period as the change in the fair value. Unrealized gains and losses due to changes in the fair value of other derivative financial instruments not in hedge relationship are included in noninterest income and noninterest expense, respectively.

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The following table presents the balances of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy:


			Fair Value at December 31, 2018 Using
(In thousands) Description	Balance as of December 31, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	85,890	$	0	$	85,890	$	0
State and political subdivisions		208,988		0		208,988		0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		1,035,650		0		1,035,650		0
Non-agency		4,259		0		4,259		0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency		554,600		0		554,600		0
Asset-backed securities		271,970		0		271,970		0
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		5,917		0		0		5,917
Single issue trust preferred securities		8,362		0		8,362		0
Other corporate securities		161,403		6,822		154,581		0

Total available for sale securities		2,337,039		6,822		2,324,300		5,917
Equity securities:
Financial services industry		140		140		0		0
Equity mutual funds (1)		4,954		4,954		0		0
Other equity securities		4,640		4,640		0		0

Total equity securities		9,734		9,734		0		0
Loans held for sale		247,104		0		0		247,104
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swap contracts		1,859		0		1,859		0
Forward sales commitments		542		0		542		0
Interest rate lock commitments		4,103		0		0		4,103

Total derivative financial assets		6,504		0		2,401		4,103
Liabilities
Derivative financial liabilities:
TBA mortgage-backed securities		3,002		0		3,002		0

Total derivative financial liabilities		3,002		0		3,002		0

(1) The equity mutual funds are within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries.

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			Fair Value at December 31, 2017 Using
(In thousands) Description	Balance as of December 31, 2017		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. Government corporations and agencies	$	114,758	$	0	$	114,758	$	0
State and political subdivisions		303,869		0		303,869		0
Residential mortgage-backed securities
Agency		814,593		0		814,593		0
Non-agency		5,512		0		5,512		0
Commercial mortgage-backed securities
Agency		454,857		0		454,857		0
Asset-backed securities		109,970		0		109,970		0
Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations		34,269		0		0		34,269
Single issue trust preferred securities		12,560		0		12,560		0
Other corporate securities		28,490		0		28,490		0

Total available for sale debt securities		1,878,878		0		1,844,609		34,269
Available for sale equity securities:
Financial services industry		3,545		331		3,214		0
Equity mutual funds (1)		6,332		6,332		0		0
Other equity securities		1		1		0		0

Total available for sale equity securities		9,878		6,664		3,214		0

Total available for sale securities		1,888,756		6,664		1,847,823		34,269
Loans held for sale		263,308		0		0		263,308
Derivative financial assets:
Interest rate swap contracts		538		0		538		0
Interest rate lock commitments		4,561		0		2		4,559

Total derivative financial assets		5,099		0		540		4,559
Liabilities
Derivative financial liabilities:
Interest rate swap contracts		165		0		165		0
TBA mortgage-backed securities		312		0		312		0

Total derivative financial liabilities		477		0		477		0

(1)	The equity mutual funds are within a rabbi trust for the payment of benefits under a deferred compensation plan for certain key officers of United and its subsidiaries.

There were no transfers between Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis during the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2017.

The following table presents additional information about financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value at December 31, 2018 and 2017 on a recurring basis and for which United has utilized Level 3 inputs to determine fair value:


	Available-for-sale Securities
(In thousands)	Trust preferred collateralized debt obligations
	2018			2017
Balance, beginning of year	$	34,269		$	33,552
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):
Included in earnings (or changes in net assets)		28			9
Included in other comprehensive income		920			8,757
Purchases, issuances, and settlements		0			0
Sales		(29,300	)		(8,049	)
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		0			0

Balance, ending of year	$	5,917		$	34,269

The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date		0			0

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(In thousands)	Loans held for sale
	2018			2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	263,308		$	0
Acquired in Cardinal merger		0			271,301
Originations		2,619,454			2,333,927
Sales		(2,676,797	)		(2,408,945	)
Total gains or losses during the period recognized in earnings		68,555			58,132
Transfers in and/or out of Level 3		(27,416	)		8,893

Balance, end of period	$	247,104		$	263,308

The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date	$	0		$	0


(In thousands)	Derivative Financial Assets Interest Rate Lock Commitments
	2018			2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	4,559		$	0
Acquired in Cardinal merger		0			10,393
Transfers other		(456	)		(5,834	)

Balance, end of period	$	4,103		$	4,559

The amount of total gains or losses for the period included in earnings (or changes in net assets) attributable to the change in unrealized gains or losses relating to assets still held at reporting date	$	0		$	0

Certain financial assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in accordance with GAAP. Adjustments to the fair value of these assets usually result from the application of lower-of-cost-or-market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Fair Value Option

United elected the fair value option for the loans held for sale in its mortgage banking segment to mitigate a divergence between accounting losses and economic exposure.

The following table reflects the change in fair value included in earnings of financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:


(In thousands) Description	Year Ended December 31, 2018			Year Ended December 31, 2017
Assets
Loans held for sale
Income from mortgage banking activities	$	(281	)	$	(10,497	)

The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the remaining contractual principal outstanding for financial instruments for which the fair value option has been elected:


	December 31, 2018						December 31, 2017
(In thousands) Description	Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Fair Value Over/(Under) Unpaid Principal Balance		Unpaid Principal Balance		Fair Value		Fair Value Over/(Under) Unpaid Principal Balance
Assets
Loans held for sale	$	241,293	$	247,104	$	5,811	$	257,674	$	263,308	$	5,634

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Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Nonrecurring Basis

The following describes the valuation techniques used by United to measure certain financial assets recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis in the financial statements.

Loans held for sale: Loans held for sale within the community banking segment that are delivered on a best efforts basis are carried at the lower of cost or market value. These loans currently consist of one-to-four family residential loans originated for sale in the secondary market. Fair value is based on the price secondary markets are currently offering for similar loans using observable market data which is not materially different than cost due to the short duration between origination and sale (Level 2). As such, United records any fair value adjustments on a nonrecurring basis. No nonrecurring fair value adjustments were recorded on loans held for sale during the year ended December 31, 2018. Gains and losses on sale of loans are recorded within income from mortgage banking on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Impaired Loans: Loans are designated as impaired when, in the judgment of management based on current information and events, it is probable that all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement will not be collected. Impairment is measured based upon the present value of expected future cash flows from the loan discounted at the loan’s effective rate and the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral, if the loan is collateral dependent. Fair value is measured using a market approach based on the value of the collateral securing the loans. Collateral may be in the form of real estate or business assets including equipment, inventory, and accounts receivable. The vast majority of the collateral is real estate. The value of real estate collateral is determined utilizing an appraisal conducted by an independent, licensed appraiser outside of the Company using comparable property sales (Level 2). However, if the collateral is a house or building in the process of construction or if an appraisal of the real estate property is over two years old, then the fair value is considered Level 3. The value of business equipment is based upon an outside appraisal if deemed significant, or the net book value on the applicable business’ financial statements if not considered significant using observable market data. Likewise, values for inventory and accounts receivables collateral are based on financial statement balances or aging reports (Level 3). For impaired loans, a specific reserve is established through the Allowance for Loan Losses, if necessary, by estimating the fair value of the underlying collateral on a nonrecurring basis. Any fair value adjustments are recorded in the period incurred as provision for credit losses expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

OREO: OREO consists of real estate acquired in foreclosure or other settlement of loans. Such assets are carried on the balance sheet at the lower of the investment in the assets or the fair value of the assets less estimated selling costs. Fair value is determined by one of two market approach methods depending on whether the property has been vacated and an appraisal can be conducted. If the property has yet to be vacated and thus an appraisal cannot be performed, a Brokers Price Opinion (i.e. BPO), is obtained. A BPO represents a best estimate valuation performed by a realtor based on knowledge of current property values and a visual examination of the exterior condition of the property. Once the property is subsequently vacated, a formal appraisal is obtained and the recorded asset value appropriately adjusted. On the other hand, if the OREO property has been vacated and an appraisal can be conducted, the fair value of the property is determined based upon the appraisal using a market approach. An authorized independent appraiser conducts appraisals for United. Appraisals for property other than ongoing construction are based on consideration of comparable property sales (Level 2). In contrast, valuation of ongoing construction assets requires some degree of professional judgment. In conducting an appraisal for ongoing construction property, the appraiser develops two appraised amounts: an “as is” appraised value and a “completed” value. Based on professional judgment and their knowledge of the particular situation, management determines the appropriate fair value to be utilized for such property (Level 3). As a matter of policy, valuations are reviewed at least annually and appraisals are generally updated on a bi-annual basis with values lowered as necessary.

Intangible Assets: For United, intangible assets consist of goodwill and core deposit intangibles. Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually or sooner if indicators of impairment exist. Goodwill impairment would be defined as the difference between the recorded value of goodwill (i.e. book value) and the implied fair value of goodwill. In determining

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the implied fair value of goodwill for purposes of evaluating goodwill impairment, United determines the fair value of the reporting unit using a market approach and compares the fair value to its carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, a step two test is performed whereby the implied fair value is computed by deducting the fair value of all tangible and intangible net assets from the fair value of the reporting unit. Core deposit intangibles relate to the estimated value of the deposit base of acquired institutions. Management reviews core deposit intangible assets on an annual basis, or sooner if indicators of impairment exist, and evaluates changes in facts and circumstances that may indicate impairment in the carrying value. Other than those intangible assets recorded in the acquisitions of Cardinal in the second quarter of 2017, no other fair value measurement of intangible assets was made during the year of 2018 and 2017.

The following table summarizes United’s financial assets that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis during the period:


			Carrying value at December 31, 2018
(In thousands) Description	Balance as of December 31, 2018		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		YTD Losses
Assets
Loans held for sale	$	2,742	$	0	$	2,742	$	0	$	3
Impaired Loans		121,355		0		108,899		12,456		12,301
OREO		16,865		0		16,865		0		910

			Carrying value at December 31, 2017
(In thousands) Description	Balance as of December 31, 2017		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		YTD Losses
Assets
Loans held for sale	$	2,647	$	0	$	2,647	$	0	$	14
Impaired Loans		84,756		0		67,111		17,645		12,291
OREO		24,348		0		24,151		197		4,200

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

The following methods and assumptions were used by United in estimating its fair value disclosures for other financial instruments:

Cash and Cash Equivalents: The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for cash and cash equivalents approximate those assets’ fair values.

Securities held to maturity and other securities: The estimated fair values of securities held to maturity are based on quoted market prices, where available. If quoted market prices are not available, fair values are measured utilizing independent valuation techniques of identical or similar securities for which significant assumptions are derived primarily from or corroborated by observable market data. Third party vendors compile prices from various sources and may determine the fair value of identical or similar securities by using pricing models that considers observable market data. Any securities held to maturity, not valued based upon the methods above, are valued based on a discounted cash flow methodology using appropriately adjusted discount rates reflecting nonperformance and liquidity risks. Other securities consist mainly of shares of Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal Reserve Bank stock that do not have readily determinable fair values and are carried at cost.

Loans: The fair values of certain mortgage loans (e.g., one-to-four family residential), credit card loans, and other consumer loans are based on quoted market prices of similar loans sold in conjunction with securitization transactions, adjusted for differences in loan characteristics. The fair values of other loans (e.g., commercial real estate and rental property mortgage loans, commercial and industrial loans, financial institution loans and agricultural loans) are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, using market interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar

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creditworthiness, which include adjustments for liquidity concerns. For acquired impaired loans, fair value is assumed to equal United’s carrying value, which represents the present value of expected future principal and interest cash flows, as adjusted for any Allowance for Loan Losses recorded for these loans.

Deposits: The fair values of demand deposits (e.g., interest and noninterest checking, regular savings and certain types of money market accounts) are, by definition, equal to the amount payable on demand at the reporting date (i.e., their carrying amounts). The carrying amounts of variable-rate, fixed-term money market accounts and certificates of deposit approximate their fair values at the reporting date. Fair values of fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.

Short-term Borrowings: The carrying amounts of federal funds purchased, borrowings under repurchase agreements and any other short-term borrowings approximate their fair values.

Long-term Borrowings: The fair values of United’s Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings and trust preferred securities are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on United’s current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

Summary of Fair Values for All Financial Instruments

The estimated fair values of United’s financial instruments are summarized below:


					Fair Value Measurements
(In thousands)	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,020,396	$	1,020,396	$	0	$	1,020,396	$	0
Securities available for sale		2,337,039		2,337,039		6,822		2,324,300		5,917
Securities held to maturity		19,999		18,655		0		15,635		3,020
Equity securities		9,734		9,734		9,734		0		0
Other securities		176,955		168,107		0		0		168,107
Loans held for sale		249,846		249,846		0		2,742		247,104
Loans		13,422,222		12,657,073		0		0		12,657,073
Derivative financial assets		6,504		6,504		0		2,401		4,103
Deposits		13,994,749		13,954,574		0		13,954,574		0
Short-term borrowings		351,327		351,327		0		351,327		0
Long-term borrowings		1,499,103		1,475,237		0		1,475,237		0
Derivative financial liabilities		3,002		3,002		0		3,002		0

December 31, 2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,666,167	$	1,666,167	$	0	$	1,666,167	$	0
Securities available for sale		1,888,756		1,888,756		6,664		1,847,823		34,269
Securities held to maturity		20,428		20,018		0		16,998		3,020
Equity securities		0		0		0		0		0
Other securities		162,461		154,338		0		0		154,338
Loans held for sale		265,955		265,955		0		2,647		263,308
Loans		12,934,794		12,437,797		0		0		12,437,797
Derivative financial assets		5,099		5,099		0		540		4,559
Deposits		13,830,591		14,024,720		0		14,024,720		0
Short-term borrowings		477,587		477,587		0		477,587		0
Long-term borrowings		1,363,977		1,338,754		0		1,338,754		0
Derivative financial liabilities		477		477		0		477		0

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NOTE V—VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

Variable interest entities (VIEs) are entities that either have a total equity investment that is insufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or whose equity investors lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest (i.e., ability to make significant decisions, through voting rights, right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity, and obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity). VIEs can be structured as corporations, trusts, partnerships, or other legal entities. United’s business practices include relationships with certain VIEs. For United, the business purpose of these relationships primarily consists of funding activities in the form of issuing trust preferred securities.

United currently sponsors fourteen statutory business trusts that were created for the purpose of raising funds that qualify for Tier I regulatory capital. These trusts, of which several were acquired through bank acquisitions, issued or participated in pools of trust preferred capital securities to third-party investors with the proceeds invested in junior subordinated debt securities of United. The Company, through a small capital contribution, owns 100% of the voting equity shares of each trust. The assets, liabilities, operations, and cash flows of each trust are solely related to the issuance, administration, and repayment of the preferred equity securities held by third-party investors. United fully and unconditionally guarantees the obligations of each trust and is obligated to redeem the junior subordinated debentures upon maturity.

The trusts utilized in these transactions are variable interest entities (VIEs) as the third-party equity holders lack a controlling financial interest in the trusts through their inability to make decisions that have a significant effect on the operations and success of the entities. United does not consolidate these trusts as it is not the primary beneficiary of these entities because United does not hold a controlling financial interest as evidenced by the power to direct the activities of the VIEs that most significantly impact their economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the VIEs that could potentially be significant to the VIEs. Information related to United’s statutory trusts is presented in Note K, Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

United, through its banking subsidiaries, also makes limited partner equity investments in various low income housing and community development partnerships sponsored by independent third-parties. United invests in these partnerships to either realize tax credits on its consolidated federal income tax return or for purposes of earning a return on its investment. These partnerships are considered VIEs as the limited partners lack a controlling financial interest in the entities through their inability to make decisions that have a significant effect on the operations and success of the partnerships. United’s limited partner interests in these entities is immaterial, however; these partnerships are not consolidated as United is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary.

The following table summarizes quantitative information about United’s significant involvement in unconsolidated VIEs:


	As of December 31, 2018						As of December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Aggregate Assets		Aggregate Liabilities		Risk Of Loss ⁽¹⁾		Aggregate Assets		Aggregate Liabilities		Risk Of Loss ⁽¹⁾
Trust preferred securities	$	257,754	$	248,741	$	9,013	$	266,669	$	257,674	$	8,995

(1) Represents investment in VIEs.

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NOTE W—SEGMENT INFORMATION

Through its community banking segment, United offers a full range of products and services through various delivery channels. In particular, the community banking segment includes both commercial and consumer lending and provides customers with such products as commercial loans, real estate loans, business financing and consumer loans. In addition, this segment provides customers with several choices of deposit products including demand deposit accounts, savings accounts and certificates of deposit as well as investment and financial advisory services to businesses and individuals, including financial planning, retirement/estate planning, and investment management. The mortgage banking segment engages primarily in the origination and acquisition of residential mortgages for sale into the secondary market though George Mason.

The community banking segment provides the mortgage banking segment (George Mason) with short-term funds to originate mortgage loans through a warehouse line of credit and charges the mortgage banking segment interest based on the prime rate. These transactions are eliminated in the consolidation process.

The Company does not have any operating segments other than those reported. The “Other” category consists of financial information not directly attributable to a specific segment, including interest income from investments and net securities gains or losses of parent companies and their non-banking subsidiaries, interest expense related to subordinated notes of unconsolidated subsidiaries as well as the elimination of non-segment related intercompany transactions such as management fees. The “Other” represents an overhead function rather than an operating segment.

Information about the reportable segments and reconciliation of this information to the consolidated financial statements at and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:


	At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2018
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Mortgage Banking			Other			Intersegment Eliminations			Consolidated
Net interest income	$	593,108	$	1,315		$	(11,886	)	$	6,108		$	588,645
Provision for loans losses		22,013		0			0			0			22,013
Other income		70,283		68,555			(667	)		(9,459	)		128,712
Other expense		301,123		72,632			31			(5,607	)		368,179
Income taxes		73,861		(505	)		(2,533	)		0			70,823

Net income (loss)	$	266,394	$	(2,257	)	$	(10,051	)	$	2,256		$	256,342

Total assets (liabilities)	$	19,191,215	$	320,299		$	3,222		$	(264,238	)	$	19,250,498
Average assets (liabilities)		18,798,880		279,618			6,104			(236,575	)		18,848,027

	At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Mortgage Banking			Other			Intersegment Eliminations			Consolidated
Net interest income	$	558,622	$	(69	)	$	(9,556	)	$	0		$	548,997
Provision for loans losses		28,406		0			0			0			28,406
Other income		69,615		58,532			3,498			0			131,645
Other expense		291,584		62,072			13,753			0			367,409
Income taxes		139,980		(901	)		(4,833	)		0			134,246

Net income (loss)	$	168,267	$	(2,708	)	$	(14,978	)	$	0		$	150,581

Total assets (liabilities)	$	19,016,619	$	280,293		$	17,158		$	(255,111	)	$	19,058,959
Average assets (liabilities)		17,565,464		212,212			19,769			(180,016	)		17,617,429

136


	At and For the Year Ended December 31, 2016
(In thousands)	Community Banking		Other			Consolidated
Net interest income	$	433,140	$	(7,809	)	$	425,331
Provision for loans losses		24,509		0			24,509
Other income		72,618		(2,586	)		70,032
Other expense		249,894		(1,698	)		248,196
Income taxes		78,640		(3,065	)		75,575

Net income (loss)	$	152,715	$	(5,632	)	$	147,083

Total assets (liabilities)	$	14,528,394	$	(19,502	)	$	14,508,892
Average assets (liabilities)		13,398,861		(22,058	)		13,376,803

NOTE X—QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)

Quarterly financial data for 2018 and 2017 is summarized below (dollars in thousands, except for per share data):


(Dollars in thousands)	1st Quarter			2nd Quarter			3rd Quarter			4th Quarter
2018
Interest income	$	167,185		$	178,000		$	185,030		$	187,500
Interest expense		23,142			28,878			36,255			40,795
Net interest income		144,043			149,122			148,775			146,705
Provision for credit losses		5,178			6,204			4,808			5,823
Mortgage banking income		14,570			18,692			13,277			11,570
Securities gains (losses), net		(485	)		(55	)		(152	)		(1,926	)
Other noninterest income		17,107			17,370			18,561			20,183
Noninterest expense		90,452			93,410			93,315			91,002
Income taxes		17,899			19,241			17,926			15,757
Net income ⁽¹⁾		61,706			66,274			64,412			63,950

Per share data:
Average shares outstanding (000s):
Basic		104,859			104,683			103,618			102,930
Diluted		105,163			104,953			103,934			103,164
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.59		$	0.63		$	0.62		$	0.62
Diluted	$	0.59		$	0.63		$	0.62		$	0.62
Dividends per share	$	0.34		$	0.34		$	0.34		$	0.34
2017
Interest income	$	120,758		$	154,947		$	171,583		$	176,518
Interest expense		13,138			18,702			21,307			21,662
Net interest income		107,620			136,245			150,276			154,856
Provision for credit losses		5,899			8,251			7,279			6,977
Mortgage banking income		675			22,537			20,385			15,310
Securities losses, net		3,940			747			467			430
Other noninterest income		15,531			17,222			17,377			17,024
Noninterest expense		62,842			112,137			96,652			95,778
Income taxes		20,216			19,304			27,836			66,890
Net income ⁽¹⁾		38,809			37,059			56,738			17,975

Per share data:
Average shares outstanding (000s):
Basic		80,902			99,198			104,760			104,808
Diluted		81,307			99,620			105,068			105,125
Net income per share:
Basic	$	0.48		$	0.37		$	0.54		$	0.17
Diluted	$	0.48		$	0.37		$	0.54		$	0.17
Dividends per share	$	0.33		$	0.33		$	0.33		$	0.34

(1)	For further information, see the related discussion “Quarterly Results” included in Management’s Discussion and Analysis.

137

Item 9.

CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

This item is omitted since it is not applicable.

Item 9A.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

United Bankshares, Inc. (the Company) maintains controls and procedures designed to ensure that it is able to collect the information it is required to disclose in the reports it files with the SEC, and to process, summarize and disclose this information within the time periods specified in the rules of the SEC. Based on an evaluation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report conducted by the Company’s management, with the participation of the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer, the Chief Executive and Chief Financial Officer believe that these controls and procedures are effective to ensure that the Company is able to collect, process and disclose the information it is required to disclose in the reports it files with the SEC within the required time periods.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management’s Report on internal control over financial reporting and the audit report of Ernst & Young LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, on internal control over financial reporting is included on pages 66-67 of this report and are incorporated in this Item 9A by reference.

Changes In Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.

OTHER INFORMATION

United entered into an employment contract with Richard M. Adams, the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of the Company effective February 28, 2011. The original term of Mr. Adams’ employment contract was for three years, with the provision that the contract could be extended annually for one (1) year to maintain a rolling three (3) year contract.

At the Compensation Committee (the “Committee”) meeting of the Company on February 25, 2019, the Committee approved the extension of the employment contract with Mr. Adams for an additional year until March 31, 2022.

138

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K, PART III

Item 10.

DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Information regarding directors and executive officers of the registrant including their reporting compliance under Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 is incorporated by reference from United’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the caption “Directors Whose Terms Expire in 2019 and Nominees for Directors” under the heading “PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS”, under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” under the heading “COMMON STOCK OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT” and under the captions “Executive Officers” and “Family Relationships” under the heading “GOVERNANCE OF THE COMPANY.”

United has adopted a code of ethics for its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Controller and persons performing similar functions of the registrant in accordance with Section 406 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. A copy of the code of ethics is posted on United’s web site at www.ubsi-inc.com.

Information related to the registrant’s audit committee and its financial expert in accordance with Section 407 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 is incorporated by reference from United’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the captions “The Audit Committee” and the “Audit Committee Financial Expert” under the heading “GOVERNANCE OF THE COMPANY.”

Since the disclosure of the procedures in the definitive proxy statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, United has not adopted any changes to the procedures by which shareholders may recommend nominees to United’s Board of Directors as set forth in Article II, Section 5 of the Restated Bylaws of United.

Item 11.

EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

Information regarding executive compensation is incorporated by reference from United’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the heading of “EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION”, under the heading “COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS (CD&A)”, and under the heading “REPORT OF THE COMPENSATION COMMITTEE ON EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.”

Item 12.

SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and securities authorized under equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference from United’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the caption “Directors Whose Terms Expire in 2019 and Nominees for Directors” under the heading “PROPOSAL 1: ELECTION OF DIRECTORS” and under the captions “Beneficial Ownership of Directors and Named Executive Officers”, “Principal Shareholders of United” and “Related Shareholder Matters” under the heading “COMMON STOCK OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT.”

Item 13.

CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions is incorporated by reference from United’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the captions of “Related Party Transactions” and “Independence of Directors” under the heading “GOVERNANCE OF THE COMPANY.”

139

Item 14.

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES

Information regarding approval of audit and non-audit services by the Audit Committee as well as fees paid to auditors is incorporated by reference from United’s definitive proxy statement for the 2019 Annual Meeting of Shareholders under the captions “Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” and “Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm Fees Information” under the heading “AUDIT COMMITTEE AND INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM.”

140

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K, PART IV

Item 15.

EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)

List of Documents Filed as Part of This Report:

(1)

Financial Statements

United’s consolidated financial statements required in response to this Item are incorporated by reference from Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)

Financial Statement Schedules

United is not filing separate financial statement schedules because of the absence of conditions under which they are required or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or notes thereto.

(3)

Exhibits Required by Item 601

Listing of Exhibits—See the Exhibits’ Index on page 142 of this Form 10-K.

(b)

Exhibits — The exhibits to this Form 10-K begin on page 146.

(c)

Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules — All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable or pertain to items as to which the required disclosures have been made elsewhere in the financial statements and notes thereto, and therefore have been omitted.

All reports filed electronically by United with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments to those reports, are accessible at no cost on United’s web site at www.ubsi-inc.com. These filings are also accessible on the SEC’s web site at www.sec.gov.

141

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

FORM 10-K

INDEX TO EXHIBITS


Exhibit No.		Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Reorganization by and among United Bankshares, UBV Holding Company, LLC and Cardinal Financial Corporation (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Form 8-K dated August 17, 2016 and filed August 18, 2016 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

3.1		Articles of Incorporation (incorporated into this filing by reference to a Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q dated March 31, 2017 and filed May 9, 2017 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)

3.2		Bylaws (incorporated into this filing by reference to a Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 25, 2010 and filed January 29, 2010 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)

10.1		Fourth Amended Employment Agreement for Richard M. Adams (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the 2011 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2011 and filed February 29, 2012 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.2		Third Amended Employment Agreement for Richard M. Adams (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.3		Second Amended and Restated Supplemental Retirement Agreement for Richard M. Adams (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.4		First Amendment to Second Amended and Restated Supplemental Retirement Agreement for Richard M. Adams (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the 2011 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2011 and filed February 29, 2012 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.5		Amended and Restated Change of Control Agreement for Richard M. Adams, Jr. and James J. Consagra, Jr. (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.6		Form of 2017 Amendment to Amended and Restated Change of Control Agreement for Richard M. Adams, Jr. and James J. Consagra, Jr. (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the 2017 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017 and filed March 1, 2018 for United Bankshares, Inc. File No.002-86947)

10.7		Form of the Amendment and First Restatement of the United Bankshares, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement (Tier 2 SERP) for Richard M. Adams, Jr. and James J. Consagra, Jr., Executive Vice-President (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

142


Exhibit No.		Description

10.8		Form of Second Amendment to 2008 Amended and Restated United Bankshares, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement for Richard M. Adams, Jr. and James J. Consagra, Jr. (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the 2017 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017 and filed March 1, 2018 for United Bankshares, Inc. File No.002-86947)

10.9		Employment Agreement with J. Paul McNamara (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Form S-4 Registration Statement of United Bankshares, Inc., Registration No. 33-106890 filed July 9, 2003)

10.10		Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement for Craige Smith (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the 2013 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2013 and filed on March 3, 2014 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.11		Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement for Mark Tatterson (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the 2013 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2013 and filed on March 3, 2014 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.12		Form of First Amendment to United Bankshares, Inc. Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement for Craige Smith and Mark Tatterson (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the 2017 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017 and filed March 1, 2018 for United Bankshares, Inc. File No.002-86947)

10.13		Form of Independent Contractor Agreement with Peter A. Converse (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K dated January 31, 2014 and filed February 3, 2014 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.14		Amended and Restated Employment Agreement by and between United Bankshares, Inc., United Bank and Michael P. Fitzgerald (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Form 8-K dated June 3, 2016 and filed June 6, 2016 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No.002-86947)

10.15		Form of Supplemental Executive Retirement Agreement with Darren K. Williams and Douglas B. Ernest (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the 2017 Form 10-K dated December 31, 2017 and filed March 1, 2018 for United Bankshares, Inc. File No.002-86947)

10.16		Second Amended and Restated United Bankshares, Inc. Non-Qualified Retirement and Savings Plan (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.17		Amended and Restated United Bankshares, Inc. Management Stock Bonus Plan (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.18		United Bankshares, Inc., United Bank, Inc. and United Bank Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.12 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.19		United Bankshares, Inc., United Bank, Inc. and United Bank Rabbi Trust Agreement for Deferred Compensation Plan for Directors (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Form 8-K dated November 24, 2008 and filed November 26, 2008 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

143


Exhibit No.		Description

10.20		United Bankshares, Inc. 2011 Long-term Incentive Plan (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit A to 2011 Proxy Statement dated April 8, 2011 and filed April 8, 2011 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

10.21		United Bankshares, Inc. 2016 Long-term Incentive Plan (incorporated into this filing by reference to Exhibit A to 2016 Proxy Statement dated April 4, 2016 and filed April 1, 2016 for United Bankshares, Inc., File No. 002-86947)

12.1		Statement Re: Computation of Ratios (filed herewith)

21.1		Subsidiaries of the Registrant (filed herewith)

23.1		Consent of Ernst & Young LLP (filed herewith)

31.1		Certification as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Executive Officer (filed herewith)

31.2		Certification as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Financial Officer (filed herewith)

32.1		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Executive Officer (furnished herewith)

32.2		Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 by Chief Financial Officer (furnished herewith)

101		Interactive data file (XBRL) (filed herewith)

144

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

UNITED BANKSHARES, INC.

(Registrant)

/s/ Richard M. Adams

Chairman of the Board

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Signatures	Title	Date

/s/ Richard M. Adams	Chairman of the Board, Director, and Chief Executive Officer	March 1, 2019

/s/ W. Mark Tatterson	Chief Financial Officer Chief Accounting Officer	March 1, 2019

/s/ Theodore J. Georgelas	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ Mark R. Nesselroad	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ Albert H. Small, Jr.	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ J. Paul McNamara	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ P. Clinton Winter	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ Gary G. White	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ Mary K. Weddle	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ Peter A. Converse	Director	March 1, 2019

/s/ Michael P. Fitzgerald	Director	March 1, 2019

145