Uniti Group Inc. - Annual Report: 2015 (Form 10-K)

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

OR

Commission File Number 001-36708

COMMUNICATIONS SALES & LEASING, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (501) 850-0820

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    YES  o    NO  x

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.    YES  o    NO  x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    YES  x    NO  o

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files).    YES  x    NO  o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) of this chapter is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    YES  o    NO  x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2015, was $2,403,811,314.

The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 29, 2016 was 150,511,547.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2016 annual meeting of stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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EXPLANATORY NOTE

Prior to April 24, 2015, Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was a wholly-owned subsidiary of Windstream Services, LLC (“Windstream Services”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings,” and together with its subsidiaries, “Windstream”). On April 24, 2015, Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”), to CS&L. In exchange, CS&L issued to Windstream Services (i) approximately 149.8 million shares of its common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, (ii) $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Secured Notes”), (iii) $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “Senior Notes” and together with the Secured Notes, the “Notes”), (iv) $990 million of term loans under CS&L’s senior credit facilities and (v) approximately $1.04 billion in cash obtained from borrowings under CS&L’s senior credit facilities. The contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business and the related issuance of cash, debt and equity securities are referred to herein as the “Spin-Off.” The Spin-Off was effective on April 24, 2015.

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements as defined under U.S. federal securities law. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical statements of fact and those regarding our intent, belief or expectations, including, but not limited to, statements regarding: the benefits and tax treatment of the Spin-Off; future financing plans, business strategies, growth prospects and operating and financial performance; expectations regarding the impact and timing of the pending acquisition of PEG Bandwidth, LLC; expectations regarding the making of distributions and the payment of dividends; and compliance with and changes in governmental regulations.

Words such as “anticipate(s),” “expect(s),” “intend(s),” “plan(s),” “believe(s),” “may,” “will,” “would,” “could,” “should,” “seek(s)” and similar expressions, or the negative of these terms, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and beliefs and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could lead to actual results differing materially from those projected, forecasted or expected. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to:

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Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. Except in the normal course of our public disclosure obligations, we expressly disclaim any obligation to release publicly any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements to reflect any change in our expectations or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based.

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PART I

Item 1. Business.

The Company

Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in February 2014 and reorganized in the state of Maryland on September 4, 2014 as a subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings” and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries “Windstream”). On April 24, 2015, CS&L was separated and spun-off from Windstream (the “Spin-Off”) and, in connection therewith, Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”) to CS&L.  In the Spin-off, Windstream distributed approximately 80.4% of the total outstanding common stock of CS&L to existing stockholders of Windstream Holdings in a tax-free spin-off.  Windstream retained the remaining 19.6% of CS&L shares.

We incurred approximately $3.65 billion in long-term debt in connection with the Spin-Off, consisting of approximately $1.51 billion of notes and approximately $2.14 billion in term loans under our senior secured credit facilities. Our senior secured credit facilities also include a $500 million revolving credit facility, which is undrawn as of the date of this Annual Report. Immediately after the Spin-Off, we and Windstream Holdings entered into a long-term exclusive triple-net-lease agreement (“the Master Lease”), under which Windstream Holdings leases the Distribution Systems.  We intend to elect on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ended December 31, 2015 to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”).

Recent Developments

On January 7, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) to acquire PEG Bandwidth, LLC (“PEG”).  PEG is a leading provider of infrastructure solutions including cell site backhaul and dark fiber for telecom carriers and enterprises.  PEG has an extensive fiber network consisting of over 300,000 strand miles in the Northeast / Mid Atlantic, Illinois and South Central regions of the U.S. Upon closing, the PEG transaction will diversify our portfolio and is expected to contribute approximately 10% consolidated annualized revenues. The purchase price for all outstanding equity interests of PEG is valued at $409 million, subject to adjustment, and will include $315 million of cash, issuance of one million shares of the Company’s common stock, and the issuance of 87,500 shares of the Company’s 3% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals and other customary terms and conditions. At the closing of the transaction, which we anticipate will occur in April 2016, our board of directors will increase the number of directors serving on the board by one director and will nominate an individual designated by PEG Holdings (and reasonably acceptable to CS&L) to fill the newly created vacancy.

Business

We are an internally managed real estate investment trust engaged in the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We are principally focused on acquiring and constructing fiber optic broadband networks, wireless communications towers, copper and coaxial broadband networks and data centers. We currently own 3.6 million fiber strand miles, 230,800 route miles of copper, and other property across 29 states.  Presently, our primary source of revenue is rental revenues from leasing the Distribution Systems to Windstream Holdings under the Master Lease.

We expect to grow and diversify our portfolio and tenant base by pursuing a range of transaction structures with communication service providers, including, (i) Sale Leaseback Transactions, whereby we acquire existing infrastructure assets from communication service providers and lease them back on a long-term basis; (ii) Whole Company Acquisitions, which may include the use of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries (each, a "TRS"), which are permitted under the tax laws to acquire non-REIT operating businesses and assets; (iii) Capital Investment Financing, whereby we offer communication service providers a cost efficient method of raising funds for discrete capital investments to upgrade or expand their network; and (iv) Mergers and Acquisitions Financing, whereby we facilitate mergers and acquisition ("M&A") transactions as a capital partner.

We have the flexibility to create tax-efficient, tailored solutions for communication service providers seeking to monetize or invest in their communication infrastructure assets or seeking to fund acquisitions in the communication service sector. We believe the opportunities afforded by this flexibility will assist us in diversifying away from the single tenant model we operate under today. In addition, our ability to make acquisitions and operate assets in a TRS will allow us to seize upon market trends and further diversify our holdings. We believe our existing liquidity and REIT structure will provide us with access to capital at attractive costs to pursue these transactions.

We conduct the Consumer CLEC Business through Talk America Services, LLC, an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of CS&L ("Talk America"). Talk America provides local telephone, high-speed Internet and long distance service to approximately

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46,000 customers principally located in 17 states across the eastern and central United States. CS&L and Talk America have jointly elected for Talk America to be treated as a TRS for federal income tax purposes. As a TRS, Talk America generally may provide services and engage in activities that we may not engage in directly without adversely affecting our qualification as a REIT.

For the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we had revenues of $476.3 million, net income available to common shareholders of $23.7 million, Funds From Operations (“FFO”) of $259.8 million and Adjusted Funds From Operations (“AFFO”) of $267.1 million. Both FFO and AFFO are non-GAAP financial measures, which we use in our analysis of our results. Refer to Part II, Item 7 Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Annual Report for additional information regarding these non-GAAP measures. We manage our operations in two reportable business segments: Leasing and Consumer CLEC.  Our Leasing segment represents our REIT operations and corporate expenses not directly attributable to the Consumer CLEC segment. The Consumer CLEC segment represents the operations of our Consumer CLEC Business and corporate expenses directly attributable to the operation of that business.  Detailed information about our segments can be found in Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements contained in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Industry

CS&L is the first and only REIT primarily focused on the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We believe we will benefit from this first mover competitive advantage as we seek to grow and diversify our portfolio and tenant base.

We believe we are well positioned to take advantage of favorable Internet, data, and wireless growth trends driving ongoing demand for bandwidth infrastructure and communication sites, and to be an active participant in the consolidation of the telecommunications industry. The growth and expansion of wireless services, cloud-based computing, video, mobile and social media applications, machine-to-machine connectivity, and other bandwidth-intensive applications, continues to drive rapidly increasing consumption of bandwidth on a global basis. This growth in consumption requires the support of robust communications infrastructure, of which fiber networks and communications towers are critical components. We believe this considerable demand creates tremendous opportunities for us as an acquirer and operator, and as a funding source for operators looking to capitalize on these trends through build outs and/or acquisitions of infrastructure assets.

There is a large universe of potential partners and/or acquisition targets in the fragmented telecom industry. These include:

We benefit from a large universe of potential existing operator counterparties, which provides us with the opportunity to:

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Growth Strategy

Our primary goal is to create long-term shareholder value by (i) generating reliable and growing cash flows, (ii) diversifying our tenant and asset base, (iii) paying a consistent dividend, and (iv) maintaining our financial strength and liquidity. To achieve this goal, we plan to employ a business strategy that leverages our first mover advantage in the sector and our strong access to the capital markets. We intend to pursue investment opportunities that meet our investing and financing objectives where we can earn attractive risk-adjusted rates of return. The key components of our business strategy include:

Acquire Additional Infrastructure Assets Through Sale Leaseback Transactions

We are actively seeking to acquire communications infrastructure assets from communication service providers and lease these assets back to the communication service providers on a long-term basis. We believe this type of transaction benefits the communication service providers with incremental liquidity which can be used to reduce indebtedness or for other investment, while they continue to focus on their existing business. We will employ a disciplined, opportunistic acquisition strategy and seek to price transactions appropriately based on, among other things, growth opportunities, the mix of assets acquired, length and terms of the lease, and credit worthiness of the tenant.

Acquire Whole Companies Leveraging Our TRS Capacity

Under our REIT structure, we have capacity through TRSs to acquire up to 25% of the total REIT asset value in non-REIT operating businesses and assets by way of whole company acquisitions or otherwise, giving us the option to operate the newly acquired business, sell the entire business or sell only the operations of the business and lease the network assets to an operator. This provides us with additional flexibility as we explore opportunities for growth.

Fund Capital Extensions and Improvements of Infrastructure Assets For Existing and New Tenants

We believe the communications infrastructure industry in the U.S. is currently going through an upgrade cycle driven by the consumer's general desire for greater bandwidth and wireless services. These upgrades require significant capital expenditures, and we believe CS&L provides an attractive, non-competitive funding source for communication service providers to help accelerate the expansion of their networks at an attractive cost of capital.

We intend to support our tenant operators and other communication service providers by providing capital to them for a variety of purposes, including capacity augmentation projects, tower construction and network expansions. We expect to structure these investments as lease arrangements that produce additional rents.

Facilitate M&A Transactions in the Communication Service Sector as a Capital Partner

We believe CS&L can provide cost efficient funds to potential acquirors in the communication service sector, and thereby facilitate M&A transactions as a capital partner. The highly fragmented nature of the communication service sector is expected to result in more consolidation, which we believe will provide ample opportunity for CS&L to pursue these types of transactions. Over the last 5 years, there has been approximately $268 billion in telecom-focused M&A volume in the U.S. according to Securities Data Company.

Diversify Tenant Relationships

We are actively pursuing new leasing relationships with potential tenants and communication service providers in order to expand our mix of tenants and other real property and, in doing so, to reduce our concentration with Windstream. We expect that this objective will be achieved over time as part of our overall strategy is to acquire new distribution systems and other real property within the communications infrastructure industry to further diversify our overall portfolio. Once closed, we anticipate revenues generated by PEG will represent approximately 10% of our consolidated annualized revenues.

Maintain Balance Sheet Strength and Liquidity

We seek to maintain a capital structure that provides the resources and financial flexibility to position us to capitalize on strategic growth opportunities. Our access to, and cost of, external capital is dependent on various factors, including general market conditions, credit ratings on our securities, interest rates and expectations of our future business performance. We intend to maintain a strong balance sheet through disciplined use of leverage, striving to lower our relative cost of capital over time, and continuing to have access to multiple sources of capital and liquidity. As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $642.5 million of liquidity, consisting of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $142.5 million and $500 million of unused borrowing availability under our revolving credit facility. All of our debt is either fixed rate debt, or floating rate debt that we have fixed through the use of interest rate swaps.

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Competition

We compete for investments in the communications industry with telecommunications companies, investment companies, private equity funds, hedge fund investors, sovereign funds and other REITs who focus primarily on specific segments of the communications infrastructure industry. Some of our competitors are significantly larger and have greater financial resources and lower costs of capital than we have. However, we believe that the Spin-Off has given us a competitive edge and positioned us to identify and successfully capitalize on acquisition opportunities that meet our investment objectives.

In addition, revenues from our network properties are dependent, to an extent, on the ability of our operating partners, like Windstream, to compete with other communication service providers. The communications infrastructure industry is characterized by a high degree of competition among a large number of participants, including many local, regional and global corporations. Not only is competition seen in the communication distribution systems business, but also in any means by which information is transferred.

We believe that we have significant competitive advantages that support our leadership position in owning, funding the construction of and leasing communications infrastructure, including:

First Mover Advantage; Uniquely Positioned to Capitalize on Expansion Opportunities

We are the first and only REIT primarily focused on acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We believe this provides us with a significant first mover competitive advantage to capitalize on the large and fragmented telecom infrastructure industry. Additionally, we believe our position, scale and national reach will help us achieve operational efficiencies and support future growth opportunities.

Large Scale Anchor Tenant; Stable Rent Revenues

We believe the assets we lease to Windstream under the Master Lease are critical for Windstream to successfully run its business and operations. Windstream, as our anchor tenant, provides us with a base of stable and highly predictable rent revenues as an initial platform for us to grow and diversify our portfolio and tenant base.

Windstream is a publicly-traded company that provides advanced network communications, including cloud computing and managed services, to businesses nationwide. Windstream also offers broadband, phone and digital TV services to consumers primarily in rural areas. Windstream continues to operate the Distribution Systems, hold the associated regulatory licenses and own and operate other assets, including distribution systems in select states not included in the Spin-Off.

Windstream has a diverse customer base, encompassing enterprise and small business customers, carriers and consumers. The Distribution Systems assets that we lease to Windstream are located in 29 different states across the continental United States. The properties in any one state do not account for more than 20% of the total route miles in our network. We believe this geographic diversification will limit the effect of changes in any one market on our overall performance.

Windstream is subject to the reporting requirements of the SEC, which include the requirements to file annual reports containing audited financial information and quarterly reports containing unaudited financial information. Windstream's filings with the SEC can be found at www.sec.gov. Windstream's filings are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report.

Strong Relationships with Communication Service Providers

Members of our management team have developed an extensive network of relationships with qualified local, regional and national communication service providers across the United States. This extensive network has been built by our management team through decades of operating experience, involvement in industry trade organizations and the development of banking relationships and investor relations within the communications infrastructure industry. We believe these strong relationships will allow us to effectively source investment opportunities from communication service providers other than Windstream. We intend to work collaboratively with our operating partners in providing expansion capital at attractive rates to help them achieve their growth and business objectives. We will seek to partner with communication service providers who possess local market knowledge, demonstrate hands-on management and have proven track records.

Experienced and Committed Management Team

Our senior management team is comprised of veteran leaders with strong backgrounds in their respective disciplines. As a result of extensive public company experience, our senior management team has over [70] years of combined experience in managing

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telecommunications operations, consummating mergers and acquisitions and accessing both debt and equity capital markets to fund growth and maintain a flexible capital structure.

Insurance

We maintain, or will require in our leases, including the Master Lease, that our tenants maintain, all applicable lines of insurance on our properties and their operations. Under the Master Lease, Windstream has the right to self-insure or use a captive provider with respect to its insurance obligations. We believe that the amount and scope of insurance coverage provided by our policies and the policies maintained by our tenants are customary for similarly situated companies in the telecommunications industry. However, we cannot assure you that our tenants will maintain the required insurance coverages, and the failure by any of them to do so could have a material adverse effect on us. We also cannot assure you that we will continue to require the same levels of insurance coverage under our leases, including the Master Lease, that such insurance will be available at a reasonable cost in the future or that the insurance coverage provided will fully cover all losses on our properties upon the occurrence of a catastrophic event, nor can we assure you of the future financial viability of the insurers.

Employees

At December 31, 2015, we had 37 full-time employees, none of whom are subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Significant Customers

Currently all of our leasing revenues are derived from leasing our Distribution Systems to Windstream Holdings pursuant to the Master Lease.  

Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement

As operators of telecommunications facilities, Windstream and any future tenants of our telecommunications assets are typically subject to extensive and complex federal, state and local telecommunications laws and regulations. The FCC regulates interstate matters, and state public utility commissions ("PUCs") regulate intrastate matters. These regulations are wide-ranging and can subject our tenants to civil, criminal and administrative sanctions. We expect that the telecommunications industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation. Changes in laws and regulations and reimbursement enforcement activity and regulatory non-compliance by our tenants could have a significant effect on their operations and financial condition, which in turn may adversely affect us, as detailed below and set forth under "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business."

The following is a discussion of certain laws and regulations generally applicable to operators of our telecommunications facilities, and in certain cases, to us.

Windstream and similarly situated wireline carriers are subject to federal and state regulations that limit their pricing flexibility for regulated voice and high-speed Internet products, subject them to service quality, service reporting and other obligations and expose them to the reduction of revenue from changes to the universal service fund, the intercarrier compensation system, or access to interconnection with competitors' facilities. PUCs have jurisdiction over local and intrastate services, including, to some extent, the rates that carriers charge and service quality standards. The FCC has primary jurisdiction over interstate services, including the rates that carriers charge other telecommunications companies that use a carrier's network and other issues related to interstate service. In some circumstances, these regulations restrict the carrier's ability to adjust rates to reflect market conditions and may affect the ability of our tenants to compete and respond to changing industry conditions.

Talk America operates the Consumer CLEC Business as a reseller of telecommunication services pursuant to the Wholesale Master Services Agreement. In almost all cases, Windstream does not own the underlying telecommunication facilities required to support the Consumer CLEC Business, rather it is a reseller of facility-based services pursuant to wholesale interconnection agreements with the third party carriers who own the underlying telecommunication facilities. Talk America is regulated as a CLEC in each state where it has Consumer CLEC Business customers. These CLEC certifications subject Talk America to regulations requiring it to file and maintain tariffs for the rates charged to its Consumer CLEC Business customers for regulated services and to comply with service quality, service reporting and other obligations. Talk America's ability to operate the Consumer CLEC Business is dependent on existing telecommunication regulations that allow access to such underlying facilities of other carriers at reasonable rates.

We believe that we have structured the operations for our core real estate business in a manner that will not require us to become regulated as a public utility or common carrier by the FCC or PUCs.

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Future revenues, costs and capital investment in the communication businesses of Windstream, Talk America and other carriers could be adversely affected by material changes to, or decisions regarding applicability of, government requirements, including, but not limited to, changes in rules governing intercarrier compensation, interconnection access to network facilities, state and federal universal service fund (“USF”) support and other pricing and requirements. Federal and state communications laws may be amended in the future, and other laws may affect our business. In addition, certain laws and regulations applicable to us and our competitors may be, and have been, challenged in the courts and could be changed at any time. We cannot predict future developments or changes to the regulatory environment or the impact such developments or changes would have.

In addition, these regulations could create significant compliance costs for us. Delays in obtaining certifications and regulatory approvals could cause us to incur substantial legal and administrative expenses, and conditions imposed in connection with such approvals could adversely affect the rates that we are able to charge our customers. The business of Windstream, Talk America, and future tenants also may be affected by legislation and regulation imposing new or greater obligations related to, for example, assisting law enforcement, bolstering homeland and cyber-security, protecting intellectual property rights of third parties, minimizing environmental impacts, protecting customer privacy, or addressing other issues that affect the business of our tenants.

Environmental Matters

A wide variety of federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect telecommunications operations and facilities. These complex laws, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these federal, state and local laws may directly impact us. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner of real property, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines or personal property damages and the owner's liability therefore could exceed or impair the value of the property and/or the assets of the owner. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the owner's ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral, which, in turn, could reduce revenues.

Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 10802 Executive Center Drive, Benton Building Suite 300, Little Rock, AR 72211 and our telephone number is (501) 850-0820. We maintain a website at www.cslreit.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’) are available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Our Exchange Act filings can also be found at www.sec.gov.

Current copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Whistleblower Policy, and the charters for our Audit, Compensation and Governance Committees are posted in the Corporate Governance section of the Investors page of our website at www.cslreit.com.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Risks Related to Our Business

We are dependent on Windstream Holdings to make payments to us under the Master Lease, and an event that materially and adversely affects Windstream’s business, financial position or results of operations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.

Windstream Holdings is the lessee of the Distribution Systems pursuant to the Master Lease and, therefore, is presently the source of substantially all of our revenues. Additionally, because the Master Lease is a triple-net lease, we depend on Windstream Holdings to pay all insurance, taxes, utilities, charges relating to the easements, permits and pole arrangements and maintenance and repair expenses in connection with the Distribution Systems, subject to limited carveouts, and to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against various claims, litigation and liabilities arising in connection with its business. There can be no assurance that Windstream Holdings will have sufficient assets, income and access to financing to enable it to satisfy its payment obligations under the Master Lease. The inability or unwillingness of Windstream Holdings to meet its rent obligations under the Master Lease could materially adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations, including our ability to pay dividends to our shareholders as required to maintain our status as a REIT. The inability of Windstream Holdings to satisfy its other obligations under the Master Lease, such as the payment of insurance, taxes and utilities, could materially and adversely affect the condition of the Distribution Systems as well as the business, financial position and results of operations of Windstream. Since Windstream Holdings

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is a holding company, it will be dependent on distributions from Windstream Services and its subsidiaries in order to satisfy the payment obligations under the Master Lease, and the ability of Windstream Services and its subsidiaries to make such distributions may be adversely impacted in the event of the insolvency or bankruptcy of such entities or by covenants in its subsidiaries’ debt that restrict the amount of the distributions that may be made by such entities. For these reasons, if Windstream Holdings, Windstream Services or their subsidiaries were to experience a material and adverse effect on its business, financial position or results of operations, our business, financial position or results of operations could also be materially and adversely affected.

Failure by Windstream Holdings to comply with the terms of the Master Lease or to comply with the regulations to which the Distribution Systems are subject could require us to find another lessee for such Distribution Systems and there could be a decrease or cessation of rental payments by Windstream Holdings.

There is no assurance that we would be able to lease the Distribution Systems to another lessee on substantially equivalent or better terms than the Master Lease, or at all, successfully reposition the Distribution Systems for other uses or sell the Distribution Systems on terms that are favorable to us. It may be more difficult to find a replacement tenant for a telecommunications property than it would be to find a replacement tenant for a general commercial property due to the specialized nature of the business. Even if we are able to find a suitable replacement tenant for the Distribution Systems, transfers of operations of communication distribution systems are subject to regulatory approvals not required for transfers of other types of commercial operations, which may affect our ability to successfully transition the Distribution Systems.

We intend to pursue acquisitions of additional properties and seek other strategic opportunities, which may result in the use of a significant amount of management resources or significant costs, and we may not fully realize the potential benefits of such transactions.

We intend to pursue acquisitions of additional properties and seek acquisitions and other strategic opportunities. Accordingly, we may often be engaged in evaluating potential transactions and other strategic alternatives. In addition, from time to time, we may engage in discussions that may result in one or more transactions. Although there is uncertainty that any of these discussions will result in definitive agreements or the completion of any transaction, we may devote a significant amount of our management resources to such a transaction, which could negatively impact our operations. We may incur significant costs in connection with seeking acquisitions or other strategic opportunities regardless of whether the transaction is completed and in combining our operations if such a transaction is completed. In the event that we consummate an acquisition or strategic alternative in the future, there is no assurance that we would fully realize the potential benefits of such a transaction.

Required regulatory approvals can delay or prohibit transfers of the rights to use our real property utilized by telecommunications operators, which could result in periods in which we are unable to receive rent for such assets.

Some of our tenants may be operators of telecommunications assets that must be licensed under applicable state and federal laws. Prior to the transfer of the rights to use our real property to successor operators, the new operator generally must become licensed under state and federal laws. If an existing lease is terminated or expires and a new tenant is found, then any delays in the new tenant receiving regulatory approvals from the applicable federal, state or local government agencies, or the inability to receive such approvals, may prolong the period during which we are unable to collect the applicable rent. The Master Lease with Windstream provides that if it is terminated and we find a new tenant but cannot obtain regulatory approvals, Windstream would continue as the tenant for a period of time pursuant to a management agreement, although such arrangement would only be temporary and at a higher cost.

Our level of indebtedness could materially and adversely affect our financial position, including reducing funds available for other business purposes and reducing our operational flexibility, and we may have future capital needs and may not be able to obtain additional financing on acceptable terms.

As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding long term indebtedness of approximately $3.65 billion consisting of a combination of senior notes and term loans. Additionally, we have entered into a revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $500 million (which was undrawn as of December 31, 2015), provided by a syndicate of banks and other financial institutions. Although our debt agreements restrict the amount of our future indebtedness, we may incur additional indebtedness in the future to refinance our existing indebtedness, to finance newly-acquired assets or for other purposes. Our governing documents do not contain any limitations on the amount of debt we may incur and we do not have a formal policy limiting the amount of debt we may incur in the future. Subject to the restrictions set forth in our debt agreements, our board of directors may establish and change our leverage policy at any time without shareholder approval. Any significant additional indebtedness could require a substantial portion of our cash flow to make interest and principal payments due on our indebtedness. Greater demands on our cash resources may reduce funds available to us to pay dividends, make capital expenditures and acquisitions, or carry out other aspects of our business strategy. Increased indebtedness can also limit our ability to adjust rapidly to changing market conditions, make us more vulnerable to general

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adverse economic and industry conditions and create competitive disadvantages for us compared to other companies with relatively lower debt levels. Increased future debt service obligations may limit our operational flexibility, including our ability to acquire assets, finance or refinance our assets, contribute assets to joint ventures or sell assets as needed.

Moreover, our ability to obtain additional financing and satisfy our financial obligations under our indebtedness outstanding from time to time will depend upon our future operating performance, which is subject to then prevailing general economic and credit market conditions, including interest rate levels and the availability of credit generally, and financial, business and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. A worsening of credit market conditions could materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms, if at all.

We may be unable to obtain additional financing or financing on favorable terms or our operating cash flow may be insufficient to satisfy our financial obligations under our indebtedness outstanding from time to time (if any). Among other things, the absence of an investment grade credit rating or any credit rating downgrade could increase our financing costs and could limit our access to financing sources. If financing is not available when needed, or is available on unfavorable terms, we may be unable to complete acquisitions or otherwise take advantage of business opportunities or respond to competitive pressures, any of which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Covenants in our debt agreements may limit our operational flexibility, and a covenant breach or default could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.

The agreements governing our indebtedness, including the indentures and our senior secured credit facilities, contain customary covenants, which may limit our operational flexibility. The indentures have terms customary for high yield senior notes, including covenants relating to debt incurrence, liens, restricted payments, asset sales, transactions with affiliates, and mergers or sales of all or substantially all of our assets, and customary provisions regarding optional redemption and events of default. Our credit agreement contains customary covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to grant liens on assets, incur indebtedness, sell assets, make investments, engage in acquisitions, mergers or consolidations and pay certain dividends and other restricted payments. The credit agreement also contains customary events of default and requires us to comply with specified financial maintenance covenants. Breaches of certain covenants may result in defaults and cross-defaults under certain of our other indebtedness, even if we satisfy our payment obligations to the respective obligee. In addition, defaults under the Master Lease, including defaults associated with the bankruptcy of the tenant or the termination of the Master Lease, may result in cross-defaults under certain of our indebtedness.

Covenants that limit our operational flexibility, as well as covenant breaches or defaults under our debt instruments, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations, or our ability to incur additional indebtedness or refinance existing indebtedness.

An increase in market interest rates could increase our interest costs on existing and future debt and could adversely affect our stock price.

If interest rates increase, so could our interest costs for any new debt and our variable rate debt obligations under the credit agreement. This increased cost could make the financing of any acquisition more costly, as well as lower our current period earnings. Rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the access third parties have to credit, thereby decreasing the amount they are willing to pay for our assets and consequently limiting our ability to reposition our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions. Further, the dividend yield on our common stock, as a percentage of the price of such common stock, will influence the price of such common stock. Thus, an increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of our common stock to expect a higher dividend yield, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

If we are not able to hire, or if we lose, key management personnel, we may not be able to successfully manage our business and achieve our objectives.

Our success depends in large part upon the leadership and performance of our executive management team, particularly our President and Chief Executive Officer, Kenneth Gunderman, and other key employees. If we lose the services of Mr. Gunderman or are not able to hire, or if we lose, other key employees we may not be able to successfully manage our business or achieve our business objectives.

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We or our tenants may experience uninsured or underinsured losses, which could result in a significant loss of the capital we have invested in a property, decrease anticipated future revenues or cause us to incur unanticipated expenses.

The Master Lease requires, and we expect that new lease agreements that we enter into will require, that the tenant maintain comprehensive insurance and hazard insurance or self-insure its insurance obligations. However, there are certain types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, that may be uninsurable or not economically insurable. Insurance coverage may not be sufficient to pay the full current market value or current replacement cost of a loss. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations, and other factors also might make it infeasible to use insurance proceeds to replace the property after such property has been damaged or destroyed. Under such circumstances, the insurance proceeds received might not be adequate to restore the economic position with respect to such property.

Our properties are located in 29 states, and if one of our properties experiences a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy coverage limits, we could lose the capital invested in the damaged property as well as the anticipated future cash flows from the property. If the damaged property is subject to recourse indebtedness, we could continue to be liable for the indebtedness even if the property is irreparably damaged.

In addition, even if damage to our properties is covered by insurance, a disruption of business caused by a casualty event may result in loss of revenue for our tenants or us. Any business interruption insurance may not fully compensate them or us for such loss of revenue. If one of our tenants experiences such a loss, it may be unable to satisfy its payment obligations to us under its lease with us.

We are dependent on the communications industry and may be susceptible to the risks associated with it, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.

As the owner of distribution systems serving the communications industry, we are impacted by the risks associated with the communications industry. Therefore, our success is to some degree dependent on the communications industry, which could be adversely affected by economic conditions in general, changes in consumer trends and preferences and other factors over which we and our tenants have no control. As we are subject to risks inherent in substantial investments in a single industry, a decrease in the communications business would likely have a greater adverse effect on our revenues than if we owned a more diversified real estate portfolio.

The communications industry is characterized by a high degree of competition among a large number of participants. Competition is intense between telecommunications, wireless and cable operators in most of the markets where our properties are located. As competing properties are constructed, the lease rates we assess for our properties may be negatively impacted upon renewal or new tenant pricing events.

Our business is subject to government regulations and changes in current or future laws or regulations could restrict our ability to operate our business in the manner currently contemplated.

Our business, and that of our tenants, is subject to federal, state, local and foreign regulation. In certain jurisdictions these regulations could be applied or enforced retroactively. Local zoning authorities and community organizations are often opposed to construction in their communities and these regulations can delay, prevent or increase the cost of new distribution system construction and modifications, thereby limiting our ability to respond to customer demands and requirements. Existing regulatory policies may materially and adversely affect the associated timing or cost of such projects and additional regulations may be adopted which increase delays or result in additional costs to us, or that prevent such projects in certain locations. These factors could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm our business.

We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information and to manage or support a variety of our business processes, including financial transactions and maintenance of records. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmitting and storing confidential information. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of the data maintained in our information systems, it is possible that our security measures will not be able to prevent the systems’ improper functioning, or the improper disclosure of information in the event of cyber-attacks. Physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar security breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our information systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could materially and adversely affect us.

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Risks Related to the Spin-Off

We may be unable to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve from the Spin-Off.

We believe that, as a publicly-traded company independent from Windstream, CS&L has the ability to pursue transactions with other telecommunications operators that would not pursue transactions with Windstream as a current competitor, to fund acquisitions with its equity on significantly more favorable terms than those that would be available to Windstream, and to pursue certain transactions that Windstream otherwise may be disadvantaged by or precluded from pursuing due to regulatory constraints. However, we may not be able to achieve some or all of the benefits that we expect to achieve as a company independent from Windstream in the time we expect, if at all. For instance, it may take longer than anticipated for operators to, or operators may never, embrace a lease structure for distribution system assets.

If the Spin-Off, together with certain related transactions, fails to qualify as a tax-free transaction for U.S. federal income tax purposes, both we and Windstream could be subject to significant tax liabilities and, in certain circumstances, we could be required to indemnify Windstream for material taxes pursuant to indemnification obligations under the tax matters agreement entered into in connection with the Spin-Off.

Windstream received a private letter ruling (the “IRS Ruling”) from the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) to the effect that, on the basis of certain facts presented and representations and assumptions set forth in the request submitted to the IRS, the Spin-Off will qualify as tax-free under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). Although a private letter ruling from the IRS generally is binding on the IRS, if the factual representations and assumptions made in the letter ruling request are untrue or incomplete in any material respect, then Windstream will not be able to rely on the IRS Ruling. In addition, the IRS Ruling does not address certain requirements for tax-free treatment of the Spin-Off under Sections 355 and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code and Windstream’s use of CS&L indebtedness and common stock to retire certain of Windstream’s indebtedness (the “debt exchanges”). Accordingly, the Spin-Off was conditioned upon the receipt by Windstream of a tax opinion from its counsel with respect to the requirements on which the IRS did not rule, which concluded that such requirements also should be satisfied. The tax opinion was based on, among other things, the IRS Ruling, current law and certain representations and assumptions as to factual matters made by Windstream and us. Any change in currently applicable law, which may or may not be retroactive, or the failure of any factual representation or assumption to be true, correct and complete in all material respects, could adversely affect the conclusions reached in the tax opinion. In addition, the tax opinion is not binding on the IRS or the courts, and the IRS and/or the courts may not agree with the tax opinion.

If the Spin-Off were determined to be taxable, Windstream would recognize taxable gain. Under the terms of the tax matters agreement entered into with Windstream in connection with the Spin-Off (the “Tax Matters Agreement”), we are generally responsible for any taxes imposed on Windstream that arise from the failure of the Spin-Off and the debt exchanges to qualify as tax-free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, within the meaning of Section 355 and Section 368(a)(1)(D) of the Code, as applicable, to the extent such failure to qualify is attributable to certain actions, events or transactions relating to our stock, indebtedness, assets or business, or a breach of the relevant representations or any covenants made by us in the Tax Matters Agreement, the materials submitted to the IRS in connection with the request for the IRS Ruling or the representations provided in connection with the tax opinion. Our indemnification obligations to Windstream are not limited by any maximum amount and such amounts could be substantial. If we are required to indemnify Windstream under the circumstances set forth in the Tax Matters Agreement, we may also be subject to substantial tax liabilities.

In addition, if the Spin-Off or the debt exchanges failed to qualify as tax free for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Windstream may incur significant tax liabilities that could materially affect Windstream’s ability to make payments under the Master Lease.

We may not be able to engage in desirable strategic transactions and equity issuances for two years following the Spin-Off because of certain restrictions relating to requirements for tax-free distributions for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In addition, we could be liable for adverse tax consequences resulting from engaging in significant strategic or capital-raising transactions.

To preserve the tax-free treatment to Windstream of the Spin-Off, for the two-year period following the Spin-Off, we may be prohibited, except in specific circumstances, from taking certain actions, including: (1) entering into any transaction pursuant to which all or a portion of our stock would be acquired, whether by merger or otherwise, (2) issuing equity securities beyond certain thresholds, or (3) repurchasing our common stock. In addition, we are prohibited from taking or failing to take any other action that prevents the Spin-Off and related transactions from being tax-free.

These restrictions may limit our ability to pursue strategic transactions or engage in new business or other transactions that may maximize the value of our business or to raise additional equity financing to fund debt source needs.

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Our agreements with Windstream may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiations with unaffiliated third parties.

The agreements that we entered into with Windstream in connection with the Spin-Off, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Master Lease, the Recognition Agreement, the Tax Matters Agreement, the Transition Services Agreement, the Employee Matters Agreement, the Wholesale Master Services Agreement, the Master Services Agreement, the Intellectual Property Matters Agreement, the Reverse Transition Services Agreement and the Stockholder’s and Registration Rights Agreement, were entered into in the context of the Spin-Off while we were still controlled by Windstream. As a result, they may not reflect terms that would have resulted from negotiations between unaffiliated third parties. The terms of the agreements entered into in the context of the Spin-Off concern, among other things, divisions and allocations of assets and liabilities and rights and obligations, between Windstream and us.

Our financial information prior to the Spin-Off may not be a reliable indicator of future results.

Our historical financial data may not reflect our business, financial position or results of operations had we been an independent, publicly-traded company during the periods presented, or what our business, financial position or results of operations will be in the future. Prior to the Spin-Off, our business was operated by Windstream as part of one corporate organization and not operated as a stand-alone company. Because the Distribution Systems and Consumer CLEC Business assets that comprise our business were not acquired by us until immediately prior to the Spin-Off, there are no historical financial statements for CS&L, and our historical financial statements are not indicative of our results of operations and financial condition following the Spin-Off. Significant changes have and will continue to occur in our cost structure, financing and business operations as a result of our operation as a stand-alone company and our transactions with Windstream that have not existed historically, including the Master Lease and an estimated $20 to $25 million of incremental general and administrative expenses that we expect to incur annually.

The Spin-Off could give rise to disputes or other unfavorable effects, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.

The Spin-Off may lead to increased operating and other expenses, of both a nonrecurring and a recurring nature, and to changes to certain operations, which expenses or changes could arise pursuant to arrangements made between Windstream and us or could trigger contractual rights of, and obligations to, third parties. Disputes with third parties could also arise out of these transactions. These increased expenses, changes to operations, disputes with third parties, or other effects could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. In addition, disputes with Windstream could arise in connection with the Separation and Distribution Agreement, the Master Lease, the Recognition Agreement, the Tax Matters Agreement, the Transition Services Agreement, the Employee Matters Agreement, the Wholesale Master Services Agreement, the Master Services Agreement, the Intellectual Property Matters Agreement, the Reverse Transition Services Agreement and the Stockholder’s and Registration Rights Agreement entered into in the context of the Spin-Off or other agreements.

The Spin-Off may expose us to potential liabilities arising out of state and federal fraudulent conveyance laws.

A court could deem the Spin-Off of our common stock or certain internal restructuring transactions undertaken by Windstream in connection therewith to be a fraudulent conveyance or transfer. Fraudulent conveyances or transfers are defined to include transfers made or obligations incurred with the actual intent to hinder, delay or defraud current or future creditors or transfers made or obligations incurred for less than reasonably equivalent value when the debtor was insolvent, or that rendered the debtor insolvent, inadequately capitalized or unable to pay its debts as they become due. In such circumstances, a court could void the transactions or impose substantial liabilities upon us, which could adversely affect our financial condition and our results of operations. Among other things, the court could require our shareholders to return to Windstream some or all of the shares of our common stock issued in the distribution, or require us to fund liabilities of other companies involved in the restructuring transactions for the benefit of creditors. Whether a transaction is a fraudulent conveyance or transfer will vary depending upon the jurisdiction whose law is being applied.

Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT

If we do not qualify as a REIT, or fail to remain qualified as a REIT, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax as a regular corporation and could face a substantial tax liability, which could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders.

We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes starting with our taxable year ending December 31, 2015. We received an opinion of tax counsel to Windstream with respect to our qualification as a REIT in connection with the Spin-Off. Investors should be aware, however, that opinions of counsel are not binding on the IRS or any court. The opinion of tax counsel represents only the view of such counsel based on its review and analysis of existing law and on certain representations as to factual matters and covenants made by us, including representations relating to the values of our assets and the sources of our income. The opinion is expressed as of the date issued. Tax counsel has no obligation to advise us or the holders of our common stock of any

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subsequent change in the matters stated, represented or assumed or of any subsequent change in applicable law. Furthermore, both the validity of the opinion of tax counsel and our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, shareholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis, the results of which will not be monitored by tax counsel. Our ability to satisfy the asset tests depends upon our analysis of the characterization and fair market values of our assets, some of which are not susceptible to a precise determination, and for which we will not obtain independent appraisals.

If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and dividends paid to our shareholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our shareholders, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the value of our common stock. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from re-electing to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.

Qualification as a REIT involves highly technical and complex provisions of the Code.

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code provisions for which only limited judicial and administrative authorities exist. Even a technical or inadvertent violation could jeopardize our REIT qualification. Our qualification as a REIT will depend on our satisfaction of certain asset, income, organizational, distribution, shareholder ownership and other requirements on a continuing basis. In addition, our ability to satisfy the requirements to qualify as a REIT may depend in part on the actions of third parties over which we have no control or only limited influence.

Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on us.

The rules dealing with federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury (Treasury). Changes to the tax laws affecting REITs or taxable REIT subsidiaries, which may have retroactive application, could adversely affect our stockholders or us. We cannot predict how changes in the tax laws might affect our stockholders or us. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance that new legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions will not significantly affect our ability to remain qualified as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, the determination of the amount of REIT taxable income or the amount of tax paid by the TRS.

If in any taxable year we fail to remain qualified as a REIT:

Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for dividends to our stockholders, which in turn could have an adverse impact on the value of our common stock. In addition, we would be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which the qualification was lost, unless we are entitled to relief under certain statutory provisions. As a result, net income and the funds available for dividends to our stockholders could be reduced for up to five years, which would have an adverse impact on the value of our common stock.

We could fail to qualify as a REIT if income we receive from Windstream is not treated as qualifying income.

Under applicable provisions of the Code, we will not be treated as a REIT unless we satisfy various requirements, including requirements relating to the sources of our gross income. Rents received or accrued by us from Windstream will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of these requirements if the Master Lease is not respected as a true lease for U.S. federal income tax purposes and is instead treated as a service contract, joint venture or some other type of arrangement. If the Master Lease is not respected as a true lease for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may fail to qualify as a REIT.

In addition, subject to certain exceptions, rents received or accrued by us from Windstream will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements if we or a beneficial or constructive owner of 10% or more of our stock beneficially or constructively owns 10% or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of Windstream Holdings stock entitled to vote or 10% or more of the total value of all classes of Windstream Holdings stock. Our charter provides for restrictions on ownership and transfer of our shares of stock, including restrictions on such ownership or transfer that would cause the rents received or accrued by us from Windstream to be treated as non-qualifying rent for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that such restrictions will be effective in ensuring that rents received or accrued by us from Windstream will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of REIT qualification requirements.

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Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate applicable to income from “qualified dividends” payable by U.S. corporations to U.S. shareholders that are individuals, trusts and estates is currently 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates. Although these rules do not adversely affect the taxation of REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are individuals, trusts and estates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our stock.

REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan.

We generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains, in order for us to qualify as a REIT (assuming that certain other requirements are also satisfied) so that U.S. federal corporate income tax does not apply to earnings that we distribute. To the extent that we satisfy this distribution requirement and qualify for taxation as a REIT but distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains, we will be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax on our undistributed net taxable income. In addition, we will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax if the actual amount that we distribute to our shareholders in a calendar year is less than a minimum amount specified under U.S. federal income tax laws. We intend to make distributions to our shareholders to comply with the REIT requirements of the Code.

Our FFO is currently generated primarily by rents paid under the Master Lease. From time to time, we may generate taxable income greater than our cash flow as a result of differences in timing between the recognition of taxable income and the actual receipt of cash or the effect of nondeductible capital expenditures, the creation of reserves or required debt or amortization payments. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we could be required to borrow funds on unfavorable terms, sell assets at disadvantageous prices or distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions in order to make distributions sufficient to enable us to pay out enough of our taxable income to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement and to avoid corporate income tax, including the 4% excise tax in a particular year. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to grow, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we may face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow.

Even if we remain qualified for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain U.S. federal, state and local taxes on our income and assets, including taxes on any undistributed income and state or local income, property and transfer taxes. For example, we hold some of our assets and conduct certain of our activities through a TRS subsidiary corporation that is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate-level income taxes as a regular C corporation. In addition, we may incur a 100% excise tax on transactions with a TRS if they are not conducted on an arm’s-length basis. Any of these taxes could decrease cash available for distribution to our shareholders.

Complying with the REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive acquisition opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments.

To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must ensure that, at the end of each calendar quarter, at least 75% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash items, government securities and “real estate assets” (as defined in the Code). The remainder of our investments (other than government securities, qualified real estate assets and securities issued by a TRS) generally cannot include more than 10% of the outstanding voting securities of any one issuer or more than 10% of the total value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer. In addition, in general, no more than 5% of the value of our total assets (other than government securities, qualified real estate assets and securities issued by a TRS) can consist of the securities of any one issuer, and no more than 25% of the value of our total assets (or 20% after December 31, 2017) can be represented by securities of one or more TRSs. If we fail to comply with these requirements at the end of any calendar quarter, we must correct the failure within 30 days after the end of the calendar quarter or qualify for certain statutory relief provisions to avoid losing our REIT qualification and suffering adverse tax consequences. As a result, we may be required to liquidate or forego otherwise attractive investments. These actions could have the effect of reducing our income and amounts available for distribution to our shareholders.

In addition to the asset tests set forth above, to qualify as a REIT we must continually satisfy tests concerning, among other things, the sources of our income, the amounts we distribute to our shareholders and the ownership of our stock. We may be unable to pursue investments that would be otherwise advantageous to us in order to satisfy the source-of-income or asset-diversification requirements for qualifying as a REIT. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may hinder our ability to make certain attractive investments.

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Complying with the REIT requirements may limit our ability to hedge effectively and may cause us to incur tax liabilities.

The REIT provisions of the Code substantially limit our ability to hedge our assets and liabilities. Income from certain hedging transactions that we may enter into to manage risk of interest rate changes with respect to borrowings made or to be made to acquire or carry real estate assets does not constitute “gross income” for purposes of the 75% or 95% gross income tests that apply to REITs, provided that certain identification requirements are met. To the extent that we enter into other types of hedging transactions or fail to properly identify any such transaction as a hedge, the income is likely to be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of both of the gross income tests. As a result of these rules, we may be required to limit our use of advantageous hedging techniques or implement those hedges through a TRS. This could increase the cost of our hedging activities because the TRS may be subject to tax on gains or expose us to greater risks associated with changes in interest rates than we would otherwise want to bear. In addition, losses in the TRS will generally not provide any tax benefit, unless such losses are able to be carried back or forward against past or future taxable income in the TRS.

Even if we qualify as a REIT, we could be subject to tax on any unrealized net built-in gains in our assets held before electing to be treated as a REIT.

We own certain appreciated assets that we acquired from Windstream pursuant to the Spin-Off. If we dispose of any such appreciated assets during the five-year period following our qualification as a REIT, we will be subject to tax at the highest corporate tax rates on any gain from such assets to the extent of the excess of the fair market value of the assets on the date that we became a REIT over the adjusted tax basis of such assets on such date, which are referred to as built-in gains. We will be subject to this tax liability even if we qualify and maintain our status as a REIT. Any recognized built-in gain will retain its character as ordinary income or capital gain and will be taken into account in determining REIT taxable income and our distribution requirement. Any tax on the recognized built-in gain will reduce REIT taxable income. We may choose not to sell such appreciated assets in a taxable transaction during the five-year period in which the built-in gain tax applies in order to avoid the built-in gain tax. However, there can be no assurances that such a taxable transaction will not occur. If we sell such assets in a taxable transaction, the amount of corporate tax that we will pay will vary depending on the actual amount of net built-in gain or loss present in those assets as of the time we became a REIT. The amount of tax could be significant.

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may fluctuate widely.

We cannot predict the prices at which our common stock may trade. The market price of our common stock has fluctuated significantly since it began trading on April 20, 2015 and may continue to fluctuate significantly, depending upon many factors, some of which may be beyond our control, including, but not limited to:

Stock markets in general have experienced volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of a particular company. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.

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Future sales or distributions of our common stock, including the disposition by Windstream of our common stock that Windstream retained after the Spin-Off, could depress the market price for shares of our common stock.

In the Spin-Off, Windstream retained 29,385,064 shares of our common stock. Windstream has informed us that it intends to transfer the shares retained in the Spin-Off opportunistically during an 18 month period following the Spin-Off, subject to market conditions, to retire debt.

In addition, some of the holders of shares of our common stock are index funds tied to stock or investment indices or are institutional investors bound by various investment guidelines. Companies are generally selected for investment indices, and in some cases selected by institutional investors, based on factors such as market capitalization, industry, trading liquidity and financial condition. Our common stock may not qualify for those investment indices and may not meet the investment guidelines of some institutional investors. Consequently, these index funds and institutional investors may have to sell some or all of our common stock they received in the Spin-Off.

Any disposition by Windstream or any other of our significant shareholders, such as index funds and institutional investors, of shares of our common stock, or the perception in the market that such dispositions could occur, may cause the share price of our common stock to fall. Any such decline could impair our ability to sell shares of our common stock in the future at favorable market prices.

We cannot assure you of our ability to pay dividends in the future.

It is expected that our dividend will be $2.40 per share per annum, subject to approval of our board of directors. In no event will the annual dividend be less than 90% of our REIT taxable income on an annual basis, determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and excluding any net capital gains. Our ability to pay dividends may be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the risk factors herein. Dividends will be authorized by our board of directors and declared by us based upon a number of factors, including actual results of operations, restrictions under Maryland law or applicable debt covenants, our financial condition, our taxable income, the annual distribution requirements under the REIT provisions of the Code, our operating expenses and other factors our directors deem relevant. We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash dividends or year-to-year increases in cash dividends in the future.

Furthermore, while we are required to pay dividends in order to maintain our REIT status (as described above under “Risks Related to Our Status as a REIT— REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan”), we may elect not to maintain our REIT status, in which case we would no longer be required to pay such dividends. Moreover, even if we do maintain our REIT status, after completing various procedural steps, we may elect to comply with the applicable distribution requirements by distributing, under certain circumstances, shares of our common stock in lieu of cash. If we elect not to maintain our REIT status or to satisfy any required distributions in shares of common stock in lieu of cash, such action could negatively affect our business and financial condition as well as the market price of our common stock. No assurance can be given that we will pay any dividends on shares of our common stock in the future.

Our charter restricts the ownership and transfer of our outstanding stock, which may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or change of control of our company.

In order for us to qualify as a REIT, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding shares of stock may be owned, beneficially or constructively, by five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of each taxable year after the first year for which we elect to be taxed and qualify as a REIT. Additionally, at least 100 persons must beneficially own our stock during at least 335 days of a taxable year (other than the first taxable year for which we elect to be taxed and qualify as a REIT). Our charter, with certain exceptions, authorizes our board of directors to take such actions as are necessary or advisable to preserve our qualification as a REIT. Our charter also provides that, unless exempted by the board of directors, no person may own more than 9.8% in value or in number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% in value of the aggregate of the outstanding shares of all classes and series of our stock. Windstream is exempt from these ownership restrictions. The constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause shares of stock owned directly or constructively by a group of related individuals or entities to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. These ownership limits could delay or prevent a transaction or a change in control of us that might involve a premium price for shares of our stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our shareholders. The acquisition of less than 9.8% of our outstanding stock by an individual or entity could cause that individual or entity to own constructively in excess of 9.8% in value of our outstanding stock, and thus violate our charter’s ownership limit. Our charter also prohibits any person from owning shares of our stock that would result in our being “closely held” under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT. In addition, our charter provides that (i) no person shall beneficially own shares of stock to the extent such beneficial ownership of stock would result in us failing to qualify as a “domestically controlled qualified investment entity” within the meaning of Section 897(h) of the Code, and (ii) no person shall beneficially or constructively own shares of stock to the extent such beneficial or constructive ownership would cause us to own, beneficially or constructively,

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more than a 9.9% interest (as set forth in Section 856(d)(2)(B) of the Code) in a tenant of our real property. Any attempt to own or transfer shares of our stock in violation of these restrictions may result in the transfer being automatically void.

Maryland law and provisions in our charter and bylaws may delay or prevent takeover attempts by third parties and therefore inhibit our shareholders from realizing a premium on their stock.

Our charter and bylaws contain, and Maryland law contains, provisions that are intended to deter coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids and to encourage prospective acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors, rather than to attempt a hostile takeover. Our charter and bylaws, among other things, (1) contain transfer and ownership restrictions on the percentage by number and value of outstanding shares of our stock that may be owned or acquired by any shareholder; (2) provide that shareholders are not allowed to act by written consent; (3) permit the board of directors, without further action of the shareholders, to increase or decrease the authorized number of shares and to issue and fix the terms of one or more classes or series of preferred stock, which may have rights senior to those of the common stock; (4) permit only the board of directors to amend the bylaws; (5) establish certain advance notice procedures for shareholder proposals and director nominations; and (6) designate the Maryland courts as the exclusive forum for resolving certain claims.

We believe these provisions protect our shareholders from coercive or otherwise unfair takeover tactics by requiring potential acquirors to negotiate with our board of directors and by providing our board of directors with more time to assess any acquisition proposal. These provisions are not intended to make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions will apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some shareholders and could delay or prevent an acquisition that our board of directors determines is not in our best interests. These provisions may also prevent or discourage attempts to remove and replace incumbent directors.

Failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley”) could have a material adverse effect on our business and stock price.

As a public company with SEC reporting obligations, we are required to document and test our internal control procedures to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley (“Section 404”), which will require annual assessments by management and our independent registered public accounting firm of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our financial statements as of and for the year ending December 31, 2016. During the course of our testing, we may identify deficiencies that we are unable to remediate in a timely manner. Testing and maintaining our internal control over financial reporting may also divert management’s attention from other matters that are important to the operation of our business. We may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 or our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able or willing to issue an unqualified report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective, we cannot be certain as to the timing of completion of our evaluation, testing, and remediation actions or its effect on our operations because there is presently no precedent available by which to measure compliance adequacy. Moreover, any material weakness or other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting may impede our ability to file timely and accurate reports with the SEC. Any of the above could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information or our common stock listing on NASDAQ to be suspended or terminated, which could have a negative effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None

Item 2. Properties.

CS&L and its subsidiaries own approximately 64,200 fiber network route miles, representing approximately 3.6 million fiber strand miles, approximately 230,800 route miles of copper cable lines, central office land and buildings across 29 states and beneficial rights to permits, pole agreements and easements. Below is the summary of the fiber and copper assets that are leased to Windstream Holdings pursuant to the Master Lease, as well as a map showing the geographic distribution of such assets by fiber and copper mileage:

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Network Route Miles

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to claims and administrative proceedings, none of which we believe are material or would be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, Windstream has agreed to indemnify us (including our subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees and agents and certain other related parties) for any liability arising from or relating to legal proceedings involving Windstream's telecommunications business prior to the Spin-Off, and, pursuant to the Master Lease, Windstream has agreed to indemnify us for, among other things, any use, misuse, maintenance or repair by Windstream with respect to the Distribution Systems. Windstream is currently a party to various legal actions and administrative proceedings, including various claims arising in the ordinary course of its telecommunications business, which are subject to the indemnities provided by Windstream to us. While these actions and proceedings are not believed to be material, individually or in the aggregate, the ultimate outcome of these matters cannot be predicted. The resolution of any such legal proceedings, either individually or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on Windstream's business, financial position or results of operations, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations if Windstream is unable to meet their indemnification obligations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

None

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our common stock is traded in the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “CSAL.” It has been our policy to declare quarterly dividends to common shareholders so as to comply with the provisions governing REITs. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices per share of our common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market since our common stock commenced trading on April 20, 2015, and the cash dividends declared per common share:

* Information not applicable for periods presented or any prior periods

Holders

As of February 29, 2016, the closing price of our common stock was $18.85 per share as reported on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. As of February 23, 2016, we had 150,511,547 outstanding shares of common stock and an approximate 202,343 record holders.

Dividends (Distributions)

Distributions with respect to our common stock is characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gains dividends, non-dividend distribution or a combination thereof. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 our common stock distribution per share attributable to 2015 was $1.04, characterized as follows:

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The following graph shows a comparison from April 20, 2015 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market) through December 31, 2015 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, the Standard & Poor's 400 Stock Index (S&P 400 Index), and the MSCI US REIT Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market open on April 20, 2015 and that all dividends were reinvested in the common stock of CS&L, the S&P 400 Index and the MSCI US REIT Index. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

Cumulative Total Stockholder Returns

Based on Investment of $100.00 Beginning on April 20, 2015

Item 6. Selected Financial Data.

The following table sets forth selected financial data for CS&L on a consolidated and combined historical basis as of the dates and for the years indicated.

Prior to April 24, 2015, we did not operate the Consumer CLEC Business separately from Windstream, nor did we commence our leasing business. The selected historical financial data as of December 31, 2014 and 2013 and for the period from January 1, 2015 to April 24, 2015 and the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012 has been derived from the audited financial statements of the Consumer CLEC Business and Distribution Systems.

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The following should be read in conjunction with the combined financial statements, accompanying notes and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, each of which are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

* Information not applicable for periods presented

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations describes the principal factors affecting the results of our operations, financial condition, and changes in financial condition for the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Because we were formed in connection with a spin-off from Windstream Holdings on April 24, 2015, year to date financial results discussed in this section cover only a partial year of operations and no year-over-year comparisons are included. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the accompanying audited financial statements, and the notes thereto set forth in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

Company Description

On April 24, 2015, CS&L completed the Spin-Off from Windstream pursuant to which Windstream contributed the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business to CS&L and CS&L issued common stock and indebtedness and paid cash obtained from borrowings under CS&L's senior credit facilities to Windstream. In connection with the Spin-Off, we entered into the Master Lease with Windstream, pursuant to which substantially all real property currently owned by CS&L is leased to Windstream Holdings and from which all of CS&L's rental revenues are currently derived.

We are an internally managed real estate investment trust engaged in the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. We are principally focused on acquiring and constructing fiber optic broadband networks, wireless communications towers, copper and coaxial broadband networks and data centers. Presently, our primary source of revenue is rental revenues from leasing our Distributions Systems to Windstream Holdings under the Master Lease. We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes starting with our taxable year ending December 31, 2015.

The Consumer CLEC Business, which was historically reported as an integrated operation within Windstream, offers voice, broadband, long-distance, and value-added services to residential customers located primarily in rural locations. Substantially all of the network assets used to provide these services to customers are contracted through interconnection agreements with other telecommunications carriers. Prior to the Spin-Off, Windstream ceased accepting new residential customers in the service areas covered by the Consumer CLEC Business. Beginning in the fourth quarter, we commenced sales and marketing efforts in select markets to slow customer attrition. We and Talk America have jointly elected to treat the Consumer CLEC Business as a "taxable REIT subsidiary" (“TRS”) effective on the first day of the first taxable year that CS&L qualifies as a REIT.

We expect to grow and diversify our portfolio and tenant base by pursuing a range of transaction structures with communication service providers, including, (i) Sale Leaseback Transactions, whereby we acquire existing infrastructure assets from communication service providers and lease them back on a long-term triple net basis; (ii) Whole Company Acquisitions, which may include the use of one or more TRSs, which are permitted under the tax laws to acquire non-REIT operating businesses and assets; (iii) Capital Investment Financing, whereby we offer communication service providers a cost efficient method of raising funds for discrete capital investments to upgrade or expand their network; and (iv) Mergers and Acquisitions Financing, whereby we facilitate mergers and acquisition transactions as a capital partner.

Significant Business Developments

On April 24, 2015, we, along with our wholly-owned subsidiary CSL Capital, LLC ("CSL Capital"), co-issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Secured Notes”) and $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “Senior Notes” and together with the Secured Notes, the “Notes”), both of which were issued to Windstream Services in connection with the Spin-Off. Additionally, we and CSL Capital entered into a credit agreement (the "Credit Agreement"), which provides for a $2.14 billion Senior Secured Term Loan B facility due October 24, 2022 (the “Term Loan Facility”) and a $500 million senior secured revolving credit facility maturing April 2020 (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Facilities”).

On April 27, 2015, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Term Loan Facility. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges and have a notional value of $2.13 billion and mature on October 24, 2022. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below for additional information regarding the Notes, Credit Agreement and interest rate swaps.

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On January 7, 2016, we announced that we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) to acquire PEG Bandwidth, LLC (“PEG”).  PEG is currently owned by affiliates of Associated Partners, L.P. PEG is a leading provider of infrastructure solutions including cell site backhaul and dark fiber for telecom carriers and enterprises.  PEG has an extensive fiber network consisting of over 300,000 strand miles in the Northeast / Mid Atlantic, Illinois and South Central regions of the U.S. Upon closing, the PEG transaction will diversify our portfolio and is expected to contribute approximately 10% consolidated annualized revenues.

The purchase price for all outstanding equity interests of PEG is valued at $409 million, subject to adjustment, and will include $315 million of cash, issuance of one million shares of the Company’s common stock, and the issuance of 87,500 shares of the Company’s 3% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.  We intend to fund the cash portion of the transaction through cash on hand and borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility. The transaction is subject to regulatory approvals and other customary terms and conditions. At the closing of the transaction, which we anticipate will occur in April 2016, our board of directors will increase the number of directors serving on the CS&L board by one director and will nominate an individual designated by an affiliate of Associated Partners (and reasonably acceptable to CS&L) to the board of directors of CS&L.

Components of Income and Results of Operations for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015

Revenues

At present, our revenues are primarily attributable to rental revenue from leasing our Distribution Systems to Windstream Holdings pursuant to the Master Lease. Under the Master Lease, Windstream Holdings is primarily responsible for the costs related to operating the Distribution Systems, including property taxes, insurance, and maintenance and repair costs. The Master Lease has an initial term of 15 years with four (4) five-year renewal options and encompasses properties located in 29 states. The rent for the initial term is an annual fixed amount of $650 million during the first three years of the Master Lease. Commencing with the fourth year of the Master Lease and continuing for the remainder of the initial term, rent under the Master Lease is subject to annual escalation of 0.5%. Rental revenues over the 15 year initial term of the Master Lease will be recognized in the financial statements on a straight line basis, representing approximately $667.2 million per year. The Master Lease further provides that tenant funded capital improvements (“TCI’s”), defined as maintenance, repair, overbuild, upgrade or replacement to leased network, including without limitation, the replacement of copper distribution systems with fiber distribution systems, automatically become property of CS&L upon their construction by Windstream. We receive non-monetary consideration related to TCIs as they automatically become our property, and we recognize the cost basis of TCIs that are capital in nature as real estate investments and deferred revenue. We depreciate the real estate investments over their estimated useful lives and amortize the deferred revenue as additional leasing revenues over the same depreciable life of the TCI assets. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $458.6 million of revenue under the Master Lease, which includes $0.8 million of TCI revenue.

Because substantially all of our revenue is derived from lease payments by Windstream pursuant to the Master Lease, there could be a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, liquidity and/or financial condition if Windstream experiences operating difficulties and becomes unable to generate sufficient cash to make payments to us. In recent years, Windstream has experienced annual declines in its total revenue and sales. Accordingly, we monitor the credit quality of Windstream through numerous methods, including by (i) reviewing the credit ratings of Windstream by nationally recognized credit rating agencies, (ii) reviewing the financial statements of Windstream that are publicly available and that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the Master Lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding Windstream and its businesses, (iv) conducting research to ascertain industry trends potentially affecting Windstream, and (v) monitoring the timeliness of its lease payments.

In addition to periodic financial statements, pursuant to the Master Lease we are entitled to receive (i) a detailed consolidated budget on an annual basis and any significant revisions approved by Windstream’s board of directors, (ii) prompt notice of any adverse action or investigation by a governmental authority relating to Windstream’s licenses affecting the leased property, and (iii) information we require to comply with our reporting and filing obligations with the SEC. Furthermore, pursuant to the Master Lease, we may inspect the properties leased to Windstream upon reasonable advance notice, and, no more than twice per year, we may require Windstream to deliver an officer’s certificate certifying, among other things, its material compliance with the covenants under the Master Lease, the amount of rent and additional charges payable thereunder, the dates the same were paid, and any other questions or statements of fact we reasonably request.

For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $17.7 million of revenue from the Consumer CLEC Business. As of December 31, 2015, we serviced approximately 46,000 customers as compared to 54,000 customers serviced by Windstream at December 31, 2014. The decrease in customers is due to the effects of competition and customer attrition. Beginning in the fourth quarter, we commenced sales and marketing efforts in select markets to slow customer attrition.

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Interest Expense

Interest expense for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 totaled $181.8 million, which includes non-cash interest expense of $10.0 million resulting from the amortization of our debt discounts and debt issuance costs. Our interest expense includes the impact of our interest rate swap agreements.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

We incur depreciation and amortization expense related to our real estate investments, corporate assets and customer list intangible assets. Charges for depreciation and amortization for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 totaled $238.7 million, which included real estate investment depreciation of $235.9 million, corporate asset depreciation of $0.2 million and intangible asset amortization of $2.6 million.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses include compensation costs (including stock-based compensation awards), professional and legal services, corporate office costs and other costs associated with administrative activities. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, general and administrative costs totaled $11.2 million (representing 2.4% of revenue), which includes $1.9 million of stock-based compensation expense.

CLEC Operating Expense

We are party to a Wholesale Master Services Agreement (“Wholesale Agreement”) and a Master Services Agreement (“Master Services Agreement”) with Windstream related to the Consumer CLEC Business. Under the Wholesale Agreement, Windstream provides us transport services (local and long distance telecommunications service), provisioning services (directory assistance, directory listing, service activation and service changes), and repair services (routine and emergency network maintenance, network audits and network security). Under the Master Services Agreement, Windstream provides billing and collections services to CS&L. Expense associated with the Consumer CLEC Business, for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, primarily related to the Wholesale Agreement ($10.1 million or 2.1% of revenue) and the Master Services Agreement ($1.1 million or 0.2% of revenue), and also included costs arising under the interconnection agreements with other telecommunication carriers.

Reportable Segments

We manage our operations as two reportable business segments: Leasing and Consumer CLEC. Our Leasing segment represents our REIT operations and corporate expenses not directly attributable to the Consumer CLEC. The Consumer CLEC segment represents the operations of our Consumer CLEC Business and corporate expenses directly attributable to the operation of that business. We evaluate the performance of each segment based on Adjusted EBITDA.

The following table sets forth, for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, revenues and Adjusted EBITDA of our reportable segments:

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We refer to EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, Funds From Operations, or “FFO” (as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”)), and Adjusted Funds From Operations, or “AFFO,” in our analysis of our results of operations, which

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are not required by, or presented in accordance with, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). While we believe that net income, as defined by GAAP, is the most appropriate earnings measure, we also believe that EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, FFO and AFFO are important non-GAAP supplemental measures of operating performance for a REIT.

We define "EBITDA" as net income, as defined by GAAP, before interest expense, provision for income taxes and depreciation and amortization. We define "Adjusted EBITDA" as EBITDA less stock-based compensation expense and the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of acquisition and transaction related expenses, the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs, costs incurred as a result of the early repayment of debt, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and financial instruments, and other similar items. We believe EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are important supplemental measures to net income because they provide additional information to evaluate our operating performance on an unleveraged basis. Since EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, they should not be considered as an alternative to net income determined in accordance with GAAP.

Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets requires the recognition of depreciation expense except on land, such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. However, since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market and other conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that uses historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. Thus, NAREIT created FFO as a supplemental measure of operating performance for REITs that excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, among other items, from net income, as defined by GAAP. FFO is defined by NAREIT as net income attributable to common shareholders computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from real estate dispositions, plus real estate depreciation and amortization and impairment charges. We compute FFO in accordance with NAREIT's definition. We define AFFO as FFO excluding (i) noncash revenues and expenses such as stock-based compensation expense, amortization of debt discounts, amortization of deferred financing costs, amortization of intangible assets, straight-line rental revenue, and revenue associated with the amortization of TCIs and (ii) the impact, which may be recurring in nature, of the following items: acquisition and transaction related expenses, the write off of unamortized deferred financing costs, costs incurred as a result of the early repayment of debt, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration and financial instruments, and other similar items. We believe that the use of FFO and AFFO, combined with the required GAAP presentations, improves the understanding of operating results of REITs among investors and makes comparisons of operating results among such companies more meaningful. We consider FFO and AFFO to be useful measures for reviewing comparative operating and financial performance. In particular, we believe AFFO, by excluding certain revenue and expense items, can help investors compare our operating performance between periods and to other REITs on a consistent basis without having to account for differences caused by unanticipated items and events, such as acquisition and transaction related costs. While FFO and AFFO are relevant and widely used measures of operating performance of REITs, they do not represent cash flows from operations or net income as defined by GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to those measures in evaluating our liquidity or operating performance. FFO and AFFO do not purport to be indicative of cash available to fund our future cash requirements.

Further, our computations of EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA, FFO and AFFO may not be comparable to that reported by other REITs or companies that do not define FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT definition or that interpret the current NAREIT definition or define EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA and AFFO differently than we do.

The reconciliation of our net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA and of our net income applicable to common shareholders to FFO and AFFO for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 is as follows:

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Critical Accounting Estimates

We make certain judgments and use certain estimates and assumptions when applying accounting principles in the preparation of our financial statements. The nature of the estimates and assumptions are material due to the levels of subjectivity and judgment necessary to account for highly uncertain factors or the susceptibility of such factors to change. We have identified the accounting for income taxes, revenue recognition, useful lives of assets, and the impairment of property, plant and equipment as critical accounting estimates, as they are the most important to our financial statement presentation and require difficult, subjective and complex judgments.

We believe the current assumptions and other considerations used to estimate amounts reflected in our financial statements are appropriate. However, if actual experience differs from the assumptions and other considerations used in estimating amounts reflected in our financial statements, the resulting changes could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and, in certain situations, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

Income Taxes

We intend to elect on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ending December 31, 2015 to be treated as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders, and meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including asset holding requirements. As a REIT, we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates, and we could not deduct dividends paid to our shareholders in computing taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to shareholders. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from reelecting to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.

To maintain REIT status, we must distribute a minimum of 90% of our taxable income. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our income to holders of our common stock, and therefore no provision is required in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for U.S. federal income taxes related to the activities of the REIT and its passthrough subsidiaries. We are subject to the statutory requirements of the locations in which we conduct business, and state and local income taxes are accrued as deemed required in the best judgment of management based on analysis and interpretation of respective tax laws.

We have elected to treat certain subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). This enables us to engage in activities that do not result in income that would be qualifying income for a REIT, such as our Consumer CLEC Business. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized under the asset and liability method for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in

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which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period of the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized.

We recognize the benefit of tax positions that are "more likely than not" to be sustained upon examination based on their technical merit. The benefit of a tax position is measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.  If applicable, we will report tax-related penalties and interest expense as a component of income tax expense.

The Company will be subject to a federal corporate level tax (currently 35%) on any gain recognized from the sale of assets occurring within a specified recognition period after the Spin-Off up to the amount of the built in gain that existed on April 24, 2015, which is based on the fair market value of the assets in excess of the Company’s tax basis as of such date.  Recently enacted legislation reduces the applicable recognition period from 10 years to 5 years as of 2016.  The Company has no plans to dispose of the assets it acquired through the Spin-Off within the applicable recognition period.

Revenue Recognition

Leasing revenues are primarily derived from providing access to or usage of leased networks and facilities. Leasing revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the initial lease term. Revenues derived from other telecommunications services, including broadband, long distance and enhanced service revenues are recognized monthly as services are provided. Sales of customer premise equipment and modems are recognized when products are delivered to and accepted by customers.

Useful Lives of Assets

The calculation of depreciation and amortization expense is based on the estimated economic useful lives of the underlying property, plant and equipment and customer lists intangible assets. Some of our Distribution Systems assets use a group composite depreciation method. Under this method, when plant is retired, the original cost, net of salvage value, is charged against accumulated depreciation and no immediate gain or loss is recognized on the disposition of the plant.

Rapid changes in technology or changes in market conditions could result in significant changes to the estimated useful lives of our property, plant and equipment that could materially affect the carrying value of these assets and our future operating results. An extension of the average useful life of our property, plant and equipment of one year would decrease depreciation expense by approximately $19.9 million per year, while a reduction in the average useful life of one year would increase depreciation expense by approximately $22.4 million per year.

At December 31, 2015, our unamortized customer lists intangible assets totaled $10.5 million. The customer lists are amortized using the sum-of-the-years digits method over their estimated useful lives. A reduction in the average useful lives of the customer lists of one year would have increased the amount of amortization expense recorded in 2015 by approximately $0.4 million.

Impairment of Property, Plant, and Equipment

We continually monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amount of our property, plant and equipment may not be recoverable or realized. When indicators of potential impairment suggest that the carrying value may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability by estimating whether we will recover the carrying value of those assets through its undiscounted future cash flows and the eventual disposition of the asset. If, based on this analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of our property, plant and equipment, we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the related assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal liquidity needs are to fund operating expenses, meet debt service requirements, fund investment activities, and make dividend distributions. Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources are cash on hand, cash provided by operating activities (primarily arising under the Master Lease with Windstream), borrowings under our Credit Agreement, and proceeds from the issuance of debt and equity securities.

As of December 31, 2015, we had approximately $642.5 million of liquidity, consisting of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $142.5 million and $500 million of unused borrowing availability under the Revolving Credit Facility

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Cash provided by operating activities was $293.2 million for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015 driven by favorable changes in working capital, primarily attributable to our leasing activities.

Cash used in investing activities was $1.1 billion for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, due to consideration paid to Windstream for their contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off, ($1.04 billion), and capital expenditures of $44 million, primarily due to the funding of capital expenditures related to the Distribution Systems ($43 million).

Cash provided by financing activities was $928.7 million for the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, which primarily represents the proceeds received from the Term Loan Facility of $1.1 billion, partially offset by dividend payments of $156.9 million.

Master Lease

The Master Lease has an initial term of 15 years which, at the option of Windstream, may be extended for up to four renewal terms of five years each beyond the initial term. In addition, Windstream has the right to extend the initial term from 15 years to 20 years and, if exercised, the number of renewal terms will be reduced to three so that the maximum term (taking into account all renewals) is 35 years. The initial annual rent under the Master Lease is $650 million during the first three years. Commencing with the fourth year the rent is subject to annual escalation of 0.5%. The rent for the first year of each renewal term will be an amount agreed to by us and Windstream, or if we are unable to agree, the renewal rent will be determined by an independent appraisal process. Commencing with the second year of each renewal term, the renewal rent will increase at an escalation rate of 0.5%. In addition, if we fund any capital improvements by Windstream, the rent will be increased to account for such funding.

Senior Notes

At December 31, 2015, we had outstanding $400.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Secured Notes”) and $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “Senior Notes” and collectively with the Secured Notes, the “Notes”).  The Secured Notes are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company, CSL Capital and certain of our wholly owned domestic subsidiaries, each of which also guarantees indebtedness under our senior credit facilities (the “Guarantors”), subject to certain exceptions, and are guaranteed by the Guarantors. The Notes contain customary high yield covenants limiting our ability to incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; incur or guarantee secured indebtedness; pay dividends or distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, capital stock; make certain investments or other restricted payments; sell assets; enter into transactions with affiliates; merge or consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our assets; and create restrictions on our ability to pay dividends. The covenants are subject to a number of important and significant limitations, qualifications and exceptions.

The Notes were issued to Windstream as partial consideration for the contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off, and we did not receive any proceeds from the issuance of the Notes.

Credit Agreement

Our Credit Agreement consists of a $2,140 million senior secured term loan B facility that matures on October 24, 2022 (the “Term Loan Facility”) and a $500 million revolving credit facility that matures on April 24, 2020 (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The Term Loan Facility bears interest at a rate equal to a Eurodollar rate, subject to a 1.00% floor, plus an applicable margin equal to 4.00%, and is subject to amortization of 1.00% per annum. The Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.75% to 2.25% based on our consolidated secured leverage ratio as defined in the Credit Agreement. Borrowings under the Credit Agreement are guaranteed the Guarantors, and are secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company, CSL Capital and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions, which assets also secure the Secured Notes. We are subject to customary covenants under the Credit Agreement, including an obligation to maintain a consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, not to exceed 5.00 to 1.00. We are permitted, subject to customary conditions, to incur incremental term loan borrowings and/or increased commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount equal to $150 million plus, an unlimited amount, so long as, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to any such increases, our consolidated total leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 6.50 to 1.00 and our consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 4.00 to 1.00.

The Company transferred $1.04 billion of cash proceeds under our Term Loan Facility to Windstream as partial consideration for the contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off. After giving effect to the borrowings under the Facilities and the transfer of cash to Windstream, the Company retained net borrowing proceeds of $62.2 million.

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Interest Rate Swaps

On April 27, 2015 we entered into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Term Loan Facility. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges and have a notional value of $2.13 billion and mature on October 24, 2022. The weighted average fixed rate paid is 2.105%, and the variable rate received resets monthly to the one-month LIBOR subject to a minimum rate of 1.0%.

PEG Transaction

On January 7, 2016, we announced that we entered into an agreement to acquire PEG. The purchase price for all outstanding equity interests of PEG is valued at $409 million, subject to adjustment, and will include $315 million of cash, issuance of one million shares of the Company’s common stock, and the issuance of 87,500 shares of the Company’s 3% Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.  We intend to fund the cash portion of the transaction through cash on hand and borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

We will pay cumulative dividends on each share of the Convertible Preferred Stock at a rate of 3.00% per annum on the initial liquidation preference of $1,000 per share. Dividends will accrue and cumulate from the date of issuance and, to the extent that CS&L is legally permitted to pay dividends and its board of directors declares a dividend payable, CS&L will pay dividends quarterly in cash.

Outlook

We anticipate our cash on hand and borrowing availability under our Revolving Credit Facility, combined with our cash flows provided by leasing activities will be sufficient to fund our business operations, debt service and distributions to our shareholders over the next twelve months. However, we may take advantage of opportunities to generate additional liquidity through capital markets transactions. The amount, nature and timing of any capital markets transactions will depend on: our operating performance and other circumstances; our then-current commitments and obligations; the amount, nature and timing of our capital requirements; any limitations imposed by our current credit arrangements; and overall market conditions. These expectations are forward-looking and subject to a number of uncertainties and assumptions. If our expectations about our liquidity prove to be incorrect, we could be subject to a shortfall in liquidity in the future, and this shortfall may occur rapidly and with little or no notice, which would limit our ability to address the shortfall on a timely basis.

Contractual Obligations

As of December 31, 2015, we had contractual obligations and commitments as follows:

Dividends

We will elect to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes beginning with our 2015 tax year. U.S. federal income tax law generally requires that a REIT distribute annually at least 90% of its REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and that it pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that it annually distributes less than 100% of its taxable income. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our taxable income to holders of our common stock out of assets legally available for this purpose, if and to the extent authorized by our board of directors. Before we make any dividend payments, whether for U.S. federal income tax purposes or otherwise, we must first meet both our operating requirements and debt service obligations. If our cash available for distribution is less than our taxable income, we could be required to sell assets or borrow funds to make cash dividends or we may make a portion of the required dividend in the form of a taxable distribution of stock or debt securities.

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On July 15, 2015, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on June 30, 2015, a pro-rated cash dividend on our common stock of $0.4418 per share for the period from April 24, 2015 through June 30, 2015.

On October 15, 2015, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on September 30, 2015, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from July 1, 2015 through September 30, 2015.

On January 15, 2016, we paid, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on December 31, 2015, a cash dividend on our common stock of $0.60 per share for the period from October 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015.

Capital Expenditures

We do not anticipate incurring significant capital expenditures on an annual basis in connection with operating our Consumer CLEC Business or related to our corporate assets. For the period from April 24, 2015 through December 31, 2015, we incurred capital expenditures of $1.3 million related to the build-out of our corporate office. Capital expenditures for the Distribution Systems leased under the Master Lease are generally the responsibility of Windstream Holdings. The Master Lease stipulates that Windstream Holdings can request that we fund $50 million of capital expenditures per year for five years (but in no event to extend beyond the end of the sixth year of the Master Lease); however, Windstream cannot require CS&L to make such capital expenditures. If we elect to fund requested capital expenditures, the annual lease payments will be increased by 8.125% of the capital expenditures funded by us during the first two years and at a floating rate based on our cost of capital thereafter.

Separate from the above capital expenditure funding option, Windstream Holdings requested, and we funded $43.1 million of capital expenditures related to the Distribution System on December 29, 2015. Monthly rent paid by Windstream increased in accordance with the Master Lease effective as of the date we provided the funding, which equates to approximately $3.5 million of incremental rent per year.

Off Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Our primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk with respect to our indebtedness. In connection with the Spin-Off, we raised approximately $3.65 billion in long-term debt by the issuance of the Notes and borrowings under the variable rate Term Loan Facility. In addition, we entered into the Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of $500 million, which is undrawn as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To manage this exposure, we have entered into interest rate swap agreements in order to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Term Loan Facility. We also expect to manage our exposure to interest rate risk by maintaining a mix of fixed and variable rates for our indebtedness. The interest rate risk for variable rate debt has been mitigated through the interest rate swap agreement, and the interest rate for our remaining debt has a fixed rate, therefore a hypothetical 10% change in interest rates effective at December 31, 2015 would have no material adverse impact on CS&L’s results of operations.

An increase in interest rates could make the financing of any acquisition by us more costly. Rising interest rates could also limit our ability to refinance our debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Consolidated Financial Statements

Index to Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 and the related consolidated statements of income, of comprehensive income, of shareholders’ deficit and of cash flows for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.  In addition, in our opinion, the financial statement schedules listed in the index appearing under Item 15, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein when read in conjunction with the related consolidated financial statements.  These financial statements and financial statement schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedules based on our audit.  We conducted our audit of these statements in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.  An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Little Rock, Arkansas

March 7, 2016

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheet

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Income

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Shareholders’ Deficit

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization and Description of Business

Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc. (the “Company,” “CS&L,” “we,” “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the state of Delaware in February 2014 and reorganized in the state of Maryland on September 4, 2014 as a subsidiary of Windstream Holdings, Inc. (“Windstream Holdings” and, together with its consolidated subsidiaries “Windstream”). On April 24, 2015, in connection with the separation and spin-off of CS&L from Windstream (the “Spin-Off”), Windstream contributed certain telecommunications network assets, including fiber and copper networks and other real estate (the “Distribution Systems”) to CS&L, which it leases back from CS&L pursuant to a long term, triple-net-lease (“the Master Lease”) and a small consumer competitive local exchange carrier (“CLEC”) business (the “Consumer CLEC Business”) to CS&L in exchange for certain consideration paid to Windstream. The assets and liabilities of the Distribution Systems and Consumer CLEC Business were recorded in our consolidated financial statements on a carryover basis as of the date of the Spin-Off.

CS&L is a real estate investment trust engaged in the acquisition and construction of mission critical infrastructure in the communications industry. It is principally focused on acquiring and constructing fiber optic broadband networks, wireless communications towers, copper and coaxial broadband networks and data centers. It currently own 3.6 million fiber strand miles, 230,800 route miles of copper, and other property across 29 states. Presently, CS&L’s primary source of revenue is rental revenues from leasing the Distribution Systems to Windstream Holdings pursuant to the Master Lease.  CS&L intends to elect on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ending December 31, 2015 to be treated as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”).

The Consumer CLEC Business, which historically has been reported as an integrated operation within Windstream, offers voice, broadband, long-distance, and value-added services to residential customers located primarily in rural locations. Substantially all of the network assets used to provide these services to customers are contracted through interconnection agreements with other telecommunications carriers. We have elected to treat the Consumer CLEC Business as a “taxable REIT subsidiary” (“TRS”) effective on the first day of the first taxable year that CS&L qualifies as a REIT.

Note 2. Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for financial information set forth in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), as published by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and with the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of CS&L and its subsidiaries, substantially all of which are wholly owned. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates—The preparation of financial statements, in accordance with GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. The estimates and assumptions used in the accompanying financial statements are based upon management’s evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances as of the date of the financial statements. Actual results may differ from the estimates and assumptions used in preparing the accompanying financial statements, and such differences could be material.

Real Estate Investments—Real estate investments are stated at original cost, less accumulated depreciation and consists of land and central office buildings, copper and fiber optic cable lines, telephone poles, underground conduits, concrete pads, pedestals, guy wires, anchors, and attachment hardware. Costs of maintenance and repairs to real estate investments are the responsibility of our tenant under triple-net leasing arrangements.

Certain real estate investments are depreciated using a group composite depreciation method. Under this method, when property is retired, the original cost, net of salvage value, is charged against accumulated depreciation and no immediate gain or loss is recognized on the disposition of the property. For all other property, depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the respective property. When the property is retired or otherwise disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation are written-off, with the corresponding gain or loss reflected in operating results.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Tenant Capital Improvements – Our lease with Windstream provides that tenant funded capital improvements (“TCI’s”), defined as maintenance, repair, overbuild, upgrade or replacements to the leased network, including, without limitation, the replacement of copper distribution systems with fiber distribution systems, automatically become property of CS&L upon their construction by Windstream. We receive non-monetary consideration related to the TCIs as they automatically become our property, and we recognize the cost basis of TCIs that are capital in nature as real estate investments and deferred revenue. We depreciate the real estate investments over their estimated useful lives and amortize the deferred revenue as additional leasing revenues over the same depreciable life of the TCI assets. At December 31, 2015, the net book value of TCI’s recorded as a component of real estate investments on our Consolidated Balance Sheet was $67.8 million. From the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 we recognized $0.8 million of revenue and depreciation expense related to TCIs.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets—We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset group may not be recoverable from future undiscounted net cash flows we expect the asset group to generate. If the asset group is not fully recoverable, an impairment loss would be recognized for the difference between the carrying value of the asset group and its estimated fair value based on discounted net future cash flows. From the period April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 no impairment losses were recognized.

Cash and Cash Equivalents—Cash and cash equivalents include all non-restricted cash held at financial institutions and other non-restricted highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities—We account for our derivatives in accordance with FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, in which we reflect all derivative instruments at fair value as either assets or liabilities on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as hedging instruments, we record the effective portion of the gain or loss on the hedge instruments as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income. Any ineffective portion of a derivative’s change in fair value is immediately recognized within net income. For derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting, changes in fair value are immediately recognized within net income. See Note 5.

Customer List Intangible Assets—Customer list intangible assets are presented in the financial statements at cost less accumulated amortization and are amortized using the sum-of-the-digits method over their estimated useful lives.

Revenue Recognition—We recognize leasing revenues on a straight-line basis over the applicable lease term when collectability is reasonably assured. Recognizing leasing income on a straight-line basis generally results in recognized revenues during the first half of the lease term in excess of cash amounts contractually due from our tenants, creating a straight-line rent receivable.

We evaluate the collectability of straight-line rent receivables and record a provision for doubtful accounts if management believes the receivables to be uncollectible. At December 31, 2015 no allowance was recorded related to our straight-line rent receivable.

Consumer CLEC Business revenues are primarily derived from providing access to or usage of leased networks and facilities, and are recognized over the period that the corresponding services are rendered to customers. Revenues derived from other telecommunications services, including broadband, long distance and enhanced service revenues are recognized monthly as services are provided. Sales of customer premise equipment and modems are recognized when products are delivered to and accepted by customers.

Stock-Based Compensation—We account for stock-based compensation using the fair value method of accounting. We have determined that our stock-based payment awards granted in exchange for employee services qualify as equity classified awards, which are measured based on the fair value of the award on the date of the grant. The fair value of restricted stock-based payments is based on the market value of our common stock on the date of grant. The fair value of performance-based awards, which have performance conditions, is based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The fair value of all stock-based compensation is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide services in exchange for the award. See Note 8.

Income Taxes— We intend to elect on our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year ending December 31, 2015 to be treated as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). To qualify as a REIT, we must distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to shareholders, and meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including asset holding requirements. As a REIT, we will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on income that we distribute as dividends to our shareholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax, including any applicable alternative minimum tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates, and we could not

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

deduct dividends paid to our shareholders in computing taxable income. Any resulting corporate liability could be substantial and could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to shareholders. Unless we were entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we also would be disqualified from reelecting to be taxed as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year in which we failed to qualify as a REIT.

To maintain REIT status, we must distribute a minimum of 90% of our taxable income. We intend to make regular quarterly dividend payments of all or substantially all of our income to holders of our common stock, and therefore no provision is required in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for U.S. federal income taxes related to the activities of the REIT and its passthrough subsidiaries. We are subject to the statutory requirements of the locations in which we conduct business, and state and local income taxes are accrued as deemed required in the best judgment of management based on analysis and interpretation of respective tax laws.

We have elected to treat certain subsidiaries as taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRS”). This enables us to engage in activities that do not result in income that would be qualifying income for a REIT, such as our Consumer CLEC Business. Our TRSs are subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized under the asset and liability method for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period of the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recorded to reduce the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets unless it is more likely than not that such assets will be realized.

We recognize the benefit of tax positions that are "more likely than not" to be sustained upon examination based on their technical merit. The benefit of a tax position is measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement.  If applicable, we will report tax-related penalties and interest expense as a component of income tax expense. We currently have no liabilities for uncertain income tax positions. We have not yet filed our initial corporate tax return and therefore are not yet subject to examination.

The Company will be subject to a federal corporate level tax rate (currently 35%) on any gain recognized from the sale of assets occurring within a specified recognition period after the Spin-Off up to the amount of the built in gain that existed on April 24, 2015, which is based on the fair market value of the assets in excess of the Company’s tax basis as of such date.  Recently enacted legislation reduces the applicable recognition period from 10 years to 5 years as of 2016.  The Company has no plans to dispose of the assets it acquired through the Spin-Off within the applicable recognition period.

Earnings per Share— Outstanding restricted stock awards that contain rights to non-forfeitable dividends are deemed to be participating securities, requiring the application of the two-class method of computing basic and dilutive earnings per share.

Basic earnings per share includes only the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive earnings per share includes the weighted average number of common shares and the dilutive effect of restricted stock and performance-based awards outstanding during the period, when such awards are dilutive. See Note 10.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments—FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements, establishes a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on the observability of inputs utilized in measuring assets and liabilities at fair values. This hierarchy establishes market-based or observable inputs as the preferred source of values, followed by valuation models using management assumptions in the absence of market inputs. The three levels of the hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the assessment date

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability

Our financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and other receivables, derivative liabilities, our outstanding notes and other debt, accounts payable and interest payable.

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

The following table summarizes the fair value valuation of our financial instruments at December 31, 2015:

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts and other receivables, accounts payable and interest and dividends payable approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

The total principal balance of our Notes and other debt was $3.64 billion at December 31, 2015, with a fair value of $3.30 billion. The estimated fair value of Notes and other debt was based on available external pricing data and current market rates for similar debt instruments, among other factors, which are classified as Level 2 inputs within the fair value hierarchy. Derivative liabilities are carried at fair value. See Note 5. The fair value of interest rate swap is determined based on the present value of expected future cash flows using observable, quoted LIBOR swap rates for the full term of the swap and also incorporate credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both CS&L's own non-performance risk and non-performance risk of the respective counterparties. The Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivative liabilities fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; however the associated credit valuation adjustments utilized Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustment is not significant to the overall value of the derivatives. As such, the Company classifies its derivative liabilities valuation in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Concentration of Credit Risks—In connection with the Spin-Off, we entered into a long-term exclusive triple-net lease agreement with Windstream (the “Master Lease”), pursuant to which all real property currently owned by CS&L is leased to Windstream and from which all of CS&L’s rental revenues are currently derived. Windstream is a publicly traded company and is subject to the periodic filing requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Windstream filings can be found at www.sec.gov. Windstream filings are not incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Because substantially all of our revenue is derived from lease payments by Windstream pursuant to the Master Lease, there could be a material adverse impact on our consolidated results of operations, liquidity and/or financial condition if Windstream experiences operating difficulties and becomes unable to generate sufficient cash to make payments to us. In recent years, Windstream has experienced annual declines in its total revenue and sales. Accordingly, we monitor the credit quality of Windstream through numerous methods, including by (i) reviewing the credit ratings of Windstream by nationally recognized credit rating agencies, (ii) reviewing the financial statements of Windstream that are publicly available and that are required to be delivered to us pursuant to the Master Lease, (iii) monitoring news reports regarding Windstream and its businesses, (iv) conducting research to ascertain industry trends potentially affecting Windstream, and (v) monitoring the timeliness of its lease payments.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards—In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASC 842”), which sets out the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee.  This classification will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight line basis over the term of the lease, respectively.  A lessee is also required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification.  Leases with a term of 12 months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. The Company is in the process of evaluating this guidance to determine the impact it will have on our financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (“ASU 2015-03”), which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-15 "Interest - Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30) Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements" ("ASU 2015-15"). This amendment provides additional guidance within ASU 2015-03 for debt issuance costs related to line of credit arrangements. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected. This guidance is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015; however, early adoption is permitted. We have adopted ASU 2015-03 effective April 24, 2015, and therefore have presented debt issuance costs as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of our debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheet. See Note 7.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2014-09”). This update outlines a single comprehensive revenue recognition model for entities to follow in accounting for revenue from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. The core principle of the revenue model is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. Management is in the process of determining the method of adoption and assessing the impact of ASU 2014-09 on our financial statements.

Note 4. Real Estate Investments

The carrying value of real estate investments is as follows:

Depreciation expense related to the real estate investments for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 was $236.0 million.

Construction in progress represents in process capital projects that were transferred to us at the time of the Spin-Off. As Windstream completes these projects, amounts are reclassified to depreciable assets. We currently do not engage in any construction or development activities.

Note 5. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company uses derivative instruments to mitigate the effects of interest rate volatility inherent in our variable rate debt, which could unfavorably impact our future earnings and forecasted cash flows. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

On April 27, 2015, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in our variable rate Senior Secured Term Loan B facility. These interest rate swaps are designated as cash flow hedges and have a notional value of $2.13 billion and mature on October 24, 2022. The weighted average fixed rate paid is 2.105%, and the variable rate received resets monthly to the one-month LIBOR subject to a minimum rate of 1.0%. The Company does not currently have any master netting arrangements related to its derivative contracts.

The following table summarizes the fair value and the presentation in our Consolidated Balance Sheet:

As of December 31, 2015, all of the interest rate swaps were valued in net unrealized loss positions and recognized as liability balances within the derivative liability balance. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, the amount recorded in other comprehensive income related to the unrealized loss on derivative instruments was $21.7 million. The amount reclassified out of other comprehensive income into interest expense on our Consolidated Statement of Income for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015 was $16.3 million. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, there was no ineffective portion of the change in fair value derivatives.

Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. During the next twelve months, beginning January 1, 2016, we estimate that $24.1 million will be reclassified as an increase to interest expense.

Note 6. Customer List Intangible Assets

The carrying value of the customer list intangible assets is as follows:

Amortization expense for the customer list intangible assets was $2.6 million for the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015. Amortization expense is estimated to be $3.3 million in 2016, $2.6 million in 2017, $2.0 million in 2018, $1.4 million in 2019 and $0.9 million in 2020.

Note 7. Notes and Other Debt

Notes and other debt is as follows:

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Notes and other debt at December 31, 2015 consisted of the following:

On April 24, 2015 we, along with our wholly owned subsidiary CSL Capital, LLC (“CSL Capital”), co-issued $400 million aggregate principal amount of 6.00% Senior Secured Notes due April 15, 2023 (the “Secured Notes”) and $1.11 billion aggregate principal amount of 8.25% Senior Unsecured Notes due October 15, 2023 (the “Senior Notes” and together with the Secured Notes, the “Notes”). The Secured Notes were issued at an issue price of 100% of par value, while the Senior Notes were issued at an issue price of 97.055% of par value. The Notes are guaranteed by each of CS&L’s wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries that guarantee indebtedness under CS&L’s senior credit facilities. The Notes were issued to Windstream Services as partial consideration for the contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off. As such, CS&L did not receive any proceeds from the issuance of the Notes. The issuance of the Notes and their exchange by Windstream Services for certain of its outstanding indebtedness were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), but were exempt from registration under Rule 144A, Regulation S and other applicable exemptions of the Securities Act. Pursuant to a registration rights agreement entered into by the Company in connection with the sale of the Senior Notes, the Company subsequently filed with the SEC a registration statement relating to an exchange offer pursuant to which 8.25% Senior Notes due 2023 (the “Exchange Notes”) that were registered with the SEC, were offered in exchange for Senior Notes tendered by the holders of those notes. The terms of the Exchange Notes are substantially identical to the terms of the Senior Notes in all material respects, except that the Exchange Notes are registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the transfer restrictions, registration rights and additional interest provision applicable to the Senior Notes do not apply to the Exchange Notes. The exchange offer was launched on August 5, 2015, and completed on September 2, 2015, with all outstanding Senior Notes being tendered and exchanged for Exchange Notes.

The Notes contain customary high yield covenants limiting our ability to incur or guarantee additional indebtedness; incur or guarantee secured indebtedness; pay dividends or distributions on, or redeem or repurchase, capital stock; make certain investments or other restricted payments; sell assets; enter into transactions with affiliates; merge or consolidate or sell all or substantially all of our assets; and create restrictions on the ability of CS&L, CSL Capital and our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends. The covenants are subject to a number of important and significant limitations, qualifications and exceptions. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with all of the covenants under the Notes.

In addition, on April 24, 2015 the Company and CSL Capital entered into a credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), which provides for a $2.14 billion Senior Secured Term Loan B facility due October 24, 2022 (the “Term Loan Facility”) and a $500 million senior secured revolving credit facility maturing April 24, 2020 (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Facilities”). The term loans under the Facilities were issued at an issue price of 98.00% of par value, bear interest at a rate equal to a Eurodollar rate, subject to a 1.0% floor, plus an applicable margin equal to 4.00%, and are subject to amortization of 1.0% per annum. The loans have been incurred by the Company and CSL Capital, are guaranteed by certain of CS&L’s wholly-owned subsidiaries (the “Guarantors”), and are secured by substantially all of the assets of CS&L, CSL Capital and the Guarantors, subject to certain exceptions, which assets also secure the Secured Notes. The Revolving Credit Facility bears interest at a rate equal to LIBOR plus 1.75% to 2.25% based on our consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement.

We are subject to customary covenants under the Credit Agreement, including an obligation to maintain a consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, not to exceed 5.00 to 1.00. We are permitted, subject to customary conditions, to incur incremental term loan borrowings and/or increased commitments under the Credit Agreement in an aggregate amount equal to

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Communications Sales & Leasing, Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

$150 million plus, an unlimited amount, so long as, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to any such increases, our consolidated total leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 6.50 to 1.00 and our consolidated secured leverage ratio, as defined in the Credit Agreement, does not exceed 4.00 to 1.00. As of December 31, 2015, we were in compliance with all of the covenants under the Credit Agreement.

The Company transferred $1.04 billion of cash proceeds under the Facilities to Windstream Services, the Company’s parent immediately preceding the Spin-Off, as partial consideration for the contribution of the Distribution Systems and the Consumer CLEC Business in connection with the Spin-Off. After giving effect to the borrowings under the Facilities, the issuance of the Notes and the transfer of cash to Windstream Services, the Company retained net borrowing proceeds of $62.2 million, which are available to us for general corporate purposes.

Deferred financing costs were incurred in connection with the issuance of the Notes and the Facilities. These costs are amortized using the effective interest method over the term of the related indebtedness, and are included in interest expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $4.8 million of non-cash interest expense related to the amortization of deferred financing costs.

Aggregate annual maturities of our long-term obligations at December 31, 2015 are as follows:

Note 8. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company’s Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Plan”), which is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Awards issuable under the Equity Plan include incentive stock options, “non-qualified” stock options, stock appreciation rights, performance units and performance shares, restricted shares, and restricted stock units.

In connection with the Spin-Off, the Company issued 538,819 restricted shares and 70,889 performance-based restricted stock units to employees of Windstream in accordance with the terms of the Employee Matters Agreement between the Company and Windstream. Under the Employee Matters Agreement, which governs the compensation and employee benefit obligations of CS&L and Windstream with respect to the current and former employees of each company, employees of Windstream who held equity awards as of the date of the Spin-Off were entitled to receive equity awards of CS&L in the same proportion as if the equity awards had been common shares on the date of the Spin-Off. The CS&L awards issued have the same form and vesting requirements as the underlying Windstream awards. For the purposes of vesting in the CS&L awards, continued service with Windstream is deemed to be continued service with CS&L. We do not recognize any compensation expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income related to these awards, as none of the employees granted awards provide service to CS&L. At December 31, 2015, 420,464 restricted shares and 56,765 performance-based restricted stock units issued to Windstream employees remained outstanding.

Certain employees of CS&L have retained their unvested Windstream awards that were held prior to the Spin-Off. Unrecognized compensation expense related to these awards was $0.1 million at December 31, 2015, and will be amortized to compensation expense in our Consolidated Statement of Income on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. For the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, we recognized $197,000 of compensation expense related to these awards, which is recorded in general and administrative expense on our Consolidated Statement of Income.

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Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Continued

Restricted Awards

During the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, the Company granted 241,140 shares of restricted stock to employees, which had a fair value of $6.2 million as of the date of grant. We calculate the grant date fair value of non-vested shares of restricted stock awards using the closing sale prices on the trading day immediately prior to the grant date. The restricted stock awards are amortized on a straight-line basis to expense over the vesting period, which is generally three years. As of December 31, 2015, there were 5,303,151 shares available for future issuance under the Equity Plan. The following table sets forth the number of unvested restricted stock awards and the weighted-average fair value of these awards at the date of grant:

As of December 31, 2015, total unrecognized compensation expense on restricted awards was approximately $4.8 million, and the expense is expected to be recognized over a weighted average vesting period of 2.0 years.

Performance Awards

The Company grants long-term incentives to members of management in the form of performance-based restricted stock units (“PSUs”) under the Equity Plan. The number of PSUs earned is based on the Company’s achievement of specified performance goals, over a specified performance period, and may range from 0% to 150% of the target shares. The PSUs have a service condition that will expire at the end of the three-year performance period provided that the holder continues to be employed by the Company at the end of the performance period. Holders of PSUs are entitled to dividend equivalents, which will be accrued quarterly and paid in cash upon the vesting of a PSU. Dividend equivalents are forfeited to the extent that the underlying PSU is forfeited.

On May 29, 2015, we issued 60,970 PSUs equal to 100% of the target amount, with an aggregate value of $1.3 million on the grant date. The PSUs, in addition to a service condition, are subject to the Company’s performance versus the total return of the MSCI US REIT Index and a triple-net lease peer group, as defined by the Compensation Committee. Upon evaluating the results of the market conditions, the final number of shares is determined and such shares vest based on satisfaction of the service condition. The PSUs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. During the period from April 24, 2015 to December 31, 2015, no PSUs were forfeited due to termination of service. The following table sets forth the number of unvested PSUs and the weighted-average fair value of these awards at the date of grant: