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UNITED RENTALS, INC. - Quarter Report: 2021 September (Form 10-Q)

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 ___________________________________
FORM 10-Q
___________________________________
☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2021
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from              to             
Commission File Number 1-14387
Commission File Number 1-13663
___________________________________ 
United Rentals, Inc.
United Rentals (North America), Inc.
(Exact Names of Registrants as Specified in Their Charters)
 ___________________________________
Delaware06-1522496
Delaware86-0933835
(States of Incorporation)(I.R.S. Employer Identification Nos.)
100 First Stamford Place, Suite 700
Stamford
Connecticut06902
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)(Zip Code)
Registrants’ Telephone Number, Including Area Code: (203) 622-3131 
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $.01 par value, of United Rentals, Inc.
 URINew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    x  Yes    o  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).    Yes  x    No  o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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Large Accelerated Filer ☒Accelerated Filer ☐
Non-Accelerated Filer ☐Smaller Reporting Company ☐
Emerging Growth Company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.    o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    ☐Yes    x   No
As of October 25, 2021, there were 72,394,435 shares of United Rentals, Inc. common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding. There is no market for the common stock of United Rentals (North America), Inc., all outstanding shares of which are owned by United Rentals, Inc.
This combined Form 10-Q is separately filed by (i) United Rentals, Inc. and (ii) United Rentals (North America), Inc. (which is a wholly owned subsidiary of United Rentals, Inc.). United Rentals (North America), Inc. meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (H)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-Q and is therefore filing this report with the reduced disclosure format permitted by such instruction.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA), INC.
FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2021
INDEX
 
  Page
PART I
Item 1
Item 2
Item 3
Item 4
PART II
Item 1
Item 1A
Item 2
Item 6
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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seek,” “on-track,” “plan,” “project,” “forecast,” “intend” or “anticipate,” or the negative thereof or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy or outlook. You are cautioned that our business and operations are subject to a variety of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control, and, consequently, our actual results may differ materially from those projected.

Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected include, but are not limited to, the following:

•the cyclical nature of our business, which is highly sensitive to North American construction and industrial activities; if construction or industrial activity decline, our revenues and, because many of our costs are fixed, our profitability may be adversely affected;
•uncertainty regarding emerging variant strains of the coronavirus (COVID-19), and regarding the length of time it will take for the COVID-19 pandemic to subside, including the time it will take for vaccines to be broadly distributed and accepted in the United States and the rest of the world, and the effectiveness of such vaccines in slowing or stopping the spread of COVID-19 and mitigating the economic effects of the pandemic;
•the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on global economic conditions, including the impact of the various measures that have been implemented to protect public health, many of which reduced, and could in the future again reduce, demand for equipment rentals;
•the impact of global economic conditions (including potential trade wars) and public health crises and epidemics, such as COVID-19, on us, our customers and our suppliers, in the United States and the rest of the world;
•rates we charge and time utilization we achieve being less than anticipated (including as a result of COVID-19);
•excess fleet in the equipment rental industry, including as a result of reduced demand for fleet due to the impacts of COVID-19 on our customers;
•inability to benefit from government spending, including spending associated with infrastructure projects;
•trends in oil and natural gas could adversely affect the demand for our services and products;
•competition from existing and new competitors;
•our significant indebtedness (which totaled $10.1 billion at September 30, 2021) requires us to use a substantial portion of our cash flow for debt service and can constrain our flexibility in responding to unanticipated or adverse business conditions;
•inability to refinance our indebtedness on terms that are favorable to us (including as a result of volatility and uncertainty in capital markets due to COVID-19), or at all;
•incurrence of additional debt, which could exacerbate the risks associated with our current level of indebtedness;
•noncompliance with financial or other covenants in our debt agreements, which could result in our lenders terminating the agreements and requiring us to repay outstanding borrowings;
•restrictive covenants and amount of borrowings permitted in our debt instruments, which can limit our financial and operational flexibility;
•inability to access the capital that our businesses or growth plans may require (including as a result of uncertainty in capital or other financial markets due to COVID-19);
•the possibility that companies that we have acquired or may acquire could have undiscovered liabilities or involve other unexpected costs, may strain our management capabilities or may be difficult to integrate;
•incurrence of impairment charges;
•fluctuations in the price of our common stock and inability to complete stock repurchases in the time frame and/or on the terms anticipated (for example, due to COVID-19);
•our charter provisions as well as provisions of certain debt agreements and our significant indebtedness may have the effect of making more difficult or otherwise discouraging, delaying or deterring a takeover or other change of control of us;
•inability to manage credit risk adequately or to collect on contracts with a large number of customers;
•turnover in our management team and inability to attract and retain key personnel, as well as loss, absenteeism or the inability of employees to work or perform key functions in light of public health crises or epidemics (including COVID-19);
•costs we incur being more than anticipated, and the inability to realize expected savings in the amounts or time frames planned;
•inability to obtain equipment and other supplies for our business from our key suppliers on acceptable terms or at all, as a result of supply chain disruptions, insolvency, financial difficulties or other factors;
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•increases in our maintenance and replacement costs and/or decreases in the residual value of our equipment;
•inability to sell our new or used fleet in the amounts, or at the prices, we expect;
•risks related to security breaches, cybersecurity attacks, failure to protect personal information, compliance with data protection laws and other significant disruptions in our information technology systems;
•risks related to climate change and climate change regulation;
•the fact that our holding company structure requires us to depend in part on distributions from subsidiaries and such distributions could be limited by contractual or legal restrictions;
•shortfalls in our insurance coverage;
•increases in our loss reserves to address business operations or other claims and any claims that exceed our established levels of reserves;
•incurrence of additional expenses (including indemnification obligations) and other costs in connection with litigation, regulatory and investigatory matters;
•the costs of complying with environmental, safety and foreign laws and regulations, as well as other risks associated with non-U.S. operations, including currency exchange risk, and tariffs;
•the outcome or other potential consequences of regulatory matters and commercial litigation;
•labor disputes, work stoppages or other labor difficulties, which may impact our productivity, and potential enactment of new legislation or other changes in law affecting our labor relations or operations generally; and
•the effect of changes in tax law.

For a more complete description of these and other possible risks and uncertainties, please refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as well as to our subsequent filings with the SEC. Our forward-looking statements contained herein speak only as of the date hereof, and we make no commitment to update or publicly release any revisions to forward-looking statements in order to reflect new information or subsequent events, circumstances or changes in expectations.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
Item 1.Financial Statements

UNITED RENTALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In millions, except share data)
 
September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
(unaudited)
ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents$320 $202 
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $115 at September 30, 2021 and $108 at December 31, 2020
1,602 1,315 
Inventory166 125 
Prepaid expenses and other assets112 375 
Total current assets2,200 2,017 
Rental equipment, net10,541 8,705 
Property and equipment, net626 604 
Goodwill5,458 5,168 
Other intangible assets, net662 648 
Operating lease right-of-use assets775 688 
Other long-term assets44 38 
Total assets$20,306 $17,868 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt$888 $704 
Accounts payable1,057 466 
Accrued expenses and other liabilities807 720 
Total current liabilities2,752 1,890 
Long-term debt9,216 8,978 
Deferred taxes2,081 1,768 
Operating lease liabilities615 549 
Other long-term liabilities159 138 
Total liabilities14,823 13,323 
Common stock—$0.01 par value, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 114,406,501 and 72,392,992 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at September 30, 2021 and 114,210,157 and 72,196,648 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, at December 31, 2020
1 1 
Additional paid-in capital2,538 2,482 
Retained earnings7,070 6,165 
Treasury stock at cost—42,013,509 shares at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020
(3,957)(3,957)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(169)(146)
Total stockholders’ equity5,483 4,545 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$20,306 $17,868 
See accompanying notes.
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In millions, except per share amounts)
 
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
Revenues:
Equipment rentals$2,277 $1,861 $5,895 $5,286 
Sales of rental equipment183 199 644 583 
Sales of new equipment47 54 153 169 
Contractor supplies sales29 25 80 73 
Service and other revenues60 48 168 140 
Total revenues2,596 2,187 6,940 6,251 
Cost of revenues:
Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation886 689 2,416 2,083 
Depreciation of rental equipment412 395 1,172 1,216 
Cost of rental equipment sales99 123 373 353 
Cost of new equipment sales38 47 128 147 
Cost of contractor supplies sales21 18 57 52 
Cost of service and other revenues37 29 102 86 
Total cost of revenues1,493 1,301 4,248 3,937 
Gross profit1,103 886 2,692 2,314 
Selling, general and administrative expenses326 232 877 721 
Merger related costs— — 3 — 
Restructuring charge— 6 1 11 
Non-rental depreciation and amortization98 97 279 292 
Operating income679 551 1,532 1,290 
Interest expense, net132 278 331 544 
Other income, net(3)(2)(1)(6)
Income before provision for income taxes550 275 1,202 752 
Provision for income taxes141 67 297 159 
Net income$409 $208 $905 $593 
Basic earnings per share$5.65 $2.88 $12.49 $8.14 
Diluted earnings per share$5.63 $2.87 $12.45 $8.12 
See accompanying notes.
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED)
(In millions)
 
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
 Net income$409 $208 $905 $593 
 Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
 Foreign currency translation adjustments (1)(52)32 (24)(26)
 Fixed price diesel swaps— 1 1 (2)
 Other comprehensive income (loss)(52)33 (23)(28)
 Comprehensive income (1)$357 $241 $882 $565 
(1)There were no material reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss reflected in other comprehensive income (loss) during 2021 or 2020. There was no material tax impact related to the foreign currency translation adjustments. We have historically considered the undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries to be indefinitely reinvested, and, accordingly, no taxes were provided on such earnings prior to the fourth quarter of 2020. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we identified $135 of cash in our foreign operations in excess of near-term working capital needs, and determined that this amount could no longer be considered indefinitely reinvested. As a result, our prior assertion that all undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries should be considered indefinitely reinvested changed. We continue to expect that the remaining balance of our undistributed foreign earnings will be indefinitely reinvested. If we determine that all or a portion of such foreign earnings are no longer indefinitely reinvested, we may be subject to additional foreign withholding taxes and U.S. state income taxes. There were no material taxes associated with other comprehensive income (loss) during 2021 or 2020.


See accompanying notes.

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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)
(In millions) 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
 Common Stock Treasury Stock
 Number of
Shares (1)		AmountAdditional Paid-in
Capital		Retained EarningsNumber of
Shares		AmountAccumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2)
Balance at June 30, 202172 $1 $2,506 $6,661 42 $(3,957)$(117)
Net income409 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(52)
Stock compensation expense, net— 33 
Shares repurchased and retired(1)
Balance at September 30, 202172 $1 $2,538 $7,070 42 $(3,957)$(169)
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
 Common Stock Treasury Stock
 Number of
Shares (1)		AmountAdditional Paid-in
Capital		Retained EarningsNumber of
Shares		AmountAccumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2)
Balance at June 30, 202072 $1 $2,450 $5,660 42 $(3,957)$(247)
Net income208 
Foreign currency translation adjustments32 
Fixed price diesel swaps1 
Stock compensation expense, net— 18 
Shares repurchased and retired(5)
Balance at September 30, 202072 $1 $2,463 $5,868 42 $(3,957)$(214)
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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
 Common Stock Treasury Stock
 Number of
Shares (1)		AmountAdditional Paid-in
Capital		Retained EarningsNumber of
Shares		AmountAccumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2)
Balance at December 31, 202072 $1 $2,482 $6,165 42 $(3,957)$(146)
Net income905 
Foreign currency translation adjustments (24)
Fixed price diesel swaps1 
Stock compensation expense, net— 89 
Shares repurchased and retired(33)
Balance at September 30, 202172 $1 $2,538 $7,070 42 $(3,957)$(169)
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
 Common Stock Treasury Stock
 Number of
Shares (1)		AmountAdditional Paid-in
Capital		Retained EarningsNumber of
Shares		AmountAccumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (2)
Balance at December 31, 201974 $1 $2,440 $5,275 39 $(3,700)$(186)
Net income593 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(26)
Fixed price diesel swaps(2)
Stock compensation expense, net1 46 
Exercise of common stock options1 
Shares repurchased and retired(24)
Repurchase of common stock(3)3 (257)
Balance at September 30, 202072 $1 $2,463 $5,868 42 $(3,957)$(214)
 
(1)Common stock outstanding decreased by approximately 2 million net shares during the year ended December 31, 2020.
(2)The Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss balance primarily reflects foreign currency translation adjustments.

See accompanying notes.
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)
(In millions)
Nine Months Ended
 September 30,
 20212020
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Net income$905 $593 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization1,451 1,508 
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts9 11 
Gain on sales of rental equipment(271)(230)
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment(6)(5)
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment(19)(34)
Stock compensation expense, net89 46 
Merger related costs3 — 
Restructuring charge1 11 
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility30 159 
Increase (decrease) in deferred taxes157 (66)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of amounts acquired:
(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable(224)202 
Decrease in inventory8 12 
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets306 30 
Increase in accounts payable548 88 
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities34 (37)
Net cash provided by operating activities3,021 2,288 
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Purchases of rental equipment(2,308)(785)
Purchases of non-rental equipment and intangible assets(142)(145)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment644 583 
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment20 31 
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment19 34 
Purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired(1,435)(2)
Purchases of investments(1)(2)
Net cash used in investing activities(3,203)(286)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from debt7,030 7,251 
Payments of debt(6,694)(8,829)
Proceeds from the exercise of common stock options— 1 
Common stock repurchased(33)(281)
Payments of financing costs(8)(23)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities295 (1,881)
Effect of foreign exchange rates5 1 
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents118 122 
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period202 52 
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$320 $174 
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid for income taxes, net$151 $239 
Cash paid for interest362 438 
See accompanying notes.


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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)



1. Organization, Description of Business and Basis of Presentation
United Rentals, Inc. (“Holdings,” “URI” or the “Company”) is principally a holding company and conducts its operations primarily through its wholly owned subsidiary, United Rentals (North America), Inc. (“URNA”), and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings’ primary asset is its sole ownership of all issued and outstanding shares of common stock of URNA. URNA’s various credit agreements and debt instruments place restrictions on its ability to transfer funds to its shareholder.
We rent equipment to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. We primarily operate in the United States and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In July 2018, we completed the acquisition of BakerCorp International Holdings, Inc. (“BakerCorp”), which allowed for our entry into select European markets. As discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, in May 2021, we completed the acquisition of General Finance Corporation (“General Finance”), which allowed for our entry into select markets in Australia and New Zealand. In addition to renting equipment, we sell new and used rental equipment, as well as related contractor supplies, parts and service.
We have prepared the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with the accounting policies described in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Form 10-K”) and the interim reporting requirements of Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and note disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the 2020 Form 10-K.
In our opinion, all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which are necessary for a fair presentation of financial condition, operating results and cash flows for the interim periods presented have been made. Interim results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results of the full year.

COVID-19
The novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was first identified in people in late 2019. COVID-19 spread rapidly throughout the world and, in March 2020, the World Health Organization characterized COVID-19 as a pandemic. COVID-19 is a pandemic of respiratory disease spreading from person-to-person that poses a serious public health risk. It has significantly disrupted supply chains and businesses around the world. The extent and duration of the COVID-19 impact, on the operations and financial position of United Rentals, and on the global economy, is uncertain. Uncertainty remains regarding emerging variant strains of COVID-19, and regarding the length of time it will take for the COVID-19 pandemic to subside, including the time it will take for vaccines to be broadly distributed and accepted in the United States and the rest of the world, and the effectiveness of such vaccines in slowing or stopping the spread of COVID-19 and mitigating the economic effects of the pandemic. The health and safety of our employees and customers remains our top priority, and we have also engaged in extensive contingency planning to manage the business impact of the pandemic.
Prior to mid-March 2020, our results were largely in line with expectations. We began to experience a decline in revenues in March 2020, when rental volume declined in response to shelter-in-place orders and other market restrictions. The volume declines were more pronounced in 2020 than 2021, and we have seen recent evidence of recovery across our construction and industrial markets, as well as encouraging gains in end-market indicators. COVID-19 is discussed in more detail throughout “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

New Accounting Pronouncements
Guidance Adopted in 2021
Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. In December 2019, the FASB issued guidance intended to simplify the accounting for income taxes. The guidance removes the following exceptions: 1) exception to the incremental approach for intraperiod tax allocation when there is a loss from continuing operations and income or a gain from other items, 2) exception to the requirement to recognize a deferred tax liability for equity method investments when a foreign subsidiary becomes an equity method investment, 3) exception to the ability not to recognize a deferred tax liability for a foreign subsidiary when a foreign equity method investment becomes a subsidiary and 4) exception to the general methodology for calculating income taxes in an interim period when a year-to-date loss exceeds the anticipated loss for the year. Additionally, the guidance simplifies the accounting for income taxes by: 1) requiring that an entity recognize a franchise tax (or similar tax) that is partially based on income as an income-based tax and account for any incremental amount incurred as a non-income-based tax, 2) requiring that an entity evaluate when a step up in the tax basis of goodwill should be considered part of the business combination in which
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

the book goodwill was originally recognized and when it should be considered a separate transaction, 3) specifying that an entity is not required to allocate the consolidated amount of current and deferred tax expense to a legal entity that is not subject to tax in its separate financial statements (although the entity may elect to do so (on an entity-by-entity basis) for a legal entity that is both not subject to tax and disregarded by the taxing authority), 4) requiring that an entity reflect the effect of an enacted change in tax laws or rates in the annual effective tax rate computation in the interim period that includes the enactment date and 5) making minor improvements for income tax accounting related to employee stock ownership plans and investments in qualified affordable housing projects accounted for using the equity method. Different components of the guidance required retrospective, modified retrospective or prospective adoption. We adopted this guidance when it became effective, in the first quarter of 2021, and the impact on our financial statements was not material.
2. Revenue Recognition

Revenue Recognition Accounting Standards
We recognize revenue in accordance with two different accounting standards: 1) Topic 606 (which addresses revenue from contracts with customers) and 2) Topic 842 (which addresses lease revenue). Under Topic 606, revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with the customer, and excludes any sales incentives and amounts collected on behalf of third parties. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer, and is the unit of account under Topic 606. As reflected below, most of our revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. Our contracts with customers generally do not include multiple performance obligations. We recognize revenue when we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for such products or services.

Nature of goods and services
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

In the following table, revenue is summarized by type and by the applicable accounting standard.
Three Months Ended September 30,
20212020
Topic 842Topic 606TotalTopic 842Topic 606Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals$1,897 $— $1,897 $1,572 $— $1,572 
Re-rent revenue61—6141—41
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up—173173—138138
Other115311468426110
Total ancillary and other rental revenues115 204 319 84 164 248 
Total equipment rentals2,073 204 2,277 1,697 164 1,861 
Sales of rental equipment—183183—199199
Sales of new equipment—4747—5454
Contractor supplies sales—2929—2525
Service and other revenues—6060—4848
Total revenues$2,073 $523 $2,596 $1,697 $490 $2,187 
Nine Months Ended September 30,
20212020
Topic 842Topic 606TotalTopic 842Topic 606Total
Revenues:
Owned equipment rentals$4,937 $— $4,937 $4,498 $— $4,498 
Re-rent revenue135—135104—104
Ancillary and other rental revenues:
Delivery and pick-up—437437—370370
Other2969038624371314
Total ancillary and other rental revenues296 527 823 243 441 684 
Total equipment rentals5,368 527 5,895 4,845 441 5,286 
Sales of rental equipment—644644—583583
Sales of new equipment—153153—169169
Contractor supplies sales—8080—7373
Service and other revenues—168168—140140
Total revenues$5,368 $1,572 $6,940 $4,845 $1,406 $6,251 
Revenues by reportable segment are presented in note 4 of the condensed consolidated financial statements, using the revenue captions reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. The majority of our revenue is recognized in our general rentals segment and in the U.S. (for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, 76 percent and 90 percent, respectively). We believe that the disaggregation of our revenue from contracts to customers as reflected above, coupled with the further discussion below and the reportable segment disclosures in note 4, depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Lease revenues (Topic 842)
The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 842 is discussed below.
Owned equipment rentals represent our most significant revenue type (they accounted for 71 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021) and are governed by our standard rental contract. We account for such rentals as operating leases. The lease terms are included in our contracts, and the determination of whether our contracts contain leases generally does not require significant assumptions or judgments. Our lease revenues do not include material amounts of variable payments.
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

Owned equipment rentals: Owned equipment rentals represent revenues from renting equipment that we own. We do not generally provide an option for the lessee to purchase the rented equipment at the end of the lease, and do not generate material revenue from sales of equipment under such options.
We recognize revenues from renting equipment on a straight-line basis. Our rental contract periods are hourly, daily, weekly or monthly. By way of example, if a customer were to rent a piece of equipment and the daily, weekly and monthly rental rates for that particular piece were (in actual dollars) $100, $300 and $900, respectively, we would recognize revenue of $32.14 per day. The daily rate for recognition purposes is calculated by dividing the monthly rate of $900 by the monthly term of 28 days. This daily rate assumes that the equipment will be on rent for the full 28 days, as we are unsure of when the customer will return the equipment and therefore unsure of which rental contract period will apply.
As part of this straight-line methodology, when the equipment is returned, we recognize as incremental revenue the excess, if any, between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, which is based on the rental contract period applicable to the actual number of days the equipment was out on rent, over the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date. In any given accounting period, we will have customers return equipment and be contractually required to pay us more than the cumulative amount of revenue recognized to date under the straight-line methodology. For instance, continuing the above example, if the customer rented the above piece of equipment on December 29 and returned it at the close of business on January 1, we would recognize incremental revenue on January 1 of $171.44 (in actual dollars, representing the difference between the amount the customer is contractually required to pay, or $300 at the weekly rate, and the cumulative amount recognized to date on a straight-line basis, or $128.56, which represents four days at $32.14 per day).
We record amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue as deferred revenue on our balance sheet. We had deferred revenue (associated with both Topic 842 and Topic 606) of $81 and $51 as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. The increase in 2021 primarily reflects the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
As noted above, we are unsure of when the customer will return rented equipment. As such, we do not know how much the customer will owe us upon return of the equipment and cannot provide a maturity analysis of future lease payments. Our equipment is generally rented for short periods of time. Lessees do not provide residual value guarantees on rented equipment.
We expect to derive significant future benefits from our equipment following the end of the rental term. Our rentals are generally short-term in nature, and our equipment is typically rented for the majority of the time that we own it. We additionally recognize revenue from sales of rental equipment when we dispose of the equipment.
Re-rent revenue: Re-rent revenue reflects revenues from equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We account for such rentals as subleases. The accounting for re-rent revenue is the same as the accounting for owned equipment rentals described above.
“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of 1) Rental Protection Plan (or "RPP") revenue associated with the damage waiver customers can purchase when they rent our equipment to protect against potential loss or damage, 2) environmental charges associated with the rental of equipment, 3) charges for rented equipment that is damaged by our customers and 4) charges for setup and other services performed on rented equipment.
Revenues from contracts with customers (Topic 606)
The accounting for the types of revenue that are accounted for under Topic 606 is discussed below. Substantially all of our revenues under Topic 606 are recognized at a point-in-time rather than over time.
Delivery and pick-up: Delivery and pick-up revenue associated with renting equipment is recognized when the service is performed.
“Other” equipment rental revenue is primarily comprised of revenues associated with the consumption of fuel by our customers which are recognized when the equipment is returned by the customer (and consumption, if any, can be measured).
Sales of rental equipment, new equipment and contractor supplies are recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer and when collectibility is probable.
Service and other revenues primarily represent revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). Service revenue is recognized as the services are performed.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

Receivables and contract assets and liabilities
As reflected above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842 (such revenue represented 77 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021). The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. Because the same customers generate the revenues that are accounted for under both Topic 606 and Topic 842, the discussions below on credit risk and our allowances for doubtful accounts address receivables arising from revenues from both Topic 606 and Topic 842.
Concentration of credit risk with respect to our receivables is limited because a large number of geographically diverse customers makes up our customer base. Our largest customer accounted for less than one percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, and for each of the last three full years. Our customer with the largest receivable balance represented approximately one percent and two percent of total receivables at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We manage credit risk through credit approvals, credit limits and other monitoring procedures.
Our allowances for doubtful accounts reflect our estimate of the amount of our receivables that we will be unable to collect based on historical write-off experience and, as applicable, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Our estimate could require change based on changing circumstances, including changes in the economy or in the particular circumstances of individual customers. Accordingly, we may be required to increase or decrease our allowances. Trade receivables that have contractual maturities of one year or less are written-off when they are determined to be uncollectible based on the criteria necessary to qualify as a deduction for federal tax purposes. Write-offs of such receivables require management approval based on specified dollar thresholds. See the table below for a rollforward of our allowance for doubtful accounts.
The measurement of expected credit losses is based on relevant information from past events, including historical experiences, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect collectibility. Our allowance for doubtful accounts as of September 30, 2021 included an adjustment for the estimated impact of COVID-19 on future collectibility that was not material to our financial statements. Trade receivables are the only material financial asset we have that is subject to the requirement to measure expected credit losses as noted above, as this requirement does not apply to receivables arising from operating lease revenues. Substantially all of our non-lease trade receivables are due in one year or less. As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for as lease revenue (such revenue represented 77 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021, and these revenues account for corresponding portions of the $1.602 billion of net accounts receivable and the associated allowance for doubtful accounts of $115 reported on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2021).
As discussed above, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for under Topic 842. The customers that are responsible for the remaining revenue that is accounted for under Topic 606 are generally the same customers that rent our equipment. We manage credit risk associated with our accounts receivables at the customer level. The rollforward of our allowance for doubtful accounts (in total, and associated with revenues arising from both Topic 606 and Topic 842) is shown below.
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021Three Months Ended September 30, 2020Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Beginning balance$112 $108 $108 $103 
Charged to costs and expenses (1)1 2 3 8 
Charged to revenue (2)8 12 17 22 
Deductions and other (3)(6)(8)(13)(19)
Ending balance$115 $114 $115 $114 
_________________
(1)    Reflects bad debt expenses recognized within selling, general and administrative expenses (associated with Topic 606 revenues).
(2)    Primarily reflects doubtful accounts associated with lease revenues that were recognized as a reduction to equipment rentals revenue (primarily associated with Topic 842 revenues).
(3)    Primarily represents write-offs of accounts, net of immaterial recoveries and other activity.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

We do not have material contract assets, or impairment losses associated therewith, or material contract liabilities, associated with contracts with customers. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in material amounts billed to customers in excess of recognizable revenue. We did not recognize material revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 or 2020 that was included in the contract liability balance as of the beginning of such periods.

Performance obligations
Most of our Topic 606 revenue is recognized at a point-in-time, rather than over time. Accordingly, in any particular period, we do not generally recognize a significant amount of revenue from performance obligations satisfied (or partially satisfied) in previous periods, and the amounts of such revenue recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 were not material. We also do not expect to recognize material revenue in the future related to performance obligations that were unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of September 30, 2021.

Payment terms
Our Topic 606 revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration. Our payment terms vary by the type and location of our customer and the products or services offered. The time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. Our contracts do not generally include a significant financing component. For certain products or services and customer types, we require payment before the products or services are delivered to the customer. Our contracts with customers do not generally result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties. See above for a discussion of how we manage credit risk.
Revenue is recognized net of taxes collected from customers, which are subsequently remitted to governmental authorities.

Contract costs
We do not recognize any assets associated with the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer (for example, a sales commission) that we expect to recover. Most of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time or over a period of one year or less, and we use the practical expedient that allows us to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that we otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.

Contract estimates and judgments
Our revenues accounted for under Topic 606 generally do not require significant estimates or judgments, primarily for the following reasons:
•The transaction price is generally fixed and stated in our contracts;
•As noted above, our contracts generally do not include multiple performance obligations, and accordingly do not generally require estimates of the standalone selling price for each performance obligation;
•Our revenues do not include material amounts of variable consideration, or result in significant obligations associated with returns, refunds or warranties; and
•Most of our revenue is recognized as of a point-in-time and the timing of the satisfaction of the applicable performance obligations is readily determinable. As noted above, our Topic 606 revenue is generally recognized at the time of delivery to, or pick-up by, the customer.
Our revenues accounted for under Topic 842 also generally do not require significant estimates or judgments. We monitor and review our estimated standalone selling prices on a regular basis.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

3. Acquisitions
On May 25, 2021, we completed the acquisition of General Finance. General Finance previously operated as Pac-Van and Container King in the U.S. and Canada, and as Royal Wolf in Australia and New Zealand, and was a leading provider of mobile storage and modular office space. Its network served diverse end-markets, including construction, commercial, industrial, retail, transportation, petrochemical, consumer, natural resources, governmental and education. As of March 31, 2021, General Finance’s rental fleet consisted of approximately 100,000 units at an original cost of approximately $650. For the 12 months ending December 31, 2020, General Finance had revenues of $342 (such amount represents General Finance’s historic revenue presented in accordance with our revenue mapping). The acquisition is expected to:
• Complement our leading positions in general construction and industrial rentals and specialty rentals, which will further differentiate us through our ability to deliver value as a one-stop-shop for customers;
• Create immediate cross-sell opportunities, and allow us to introduce mobile storage and modular office solutions in service areas that previously were not served by General Finance; and
• Provide entry into Australia and New Zealand, with an established platform run by a seasoned management team, and with a strong growth strategy already in place.
The aggregate consideration paid to acquire General Finance was $1.032 billion. The acquisition and related fees and expenses were funded through available cash and drawings on our senior secured asset-based revolving credit facility (“ABL facility”).
The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The purchase price allocations for these assets and liabilities are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. In particular, rental equipment and goodwill could change materially once the valuations are finalized.
 Cash and cash equivalents$13 
 Accounts receivable (1)44 
 Inventory36 
 Rental equipment793 
 Property and equipment36 
 Intangibles (2)94 
 Operating lease right-of-use assets57 
 Other assets26 
 Total identifiable assets acquired1,099 
 Current liabilities(91)
 Deferred taxes(160)
 Operating lease liabilities(44)
 Total liabilities assumed(295)
 Net identifiable assets acquired804 
 Goodwill (3)228 
 Net assets acquired$1,032 
(1)The fair value of accounts receivables acquired was $44, and the gross contractual amount was $50. We estimated that $6 would be uncollectible.
(2)The following table reflects the fair values and useful lives of the acquired intangible assets identified based on our preliminary purchase accounting assessments:
Fair value Life (years)
 Customer relationships$87 7
 Trade names and associated trademarks7 5
 Total$94 
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(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

(3)All of the goodwill was assigned to our specialty segment. We have not yet obtained all the information required to finalize the valuations of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. As such, goodwill could change materially from the amount noted above. Once finalized, we expect that the goodwill that results from the acquisition will be primarily reflective of General Finance's going-concern value, the value of General Finance's assembled workforce, new customer relationships expected to arise from the acquisition, and operational synergies that we expect to achieve that would not be available to other market participants. $28 of goodwill is expected to be deductible for income tax purposes.
The nine months ended September 30, 2021 include General Finance acquisition-related costs which are reflected as “Merger related costs” in our condensed consolidated statements of income. It is not practicable to reasonably estimate the amounts of revenue and earnings of General Finance since the acquisition date, primarily due to the movement of fleet between URI locations and the acquired General Finance locations, as well as our corporate structure and the allocation of corporate costs.
Pro forma financial information
The pro forma information below gives effect to the General Finance acquisition as if it had been completed on January 1, 2020 (“the pro forma acquisition date”). The pro forma information is not necessarily indicative of our results had the acquisition been completed on the above date, nor is it necessarily indicative of our future results. The pro forma information reflects General Finance’s historic revenue presented in accordance with our revenue mapping, does not reflect any cost savings from operating efficiencies or synergies that could result from the acquisition, and also does not reflect additional revenue opportunities following the acquisition. The pro forma information includes adjustments to record the acquired assets and liabilities of General Finance at their respective fair values based on available information and to give effect to the financing for the acquisition. The pro forma adjustments reflected in the table below are subject to change as additional analysis is performed. The purchase price allocations for the assets acquired and liabilities assumed are based on preliminary valuations and could change materially as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period. Increases or decreases in the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired may impact our statements of income in future periods. We expect that the values assigned to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed will be finalized during the one-year measurement period following the acquisition date. The table below presents unaudited pro forma consolidated income statement information as if General Finance had been included in our consolidated results for the entire periods reflected:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
United Rentals historic revenues$2,596 $2,187 $6,940 $6,251 
General Finance historic revenues— 81 144 254 
Pro forma revenues2,596 2,268 7,084 6,505 
United Rentals historic pretax income550 275 1,202 752 
General Finance historic pretax income (loss)— 5 9 (3)
Combined pretax income550 280 1,211 749 
Pro forma adjustments to combined pretax income:
Impact of fair value mark-ups/useful life changes on depreciation (1)— (5)(10)(16)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet on cost of rental equipment sales (2)— (6)(9)(17)
Intangible asset amortization (3)2 (5)(7)(15)
Goodwill impairment (4)— — — 14 
Interest expense (5)— (4)(6)(16)
Elimination of historic interest (6)— 5 23 17 
Elimination of merger related costs (7)— — 12 — 
Elimination of changes in the valuation of bifurcated derivatives in convertible notes (8)
— 1 (16)11 
Pro forma pretax income$552 $266 $1,198 $727 
________________
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)

(1) Depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation were adjusted for the fair value mark-ups, and the changes in useful lives and salvage values, of the equipment acquired in the General Finance acquisition.
(2) Cost of rental equipment sales was adjusted for the fair value mark-ups of rental equipment acquired in the General Finance acquisition.
(3) Intangible asset amortization was adjusted to include amortization of the acquired intangible assets.
(4) The goodwill impairment charge that General Finance recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was eliminated. If the acquisition had occurred as of the pro forma acquisition date, this impairment charge would not have been recognized (instead, we would have tested for goodwill impairment based on the post-acquisition reporting unit structure).
(5) As discussed above, we funded the General Finance acquisition using drawings on our ABL facility. Interest expense was adjusted to reflect interest on the ABL facility borrowings.
(6) Historic interest on debt that is not part of the combined entity was eliminated. The adjustment for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes a debt redemption loss of $12.
(7) Merger related costs primarily comprised of financial and legal advisory fees associated with the General Finance acquisition were eliminated as they were assumed to have been recognized prior to the pro forma acquisition date. The adjustment for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 includes $9 of merger related costs recognized by General Finance prior to the acquisition.
(8) General Finance historically recognized changes in the valuation of bifurcated derivatives in convertible notes in its statements of operations. These historic changes were eliminated because the bifurcated derivatives are not part of the combined entity.
In addition to the General Finance acquisition discussed above, during 2021, we completed a series of acquisitions which were not significant individually or in the aggregate. See the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the total cash outflow for purchases of other companies, net of cash acquired, which includes General Finance and the other completed acquisitions, and see note 7 to our condensed consolidated financial statements for a rollforward showing the goodwill acquired associated with these acquisitions. The intangible assets acquired in the General Finance acquisition are discussed above, and $65 of intangible assets were acquired in 2021 associated with the other acquisitions.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


4. Segment Information
Our reportable segments are i) general rentals and ii) specialty. Our regions discussed below, which are our operating segments, are aggregated into our reportable segments. We believe that the regions that are aggregated into our reportable segments have similar economic characteristics, as each region is capital intensive, offers similar products to similar customers, uses similar methods to distribute its products, and is subject to similar competitive risks. The aggregation of our regions also reflects the management structure that we use for making operating decisions and assessing performance. We evaluate segment performance primarily based on segment equipment rentals gross profit.
The general rentals segment includes the rental of i) general construction and industrial equipment, such as backhoes, skid-steer loaders, forklifts, earthmoving equipment and material handling equipment, ii) aerial work platforms, such as boom lifts and scissor lifts and iii) general tools and light equipment, such as pressure washers, water pumps and power tools. The general rentals segment reflects the aggregation of 11 geographic regions—Carolinas, Gulf South, Industrial (which serves the geographic Gulf region and has a strong industrial presence), Mid-Atlantic, Mid Central, Midwest, Northeast, Pacific West, South, Southeast and Western Canada—and operates throughout the United States and Canada.
The specialty segment includes the rental of specialty construction products such as i) trench safety equipment, such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) power and HVAC equipment, such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment, iii) fluid solutions equipment primarily used for fluid containment, transfer and treatment, and iv) mobile storage equipment and modular office space. The specialty segment is comprised of the following regions, each of which primarily rents the corresponding equipment type described above: i) the Trench Safety region, ii) the Power and HVAC region, iii) the Fluid Solutions and iv) Fluid Solutions Europe regions, and v) the Mobile Storage and vi) Mobile Storage International regions. The Mobile Storage and Mobile Storage International regions are comprised of locations acquired in the May 2021 acquisition of General Finance, which is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The specialty segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. This segment primarily operates in the United States and Canada, and has a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
 
The following tables set forth financial information by segment.  
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(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


General
rentals		SpecialtyTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Equipment rentals$1,636 $641 $2,277 
Sales of rental equipment154 29 183 
Sales of new equipment31 16 47 
Contractor supplies sales19 10 29 
Service and other revenues54 6 60 
Total revenue1,894 702 2,596 
Depreciation and amortization expense412 98 510 
Equipment rentals gross profit649 330 979 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
Equipment rentals$1,391 $470 $1,861 
Sales of rental equipment182 17 199 
Sales of new equipment47 7 54 
Contractor supplies sales17 8 25 
Service and other revenues42 6 48 
Total revenue1,679 508 2,187 
Depreciation and amortization expense402 90 492 
Equipment rentals gross profit543 234 777 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Equipment rentals$4,375 $1,520 $5,895 
Sales of rental equipment567 77 644 
Sales of new equipment111 42 153 
Contractor supplies sales53 27 80 
Service and other revenues148 20 168 
Total revenue5,254 1,686 6,940 
Depreciation and amortization expense1,184 267 1,451 
Equipment rentals gross profit1,586 721 2,307 
Capital expenditures2,116 334 2,450 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Equipment rentals$4,040 $1,246 $5,286 
Sales of rental equipment530 53 583 
Sales of new equipment145 24 169 
Contractor supplies sales48 25 73 
Service and other revenues122 18 140 
Total revenue4,885 1,366 6,251 
Depreciation and amortization expense1,240 268 1,508 
Equipment rentals gross profit1,410 577 1,987 
Capital expenditures771 159 930 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


September 30,
2021		December 31,
2020
Total reportable segment assets
General rentals$16,066 $15,051 
Specialty (1)4,240 2,817 
Total assets$20,306 $17,868 
  ___________________
(1)The increase in the specialty segment assets primarily reflects the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Equipment rentals gross profit is the primary measure management reviews to make operating decisions and assess segment performance. The following is a reconciliation of equipment rentals gross profit to income before provision for income taxes:
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
Total equipment rentals gross profit$979 $777 $2,307 $1,987 
Gross profit from other lines of business124 109 385 327 
Selling, general and administrative expenses(326)(232)(877)(721)
Merger related costs (1)— — (3)— 
Restructuring charge (2)— (6)(1)(11)
Non-rental depreciation and amortization(98)(97)(279)(292)
Interest expense, net(132)(278)(331)(544)
Other income, net3 2 1 6 
Income before provision for income taxes$550 $275 $1,202 $752 
 ___________________
(1)Reflects transaction costs associated with the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Merger related costs only include costs associated with major acquisitions that significantly impact our operations. For additional information, see "Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-merger related costs" below.
(2)Primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information, see note 5 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


5. Restructuring and Asset Impairment Charges
Restructuring charges primarily include severance costs associated with headcount reductions, as well as branch closure charges. We incur severance costs and branch closure charges in the ordinary course of our business. We only include such costs that are part of a restructuring program as restructuring charges. Since the first such program was initiated in 2008, we have completed five restructuring programs and have incurred total restructuring charges of $351.
Closed Restructuring Programs
Our closed restructuring programs were initiated either in recognition of a challenging economic environment or following the completion of certain significant acquisitions. As of September 30, 2021, the total liability associated with the closed restructuring programs was $11.
2020-2021 Cost Savings Restructuring Program
In the fourth quarter of 2019, we initiated a restructuring program associated with the consolidation of certain common functions, the relocation of our shared-service facilities and certain other cost reduction measures. We expect to complete the restructuring program in 2021, and do not expect to incur significant additional expenses in connection with the program.
The table below provides certain information concerning restructuring activity under the 2020-2021 Cost Savings restructuring program during the nine months ended September 30, 2021:
Description 
Beginning
Reserve Balance 
Charged to
Costs and
Expenses (1)		Payments
and Other
Ending
Reserve Balance 
Branch closure charges$3 $— $(2)$1 
Severance and other2 1 (3)— 
Total$5 $1 $(5)$1 
________________

(1)    Reflected in our condensed consolidated statements of income as “Restructuring charge” (such charge also includes activity under our other restructuring programs). The restructuring charges are not allocated to our segments.  As of September 30, 2021, we have incurred total restructuring charges under the 2020-2021 Cost Savings restructuring program of $17, comprised of $8 of branch closure charges and $9 of severance and other costs.
Asset Impairment Charges
In addition to the restructuring charges discussed above, during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, we recorded asset impairment charges of $10 and $36, respectively, primarily in our general rentals segment. These asset impairment charges, which were not related to COVID-19, are primarily reflected in depreciation of rental equipment in our condensed consolidated statements of income and principally related to the discontinuation of certain equipment programs. There were no material asset impairment charges during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.
 
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)




6. Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following:
September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Equipment (1)12 300 
Insurance9 18 
Advertising reimbursements (2)23 11 
Income taxes6 4 
Other (3)62 42 
Prepaid expenses and other assets$112 $375 
_________________

(1)    Reflects refundable deposits on expected purchases, primarily of rental equipment, pursuant to advanced purchase agreements. Such deposits are presented as a component of our cash flow from operations when paid. The decrease in 2021 primarily reflects purchases of equipment that we had placed deposits on as of December 31, 2020.
(2)    Reflects reimbursements due for advertising that promotes a vendor’s products or services.
(3)    Includes multiple items, none of which are individually significant.
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(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


7. Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets
The following table presents the changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2021:
General rentalsSpecialtyTotal
Balance at January 1, 2021 (1)$4,368 $800 $5,168 
Goodwill related to acquisitions (2)73 228 301 
Foreign currency translation and other adjustments— (11)(11)
Balance at September 30, 2021 (1)$4,441$1,017$5,458
 
_________________
(1)The total carrying amount of goodwill for all periods in the table above is reflected net of $1.557 billion of accumulated impairment charges, which were primarily recorded in our general rentals segment.
(2)For additional detail on the May 2021 acquisition of General Finance, which was assigned to our specialty segment and accounted for most of the goodwill related to acquisitions, see note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Other intangible assets were comprised of the following at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020:  
September 30, 2021
Weighted-Average Remaining
Amortization Period		Gross
Carrying Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Amount
Non-compete agreements54 months$54 $9 $45 
Customer relationships5 years$2,389 $1,781 $608 
Trade names and associated trademarks4 years$15 $6 $9 
 
December 31, 2020
Weighted-Average Remaining
Amortization Period		Gross
Carrying Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Amount
Non-compete agreements35 months$12 $6 $6 
Customer relationships6 years$2,252 $1,614 $638 
Trade names and associated trademarks4 years$8 $4 $4 
Our other intangibles assets, net at September 30, 2021 include the following assets associated with the acquisition of General Finance discussed in note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements. No residual value has been assigned to these assets, which are being amortized using the sum of the years' digits method, which we believe best reflects the estimated pattern in which the economic benefits will be consumed. The intangible asset values are based on preliminary valuations and are subject to change as we obtain additional information during the acquisition measurement period.
September 30, 2021
Weighted-Average Remaining
Amortization Period 		Net Carrying
Amount
Customer relationships7 years79 
Trade names and associated trademarks5 years6 
Amortization expense for other intangible assets was $64 and $61 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $175 and $192 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
As of September 30, 2021, estimated amortization expense for other intangible assets for each of the next five years and thereafter is as follows:  
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


2021$61 
2022202 
2023153 
2024106 
202575 
Thereafter65 
Total$662 
8. Fair Value Measurements
As of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the amounts of our assets and liabilities that were accounted for at fair value were immaterial.
Fair value measurements are categorized in one of the following three levels based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety:
Level 1- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
Level 2- Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities include:
a)quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;
b)quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;
c)inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability;
d)inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.
If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the Level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
Level 3- Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measure.
 
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts reported in our condensed consolidated balance sheets for accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities approximate fair value due to the immediate to short-term maturity of these financial instruments. The fair values of our ABL, accounts receivable securitization and term loan facilities and finance leases approximated their book values as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The estimated fair values of our other financial instruments, all of which are categorized in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy, as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020 have been calculated based upon available market information, and were as follows: 
 September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
 Carrying
Amount		Fair
Value		Carrying
Amount		Fair
Value
Senior notes$6,713 $7,084 $6,965 $7,470 
9. Debt
Debt, net of unamortized original issue discounts or premiums, and unamortized debt issuance costs, consists of the following:
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


September 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Accounts Receivable Securitization Facility expiring 2022 (1) (2)$832 $634 
$3.75 billion ABL Facility expiring 2024 (1) (3)
1,456 977 
Term loan facility expiring 2025 (1)964 971 
5 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2026 (4)
— 999 
5 1/2 percent Senior Notes due 2027
994 994 
3 7/8 percent Senior Secured Notes due 2027
743 742 
4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028 (5)
1,656 1,654 
4 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2028 (5)
4 4 
5 1/4 percent Senior Notes due 2030
743 742 
4 percent Senior Notes due 2030
742 742 
3 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2031
1,088 1,088 
3 3/4 percent Senior Notes due 2032 (6)
743 — 
Finance leases139 135 
Total debt10,104 9,682 
Less short-term portion (7)(888)(704)
Total long-term debt$9,216 $8,978 
 ___________________

(1)The table below presents financial information associated with our variable rate indebtedness as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2021. We have borrowed the full available amount under the term loan facility. The principal obligation under the term loan facility is required to be repaid in quarterly installments in an aggregate amount equal to 1.0 percent per annum, with the balance due at the maturity of the facility. The average amount of debt outstanding under the term loan facility decreases slightly each quarter due to the requirement to repay a portion of the principal obligation.
ABL facilityAccounts receivable securitization facilityTerm loan facility
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit
$2,223 $68 $— 
Letters of credit
64 
 Interest rate at September 30, 20211.3 %0.8 %1.8 %
Average month-end debt outstanding
946 699 974 
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding
1.3 %1.1 %1.9 %
Maximum month-end debt outstanding
1,672 866 978 
(2)In June 2021, the accounts receivable securitization facility was amended, primarily to increase the facility size and to extend the maturity date which may be further extended on a 364-day basis by mutual agreement with the purchasers under the facility. The size of the facility, which expires on June 24, 2022, was increased to $900. Borrowings under the accounts receivable securitization facility are permitted only to the extent that the face amount of the receivables in the collateral pool, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, exceeds the outstanding loans. As of September 30, 2021, there were $1.078 billion of receivables, net of applicable reserves and other deductions, in the collateral pool.
(3)In June 2021, the ABL facility was amended, primarily to provide for a separate tranche of revolving commitments in an aggregate principal amount of $175 U.S. dollars to be available to subsidiaries in Australia and New Zealand acquired as part of the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The aggregate amount committed under the ABL facility remains unchanged. The increase in the outstanding debt under the ABL facility since December 31, 2020 primarily reflects the use of borrowings under the ABL facility to fund most of the cost of the General Finance acquisition, partially offset by the use of proceeds from operations, net of the funds used for capital expenditures, to reduce borrowings under the facility.
(4)In August 2021, URNA redeemed all of its 5 7/8 percent Senior Notes. Upon redemption, we recognized a loss of $30 in interest expense, net, reflecting the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes.
(5)URNA separately issued 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes in August 2017 and in September 2017. Following the issuances, URNA consummated an exchange offer pursuant to which most of the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in September 2017 were exchanged for additional notes fungible with the 4 7/8 percent Senior Notes issued in August 2017.
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


(6)In August 2021, URNA issued $750 aggregate principal amount of 3 3/4 percent Senior Notes (the “3 3/4 percent Notes”) which are due January 15, 2032. The 3 3/4 percent Notes are unsecured and are guaranteed by Holdings and certain domestic subsidiaries of URNA. The 3 3/4 percent Notes may be redeemed on or after July 15, 2026, at specified redemption prices that range from 101.875 percent in 2026, to 100 percent in 2029 and thereafter, in each case, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. In addition, at any time on or prior to July 30, 2024, up to 40 percent of the aggregate principal amount of the 3 3/4 percent Notes may be redeemed with the net cash proceeds of certain equity offerings at a redemption price equal to 103.750 percent of the aggregate principal amount of the notes plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any. The indenture governing the 3 3/4 percent Notes contains certain restrictive covenants, including, among others, limitations on (i) liens and (ii) mergers and consolidations, as well as a requirement to timely file periodic reports with the SEC. Each of the restrictive covenants is subject to important exceptions and qualifications that would allow URNA and its subsidiaries to engage in these activities under certain conditions. In addition, the requirements to provide subsidiary guarantees and to make an offer to repurchase the notes upon the occurrence of a change of control will not apply to URNA and its restricted subsidiaries during any period when the 3 3/4 percent Notes are rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA, provided at such time no default under the indenture has occurred and is continuing. The indenture also requires that, in the event of a change of control (as defined in the indenture), URNA must make an offer to purchase all of the then-outstanding 3 3/4 percent Notes tendered at a purchase price in cash equal to 101 percent of the principal amount thereof, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, thereon.
(7)As of September 30, 2021, our short-term debt primarily reflects $832 of borrowings under our accounts receivable securitization facility.
Loan Covenants and Compliance
As of September 30, 2021, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL, accounts receivable securitization and term loan facilities and the senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.
The only financial covenant that currently exists under the ABL facility is the fixed charge coverage ratio. Subject to certain limited exceptions specified in the ABL facility, the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under the ABL facility will only apply in the future if specified availability under the ABL facility falls below 10 percent of the maximum revolver amount under the ABL facility. When certain conditions are met, cash and cash equivalents and borrowing base collateral in excess of the ABL facility size may be included when calculating specified availability under the ABL facility. As of September 30, 2021, specified availability under the ABL facility exceeded the required threshold and, as a result, this financial covenant was inapplicable. Under our accounts receivable securitization facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain certain financial tests relating to: (i) the default ratio, (ii) the delinquency ratio, (iii) the dilution ratio and (iv) days sales outstanding. The accounts receivable securitization facility also requires us to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio under the ABL facility, to the extent the ratio is applicable under the ABL facility.
10. Leases
As discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, most of our equipment rental revenue is accounted for as lease revenue under Topic 842 (such lease revenue represented 77 percent of our total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021). See note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our revenue accounting (such discussion includes lessor disclosures required under Topic 842).
We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Our material lease contracts are generally for real estate or vehicles, and the determination of whether such contracts contain leases generally does not require significant estimates or judgments. We lease real estate and equipment under operating leases. We lease a significant portion of our branch locations, and also lease other premises used for purposes such as district and regional offices and service centers. Our finance lease obligations consist primarily of rental equipment (primarily vehicles) and building leases.
Operating leases result in the recognition of right-of-use ("ROU") assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. ROU assets represent our right to use the leased asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our estimated incremental borrowing rate at the commencement date to determine the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made and exclude lease incentives. Our lease terms may include options, at our sole discretion, to extend or terminate the lease that we are reasonably certain to exercise. The amount of payments associated with such
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


options reflected in the “Maturity of lease liabilities” table below is not material. Most real estate leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from 1 to 5 years or more. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease expense on such leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The primary leases we enter into with initial terms of 12 months or less are for equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers. We generate sublease revenue from such leases that we refer to as "re-rent revenue" as discussed in note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Apart from this re-rent revenue, we do not generate material sublease income.
We have lease agreements with lease and non-lease components, and, for our real estate operating leases, we use the practical expedient that allows us to account for the lease and non-lease components as a single lease component. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.
The tables below present financial information associated with our leases as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020.
ClassificationSeptember 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Assets
Operating lease assetsOperating lease right-of-use assets (1)$775 $688 
Finance lease assetsRental equipment323 295 
Less accumulated depreciation(93)(86)
Rental equipment, net230 209 
Property and equipment, net:
Non-rental vehicles8 8 
Buildings23 19 
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization(17)(11)
Property and equipment, net14 16 
Total leased assets1,019 913 
Liabilities
Current
OperatingAccrued expenses and other liabilities199 178 
FinanceShort-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt46 60 
Long-term
OperatingOperating lease liabilities (1)615 549 
FinanceLong-term debt93 75 
Total lease liabilities$953 $862 
_________________
(1)    The increases in 2021 include the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


Lease costClassificationThree Months Ended September 30, 2021Three Months Ended September 30, 2020Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Operating lease cost (1)Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation (1)$119 $95 $309 $273 
Selling, general and administrative expenses3 2 8 8 
Restructuring charge— 1 1 3 
Finance lease cost
Amortization of leased assetsDepreciation of rental equipment9 8 24 23 
Non-rental depreciation and amortization— — 1 1 
Interest on lease liabilitiesInterest expense, net1 3 3 9 
Sublease income (2)(61)(41)(135)(105)
Net lease cost$71 $68 $211 $212 
_________________
(1)    Includes variable lease costs, which are immaterial. Cost of equipment rentals, excluding depreciation includes $50 and $32 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, and $112 and $90 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of short-term lease costs associated with equipment that we rent from vendors and then rent to our customers, as discussed further above. Apart from these costs, short-term lease costs are immaterial.
(2)    Primarily reflects re-rent revenue as discussed further above.
Maturity of lease liabilities (as of September 30, 2021)Operating leases (1)Finance leases (2)
2021$58 $16 
2022216 54 
2023185 41 
2024150 23 
2025112 8 
Thereafter164 5 
Total885 147 
Less amount representing interest(71)(8)
Present value of lease liabilities$814 $139 
_________________
(1)    Reflects payments for non-cancelable operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one year or more as of September 30, 2021. The table above does not include any legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed but not yet commenced, and such leases are not material in the aggregate.
(2)    The table above does not include any legally binding minimum lease payments for leases signed but not yet commenced, and such leases are not material in the aggregate.
Lease term and discount rateSeptember 30, 2021December 31, 2020
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years)
Operating leases5.05.0
Finance leases3.23.0
Weighted-average discount rate
Operating leases3.6 %4.2 %
Finance leases3.0 %3.4 %
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UNITED RENTALS, INC.
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)
(Dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)


Other informationNine Months Ended September 30, 2021Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities
Operating cash flows from operating leases$162 $156 
Operating cash flows from finance leases3 9 
Financing cash flows from finance leases55 39 
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities (1)241 135 
Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities$55 $54 
_________________
(1)    The increase in 2021 includes the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

11. Legal and Regulatory Matters
We are subject to a number of claims and proceedings that generally arise in the ordinary course of our business. These matters include, but are not limited to, general liability claims (including personal injury, property and auto claims), indemnification and guarantee obligations, employee injuries and employment-related claims, self-insurance obligations, contract and real estate matters, and other general business litigation. Based on advice of counsel and available information, including current status or stage of proceeding, and taking into account accruals for matters where we have established them, we currently believe that any liabilities ultimately resulting from such claims and proceedings will not, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
12. Earnings Per Share
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares plus the effect of dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (shares in thousands):
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
Numerator:
Net income available to common stockholders$409 $208 905 593 
Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share—weighted-average common shares72,463 72,190 72,419 72,795 
Effect of dilutive securities:
Employee stock options4 9 4 12 
Restricted stock units243 243 255 193 
Denominator for diluted earnings per share—adjusted weighted-average common shares72,710 72,442 72,678 73,000 
Basic earnings per share$5.65 $2.88 $12.49 $8.14 
Diluted earnings per share$5.63 $2.87 $12.45 $8.12 
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Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (dollars in millions, except per share data, unless otherwise indicated)
COVID-19
As discussed in note 1 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted supply chains and businesses around the world. The extent and duration of the COVID-19 impact, on the operations and financial position of United Rentals, and on the global economy, is uncertain. Uncertainty remains regarding emerging variant strains of COVID-19, and regarding the length of time it will take for the COVID-19 pandemic to subside, including the time it will take for vaccines to be broadly distributed and accepted in the United States and the rest of the world, and the effectiveness of such vaccines in slowing or stopping the spread of COVID-19 and mitigating the economic effects of the pandemic.
Prior to mid-March 2020, our performance was largely in line with expectations. We began to experience a decline in revenues in March 2020, when rental volume declined in response to shelter-in-place orders and other market restrictions. The volume declines were more pronounced in 2020 than 2021, and we have seen recent evidence of recovery across our construction and industrial markets, as well as encouraging gains in end-market indicators. In early March 2020, we initiated contingency planning ahead of the impact of COVID-19 on our end-markets. This planning has focused on five key work-streams that are the basis for our crisis response plan:
1.Ensuring the safety and well-being of our employees and customers: Above all else, we are committed to ensuring the health, safety and well-being of our employees and customers. We have implemented a variety of COVID-19 safety measures, including ensuring that branches have sufficient and adequate personal protection equipment. We have also implemented appropriate social distancing practices, and increased disinfecting of equipment and facilities.
2.Leveraging our competitive advantages to support the needs of customers: We have made modifications to enhance safety measures in our operating processes and protocols that support the needs of our customers. Additionally, our digital capabilities allow customers to perform fully contactless transactions.
3.Disciplined capital expenditures: We have a substantial degree of flexibility in managing our capital expenditures and fleet capacity. Net rental capital expenditures (purchases of rental equipment less the proceeds from sales of rental equipment) for 2020 decreased $1.198 billion, or 92 percent, from 2019. We expect that net rental capital expenditures for 2021 will exceed historic (pre-COVID-19) levels.
4.Controlling core operating expenses: A significant portion of our cash operating costs are variable in nature. Beginning in March 2020, we significantly reduced overtime and temporary labor primarily in response to the impact of COVID-19. Furthermore, we continue to leverage our current capacity to reduce the need for third-party delivery and repair services, and minimize other discretionary expenses across general and administrative areas. As discussed throughout this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” the impact of COVID-19 was more pronounced in 2020, and certain costs have returned to more normal levels, as have revenues. We continue to manage our operating costs as noted above.
5.Proactively managing the balance sheet with a focus on liquidity: We are focused on ensuring that we maintain ample liquidity to meet our business needs as the impact of COVID-19 evolves. As a result, our current $500 share repurchase program was paused in mid-March 2020. We are currently unable to estimate when, or if, the program will be restarted, and repurchases under the program could resume at any time. At September 30, 2021, our total liquidity was $2.611 billion, comprised of cash and cash equivalents, and availability under the ABL and accounts receivable securitization facilities. After the August 2021 redemption of the 5 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2026 discussed in note 9 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we have no note maturities until 2027.
The impact of COVID-19 on our business is discussed throughout this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The response plan above has helped mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on our results.
Executive Overview
We are the largest equipment rental company in the world, with an integrated network of 1,335 rental locations. We primarily operate in the United States and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In July 2018, we completed the acquisition of BakerCorp, which allowed for our entry into select European markets. As discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, in May 2021, we completed the acquisition of General Finance, which allowed for our entry into select markets in Australia and New Zealand. Although the equipment rental industry is highly fragmented and diverse, we believe that we are well positioned to take advantage of this environment because, as a larger company, we have more extensive resources and certain competitive advantages. These include a fleet of rental equipment with a total original equipment cost (“OEC”) of $15.7 billion, and a North American branch network that operates in 49 U.S. states
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and every Canadian province, and serves 99 of the 100 largest metropolitan areas in the U.S. The BakerCorp acquisition added 11 European locations in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands to our branch network, and the General Finance acquisition added 28 locations in Australia and 18 locations in New Zealand. Our size also gives us greater purchasing power, the ability to provide customers with a broader range of equipment and services, the ability to provide customers with equipment that is more consistently well-maintained and therefore more productive and reliable, and the ability to enhance the earning potential of our assets by transferring equipment among branches to satisfy customer needs.
We offer approximately 4,300 classes of equipment for rent to a diverse customer base that includes construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. Our revenues are derived from the following sources: equipment rentals, sales of rental equipment, sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues. Equipment rentals represented 85 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
For the past several years, we have executed a strategy focused on improving the profitability of our core equipment rental business through revenue growth, margin expansion and operational efficiencies. In particular, we have focused on customer segmentation, customer service differentiation, rate management, fleet management and operational efficiency.
We are continuing to manage the impact of COVID-19, as discussed above. Our general strategy focuses on profitability and return on invested capital, and, in particular, calls for:
•A consistently superior standard of service to customers, often provided through a single lead contact who can coordinate the cross-selling of the various services we offer throughout our network. We utilize a proprietary software application, Total Control®, which provides our key customers with a single in-house software application that enables them to monitor and manage all their equipment needs. Total Control® is a unique customer offering that enables us to develop strong, long-term relationships with our larger customers. Our digital capabilities, including our Total Control® platform, allow our sales teams to provide contactless end-to-end customer service;
•The further optimization of our customer mix and fleet mix, with a dual objective: to enhance our performance in serving our current customer base, and to focus on the accounts and customer types that are best suited to our strategy for profitable growth. We believe these efforts will lead to even better service of our target accounts, primarily large construction and industrial customers, as well as select local contractors. Our fleet team's analyses are aligned with these objectives to identify trends in equipment categories and define action plans that can generate improved returns;
•A continued focus on “Lean” management techniques, including kaizen processes focused on continuous improvement. We continue to implement Lean kaizen processes across our branch network, with the objectives of: reducing the cycle time associated with renting our equipment to customers; improving invoice accuracy and service quality; reducing the elapsed time for equipment pickup and delivery; and improving the effectiveness and efficiency of our repair and maintenance operations;
•The continued expansion of our specialty footprint, as well as our tools and onsite services offerings, and the cross-selling of these services throughout our network. We believe that the expansion of our specialty business, as exhibited by our acquisition of General Finance discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as our tools and onsite services offerings, will further position United Rentals as a single source provider of total jobsite solutions through our extensive product and service resources and technology offerings; and
•The pursuit of strategic acquisitions to continue to expand our core equipment rental business. Strategic acquisitions allow us to invest our capital to expand our business, further driving our ability to accomplish our strategic goals.
Financial Overview
Prior to taking actions pertaining to our financial flexibility and liquidity, we consider the impact of COVID-19 on liquidity, and assess our available sources and anticipated uses of cash, including, with respect to sources, cash generated from operations and from the sale of rental equipment. In 2021, we have taken the following actions to improve our financial flexibility and liquidity, and to position us to invest the necessary capital in our business:
•Issued $750 principal amount of 3 3/4 percent Senior Notes due 2032;
•Redeemed all $1 billion principal amount of our 5 7/8 percent Senior Notes due 2026; and
•Amended and extended our accounts receivable securitization facility, including an increase in the size of the facility from $800 to $900.
Since December 31, 2020, total debt has increased $422, or 4.4 percent, primarily reflecting the use of borrowings under the ABL facility to fund most of the cost of the General Finance acquisition discussed above, partially offset by the use of cash generated from operations, net of the funds used for capital expenditures, to reduce borrowings under the ABL facility and the
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net impact of the debt issuance and redemption discussed above. As of September 30, 2021, we had available liquidity of $2.611 billion, comprised of cash and cash equivalents, and availability under the ABL and accounts receivable securitization facilities.
Net income. Net income and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 are presented below.
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
Net income$409 $208 $905 $593 
Diluted earnings per share$5.63 $2.87 $12.45 $8.12 
Net income and diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020 include the after-tax impacts of the items below. The tax rates applied to the items below reflect the statutory rates in the applicable entities.
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 2021202020212020
Tax rate applied to items below25.2 %25.2 %25.3 %25.2 %
 Contribution
to net income (after-tax)		Impact on
diluted earnings per share		Contribution
to net income (after-tax)		Impact on
diluted earnings per share 		Contribution
to net income (after-tax)		Impact on
diluted earnings per share		Contribution
to net income (after-tax)		Impact on
diluted earnings per share
Merger related costs (1)$— $— $— $— $(2)$(0.03)$— $— 
Merger related intangible asset amortization (2)(39)(0.53)(40)(0.55)(109)(1.50)(125)(1.71)
Impact on depreciation related to acquired fleet and property and equipment (3)(1)(0.01)(5)(0.06)(3)(0.04)(9)(0.12)
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (4)(6)(0.08)(8)(0.12)(21)(0.28)(25)(0.35)
Restructuring charge (5)— — (4)(0.06)(1)(0.02)(8)(0.11)
Asset impairment charge (6)(2)(0.02)(7)(0.10)(5)(0.06)(27)(0.37)
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility (7)(22)(0.31)(119)(1.64)(22)(0.31)(119)(1.63)

(1)This reflects transaction costs associated with the General Finance acquisition discussed above. Merger related costs only include costs associated with major acquisitions completed since 2012 that significantly impact our operations (the "major acquisitions," each of which had annual revenues of over $200 prior to acquisition). For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-merger related costs" below.
(2)This reflects the amortization of the intangible assets acquired in the major acquisitions.
(3)This reflects the impact of extending the useful lives of equipment acquired in certain major acquisitions, net of the impact of additional depreciation associated with the fair value mark-up of such equipment.
(4)This reflects additional costs recorded in cost of rental equipment sales associated with the fair value mark-up of rental equipment acquired in certain major acquisitions that was subsequently sold.
(5)This primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information, see note 5 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
(6)This reflects write-offs of leasehold improvements and other fixed assets. The 2020 asset impairment charges were not related to COVID-19, and were primarily associated with the discontinuation of certain equipment programs.
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(7)This primarily reflects the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-Interest expense, net" below.
EBITDA GAAP Reconciliations. EBITDA represents the sum of net income, provision for income taxes, interest expense, net, depreciation of rental equipment and non-rental depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents EBITDA plus the sum of the merger related costs, restructuring charge, stock compensation expense, net and the impact of the fair value mark-up of the acquired fleet. These items are excluded from adjusted EBITDA internally when evaluating our operating performance and for strategic planning and forecasting purposes, and allow investors to make a more meaningful comparison between our core business operating results over different periods of time, as well as with those of other similar companies. The net income and adjusted EBITDA margins represent net income or adjusted EBITDA divided by total revenue. Management believes that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA, when viewed with the Company’s results under GAAP and the accompanying reconciliations, provide useful information about operating performance and period-over-period growth, and provide additional information that is useful for evaluating the operating performance of our core business without regard to potential distortions. Additionally, management believes that EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA help investors gain an understanding of the factors and trends affecting our ongoing cash earnings, from which capital investments are made and debt is serviced. However, EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA are not measures of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP and, accordingly, should not be considered as alternatives to net income or cash flow from operating activities as indicators of operating performance or liquidity.
The table below provides a reconciliation between net income and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA: 
Three Months EndedNine Months Ended
 September 30,September 30,
 2021202020212020
Net income$409 $208 $905 $593 
Provision for income taxes141 67 297 159 
Interest expense, net132 278 331 544 
Depreciation of rental equipment412 395 1,172 1,216 
Non-rental depreciation and amortization98 97 279 292 
EBITDA$1,192 $1,045 $2,984 $2,804 
Merger related costs (1)— — 3 — 
Restructuring charge (2)— 6 1 11 
Stock compensation expense, net (3)33 18 89 46 
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (4)8 12 28 34 
Adjusted EBITDA$1,233 $1,081 $3,105 $2,895 
Net income margin15.8 %9.5 %13.0 %9.5 %
Adjusted EBITDA margin47.5 %49.4 %44.7 %46.3 %

The table below provides a reconciliation between net cash provided by operating activities and EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA:
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Nine Months Ended
 September 30,
 20212020
Net cash provided by operating activities$3,021 $2,288 
Adjustments for items included in net cash provided by operating activities but excluded from the calculation of EBITDA:
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discounts(9)(11)
Gain on sales of rental equipment271 230 
Gain on sales of non-rental equipment6 5 
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment19 34 
Merger related costs (1)(3)— 
Restructuring charge (2)(1)(11)
Stock compensation expense, net (3)(89)(46)
Loss on repurchase/redemption of debt securities and amendment of ABL facility (5)(30)(159)
Changes in assets and liabilities(714)(203)
Cash paid for interest362 438 
Cash paid for income taxes, net151 239 
EBITDA$2,984 $2,804 
Add back:
Merger related costs (1)3 — 
Restructuring charge (2)1 11 
Stock compensation expense, net (3)89 46 
Impact of the fair value mark-up of acquired fleet (4)28 34 
Adjusted EBITDA$3,105 $2,895 
 ___________________
(1)This reflects transaction costs associated with the General Finance acquisition discussed above. Merger related costs only include costs associated with major acquisitions that significantly impact our operations. For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-merger related costs" below.
(2)This primarily reflects severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. For additional information, see note 5 to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
(3)Represents non-cash, share-based payments associated with the granting of equity instruments.
(4)This reflects additional costs recorded in cost of rental equipment sales associated with the fair value mark-up of rental equipment acquired in certain major acquisitions that was subsequently sold.
(5)This primarily reflects the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. For additional information, see "Results of Operations-Other costs/(income)-Interest expense, net" below.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, net income increased $201, or 96.6 percent, and net income margin increased 630 basis points to 15.8 percent. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, adjusted EBITDA increased $152, or 14.1 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin decreased 190 basis points to 47.5 percent.
The year-over-year increase in net income margin primarily reflected a reduction in interest expense, improved gross margins from equipment rentals and used equipment sales, and decreased non-rental depreciation and amortization as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") and income tax expenses. Net interest expense decreased $146, or 53 percent, year-over-year. Excluding the impact of debt redemption losses, net interest expense decreased 14 percent year-over-year, primarily due to a reduction in the average cost of debt. Equipment rentals gross margin increased year-over-year primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher bonus accrual primarily due to improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue. Used equipment sales gross margin increased year-over-year primarily due to strong pricing. Non-rental depreciation and amortization increased 1 percent year-over-year, which equated to a significant improvement as a percentage of revenue. SG&A expense increased year-over-year primarily due to higher bonus and stock compensation expenses, which reflect improved profitability. Year-over-year, income tax expense increased $74, or 110 percent, and the effective income tax rate increased by 120 basis points, primarily reflecting the release in 2020 of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits.
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The decrease in the adjusted EBITDA margin primarily reflects lower margins from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation) and increased SG&A expense, partially offset by improved gross margins from used and new equipment sales, and a larger proportion of revenue from higher margin (excluding depreciation) equipment rentals. Gross margin from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation) decreased 190 basis points primarily due to a higher bonus accrual, which reflects improved profitability, increased delivery expense, and an increase in insurance costs due to one-time insurance recoveries in the third quarter of 2020. SG&A expense increased primarily due to increased bonus expense, which reflects improved profitability. Used equipment sales gross margin increased year-over-year primarily due to strong pricing. New equipment sales gross margin increased year-over-year primarily due to strong pricing and the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed above.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, net income increased $312, or 52.6 percent, and net income margin increased 350 basis points to 13.0 percent. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, adjusted EBITDA increased $210, or 7.3 percent, and adjusted EBITDA margin decreased 160 basis points to 44.7 percent.
The year-over-year increase in net income margin included the impact of a $36 asset impairment charge, which was not related to COVID-19 and principally related to the discontinuation of certain equipment programs, recognized in the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Excluding the impact of asset impairment charges, net income margin increased 300 basis points year-over-year, primarily reflecting a reduction in interest expense, improved equipment rentals gross margin and decreased non-rental depreciation and amortization as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by higher SG&A and income tax expenses. Net interest expense decreased $213, or 39 percent, year-over-year. Excluding the impact of debt redemption losses, net interest expense decreased 22 percent year-over-year, primarily due to decreases in both average debt and the average cost of debt. Equipment rentals gross margin increased year-over-year primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher bonus accrual primarily due to improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue. Non-rental depreciation and amortization decreased 4 percent year-over-year, which equated to a significant improvement as a percentage of revenue. SG&A expense increased year-over-year primarily due to higher bonus and stock compensation expenses, which reflect improved profitability. Year-over-year, income tax expense increased $138, or 87 percent, and the effective income tax rate increased by 360 basis points, primarily reflecting the release in 2020 of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits.
The decrease in the adjusted EBITDA margin primarily reflects lower margins from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation) and increased SG&A expense. Gross margin from equipment rentals (excluding depreciation) decreased 160 basis points primarily due to a higher bonus accrual, which reflects improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue. SG&A expense increased primarily due to increased bonus expense, which reflects improved profitability.
Revenues are noted below. Fleet productivity is a comprehensive metric that provides greater insight into the decisions made by our managers in support of equipment rental growth and returns. Specifically, we seek to optimize the interplay of rental rates, time utilization and mix to drive rental revenue. Fleet productivity aggregates, in one metric, the impact of changes in rates, utilization and mix on owned equipment rental revenue. We believe that this metric is useful in assessing the effectiveness of our decisions on rates, time utilization and mix, particularly as they support the creation of shareholder value. The table below includes the components of the year-over-year change in rental revenue using the fleet productivity methodology.
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 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20212020Change20212020Change
Equipment rentals*$2,277 $1,861 22.4 %$5,895 $5,286 11.5 %
Sales of rental equipment183 199 (8.0)%644 583 10.5 %
Sales of new equipment47 54 (13.0)%153 169 (9.5)%
Contractor supplies sales29 25 16.0 %80 73 9.6 %
Service and other revenues60 48 25.0 %168 140 20.0 %
Total revenues$2,596 $2,187 18.7 %$6,940 $6,251 11.0 %
*Equipment rentals variance components:
Year-over-year change in average OEC8.7 %1.0 %
Assumed year-over-year inflation impact (1)(1.5)%(1.5)%
Fleet productivity (2) 13.5 %10.3 %
Contribution from ancillary and re-rent revenue (3)1.7 %1.7 %
Total change in equipment rentals22.4 %11.5 %
 ___________________
(1)Reflects the estimated impact of inflation on the revenue productivity of fleet based on OEC, which is recorded at cost.
(2)Reflects the combined impact of changes in rental rates, time utilization, and mix that contribute to the variance in owned equipment rental revenue. See note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of the different types of equipment rentals revenue. Rental rate changes are calculated based on the year-over-year variance in average contract rates, weighted by the prior period revenue mix. Time utilization is calculated by dividing the amount of time an asset is on rent by the amount of time the asset has been owned during the year. Mix includes the impact of changes in customer, fleet, geographic and segment mix.
(3)Reflects the combined impact of changes in the other types of equipment rentals revenue (see note 2 for further detail), excluding owned equipment rental revenue.
Equipment rentals include our revenues from renting equipment, as well as revenue related to the fees we charge customers: for equipment delivery and pick-up; to protect the customer against liability for damage to our equipment while on rent; for fuel; and for environmental and other miscellaneous costs and services. Sales of rental equipment represent our revenues from the sale of used rental equipment. Sales of new equipment represent our revenues from the sale of new equipment. Contractor supplies sales represent our sales of supplies utilized by contractors, which include construction consumables, tools, small equipment and safety supplies. Services and other revenues primarily represent our revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). See note 2 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our revenue recognition accounting.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, total revenues of $2.596 billion increased 18.7 percent compared with 2020. Equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment are our largest revenue types (together, they accounted for 95 percent of total revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2021). Equipment rentals increased $416, or 22.4 percent, primarily due to a 13.5 percent increase in fleet productivity, which included the pronounced impact of COVID-19 in the three months ended September 30, 2020, and an 8.7 percent increase in average OEC, which includes the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed above. COVID-19 began to impact our operations in March 2020, when rental volume declined in response to shelter-in-place orders and other market restrictions. The COVID-19 impact was more significant in 2020, and in 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. Sales of rental equipment did not change materially year-over-year.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, total revenues of $6.940 billion increased 11.0 percent compared with 2020. Equipment rentals and sales of rental equipment are our largest revenue types (together, they accounted for 94 percent of total revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2021). Equipment rentals increased $609, or 11.5 percent, primarily due to a 10.3 percent increase in fleet productivity, which included the more pronounced impact of COVID-19 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. Sales of rental equipment increased 10.5 percent year-over-year primarily due to improved pricing in a strong used equipment market and the impact of the General Finance acquisition.

Results of Operations
As discussed in note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, our reportable segments are general rentals and specialty. The general rentals segment includes the rental of construction, aerial, industrial and homeowner equipment and
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related services and activities. The general rentals segment’s customers include construction and industrial companies, manufacturers, utilities, municipalities, homeowners and government entities. This segment operates throughout the United States and Canada. The specialty segment is comprised of i) the Trench Safety region, which rents trench safety equipment such as trench shields, aluminum hydraulic shoring systems, slide rails, crossing plates, construction lasers and line testing equipment for underground work, ii) the Power and HVAC region, which rents power and HVAC equipment such as portable diesel generators, electrical distribution equipment, and temperature control equipment including heating and cooling equipment, iii) the Fluid Solutions and iv) Fluid Solutions Europe regions, both of which rent equipment primarily used for fluid containment, transfer and treatment, and v) the Mobile Storage and vi) Mobile Storage International regions, both of which rent mobile storage and modular office space. The Mobile Storage and Mobile Storage International regions are comprised of locations acquired in the May 2021 acquisition of General Finance, which is discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. The specialty segment’s customers include construction companies involved in infrastructure projects, municipalities and industrial companies. This segment primarily operates in the United States and Canada, and has a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
As discussed in note 4 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, we aggregate our 11 geographic regions—Carolinas, Gulf South, Industrial (which serves the geographic Gulf region and has a strong industrial presence), Mid-Atlantic, Mid Central, Midwest, Northeast, Pacific West, South, Southeast and Western Canada—into our general rentals reporting segment. Historically, there have been variances in the levels of equipment rentals gross margins achieved by these regions. For the five year period ended September 30, 2021, three of our general rentals' regions had an equipment rentals gross margin that varied by between 10 percent and 24 percent from the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' regions over the same period. For the five year period ended September 30, 2021, the general rentals' region with the lowest equipment rentals gross margin was Western Canada. The Western Canada region's equipment rentals gross margin of 32 percent for the five year period ended September 30, 2021 was 24 percent less than the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' regions over the same period. The Western Canada region's equipment rentals gross margin was less than the other general rentals' regions during this period primarily due to declines in the oil and gas business in the region. The rental industry is cyclical, and there historically have been regions with equipment rentals gross margins that varied by greater than 10 percent from the equipment rentals gross margins of the aggregated general rentals' regions, though the specific regions with margin variances of over 10 percent have fluctuated. We expect margin convergence going forward given the cyclical nature of the rental industry, and monitor the margin variances and confirm the expectation of future convergence on a quarterly basis. When monitoring for margin convergence, we include projected future results.
We similarly monitor the margin variances for the regions in the specialty segment. The specialty segment includes the locations acquired in the July 2018 BakerCorp acquisition and in the May 2021 General Finance acquisition. As such, there is not a long history of the acquired locations' rental margins included in the specialty segment. When monitoring for margin convergence, we include projected future results. We monitor the specialty segment margin variances and confirm the expectation of future convergence on a quarterly basis. The historic, pre-acquisition margins for the acquired BakerCorp and General Finance locations are lower than the margins achieved at the other locations in the segment. We expect that the margins at the acquired locations will increase as we realize synergies following the acquisitions, as a result of which, we expect future margin convergence.
We believe that the regions that are aggregated into our segments have similar economic characteristics, as each region is capital intensive, offers similar products to similar customers, uses similar methods to distribute its products, and is subject to similar competitive risks. The aggregation of our regions also reflects the management structure that we use for making operating decisions and assessing performance. Although we believe aggregating these regions into our reporting segments for segment reporting purposes is appropriate, to the extent that there are significant margin variances that do not converge, we may be required to disaggregate the regions into separate reporting segments. Any such disaggregation would have no impact on our consolidated results of operations.
These segments align our external segment reporting with how management evaluates business performance and allocates resources. We evaluate segment performance primarily based on segment equipment rentals gross profit. Our revenues, operating results, and financial condition fluctuate from quarter to quarter reflecting the seasonal rental patterns of our customers, with rental activity tending to be lower in the winter.
Revenues by segment were as follows: 
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General
rentals		SpecialtyTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Equipment rentals$1,636 $641 $2,277 
Sales of rental equipment154 29 183 
Sales of new equipment31 16 47 
Contractor supplies sales19 10 29 
Service and other revenues54 6 60 
Total revenue$1,894 $702 $2,596 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
Equipment rentals$1,391 $470 $1,861 
Sales of rental equipment182 17 199 
Sales of new equipment47 7 54 
Contractor supplies sales17 8 25 
Service and other revenues42 6 48 
Total revenue$1,679 $508 $2,187 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Equipment rentals$4,375 $1,520 $5,895 
Sales of rental equipment567 77 644 
Sales of new equipment111 42 153 
Contractor supplies sales53 27 80 
Service and other revenues148 20 168 
Total revenue$5,254 $1,686 $6,940 
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Equipment rentals$4,040 $1,246 $5,286 
Sales of rental equipment530 53 583 
Sales of new equipment145 24 169 
Contractor supplies sales48 25 73 
Service and other revenues122 18 140 
Total revenue$4,885 $1,366 $6,251 
Equipment rentals. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals of $2.277 billion increased $416, or 22.4 percent, as compared to the same period in 2020, primarily due to a 13.5 percent increase in fleet productivity, which included the pronounced impact of COVID-19 in the three months ended September 30, 2020, and an 8.7 percent increase in average OEC, which includes the impact of the General Finance acquisition discussed above. COVID-19 began to impact our operations in March 2020, when rental volume declined in response to shelter-in-place orders and other market restrictions. The COVID-19 impact was more significant in 2020, and in 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. Equipment rentals represented 88 percent of total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2021.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals of $5.895 billion increased $609, or 11.5 percent, as compared to the same period in 2020, primarily due to a 10.3 percent increase in fleet productivity, which included the more pronounced impact of COVID-19 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. Equipment rentals represented 85 percent of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2021.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, general rentals equipment rentals increased $245, or 17.6 percent, as compared to the same period in 2020, primarily due to increased fleet productivity, which included the pronounced impact of COVID-19 in the three months ended September 30, 2020. In 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals represented 86 percent of total revenues for the general rentals segment.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, general rentals equipment rentals increased $335, or 8.3 percent, as compared to the same period in 2020, primarily due to increased fleet productivity, which included the more pronounced impact
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of COVID-19 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals represented 83 percent of total revenues for the general rentals segment.
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, specialty equipment rentals increased $171, or 36.4 percent, as compared to the same period in 2020, including the impact of the General Finance acquisition. On a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition revenues of General Finance, equipment rentals increased 23 percent. The increase in equipment rentals reflects increased fleet productivity, which included the pronounced impact of COVID-19 in the three months ended September 30, 2020. As noted above, the impact of COVID-19 was more significant in 2020, and in 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals represented 91 percent of total revenues for the specialty segment.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, specialty equipment rentals increased $274, or 22.0 percent, as compared to the same period in 2020, including the impact of the General Finance acquisition. On a pro forma basis including the standalone, pre-acquisition revenues of General Finance, equipment rentals increased 15 percent. The increase in equipment rentals reflects increased fleet productivity, which included the more pronounced impact of COVID-19 during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In 2021, we have seen evidence of a continuing recovery of activity across our end-markets. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals represented 90 percent of total revenues for the specialty segment.
Sales of rental equipment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, sales of rental equipment represented approximately 9 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, sales of rental equipment did not change materially year-over-year. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, sales of rental equipment increased 10.5 percent year-over-year primarily due to improved pricing in a strong used equipment market and the impact of the General Finance acquisition.
Sales of new equipment. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, sales of new equipment represented approximately 2 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, sales of new equipment decreased slightly year-over-year.
Contractor supplies sales. Contractor supplies sales represent our revenues associated with selling a variety of supplies, including construction consumables, tools, small equipment and safety supplies. For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, contractor supplies sales represented approximately 1 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. Contractor supplies sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 did not change materially year-over-year.
Service and other revenues. Service and other revenues primarily represent our revenues earned from providing repair and maintenance services on our customers’ fleet (including parts sales). For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, service and other revenues represented approximately 2 percent of our total revenues. Our general rentals segment accounted for most of these sales. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021, service and other revenues increased 25.0 percent and 20.0 percent year-over-year, respectively, primarily due to the more pronounced impact of COVID-19 in 2020.
Segment Equipment Rentals Gross Profit
Segment equipment rentals gross profit and gross margin were as follows:
General
rentals		SpecialtyTotal
Three Months Ended September 30, 2021
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit$649 $330 $979 
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin39.7 %51.5 %43.0 %
Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit$543 $234 $777 
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin39.0 %49.8 %41.8 %
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit$1,586 $721 $2,307 
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin36.3 %47.4 %39.1 %
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020
Equipment Rentals Gross Profit$1,410 $577 $1,987 
Equipment Rentals Gross Margin34.9 %46.3 %37.6 %
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General rentals. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $106, and equipment rentals gross margin increased 70 basis points, from 2020. Gross margin increased primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher bonus accrual primarily due to improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $176, and equipment rentals gross margin increased 140 basis points, from 2020, which included a $27 asset impairment charge that primarily reflected the discontinuation of certain equipment programs and was not related to COVID-19. Excluding the impact of asset impairment charges, equipment rentals gross margin increased 80 basis points year-over-year, primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher bonus accrual, which reflects improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue.
Specialty. For the three months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $96, and equipment rentals gross margin increased by 170 basis points from 2020. Gross margin increased primarily due to decreases in depreciation and labor expenses as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher proportion of revenue from certain lower margin ancillary fees in 2021 and increases in certain operating expenses as a percentage of revenue.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, equipment rentals gross profit increased by $144, and equipment rentals gross margin increased by 110 basis points from 2020. Gross margin increased primarily due to decreases in depreciation and labor expenses as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher proportion of revenue from certain lower margin ancillary fees in 2021 and increases in certain operating expenses as a percentage of revenue.
Gross Margin. Gross margins by revenue classification were as follows:  
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20212020Change20212020Change
Total gross margin42.5 %40.5 %200 bps38.8%37.0%180 bps
Equipment rentals43.0 %41.8 %120 bps39.1%37.6%150 bps
Sales of rental equipment45.9 %38.2 %770 bps42.1%39.5%260 bps
Sales of new equipment19.1 %13.0 %610 bps16.3%13.0%330 bps
Contractor supplies sales27.6 %28.0 %(40) bps28.8%28.8%— bps
Service and other revenues38.3 %39.6 %(130) bps39.3%38.6%70 bps
For the three months ended September 30, 2021, total gross margin increased 200 basis points from the same period in 2020. Equipment rentals gross margin increased 120 basis points year-over-year, primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher bonus accrual primarily due to improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue. Gross margin from sales of rental equipment increased 770 basis points from the same period in 2020 primarily due to improved pricing. The gross margin fluctuations from sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues generally reflect normal variability, the more pronounced impact of COVID-19 in 2020 and the impact of the General Finance acquisition, and such revenue types did not account for a significant portion of total gross profit (gross profit for these revenue types represented 4 percent of total gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2021).
For the nine months ended September 30, 2021, total gross margin increased 180 basis points from the same period in 2020. Equipment rentals gross margin increased 150 basis points from 2020, which included a $31 asset impairment charge that primarily reflected the discontinuation of certain equipment programs and was not related to COVID-19. Excluding the impact of asset impairment charges, equipment rentals gross margin increased 100 basis points year-over-year, primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense as a percentage of revenue, partially offset by a higher bonus accrual primarily due to improved profitability, an increase in insurance costs primarily due to one-time insurance recoveries in 2020 and increases in certain operating expenses, including delivery costs, as a percentage of revenue. Gross margin from sales of rental equipment increased 260 basis points from the same period in 2020 primarily due to improved pricing. The gross margin fluctuations from sales of new equipment, contractor supplies sales and service and other revenues generally reflect normal variability, the more pronounced impact of COVID-19 in 2020 and the impact of the General Finance acquisition, and such revenue types did not account for a significant portion of total gross profit (gross profit for these revenue types represented 4 percent of total gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2021).
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Other costs/(income)
The table below includes the other costs/(income) in our condensed consolidated statements of income, as well as key associated metrics, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 and 2020:    
 Three Months Ended September 30,Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20212020Change20212020Change
Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expense$326$23240.5%$877$72121.6%
SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue12.6%10.6%200 bps12.6%11.5%110 bps
Merger related costs———%3——%
Restructuring charge—6(100.0)%111(90.9)%
Non-rental depreciation and amortization98971.0%279292(4.5)%
Interest expense, net132278(52.5)%331544(39.2)%
Other expense (income), net(3)(2)50.0%(1)(6)(83.3)%
Provision for income taxes14167110.4%29715986.8%
Effective tax rate25.6%24.4%120 bps24.7%21.1%360 bps
SG&A expense primarily includes sales force compensation, information technology costs, third party professional fees, management salaries, bad debt expense and clerical and administrative overhead. SG&A expense as a percentage of revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 increased from the same periods in 2020 primarily due to higher bonus and stock compensation expenses, which reflect improved profitability.
The merger related costs reflect transaction costs associated with General Finance acquisition that was completed in May 2021, as discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. We have made a number of acquisitions in the past and may continue to make acquisitions in the future. Merger related costs only include costs associated with major acquisitions, each of which had annual revenues of over $200 prior to acquisition, that significantly impact our operations.
The restructuring charges primarily reflect severance and branch closure charges associated with our restructuring programs. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we initiated a restructuring program associated with the consolidation of certain common functions, the relocation of our shared-service facilities and certain other cost reduction measures. For additional information, see note 5 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Non-rental depreciation and amortization includes i) the amortization of other intangible assets and ii) depreciation expense associated with equipment that is not offered for rent (such as computers and office equipment) and amortization expense associated with leasehold improvements. Our other intangible assets consist of customer relationships, non-compete agreements and trade names and associated trademarks.
Interest expense, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased 52.5 percent and 39.2 percent year-over-year, respectively. Interest expense, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 included debt redemption losses of $30, and interest expense, net for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 included debt redemption losses of $159. The debt redemption losses primarily reflect the difference between the net carrying amount and the total purchase price of the redeemed notes. Excluding the impact of these losses, interest expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by 14.3 percent year-over-year primarily due to a decrease in the average cost of debt, and interest expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 decreased by 21.8 percent year-over-year, primarily due to decreases in average debt and the average cost of debt.
The differences between the 2021 and 2020 effective tax rates and the federal statutory rate of 21 percent primarily reflect the geographical mix of income between foreign and domestic operations, the impact of state and local taxes, stock compensation, other deductible and nondeductible charges, the release in 2020 of a valuation allowance on foreign tax credits and the release in 2021 of a valuation allowance on state tax credits. The year-over-year increases in the effective income tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily reflect the 2020 foreign tax credit valuation allowance release.
In March 2020, the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act”) was enacted. The CARES Act, among other things, includes provisions relating to net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations, technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property and deferral of employer payroll taxes. The CARES Act did not materially impact our effective tax rates
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for the three or nine months ended September 30, 2021, and is not expected to impact our effective tax rate in 2021. As of September 30, 2021, we have deferred employer payroll taxes of $54 under the CARES Act, with approximately half of the deferral due in each of 2021 and 2022.
Balance sheet. As discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements, in May 2021, we completed the acquisition of General Finance, and our balance sheet at September 30, 2021 includes the assets acquired and liabilities assumed reflected in note 3. Accounts receivable, net increased by $287, or 21.8 percent, from December 31, 2020 to September 30, 2021, primarily due to increased revenue. Prepaid expenses and other assets decreased by $263, or 70.1 percent, from December 31, 2020 to September 30, 2021, primarily due to refundable deposits on expected purchases, primarily of rental equipment, pursuant to advanced purchase agreements, as discussed in note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Rental equipment, net increased by $1.836 billion, or 21.1 percent, from December 31, 2020 to September 30, 2021 primarily due to the impact of the General Finance acquisition and increased capital expenditures. As discussed above, capital expenditures were significantly reduced in 2020 due to COVID-19, while capital expenditures in 2021 have exceeded historic (pre-COVID-19) levels. Accounts payable increased by $591, or 126.8 percent, from December 31, 2020 to September 30, 2021, primarily due to increased capital expenditures. Short-term debt and current maturities of long-term debt increased by $184, or 26.1 percent, from December 31, 2020 to September 30, 2021, primarily due to increased borrowings under our accounts receivable securitization facility, as reflected in note 9 to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Deferred taxes increased by $313, or 17.7 percent, from December 31, 2020 to September 30, 2021 primarily due to the impact of the General Finance acquisition and increased capital expenditures.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We manage our liquidity using internal cash management practices, which are subject to (i) the policies and cooperation of the financial institutions we utilize to maintain and provide cash management services, (ii) the terms and other requirements of the agreements to which we are a party and (iii) the statutes, regulations and practices of each of the local jurisdictions in which we operate. See "Financial Overview" above for a summary addressing our financial flexibility and liquidity.
Since 2012, we have repurchased a total of $3.7 billion of Holdings' common stock under five completed share repurchase programs. On January 28, 2020, our Board of Directors authorized a $500 share repurchase program, which commenced in the first quarter of 2020 and was intended to run for 12 months. Through March 18, 2020, when the program was paused due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we repurchased $257 of common stock under the program. We are currently unable to estimate when, or if, the program will be restarted, and repurchases under the program could resume at any time.
Our principal existing sources of cash are cash generated from operations and from the sale of rental equipment, and borrowings available under our ABL facility and accounts receivable securitization facility. As of September 30, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $320. Cash equivalents at September 30, 2021 consist of direct obligations of financial institutions rated A or better. We believe that our existing sources of cash will be sufficient to support our existing operations over the next 12 months. The table below presents financial information associated with our principal sources of cash as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2021:
ABL facility:
Borrowing capacity, net of letters of credit
$2,223 
Outstanding debt, net of debt issuance costs (1)
1,456 
 Interest rate at September 30, 20211.3 %
Average month-end principal amount of debt outstanding (1)
946 
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding
1.3 %
Maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding (1)
1,672 
Accounts receivable securitization facility:
Borrowing capacity
68 
Outstanding debt, net of debt issuance costs
832 
 Interest rate at September 30, 20210.8 %
Average month-end principal amount of debt outstanding
699 
Weighted-average interest rate on average debt outstanding
1.1 %
Maximum month-end principal amount of debt outstanding
866 
 ___________________
(1)The outstanding and maximum amounts of debt under the ABL facility exceeded the average outstanding amount primarily due to the use of borrowings under the ABL facility to fund most of the cost of the General Finance acquisition discussed in note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
We expect that our principal needs for cash relating to our operations over the next 12 months will be to fund (i) operating activities and working capital, (ii) the purchase of rental equipment and inventory items offered for sale, (iii) payments due under operating leases, (iv) debt service, (v) share repurchases and (vi) acquisitions. We plan to fund such cash requirements from our existing sources of cash. In addition, we may seek additional financing through the securitization of some of our real estate, the use of additional operating leases or other financing sources as market conditions permit.
To access the capital markets, we rely on credit rating agencies to assign ratings to our securities as an indicator of credit quality. Lower credit ratings generally result in higher borrowing costs and reduced access to debt capital markets. Credit ratings also affect the costs of derivative transactions, including interest rate and foreign currency derivative transactions. As a result, negative changes in our credit ratings could adversely impact our costs of funding. Our credit ratings as of October 25, 2021 were as follows: 
 Corporate RatingOutlook
Moody’sBa1Stable
Standard & Poor’sBB+Stable
A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities. There is no assurance that any rating will remain in effect for a given period of time or that any rating will not be revised or withdrawn by a rating agency in the future.
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Loan Covenants and Compliance. As of September 30, 2021, we were in compliance with the covenants and other provisions of the ABL, accounts receivable securitization and term loan facilities and the senior notes. Any failure to be in compliance with any material provision or covenant of these agreements could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and operations.
The only financial covenant that currently exists under the ABL facility is the fixed charge coverage ratio. Subject to certain limited exceptions specified in the ABL facility, the fixed charge coverage ratio covenant under the ABL facility will only apply in the future if specified availability under the ABL facility falls below 10 percent of the maximum revolver amount under the ABL facility. When certain conditions are met, cash and cash equivalents and borrowing base collateral in excess of the ABL facility size may be included when calculating specified availability under the ABL facility. As of September 30, 2021, specified availability under the ABL facility exceeded the required threshold and, as a result, this financial covenant was inapplicable. Under our accounts receivable securitization facility, we are required, among other things, to maintain certain financial tests relating to: (i) the default ratio, (ii) the delinquency ratio, (iii) the dilution ratio and (iv) days sales outstanding. The accounts receivable securitization facility also requires us to comply with the fixed charge coverage ratio under the ABL facility, to the extent the ratio is applicable under the ABL facility.
URNA’s payment capacity is restricted under the covenants in the ABL and term loan facilities and the indentures governing its outstanding indebtedness. Although this restricted capacity limits our ability to move operating cash flows to Holdings, because of certain intercompany arrangements, we do not expect any material adverse impact on Holdings’ ability to meet its cash obligations.
Sources and Uses of Cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of $3.021 billion, (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $664 and (iii) received cash from debt proceeds, net of payments, of $336. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment and intangible assets of $2.450 billion and (ii) purchase other companies for $1.435 billion. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, we (i) generated cash from operating activities of $2.288 billion and (ii) generated cash from the sale of rental and non-rental equipment of $614. We used cash during this period principally to (i) purchase rental and non-rental equipment and intangible assets of $930, (ii) make debt payments, net of proceeds, of $1.578 billion and (iii) purchase shares of our common stock for $281.
Free Cash Flow GAAP Reconciliation. We define “free cash flow” as net cash provided by operating activities less purchases of, and plus proceeds from, equipment and intangible assets. The equipment and intangible asset purchases and proceeds are included in cash flows from investing activities. Management believes that free cash flow provides useful additional information concerning cash flow available to meet future debt service obligations and working capital requirements. However, free cash flow is not a measure of financial performance or liquidity under GAAP. Accordingly, free cash flow should not be considered an alternative to net income or cash flow from operating activities as an indicator of operating performance or liquidity. The table below provides a reconciliation between net cash provided by operating activities and free cash flow.
Nine Months Ended
 September 30,
 20212020
Net cash provided by operating activities$3,021 $2,288 
Purchases of rental equipment(2,308)(785)
Purchases of non-rental equipment and intangible assets(142)(145)
Proceeds from sales of rental equipment644 583 
Proceeds from sales of non-rental equipment20 31 
Insurance proceeds from damaged equipment19 34 
Free cash flow$1,254 $2,006 
Free cash flow for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 was $1.254 billion, a decrease of $752 as compared to $2.006 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Free cash flow decreased primarily due to increased net rental capital expenditures (purchases of rental equipment less the proceeds from sales of rental equipment), partially offset by increased net cash provided by operating activities. Net rental capital expenditures increased $1.462 billion year-over-year.
Relationship between Holdings and URNA. Holdings is principally a holding company and primarily conducts its operations through its wholly owned subsidiary, URNA, and subsidiaries of URNA. Holdings licenses its tradename and other intangibles and provides certain services to URNA in connection with its operations. These services principally include: (i) senior management services; (ii) finance and tax-related services and support; (iii) information technology systems and
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support; (iv) acquisition-related services; (v) legal services; and (vi) human resource support. In addition, Holdings leases certain equipment and real property that are made available for use by URNA and its subsidiaries.
Information Regarding Guarantors of URNA Indebtedness
URNA is 100 percent owned by Holdings and has certain outstanding indebtedness that is guaranteed by both Holdings and, with the exception of its U.S. special purpose vehicle which holds receivable assets relating to the Company’s accounts receivable securitization facility (the “SPV”), captive insurance subsidiaries and immaterial subsidiaries acquired in connection with the General Finance acquisition, all of URNA’s U.S. subsidiaries (the “guarantor subsidiaries”). Other than the guarantee by our Canadian subsidiary of URNA's indebtedness under the ABL facility, none of URNA’s indebtedness is guaranteed by URNA's foreign subsidiaries, the SPV, captive insurance subsidiaries or immaterial subsidiaries acquired in connection with the General Finance acquisition (together, the “non-guarantor subsidiaries”). The receivable assets owned by the SPV have been sold or contributed by URNA to the SPV and are not available to satisfy the obligations of URNA or Holdings’ other subsidiaries. Holdings consolidates each of URNA and the guarantor subsidiaries in its consolidated financial statements. URNA and the guarantor subsidiaries are all 100 percent-owned and controlled by Holdings. Holdings’ guarantees of URNA’s indebtedness are full and unconditional, except that the guarantees may be automatically released and relieved upon satisfaction of the requirements for legal defeasance or covenant defeasance under the applicable indenture being met. The Holdings guarantees are also subject to subordination provisions (to the same extent that the obligations of the issuer under the relevant notes are subordinated to other debt of the issuer) and to a standard limitation which provides that the maximum amount guaranteed by Holdings will not exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed without making the guarantee void under fraudulent conveyance laws.
The guarantees of Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries are made on a joint and several basis. The guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries are not full and unconditional because a guarantor subsidiary can be automatically released and relieved of its obligations under certain circumstances, including sale of the guarantor subsidiary, the sale of all or substantially all of the guarantor subsidiary's assets, the requirements for legal defeasance or covenant defeasance under the applicable indenture being met, designating the guarantor subsidiary as an unrestricted subsidiary for purposes of the applicable covenants or the notes being rated investment grade by both Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., or, in certain circumstances, another rating agency selected by URNA. Like the Holdings guarantees, the guarantees of the guarantor subsidiaries are subject to subordination provisions (to the same extent that the obligations of the issuer under the relevant notes are subordinated to other debt of the issuer) and to a standard limitation which provides that the maximum amount guaranteed by each guarantor will not exceed the maximum amount that can be guaranteed without making the guarantee void under fraudulent conveyance laws.
All of the existing guarantees by Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries rank equally in right of payment with all of the guarantors' existing and future senior indebtedness. The secured indebtedness of Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries (including guarantees of URNA’s existing and future secured indebtedness) will rank effectively senior to guarantees of any unsecured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. Future guarantees of subordinated indebtedness will rank junior to any existing and future senior indebtedness of the guarantors. The guarantees of URNA’s indebtedness are effectively junior to any indebtedness of our subsidiaries that are not guarantors, including our foreign subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2021, indebtedness of our non-guarantors included (i) $832 of outstanding borrowings by the SPV in connection with the Company’s accounts receivable securitization facility, (ii) $125 of outstanding borrowings under the ABL facility by non-guarantor subsidiaries and (iii) $11 of finance leases of our non-guarantor subsidiaries.
Covenants in the ABL facility, accounts receivable securitization and term loan facilities, and the other agreements governing our debt, impose operating and financial restrictions on URNA, Holdings and the guarantor subsidiaries, including limitations on the ability to make share repurchases and dividend payments. As of September 30, 2021, the amount available for distribution under the most restrictive of these covenants was $1.403 billion. The Company’s total available capacity for making share repurchases and dividend payments includes the intercompany receivable balance of Holdings. As of September 30, 2021, our total available capacity for making share repurchases and dividend payments, which includes URNA’s capacity to make restricted payments and the intercompany receivable balance of Holdings, was $4.982 billion.
Based on our understanding of Rule 3-10 of Regulation S-X ("Rule 3-10"), we believe that Holdings’ guarantees of URNA indebtedness comply with the conditions set forth in Rule 3-10, which enable us to present summarized financial information for Holdings, URNA and the consolidated guarantor subsidiaries in accordance with Rule 13-01 of Regulation S-X. The summarized financial information excludes information regarding the non-guarantor subsidiaries. In accordance with Rule 3-10, separate financial statements of the guarantor subsidiaries have not been presented.
The summarized financial information of Holdings, URNA and the guarantor subsidiaries on a combined basis is as follows:
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September 30, 2021
Current assets$265
Long-term assets18,622
Total assets18,887
Current liabilities1,723
Long-term liabilities11,681
Total liabilities13,404
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021
Total revenues$6,265
Gross profit2,449
Net income905


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Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Our exposure to market risk primarily consists of (i) interest rate risk associated with our variable and fixed rate debt and (ii) foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our foreign operations.
Interest Rate Risk. As of September 30, 2021, we had an aggregate of $3.3 billion of indebtedness that bears interest at variable rates, comprised of borrowings under the ABL, accounts receivable securitization and term loan facilities. The amount of variable rate indebtedness outstanding under these facilities may fluctuate significantly. See note 9 to the condensed consolidated financial statements for the amounts outstanding, and the interest rates thereon, as of September 30, 2021 under these facilities. As of September 30, 2021, based upon the amount of our variable rate debt outstanding, our annual after-tax earnings would decrease by approximately $24 for each one percentage point increase in the interest rates applicable to our variable rate debt.
At September 30, 2021, we had an aggregate of $6.9 billion of indebtedness that bears interest at fixed rates. A one percentage point decrease in market interest rates as of September 30, 2021 would increase the fair value of our fixed rate indebtedness by approximately seven percent. For additional information concerning the fair value of our fixed rate debt, see note 8 (see “Fair Value of Financial Instruments”) to our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Currency Exchange Risk. We primarily operate in the U.S. and Canada, and have a limited presence in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. In July 2018, we completed the acquisition of BakerCorp, which allowed for our entry into select European markets. As discussed in note 3 to our condensed consolidated financial statements, in May 2021, we completed the acquisition of General Finance, which allowed for our entry into select markets in Australia and New Zealand. During the nine months ended September 30, 2021, our foreign subsidiaries accounted for $672, or 10 percent, of our total revenue of $6.940 billion, and $84, or 7 percent, of our total pretax income of $1.202 billion. Based on the size of our foreign operations relative to the Company as a whole, we do not believe that a 10 percent change in exchange rates would have a material impact on our earnings. We do not engage in purchasing forward exchange contracts for speculative purposes.

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Item 4.Controls and Procedures
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
The Company’s management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a–15(e) and 15d–15(e) of the Exchange Act, as of September 30, 2021. Based on the evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2021.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2021 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
The information set forth under note 11 to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q is incorporated by reference in answer to this item. Such information is limited to certain recent developments.

Item 1A.Risk Factors
Our results of operations and financial condition are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties described in our 2020 Form 10-K, which risk factors are incorporated herein by reference. You should carefully consider the risk factors in our 2020 Form 10-K in conjunction with the other information contained in this report. Should any of these risks materialize, our business, financial condition and future prospects could be negatively impacted.

Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
(c) The following table provides information about purchases of Holdings’ common stock by Holdings during the third quarter of 2021: 
PeriodTotal Number of
Shares Purchased		Average Price
Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs (2)Maximum Dollar Amount of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Program (2)
July 1, 2021 to July 31, 20211,883 (1)$318.13 — 
August 1, 2021 to August 31, 2021383 (1)$346.14 — 
September 1, 2021 to September 30, 2021507 (1)$351.13 — 
Total2,773 $328.03 — $243,081,785 
(1)All shares purchased were withheld by Holdings to satisfy tax withholding obligations upon the vesting of restricted stock unit awards. These shares were not acquired pursuant to any repurchase plan or program.
(2)On January 28, 2020, our Board authorized a $500 million share repurchase program, which commenced in the first quarter of 2020 and was intended to run for 12 months. The program was paused on March 18, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We are currently unable to estimate when, or if, the program will be restarted, and repurchases under the program could resume at any time.


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Item 6.Exhibits
2(a)
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of June 30, 2018, by and among United Rentals, Inc., UR Merger Sub IV Corporation and BakerCorp International Holdings, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on July 2, 2018)
2(b)
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of September 10, 2018, by and among United Rentals, Inc., UR Merger Sub V Corporation, Vander Holding Corporation and Platinum Equity Advisors, LLC, solely in its capacity as the initial Holder Representative thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 10, 2018)
2(c)
3(a)
3(b)
3(c)
Restated Certificate of Incorporation of United Rentals (North America), Inc., dated April 30, 2012 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(c) of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013)
3(d)
By-laws of United Rentals (North America), Inc. dated May 8, 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3(d) of the United Rentals, Inc. and United Rentals (North America), Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2013)
4
22*
31(a)*
31(b)*
32(a)**
32(b)**
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

*    Filed herewith.
**    Furnished (and not filed) herewith pursuant to Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K under the Exchange Act.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
UNITED RENTALS, INC.
Dated:October 27, 2021By:
/S/ ANDREW B. LIMOGES
Andrew B. Limoges
Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer
UNITED RENTALS (NORTH AMERICA), INC.
Dated:October 27, 2021By:
/S/ ANDREW B. LIMOGES
Andrew B. Limoges
Vice President, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer
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