Viridian Therapeutics, Inc.\DE - Annual Report: 2021 (Form 10-K)
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2021
or
☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-36483
VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 47-1187261 | |||||||
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |||||||
221 Crescent Street, Suite 401, Waltham, MA 02453
(Address of principal executive offices)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (617) 272-4600
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
| Title of each class | Trading Symbol(s) | Name of each exchange on which registered | ||||||
| Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share | VRDN | The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC | ||||||
Securities registered pursuant to section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No x
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer | ☐ | Accelerated filer | ☐ | ||||||||
Non-accelerated filer | ☒ | Smaller reporting company | ☒ | ||||||||
| Emerging growth company | ☐ | ||||||||||
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No x
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 2021, as reported on The Nasdaq Capital Market, was $157.4 million. Shares of common stock held by each executive officer and director and by each person who owns 10% or more of the outstanding common stock have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.
As of March 7, 2022, there were 25,913,229 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2022 annual meeting of shareholders (the “2022 Proxy Statement”) are incorporated herein by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. The 2022 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2021.
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VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
INDEX
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties for purposes of the safe harbor provided by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “goals,” or “should,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this Annual Report, other than statements of historical fact are forward-looking statements. You should not unduly rely on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. These risks, uncertainties and other factors may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from the anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.
Actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including, without limitation, statements relating to:
•our future research and development activities, including clinical testing and the costs and timing thereof;
•our strategy, including clinical development of VRDN-001, and VRDN-002 and other product candidates, and the clinical and commercial potential of our product candidates, if approved;
•the sufficiency of our cash resources;
•our ability to raise additional funding when needed;
•any statements concerning anticipated regulatory activities or licensing or collaborative arrangements;
•business interruptions resulting from the coronavirus disease (“COVID-19”) outbreak or similar public health crises, which could cause a disruption in the development of our product candidates and adversely impact our business;
•our research and development and other expenses;
•our operations and legal risks;
•developments relating to our competitors and our industry, including competing product candidates and therapies; and
•any statement of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.
We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short-term and long-term business operations and objectives, and financial needs. Actual results and performance could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, as described in greater detail in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report, and under a similar heading in any other periodic or current report we may file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) in the future. You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our Annual Reports, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and our website. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties, and assumptions, the future events and trends discussed in this Annual Report, may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
We undertake no obligation to revise or publicly release the results of any revision to these forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Given these risks and uncertainties, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements. All forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.
Unless otherwise mentioned or unless the context requires otherwise, all references in this Annual Report, to “Viridian,” “Viridian Therapeutics,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” or similar references refer to Viridian Therapeutics, Inc., and our consolidated subsidiaries.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
Company Overview
We are a biotechnology company advancing new treatments for patients with serious diseases that are underserved by today’s therapies. Marketed therapies often leave room for improvements in efficacy, safety, and/or dosing convenience. We believe that first-generation drugs rarely represent optimal solutions and that the potential exists to develop alternatives that improve patient outcomes, moderate side effects, enhance quality of life, ease access, and augment market competition. Our business model is to identify product opportunities in indications for which clinical trial data demonstrating compelling proof of concept for a targeted mechanism of action already exists, but the competitive evolution of product profiles and number of entrants appears incomplete. We intend to prioritize indications where fast-follower and bio superior competition could create significant medical benefit for patients. We are engineering medicines to advance patient care.
We intend to identify and evaluate product concepts leveraging clinically validated molecular targets using established therapeutic modalities. We prioritize product concepts aligned with clinical and commercial hypotheses that we expect will provide an attractive balance of risk and opportunity, thereby representing a compelling allocation of our resources. We focus on advancing therapeutic antibodies that we either in-license or discover internally, incorporating proprietary monoclonal antibody discovery and optimization platforms to advance clinical candidates with unique characteristics. To date, this approach has led us to initiate research and development programs for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies for serious diseases. We have built relevant expertise in monoclonal antibody discovery and engineering, biologics manufacturing, and nonclinical and clinical development for thyroid eye disease (“TED”) and other undisclosed target indications.
Our approach to rapidly discovering and developing novel therapeutics relies on our scientific expertise in evaluating pre-existing proof of concept data for the targets we are pursuing and opportunities to improve upon existing investigational and/or approved therapies. This approach informs how we design, select, and develop our product candidates, including in such critical areas as pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, trial endpoints, and the selection and enrollment of patients. We believe this strategy reduces the risks associated with discovering and developing novel therapeutics.
We have prioritized the development of therapies for TED, a debilitating auto-immune disease that causes inflammation and fibrosis of the orbit and tissues surrounding the eye and which can lead to proptosis, or bulging of the eyes, redness and swelling, double vision, pain, and potential blindness. TED significantly impacts quality of life, imposing a high physical and mental burden on patients. The only therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for TED is Tepezza® (teprotumumab), which is an intravenously administered monoclonal antibody that targets insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (“IGF-1R”). Tepezza® is marketed in the United States by Horizon Therapeutics plc.
The reported results obtained with teprotumumab provide strong clinical validation linking the targeting of IGF-1R to clinical benefit in TED. However, clinical trials of teprotumumab in TED reported to date used a single dosing regimen, providing little guidance as to the optimal dosing required for clinical activity in TED. We believe that there are multiple opportunities to develop fast-follower therapeutics that improve on teprotumumab’s features, including dosing schedule, and route of administration.
We are developing two product candidates, VRDN-001 and VRDN-002, to treat patients who suffer from TED. Our most advanced program, VRDN-001, is a differentiated humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IGF-1R for the treatment for TED. This antibody was previously studied in over 100 oncology patients as AVE-1642. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability data from that clinical program has informed our plans to evaluate VRDN-001 in TED. In November 2021, we opened an investigational new drug (“IND”) application for VRDN-001 as a new molecular entity and in December 2021, we initiated a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of VRDN-001, which will evaluate proof of concept in TED patients. Initial proof of concept data in patients are expected in the second quarter of 2022.
VRDN-002, a distinct IGF-1R antibody that incorporates half-life extension technology, is designed to support administration as a convenient, low volume, subcutaneous injection to treat patients who suffer from TED. In January 2022, we announced FDA clearance of our IND application for VRDN-002. During the first quarter of 2022, we expect to initiate a Phase 1 single ascending dose trial to explore safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties of intravenously administered VRDN-002 in healthy volunteers. Data from this Phase 1 trial will allow us to evaluate the feasibility of a low-volume dosing paradigm and are expected to be announced in mid-2022. Pending results, we then plan to evaluate the potential efficacy of a low volume subcutaneous injection of VRDN-002 in TED patients.
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In addition to developing therapies for TED, we are executing a similar strategic approach to identify opportunities to develop fast-follower therapies in other rare and/or serious disease indications. We intend to identify and initiate additional programs over time and plan to disclose these when we are closer to initiating clinical trials in these programs.
Our Strategy
Our mission is to create and advance new biologic treatments for patients suffering from serious diseases that are underserved by today’s therapies. We are engineering antibodies to develop best-in-class therapies that improve patient care.
Key elements of our business strategy are to:
•Identify opportunities to engineer and develop monoclonal antibodies that optimize patient care. Our pipeline of therapeutics programs represents a patient-centric model of innovation that leverages proven biology and antibody technology to reduce research and development risk, while striving to address strategic gaps related to access, delivery, quality of life, efficacy, and/or safety and tolerability in targeted therapeutic areas. Our multidisciplinary search process evaluates scientific and clinical validation of therapeutic targets, market potential, and feasibility of efficiently developing a competitive product.
•Focus on Thyroid Eye Disease (TED):
◦Rapidly advance VRDN-001 clinical development to enter the TED market quickly. Our ongoing clinical trial for VRDN-001 is a Phase 1/2 proof of concept trial that includes multiple randomized, placebo-controlled cohorts of TED patients designed to assess the potential for VRDN-001 to provide improvement of signs and symptoms of TED, including proptosis. We expect to announce top-line data from the proof-of-concept portion of the trial in the second quarter of 2022.
◦Offer patients suffering from TED improved convenience and broader settings of care. Our next generation IGF-1R antibody, VRDN-002, is a humanized monoclonal antibody that incorporates half-life extension technology and is designed to support administration as a convenient, low-volume, subcutaneous injection for the treatment of TED. We expect to initiate our first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial of VRDN-002 in the first quarter of 2022, and to announce data from this trial in mid-2022. The results from this Phase 1 clinical trial will inform the feasibility of a low-volume and/or low-frequency, subcutaneous dosing paradigm for the treatment of TED.
◦Be a trusted partner in the care of TED patients. We plan to cultivate a network across TED stakeholders to inform our patient centric approach, including with patients / patient advocacy groups, key opinion leaders, research institutions, healthcare professionals and payers.
◦Prepare for commercialization of VRDN-001 and VRDN-002 for TED. We hold worldwide commercialization rights, excluding the greater area of China, to both VRDN-001 and VRDN-002 as well as our other product candidates. As a result, we have the flexibility to develop and potentially commercialize products ourselves, or alternatively to enter collaborations with industry partners.
•Expand our portfolio beyond TED with strategically aligned opportunities. We believe there are significant opportunities to provide more convenient, better performing products compared to therapeutics approved or in development for several diseases. To that end, we continue to invest in portfolio expansion and have dedicated resources to seek additional opportunities to develop best-in-class therapeutics for newly validated targets. VRDN-004 and VRDN-005 are discovery-stage therapeutic antibody programs for undisclosed diseases. In our VRDN-004 program, we are currently characterizing leads derived from hit molecules discovered internally. In our VRDN-005 program, we are targeting opportunities to advance new best-in-class therapeutics. As part of that effort, we have licensed certain antibody libraries from Xencor, Inc., pursuant to a license agreement we entered into with them in December 2021.
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•Leverage our therapeutic antibody and multi-disciplinary search expertise to continue discovering and developing novel, best-in class product candidates. We plan to continue to identify and advance novel product candidates and technologies to generate best in class antibody therapeutics, either internally or through in-licensing. We are currently evaluating a number of disease targets and therapeutic candidates with the aim of advancing a steady pipeline of best-in-class product candidates from discovery and preclinical research into clinical trials.
Thyroid Eye Disease (TED)
TED, commonly associated with Graves’ Disease, is a sight-threatening autoimmune disorder affecting the eye and tissue adjacent to the eye. Initial symptoms include a dry and gritty ocular sensation, sensitivity to light, excessive tearing, double vision, and a sensation of pressure behind the eyes, commonly associated with ocular pain. By the time TED is clinically diagnosed, most patients have retraction of their upper eyelids causing exposure of the cornea and ensuing dryness resulting in further inflammatory changes and increased symptomatology. In addition, TED causes soft tissue swelling, redness surrounding the eyes and protrusion of the eyes from their normal position within the orbit – proptosis. As these inflammatory changes progress, they lead to increased erythema, redness, edema, and hemorrhagic appearance of the tissues external to the globe, adding to the symptoms of TED and exacerbating signs. As the fibrocytes within the orbit become further involved, changes unfold within the extraocular muscles themselves - those muscles within the orbit that move the eye and hold the globe in positions of gaze. The size of the muscles increases further exacerbating the proptosis and causing a cascade of increasing inflammation and worsening of symptoms. As the swelling and stiffness of the muscles increase, they exert a tethering effect upon the globe, and ocular motility is disturbed. Commonly, gaze becomes limited as the eyes become tethered by fibrotic and thickened muscles. As the process is not perfectly symmetric, one orbit to the other, the eyes may have differing motility and no longer line up perfectly with each other, causing a misalignment of position that is perceived by the patient as double vision, or diplopia. Diplopia in and of itself is a disabling condition that dramatically interferes with most activities of daily living. Patients cannot easily read, drive, navigate ambulation, or often continue in their current work. As the volume of tissue within the fixed bony orbit increases, the inflammatory mass squeezes upon and compresses the optic nerve, which must pass through this space from globe to optic canal and central nervous system. This compression causes loss of central vision, color vision, and visual field and can progress to loss of acuity and eventual blindness.
Pathologies Leading to the Development of TED
TED develops in parallel with Graves’ Disease, an autoimmune disease in which antibodies form against the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (“TSHR”), which is present in the thyroid and other cells such as adipocytes and fibroblasts. A close temporal relationship exists between the onset of Graves’ Disease and the onset of TED. Regardless of which condition occurs first, the other condition develops within 18 months in 80% of patients. In addition to antibodies against TSHR, patients with TED also develop antibodies against IGF-1R.
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Insulin-like growth factor 1 (“IGF-1”) is a hormone similar in molecular structure to insulin with higher growth-promoting activity. IGF-1R, the receptor for IGF-1, is highly expressed in fibrocytes, cells that are derived from the bone marrow and that have the potential to differentiate into either myofibroblasts or fat cells. IGF-1R and TSHR function in concert to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of fibrocytes in the orbital socket.
One potential cause of TED is autoimmune antibodies against IGF-1R that lead to the activation of IGF-1R, resulting in increased proliferation, secretion of extracellular complex carbohydrates, and differentiation into fat cells. These antibodies, and autoimmune antibodies to TSHR, can elicit an immune attack against the fibrocytes that surround the eye triggering the development of TED. Inflammation associated with this attack combined with activation of IGF-1R leads to the wide spectrum of pathologies seen with this disease.
Exposure to other inflammatory agents, such as cigarette smoke, leads to exacerbation of the disease resulting in more severe symptoms.
Current Treatments for TED
Prior to 2020, moderate to severe cases of TED were treated off-label with steroids - as daily doses of oral prednisone, or in more severe cases, weekly doses of intravenous methylprednisolone. Treatment with steroids is associated with a wide range of serious complications including high blood pressure, diabetes, psychological effects, personality change, insomnia, skin thinning, immunosuppression, hyperglycemia, and increased risks of infections. Systemic steroids showed limited efficacy for most of the signs and symptoms of TED and are not a sustainable long-range intervention given the side effects. If steroid treatment proved to be inadequate, or could not be tolerated, the only remaining options for patients were orbital radiation or surgery to reduce swelling, decompress orbital contents, and protect the vision. Again, each of these therapies was incomplete and inadequate from the perspective of both patient and treating physician.
In January 2020, teprotumumab, an antibody that blocks the activation of IGF-1R, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of TED. In two randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials, infusions of teprotumumab every three weeks, for a total of eight doses, led to a greater than 2 mm decrease in proptosis in 71% and 83% of patients, respectively, compared to 20% and 10% with placebo. Treatment with teprotumumab also led to a 53% decrease in diplopia compared to a 25% decrease when patients were treated with placebo control. Thus, the defined target and its successful blockade has been de-risked and shown to provide a clinically meaningful improvement in the quality of life for these patients, allowing them to return to the workforce and to avoid radiation therapy or orbital decompressive surgeries.
Market Potential
TED has an annual incidence of approximately 19 in 100,000 people, which corresponds to over 60,000 patients in the United States. Of these, it is estimated that between 20,000 and 25,000 patients in the United States have acute disease that requires intravenous treatment, either with teprotumumab or steroids. At launch, Horizon Therapeutics plc announced a price of $14,900 per vial of Tepezza® which translates to a list price of approximately $343,000 for a six-month course of therapy. Horizon Therapeutics plc reported full-year 2020 and 2021 net sales for Tepezza® of $820 million and $1.66 billion, respectively, in the first two years of launch. We believe this demonstrates that TED is a multi-billion dollar market that will accommodate multiple entrants.
Our Product Candidates
VRDN-001
The clinical results from teprotumumab serve to validate the role of anti-IGF-1R antibodies in the treatment of TED. The clinical data for teprotumumab in TED highlights the opportunity to rapidly develop product candidates that work through a similar mechanism. First, the majority of TED patients in a clinical trial of teprotumumab responded to treatment, which implies that, in clinical testing of a different IGF-1R antibody, it should be possible to detect clinical signs of improvement in a relatively small cohort of patients. Second, significant improvements in proptosis were observed within six weeks of dosing, providing the potential to quickly determine if a product candidate is likely to be effective. In addition, clinical trials for teprotumumab in TED did not explore the dose-dependency of the clinical response with the single teprotumumab dosing regimen selected based on data generated in oncology clinical trials, providing an opportunity to alter the dosing schedule, dosing duration, or route of administration while maintaining or improving efficacy, safety, and/or tolerability.
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VRDN-001 is a monoclonal antibody that binds and blocks the IGF-1R signaling pathway with sub-nanomolar affinity. This mechanism of action is clinically and commercially validated for the treatment of TED (see Figure 1 below). We are aiming for VRDN-001 to be second to market in this class, with the opportunity to offer less burdensome intravenous (“IV”) dosing, as well as potential to achieve a subcutaneous product presentation that could simplify patient care by obviating the need for infusion center visits, thereby enabling administration in the prescriber’s office, or even potentially at home.
Figure 1. Teprotumumab led to significant reductions in proptosis in as early as six weeks of dosing.
We have an exclusive license to the worldwide rights to develop and commercialize VRDN-001 for all non-oncology indications that do not use radiopharmaceuticals, including the treatment of TED, from ImmunoGen. This antibody had previously been developed in oncology as AVE-1642 and studied in over 100 patients. However, development in oncology was stopped in 2009 due to its failure to meet the primary efficacy endpoints in multiple myeloma. We are developing this antibody sequence as VRDN-001 in TED. As described below, we have sublicensed the right to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain IGF-1R directed antibody products for non-oncology indications in the greater area of China to Zenas BioPharma (Cayman) Limited.
A clinical trial conducted by Aventis investigated the safety and efficacy of AVE-1642 in 27 patients with solid tumors when dosed in combination with docetaxel. In the first treatment cycle, AVE-1642 was administered as monotherapy, allowing assessment of its pharmacokinetics and tolerability. In this trial, no Grade 3 or above drug-related adverse events were reported with AVE-1642 as monotherapy. Importantly, there was only a single report of Grade 1/2 hyperglycemia among this group of patients. However, at least 50% of patients experienced hyperglycemia in subsequent cycles when patients received corticosteroids as pre-medication for docetaxel. Adverse events due to hyperglycemia have been reported for other IGF-1R antibodies, including in 10% of patients treated with teprotumumab.
Evidence of target engagement was obtained by assessing the serum levels of biomarkers previously shown to be induced by IGF-1R inhibition. A common effect of IGF-1R inhibition is the elevation of IGF-1 serum levels. In this Aventis oncology trial, IGF-1 serum concentrations increased subsequent to administration of AVE-1642, and these serum concentrations remained elevated through repeat doses. No obvious dose-concentration relationship was observed, suggesting that IGF-1 levels reached their plateau at the lowest dose of AVE-1642 administered.
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Figure 2. Serum levels of IGF-1 increased by over 300% after AVE-1642 administration.
Clinical Trial Design for VRDN-001
Clinical trials of teprotumumab in TED reported to date used a single dosing regimen, providing little guidance as to the optimal dosing required for clinical activity in TED. Our goal is to explore dose-dependency of VRDN-001 on proptosis in TED. Dose selection was informed by VRDN-001 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics reported in previous oncology studies. We are focused on rapidly determining a minimum effective dose. If this trial is successful, we plan to quickly move to pivotal trials.
The first clinical trial for VRDN-001 is a Phase 1/2 proof of concept trial including multiple randomized, placebo-controlled cohorts of TED patients to assess the potential for VRDN-001 to provide rapid improvement of signs and symptoms of TED, including proptosis. The protocol for this trial allows for additional patient cohorts to assess differing treatment paradigms that may offer advantages over currently available therapies and mitigate patient treatment burden. We expect to announce top line data from the proof-of-concept portion of the trial in the second quarter of 2022.
VRDN-002, a Potential Best-In-Class IGF-1R Antibody
VRDN-002 is a next generation IGF-1R humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IGF-1R and incorporating half-life extension technology, designed to support administration as a convenient, low-volume, subcutaneous injection for the treatment of TED. We believe this product profile could expand settings of care by reducing the complexity of administration. Our first-in-human Phase 1 clinical trial of VRDN-002 is an intravenous, single ascending dose study to explore safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of intravenously administered VRDN-002 in healthy volunteers. Data from this Phase 1 trial are expected to be announced in mid-2022 and will inform the feasibility of a low-volume subcutaneous dosing paradigm for TED patients.
VRDN-003
We believe that VRDN-002 may offer a durable best-in-class profile for a therapeutic antibody targeting IGF-1R for the treatment of TED. However, to ensure that Viridian is a leader in the development of novel therapies for TED, we are evaluating several hypotheses that may yield a product profile differentiated beyond what VRDN-002 may deliver. We expect to disclose these hypotheses only if and when we have identified and advanced meaningfully differentiated molecules.
Intellectual Property
As of December 31, 2021, with regard to our VRDN-001 and VRDN-002 product candidates, we have two U.S. non- provisional patent applications, two PCT applications, two foreign applications, and seven provisional applications directed to compositions and directed to methods of using VRDN-001 and/or VRDN-002 for the treatment of TED. Any patents that were
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to issue from such non-provisional applications would be expected to expire no earlier than 2041, without taking potential patent term extensions or disclaimers into account.
Competition
The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by intense and rapidly changing competition to develop new technologies and proprietary products. Our product candidates may address multiple markets. Ultimately, the diseases our product candidates target, and for which product candidates we may receive marketing authorization, will determine our competition. We believe that for most or all of our product development programs, there will be one or more competing programs under development by other companies. Any products that we may commercialize will have to compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future. We face potential competition from many different sources, including larger and better-funded biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. In many cases, the companies with competing programs will have access to greater resources and expertise than we do and may be more advanced in those programs. Horizon Therapeutics plc’s Tepezza® is the only FDA-approved medication for TED. Other therapies, such as corticosteroids, have been used on an off-label basis to alleviate some of the symptoms of TED. Other companies that are developing TED therapies include Immunovant, Inc., Novartis International AG, Harbour BioMed and Valenza Bio Inc.
License Agreements
License Agreement with Zenas BioPharma
In October 2020, Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. (“Private Viridian”) entered a license agreement with Zenas BioPharma (Cayman) Limited (“Zenas BioPharma”) to license technology comprising certain materials, patent rights, and know-how to Zenas BioPharma. On October 27, 2020, in connection with the closing of the Private Viridian acquisition, we became party to the license agreement with Zenas BioPharma. Since February 2021, we have entered into several letter agreements with Zenas BioPharma in which we agreed to provide assistance to Zenas BioPharma with certain development activities, including manufacturing. The license agreement, as amended, and letter agreements (collectively, the “Zenas Agreements”) were negotiated with a single commercial objective and are treated as a combined contract for accounting purposes. Under the terms of the Zenas Agreements, we granted Zenas BioPharma an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain IGF-1R directed antibody products for non-oncology indications in the greater area of China.
As consideration for the Zenas Agreements, the transaction price included upfront non-cash consideration and variable consideration in the form of payment for our goods and services provided and milestone payments due upon the achievement of specified events. Under the Zenas Agreements, we can receive non-refundable milestone payments upon achieving specific milestone events during the contract term. Additionally, we may receive royalty payments based on a percentage of the annual net sales of any licensed products sold on a country-by-country basis in the greater area of China. The royalty percentage may vary based on different tiers of annual net sales of the licensed products made. Zenas BioPharma is obligated to make royalty payments to us for the royalty term in the Zenas Agreements.
License Agreement with ImmunoGen, Inc.
On October 12, 2020, Private Viridian entered into a license agreement with ImmunoGen (the “ImmunoGen License Agreement”), under which we obtained rights to an exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide license to certain patents and other intellectual property rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain products for non-oncology and non-radiopharmaceutical indications. In consideration for rights granted by ImmunoGen, we are obligated to make certain development milestone payments of up to $48.0 million. Additionally, if we successfully commercialize any product candidate subject to the ImmunoGen License Agreement, we are responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales and commercial milestone payments of up to $95.0 million. We assumed the ImmunoGen License Agreement in the Merger.
License Agreements with Xencor, Inc.
In December 2020, we entered into a license agreement with Xencor, Inc. (“Xencor”) (the “Xencor License Agreement”), under which Xencor granted us rights to an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable, non-transferable, royalty-bearing license to use specified Xencor technology for the research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of therapeutic antibodies targeting IGF-1R. In consideration for rights granted by Xencor, we issued 322,407 shares of our common stock to Xencor in December 2020. The shares were valued at $6.0 million and recorded as research and development expense in 2020. Under the terms of the Xencor License Agreement, we are obligated to make future development milestone payments of up to
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$30.0 million. Additionally, if we successfully commercialize any product candidate subject to the Xencor License Agreement, we are responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales and commercial milestone payments of up to $25.0 million.
In December 2021, we entered into a subsequent technology license agreement with Xencor (the “2021 Xencor License Agreement”) for a non-exclusive license to certain antibody libraries developed by Xencor. Under the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, Xencor we received a one-year research license to review the antibodies and the right to select up to three antibodies for further development. In consideration for rights granted by Xencor, we issued 394,737 shares of our common stock to Xencor in December 2021. The shares were valued at $7.5 million and recorded as research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2021. Under the terms of the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, for each licensed product, we are obligated to make future milestone payments of up to $27.75 million, which includes development and regulatory milestone payments of up to $4.75 million, special milestone payments of up to $3.0 million, and commercial milestone payments of up to $20.0 million. Additionally, for each licensed product that we successfully commercialize, we are responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales.
Government Regulation and Product Approvals
FDA Drug Approval Process
In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as imposition of clinical hold, FDA refusal to approve pending new drug applications (“NDA”), warning or untitled letters, withdrawal of approval, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.
We cannot market a drug product candidate in the United States until the drug has received FDA approval. The steps required before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally include the following:
•completion of extensive preclinical laboratory tests, animal studies, and formulation studies in accordance with the FDA’s good laboratory practices (“GLP”) regulations;
•approval by an independent institutional review board (“IRB”) at each clinical site before each trial may be initiated at that site;
•submission to the FDA of an IND for human clinical testing, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;
•performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with good clinical practice (“GCP”) requirements to establish the safety and efficacy of the drug for each proposed indication;
•submission to the FDA of an NDA after completion of all pivotal clinical trials;
•satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable;
•satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (“API”) and finished drug product are produced and tested to assess compliance with current good manufacturing practices (“cGMPs”); and
•FDA review and approval of the NDA prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug in the United States.
Satisfaction of FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years, and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.
Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, and toxicity, as well as animal trials to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements, including GLP. An IND sponsor must submit the results of preclinical testing to the FDA as part
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of an IND along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls, and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.
A 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If the FDA has neither commented on nor questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin if all other requirements, including IRB review and approval, have been met. If the FDA raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the trial, such as whether human research subjects will be exposed to an unreasonable health risk, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding FDA concerns or questions before clinical trials can proceed.
Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted in compliance with federal regulations, including GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND.
The FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time, or impose other sanctions, if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial participants. The study protocol and informed consent information for participants in clinical trials must also be submitted to an IRB for approval at each site at which the clinical trial will be conducted. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements or may impose other conditions. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination on their www.clinicaltrials.gov website.
Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase 1, the initial introduction of the drug into healthy human subjects or patients, the drug is tested to assess pharmacological actions, side effects associated with increasing doses and, if possible, early evidence of effectiveness. Phase 2 usually involves trials in a limited patient population to study metabolism of the drug, pharmacokinetics, the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication, dosage tolerance, and optimum dosage, and to identify common adverse effects and safety risks. If a compound demonstrates evidence of effectiveness and an acceptable safety profile in Phase 2 evaluations, Phase 3 clinical trials, also called pivotal trials, are undertaken to obtain the additional information about clinical efficacy and safety in a larger number of patients, typically at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, to permit the FDA to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug. In most cases, the FDA requires two adequate and well controlled Phase 3 clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy of the drug. A single clinical trial with other confirmatory evidence may be sufficient in rare instances where the study is a large multicenter trial demonstrating internal consistency and a statistically very persuasive finding of a clinically meaningful effect on mortality, irreversible morbidity, or prevention of a disease with a potentially serious outcome, and confirmation of the result in a second trial would be practically or ethically impossible.
After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the United States. The NDA must include the results of all preclinical, clinical, and other testing, and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial. The submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, and the sponsor of an approved NDA is also subject to annual program fees. These fees are typically increased annually. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”) guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has a goal of ten months from the date of “filing” of a standard NDA for a new molecular entity to review and act on the submission. This review typically takes twelve months from the date the NDA is submitted to the FDA because the FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the agency’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. The FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged, or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s continued safety, quality, and purity.
The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee, which is typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an
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advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCPs. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with cGMPs is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied.
After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing, or information, in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If, or when, those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval.
An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that contraindications, warnings, or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution and use restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”) to ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks.
A REMS can include a medication guide, a communication plan for healthcare professionals and elements to assure safe use, such as special training and certification requirements for individuals who prescribe or dispense the drug, requirements that patients enroll in a registry, and other measures that the FDA deems necessary to assure the safe use of the drug. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.
Changes to some of the conditions established in an approved application, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement before the change can be implemented. An NDA supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing NDA supplements as it does in reviewing NDAs. Such supplements are typically reviewed within 10 months of receipt by the FDA.
Orphan Drug Designation
Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making available in the United States a drug or biologic for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales in the United States for that drug or biologic. Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or a biological license application (“BLA”). After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the generic identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. The orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review or approval process.
If a product that has orphan drug designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusive approval (or exclusivity), which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications, including a full NDA or BLA, to market the same product for the same indication for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug exclusivity does not prevent FDA from approving a different drug or biologic for the same disease or condition, or the same drug or biologic for a different disease or condition. Among the other benefits of orphan drug designation are tax credits for certain research and a waiver of the marketing application fee.
A designated orphan drug may not receive orphan drug exclusivity if it is approved for a use that is broader than the indication for which it received orphan designation. In addition, exclusive marketing rights in the United States may be lost if the FDA later determines that the request for designation was materially defective or if the manufacturer is unable to assure sufficient quantities of the product to meet the needs of patients with the rare disease or condition.
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Expedited Development and Review Programs
The FDA has a Fast Track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for development and review of new drug products that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new drug products are eligible for Fast Track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. Fast Track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a new drug may request that the FDA designate the drug as a Fast Track product at any time during the clinical development of the product. For a Fast Track-designated product, the sponsor may provide a schedule for the submission of the sections of the application, and the FDA may consider for review sections of the marketing application on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted. The sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the application. The FDA may choose not to perform an earlier review even if it agrees to accept sections of the application in advance. The PDUFA date for regular or priority review, including two months for the filing determination, is set based on the date when the FDA receives the complete application.
Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a Fast Track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Any product is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide safe and effective therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists or a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of a disease compared to marketed products. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of an application for a new drug product designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. Additionally, a product may be eligible for accelerated approval. Drug products studied for their safety and effectiveness in treating serious or life-threatening illnesses and that provide meaningful therapeutic benefit over existing treatments may be eligible for accelerated approval, which means that they may be approved on the basis of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials establishing that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict a clinical benefit, or on the basis of an effect on a clinical endpoint other than survival or irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug product subject to accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. In addition, the FDA currently requires, as a condition for accelerated approval, pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.
In addition, the Breakthrough Therapy Designation is intended to expedite the development and review of products that treat serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions. A breakthrough therapy is defined as a drug that is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition, where preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The designation includes all of the features of Fast Track designation, as well as more intensive FDA interaction and guidance. The Breakthrough Therapy Designation is distinct from both accelerated approval and priority review, but these can also be granted to the same product candidate if the relevant criteria are met. The FDA must take certain actions, such as holding timely meetings and providing advice, intended to expedite the development and review of an application for approval of a breakthrough therapy. Requests for breakthrough therapy designation will be reviewed within 60 days of receipt, and the FDA will either grant or deny the request.
Fast Track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, and priority review do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process by allowing more frequent and timely interactions with the FDA review team and/or the potential for a more efficient or more rapid application review. Similarly, products granted accelerated approval must meet statutory standards for safety and effectiveness although they may be approved based on a surrogate endpoint likely to predict clinical benefit of the underlying drug, rather than through a direct measure of clinical benefit. Even if our product candidates are deemed eligible for one or more of these programs for expedited product development and approval, the FDA may later decide that our product candidates no longer meet the conditions for qualification. In addition, these programs may not provide us with a material commercial advantage.
Post-Approval Requirements
Once an NDA is approved, a product may be subject to certain post-approval requirements. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of drugs, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the internet and social media. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling.
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Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports are required following FDA approval of an NDA. The FDA also may require post-approval testing, known as Phase 4 testing, REMS, surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or restrictions on the distribution or use of the product. In addition, quality control, drug manufacture, packaging, and labeling procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs after approval. Drug manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements may result in mandatory revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information, imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks, or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:
•restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls;
•fines, warning letters, or holds on post-approval clinical trials;
•refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications or suspension or revocation of product approvals;
•product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products, or injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising, and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.
Foreign Regulation
In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries and jurisdictions regarding quality, safety, and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales, and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable foreign regulatory authorities before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in foreign countries and jurisdictions. Some countries outside of the United States have a similar process that requires the submission of a clinical trial application (“CTA”) much like the IND prior to the commencement of human clinical trials.
Regulation in the European Union
Drug and Biologic Development Process
The conduct of clinical trials is currently governed by the EU Clinical Trials Regulation (EU) No. 536/2014 (“CTR”), which entered into force on January 31, 2022. The CTR introduced a complete overhaul of the previous regulation of clinical trials for medicinal products in the EU, the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC, or Clinical Trials Directive. The Clinical Trials Directive will expire after a transition period of three years. During the first year of the transition period, clinical trial sponsors may choose to apply to run a trial under the CTR or under the Clinical Trials Directive.
Under the Clinical Trials Directive, which will expire after a transition period of one or three years, respectively, as outlined below in more detail, before a clinical trial can be initiated it must be approved in each EU Member State where there is a site at which the trial is to be conducted. The approval must be obtained from two separate entities: the National Competent Authority (“NCA”) and one or more Ethics Committees. The NCA of the EU Member States in which the clinical trial will be conducted must authorize the conduct of the trial, and the independent Ethics Committee must grant a positive opinion in relation to the conduct of the clinical trial in the relevant EU Member State before the commencement of the trial. Any substantial changes to the trial protocol or other information submitted with the clinical trial applications must be submitted to or approved by the relevant NCA and Ethics Committees. Under the Clinical Trials Directive all suspected unexpected serious adverse reactions to the investigated drug that occur during the clinical trial must be reported to the NCA and to the Ethics Committees of the EU Member State where they occur.
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A more unified procedure will apply under the new CTR. A sponsor will be able to submit a single application for approval of a clinical trial through a centralized EU clinical trials portal. One national regulatory authority (the reporting EU Member State proposed by the applicant) will take the lead in validating and evaluating the application and will consult and coordinate with the other concerned Member States. If an application is rejected, it may be amended and resubmitted through the EU clinical trials portal. If an approval is issued, the sponsor may start the clinical trial in all concerned Member States. However, a concerned EU Member State may in limited circumstances declare an “opt-out” from an approval and prevent the clinical trial from being conducted in such Member State. The CTR also aims to streamline and simplify the rules on safety reporting, and introduces enhanced transparency requirements such as mandatory submission of a summary of the clinical trial results to the EU Database. After several postponements of the coming into effect of the CTR due to technical difficulties with the underlying information technology systems , the “go live” of these systems and, accordingly, the coming into force of the regulation, occurred on January 31, 2022. The CTR foresees a three-year transition period. Member States will work in Clinical Trials Information System (“CTIS”) immediately after the system has gone live. For one year, until 31 January 2023, clinical trial sponsors can still choose whether to submit an initial clinical trial application in line with the current system (Clinical Trials Directive) or via CTIS. From 31 January 2023, submission of initial clinical trial applications via CTIS becomes mandatory, and by 31 January 2025, all ongoing trials approved under the current Clinical Trials Directive will be governed by the new Regulation and have to be transitioned to CTIS.
Under both the Clinical Trials Directive and the new CTR, national laws, regulations, and the applicable Good Clinical Practice and Good Laboratory Practice standards must also be respected during the conduct of the trials, including the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (“ICH”) guidelines on Good Clinical Practice (“GCP)” and the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki.
During the development of a medicinal product, the European Medical Agency (“EMA”) and national regulators within the EU provide the opportunity for dialogue and guidance on the development program. At the EMA level, this is usually done in the form of scientific advice, which is given by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) on the recommendation of the Scientific Advice Working Party (“SAWP”). A fee is incurred with each scientific advice procedure, but is significantly reduced for designated orphan medicines. Advice from the EMA is typically provided based on questions concerning, for example, quality (chemistry, manufacturing and controls testing), nonclinical testing and clinical studies, and pharmacovigilance plans and risk-management programs. Advice is not legally binding with regard to any future marketing authorization application of the product concerned.
Orphan Designation and Exclusivity
The criteria for designating an orphan medicinal product in the European Union are similar in principle to those in the United States. The EMA grants orphan drug designation if the medicinal product is intended for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of a life-threatening or chronically debilitating condition affecting no more than five in 10,000 persons in the European Union (prevalence criterion). In addition, Orphan Drug Designation can be granted if, for economic reasons, the medicinal product would be unlikely to be developed without incentives and if there is no other satisfactory method approved in the European Union of diagnosing, preventing, or treating the condition, or if such a method exists, the proposed medicinal product is a significant benefit to patients affected by the condition. An application for orphan drug designation (which is not a marketing authorization, as not all orphan-designated medicines reach the authorization application stage) must be submitted first before an application for marketing authorization of the medicinal product is submitted. The applicant will receive a fee reduction for the marketing authorization application if the orphan drug designation has been granted, but not if the designation is still pending at the time the marketing authorization is submitted, and sponsors must submit an annual report to EMA summarizing the status of development of the medicine. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in, or shorten the duration of, the regulatory review and approval process. Designated orphan medicines are eligible for conditional marketing authorization.
The EMA’s Committee for Orphan Medicinal Products reassesses the orphan drug designation of a product in parallel with the review for a marketing authorization; for a product to benefit from market exclusivity it must maintain its orphan drug designation at the time of marketing authorization review by the EMA and approval by the EC. Additionally, any marketing authorization granted for an orphan medicinal product must only cover the therapeutic indication(s) that are covered by the orphan drug designation. Upon the grant of a marketing authorization, orphan drug designation provides up to ten years of market exclusivity in the orphan indication.
During the 10-year period of market exclusivity, with a limited number of exceptions, the regulatory authorities of the EU Member States and the EMA may not accept applications for marketing authorization, accept an application to extend an existing marketing authorization or grant marketing authorization for other similar medicinal products for the same therapeutic
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indication. A similar medicinal product is defined as a medicinal product containing a similar active substance or substances as contained in a currently authorized orphan medicinal product, and which is intended for the same therapeutic indication. An orphan medicinal product can also obtain an additional two years of market exclusivity for an orphan-designated condition when the results of specific studies are reflected in the Summary of Product Characteristics (“SmPC”), addressing the pediatric population and completed in accordance with a fully compliant Pediatric Investigation Plan (“PIP”). No extension to any supplementary protection certificate can be granted on the basis of pediatric studies for orphan indications.
The 10-year market exclusivity may be reduced to six years if, at the end of the fifth year, it is established that the product no longer meets the criteria for orphan designation, i.e. the condition prevalence or financial returns criteria under Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000 on orphan medicinal products. When the period of orphan market exclusivity for an indication ends, the orphan drug designation for that indication expires as well. Orphan exclusivity runs in parallel with normal rules on data exclusivity and market protection. Additionally, a marketing authorization may be granted to a similar medicinal product (orphan or not) for the same or overlapping indication subject to certain requirements.
PRIME Designation
In March 2016, the EMA launched an initiative to facilitate development of product candidates in indications, often rare, for which few or no therapies currently exist. The Priority Medicines, or PRIME, scheme is intended to encourage drug development in areas of unmet medical need and provides accelerated assessment of products representing substantial innovation reviewed under the centralized procedure. Products from small- and medium-sized enterprises may qualify for earlier entry into the PRIME scheme than larger companies on the basis of compelling non-clinical data and tolerability data from initial clinical trials. Many benefits accrue to sponsors of product candidates with PRIME designation, including but not limited to, early and proactive regulatory dialogue with the EMA, frequent discussions on clinical trial designs and other development program elements, and potentially accelerated marketing authorization application assessment once a dossier has been submitted. Importantly, once a candidate medicine has been selected for the PRIME scheme, a dedicated contact point and rapporteur from the CHMP or from CAT are appointed facilitating increased understanding of the product at EMA’s Committee level. A kick-off meeting with the CHMP/CAT rapporteur initiates these relationships and includes a team of multidisciplinary experts to provide guidance on the overall development plan and regulatory strategy. PRIME eligibility does not change the standards for product approval, and there is no assurance that any such designation or eligibility will result in expedited review or approval.
Other Regulations
Although we currently do not have any products on the market, our current and future business operations may be subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. Such laws or regulations include, without limitation, state, federal, and foreign anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, privacy and security, price reporting, and physician sunshine laws or regulations. Some of our pre-commercial activities are subject to some of these laws.
The federal Anti-Kickback Statute makes it illegal for any person or entity, including a prescription drug manufacturer or a party acting on its behalf, to knowingly and willfully, directly or indirectly, solicit, receive, offer, or pay any remuneration that is intended to induce the referral of business, including the purchase, order, lease of any good, facility, item or service for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. The term “remuneration” has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value. The Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, formulary managers, and beneficiaries on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchases, or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a particular applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all its facts and circumstances. The government often takes the position that to violate the Anti-Kickback Statute, only one purpose of the remuneration need be to induce referrals, even if there are other legitimate purposes for the remuneration. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce referrals of federal healthcare covered business, the Anti-Kickback Statute has been violated. In addition, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Violations of this law are punishable by up to five years in prison, and can also result in criminal fines, civil money penalties, and exclusion from participation in federal
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healthcare programs. Moreover, a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act.
The federal civil False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, for payment to, or approval by, federal programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, claims for items or services, including drugs, that are false or fraudulent or not provided as claimed. Persons and entities can be held liable under these laws if they are deemed to “cause” the submission of false or fraudulent claims by, for example, providing inaccurate billing or coding information to customers or promoting a product off-label. Pharmaceutical companies have been prosecuted under the False Claims Act for engaging in a variety of different types of conduct that caused the submission of false claims to federal healthcare programs. Under the Anti-Kickback Statute, for example, a claim resulting from a violation of the Anti-Kickback Statute is deemed to be a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act. The False Claims Act imposes mandatory treble damages and per-violation civil penalties up to approximately $23,000. In addition, our future activities relating to the reporting of wholesaler or estimated retail prices for our products, the reporting of prices used to calculate Medicaid rebate information and other information affecting federal, state, and third-party reimbursement for our products, and the sale and marketing of our products are subject to scrutiny under this law. Penalties for federal civil False Claims Act violations may include up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus mandatory civil penalties for each separate false claim, the potential for exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, and, although the federal False Claims Act is a civil statute, False Claims Act violations may also implicate various federal criminal statutes.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing, or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items, or services. Like the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.
The civil monetary penalties statute imposes penalties against any person or entity that, among other things, is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.
Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. Additionally, to the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws.
HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (“HITECH”), and their implementing regulations, mandates, among other things, the adoption of uniform standards for the electronic exchange of information in common healthcare transactions, as well as standards relating to the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information, which require the adoption of administrative, physical, and technical safeguards to protect such information. Among other things, HITECH makes HIPAA’s security standards directly applicable to business associates, defined as independent contractors or agents of covered entities that create, receive, or obtain protected health information in connection with providing a service for or on behalf of a covered entity. HITECH also increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against covered entities and business associates and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. In addition, certain state laws govern the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, some of which are more stringent than HIPAA, and many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties.
The Physician Payments Sunshine Act imposes, among other things, annual reporting requirements for covered manufacturers for certain payments and other transfers of value provided to physicians, as defined under such law, and teaching hospitals, as well as certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Failure to submit timely, accurately, and completely the required information for all payments and transfers of value and ownership or investment interests may result in civil monetary penalties. Certain states also mandate implementation of compliance programs, impose restrictions on drug manufacturer marketing practices, and/or require the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation, and other remuneration to physicians or drug pricing, and certain states and localities require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives.
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If we intend to commercialize products that could be reimbursed under a federal healthcare program and other government healthcare programs, we will develop a comprehensive compliance program that establishes internal control to facilitate adherence to the rules and program requirements to which we will or may become subject. Although the development and implementation of compliance programs designed to establish internal controls and facilitate compliance can mitigate the risk of investigation, prosecution, and penalties assessed for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated.
Certain states have also adopted comparable privacy and security laws and regulations, some of which may be more stringent than HIPAA. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. In addition, California enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”) on June 28, 2018, which went into effect on January 1, 2020. The CCPA creates individual privacy rights for California consumers and increases the privacy and security obligations of entities handling certain personal data. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches that is expected to increase data breach litigation. The CCPA may increase our compliance costs and potential liability, and many similar laws have been proposed at the federal level and proposed or enacted in other states. Any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.
Foreign data protection laws, including, without limitation, the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and EU member state data protection legislation, also apply to health-related and other personal data that we process, including, without limitation, personal data relating to clinical trial participants in the EU. The United Kingdom and Switzerland have also adopted data protection laws and regulations.
The collection and use of personal health data and other personal information in the European Union is governed by the provisions of the GDPR, which came into force in May 2018 and related implementing laws in individual EU Member States. The GDPR imposes a number of strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to process (processing includes collection, analysis and transfer of) personal data of individuals within the European Union and in the EEA, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. The GDPR also includes requirements relating to the consent of the individuals to whom the personal data relates, the information provided to the individuals prior to processing their personal data or personal health data, notification of data processing obligations to the national data protection authorities and the security and confidentiality of the personal data. EU Member States may also impose additional requirements in relation to health, genetic and biometric data through their national implementing legislation.
Failure to comply with the requirements of the GDPR and the related national data protection laws of the EU Member States may result in significant monetary fines for noncompliance of up to €20 million or 4% of the annual global revenues of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater, other administrative penalties and a number of criminal offenses (punishable by uncapped fines) for organizations and in certain cases their directors and officers as well as civil liability claims from individuals whose personal data was processed. Data protection authorities from the different EU Member States may still implement certain variations, enforce the GDPR and national data protection laws differently, and introduce additional national regulations and guidelines, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the European Union. Guidance developed at both EU level and at the national level in individual EU Member States concerning implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised.
There is, moreover, a growing trend towards required public disclosure of clinical trial data in the European Union which adds to the complexity of obligations relating to processing health data from clinical trials. Such public disclosure obligations are provided in the new EU Clinical Trials Regulation, EMA disclosure initiatives and voluntary commitments by industry. Failing to comply with these obligations could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, harm to our reputation, and adversely impact our business and operating results. The uncertainty regarding the interplay between different regulatory frameworks, such as the Clinical Trials Regulation and the GDPR, further adds to the complexity that we face with regard to data protection regulation.
With regard to the transfer of data from the European Union to the United Kingdom, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (“TCA”) provided for a transition period of up to six months as of January 1, 2021 to enable the European Commission to complete its adequacy assessment of the UK’s data protection laws. On June 28, 2021 the European Commission adopted two adequacy decisions for the United Kingdom – one under the GDPR and the other for the Law Enforcement Directive. Personal data may now freely flow from the European Union to the United Kingdom since the United Kingdom is deemed to have an adequate data protection level. Additionally, following the UK's withdrawal from the European Union and the EEA, companies also have to comply with the UK’s data protection laws (including the UK GDPR, which is based on the EU GDPR), the latter regime having the ability to separately fine up to the greater of £17.5 million or 4% of global turnover. The adequacy decisions include a ‘sunset clause’ which entails that the decisions will automatically expire four years after their entry into force.
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If our operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, significant administrative, regulatory, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, imprisonment, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, and exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. These laws or governmental regulations could require us or our collaborators to incur additional costs to achieve compliance, limit our competitiveness, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to use, store, transfer, and process data, impact our or our collaborators’ ability to process or use data in order to support the provision of our products or services, affect our or our collaborators’ ability to offer our products and services in certain locations, or cause regulators to reject, limit, or disrupt our clinical trial activities.
Health Reform
In the United States and foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to healthcare systems that could affect our future results of operations. There have been and continue to be a number of initiatives at the U.S. federal and state levels that seek to reduce healthcare costs.
In particular, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (the “Affordable Care Act”), has had a significant impact on the healthcare industry. The Affordable Care Act was designed to expand coverage for the uninsured while at the same time containing overall healthcare costs. With regard to pharmaceutical products, among other things, the Affordable Care Act revised the definition of “average manufacturer price” for calculating and reporting Medicaid drug rebates on outpatient prescription drug prices and imposed a significant annual fee on companies that manufacture or import certain branded prescription drug products.
There remain judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the Affordable Care Act. In January 2017, Congress voted to adopt a budget resolution for fiscal year 2017 (the “Budget Resolution”) that authorizes the implementation of legislation that would repeal portions of the Affordable Care Act. Further, on January 20, 2017, an Executive Order was signed, directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the Affordable Care Act to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any provision of the Affordable Care Act that would impose a fiscal or regulatory burden on states, individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. Congress also has considered subsequent legislation to repeal or replace elements of the Affordable Care Act. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, several bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the Affordable Care Act have been signed into law. The legislation informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the “Tax Act”) included a provision which repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the Affordable Care Act on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate.” Additionally, the 2020 federal spending package permanently eliminated, effective January 1, 2020, the Affordable Care Act-mandated “Cadillac” tax on high-cost employer-sponsored health coverage and medical device tax and, effective January 1, 2021, also eliminates the health insurer tax. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Act. Additionally, on December 18, 2019, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit upheld the District Court ruling that the individual mandate was unconstitutional and remanded the case back to the District Court to determine whether the remaining provisions of the Affordable Care Act are invalid as well. On November 10, 2020, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments on the case. In June 2021, the Supreme Court held that the states and individuals that brought the lawsuit challenging the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate did not have standing to challenge the law. Although the Supreme Court did not reach the merits of the challenge, it vacated the judgment of the Texas U.S. District Court and remanded the case with instructions to dismiss, effectively ending the case. There are no changes to our business as a result of the decision, however, in the coming years, additional legislative and regulatory changes could be made to governmental health programs that could significantly impact pharmaceutical companies and the success of their product candidates.
In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the Affordable Care Act was enacted. In August 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend to Congress proposals in spending reductions. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. These included reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year, which went into effect on April 1, 2013, and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will stay in effect through 2029 unless additional Congressional action is taken. Additionally, in January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.
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Moreover, the Drug Supply Chain Security Act imposes obligations on manufacturers of pharmaceutical products, among others, related to product tracking and tracing. Among its requirements, manufacturers need to provide certain information regarding the drug product to individuals and entities to which product ownership is transferred, label drug product with a product identifier, and keep certain records regarding the drug product. The transfer of information to subsequent product owners by manufacturers will eventually be required to be done electronically. Manufacturers will also be required to verify that purchasers of the manufacturers’ products are appropriately licensed. Further, manufacturers will have drug product investigation, quarantine, disposition, and notification responsibilities related to counterfeit, diverted, stolen, and intentionally adulterated products, as well as products that are the subject of fraudulent transactions or which are otherwise unfit for distribution such that they would be reasonably likely to result in serious health consequences or death.
Further, there has been increasing legislative and enforcement interest in the United States with respect to specialty drug pricing practices. Specifically, there have been recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, reduce the cost of prescription drugs under Medicare, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs.
Additionally, on November 20, 2020, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) issued an interim final rule implementing a Most Favored Nation (“MFN”) model that would cap the price Medicare can pay for a drug to the lowest price paid in an economically comparable country within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The MFN model regulations mandate participation by identified Part B providers and would have applied to all U.S. states and territories for a seven-year period beginning January 1, 2021, and ending December 31, 2027. However, on December 29, 2021, CMS rescinded the proposed MFN rule. Additionally, on December 2, 2020, HHS published a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law. The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers. Pursuant to court order, the removal and addition of the aforementioned safe harbors have been delayed until January 1, 2023, requiring manufacturers to ensure the full value of co-pay assistance is passed on to the patient or these dollars will count toward the Average Manufacturer Price and Best Price calculation of the drug. On May 21, 2021, PhRMA sued the HHS in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, to stop the implementation of the rule claiming that the rule contradicts federal law surrounding Medicaid rebates. It is unclear how the outcome of this litigation will affect the rule. We cannot predict how the implementation of and any further changes to this rule will affect our business. It is unclear whether or how the Biden administration will move forward with the rule. But if the new administration implements the rule in its current form and the rule survives judicial scrutiny, the MFN model will subject certain physician-administered drugs or biologicals identified by CMS as having the highest annual Medicare Part B spending to an alternative payment methodology based on international reference prices, with the list of products to be updated annually to add more products and products not to be removed absent limited circumstances.
The Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) has solicited feedback on some of these measures and has implemented others under its existing authority. For example, in May 2019, CMS issued a final rule to allow Medicare Advantage plans the option to use step therapy for Part B drugs beginning January 1, 2020. This final rule codified CMS’s policy change that was effective January 1, 2019. Further, in December 2019, the FDA issued draft guidance describing procedures for drug manufacturers to facilitate the importation of FDA-approved drugs and biologics manufactured abroad and originally intended for sale in a foreign country into the United States.
On November 2, 2021, President Biden’s administration announced a new framework for prescription drug pricing. This plan allows Medicare to negotiate prices for a set number of small molecule drugs that have been on the market for more than nine years, and for biologics that have been on the market for more than 12 years. The plan also imposes a tax penalty on drug companies that increase prices faster than inflation and lowers out-of-pocket costs for seniors.
Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly active in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. For example, after some pharmacy benefit managers and insurers adopted policies stating that the amount of a copay coupon would not be applied to the enrollee’s deductible or out-of-pocket maximum (referred to as “accumulator adjustment programs”), some states passed legislation banning these policies. On January 31, 2020, CMS released its proposed 2021 Notice of Benefit and Payment Parameters rule, which provides that insurers would no longer be required to count any coupons from drug manufacturers towards a consumer’s out-of-pocket limit. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our product candidates, if approved.
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Coverage and Reimbursement
Sales of our product candidates, once approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which the costs of our products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health programs, private health insurers, and managed care organizations. Third-party payors generally decide which drugs they will cover and establish certain reimbursement levels for such drugs. In particular, in the United States, private health insurers and other third-party payors often provide reimbursement for products and services based on the level at which the government (through the Medicare or Medicaid programs) provides reimbursement for such treatments. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Patients are unlikely to use products unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover a significant portion of the cost of such products. Sales of our product candidates, and any future product candidates, will therefore depend substantially on the extent to which the costs of our product candidates, and any future product candidates, will be paid by third-party payors. Additionally, the market for our product candidates, and any future product candidates, will depend significantly on access to third-party payors’ formularies without prior authorization, step therapy, or other limitations such as approved lists of treatments for which third-party payors provide coverage and reimbursement. Additionally, coverage and reimbursement for therapeutic products can differ significantly from payor to payor. One third-party payor’s decision to cover a particular medical product or service does not ensure that other payors will also provide coverage for the medical product or service or will provide coverage at an adequate reimbursement rate. As a result, the coverage determination process will require us to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately and will be a costly and time-consuming process.
Third-party payors are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs and increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services. Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments and the prices of drugs have been a focus in this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls and transparency requirements, restrictions on reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could limit our net revenue and results. If these third-party payors do not consider our products to be cost-effective compared to other therapies, they may not cover our products once approved as a benefit under their plans or, if they do, the level of reimbursement may not be sufficient to allow us to sell our products on a profitable basis. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our products once approved or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our products could reduce or eliminate utilization of our products and have an adverse effect on our sales, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, state and federal healthcare reform measures have been and will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in reduced demand for our products once approved or additional pricing pressures.
Manufacturing
We do not own or operate clinical or commercial manufacturing facilities for the production of our product candidates that we develop, nor do we have plans to develop our own manufacturing operations in the foreseeable future. We currently depend on third-party contract manufacturers for all of our required raw materials, active pharmaceutical ingredients, and finished product candidates for our clinical trials. We do not have any current contractual arrangements for the manufacture of commercial supplies of our product candidates that we develop. We currently employ internal resources and third-party consultants to manage our manufacturing contractors.
Historically, we have relied on third-party contract development and manufacturing organizations (“CDMOs”), to manufacture and supply our preclinical and clinical materials used during the development of our product candidates. Over the last twelve months, demand for biological therapeutic manufacturing has increased and supply has been constrained, in part due to the displacement caused by efforts to manufacture COVID-19 vaccines. We initially pursued three separate manufacturing paths to supply investigational product for our planned clinical trials in order to mitigate delays and uncertainties. We currently rely on a single multi-site CDMO for such manufacturing, although other avenues remain if our current manufacturer were to be negatively impacted. We maintain a long-term master services agreement with our CDMO pursuant to which the CDMO provides biologics development and manufacturing services on a per project basis and a related cell line license. We may terminate the master services agreement at any time for convenience in accordance with the terms of the agreement. We may also terminate the master services agreement in the event that the CDMO does not obtain or maintain any material governmental license or approval in accordance with the terms of the agreement. The agreement includes confidentiality and intellectual property provisions to protect our proprietary rights related to our product candidates. We do not currently have arrangements in place for redundant supply. While any reduction or halt in supply from the CDMO could limit our ability to
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develop our product candidates until a replacement CDMO is found and qualified, we believe that we have sufficient supply to support our current clinical trial programs. Any reduction or halt in supply from the CDMO could limit our ability to develop our product candidates until a replacement CDMO is found and qualified, although we believe that we have supply on hand that can partially support our current clinical trial programs until a replacement CDMO is secured.
Sales and Marketing
We have not yet defined our sales, marketing, or product distribution strategy for our product candidates because our product candidates are still in preclinical or early-stage clinical development. Our commercial strategy may include the use of strategic partners, distributors, a contract sale force, or the establishment of our own commercial and specialty sales force. We plan to further evaluate these alternatives as we continue to advance into later stages of development for each one of our product candidates.
Employees
As of December 31, 2021, we had 50 full-time employees located in the United States. We have never had a work stoppage, and none of our employees is represented by a labor organization or under any collective bargaining arrangements. We consider our employee relations to be good.
Our Corporate Information
We were initially founded as a Delaware limited liability company in January 2010 and subsequently incorporated as a Delaware corporation in June 2014. On January 20, 2021, pursuant to the Merger Agreement (as defined below) under which miRagen Therapeutics, Inc. acquired Viridian Therapeutics, Inc., we changed our name from Miragen Therapeutics, Inc. to Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. Our common stock currently trades on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “VRDN.” Our principal executive office is located at 221 Crescent Street, Suite 401, Waltham, MA 02453, and our telephone number is (617) 272-4600. Our website address is www.viridiantherapeutics.com. The information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this Annual Report. We have included our website in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual reference.
This Annual Report contains references to our trademarks and trademarks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names or trademarks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other company.
Available Information
Our Annual Reports, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to reports filed pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) are available free of charge on our website located at www.viridiantherapeutics.com as soon as reasonably practicable after they are filed with the SEC. The reports are also available at the SEC’s internet website at www.sec.gov. A copy of our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, and the charters of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Nominative and Corporate Governance Committee are posted on our website, www.viridiantherapeutics.com, under “Corporate Governance.”
ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
Our business, financial condition, and operating results may be affected by a number of factors, whether currently known or unknown, including but not limited to those described below. Any one or more of such factors could directly or indirectly cause our actual results of operations and financial condition to vary materially from past or anticipated future results of operations and financial condition. Any of these factors, in whole or in part, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and stock price. The following information should be read in conjunction with Part II, Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the consolidated financial statements and related notes in Part II, Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report.
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Risk Factor Summary
Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk because our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, as fully described below. The principal factors and uncertainties that make investing in our common stock risky include, among others:
•We will need to raise additional capital, and if we are unable to do so when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.
•We have historically incurred losses, have a limited operating history on which to assess our business, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
•We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.
•Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights.
•Clinical trials are costly, time consuming, and inherently risky, and we may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.
•Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial viability of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.
•We are heavily dependent on the success of our product candidates, which are in the early stages of clinical development. Some of our product candidates have produced results only in non-clinical settings, or for other indications than those for which we contemplate conducting development and seeking FDA approval, and we cannot give any assurance that we will generate data for any of our product candidates sufficiently supportive to receive regulatory approval in our planned indications, which will be required before they can be commercialized.
•Product development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of future clinical trial results.
Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements
We will need to raise additional capital, and if we are unable to do so when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.
As of December 31, 2021, we had $197.0 million of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. We expect that our current resources will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2024. We will need to raise additional capital to continue to fund our operations and service our obligations in the future. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.
Developing our product candidates requires a substantial amount of capital. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our product candidates through clinical trials. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.
We do not currently have any products approved for sale and do not generate any revenue from product sales. Accordingly, we expect to rely primarily on equity and/or debt financings to fund our continued operations. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend, in part, on the success of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other product development activities, regulatory events, our ability to identify and enter into licensing or other strategic arrangements, and other events or conditions that may affect our value or prospects, as well as factors related to financial, economic and market conditions, many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurances that sufficient funds will be available to us when required or on acceptable terms, if at all.
If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:
•significantly delay, scale back, or discontinue the development or commercialization of our product candidates;
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•seek strategic alliances, or amend existing alliances, for research and development programs at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or that we otherwise would have sought to develop independently, or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available in the future;
•dispose of technology assets, or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or any of our product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves;
•pursue the sale of our company to a third party at a price that may result in a loss on investment for our stockholders; or
•file for bankruptcy or cease operations altogether.
Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, and prospects.
Additionally, any capital raising efforts are subject to significant risks and contingencies, as described in more detail under the risk factor titled “Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights.”
We have historically incurred losses, have a limited operating history on which to assess our business, and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.
We are a biotechnology company with a limited operating history. We have historically incurred net losses. During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, net loss was $79.4 million and $110.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $358.3 million and cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments of $197.0 million.
We expect that our current resources will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into 2024. We will need to raise substantial additional capital to continue to fund our operations in the future. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our clinical development efforts and the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused and may continue to cause major disruptions to businesses and markets worldwide. A recession or market correction resulting from the spread of COVID-19 and related government orders and restrictions could materially affect our business and the value of our common stock.
Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop our product candidates. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate. If we are unable to acquire additional capital or resources, we will be required to modify our operational plans to complete future milestones. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently anticipate. We may be forced to reduce our operating expenses and raise additional funds to meet our working capital needs, principally through the additional sales of our securities or debt financings or entering into strategic collaborations.
We have devoted substantially all of our financial resources to identify, acquire, and develop our product candidates, including conducting clinical trials and providing general and administrative support for our operations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible promissory notes. The amount of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of our future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic collaborations, or grants. Biopharmaceutical product development is a highly speculative undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We expect our losses to increase as our product candidates enter more advanced clinical trials. It may be several years, if ever, before we complete pivotal clinical trials or have a product candidate approved for commercialization. We expect to invest significant funds into the research and development of our current product candidates to determine the potential to advance these product candidates to regulatory approval.
If we obtain regulatory approval to market a product candidate, our future revenue will depend upon the size of any markets in which our product candidates may receive approval, and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, pricing, coverage, and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, and adequate market share for our product candidates in those markets. Even if we obtain adequate market share for our product candidates, because the potential markets in which our product candidates may ultimately receive regulatory approval could be very small, we may never become profitable despite obtaining such market share and acceptance of our products.
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We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future and our expenses will increase substantially if and as we:
•continue the development of our product candidates;
•continue efforts to discover and develop new product candidates;
•continue the manufacturing of our product candidates or increase volumes manufactured by third parties;
•advance our programs into large expensive clinical trials;
•initiate additional preclinical studies or clinical trials for our product candidates;
•seek regulatory and marketing approvals and reimbursement for our product candidates;
•establish a sales, marketing, and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval and market for ourselves;
•seek to identify, assess, acquire, and/or develop other product candidates;
•make milestone, royalty, or other payments under third-party license agreements;
•seek to maintain, protect, and expand our intellectual property portfolio;
•seek to attract and retain skilled personnel; and
•experience any delays or encounter issues with the development and potential for regulatory approval of our clinical and product candidates such as safety issues, manufacturing delays, clinical trial accrual delays, longer follow-up for planned studies or trials, additional major studies or trials, or supportive trials necessary to support marketing approval.
Further, the net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance.
We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.
We have no products approved for commercialization and have never generated any revenue from product sales. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with strategic collaborators, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the regulatory and marketing approvals necessary to commercialize one or more of our product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenue from product sales for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate future revenue from product sales depends heavily on our success in many areas, including but not limited to:
•completing research and development of our product candidates;
•obtaining regulatory and marketing approvals for our product candidates;
•manufacturing product candidates and establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that are commercially feasible, meet regulatory requirements and our supply needs in sufficient quantities to meet market demand for our product candidates, if approved;
•marketing, launching, and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain regulatory and marketing approval, either directly or with a collaborator or distributor;
•gaining market acceptance of our product candidates as treatment options;
•addressing any competing products;
•protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights, including patents, trade secrets, and know-how;
•negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing, or other arrangements into which we may enter;
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•obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors and maintaining pricing for our product candidates that supports profitability; and
•attracting, hiring, and retaining qualified personnel.
Even if one or more of the product candidates that we develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product candidate. Portions of our current pipeline of product candidates have been in-licensed from third parties, which make the commercial sale of such in-licensed products potentially subject to additional royalty and milestone payments to such third parties. We will also have to develop or acquire manufacturing capabilities or continue to contract with contract manufacturers in order to continue development and potential commercialization of our product candidates. For instance, if the costs of manufacturing our drug product are not commercially feasible, we will need to develop or procure our drug product in a commercially feasible manner in order to successfully commercialize a future approved product, if any. Additionally, if we are not able to generate revenue from the sale of any approved products, we may never become profitable.
Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights.
Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial revenue from the sale of our product candidates, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, and license and development agreements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity securities or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect your rights as a stockholder. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends.
If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or marketing, distribution, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our research programs or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings or other arrangements with third parties when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to third parties to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.
To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity, including pursuant to any sales under the Open Market Sale AgreementSM entered into in November 2021 (the “November 2021 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), convertible debt, or other securities convertible into equity, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these new securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our stockholders. Any additional sales of our common stock under the November 2021 ATM Agreement and the Aspire Common Stock Purchase Agreement will dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders and may cause the price per share of our common stock to decrease. In addition, any exercise of outstanding warrants will dilute the ownership interest of our stockholders and may cause the price per share of our common stock to decrease.
Debt financing, if available, would likely involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, making additional product acquisitions, or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through strategic collaborations or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates or future revenue streams or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. We cannot be assured that we will be able to obtain additional funding if and when necessary to fund our entire portfolio of product candidates to meet our projected plans. If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be required to delay or discontinue one or more of our development programs or the commercialization of any product candidates or be unable to expand our operations or otherwise capitalize on potential business opportunities, which could materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.
Our operations, and those of our third-party research institution collaborators, contract research organizations (“CROs”), contract manufacturing operations (“CMOs”), and other contractors and consultants, could be subject to acts of war, earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical pandemics or epidemics, such as the novel coronavirus, and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we are partly uninsured. In addition, we rely on our third-party research institution collaborators for conducting research and development of our product candidates, and they may be affected by government
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shutdowns or withdrawn funding. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.
Risks Related to the Discovery and Development of Our Product Candidates
Clinical trials are costly, time consuming, and inherently risky, and we may fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory authorities.
Clinical development is expensive, time consuming, and involves significant risk. We cannot guarantee that any clinical trials will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of development. Events that may prevent successful or timely completion of clinical development include but are not limited to:
•inability to generate satisfactory preclinical, toxicology, or other in vivo or in vitro data or diagnostics to support the initiation or continuation of clinical trials;
•delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with CROs and clinical trial sites, the terms of which can be subject to extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs, clinical trial sites, and in countries or regions where our trials are conducted;
•delays in obtaining required approvals from institutional review boards or independent ethics committees at each clinical trial site;
•failure to permit the conduct of a clinical trial by regulatory authorities;
•delays in recruiting eligible patients and/or subjects in our clinical trials;
•failure by clinical sites, CROs, or other third parties to adhere to clinical trial requirements;
•failure by our clinical sites, CROs, or other third parties to perform in accordance with the good clinical practices requirements of the FDA or applicable foreign regulatory guidelines;
•patients and/or subjects dropping out of our clinical trials;
•adverse events or tolerability or animal toxicology issues significant enough for the FDA or other regulatory agencies to put any or all clinical trials on hold;
•occurrence of adverse events associated with our product candidates;
•changes in regulatory requirements and guidance that require amending or submitting new clinical protocols;
•significant costs of clinical trials of our product candidates, including manufacturing activities;
•negative or inconclusive results from our clinical trials, which may result in our deciding, or regulators requiring us, to conduct additional clinical trials or abandon development programs in other ongoing or planned indications for a product candidate; and
•delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with third-party manufacturers and the time to manufacture sufficient quantities of our product candidates acceptable for use in clinical trials.
The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical studies to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:
•restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of a product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls;
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•fines, warning letters, or holds on post-approval clinical studies;
•refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of existing product approvals;
•product seizure or detention, or refusal of the FDA to permit the import or export of products; or
•injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may materially affect our ability to complete our clinical trials in a timely fashion or at all. Any inability to successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenue. In addition, if we make manufacturing or formulation changes to our product candidates, we may need to conduct additional nonclinical studies and the results obtained from studying such new formulation may not be consistent with previous results obtained. Clinical trial delays could also shorten any periods during which our products have patent protection and may allow competitors to develop and bring products to market before we do, which could impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations.
Our product candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial viability of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.
Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay, or terminate clinical trials. They additionally may result in a delay of regulatory approval by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities, or, even in the instance that an affected product candidate is approved, may result in a restrictive drug label.
Even if one or more of our product candidates receives marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such products, potentially significant negative consequences could result, including but not limited to:
•regulatory authorities may withdraw approvals of such products;
•regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the drug label;
•we may be required to create a REMS, which could include a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution to patients, a communication plan for healthcare providers, and/or other elements to assure safe use;
•we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients or subjects; and
•our reputation may suffer.
Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of a product candidate, even if approved, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations, and prospects.
Our product development program may not uncover all possible adverse events that patients or subjects who take our product candidates may experience. The number of patients or subjects exposed to our product candidates and the average exposure time in the clinical development program may be inadequate to detect rare adverse events that may only be detected once the product is administered to more patients or subjects and for greater periods of time.
Clinical trials by their nature utilize a sample of the potential patient population. However, with a limited number of subjects and limited duration of exposure, we cannot be fully assured that rare and severe side effects of our product candidates will be uncovered. Such rare and severe side effects may only be uncovered with a significantly larger number of patients or subjects exposed to the drug. If such safety problems occur or are identified after our product candidates reach the market, the FDA may require that we amend the labeling of the product or recall the product or may even withdraw approval for the product.
We are heavily dependent on the success of our product candidates, which are in the early stages of development, and we cannot give any assurance that we will generate data for any of our product candidates sufficiently supportive to receive regulatory approval in our planned indications, which will be required before they can be commercialized.
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We have invested substantially all of our effort and financial resources to identify, acquire, and develop our portfolio of product candidates. Our future success is dependent on our ability to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, and commercialize one or more product candidates. We currently generate no revenue from sales of any products, and we may never be able to develop or commercialize a product candidate. We continue to evaluate and pursue additional opportunities to expand our product pipeline, either by discovering novel antibodies internally, or by acquiring rights to existing antibodies or antibody sequences. Our goal is to build a sustainable portfolio of investigational monoclonal antibody therapies.
We currently have a limited number of product candidates. There can be no assurance that the data that we may or may not develop for our product candidates in our planned indications will be sufficiently supportive to obtain regulatory approval.
None of our product candidates have advanced through a pivotal clinical trial for our proposed indications, and it may be years before any such clinical trial is initiated and completed, if at all. We are not permitted to market or promote any of our product candidates before they receive regulatory approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we may never receive such regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. We cannot be certain that any of our product candidates will be successful in clinical trials or receive regulatory approval. Further, our product candidates may not receive regulatory approval even if they are successful in clinical trials. If we do not receive regulatory approvals for our product candidates, we may not be able to continue our operations.
Product development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier preclinical studies and clinical trials may not be predictive of future clinical trial results.
Clinical testing is expensive and generally takes many years to complete, and the outcome is inherently uncertain. Failure can occur at any time during the clinical trial process. The results of preclinical studies and early clinical trials of our product candidates may not be predictive of the results of larger, later-stage controlled clinical trials. Product candidates that have shown promising results in early-stage clinical trials may still suffer significant setbacks in subsequent clinical trials. We will have to conduct well-controlled trials in our proposed indications to support any regulatory submissions for further clinical development. A number of companies in the biopharmaceutical industry have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials due to lack of efficacy or adverse safety profiles despite promising results in earlier, smaller clinical trials. Moreover, clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses. We do not know whether any clinical trials we may conduct will demonstrate consistent or adequate efficacy and safety of our product candidates, with respect to the proposed indication for use, sufficient to receive regulatory approval to market our drug candidates.
We may use our financial and human resources to pursue a particular research program or product candidate and fail to capitalize on programs or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.
Because we have limited financial and human resources, we may forgo or delay pursuit of opportunities with some programs or product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or more profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and future product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. We may also enter into additional strategic collaboration agreements to develop and commercialize some of our programs and potential product candidates in indications with potentially large commercial markets. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through strategic collaborations, licensing, or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate, or we may allocate internal resources to a product candidate in a therapeutic area in which it would have been more advantageous to enter into a collaboration arrangement.
We may find it difficult to enroll and maintain patients or subjects in our clinical trials, in part due to the limited number of patients or subjects who have the diseases for which our product candidates are being studied. We cannot predict if we will have difficulty enrolling and maintaining patients or subjects in our future clinical trials. Difficulty in enrolling and maintaining patients or subjects could delay or prevent clinical trials of our product candidates.
Identifying and qualifying patients or subjects to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is essential to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends in part on the rate at which we can recruit patients or subjects to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates, and we may experience delays in our clinical trials if we encounter difficulties in enrollment.
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The eligibility criteria of our clinical trials may further limit the available eligible trial participants as we expect to require that patients or subjects have specific characteristics that we can measure or meet the criteria to assure their conditions are appropriate for inclusion in our clinical trials. Accordingly, we may not be able to identify, recruit, enroll, and maintain a sufficient number of patients or subjects to complete our future clinical trials in a timely manner because of the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under study, the availability and efficacy of competing therapies and clinical trials, the option for patients to choose alternate existing approved therapies, and the willingness of physicians to participate in our planned clinical trials. Our ability to enroll patients in our planned clinical trials may be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, or any future disease pandemic. Health concerns may cause patients to be unwilling to participate in clinical trials if they view themselves at particular risk from the virus, or future clinical trial sites in areas particularly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic or any other future disease pandemic may close entirely. We cannot guarantee that the COVID-19 pandemic, or any other future disease pandemics, will not impact enrollment in any future clinical trials. If patients or subjects are unwilling or unable to participate in our clinical trials for any reason, the timeline for conducting trials and obtaining regulatory approval of our product candidates may be delayed.
If we experience delays in the completion of, or termination of, any clinical trials of our product candidates, the commercial prospects of our product candidates could be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenue from any of these product candidates could be delayed or prevented. In addition, any delays in completing our clinical trials would likely increase our overall costs, impair product candidate development, and jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval relative to our current plans. Any of these occurrences may harm our business, financial condition, and prospects significantly.
We may face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs. If the use or misuse of our approved products, if any, or product candidates harm patients or subjects, or is perceived to harm patients or subjects even when such harm is unrelated to our approved products, if any, or product candidates, our regulatory approvals, if any, could be revoked or otherwise negatively impacted, and we could be subject to costly and damaging product liability claims. If we are unable to obtain adequate insurance or are required to pay for liabilities resulting from a claim excluded from, or beyond the limits of, our insurance coverage, a material liability claim could adversely affect our financial condition.
The use or misuse of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we may obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of potential product liability claims. There is a risk that our product candidates may induce adverse events. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. Patients with the diseases targeted by our product candidates may already be in severe and advanced stages of disease and have both known and unknown significant preexisting and potentially life-threatening health risks. During the course of treatment, patients may suffer adverse events, including death, for reasons that may or may not be related to our product candidates. Such events could subject us to costly litigation, require us to pay substantial amounts of money to injured patients, delay, negatively impact, or end our opportunity to receive or maintain regulatory approval to market our products, or require us to suspend or abandon our commercialization efforts. Even in a circumstance in which an adverse event is unrelated to our product candidates, the investigation into the circumstance may be time-consuming or inconclusive. These investigations may delay our regulatory approval process or impact and limit the type of regulatory approvals our product candidates receive or maintain.
As a result of these factors, a product liability claim, even if successfully defended, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Although we have product liability insurance, which covers our historical clinical trials in the United States, for up to $5.0 million per occurrence, up to an aggregate limit of $5.0 million, our insurance may be insufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. We will also likely be required to increase our product liability insurance coverage for any future clinical trials that we may initiate. If we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we will need to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products. There is no way to know if we will be able to continue to obtain product liability coverage and obtain expanded coverage, if we require it, in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability, on acceptable terms, or at all. We may not have sufficient resources to pay for any liabilities resulting from a claim excluded from, or beyond the limits of, our insurance coverage. Where we have provided indemnities in favor of third parties under our agreements with them, there is also a risk that these third parties could incur liability and bring a claim under such indemnities. An individual may bring a product liability claim against us alleging that one of our product candidates causes, or is claimed to have caused, an injury or is found to be unsuitable for consumer use. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. Any product liability claim brought against us, with or without merit, could result in:
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•withdrawal of clinical trial volunteers, investigators, patients or subjects, or trial sites, or limitations on approved indications;
•the inability to commercialize, or if commercialized, decreased demand for, our product candidates;
•if commercialized, product recalls, labeling, marketing or promotional restrictions, or the need for product modification;
•initiation of investigations by regulators;
•loss of revenue;
•substantial costs of litigation, including monetary awards to patients or other claimants;
•liabilities that substantially exceed our product liability insurance, which we would then be required to pay ourselves;
•an increase in our product liability insurance rates or the inability to maintain insurance coverage in the future on acceptable terms, if at all;
•the diversion of management’s attention from our business; and
•damage to our reputation and the reputation of our products and our technology.
Product liability claims may subject us to the foregoing and other risks, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
Risks Related to Regulatory Approval of Our Product Candidates and Other Legal Compliance Matters
We expect the product candidates we develop will be regulated as biologics, and therefore they may be subject to competition sooner than anticipated.
The Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (“BPCIA”) was enacted as part of the Affordable Care Act to establish an abbreviated pathway for the approval of biosimilar and interchangeable biological products. The regulatory pathway establishes legal authority for the FDA to review and approve biosimilar biologics, including the possible designation of a biosimilar as “interchangeable” based on its similarity to an approved biologic. Under the BPCIA, an application for a biosimilar product cannot be approved by the FDA until 12 years after the reference product was approved under a Biologics License Application (“BLA”). The law is complex and is still being interpreted and implemented by the FDA. As a result, its ultimate impact, implementation, and meaning are subject to uncertainty. While it is uncertain when processes intended to implement BPCIA may be fully adopted by the FDA, any of these processes could have a material adverse effect on the future commercial prospects for our biological products.
We believe that any of the product candidates we develop that is approved in the United States as a biological product under a BLA should qualify for the 12-year period of exclusivity. However, there is a risk that this exclusivity could be shortened due to congressional action or otherwise, or that the FDA will not consider the subject product candidates to be reference products for competing products, potentially creating the opportunity for generic competition sooner than anticipated. Moreover, the extent to which a biosimilar, once approved, will be substituted for any one of the reference products in a way that is similar to traditional generic substitution for non-biological products is not yet clear, and will depend on a number of marketplace and regulatory factors that are still developing.
In addition, the approval of a biologic product biosimilar to one of our product candidates could have a material adverse impact on our business as it may be significantly less costly to bring to market and may be priced significantly lower than our product candidates.
We are seeking Orphan drug designation for VRDN-001 from the FDA, but we might not receive such designation.
We intend to seek Orphan drug designation for VRDN-001 and may seek Orphan drug designation for future product candidates. In August 2021, we filed an application for Orphan drug designation for VRDN-001 based on in vitro data. In response, the FDA has requested that we provide clinical data in support of our application. There is no guarantee that upon submission of this additional data the FDA will grant us Orphan drug designation. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs.”
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We may seek Breakthrough Therapy designation for one or more of our product candidates from the FDA, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.
We may seek a breakthrough therapy designation from the FDA for some of our product candidates.
Designation as a breakthrough therapy is within the discretion of the FDA. Accordingly, even if we believe that one of our product candidates meets the criteria for designation as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may disagree and instead determine not to make such designation. In any event, the receipt of a breakthrough therapy designation for a product candidate may not result in a faster development process, review, or approval compared to drugs considered for approval under conventional FDA procedures and does not assure ultimate approval by the FDA. In addition, even if one of our product candidates is designated as a breakthrough therapy, the FDA may later decide that the product candidate no longer meets the conditions for designation and the designation may be rescinded. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs.”
We may seek Fast Track designation for one or more of our product candidates, but we might not receive such designation, and even if we do, such designation may not actually lead to a faster development or regulatory review or approval process.
If a product candidate is intended for the treatment of a serious condition and nonclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical need for this condition, a product sponsor may apply for FDA Fast Track designation. If we seek Fast Track designation for a product candidate, we may not receive it from the FDA. However, even if we receive Fast Track designation, Fast Track designation does not ensure that we will receive marketing approval in any particular timeframe or at all. We may not experience a faster development or regulatory review or approval process with Fast Track designation compared to conventional FDA procedures. In addition, the FDA may withdraw Fast Track designation if it believes that the designation is no longer supported by data from our clinical development program. Fast Track designation alone does not guarantee qualification for the FDA’s priority review procedures. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs.”
We may attempt to obtain accelerated approval of our product candidates. If we are unable to obtain accelerated approval, we may be required to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we contemplate, or the size and duration of our pivotal clinical trials could be greater than currently planned, which could increase the expense of obtaining, reduce the likelihood of obtaining, and/or delay the timing of obtaining necessary marketing approvals. Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, the FDA may require that we conduct confirmatory trials to verify clinical benefit. If our confirmatory trials do not verify clinical benefit, or if we do not comply with rigorous post-approval requirements, the FDA may seek to withdraw accelerated approval.
We may seek accelerated approval for our product candidates. The FDA may grant accelerated approval to a product designed to treat a serious or life-threatening condition that provides meaningful therapeutic advantage over available therapies and demonstrates an effect on a surrogate endpoint or intermediate clinical endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. The FDA considers a clinical benefit to be a positive therapeutic effect that is clinically meaningful in the context of a given disease. If granted, accelerated approval may be contingent on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct, in a diligent manner, additional post-approval confirmatory studies to verify and describe the drug’s predicted effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit. The FDA may require that any such confirmatory study be initiated or substantially underway prior to the submission of an application for accelerated approval. If such post-approval studies fail to confirm the drug’s clinical benefits relative to its risks, the FDA may withdraw its approval of the drug. If we choose to pursue accelerated approval, there can be no assurance that the FDA will agree that our proposed primary endpoint is an appropriate surrogate endpoint. Similarly, there can be no assurance that after subsequent FDA feedback that we will continue to pursue accelerated approval or any other form of expedited development, review, or approval, even if we initially decide to do so. Furthermore, if we submit an application for accelerated approval, there can be no assurance that such application will be accepted or that approval will be granted on a timely basis, or at all. The FDA also could require us to conduct further studies or trials prior to considering our application or granting approval of any type. We might not be able to fulfill the FDA’s requirements in a timely manner, which would cause delays, or approval might not be granted because our submission is deemed incomplete by the FDA.
Even if we receive accelerated approval from the FDA, we will be subject to rigorous post-approval requirements, including submission to the FDA of all promotional materials prior to their dissemination. The FDA may require us to conduct a confirmatory study to verify the predicted clinical benefit. The FDA could withdraw accelerated approval for multiple reasons, including our failure to conduct any required post-approval study with due diligence, or the inability of such study to confirm
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the predicted clinical benefit. A failure to obtain accelerated approval or any other form of expedited review or approval for a product candidate could result in a longer time period prior to commercializing such product candidate, increase the cost of development of such product candidate, and harm our competitive position in the marketplace.
Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will remain subject to ongoing regulatory requirements.
If any of our product candidates are approved, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory requirements with respect to manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, sampling, record-keeping, conduct of post-marketing clinical trials, and submission of safety, efficacy, and other post-approval information, including both federal and state requirements in the United States, and requirements of comparable foreign regulatory authorities. See “Business—Government Regulation and Product Approvals—Expedited Development and Review Programs.”
Any regulatory approvals that we receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to monitor the safety and efficacy of the marketed product. We will be required to report adverse reactions and production problems, if any, to the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities. Any new legislation could result in delays in product development or commercialization, or increased costs to assure compliance. If our original marketing approval for a product candidate was granted accelerated approval by the FDA, we could be required to conduct a successful post-marketing clinical trial in order to confirm the clinical benefit of our products. An unsuccessful post-marketing clinical trial or failure to complete such a trial could result in the withdrawal of marketing approval. Any government investigation of alleged violations of law would be expected to require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate adverse publicity. Any failure to comply with ongoing regulatory requirements may significantly and adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our products, and the value of the company and our operating results would be adversely affected. In addition, if we were able to obtain accelerated approval of any of our drug candidates, the FDA may require us to conduct a confirmatory study to verify the predicted clinical benefit. Other regulatory authorities outside of the United States may have similar requirements. The results from the confirmatory study may not support the clinical benefit, which could result in the approval being withdrawn. While operating under accelerated approval, we will be subject to certain restrictions that we would not be subject to upon receiving regular approval.
Healthcare legislative reform measures may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
In the United States, there have been and continues to be a number of legislative initiatives to contain healthcare costs. For example, in March 2010, the Affordable Care Act was passed, which was intended to substantially change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impact the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. See “Business Health Reform.”
We may be subject, directly or indirectly, to foreign, federal, and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws, and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face substantial penalties, sanctions, or other liability.
Our operations may be subject to various foreign, federal, and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, and Physician Payments Sunshine Act, the EU’s GDPR, and other regulations. These laws may impact, among other things, our relationships with healthcare professionals and our proposed sales, marketing, and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. See “Business—Other Regulations.”
If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, disgorgement, damages, fines, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, imprisonment, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.
If we fail to comply with environmental, health, and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
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Our research and development activities and our third-party manufacturers’ and suppliers’ activities involve the controlled storage, use, and disposal of hazardous materials, including the components of our product candidates and other hazardous compounds. We and our manufacturers and suppliers are subject to laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling, and disposal of these hazardous materials. In some cases, these hazardous materials and various wastes resulting from their use are stored at our and our manufacturers’ facilities pending their use and disposal. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination, which could cause an interruption of our commercialization efforts, research and development efforts, and business operations, and cause environmental damage resulting in costly clean-up and liabilities under applicable laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling, and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. Although we believe that the safety procedures utilized by us and our third-party manufacturers for handling and disposing of these materials generally comply with the standards prescribed by these laws and regulations, we cannot guarantee that this is the case or eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from these materials. In such an event, we may be held liable for any resulting damages and such liability could exceed our resources, and state or federal or other applicable authorities may curtail our use of specified materials and/or interrupt our business operations. Furthermore, environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent. We cannot predict the impact of such changes and cannot be certain of our future compliance. We do not currently carry biological or hazardous waste insurance coverage.
Failure to comply with existing or future laws and regulations related to privacy or data security could lead to government enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal fines or penalties), private litigation, other liabilities, and/or adverse publicity. Compliance or the failure to comply with such laws could increase the costs of our products and services, could limit their use or adoption, and could otherwise negatively affect our operating results and business.
Regulation of personal data or personal information processing is evolving, as federal, state, and foreign governments continue to adopt new, or modify existing, laws and regulations addressing data privacy and security, and the collection, processing, storage, transfer, and use of such data. We, our collaborators, and our service providers may be subject to current, new, or modified federal, state, and foreign data protection laws and regulations (e.g., laws and regulations that address data privacy and data security, including, without limitation, health data). These new or proposed laws and regulations are subject to differing interpretations and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, and guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data. These and other requirements could require us or our collaborators to incur additional costs to achieve compliance, limit our competitiveness, necessitate the acceptance of more onerous obligations in our contracts, restrict our ability to use, store, transfer, and process data, impact our or our collaborators’ ability to process or use data in order to support the provision of our products or services, affect our or our collaborators’ ability to offer our products and services or operate in certain locations, cause regulators to reject, limit, or disrupt our clinical trial activities, result in increased expenses, reduce overall demand for our products and services and make it more difficult to meet expectations of or commitments to customers or collaborators. See “Business –Other Regulations.”
Failure to comply with U.S. and foreign data protection laws and regulations could result in government investigations and enforcement actions (which could include civil or criminal penalties, fines, or sanctions), private litigation, and/or adverse publicity and could negatively affect our operating results and business. Moreover, patients or subjects about whom we or our collaborators obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights or failed to comply with data protection laws or applicable privacy notices even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business. Any failure by our third-party collaborators, service providers, contractors, or consultants to comply with applicable law, regulations, or contractual obligations related to data privacy or security could result in proceedings against us by governmental entities or others.
We may publish privacy policies and other documentation regarding our collection, processing, use, and disclosure of personal information and/or other confidential information. Although we endeavor to comply with our published policies and other documentation, we may at times fail to do so or may be perceived to have failed to do so. Moreover, despite our efforts, we may not be successful in achieving compliance if our employees or vendors fail to comply with our published policies and documentation. Such failures can subject us to potential foreign, local, state, and federal action if they are found to be deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our actual practices. Moreover, subjects about whom we or our partners obtain information, as well as the providers who share this information with us, may contractually limit our ability to use and disclose the information. Claims that we have violated individuals’ privacy rights or failed to comply with data protection laws or applicable privacy notices even if we are not found liable, could be expensive and time-consuming to defend and could result in adverse publicity that could harm our business. Any of these matters could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, or operational results.
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Risks Related to Our Reliance on Third Parties
Our business may be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we or third parties on which we rely have business operations. We may have future clinical trial sites in countries or regions that have been directly affected by COVID-19 and depend on third-party manufacturing operations for various stages of our supply chain that may be affected by COVID-19 in the future. In addition, if COVID-19 continues to be a worldwide pandemic, it could materially affect our operations globally.
Our business may be adversely affected by health epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we have significant manufacturing facilities, concentrations of clinical trial sites, or other business operations. The ultimate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic or any similar health epidemic is highly uncertain and subject to change. We do not yet know the full extent of potential delays or impacts on our business, our planned clinical trials, healthcare systems, or the global economy as a whole. However, these effects could have a material impact on our operations, and we will continue to monitor the COVID-19 situation closely.
We have implemented limitations on our operations, including a work-from-home policy, as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. In addition, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic may materially affect our ability to commence clinical trials in a timely fashion or at all. Although we have not experienced any significant disruption in our supply chain, if COVID-19 continues to spread, third-party manufacturing of our drug product candidates and suppliers of the materials used in the production of our drug product candidates may be impacted by restrictions resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak, which may disrupt our supply chain or limit our ability to manufacture drug product candidates for our clinical trials. For example, our sole manufacturer is also manufacturing COVID vaccines, which take priority over all non-COVID manufacturing jobs, and have disrupted our manufacturing schedule. While such disruptions have not resulted in any delays to date, there can be no assurance such disruptions will not continue and result in delays to future planned clinical trials.
We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials, manufacture our product candidates, and perform other services. If these third parties do not successfully perform and comply with regulatory requirements, we may not be able to successfully complete clinical development, obtain regulatory approval, or commercialize our product candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.
We have relied upon and plan to continue to rely upon third-party CROs to conduct, monitor, and manage clinical programs. We rely on these parties for execution of clinical trials, and we manage and control only some aspects of their activities. We remain responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory, and scientific standards, and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs and other vendors are required to comply with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines, including those required by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities for all of our product candidates in clinical development. If we or any of our CROs or vendors fail to comply with applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines, the results generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We cannot be assured that our CROs and other vendors will meet these requirements, or that upon inspection by any regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that efforts, including any of our clinical trials, comply with applicable requirements. Our failure to comply with these laws, regulations, and guidelines may require us to repeat clinical trials, which would be costly and delay the regulatory approval process.
If any of our relationships with these third-party CROs terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative CROs in a timely manner or do so on commercially reasonable terms. In addition, our CROs may not prioritize our clinical trials relative to those of other customers, and any turnover in personnel or delays in the allocation of CRO employees by the CRO may negatively affect our clinical trials. If CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations or meet expected deadlines, our clinical trials may be delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to meet our current plans with respect to our product candidates. Additionally, regional disruptions, including natural disasters or health emergencies (such as novel viruses or pandemics), could significantly disrupt the timing of clinical trials. CROs may also involve higher costs than anticipated, which could negatively affect our financial condition and operations.
In addition, we do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to establish, the capability to manufacture product candidates for use in the conduct of our clinical trials, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale without the use of third-party manufacturers. We plan to rely on third-party manufacturers and their responsibilities will include purchasing from third-party suppliers the materials necessary to produce our product candidates for our clinical trials and regulatory approval. There are expected to be a limited number of suppliers for the active ingredients and other materials that we expect to use to manufacture our product candidates, and we may not be able to identify alternative suppliers to prevent a possible disruption of the manufacture of our product candidates for our clinical
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trials, and, if approved, ultimately for commercial sale. Although we generally do not expect to begin a clinical trial unless we believe we have a sufficient supply of a product candidate to complete the trial, any significant delay or discontinuity in the supply of a product candidate, or the active ingredient or other material components in the manufacture of the product candidate, could delay completion of our clinical trials and potential timing for regulatory approval of our product candidates, which would harm our business and results of operations.
Our manufacturing process is complex and we may encounter difficulties in production, which would delay or prevent our ability to provide a sufficient supply of our product candidates for future clinical trials or commercialization, if approved.
The process of manufacturing our biologic product candidates is complex, highly regulated, variable, and subject to numerous risks. Our manufacturing process is susceptible to product loss or failure, or product variation that may negatively impact patient outcomes, due to logistical issues associated with preparing the product for administration, infusing the patient with the product, manufacturing issues, or different product characteristics resulting from the inherent differences in starting materials, variations between reagent lots, interruptions in the manufacturing process, contamination, equipment or reagent failure, improper installation or operation of equipment and/or programs, vendor or operator error and variability in product characteristics.
Even minor variations in starting reagents and materials, or deviations from normal manufacturing processes could result in reduced production yields, product defects, manufacturing failure, and other supply disruptions. If microbial, viral, or other contaminations are discovered in our product candidates or in any of the manufacturing facilities in which products or other materials are made, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. Any failure in the foregoing processes could render a batch of product unusable, could affect the regulatory approval of such product candidate, could cause us to incur fines or penalties, or could harm our reputation and that of our product candidates.
We may make changes to our manufacturing process for various reasons, such as to control costs, increase yield or dose, achieve scale, decrease processing time, increase manufacturing success rate, or for other reasons. Changes to our process made during the course of clinical development could require us to show the comparability of the product used in earlier clinical phases or at earlier portions of a trial to the product used in later clinical phases or later portions of the trial. Other changes to our manufacturing process made before or after commercialization could require us to show the comparability of the resulting product to the product candidate used in the clinical trials using earlier processes. Such showings could require us to collect additional nonclinical or clinical data from any modified process prior to obtaining marketing approval for the product candidate produced with such modified process. If such data are not ultimately comparable to that seen in the earlier trials or earlier in the same trial in terms of safety or efficacy, we may be required to make further changes to our process and/or undertake additional clinical testing, either of which could significantly delay the clinical development or commercialization of the associated product candidate, which would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
We rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to manufacture our clinical product supplies, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce and process our product candidates, if approved, and our commercialization of any of our product candidates could be stopped, delayed, or made less profitable if those third parties fail to obtain approval of government regulators, fail to provide us with sufficient quantities of drug product, or fail to do so at acceptable quality levels or prices.
We do not currently have, nor do we currently plan to develop, the infrastructure or capability internally to manufacture our clinical supplies for use in the conduct of our clinical trials, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of our product candidates on a clinical or commercial scale. We currently rely on outside vendors to manufacture our clinical supplies of our product candidates and plan to continue relying on third parties to manufacture our product candidates on a commercial scale, if approved.
We do not yet have sufficient information to reliably estimate the cost of the commercial manufacturing of our product candidates and our current cost to manufacture our drug products may not be commercially feasible. Additionally, the actual cost to manufacture our product candidates could materially and adversely affect the commercial viability of our product candidates. As a result, we may never be able to develop a commercially viable product.
In addition, our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to the following additional risks:
•We may be unable to identify manufacturers of our product candidates on acceptable terms or at all.
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•Our third-party manufacturers might be unable to timely formulate and manufacture our product or produce the quantity and quality required to meet our clinical and commercial needs, if any.
•Contract manufacturers may not be able to execute our manufacturing procedures appropriately.
•Our future third-party manufacturers may not perform as agreed or may not remain in the contract manufacturing business for the time required to supply our clinical trials or to successfully produce, store, and distribute our products.
•Manufacturers are subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and some state agencies to ensure strict compliance with cGMPs and other government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We do not have control over third-party manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards.
•We may not own, or may have to share, the intellectual property rights to any improvements made by our third-party manufacturers in the manufacturing process for our product candidates.
•Our third-party manufacturers could breach or terminate their agreement with us.
•We may experience labor disputes or shortages, including from the effects of health emergencies (such as novel viruses or pandemics) and natural disasters.
Each of these risks could delay our clinical trials, as well as the approval, if any, of our product candidates by the FDA, or the commercialization of our product candidates, or could result in higher costs, or could deprive us of potential product revenue. In addition, we rely on third parties to perform release testing on our product candidates prior to delivery to patients. If these tests are not appropriately conducted and test data are not reliable, patients could be put at risk of serious harm, and this could result in product liability suits.
The manufacture of medical products is complex and requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers of medical products often encounter difficulties in production, particularly in scaling up and validating initial production and absence of contamination. These problems include difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, stability of the product, quality assurance testing, operator error, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced federal, state, and foreign regulations. Furthermore, if contaminants are discovered in our supply of our product candidates or in the manufacturing facilities, such manufacturing facilities may need to be closed for an extended period of time to investigate and remedy the contamination. We cannot be assured that any stability issue or other issues relating to the manufacture of our product candidates will not occur in the future. Additionally, our manufacturers may experience manufacturing difficulties due to resource constraints or as a result of labor disputes, shortages, including from the effects of heath emergencies (such as novel viruses or pandemics) and natural disasters, or unstable political environments. If our manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties, or otherwise fail to comply with their contractual obligations, our ability to provide our product candidates to patients or subjects in clinical trials would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical trial supplies could delay the completion of clinical trials, increase the costs associated with maintaining clinical trial programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new clinical trials at additional expense or terminate clinical trials completely.
We may be unable to realize the potential benefits of any collaboration.
Even if we are successful in entering into additional future collaborations with respect to the development and/or commercialization of one or more product candidates, there is no guarantee that the collaboration will be successful. Collaborations may pose a number of risks, including:
•collaborators often have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to the collaboration and may not commit sufficient resources to the development, marketing, or commercialization of the product or products that are subject to the collaboration;
•collaborators may not perform their obligations as expected;
•any such collaboration may significantly limit our share of potential future profits from the associated program and may require us to relinquish potentially valuable rights to our current product candidates, potential products, proprietary technologies, or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us;
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•collaborators may cease to devote resources to the development or commercialization of our product candidates if the collaborators view our product candidates as competitive with their own products or product candidates;
•disagreements with collaborators, including disagreements over proprietary rights, contract interpretation, or the course of development, might cause delays or termination of the development or commercialization of product candidates, and might result in legal proceedings, which would be time consuming, distracting, and expensive;
•collaborators may be impacted by changes in their strategic focus or available funding, or business combinations involving them, which could cause them to divert resources away from the collaboration;
•collaborators may infringe the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may expose us to litigation and potential liability;
•the collaborations may not result in us achieving revenue to justify such transactions; and
•collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for us to raise additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable product candidate.
As a result, a collaboration may not result in the successful development or commercialization of our product candidates.
We enter into various contracts in the normal course of our business in which we indemnify the other party to the contract. In the event we have to perform under these indemnification provisions, we could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
In the normal course of business, we periodically enter into commercial, service, licensing, consulting, and other agreements that contain indemnification provisions. With respect to our research agreements, we typically indemnify the party and related parties from losses arising from claims relating to the products, processes, or services made, used, sold, or performed pursuant to the agreements for which we have secured licenses, and from claims arising from our or our sublicensees’ exercise of rights under the agreement. With respect to future collaboration agreements, we may indemnify our collaborators from any third-party product liability claims that could result from the production, use, or consumption of the product, as well as for alleged infringements of any patent or other intellectual property right by a third party. With respect to consultants, we indemnify them from claims arising from the good faith performance of their services.
Should our obligation under an indemnification provision exceed applicable insurance coverage or if we were denied insurance coverage, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected. Similarly, if we are relying on a collaborator to indemnify us and the collaborator is denied insurance coverage or the indemnification obligation exceeds the applicable insurance coverage, and if the collaborator does not have other assets available to indemnify us, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property
We intend to rely on patent rights, trade secret protections, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our product candidates and any future product candidates. If we are unable to obtain or maintain exclusivity from the combination of these approaches, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.
We rely or will rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection, and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our technologies and product candidates. Our success depends in large part on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain regulatory exclusivity and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technologies and product candidates.
We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing and licensing the rights to patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our technologies and product candidates that are important to our business. This process is expensive and time consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection.
The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which legal principles remain unresolved. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in issued patents with claims that cover our product candidates in the United States or in other foreign countries. There
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is no assurance that all potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found, which can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing from a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, and even if such patents cover our product candidates, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability, or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed, found unenforceable, or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our product candidates, or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.
We, independently or together with our licensors, have filed patent applications covering various aspects of our product candidates. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will issue, the breadth of any such patent, or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. Any successful opposition to these patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us after patent issuance could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates that we may develop. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.
If we cannot obtain and maintain effective protection of exclusivity from our regulatory efforts and intellectual property rights, including patent protection or data exclusivity, for our product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively, and our business and results of operations would be harmed.
We may not have sufficient patent term protections for our product candidates to effectively protect our business.
Patents have a limited term. In the United States, the statutory expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after it is filed. Additional patent terms may be available through a patent term adjustment process, resulting from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) delays during prosecution. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Even if patents covering our product candidates are obtained, once the patent life has expired for a product candidate, we may be open to competition from generic medications.
Patent term extensions under the Hatch-Waxman Act in the United States and under supplementary protection certificates in Europe may be available to extend the patent or data exclusivity terms of our product candidates. We will likely rely on patent term extensions, and we cannot provide any assurances that any such patent term extensions will be obtained and, if so, for how long. As a result, we may not be able to maintain exclusivity for our product candidates for an extended period after regulatory approval, if any, which would negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If we do not have sufficient patent terms or regulatory exclusivity to protect our product candidates, our business and results of operations will be adversely affected.
Changes in U.S. patent law could diminish the value of patents in general, thereby impairing our ability to protect our products, and recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.
As is the case with other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, our success is heavily dependent on patents. Obtaining and enforcing patents in the biotechnology industry involve both technological and legal complexity, and is therefore costly, time-consuming, and inherently uncertain. In addition, the United States in 2011 enacted and is still currently implementing wide-ranging patent reform legislation. Recent rulings from the U.S. Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have narrowed the scope of patent protection available in specified circumstances and weakened the rights of patent owners in specified situations. In addition to increasing uncertainty with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future, this combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained. Depending on decisions by the U.S. Congress, the federal courts, and the USPTO, the laws and regulations governing patents could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.
The USPTO has issued subject matter eligibility guidance to patent examiners instructing USPTO examiners on the ramifications of the Supreme Court rulings in Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. and Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc., and applied the Myriad ruling to natural products and principles including all naturally occurring molecules. In addition, the USPTO continues to provide updates to its guidance and this is a developing area. The USPTO guidance may make it impossible for us to pursue similar patent claims in patent applications we may prosecute in the future. Our patent portfolio contains claims of various types and scope and methods of medical treatment. The presence of varying claims in our patent portfolio significantly reduces, but may not eliminate, our exposure to potential validity challenges.
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For our U.S. patent applications containing a claim not entitled to priority before March 16, 2013, there is a greater level of uncertainty in the patent law. On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (the “Leahy-Smith Act”) was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The USPTO has promulgated regulations and developed procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, did not come into effect until March 16, 2013. Accordingly, it is not yet clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
An important change introduced by the Leahy-Smith Act is that, as of March 16, 2013, the United States transitioned to a “first-to-file” system for deciding which party should be granted a patent when two or more patent applications are filed by different parties claiming the same invention. This will require us to be cognizant going forward of the time from invention to filing of a patent application. Furthermore, our ability to obtain and maintain valid and enforceable patents depends on whether the differences between our technology and the prior art allow our technology to be patentable over the prior art. Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, we cannot be certain that we were the first to either: (i) file any patent application related to our product candidates or (ii) invent any of the inventions claimed in our patents or patent applications.
Among some of the other changes introduced by the Leahy-Smith Act are changes that limit where a patentee may file a patent infringement suit and new procedures providing opportunities for third parties to challenge any issued patent in the USPTO. Included in these new procedures is a process known as Inter Partes Review (“IPR”), which has been generally used by many third parties since the enactment of the Leahy-Smith Act to invalidate patents. The IPR process is not limited to patents filed after the Leahy-Smith Act was enacted and would, therefore, be available to a third party seeking to invalidate any of our Licensor’s U.S. patents, even those filed before March 16, 2013. Because of a lower evidentiary standard in USPTO proceedings compared to the evidentiary standard in U.S. federal court necessary to invalidate a patent claim, a third party could potentially provide evidence in a USPTO proceeding sufficient for the USPTO to hold a claim invalid even though the same evidence would be insufficient to invalidate the claim if first presented in a district court action. Accordingly, a third party may attempt to use the USPTO procedures to invalidate our patent claims that would not have been invalidated if first challenged by the third party as a defendant in a district court action. Additionally, the rights of review and appeal for IPR decisions is an area of law that is still developing.
If we are unable to maintain effective proprietary rights for our product candidates or any future product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our proposed markets.
In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable or that we elect not to patent, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our product candidate discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information, or technology that is not covered by patents. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. We seek to protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, scientific advisors, and contractors. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data and trade secrets by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. While we have confidence in these individuals, organizations, and systems, agreements or security measures may be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any breach. In addition, our trade secrets may otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors.
Although we expect all of our employees and consultants to assign their inventions to us, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors, and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information, or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed, or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed, or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. Misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of our trade secrets could impair our competitive position and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations. Additionally, if the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret.
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Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.
Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to develop, manufacture, market, and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technology without infringing the patent rights of third parties. Numerous third-party U.S. and non-U.S. issued patents and pending applications exist in the area of our product candidates. From time to time, we may also monitor these patents and patent applications. We may in the future pursue available proceedings in the U.S. and foreign patent offices to challenge the validity of these patents and patent applications. In addition, or alternatively, we may consider whether to seek to negotiate a license of rights to technology covered by one or more of such patents and patent applications. If any patents or patent applications cover our product candidates or technologies, we may not be free to manufacture or market our product candidates as planned, absent such a license, which may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.
It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications. For example, applications filed before November 29, 2000 remain confidential until patents issue, and applications filed after that date that will not be filed outside the United States can elect to remain confidential until patents issue.
Moreover, it is difficult for industry participants, including us, to identify all third-party patent rights that may be relevant to our product candidates and technologies because patent searching is imperfect due to differences in terminology among patents, incomplete databases, and the difficulty in assessing the meaning of patent claims. We may fail to identify relevant patents or patent applications or may identify pending patent applications of potential interest but incorrectly predict the likelihood that such patent applications may issue with claims of relevance to our technology. In addition, we may be unaware of one or more issued patents that would be infringed by the manufacture, sale, or use of a current or future product candidate, or we may incorrectly conclude that a third-party patent is invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed by our activities. Additionally, pending patent applications that have been published can, subject to specified limitations, be later amended in a manner that could cover our technologies, our product candidates, or the use of our product candidates.
There have been many lawsuits and other proceedings involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits in federal courts, and interferences, oppositions, inter partes reviews, post-grant reviews, and reexamination proceedings before the USPTO and corresponding foreign patent offices. Numerous U.S. and foreign-issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we are developing product candidates. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.
Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products, or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.
We may not be successful in meeting our obligations under our existing license agreements necessary to maintain our product candidate licenses in effect. In addition, if required in order to commercialize our product candidates, we may be unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to our product candidates through acquisitions and in-licenses.
We currently have rights to the intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patents that we do not own, to develop and commercialize our product candidates. Because our programs may require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will likely depend in part on our ability to maintain in effect these proprietary rights. Any termination of license agreements with third parties with respect to our product candidates would be expected to negatively impact our business prospects.
We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes, or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary for our product candidates. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources, and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. Even if we are able to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that are necessary for our product candidates, there can be no assurance that they will be available on favorable terms.
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If we are unable to successfully obtain and maintain rights to required third-party intellectual property, we may have to abandon development of that product candidate or pay additional amounts to the third party, and our business and financial condition could suffer.
The patent protection and patent prosecution for some of our product candidates are dependent on third parties.
While we normally seek and gain the right to fully prosecute the patents relating to our product candidates, there may be times when patents relating to our product candidates are controlled by our licensors. If any of our licensors fail to appropriately follow our instructions with regard to the prosecution and maintenance of patent protection for patents covering any of our product candidates, our ability to develop and commercialize those product candidates may be adversely affected, and we may not be able to prevent competitors from making, using, importing, and selling competing products. In addition, even where we now have the right to control patent prosecution of patents and patent applications we have licensed from third parties, we may still be adversely affected or prejudiced by actions or inactions of our licensors in effect from actions prior to us assuming control over patent prosecution.
If we fail to comply with obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property and other rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.
We are a party to intellectual property licenses and supply agreements that are important to our business and expect to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our existing agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payments, royalties, purchasing, and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with our obligations under these agreements, or we are subject to a bankruptcy, our agreements may be subject to termination by the licensor, in which event we would not be able to develop, manufacture, or market products covered by the license or subject to supply commitments.
We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming, and unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. If we, or one of our licensing partners, were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our product candidates, the defendant could counterclaim that the patent covering our product candidate is invalid and/or unenforceable. In patent litigation in the United States, defendant counterclaims alleging invalidity and/or unenforceability are commonplace. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, including lack of novelty, obviousness, written description, clarity, or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld material information from the USPTO, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability is unpredictable.
Interference proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by us or declared by the USPTO may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications or those of our licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to us from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of litigation or interference proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. In addition, the uncertainties associated with litigation could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our clinical trials, continue our research programs, license necessary technology from third parties, or enter into development partnerships that would help us bring our product candidates to market.
Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions, or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.
We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties or that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed alleged trade secrets of their former employers.
We employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we have written agreements and make every effort to ensure that
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our employees, consultants, and independent contractors do not use the proprietary information or intellectual property rights of others in their work for us, we may in the future be subject to any claims that our employees, consultants, or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel, which could adversely impact our business. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.
We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting, and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States can be less extensive than those in the United States. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop our own products and may also export infringing products to territories where we have patent protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our products and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.
Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries, particularly some developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents, trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biotechnology products, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally.
Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions, whether or not successful, could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate, and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.
Risks Related to Commercialization of Our Product Candidates
If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenue.
Although some of our employees may have been employed at companies that have launched pharmaceutical products in the past, we have no experience selling and marketing our product candidates and we currently have no marketing or sales organization. To successfully commercialize any products that may result from our development programs, we will need to find one or more collaborators to commercialize our products or invest in and develop these capabilities, either on our own or with others, which would be expensive, difficult, and time consuming. Any failure or delay in entering into agreements with third parties to market or sell our product candidates or in the timely development of our internal commercialization capabilities could adversely impact the potential for the launch and success of our products.
If commercialization collaborators do not commit sufficient resources to commercialize our future products and we are unable to develop the necessary marketing and sales capabilities on our own, we will be unable to generate sufficient product revenue to sustain or grow our business. We may be competing with companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations, particularly in the markets our product candidates are intended to address. Without appropriate capabilities, whether directly or through third-party collaborators, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.
We may attempt to form collaborations in the future with respect to our product candidates, but we may not be able to do so, which may cause us to alter our development and commercialization plans.
We may attempt to form strategic collaborations, create joint ventures, or enter into licensing arrangements with third parties with respect to our programs that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. We may face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and the negotiation process to secure appropriate terms is time consuming and complex. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish such a strategic collaboration for any product candidates and programs on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. This may be because our product candidates and programs may be deemed to be at too early of a stage of development for collaborative effort, our research and development pipeline may
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be viewed as insufficient, the competitive or intellectual property landscape may be viewed as too intense or risky, and/or third parties may not view our product candidates and programs as having sufficient potential for commercialization, including the likelihood of an adequate safety and efficacy profile.
Even if we are able to successfully enter into a collaboration regarding the development or commercialization of our product candidates, we cannot guarantee that such a collaboration will be successful. Any delays in identifying suitable collaborators and entering into agreements to develop and/or commercialize our product candidates could delay the development or commercialization of our product candidates, which may reduce their competitiveness even if they reach the market. Absent a strategic collaborator, we would need to undertake development and/or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development and/or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may not be able to develop our product candidates or bring them to market and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
We face substantial competition and our competitors may discover, develop, or commercialize products faster or more successfully than us.
The development and commercialization of new drug products is highly competitive. We face competition from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, universities, and other research institutions worldwide with respect to our product candidates that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future. We are aware that the following companies have therapeutics marketed or in development for TED: Horizon Therapeutics plc and Immunovant, Inc., Novartis International AG, Harbour BioMed and Valenza Bio, Inc. If approved, VRDN-001 will also compete against generic medications, such as corticosteroids, that are prescribed for and surgical procedures for the treatment of TED.
Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring, or licensing technologies and drug products that are more effective or less costly than our product candidates that we are currently developing or that we may develop, which could render our product candidates obsolete and noncompetitive. Our competitors may also adopt a similar licensing and development strategy as ours with regard to the development of an existing anti-IGF-1R monoclonal antibody for the treatment of TED. If any competitor was able to effect this strategy in a more efficient manner, there may be less demand for our product candidates if any are approved.
Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Third-party payors, including governmental and private insurers, may also encourage the use of generic products. For example, if VRDN-001 is approved, it may be priced at a significant premium over other competitive products. This may make it difficult for VRDN-001 or any other future products to compete with these products.
If our competitors obtain marketing approval from the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for their product candidates more rapidly than us, it could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market.
Many of our competitors have materially greater name recognition and financial, manufacturing, marketing, research, and drug development resources than we do. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Large pharmaceutical companies in particular have extensive expertise in preclinical and clinical testing and in obtaining regulatory approvals for drugs. In addition, academic institutions, government agencies, and other public and private organizations conducting research may seek patent protection with respect to potentially competitive products or technologies. These organizations may also establish exclusive collaborative or licensing relationships with our competitors. Failure of VRDN-001, VRDN-002 or our other product candidates to effectively compete against established treatment options or in the future with new products currently in development would harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.
The commercial success of any of our current or future product candidates will depend upon the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and others in the medical community.
Even with the approvals from the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, the commercial success of our products will depend in part on the healthcare providers, patients, and third-party payors accepting our product candidates as medically useful, cost-effective, and safe. Any product that we bring to the market may not gain market acceptance by physicians,
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patients, and third-party payors. The degree of market acceptance of any of our products will depend on a number of factors, including but not limited to:
•the efficacy of the product as demonstrated in clinical trials and potential advantages over competing treatments;
•the prevalence and severity of the disease and any side effects;
•the clinical indications for which approval is granted, including any limitations or warnings contained in a product’s approved labeling;
•the convenience and ease of administration;
•the cost of treatment;
•the willingness of the patients and physicians to accept these therapies;
•the perceived ratio of risk and benefit of these therapies by physicians and the willingness of physicians to recommend these therapies to patients based on such risks and benefits;
•the marketing, sales, and distribution support for the product;
•the publicity concerning our products or competing products and treatments; and
•the pricing and availability of third-party payor coverage and adequate reimbursement.
Even if a product displays a favorable efficacy and safety profile upon approval, market acceptance of the product remains uncertain. Efforts to educate the medical community and third-party payors on the benefits of the products may require significant investment and resources and may never be successful. If our products fail to achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients, third-party payors, and other healthcare providers, we will not be able to generate sufficient revenue to become or remain profitable.
We may not be successful in any efforts to identify, license, discover, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates.
Although a substantial amount of our effort will focus on clinical testing, potential approval, and commercialization of our existing product candidates, the success of our business is also expected to depend in part upon our ability to identify, license, discover, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial, and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful. Our research programs or licensing efforts may fail to yield additional product candidates for clinical development and commercialization for a number of reasons, including but not limited to the following:
•our research or business development methodology or search criteria and process may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates;
•we may not be able or willing to assemble sufficient resources to acquire or discover additional product candidates;
•our product candidates may not succeed in preclinical or clinical testing;
•our potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval;
•competitors may develop alternatives that render our product candidates obsolete or less attractive;
•product candidates we develop may be covered by third parties’ patents or other exclusive rights;
•the market for a product candidate may change during our program so that such a product may become unreasonable to continue to develop;
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•a product candidate may not be capable of being produced in commercial quantities at an acceptable cost, or at all; and
•a product candidate may not be accepted as safe and effective by patients, the medical community, or third-party payors.
If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, or we may not be able to identify, license, discover, develop, or commercialize additional product candidates, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations and could potentially cause us to cease operations.
Failure to obtain or maintain adequate reimbursement or insurance coverage for our products, if any, could limit our ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate revenue.
The pricing, as well as the coverage, and reimbursement of our approved products, if any, must be sufficient to support our commercial efforts and other development programs, and the availability of coverage and adequacy of reimbursement by third-party payors, including government healthcare programs, health maintenance organizations, private insurers, and other healthcare management organizations, are essential for most patients to be able to afford expensive treatments. Sales of our approved products, if any, will depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our approved products, if any, will be paid for or reimbursed by third-party payors. If coverage and reimbursement are not available, or are available only in limited amounts, we may have to subsidize or provide products for free, or we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products. See “Business - Coverage and Reimbursement.”
Outside the United States, international operations are generally subject to extensive governmental price controls and other price-restrictive regulations, and we believe the increasing emphasis on cost-containment initiatives in Europe, Canada, and other countries has and will continue to put pressure on the pricing and usage of products. In many countries, the prices of products are subject to varying price control mechanisms as part of national health systems. Price controls or other changes in pricing regulation could restrict the amount that we are able to charge for our products, if any. Accordingly, in markets outside the United States, the potential revenue may be insufficient to generate commercially reasonable revenue and profits.
We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with products due to the increasing trend toward managed healthcare, including the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, particularly prescription drugs, has increased and is expected to continue to increase in the future. As a result, profitability of our products, if any, may be more difficult to achieve even if they receive regulatory approval.
Risks Related to Our Business Operations
Our future success depends in part on our ability to retain our chief executive officer and to attract, retain, and motivate other qualified personnel.
We are highly dependent on Dr. Jonathan Violin, our president and chief executive officer, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. Dr. Violin could leave our employment at any time, as he is classified as an “at-will” employee. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees, consultants, and advisors for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of highly qualified personnel in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for personnel is intense, and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, failure to succeed in development and commercialization of our product candidates may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel, or the loss of the services of Dr. Violin, may impede the progress of our research, development, and commercialization objectives and would negatively impact our ability to succeed in our product development strategy.
We will need to expand our organization and we may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.
As our development and commercialization plans and strategies develop, we expect to need additional managerial, operational, sales, marketing, financial, legal, and other resources. Our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of our attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees, and reduced productivity among remaining employees.
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Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.
Failure in our information technology and storage systems or those of third parties upon whom we rely could significantly disrupt the operation of our business and adversely impact our financial condition.
Our ability to execute our business plan and maintain operations depends on the continued and uninterrupted performance of our information technology (“IT”) systems or those of third parties upon whom we rely. IT systems are vulnerable to risks and damages from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious human acts, and natural disasters (such as a tornado, an earthquake, or a fire). Moreover, despite network security and back-up measures, some of our and our vendors’ servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, including cyber-attacks, computer viruses, and similar disruptive problems. The techniques used by criminal elements to attack computer systems are sophisticated, change frequently, and may originate from less regulated and remote areas of the world. As a result, we may not be able to address these techniques proactively or implement adequate preventative measures. If the IT systems are compromised, we could be subject to fines, damages, litigation, and enforcement actions, and we could lose trade secrets, the occurrence of which could harm our business. Despite precautionary measures designed to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect the IT systems, sustained or repeated system failures that interrupt our ability to generate and maintain data could adversely affect our ability to operate our business. In addition, the failure of our systems, maintenance problems, upgrading or transitioning to new platforms, or a breach in security could result in delays and reduce efficiency in our operations. Remediation of such problems could result in significant, unplanned capital investments.
Furthermore, parties in our supply chain may be operating from single sites, increasing their vulnerability to natural disasters or other sudden, unforeseen, and severe adverse events. If such an event were to affect our supply chain, it could have a material adverse effect on our business.
A network or data security incident may allow unauthorized access to our network or data, which could result in a material disruption of our clinical trials, harm our reputation, harm our business, create additional liability and adversely impact our financial results or operational results.
Increasingly, we are subject to a wide variety of threats on our information networks, and systems and those of our service providers or collaborators. In addition to threats from natural disasters, telecommunications and electrical failures, traditional computer hackers, malicious code (such as malware, viruses, worms, and ransomware), employee error, theft or misuse, password spraying, phishing, and distributed denial-of-service (“DDOS”) attacks, we now also face threats from sophisticated nation-state and nation-state supported actors who engage in attacks (including advanced persistent threat intrusions) that add to the risks to our internal networks, our third-party service providers, our collaborators and the information that they store and process. Despite significant efforts to create security barriers to safeguard against such threats, it is virtually impossible for us to entirely mitigate these risks. The security measures we have integrated into our internal networks and systems, which are designed to detect unauthorized activity and prevent or minimize security incidents or breaches, may not function as expected or may not be sufficient to protect our internal networks and platform against certain threats. In addition, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to networks in which data is stored or through which data is transmitted change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or implement adequate preventative measures to prevent an electronic intrusion.
In addition, security incidents or breaches or those of our current or future collaborators or third-party service providers could result in a risk of loss or unauthorized access to or disclosure of the information we process. This, in turn, could require notification under applicable data privacy regulations or contracts, and could lead to litigation, governmental audits, investigations, fines, penalties, and other possible liability, damage our relationships with our collaborators, trigger indemnification and other contractual obligations, cause us to incur investigation, mitigation and remediation expenses, and have a negative impact on our ability to conduct clinical trials. For example, the loss of clinical trial data for our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data.
We may not have adequate insurance coverage for security incidents or breaches or information system failures. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceeds our available insurance coverage or results in changes to our insurance policies (including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements), could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot be sure that any existing insurance coverage and coverage for errors
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and omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or that our insurers will not deny coverage as to any future claim.
Any failure or perceived failure by us or any collaborators, service providers, or others to comply with our privacy, confidentiality, data security or similar obligations to third parties, or any data security incidents or other security breaches that result in the unauthorized access, acquisition, or disclosure of sensitive information (including, without limitation personally identifiable information), may result in governmental investigations, enforcement actions, regulatory fines, litigation, or public statements against us, could cause third parties to lose trust in us or result in claims against us. Any of these events could cause harm to our reputation, business, financial condition, or operational results.
Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes to offset future taxable income or taxes may be limited.
Our net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities because of their limited duration or because of restrictions under U.S. tax law. Our NOLs generated in tax years ending on or prior to December 31, 2017 are only permitted to be carried forward for 20 years under applicable U.S. tax law. Under the Tax Act, our federal NOLs generated in tax years ending after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of federal NOLs generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 is limited. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act.
In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change, by value, in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change NOL carryforwards and other pre-change tax attributes to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. Our most recent analysis of possible ownership changes was completed for certain tax periods ending through December 31, 2020. It is possible that we have in the past undergone and may in the future undergo, additional ownership changes that could result in additional limitations on our NOL and tax credit carryforwards. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of net operating losses is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed. Consequently, even if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to utilize a material portion of our NOL carryforwards and certain other tax attributes, which could have a material adverse effect on cash flow and results of operations.
Changes in tax laws or regulations that are applied adversely to us or our customers may have a material adverse effect on our business, cash flow, financial condition, or results of operations.
New income, sales, use, or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be enacted at any time, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial performance. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us. For example, the Tax Act enacted many significant changes to the U.S. tax laws. Future guidance from the Internal Revenue Service and other tax authorities with respect to the Tax Act may affect us, and certain aspects of the Tax Act could be repealed or modified in future legislation. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Act or any newly enacted federal tax legislation. Changes in corporate tax rates, the realization of net deferred tax assets relating to our operations, the taxation of foreign earnings, and the deductibility of expenses under the Tax Act or future reform legislation could have a material impact on the value of our deferred tax assets, could result in significant one-time charges, and could increase our future U.S. tax expense.
Our effective tax rate may fluctuate, and we may incur obligations in tax jurisdictions in excess of accrued amounts.
We are subject to taxation in numerous U.S. states and territories and non-U.S. jurisdictions. As a result, our effective tax rate is derived from a combination of applicable tax rates in the various places that we operate. In preparing our financial statements, we estimate the amount of tax that will become payable in each of such places. Nevertheless, our effective tax rate may be different than experienced in the past due to numerous factors including the results of examinations and audits of our tax filings, our inability to secure or sustain acceptable agreements with tax authorities, changes in accounting for income taxes, and changes in tax laws. Any of these factors could cause us to experience an effective tax rate significantly different from previous periods or our current expectations and may result in tax obligations in excess of amounts accrued in our financial statements.
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Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock
Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law and the terms of some of our contracts could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our management.
Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition or a change in management. These provisions include a prohibition on actions by written consent of our stockholders and the ability of our board of directors to issue Preferred Stock without stockholder approval. In addition, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporate Law, which prohibits stockholders owning in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us. Although we believe these provisions collectively will provide for an opportunity to receive higher bids by requiring potential acquirers to negotiate with our board of directors, they would apply even if the offer may be considered beneficial by some stockholders. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove then current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of the board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of management.
In addition, the provisions of our warrants issued in connection with the 2020 Public Offering may delay or prevent a change in control of our company. Pursuant to such warrants, under certain circumstances each warrant holder has the right to demand that we redeem the warrant for a cash amount equal to the Black-Scholes value of a portion of the warrant upon the occurrence of specified events, including a merger, an asset sale or certain other change of control transactions. A takeover of us may trigger the requirement that we redeem the warrants, which could make it more costly for a potential acquirer to engage in a business combination transaction with us.
Our Bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees.
Our Bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers, or other employees to us or our stockholders, any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our certificate of incorporation or our bylaws, or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. While these choice of forum provisions do not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), the Exchange Act, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction, the choice of forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against our and our directors, officers, and other employees. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in the bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.
We do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.
The current expectation is that we will retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain, if any, for the foreseeable future.
Future sales of shares by existing stockholders could cause our stock price to decline.
If our stockholders sell, or indicate an intention to sell, substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after legal restrictions on resale lapse, the trading price of our common stock could decline. In addition, shares of our common stock that are subject to our outstanding options will become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting agreements and Rules 144 and 701 under the Securities Act.
Future sales and issuances of equity and debt could result in additional dilution to our stockholders.
We expect that we will need significant additional capital to fund our current and future operations, including to complete potential clinical trials for our product candidates. To raise capital, we may sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. As a result, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.
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In addition, pursuant to our Equity Incentive Plans, we may grant equity awards and issue additional shares of our common stock to our employees, directors, and consultants, and the number of shares of our common stock reserved for future issuance under certain of these plans will be subject to automatic annual increases in accordance with the terms of the plans. To the extent that new options are granted and exercised, or we issue additional shares of common stock in the future, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.
Our principal stockholders own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.
Our directors, officers, 5% stockholders, and their affiliates currently beneficially own a substantial portion of our outstanding voting stock. Therefore, these stockholders have the ability and may continue to have the ability to influence us through this ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine some or all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders, acting together, may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may believe are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.
General Risk Factors
The market price of our common stock has historically been volatile, and the market price of our common stock may drop in the future.
The market price of our common stock has been, and may continue to be, subject to significant fluctuations. Market prices for securities of early-stage pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and other life sciences companies have historically been particularly volatile. Some of the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include:
•our ability to obtain regulatory approvals for our product candidates, and delays or failures to obtain such approvals;
•failure of any of our product candidates, if approved, to achieve commercial success;
•failure to maintain our existing third-party license and supply agreements;
•changes in laws or regulations applicable to our product candidates;
•any inability to obtain adequate supply of our product candidates or the inability to do so at acceptable prices;
•adverse regulatory authority decisions;
•introduction of new products, services, or technologies by our competitors;
•failure to meet or exceed financial and development projections we may provide to the public and the investment community;
•the perception of the pharmaceutical industry by the public, legislatures, regulators, and the investment community;
•announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic collaborations, joint ventures, or capital commitments by us or our competitors;
•disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters, and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;
•additions or departures of key personnel;
•significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation;
•if securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our business and stock;
•changes in the market valuations of similar companies;
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•general market or macroeconomic conditions, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;
•sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the future;
•trading volume of our common stock;
•announcements by commercial partners or competitors of new commercial products, clinical progress or the lack thereof, significant contracts, commercial relationships, or capital commitments;
•the introduction of technological innovations or new therapies that compete with our potential products;
•changes in the structure of health care payment systems; and
•period-to-period fluctuations in our financial results.
Moreover, the capital markets in general have experienced substantial volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of individual companies, including as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. These broad market fluctuations may also adversely affect the trading price of our common stock.
In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, stockholders have often instituted class action securities litigation against those companies. Such litigation, if instituted, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management attention and resources, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.
We incur costs and demands upon management as a result of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies.
We incur significant legal, accounting, and other expenses associated with public company reporting requirements. We also incur costs associated with corporate governance requirements, including requirements under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules implemented by the SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”). These rules and regulations increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more time-consuming and costly. These rules and regulations may also make it difficult and expensive for us to obtain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. As a result, it may be more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified individuals to serve on our board of directors or as our executive officers, which may adversely affect investor confidence and could cause our business or stock price to suffer.
If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports, or publish unfavorable research or reports, about us, our business, or our market, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our common stock is influenced by the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. Equity research analysts may elect not to provide research coverage of our common stock and such lack of research coverage may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. In the event we do have equity research analyst coverage, we will not have any control over the analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. The price of our common stock could decline if one or more equity research analysts downgrade our stock or issue other unfavorable commentary or research. If one or more equity research analysts ceases coverage of us or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.
If we fail to maintain proper and effective internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements on a timely basis could be impaired, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports and the market price of our common stock may be negatively affected.
We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. We must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our annual report filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This requires that we incur substantial professional fees and internal costs to expand our accounting and finance functions and that we expend significant management efforts. We may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner for each period.
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We may discover weaknesses in our system of internal financial and accounting controls and procedures that could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements. Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud will be detected.
If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or if we are unable to maintain proper and effective internal controls, it could result in a material misstatement of our financial statements that would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, which could require a restatement, cause us to be subject to sanctions or investigations by Nasdaq, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, cause investors to lose confidence in our financial information, or cause our stock price to decline.
As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting, insurance, and other expenses, and our management and other personnel have and will need to continue to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance initiatives resulting from operating as a public company. We also anticipate that these costs and compliance initiatives will continue to increase as a result of ceasing to be an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012.
ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We lease approximately 1,087 sq. ft. of office space in Waltham, Massachusetts (the “Original Lease”). In July 2021, we amended the Original Lease to increase our Massachusetts-based office space (“Amended Lease”) by 3,284 sq. ft. The office space leased under the Original Lease will expire in February, 2023 and the additional office space leased under the Amended Lease will expire in October 2024. Additionally, we lease approximately 27,128 sq. ft. of office and laboratory space in Boulder, Colorado under a lease that expires in December 2024, subject to two three-year renewal options prior to the expiration, and that includes rent escalation clauses through the lease term.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we may be involved in legal proceedings in the ordinary course of business. We are currently not a party to any legal proceedings that we believe would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.
ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.
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PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
Our common stock is traded on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “VRDN.”
Holders
As of March 7, 2022, we had 29 registered holders of record of our common stock. A substantially greater number of holders of our common stock are in “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, other financial institutions, and registered clearing agencies.
Dividend Policy
We historically have not, and do not anticipate in the future, paying dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, as applicable, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition to legal restrictions under applicable law, we are subject to certain dividend-related limitations under our loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank. Subject to these limitations, any future determination as to the payment of cash dividends on our common stock will be at our board of directors’ discretion and will depend on our financial condition, operating results, capital requirements, and other factors that our board of directors considers to be relevant.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities
In connection with the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, on December 2, 2021, the Company and Xencor entered into a subscription agreement pursuant to which we agreed to issue Xencor 394,737 shares of our common stock in a private placement transaction as an upfront payment for the licensed rights.. The shares were offered and sold to Xencor in a private placement that is exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
ITEM 6. RESERVED
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included in our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion and other parts of this report contain forward-looking statements reflecting our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties, such as our plans, objectives, expectations, intentions, and beliefs. See “Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks, and assumptions associated with these statements. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in these forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report.
Overview and Recent Developments
We are a biotechnology company advancing new treatments for patients with serious diseases that are underserved by today’s therapies. Marketed therapies often leave room for improvements in efficacy, safety, and/or dosing convenience. We believe that first-generation drugs rarely represent optimal solutions, and that the potential exists to develop alternatives that improve patient outcomes, moderate side effects, enhance quality of life, ease access, and augment market competition. Our business model is to identify product opportunities in indications for which clinical trial data demonstrating compelling proof of concept for a targeted mechanism of action already exists, but the competitive evolution of product profiles and number of entrants appears incomplete. We intend to prioritize indications that fast-follower and bio superior competition could create significant medical benefit for patients. We are engineering medicines to advance patient care.
We are developing two product candidates, VRDN-001 and VRDN-002, to treat patients who suffer from thyroid eye disease (“TED”). Our most advanced program, VRDN-001, is a differentiated humanized monoclonal antibody targeting IGF-1R for the treatment for TED. In November 2021, we opened an investigational new drug (“IND”) application for VRDN-001 as a
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new molecular entity and in December 2021, we initiated a Phase 1/2 clinical trial of VRDN-001, which will evaluate proof of concept in TED patients. Initial proof of concept data in patients are expected in the second quarter of 2022.
VRDN-002, a distinct IGF-1R antibody that incorporates half-life extension technology, is designed to support administration as a convenient, low volume, subcutaneous injection, to treat patients who suffer from TED. In January 2022, we announced FDA clearance of our IND application for VRDN-002. During the first quarter of 2022, we expect to initiate a Phase 1 single ascending dose trial to explore safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties of intravenously administered VRDN-002 in healthy volunteers. Data from this Phase 1 trial will allow us to evaluate the feasibility of a low-volume dosing paradigm and are expected to be announced in mid-2022. Pending results, we then plan to evaluate the potential efficacy of a low volume subcutaneous injection of VRDN-002 in TED patients.
In addition to developing therapies for TED, we are executing a similar strategic approach to identify opportunities to develop fast-follower therapies in other serious and/or rare disease indications. We intend to identify and initiate additional programs over time and plan to disclose these when we are closer to initiating clinical trials in these programs.
Agreement and Plan of Merger
On October 27, 2020, we acquired Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. (“Private Viridian”). In accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 27, 2020 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among us, Oculus Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary (the “First Merger Sub”), Oculus Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and our wholly owned subsidiary (the “Second Merger Sub”), and Private Viridian. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, First Merger Sub merged with and into Private Viridian, pursuant to which Private Viridian was the surviving corporation and became our wholly owned subsidiary (the “First Merger”). Immediately following the First Merger, Private Viridian merged with and into Second Merger Sub, pursuant to which Second Merger Sub was the surviving entity (the “Second Merger,” and together with the First Merger, the “Merger”). The Merger is intended to qualify as a tax-free reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Our board of directors approved the Merger Agreement and the related transactions. The consummation of the Merger was not subject to approval of our stockholders.
Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the closing of the Merger on October 27, 2020 (the “Closing”) we issued 72,131 shares of our common stock and 203,197 shares of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) (as described below) to the securityholders of Private Viridian. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of our common stock, subject to certain conditions described below.
Contingent Value Rights Agreement
In accordance with the Merger Agreement, on November 4, 2020, we and the Rights Agent (as defined therein) executed and delivered a contingent value rights agreement (the “CVR Agreement”), pursuant to which each holder of our common stock as of November 6, 2020, other than former stockholders of Private Viridian, was entitled to one contractual contingent value right issued by us, subject to and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the CVR Agreement, for each share of our common stock held by such holder. The CVR Agreement terminated as of December 31, 2021 and no CVRs were issued under the CVR Agreement.
Private Placement and Securities Purchase Agreement
On October 27, 2020, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the purchasers named therein (the “Investors”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we sold an aggregate of approximately 195,290 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $91.0 million (collectively, the “Financing”). Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of our common stock, as described below. The powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions applicable to the Series A Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designation filed in connection with the Merger.
Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of our common stock. Except as otherwise required by law, the Series A Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series A Preferred Stock, (b) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (c) amend its certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, (d) increase the number of authorized shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (e) at any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series A Preferred
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Stock remains issued and outstanding, consummate a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Certificate of Designation) or (f) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing. The Series A Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of us.
Following stockholder approval of the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock into shares of common stock in December 2020, each share of Series A Preferred Stock became convertible into shares of our common stock at any time at the option of the holder thereof, into 66.67 shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of Series A Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of our common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be established by the holder between 4.99% and 19.99%) of the total number of shares of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.
On October 30, 2020, we entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which we agreed to register for resale the shares of common stock sold to Investors in the Financing. The registration statement that was filed pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement was declared effective by the SEC on December 22, 2020.
Reverse Stock Split
On November 12, 2020, we effected a reverse stock split of our shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-15, and trading of our common stock began on a split-adjusted basis on November 13, 2020. Our common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “VRDN”.
As a result of the reverse stock split, every 15 shares of our pre-reverse split common stock were combined and reclassified into one share of our common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split, and in the case the stock split resulted in any stockholders owning a fractional share, then such stockholders received a cash payment in lieu of such fractional share. The reverse stock split did not modify any rights of our common stock. The reverse stock split reduced the number of shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of our outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock to a ratio of 66.67 and the exercise or vesting of outstanding stock options and warrants in proportion to the ratio of the reverse stock split and caused a proportionate increase in the conversion and exercise prices of such preferred stock, stock options, and warrants. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report give retroactive effect to the exchange ratio for all periods presented.
Underwritten Public Offering
On September 23, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of 7,344,543 shares of common stock, which includes 1,159,089 shares of common stock issued in connection with the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $11.00 per share and 23,126 shares of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) at a public offering price of $733.37 per share (collectively, the “Offering”). The gross proceeds of the Offering, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses payable by us, were approximately $97.7 million.
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of Series B Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series B Preferred Stock into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be established by the holder between 4.9% and 19.9%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion. The powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions applicable to the Series B Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designation filed in connection with the Offering.
Holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series B Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. Except as otherwise required by law, the Series B Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B Preferred Stock, (b) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, or (c) amend our certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company.
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The COVID-19 Pandemic
The on-going COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause disruption throughout the United States and worldwide. We could be materially and adversely affected by the risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to the COVID-19 pandemic or any other epidemic, pandemic or public health crisis. Such risks include, but are not limited to, potential disruptions to our supply chain that may limit our ability to manufacture drug product for our clinical trials, and delays to our planned or future clinical trials. The ultimate extent of the impact of any epidemic, pandemic or other public health crisis on our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of such epidemic, pandemic or other public health crisis and actions taken to contain or prevent the further spread, among others. While our business has not been materially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic to date, we cannot assure you that our business, financial condition and results of operations will not be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the future.
Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
Our revenue has historically consisted primarily of up-front payments for licenses, milestone payments, and payments for other research and development services earned under license and collaboration agreements as well as for amounts earned under certain grants we have been awarded.
In 2011, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Servier Collaboration Agreement”) with Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Servier (collectively, “Servier”). In August 2019, Servier terminated the Servier Collaboration Agreement, with such termination becoming effective in February 2020. We completed certain activities under the Servier Collaboration Agreement through the effective termination date in February 2020. The activities eligible for reimbursement under the Servier Collaboration Agreement were considered a research and development performance obligation and revenue was recognized through the termination date.
In October 2020, we became party to a license agreement with Zenas BioPharma. Since February 2021, we have entered into several letter agreements with Zenas BioPharma in which we agreed to provide assistance to Zenas BioPharma with certain development activities, including manufacturing. Under the terms of the Zenas Agreements, we granted Zenas BioPharma an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain IGF-1R directed antibody products for non-oncology indications in the greater area of China in exchange for upfront non-cash consideration and non-refundable milestone payments upon achieving specific milestone events during the contract term. Additionally, we may receive royalty payments based on a percentage of the annual net sales of any licensed products sold on a country-by-country basis in the greater area of China. The royalty percentage may vary based on different tiers of annual net sales of the licensed products made. Zenas BioPharma is obligated to make royalty payments to us for the royalty term in the Zenas Agreements.
In the future, we expect to continue to generate revenue from a combination of license fees and other up-front payments, payments for research and development services, milestone payments, product sales, and royalties in connection with strategic alliances. We expect that any revenue we generate could fluctuate from quarter to quarter as a result of the timing of our achievement of development and commercial milestones, the timing and amount of payments relating to such milestones, and the extent to which any of our product candidates are approved and successfully commercialized by us or our strategic alliance collaborators, if any. If we or our strategic alliance collaborators, if any, fail to develop product candidates in a timely manner or to obtain regulatory approval for them, then our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position would be adversely affected.
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Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the research and development of our therapeutic programs and product candidates, which include:
•employee-related expenses, including salaries, severance, retention, benefits, insurance, and share-based compensation expense;
•expenses incurred under agreements with clinical research organizations (“CROs”), investigative sites that conduct our clinical trials, and other clinical trial-related vendors, and consultants;
•the costs of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing and testing clinical and preclinical materials, including costs incurred under agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”);
•costs associated with non-clinical activities and regulatory operations;
•license fees and milestone payments related to the acquisition and retention of certain licensed technology and intellectual property rights; and
•facilities, depreciation, market research, and other expenses, which include allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, depreciation of leasehold improvements and equipment, and laboratory supplies.
We make non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities. These payments are recorded as expense in the period in which we receive or take ownership of the goods or when the services are performed.
We record up-front and milestone payments to acquire and retain contractual rights to in-licensed technology and intellectual property rights as research and development expenses when incurred if there is uncertainty in our receiving future economic benefit from the acquired contractual rights. We consider future economic benefits from acquired contractual rights to licensed technology to be uncertain until such a drug candidate is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA,”) or when other significant risk factors are abated.
Our research and development expenses may increase if we initiate new clinical trials. The process of conducting clinical trials and preclinical studies necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. We, or our strategic alliance collaborators, if any, may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for any of our product candidates. The probability of success for each product candidate may be affected by numerous factors, including clinical data, preclinical data, competition, manufacturability, and commercial viability of our product candidates.
Successful development of future product candidates is highly uncertain and may not result in approved products. Completion dates and completion costs can vary significantly for each future product candidate and are difficult to predict. We anticipate we will make determinations as to which programs to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program on an ongoing basis in response to our ability to maintain or enter into new strategic alliances with respect to each program or potential product candidate, the scientific and clinical success of each future product candidate, and ongoing assessments as to each future product candidate’s commercial potential. We will need to raise additional capital and may seek additional strategic alliances in the future in order to advance our various programs.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, including share-based compensation, and severance and retention benefits related to our finance, accounting, human resources, legal, business development, and other support functions, professional fees for auditing, tax, and legal services, as well as insurance, board of director compensation, consulting, and other administrative expenses.
Acquired In-process Research and Development Expense
Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) expense resulted from the acquisition of Private Viridian in October 2020. The acquisition cost allocated to acquire IPR&D with no alternative future use was recorded as expense at the acquisition date.
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Other Income (Expense)
Other income (expense) consists primarily of interest income, interest expense, and various income or expense items of a non-recurring nature. We earn interest income from interest-bearing accounts, money market funds, and short-term investments. Interest expense is comprised of interest incurred under prior notes payable.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
This discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, and expenses. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate these estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates and assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. We believe that the accounting policy discussed below is critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as this policy relates to the more significant areas involving our judgments and estimates.
Clinical Trial and Preclinical Study Accruals
We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on certain facts and circumstances at that time. Our accrued expenses for preclinical studies and clinical trials are based on estimates of costs incurred for services provided by external service providers and for other trial-related activities. The timing and amount of expenses we incur through our external service providers depend on a number of factors, such as site initiation, patient screening, enrollment, delivery of reports, and other events. In accruing for these activities, we obtain information from various sources and estimate the level of effort or expense allocated to each period. Adjustments to our research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods as our estimates change.
Acquisition of Private Viridian
On October 27, 2020, we completed our acquisition of Private Viridian in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement. We concluded that the acquisition of Private Viridian did not result in the acquisition of a business, as substantially all of the fair value of the non-monetary assets acquired was concentrated in a single identifiable asset, the exclusive license agreement with ImmunoGen. We considered several pertinent factors and identified the Company as the accounting acquirer in the transaction. Significant judgment was required in evaluating the terms of the Merger Agreement and in identifying, valuing, and recording the acquired assets at fair value, including acquired IPR&D, and determining the acquirer for accounting purposes.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Revenue | $ | 2,963 | $ | 1,050 | |||||||
| Research and development expenses | 56,886 | 28,304 | |||||||||
| General and administrative expenses | 25,805 | 13,265 | |||||||||
| Acquired in-process research and development expense | — | 69,861 | |||||||||
| Other income (expense), net | 315 | (335) | |||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (79,413) | $ | (110,715) | |||||||
Revenue
Revenue was $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. During the year ended December 31, 2021, revenue was attributable to our collaboration agreement with Zenas
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BioPharma. Revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020, was primarily related to research and development activities related to the legacy microRNA programs reimbursable to us under the Servier Collaboration Agreement.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses were $56.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $28.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The $28.6 million increase in research and development expenses was primarily attributable to a $22.8 million increase in preclinical outsourcing and manufacturing for our VRDN programs, including expenses to support the IND submissions for VRDN-001 and VRDN-002; a $6.0 million increase in personnel expenses, due to an increase in headcount; and a $4.3 million increase in licensing fees. This increase was partially offset by a $5.8 million decrease in clinical activities due to expenses incurred in 2020 related to our legacy microRNA programs.
We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we work to progress our clinical and preclinical programs.
Acquired In-process Research and Development (IPR&D) Expense
Acquired IPR&D expense was $69.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Acquired IPR&D expense resulted from the acquisition of Private Viridian in October 2020. The acquisition cost allocated to acquire IPR&D with no alternative future use was recorded as an expense at the acquisition date. No acquired IPR&D expenses were incurred during the year ended December 31, 2021.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses were $25.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $13.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The $12.5 million increase in general and administrative expenses was due primarily to a $9.6 million increase in personnel-related costs, reflecting increases in headcount, salaries and bonus expense, severance costs and share-based compensation expense, as well as a $2.4 million increase in consulting and recruiting fees, and a $1.1 million increase in board compensation expenses. These increases were slightly offset by a decrease of $0.8 million in legal and other professional services.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have funded our operations to date principally through proceeds received from the sale of our common stock, our Series A Preferred Stock, our Series B Preferred Stock and other equity securities, debt financings, license fees, and reimbursements received under collaboration agreements. As of December 31, 2021, we had $197.0 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. We expect that our current resources will enable us to fund our planned operations into 2024.
We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. Since our inception and through December 31, 2021, we have generated an accumulated deficit of $358.3 million. Substantially all of our operating losses resulted from expenses incurred in connection with our research and development programs and from general and administrative costs associated with our operations.
We will continue to require substantial additional capital to continue the development of our product candidates, and potential commercialization activities, and to fund our ongoing operations. The amount and timing of future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of our clinical development efforts, equity financings, securing additional license and collaboration agreements, and issuing debt or other financing vehicles. Our ability to secure capital is dependent upon a number of factors, including success in developing our technology and product candidates. Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop our product candidates. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate. If we are unable to acquire additional capital or resources, we will be required to modify our operational plans to complete future milestones. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently anticipate. We may be forced to reduce our operating expenses and raise additional funds to meet our working capital needs, principally through the additional sales of our securities or debt financings or entering into strategic collaborations.
Our material cash requirements include obligations as of December 31, 2021, as well as resources required to fulfill our research and development activities and the effects that such obligations and activities are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods.
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We expect that our operating losses will fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to timing of our development activities and efforts to achieve regulatory approval.
If we raise additional funds through the issuance of debt, the obligations related to such debt could be senior to rights of holders of our capital stock and could contain covenants that may restrict our operations. Should additional capital not be available to us in the near term, or not be available on acceptable terms, we may be unable to realize value from our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business, which may, among other alternatives, cause us to further delay, substantially reduce, or discontinue operational activities to conserve our cash resources.
ATM Agreements
In November 2021, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “November 2021 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) under which we can offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million through Jefferies as our sales agent in an “at the market” offering. Jefferies will receive a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold through Jefferies under the November 2021 ATM Agreement. No shares were sold under the November 2021 ATM Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2021. As described below, we were previously a party to the April 2021 ATM Agreement (defined below) with Jeffries and the Cowen ATM Agreement (defined below) with Cowen and Company, LLC (“Cowen”) during the years ended December 2021 and 2020, and those agreements are no longer in effect.
In April 2021, we entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “April 2021 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies under which we could offer and sell, from time to time at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million through Jefferies as our sales agent in an “at the market” offering. Jefferies received a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold through Jefferies under the April 2021 ATM Agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold an aggregate of 2,551,269 shares of common stock pursuant to the terms of the April 2021 ATM Agreement, at a volume weighted-average price of $13.13 per share, for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $32.4 million, including initial expenses for executing the “at the market offering” and commissions to Jefferies as sales agent.
In March 2017, we entered into a common stock Sales Agreement (the “Cowen ATM Agreement”) with Cowen, which allowed for the offer and sale, from time to time, at our sole discretion, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million through Cowen as our sales agent. Effective as of April 23, 2021, we reduced the aggregate offering price under the Cowen ATM Agreement to zero and ceased selling shares thereunder. Cumulative net proceeds from the sale of 189,763 shares of our common stock through December 2020 were approximately $11.6 million, after giving effect to commissions to Cowen as sales agent and initial expenses for executing the “at the market offering.” No shares were issued in 2021 under the Cowen ATM Agreement.
Underwritten Public Offerings
In September 2021, we entered into an underwriting agreement (the “2021 Underwriting Agreement”) with Jeffries, SVB Leerink LLC and Evercore Group, LLC (collectively, the “Underwriters”) for the sale and issuance of 7,344,543 shares of common stock, which includes 1,159,089 shares of common stock issued in connection with the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $11.00 per share and 23,126 shares of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock at a public offering price of $733.37 per share (the “2021 Public Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the 2021 Public Offering are approximately $97.7 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.
In February 2020, we entered into an underwriting agreement with Oppenheimer & Co., Inc. for the sale and issuance of 1,000,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of our common stock (the “2020 Public Offering”). Each warrant has an exercise price of $16.50 per share, was exercisable immediately and expires on the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance. The 2020 Public Offering resulted in approximately $13.9 million of net proceeds to us after deducting underwriting commissions and discounts and other estimated offering expenses payable by us and excluding the proceeds from the exercise of the warrants.
Purchase Agreements
In October 2020, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the purchasers named therein (the “Investors”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we agreed to sell an aggregate of approximately 195,290 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $91.0 million. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of our common stock, subject to specified conditions. The powers, preferences, rights,
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qualifications, limitations, and restrictions applicable to the Series A Preferred Stock are set forth in the applicable certificate of designations. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 138,050 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted into 9,203,732 shares of common stock.
In December 2019, we entered into the common stock Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital, which provides that, subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $20.0 million of shares of our common stock over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement. Upon execution of the Purchase Agreement, we sold to Aspire Capital 106,564 shares of common stock at $9.38 per share for proceeds of $1.0 million as the Initial Purchase Shares (as defined in the Purchase Agreement). During the year ended December 31, 2020, we sold to Aspire Capital 412,187 shares of our common stock at a weighted-average price of $21.35 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $8.8 million. As of December 31, 2021, we have the ability to sell an additional $10.2 million of shares of our common stock to Aspire Capital.
Summarized cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 are as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Net cash provided by (used in): | |||||||||||
| Operating activities | $ | (54,581) | $ | (29,779) | |||||||
| Investing activities | (74,292) | (50,481) | |||||||||
| Financing activities | 125,275 | 101,311 | |||||||||
| Total | $ | (3,598) | $ | 21,051 | |||||||
Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $54.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, and primarily consisted of a net loss of $79.4 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $23.1 million (primarily share-based compensation of $14.5 million and a $7.5 million non-cash charge related to the issuance of common stock as payment for licensing fees to Xencor) and working capital adjustments of $1.7 million.
Net cash used in operating activities was $29.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, and primarily consisted of a net loss of $110.7 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $76.5 million (primarily IPR&D expense of $66.0 million that resulted from the acquisition of Private Viridian in October 2020, a $6.0 million non-cash charge related to the issuance of common stock as payment for certain licensing fees, and $3.6 million of share-based compensation expenses) and a $4.4 million increase in working capital.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $74.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to net cash used in investing activities of $50.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. Net cash used in investing activities in 2021 primarily consisted of net purchases of investments of $74.0 million and property and equipment purchases of $0.3 million. Net cash used in investing activities of $50.5 million in 2020 consisted of net purchases of investments of $79.8 million, offset by $29.4 million of cash acquired in the acquisition of Private Viridian in October 2020.
Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $125.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. Net cash provided by financing activities in 2021 was primarily driven by net proceeds of $107.3 million from the sale of common stock in 2021 through the 2021 Public Offering and the April 2021 ATM Agreement, $15.7 million in net proceeds from the sale of our Series B Preferred Stock, $1.3 million from the exercise of common stock warrants, and $1.0 million in proceeds from employee stock option exercises.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $101.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, and consisted primarily of $86.1 million in net proceeds from the sale of Series A Preferred Stock, $23.8 million in net proceeds from the sale of common stock warrants. These inflows were offset by $8.6 million in repayments of then outstanding notes payable.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
We are a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act and in Item 10(f)(1) of Regulation S-K, and are not required to provide the information under this item.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
The financial statements and supplemental data required by this item are set forth on the pages indicated in Part IV, Item 15(a)(1) of this Annual Report.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, and other senior management personnel, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report.
Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal officer and principal financial officer, and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and includes those policies and procedures that: (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Management used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013 Framework)” published by the
64
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on its evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at a reasonable level of assurance as of December 31, 2021, the end of our most recent fiscal year.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially effect, our internal control over financial reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION
On March 9, 2022, we changed our registered agent to Corporation Trust Center and our registered office to 1209 Orange Street, County of New Castle, Wilmington, Delaware 19801 pursuant to an amended and restated certificate of incorporation, filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on March 9, 2022 (the “Second Restated Certificate of Incorporation”). The Second Restated Certificate of Incorporation was approved by the Company’s Board of Directors in accordance with Delaware law. Pursuant to Delaware law, a stockholder vote was not necessary to effectuate the change in registered agent and registered office, and neither affects the rights of our stockholders.
A copy of the Second Restated Certificate of Incorporation is attached as Exhibit 3.1 to this Annual Report and incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTION
Not applicable.
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PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this Item is incorporated by reference to our 2022 Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2021.
Our board of directors has adopted a written code of business conduct and ethics that applies to our directors, officers, and employees, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. A current copy of the code is posted on our website, which is located at www.viridiantherapeutics.com. If we make any substantive amendments to, or grant any waivers from, the code of business conduct and ethics for any officer or director, we will disclose the nature of such amendment or waiver on our website or in a Current Report on Form 8-K.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2022 Proxy Statement, including under headings “Executive Compensation” and “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.”
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
The information required by this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2022 Proxy Statement, including under headings “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans.”
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2022 Proxy Statement, including under headings “Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance” and “Transactions with Related Persons.”
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTING FEES AND SERVICES
The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our 2022 Proxy Statement, including under the heading “Ratification of Selection of Independent Registered Accounting Firm.”
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PART IV
ITEM 15. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
(a)(1) Financial Statements
The financial statements required by this item are submitted in a separate section beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report.
(a)(2) Financial Statement Schedules
Financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are either not required, not applicable, or the information is otherwise included.
(a)(3) Exhibits
See Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference.
EXHIBIT INDEX
The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index are required by Item 601 of Regulation S-K. The SEC file number for all items incorporated by reference herein from reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q, and 8-K is 001-36483.
| Incorporated by Reference | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Exhibit No. | Description of Exhibit | Form | Filing Date | Number | ||||||||||||||||
| 2.1^ | 8-K | 10/28/2020 | 2.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.1 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 3.2 | 8-K | 01/20/2021 | 3.3 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.3 | 8-K | 10/28/2020 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 3.4 | 8-K | 09/23/2021 | 3.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.1 | S-1 | 03/19/2014 | 4.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.2 | 10-K | 03/14/2019 | 4.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.3 | 8-K | 11/15/2017 | 10.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.4 | 8-K | 02/07/2020 | 4.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 4.5 | 10-K | 03/26/2021 | 4.5 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.1^ | 8-K | 12/09/2020 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.2^ | 10-K | 03/26/2021 | 10.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.3 | 10-K | 03/26/2021 | 10.3 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.4 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 10.5+ | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.32 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.6+ | 8-K | 01/20/2021 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.7+ | 10-K | 03/26/2021 | 10.14 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.8+ | 8-K | 07/26/2021 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||||
67
| 10.9+ | 10-K | 03/26/2021 | 10.18 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.10+ | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.38 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.11+ | 10-Q | 05/11/2017 | 10.12 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.12+ | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.39 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.13+ | S-8 | 11/24/2020 | 99.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.14+ | 10-K | 03/26/2021 | 10.23 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.15+ | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.48 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.16+ | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.49 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.17 | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.40 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.18 | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.40.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.19 | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.40.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.20 | 10-K | 03/13/2020 | 10.12.3 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.21 | 10-Q | 05/08/2020 | 10.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.22 | 10-Q | 08/12/2021 | 10.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.23 | 10-Q | 11/05/2021 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.24 | 10-Q | 11/05/2021 | 10.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.25^ | S-4 | 12/02/2016 | 10.47 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.26 | S-4 | 01/04/2017 | 10.47.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.27 | 8-K | 11/15/2017 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.28 | 10-Q | 05/08/2020 | 10.4 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.29 | 8-K | 12/11/2019 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.30 | 8-K | 12/11/2019 | 4.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.31^ | 8-K | 10/28/2020 | 10.1 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.32^ | 10-Q | 11/12/2020 | 10.8 | |||||||||||||||||
| 10.33 | S-3 | 11/08/2021 | 1.2 | |||||||||||||||||
| 21.1 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 23.1 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 24.1 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 31.1 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 31.2 | x | |||||||||||||||||||
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| 32.1* | x | |||||||||||||||||||
| 101.INS | XBRL Instance Document | x | ||||||||||||||||||
| 101.SCH | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document | x | ||||||||||||||||||
| 101.CAL | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document | x | ||||||||||||||||||
| 101.DEF | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document | x | ||||||||||||||||||
| 101.LAB | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document | x | ||||||||||||||||||
| 101.PRE | XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document | x | ||||||||||||||||||
| 104 | Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101) | x | ||||||||||||||||||
____________________
| ^ | Schedules have been omitted from this filing pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. Viridian agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule to the SEC upon its request; provided, however, that Viridian may request confidential treatment pursuant to Rule 24b-2 of the Exchange Act for any schedule so furnished. Certain portions of the exhibit, identified by the mark, “[***],” may have been omitted because such portions contained information that is both (i) not material and (ii) would likely cause competitive harm if publicly disclosed. | ||||
| + | Indicates management contract or compensatory plan | ||||
| * | This certification is being furnished pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and is not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof. | ||||
| * | In accordance with Rule 406T of Regulation S-T, the Interactive Data Files in Exhibit 101 are deemed not filed or part of a registration statement or prospectus for purposes of Sections 11 or 12 of the Securities Act are deemed not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and otherwise are not subject to liability under these sections. | ||||
| x | Filed/furnished herewith. | ||||
ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY
None.
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VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (KPMG LLP, Boulder CO, Auditor Firm ID: 185 ) | |||||
1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors
Viridian Therapeutics, Inc.:
Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity, and consolidated statements of cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Accrued outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies
As discussed in Notes 2 and 7 to the consolidated financial statements, accrued expenses for clinical trials and preclinical studies are based on estimates of costs incurred for services provided by clinical research organizations, manufacturing organizations, and other providers. In accruing for these activities, the Company obtains information from various sources and estimates the level of effort or expense allocated to each period. The estimates consider a number of factors such as site initiation, patient screening, enrollment, delivery of reports, and other events. Accrued liabilities for outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies were $6.3 million as of December 31, 2021.
We identified the evaluation of accrued outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies as a critical audit matter. Specifically, evaluating the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained over the estimates of costs incurred by third
2
parties, including the factors described above, required subjective auditor judgment due to the nature of available evidence. Such evidence included communications from third parties regarding tasks completed, invoices received from third parties, and management’s analysis of expenses incurred against budgeted and contractual amounts.
The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. For a selection of accrued liabilities for outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies, we compared the relevant factors used by management to estimate the accrued expenses to contracts, invoices and third-party confirmations of contractual milestones and project status. We compared the Company’s estimate of costs accrued as of year-end to a selection of third-party invoices received after year-end, but prior to the issuance of the Company’s financial statements. We assessed the sufficiency of audit evidence obtained related to accrued outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies by assessing the cumulative results of the audit procedures.
/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.
Boulder, Colorado
March 11, 2022
3
VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Assets | |||||||||||
| Current assets: | |||||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 42,299 | $ | 45,897 | |||||||
| Short-term investments | 154,666 | 81,742 | |||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other current assets | 2,747 | 1,972 | |||||||||
| Unbilled revenue - related party | 451 | — | |||||||||
| Total current assets | 200,163 | 129,611 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | 375 | 309 | |||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use asset, net | 1,680 | 478 | |||||||||
| Other assets - related party | — | 856 | |||||||||
| Other assets | 1,491 | 1 | |||||||||
| Total assets | $ | 203,709 | $ | 131,255 | |||||||
| Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity | |||||||||||
| Current liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Accounts payable | $ | 2,329 | $ | 670 | |||||||
| Accrued liabilities | 11,018 | 9,703 | |||||||||
| Current portion of deferred revenue - related party | 289 | 301 | |||||||||
| Total current liabilities | 13,636 | 10,674 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities - related party | 1,149 | 501 | |||||||||
| Other liabilities | 1,208 | 43 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities | 15,993 | 11,218 | |||||||||
| Commitments and contingencies | |||||||||||
| Stockholders’ equity: | |||||||||||
Preferred stock, series A non-voting convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 435,000 shares authorized; 260,437 and 398,487 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively | 118,164 | 180,801 | |||||||||
Preferred stock, series B non-voting convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000 shares authorized; 23,126 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively | 15,669 | — | |||||||||
Common stock, $0.01 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 23,924,004 and 4,231,135 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively | 239 | 42 | |||||||||
| Additional paid-in capital | 412,101 | 218,089 | |||||||||
| Accumulated other comprehensive loss | (157) | (8) | |||||||||
| Accumulated deficit | (358,300) | (278,887) | |||||||||
| Total stockholders’ equity | 187,716 | 120,037 | |||||||||
| Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity | $ | 203,709 | $ | 131,255 | |||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
4
VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | |||||||||||||
| Revenue: | ||||||||||||||
Collaboration revenue (related party - $2,963 and $54 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively) | $ | 2,963 | $ | 735 | ||||||||||
| Grant revenue | — | 315 | ||||||||||||
| Total revenue | 2,963 | 1,050 | ||||||||||||
| Operating expenses: | ||||||||||||||
| Research and development | 56,886 | 28,304 | ||||||||||||
| General and administrative | 25,805 | 13,265 | ||||||||||||
| Acquired in-process research and development | — | 69,861 | ||||||||||||
| Total operating expenses | 82,691 | 111,430 | ||||||||||||
| Loss from operations | (79,728) | (110,380) | ||||||||||||
| Other income (expense): | ||||||||||||||
| Interest and other income | 318 | 173 | ||||||||||||
| Interest and other expense | (3) | (508) | ||||||||||||
| Net loss | (79,413) | (110,715) | ||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized loss on investments | (149) | (8) | ||||||||||||
| Comprehensive loss | $ | (79,562) | $ | (110,723) | ||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (79,413) | $ | (110,715) | ||||||||||
| Net loss per share, basic and diluted | $ | (6.66) | $ | (31.13) | ||||||||||
| Weighted-average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share | 11,918,712 | 3,557,065 | ||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
5
VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(in thousands, except share data)
| Preferred Stock | Common Stock | Additional Paid-in Capital | Accumulated Other Comprehensive Gain (Loss) | Accumulated Deficit | Total Stockholders’ Equity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Series A Convertible Preferred Stock | Series B Convertible Preferred Stock | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | Shares | Amount | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2019 | — | $ | — | — | $ | — | 2,324,126 | $ | 23 | $ | 183,900 | $ | — | $ | (168,169) | $ | 15,754 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (3) | (3) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of convertible preferred stock and common stock and warrants in the 2020 Public Offering, net of issuance costs | 195,290 | 86,122 | — | — | 1,000,000 | 10 | 13,857 | — | — | 99,989 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of preferred and common stock upon acquisition of Viridian | 203,197 | 94,682 | — | — | 72,131 | 1 | 678 | — | — | 95,361 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adjustment for fractional shares resulting from reverse stock split and acquisition of Viridian | — | (3) | — | — | (2,756) | — | (44) | — | — | (47) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock pursuant to a 2019 stock purchase agreement, net of issuance costs | — | — | — | — | 412,187 | 4 | 8,782 | — | — | 8,786 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under the 2017 ATM, net of issuance costs | — | — | — | — | 65,004 | 1 | 669 | — | — | 670 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under license agreement | — | — | — | — | 322,407 | 3 | 5,997 | — | — | 6,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercise of warrants | — | — | — | — | 33,333 | — | 550 | — | — | 550 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock for cash upon the exercise of stock options under equity incentive plans | — | — | — | — | 2,203 | — | 29 | — | — | 29 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan | — | — | — | — | 2,500 | — | 26 | — | — | 26 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | — | 3,629 | — | — | 3,629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee stock purchase plan expense | — | — | — | — | — | — | 16 | — | — | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized loss on investments | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (8) | — | (8) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (110,715) | (110,715) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2020 | 398,487 | 180,801 | — | — | 4,231,135 | 42 | 218,089 | $ | (8) | (278,887) | 120,037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon the conversion of convertible preferred stock | (138,050) | (62,637) | — | — | 9,203,732 | 92 | 62,545 | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of Series B preferred stock and common stock in the 2021 Public Offering, net of issuance costs of $1,291 and $5,983, respectively | — | — | 23,126 | 15,669 | 7,344,543 | 73 | 74,734 | — | — | 90,476 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon exercises of warrants | — | — | — | — | 77,871 | 1 | 1,284 | — | — | 1,285 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock for exercises of stock options | — | — | — | — | 106,831 | 1 | 1,026 | — | — | 1,027 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock upon the vesting of restricted stock units | — | — | — | — | 10,574 | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of common stock, 2021 ATM, net of issuance costs of $1,004 | — | — | — | — | 2,551,269 | 26 | 32,423 | — | — | 32,449 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under license agreement | — | — | — | — | 394,737 | 4 | 7,496 | 7,500 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Issuance of common stock for cash under employee stock purchase plan | — | — | — | — | 3,312 | — | 39 | — | — | 39 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14,442 | — | — | 14,442 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Employee stock purchase plan expense | — | — | — | — | — | — | 23 | — | — | 23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Change in unrealized gain on investments | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (149) | — | (149) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net loss | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (79,413) | (79,413) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Balance as of December 31, 2021 | 260,437 | $ | 118,164 | 23,126 | $ | 15,669 | 23,924,004 | $ | 239 | $ | 412,101 | $ | (157) | $ | (358,300) | $ | 187,716 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
7
VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Cash flows from operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Net loss | $ | (79,413) | $ | (110,715) | |||||||
| Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in) operating activities: | |||||||||||
| Non-cash portion of acquired IPR&D | — | 65,990 | |||||||||
| Issuance of common stock under license agreement | 7,500 | 6,000 | |||||||||
| Share-based compensation expense | 14,465 | 3,645 | |||||||||
| Amortization of financing issuance costs | 87 | 281 | |||||||||
| Non-cash interest expense | — | 263 | |||||||||
| Depreciation and amortization | 120 | 239 | |||||||||
| Amortization of premiums and discounts on available-for-sale securities | 965 | 56 | |||||||||
| Realized gain on investments | (4) | — | |||||||||
| Loss on sale of equipment | 77 | — | |||||||||
| Other | — | 35 | |||||||||
| Non-cash lease expenses | (102) | — | |||||||||
| Changes in operating assets and liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Prepaid expenses and other assets | (1,496) | (159) | |||||||||
| Accounts payable | 1,655 | (426) | |||||||||
| Accrued and other liabilities | 1,380 | 5,012 | |||||||||
| Unbilled revenue | (451) | — | |||||||||
| Deferred revenue | 636 | — | |||||||||
| Net cash used in operating activities | (54,581) | (29,779) | |||||||||
| Cash flows from investing activities: | |||||||||||
| Purchases of short-term investments | (188,431) | (81,807) | |||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of short-term investments | 67,538 | — | |||||||||
| Cash acquired in acquisition of Private Viridian | — | 29,371 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from maturities of short-term investments | 46,860 | 2,000 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from sale of property and equipment | 79 | — | |||||||||
| Purchases of property and equipment, net | (338) | (42) | |||||||||
| Other | — | (3) | |||||||||
| Net cash used in investing activities | (74,292) | (50,481) | |||||||||
| Cash flows from financing activities: | |||||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of Series B preferred stock | 16,960 | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of Series A preferred stock | — | 90,997 | |||||||||
| Payment of issuance costs associated with the issuance of preferred stock | (1,291) | (4,875) | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the sale of common stock, the 2021 Public Offering and April 2021 ATM | 114,242 | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the sale of common stock and warrants in 2020 | — | 25,104 | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the exercise of warrants | 1,285 | — | |||||||||
| Payment of issuance costs associated with the issuance of common stock and warrants | (6,987) | (1,304) | |||||||||
| Proceeds from issuance of common stock for exercised stock options | 1,027 | — | |||||||||
| Proceeds from stock purchases under employee stock purchase plan | 39 | — | |||||||||
| Payments of principal of notes payable | — | (10,293) | |||||||||
| Proceeds from the issuance of notes payable | — | 1,726 | |||||||||
| Fractional share payment – reverse split | — | (44) | |||||||||
| Net cash provided by financing activities | 125,275 | 101,311 | |||||||||
8
| Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents | (3,598) | 21,051 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period | 45,897 | 24,846 | |||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents at end of period | $ | 42,299 | $ | 45,897 | |||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information | |||||||||||
| Interest paid | $ | — | $ | 267 | |||||||
| Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities | |||||||||||
| Purchase of property and equipment in accounts payable and accrued liabilities | $ | 4 | $ | — | |||||||
| Amortization of public offering costs | $ | 87 | $ | 32 | |||||||
See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.
9
VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
Viridian Therapeutics, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Company” or “Viridian”), is a biotechnology company advancing new treatments for patients suffering from serious diseases that are underserved by today’s therapies. The Company’s most advanced program, VRDN-001, is a differentiated monoclonal antibody targeting insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (“IGF-1R”), a clinically and commercially validated target for the treatment of thyroid eye disease (“TED”). The Company’s second product candidate, VRDN-002, is a distinct anti-IGF-1R antibody that incorporates half-life extension technology, and is designed to support administration as a convenient, low-volume, subcutaneous injection. TED is a debilitating autoimmune disease that causes inflammation and fibrosis within the orbit of the eye which can cause double vision, pain, and potential blindness. Patients with severe disease often require multiple remedial surgeries to the orbit, eye muscles and eyelids. The Company’s second product candidate, VRDN-002, is a distinct anti-IGF-1R antibody that incorporates half-life extension technology, and is designed to support administration as a convenient, low-volume, subcutaneous injection.
Agreement and Plan of Merger
On October 27, 2020, the Company acquired a private company, Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. (“Private Viridian”) in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 27, 2020 (the “Merger Agreement”). Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, Oculus Merger Sub I, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“First Merger Sub”), merged with and into Private Viridian, pursuant to which Private Viridian was the surviving corporation and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (the “First Merger”). Immediately following the First Merger, Private Viridian merged with and into Oculus Merger Sub II, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company (“Second Merger Sub”), pursuant to which Second Merger Sub was the surviving entity (together with the First Merger, the “Merger”). The Merger is intended to qualify as a tax-free reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
On October 27, 2020, the Company completed a short-form merger under which the Second Merger Sub merged with Viridian Therapeutics, Inc (then Miragen Therapeutics, Inc.) pursuant to which Viridian Therapeutics, Inc. was the surviving entity.
Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, at the closing of the Merger, the Company issued 72,131 shares of the Company’s common stock (“Common Stock”) and 203,197 shares of Series A Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) to securityholders of Private Viridian. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock, subject to certain conditions described below.
November 2021 Open Market Sale Agreement
On November 8, 2021, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “November 2021 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”), relating to shares of its common stock. In accordance with the terms of the November 2021 ATM Agreement, the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of offering, with Jefferies acting as its sales agent. Jefferies will receive a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the November 2021 ATM Agreement. As of December 31, 2021, no shares have been sold under the November 2021 ATM Agreement with Jefferies.
Liquidity
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis that assumes the Company is a going concern and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from any uncertainty related to its ability to continue as a going concern. The Company has funded its operations to date principally through proceeds received from the sale of the Company’s Common Stock, its Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, and other equity securities, debt financings, license fees, and reimbursements received under collaboration agreements. Since its inception and through December 31, 2021, the Company has generated an accumulated deficit of $358.3 million. The Company expects to continue to generate operating losses in the foreseeable future.
The Company has no products approved for commercial sale, has not generated any revenue from product sales, and cannot guarantee when or if it will generate any revenue from product sales. Substantially all of the Company’s operating losses resulted from expenses incurred in connection with its research and development programs and from general and administrative
10
costs associated with its operations. The Company expects to incur significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next several years as it continues the development of, and seeks regulatory approval for, its product candidates. It is expected that operating losses will fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year due to timing of development programs and efforts to achieve regulatory approval.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $197.0 million in cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments. As of the issuance date of these consolidated financial statements, the Company expects that its current resources will be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months from the issuance date of these financial statements.
The Company will continue to require additional capital in order to continue to finance its operations. The amount and timing of future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the pace and results of the Company’s clinical development efforts, equity financings, entering into license and collaboration agreements, and issuing debt or other financing vehicles. The Company’s ability to secure additional capital is dependent upon a number of factors, some of which are outside of the Company’s control, including success in developing its technology and drug product candidates, operational performance, and market conditions, including resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
Failure to raise capital as and when needed, on favorable terms or at all, would have a negative impact on the Company’s financial condition and its ability to develop its product candidates. Changing circumstances may cause the Company to consume capital significantly faster or slower than currently anticipated. If the Company is unable to acquire additional capital or resources, it will be required to modify its operational plans. The estimates included herein are based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and the Company could exhaust its available financial resources sooner than currently anticipated.
2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Viridian Therapeutics Europe Limited and Viridian Therapeutics S.à.r.l., both of which were formed for the sole purpose of submitting regulatory filings in Europe, and Viridian Securities Corporation, which was formed in July 2021. The Company’s subsidiaries have no employees or operations.
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) and include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented. All significant intercompany balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company’s management performed an evaluation of its activities through the date of filing of these consolidated financial statements and concluded that there are no subsequent events requiring disclosure, other than as disclosed.
Risk and Uncertainties – Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Company is subject to risks and uncertainties as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus continues to spread globally and the impact of this pandemic has been and may continue to be extensive in many aspects of society, which has resulted in and will likely continue to result in significant disruptions to the global economy, as well as businesses and capital markets around the world.
The spread of COVID-19 has caused the Company to modify its business practices, including implementing a work-from-home policy for all employees who are able to perform their duties remotely and restricting all nonessential travel, and it expects to continue to take actions as may be required or recommended by government authorities or as the Company determines are in the best interests of its employees, the patients it serves, and other business partners in light of COVID-19. Potential impacts to the Company’s business include temporary closures of its facilities or those of its vendors, disruptions or restrictions on its employees’ ability to travel, disruptions to or delays in ongoing laboratory experiments and operations, and the potential diversion of healthcare resources away from the conduct of clinical trials to focus on pandemic concerns, manufacturing delays or disruptions, and its ability to raise capital. As of December 31, 2021, there have been no material impacts to the Company as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company continually assesses the impacts of COVID-19 and the extent to which the pandemic may materially impact the Company’s financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations in the future is uncertain.
11
Going Concern
At each reporting period, the Company evaluates whether there are conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. The Company is required to make certain additional disclosures if it concludes substantial doubt exists and it is not alleviated by the Company’s plans or when its plans alleviate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.
The Company’s evaluation entails, among other things, analyzing the results of the Company’s clinical development efforts, license and collaboration agreements as well as the entity’s current financial condition including conditional and unconditional obligations anticipated within a year, and related liquidity sources at the date the financial statements are issued. This is reflected in the Company’s prospective operating budgets and forecasts and compared to the current cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments balance.
Use of Estimates
The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires it to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for clinical trial costs and other outsourced research and development expenses, and the valuation of share-based awards. Although these estimates are based on the Company’s knowledge of current events and actions it may take in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from these estimates and assumptions.
Revenue Recognition
The Company accounts for revenue in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”).
The Company enters into collaboration agreements and certain other agreements that are within the scope of ASC 606, under which the Company licenses, may license, or grants an option to license rights to certain of the Company’s product candidates and performs research and development services in connection with such agreements. The terms of these agreements typically include payment of one or more of the following: non-refundable, up-front fees; reimbursement of research and development costs; developmental, clinical, regulatory, and commercial sales milestone payments; and royalties on net sales of licensed products.
In accordance with ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.
To determine the appropriate amount of revenue to be recognized, for agreements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps: (i) identification of the goods or services within the contract; (ii) determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations, including whether they are distinct within the terms of the contract; (iii) measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the identified performance obligations; and (v) recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.
The promised goods or services in the Company’s agreements typically consist of a license, or option to license, rights to the Company’s intellectual property or research and development services. Performance obligations are promises in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and are considered distinct when (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service on its own or together with other readily available resources and (ii) the promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. In assessing whether promised goods or services are distinct, the Company considers factors such as the stage of development of the underlying intellectual property, the capabilities of the customer to develop the intellectual property on its own or whether the required expertise is readily available, and whether the goods or services are integral or dependent to other goods or services in the contract.
The Company estimates the transaction price based on the amount expected to be received for transferring the promised goods or services in the contract. The consideration may include fixed consideration or variable consideration. At the inception of each agreement that includes variable consideration, the Company evaluates the amount of potential payment and the likelihood
12
that the payments will be received. The Company utilizes either the most likely amount method or expected value method to estimate the amount expected to be received based on which method best predicts the amount expected to be received. The amount of variable consideration that is included in the transaction price may be constrained and is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of the cumulative revenue recognized will not occur in a future period.
The Company’s contracts often include development and regulatory milestone payments that are assessed under the most likely amount method and constrained if it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would occur. Milestone payments that are not within the Company’s control or the licensee’s control, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of such development and clinical milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration and other research and development revenue in the period of adjustment.
For agreements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of the Company’s collaboration or strategic alliance agreements.
The Company allocates the transaction price based on the estimated standalone selling price. The Company must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. The Company utilizes key assumptions to determine the stand-alone selling price, which may include other comparable transactions, pricing considered in negotiating the transaction, and the estimated costs. Variable consideration is allocated specifically to one or more performance obligations in a contract when the terms of the variable consideration relate to the satisfaction of the performance obligation and the resulting amounts allocated are consistent with the amounts the Company would expect to receive for the satisfaction of each performance obligation.
The consideration allocated to each performance obligation is recognized as revenue when control is transferred for the related goods or services. For performance obligations which consist of licenses and other promises, the Company utilizes judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether the combined performance obligation is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the appropriate method of measuring progress. The Company evaluates the measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjusts the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.
The Company receives payments from its customers based on billing schedules established in each contract. Up-front payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due until the Company performs its obligations under these arrangements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional.
Research and Development
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred in performing research and development activities. The costs include employee-related expense including salaries, benefits, share-based compensation, restructuring charges, fees for acquiring and maintaining licenses under third-party license agreements, consulting fees, market research, costs of research and development activities conducted by third parties on the Company’s behalf, costs to manufacture or have manufactured clinical trial materials, laboratory supplies, depreciation, and facilities and overhead costs. The Company records research and development expense in the period in which the Company receives or takes ownership of the applicable goods or when the applicable services are performed. In circumstances where amounts have been paid in excess of costs incurred, the Company records a prepaid expense.
The Company records up-front and milestone payments to acquire and retain contractual rights to licensed technology as research and development expenses when incurred if there is uncertainty in the Company receiving future economic benefit from the acquired contractual rights. The Company considers future economic benefits from acquired contractual rights to licensed technology to be uncertain until such a drug candidate is approved for sale by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or when other significant risk factors are abated.
13
Clinical Trial and Preclinical Study Accruals
The Company makes estimates of accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in its consolidated financial statements based on certain facts and circumstances at that time. The Company’s accrued expenses for clinical trials and preclinical studies are based on estimates of costs incurred for services provided by clinical research organizations, manufacturing organizations, and other providers. Payments under the Company’s agreements with external service providers depend on a number of factors, such as site initiation, patient screening, enrollment, delivery of reports, and other events. In accruing for these activities, the Company obtains information from various sources and estimates the level of effort or expense allocated to each period. Adjustments to the Company’s research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods as its estimates change.
Acquired In-Process Research and Development
The Company measures and recognizes asset acquisitions that are not deemed to be business combinations based on the cost to acquire the assets, which includes transaction costs. Goodwill is not recognized in asset acquisitions. In an asset acquisition, the cost allocated to acquire in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) with no alternative future use is charged to expense at the acquisition date. Refer to Note 3. Acquisition of Private Viridian for a more detailed description of the accounting policy utilized for the recent asset acquisition.
Restructuring and Other Charges
The Company accounts for exit or disposal activities in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 420, Exit or Disposal Cost Obligations (“ASC 420”). A business restructuring is defined as an exit or disposal activity that includes, but is not limited to, a program that is planned and controlled by management and materially changes either the scope of a business or the manner in which that business is conducted. Business restructuring charges include (i) one-time termination benefits related to employee separations, (ii) contract termination costs, and (iii) other related costs associated with exit or disposal activities including. In 2020 and 2019, the Company implemented two phases of a restructuring plan to streamline the organization, reduce costs, and direct resources to advance the Company’s primary operating goals in place at that time.
The Company recognizes and measures a liability for one-time termination benefits, for which no future service is required, once the plan of termination meets all of the following criteria for an established communication date: (i) management commits to a plan of termination, (ii) the plan identifies the number of employees to be terminated and their job classifications or functions, locations, and the expected completion date, (iii) the plan establishes the terms of the benefit arrangement, and (iv) it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or the plan will be withdrawn. For one-time termination benefits for which future service is required, a liability is measured at the communication date based on its value as of the termination date and recognized ratably over the future service period. The Company recognizes and measures a liability for other related costs in the period in which the liability is incurred.
Share-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for share-based compensation expense to employees and non-employees based on their fair values on the date of the grant. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of stock options. The use of the Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the Company to make assumptions with respect to the expected term of the option, the expected volatility of the common stock consistent with the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rates and expected dividend yields of the common stock. The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for awards with service-based conditions using the straight-line method over the requisite service period, net of any actual forfeitures.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
All highly-liquid investments that have maturities of 90 days or less at the date of purchase are classified as cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are reported at cost, which approximates fair value due to the short maturities of these instruments.
Investments
The Company has designated its investments as available-for-sale securities and accounts for them at their respective fair values. The securities are classified as short-term or long-term based on the nature of the securities and their availability to meet current operating requirements. Securities that are readily available for use in current operations are classified as short-term available-for-sale securities and are reported as a component of current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.
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Securities that are classified as available-for-sale are measured at fair value, including accrued interest, with temporary unrealized gains and losses reported as a component of stockholders’ equity until their disposition. The Company reviews available-for-sale securities at the end of each period to determine whether they remain available-for-sale based on its then-current intent. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.
The securities are subject to a periodic impairment review. An impairment charge would occur when a decline in the fair value of the investments below the cost basis is judged to be other-than-temporary.
Fair Value Measurements
Certain assets and liabilities are carried at fair value under GAAP. Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of observable in puts. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:
•Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.
•Level 2 inputs utilizes observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices, for similar assets or liabilities, quoted market prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities.
•Level 3 inputs are unobservable data points for the asset or liability and include situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability.
Certain of the Company’s financial instruments are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis but are recorded at amounts that approximate their fair value due to the short-term nature of their maturities, such as cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses.
The Company accounts for warrants to purchase its common stock pursuant to ASC Topic 470, Debt, and ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and classifies warrants for common stock as liabilities or equity. The warrants classified as liabilities are reported at their estimated fair value (see Note 5. Investments and Fair Value Measurements) and any changes in fair value are reflected in interest and other expense. The warrants classified as equity are reported at their estimated fair value with no subsequent remeasurement. The Company’s outstanding warrants are discussed in more detail in Note 11. Warrants.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash equivalents, which include short-term investments that have maturities of less than three months. The Company maintains deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company invests its excess cash primarily in deposits and money market funds held with one financial institution.
Property and Equipment
The Company carries its property and equipment at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally to five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the life of the lease (including any renewal periods that are deemed to be reasonably assured) or the estimated useful life of the assets. Construction in progress is not depreciated until placed in service. Repairs and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred and expenditures for major improvements are capitalized.
Operating Lease Right-of-Use Asset
The Company determines if an arrangement is, or contains, a lease at contract inception and during modifications or renewal of existing leases. Operating lease assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company’s existing operating lease assets and liabilities were recognized on January 1, 2020, the date of transition to Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), and subsequent amendments to the initial guidance: ASU No. 2017-13, ASU No. 2018-10, and ASU No. 2018-11 (collectively, “ASC 842”). After January 1, 2020, the Company’s operating lease assets and
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liabilities are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based upon the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease payments used to determine the Company’s operating lease assets may include lease incentives, stated rent increases, and escalation clauses and are recognized in the Company’s operating lease assets in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s operating leases are reflected in operating lease right-of-use asset and operating lease liability within accrued and other liabilities in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Short-term leases, defined as leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less at the commencement date, are excluded from this treatment and are recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Refer to Note 9. Commitments and Contingencies - Lease Obligations for additional information related to the Company’s operating leases.
Convertible Preferred Stock
The Company records shares of non-voting convertible preferred stock at their respective fair values on the dates of issuance, net of issuance costs. The Company has applied the guidance in ASC 480-10-S99-3A, SEC Staff Announcement: Classification and Measurement of Redeemable Securities, and at issuance classified the Series A Preferred Stock outside of stockholders’ equity because, if convertibility of Series A Preferred Stock into common stock was not approved by the stockholders, the Series A Preferred Stock would be redeemable at the option of the holders for cash equal to the closing price of the common stock on last trading day prior to the holder’s redemption request. On December 31, 2020, the stockholders approved the convertibility of the Series A Preferred Stock into common stock and as such, the Company reclassified the Series A Preferred Stock to permanent equity. In September 2021, the Company issued Series B Preferred Stock with conversion rights which the Company has classified as permanent equity in its consolidated balance sheets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company assesses the carrying amount of its property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. No impairment charges were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
Net Loss per Share
Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period without consideration of common stock equivalents. Since the Company was in a loss position for all periods presented, diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share for all periods, as the inclusion of all potential common shares outstanding is antidilutive.
Comprehensive Loss
Comprehensive loss is comprised of net loss and adjustments for the change in unrealized gains and losses on investments. Unrealized accumulated comprehensive gains or losses are reflected as a separate component in the consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity. The Company had unrealized losses on investments of $0.1 million and $8 thousand during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes by using an asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. A valuation allowance is recorded to the extent it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in operations in the period that includes the enactment date.
The Company’s significant deferred tax assets are for net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits, accruals and reserves, and capitalized start-up costs. The Company has provided a valuation allowance for its entire net deferred tax assets since inception as, due to its history of operating losses, the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that its deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company has no unrecognized tax benefits. The Company classifies interest and penalties arising from the underpayment of income taxes in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as general and administrative expenses. No such expenses have been recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.
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Warrants
Upon the issuance of warrants to purchase shares of common stock, the Company evaluates the terms of the warrant issue to determine the appropriate accounting and classification of the warrant issue pursuant to FASB ASC Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, FASB ASC Topic 505, Equity, FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Warrants are classified as liabilities when the Company may be required to settle a warrant exercise in cash and classified as equity when the Company settles a warrant exercise in shares of its common stock.
Liability-classified warrants are valued at fair value at the date of issue and at each reporting date pursuant to FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, and are reflected as a warrant liability on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Any changes in the warrant liability during each reporting period would be reflected as other expense in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.
Segment Information
The Company operates in one operating segment and, accordingly, no segment disclosures have been presented herein. All equipment, leasehold improvements, and other fixed assets are physically located within the United States and all agreements with the Company’s partners are denominated in U.S. dollars, except where noted.
Accounting Pronouncements – To Be Adopted
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies that the Company adopts as of the specified effective date. The Company does not believe that the adoption of recently issued standards have or may have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements or disclosures.
3. ACQUISITION OF PRIVATE VIRIDIAN
On October 27, 2020, the Company completed its acquisition of Private Viridian in accordance with the terms of the Merger Agreement as discussed in Note 1. Description of Business. Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, the Company issued 72,131 shares of common stock and 203,197 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock, subject to certain conditions.
The Company concluded that the acquisition of Private Viridian did not result in the acquisition of a business, as substantially all of the fair value of the non-monetary assets acquired was concentrated in a single identifiable asset, the exclusive license agreement with ImmunoGen, which includes the Company’s lead program VRDN-001.
The Company determined that the cost to acquire the assets was $97.4 million, based on the fair value of the equity consideration issued and including direct costs of the acquisition of $2.0 million. The net assets acquired in connection with the Merger were recorded at their estimated fair values as of October 27, 2020, the date the Merger was completed. The following table summarizes the net assets acquired based on their estimated fair values as of October 27, 2020 (in thousands):
| Acquired IPR&D | $ | 69,861 | |||
| Cash and cash equivalents | 29,371 | ||||
| Accrued liabilities | (1,843) | ||||
| Net acquired tangible assets | $ | 97,389 | |||
In the estimation of fair value of the asset purchase consideration, the Company used the carrying value of the cash and cash equivalents and accrued liabilities as the most reliable indicator of fair value based on the associated short-term nature of the balances. The remaining fair value was attributable to the acquired IPR&D. As the asset had not yet received regulatory approval in any territory, the cost attributable to the license agreement was expensed in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020, as the acquired IPR&D had no alternative future use, as determined by the Company in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
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4. COLLABORATION AGREEMENTS
License Agreement with Zenas BioPharma
In October 2020, Private Viridian entered a license agreement with Zenas BioPharma (Cayman) Limited (“Zenas BioPharma”) to license technology comprising certain materials, patent rights, and know-how to Zenas BioPharma. On October 27, 2020, in connection with the closing of the Private Viridian acquisition, the Company became party to the license agreement with Zenas BioPharma. Since February 2021, the Company has entered into several letter agreements with Zenas BioPharma pursuant to which the Company agreed to provide assistance to Zenas BioPharma with certain development activities, including manufacturing. The license agreement and subsequent letter agreements (collectively, the “Zenas Agreements”) were negotiated with a single commercial objective and are treated as a combined contract for accounting purposes. Under the terms of the Zenas Agreements, the Company granted Zenas BioPharma an exclusive license to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain IGF-1R directed antibody products for non-oncology indications in the greater area of China.
As consideration for the Zenas Agreements, the transaction price included upfront non-cash consideration and variable consideration in the form of payment for the Company’s goods and services and milestone payments due upon the achievement of specified events. Under the Zenas Agreements, the Company can receive non-refundable milestone payments upon achieving specific milestone events during the contract term. Additionally, the Company may receive royalty payments based on a percentage of the annual net sales of any licensed products sold on a country-by-country basis in the greater area of China. The royalty percentage may vary based on different tiers of annual net sales of the licensed products made. Zenas BioPharma is obligated to make royalty payments to the Company for the royalty term in the Zenas Agreements.
The Zenas Agreements would qualify as a collaborative arrangement under the scope of Accounting Standards Codification, Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements (“ASC 808”). While this arrangement is in the scope of ASC 808, the Company analogized to ASC 606 to account for certain aspects of this arrangement. The Company analogized to ASC 606 for certain activities within the arrangement associated with the Company’s transfer of a good or service (i.e., a unit of account) that is part of the Company’s ongoing major or central operations. The Company allocated the transaction price based on the relative estimated standalone selling prices of each performance obligation or, in the case of certain variable consideration, to one or more performance obligations. Research and development activities are priced generally at cost. The Company’s license of goods and services to Zenas BioPharma during the contract term was determined to be a single performance obligation satisfied over time. The Company will recognize the transaction price from the license agreement over the Company’s estimated period to complete its activities.
At the inception of the arrangement, the Company evaluated whether the milestones were considered probable of being reached and estimated the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. As it was not probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, none of the associated milestone payments were included in the transaction price at contract inception. For the sales-based royalties included in the arrangement, the license was deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate. The Company will recognize royalty revenues at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recognized $3.0 million and $54 thousand of collaboration revenue related to the Zenas Agreements, respectively.
As of December 31, 2021, the Zenas Agreements are considered related party transactions because Fairmount Funds Management LLC beneficially owns more than 5% of the Company’s common stock and is also a 5% or greater stockholder of Zenas BioPharma and has a seat on Zenas BioPharma’s board of directors.
Servier License and Collaboration Agreement
In 2011, the Company entered into a license and collaboration agreement (the “Servier Collaboration Agreement”) with Les Laboratoires Servier and Institut de Recherches Servier (collectively, “Servier”) for the research, development, and commercialization of RNA-targeting therapeutics in cardiovascular disease. Under the Servier Collaboration Agreement, the Company granted Servier an exclusive license to research, develop, manufacture, and commercialize RNA-targeting therapeutics for certain microRNA targets in the cardiovascular field. During the period from receipt of notice from Servier in August 2019 and termination in February 2020, the Company completed certain activities under its development plan with Servier, which included finalizing two Phase 1 clinical trials of a legacy product candidate. The activities for which the Company was eligible for reimbursement under the Servier Collaboration Agreement were considered a research and development performance obligation and revenue was recognized in accordance with ASC 606 through the termination date.
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As the Servier Collaboration Agreement was terminated in February 2020, no revenue was recorded under the Servier Collaboration Agreement subsequent to March 31, 2020.
5. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Investments
The Company’s investments consisted of the following as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:
As of December 31, 2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 42,199 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 42,199 | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury securities | 22,215 | — | (54) | 22,161 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. corporate paper and bonds | 128,005 | 6 | (94) | 127,917 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| International corporate bond holdings | 4,603 | — | (15) | 4,588 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 197,022 | $ | 6 | $ | (163) | $ | 196,865 | ||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Amortized Cost | Gross Unrealized Gains | Gross Unrealized Losses | Estimated Fair Value | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 45,960 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 45,960 | ||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury securities | 81,750 | — | (8) | 81,742 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | $ | 127,710 | $ | — | $ | (8) | $ | 127,702 | ||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2021, the Company considers the unrealized losses in its investment portfolio to be temporary in nature and not due to credit losses. The Company has the intent and ability to hold such investments until their recovery at fair value. The Company had realized gains of $4 thousand and zero in its available for sale securities for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The contractual maturity dates of all of the Company’s investments are all less than 24 months.
Fair Value Measurements
The following tables summarize the Company’s assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
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Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2021, Using: | ||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 42,199 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 42,199 | ||||||
| Short-term investments: | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury securities | — | 22,161 | — | 22,161 | ||||||||||
| U.S. corporate paper and bonds | — | 127,917 | — | 127,917 | ||||||||||
| International corporate bond holdings | — | 4,588 | — | 4,588 | ||||||||||
| Total cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 42,199 | $ | 154,666 | $ | — | $ | 196,865 | ||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock warrants (included in accrued and other liabilities) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 100 | $ | 100 | ||||||
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2020, Using: | ||||||||||||||
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Total | |||||||||||
| (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
| Assets: | ||||||||||||||
| Cash equivalents: | ||||||||||||||
| Money market funds | $ | 45,960 | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 45,960 | ||||||
| Short-term investments: | ||||||||||||||
| U.S. treasury securities | — | 81,742 | — | 81,742 | ||||||||||
| Total cash equivalents and short-term investments | $ | 45,960 | $ | 81,742 | $ | — | $ | 127,702 | ||||||
| Liabilities: | ||||||||||||||
| Preferred stock warrants (included in accrued and other liabilities) | $ | — | $ | — | $ | 100 | $ | 100 | ||||||
6. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment, net, consisted of the following:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Lab equipment | $ | 775 | $ | 2,509 | |||||||
| Leasehold improvements | 749 | 741 | |||||||||
| Computer hardware and software | 430 | 336 | |||||||||
| Furniture and fixtures | 197 | 166 | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, gross | 2,151 | 3,752 | |||||||||
| Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization | (1,776) | (3,443) | |||||||||
| Property and equipment, net | $ | 375 | $ | 309 | |||||||
During the year ended December 31, 2021, certain lab equipment related to certain legacy microRNA programs associated with Miragen met the criteria to be classified and were reclassified as held for sale and included in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The assets held for sale totaled $0.1 million, which was the net book value on the date of transfer. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company sold the equipment, received proceeds of approximately $0.1 million and recorded a loss of approximately $0.1 million.
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During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, depreciation and amortization expense was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively. Depreciation and amortization expense is recorded primarily in research and development expense on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.
7. ACCRUED LIABILITIES
Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Accrued outsourced clinical trials and preclinical studies | $ | 6,316 | $ | 5,400 | |||||||
| Accrued employee compensation and related taxes | 3,652 | 1,963 | |||||||||
| 520 | 455 | ||||||||||
| Accrued legal fees and expenses | 80 | 380 | |||||||||
| Accrued other professional service fees | 140 | 796 | |||||||||
| Value of liability-classified stock purchase warrants | 100 | 100 | |||||||||
| License agreement liability | — | 86 | |||||||||
| Other accrued liabilities | 210 | 523 | |||||||||
| Total accrued liabilities | $ | 11,018 | $ | 9,703 | |||||||
8. NOTES PAYABLE
2017 Silicon Valley Bank Loan Agreement
In November 2017, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank (the “2017 SVB Loan Agreement”). Upon entry into the 2017 SVB Loan Agreement, the Company borrowed $10.0 million bearing interest at the prime rate with a 30-month payment period following an 18-month interest-only payment period ending in November 2021. In April 2020, the 2017 Loan Agreement was amended to extend the interest-only payment period and extended the maturity date by an additional six months. On December 18, 2020, the Company repaid the full outstanding loan balance, including accrued interest and a final payment fee equal to $0.9 million that was due upon maturity. As of December 31, 2020, no additional amounts were outstanding under the 2017 SVB Loan Agreement.
Paycheck Protection Program Loan
In April 2020, the Company received approximately $1.7 million in loan funding under the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”), which was established pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act and is administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration. The unsecured loan (the “PPP Loan”) was evidenced by a promissory note of the Company (the “Note”) in the principal amount of approximately $1.7 million to Silicon Valley Bank (the “Bank”). Under the terms of the Note and the PPP Loan, interest accrued on the outstanding principal at the rate of 1.0% per annum. On December 18, 2020, the PPP Loan, including accrued interest, was repaid to the Bank. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were no amounts outstanding under the PPP Loan.
9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
License Agreement with ImmunoGen, Inc.
In October 2020, in connection with the closing of the Private Viridian acquisition, the Company became party to a license agreement (the “ImmunoGen License Agreement”) with Immunogen, Inc. (“ImmunoGen”), under which the Company obtained an exclusive, sublicensable, worldwide license to certain patents and other intellectual property rights to develop, manufacture, and commercialize certain products for non-oncology and non-radiopharmaceutical indications. In consideration for rights granted by ImmunoGen, the Company is obligated to make certain future development milestone payments of up to $48.0 million upon the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestones. Out of these development milestones payments, in December 2021 the Company paid a $2.5 million milestone payment to ImmunoGen upon the submission of an Investigational New Drug (“IND”) application for VRDN-001 with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Additionally, if the Company successfully commercializes any product candidate subject to the ImmunoGen License Agreement, it is responsible for royalty
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payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales and commercial milestone payments of up to $95.0 million. The Company is obligated to make any such royalty payments on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of a specified product in each country until the later of (i) the expiration of the last patent claim subject to the ImmunoGen License Agreement in such country, (ii) the expiration of any applicable regulatory exclusivity obtained for each product in such country, or (iii) the 12th anniversary of the date of the first commercial sale of such product in such country.
License Agreements with Xencor, Inc.
In December 2021, the Company entered into a subsequent technology license agreement with Xencor (the “2021 Xencor License Agreement”) for a non-exclusive license to certain antibody libraries developed by Xencor. Under the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, Xencor the Company received a one-year research license to review the antibodies and the right to select up to three antibodies for further development. In consideration for rights granted by Xencor, the Company issued 394,737 shares of our common stock to Xencor in December 2021. The shares were valued at $7.5 million and recorded as research and development expense during the year ended December 31, 2021. Under the terms of the 2021 Xencor License Agreement, if successful, for each licensed product, the Company would be obligated to make future milestone payments of up to $27.75 million, which includes development milestone payments of up to $4.75 million, special milestone payments of up to $3.0 million, and commercial milestone payments of up to $20.0 million. Additionally, for each licensed product that the Company successfully commercializes, it would be responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales.
In December 2020, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Xencor License Agreement”) with Xencor, Inc. (“Xencor”), under which Xencor granted the Company rights to an exclusive, worldwide, sublicensable, non-transferable, royalty-bearing license to use specified Xencor technology for the research, development, manufacturing, and commercialization of therapeutic antibodies targeting IGF-1R indications. In consideration for rights granted by Xencor, the Company issued 322,407 shares of its common stock in December 2020. The shares were valued at $6.0 million and recorded as research and development expense in 2020. Under the terms of the Xencor License Agreement, the Company is obligated to make future development milestone payments of up to $30.0 million. Additionally, if the Company successfully commercializes any product candidate subject to the Xencor License Agreement, it is responsible for royalty payments equal to a percentage in the mid-single digits of net sales and commercial milestone payments of up to $25.0 million. The Company is obligated to make any such royalty payments on a product-by-product and country-by-country basis from the first commercial sale of products containing the licensed technology in each country until the later of (i) the expiration of the last patent claim subject to the Xencor License Agreement in such country, (ii) the expiration of any applicable regulatory exclusivity obtained, or (iii) the 12th anniversary of the date of the first commercial sale.
Contingent Value Rights Agreement
In accordance with the Merger Agreement, on November 4, 2020, the Company and the Rights Agent (as defined therein) executed and delivered a contingent value rights agreement (the “CVR Agreement”), pursuant to which each holder of the Company’s common stock as of November 6, 2020, other than former stockholders of Private Viridian, was entitled to one contractual contingent value right issued by the Company, subject to and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the CVR Agreement, for each share of its common stock held by such holder. The CVR Agreement terminated as of December 31, 2021 and no CVRs were issued under the CVR Agreement.
Lease Obligations
The Company is party to a multi-year, non-cancelable lease agreement for its Colorado-based office and lab space. The lease agreement includes rent escalation clauses through the lease term and a Company option to extend the lease term for up to three terms of three years each. Minimum base lease payments under the lease agreement, including the impact of tenant improvement allowances, are recognized on a straight-line basis over the full term of the lease. The lease term was amended in March 2021 to extend the lease maturity date to December 31, 2024. Upon adoption of ASC 842 and upon subsequent modification of the lease in 2020 and in March 2021, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for the lease agreement of approximately $1.6 million by calculating the present value of lease payments, discounted at 6%, the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate, over the 12 months expected remaining term.
In April 2021, the Company entered into a sublease with Cogent Biosciences, Inc. (“Cogent”) for its Colorado-based office and lab space, which was subsequently amended in November 2021 to extend the term of the sublease. As of the sublease inception date, Fairmount Funds Management LLC beneficially owned more than 5% of the Company’s common stock and Cogent’s capital stock. Under the terms of the current sublease, which expires on April 30, 2022, Cogent will pay the Company an
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aggregate of $0.2 million in rent payments plus related taxes and lease operating costs. The sublease was negotiated on an arm’s-length basis and is a market-rate transaction on terms that the Company believes are no less favorable than would have been reached with an unrelated third party.
In connection with the acquisition of Private Viridian, the Company became party to a multi-year, non-cancelable lease agreement in October 2020 for its Massachusetts-based office space (the “Original Lease”). The Original Lease included rent escalation clauses through the lease term. Minimum base lease payments under the lease agreement are recognized on a straight-line basis over the full term of the lease. Upon assumption of the Original Lease, the Company recognized a right-of-use asset and corresponding lease liability for the Original Lease of $0.1 million by calculating the present value of lease payments, discounted at 6%, the Company’s estimated incremental borrowing rate, over the expected remaining term. In July 2021, the Company amended the Original Lease to increase its Massachusetts-based office space (the “Amended Lease”). The office space leased under the Original Lease will expire in February 2023 and the additional office space leased under the Amended Lease will expire in October 2024.
Consolidated future minimum lease payments as of December 31, 2021 were approximately $1.9 million through 2025. As of December 31, 2021, the Company’s operating lease obligations were reflected as operating lease liabilities of $0.5 million as and $1.2 million as in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Amortization of the operating lease right-of-use assets, and corresponding reduction of operating lease obligations, amounted to $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which was included in operating expense in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the year ended December 31, 2020, lease rental expense, and the corresponding cash outflow, was approximately $0.3 million.
The Company is also required to pay for operating expenses related to the leased space, which were $0.3 million for both of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. The operating expenses are incurred separately and were not included in the present value of lease payments.
10. CAPITAL STOCK
Common Stock
Under the Company’s restated certificate of incorporation, the Company is authorized to issue 205,000,000 shares of its stock, of which 200,000,000 shares have been designated as common stock and 5,000,000 shares have been designated as Preferred Stock, both with a par value of $0.01 per share. The number of authorized shares of common stock may be increased or decreased by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Company’s stock who are entitled to vote. Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The holders of common stock are entitled to receive dividends when and as declared or paid by its board of directors.
Common Stock Sales Agreements
Jefferies LLC
In November 2021, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “November 2021 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies, relating to shares of its common stock. In accordance with the terms of the November 2021 ATM Agreement, the Company may offer and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million from time to time at prices and on terms to be determined by market conditions at the time of offering, with Jefferies acting as its sales agent. Jefferies will receive a commission of 3.0% of the gross proceeds of any shares of common stock sold under the November 2021 ATM Agreement. As of December 31, 2021, no shares have been sold under the November 2021 ATM Agreement with Jefferies.
In April 2021, the Company entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “April 2021 ATM Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) under which the Company could offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million through Jefferies as its sales agent in an “at the market” offering. Jefferies will receive a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold through Jefferies under the April 2021 ATM Agreement. Through December 31, 2021, the Company sold an aggregate of 2,551,269 shares of common stock pursuant to the terms of the April 2021 ATM Agreement, at a volume weighted-average price of $13.13 per share, for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $32.4 million, including commissions to Jefferies as sales agent. The April 2021 ATM Agreement was replaced by the November 2021 ATM Agreement.
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Cowen and Company LLC
In March 2017, the Company entered into a Common Stock Sales Agreement (the “2017 ATM Agreement”) with Cowen and Company LLC (“Cowen”) under which the Company could offer and sell, from time to time at its sole discretion, shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $50.0 million through Cowen as its sales agent in an “at the market” offering. Cowen received a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross sales proceeds of any common stock sold through Cowen under the 2017 ATM Agreement. The Company terminated the 2017 ATM Agreement with Cowen in April 2021. Since March 2017 and through December 31, 2020, the Company sold, pursuant to the terms of the 2017 ATM Agreement, an aggregate of 189,763 shares of common stock for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $11.6 million, including initial expenses for executing the “at the market offering” and commissions to Cowen as sales agent. No shares were issued during the year ended December 31, 2021, relating to the 2017 ATM Agreement with Cowen.
Reverse Stock Split
On November 12, 2020, the Company effected a reverse stock split of its shares of common stock at a ratio of 1-for-15, and trading of the common stock began on a split-adjusted basis on November 13, 2020. As a result of the reverse stock split, every 15 shares of the Company’s pre-reverse split common stock were combined and reclassified into one share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the reverse stock split. In the result of any stockholders owning a fractional share, such stockholders received a cash payment in lieu of any fractional shares. The reverse stock split did not modify any rights of the Company’s common stock. The reverse stock split reduced the number of shares of common stock issuable upon the conversion of the Company’s outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock to a ratio of 66.67 and the exercise or vesting of its outstanding stock options and warrants in proportion to the ratio of the reverse stock split and caused a proportionate increase in the conversion and exercise prices of such preferred stock, stock options, and warrants. The accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes to the consolidated financial statements give retroactive effect to the exchange ratio for all periods presented.
Common Stock Purchase Agreement - Aspire Capital Fund, LLC
In December 2019, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (“the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement”), with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC (“Aspire Capital”), which provides that, subject to the terms, conditions, and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $20.0 million of shares of common stock over the 30-month term of the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement.
During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company sold to Aspire Capital 412,187 shares of common stock at a weighted-average price of $21.35 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $8.8 million. As of December 31, 2021, the Company has the ability to sell an additional $10.2 million of shares of common stock to Aspire Capital. Under the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right, in its sole discretion, on any trading day selected by it, and within certain specified limitations, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 13,333 shares of common stock per business day at a per share price equal to the lesser of (i) the lowest sale price of common stock on the purchase date or (ii) the average of the three lowest closing sale prices for the common stock during the 10 consecutive business days ending on the business day immediately preceding the purchase date. The Company also has the right to require Aspire Capital to purchase up to an additional 30% of the trading volume of the shares for the next business day at a purchase price (the “VWAP Purchase Price”), equal to the lesser of: (i) the closing sale price of the shares on the purchase date, or (ii) ninety-seven percent (97%) of the next business day’s volume weighted average-price (each such purchase, a “VWAP Purchase”). The Company shall have the right, in its sole discretion, to determine a maximum number of shares and set a minimum market price threshold for each VWAP Purchase. The Company can only require a VWAP Purchase if the Company has also submitted a regular purchase on the notice date for the VWAP Purchase. There are no limits on the number of VWAP purchases that the Company may require.
The Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement may be terminated by the Company at any time, at the Company’s discretion, without any cost to the Company. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future financings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties, or liquidated damages in the Aspire Stock Purchase Agreement.
Common Stock Purchase Agreement - The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Inc.
In August 2018, the Company and The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Inc. (“LLS”) entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “LLS Stock Purchase Agreement”), which was subsequently assigned to LLS TAP Miragen, LLC (“LLS TAP”) pursuant to an Assignment and Assumption Agreement, effective October 28, 2019, for the sale of up to $5.0 million of
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shares of Common Stock to LLS and its affiliates in a private placement. Under the terms of the LLS Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company could raise up to approximately $5.0 million in gross proceeds by selling shares of common stock to LLS and its affiliates. From inception and through December 31, 2020, the Company issued 50,490 shares of common stock for net proceeds of approximately $1.4 million, after deducting expenses incurred in connection with the private placement. The LLS Stock Purchase Agreement was terminated on December 11, 2020.
Common Stock Public Offering
2021 Underwritten Public Offering
In September 2021, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement (the “2021 Underwriting Agreement”) with Jeffries LLC, SVB Leerink LLC and Evercore Group, LLC (collectively, the “Underwriters”) for the sale and issuance of 7,344,543 shares of common stock, which includes 1,159,089 shares of common stock issued in connection with the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares, at a public offering price of $11.00 per share and 23,126 shares of Series B Non-Voting Convertible Preferred Stock at a public offering price of $733.37 per share (collectively the “2021 Public Offering”). The aggregate gross proceeds to the Company from the 2021 Public Offering are approximately $97.7 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by the Company.
2020 Underwritten Public Offering
In February 2020, the Company entered into an underwriting agreement with Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. (“Oppenheimer”) as the underwriter relating to a public offering of common stock, pursuant to which Oppenheimer purchased 1,000,000 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of common stock (the “2020 Public Offering”). Each whole warrant has an exercise price of $16.50 per share and expires on the fifth anniversary of the date of issuance. The shares of common stock and warrants were sold together as a fixed combination, each consisting of one share of common stock and one-half warrant, with each whole warrant exercisable to purchase one whole share of common stock but were issued separately and were immediately separable upon issuance. The combined price to the public in the offering for each share of common stock and accompanying half warrant was $15.00, which resulted in approximately $13.9 million of net proceeds to the Company after deducting underwriting commissions and discounts and other estimated offering expenses payable by the Company and excluding the proceeds from the exercise of the warrants.
Preferred Stock
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had 260,437 shares of Series A Preferred Stock and 23,126 shares of Series B Preferred Stock outstanding. Under the Company’s restated certificate of incorporation, the Company’s board of directors has the authority to designate and issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, at its discretion, in one or more classes or series and to fix the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations, or restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, and liquidation preferences, without further vote or action by the Company’s stockholders.
Series A Preferred Stock
Concurrent with the acquisition of Private Viridian, on October 27, 2020, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with the purchasers named therein, pursuant to which the Company sold an aggregate of approximately 195,290 shares of Series A Preferred Stock for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $91.0 million (collectively, the “Financing”). Each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock, as described below. The powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions applicable to the Series A Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designation filed in connection with the Financing.
Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series A Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. Except as otherwise required by law, the Series A Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series A Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series A Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series A Preferred Stock, (b) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (c) amend its certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series A Preferred Stock, (d) increase the number of authorized shares of Series A Preferred Stock, (e) at any time while at least 30% of the originally issued Series A Preferred Stock remains issued and outstanding, consummate a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in the Certificate of
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Designation) or (f) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing. The Series A Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company.
Following stockholder approval of the conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock into shares of common stock in December 2020, each share of Series A Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock at any time at the option of the holder thereof, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of Series A Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series A Preferred Stock into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be established by the holder between 4.99% and 19.99%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion.
On October 30, 2020, the Company entered into a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to register for resale the shares of common stock sold to investors in the Financing. The registration statement that was filed pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement was declared effective by the SEC on December 22, 2020 (File No. 333-251367).
As of December 31, 2020, no Series A Preferred Stock had been converted. During the year ended December 31, 2021, 138,050 shares of Series A Preferred Stock were converted into 9,203,732 shares of common stock.
Series B Preferred Stock
Each share of Series B Preferred Stock is convertible into 66.67 shares of common stock, subject to certain limitations, including that a holder of Series B Preferred Stock is prohibited from converting shares of Series B Preferred Stock into shares of common stock if, as a result of such conversion, such holder, together with its affiliates, would beneficially own more than a specified percentage (to be established by the holder between 4.9% and 19.9%) of the total number of shares of common stock issued and outstanding immediately after giving effect to such conversion. The powers, preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations, and restrictions applicable to the Series B Preferred Stock are set forth in the Certificate of Designation filed in connection with the Offering.
Holders of Series B Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends on shares of Series B Preferred Stock equal, on an as-if-converted-to-Common-Stock basis, and in the same form as dividends actually paid on shares of the common stock. Except as otherwise required by law, the Series B Preferred Stock does not have voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series B Preferred Stock are outstanding, the Company will not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series B Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B Preferred Stock, (b) alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, or (c) amend its certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series B Preferred Stock. The Series B Preferred Stock does not have a preference upon any liquidation, dissolution, or winding-up of the Company. As of December 31, 2021, none of the 23,126 shares of Series B Preferred Stock has been converted into common stock.
11. WARRANTS
The following table presents information about the Company’s outstanding warrants:
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| Number of Underlying Shares (1) | Weighted-Average Exercise Price at December 31, 2021 | Remaining Contractual Life at December 31, 2021 (No. Years) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| December 31, | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liability-classified warrants | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Issued April 2017 | 781 | 781 | $127.95 | 3.33 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Equity-classified warrants | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Acquired October 2020 | 29,446 | 29,446 | $0.01 | 8.73 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Issued February 2020 (2) | 388,796 | 466,667 | $15.28 | 3.12 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Issued November 2017 | 1,606 | 1,606 | $0.41 | 2.87 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Subtotal | 419,848 | 497,719 | $15.70 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total warrants | 420,629 | 498,500 | $15.91 | ||||||||||||||||||||
____________________
(1)If the Company subdivides (by any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, or otherwise) its outstanding shares of its common stock into a smaller number of shares, the warrant exercise price is proportionately reduced and the number of shares under outstanding warrants is proportionately increased. Additionally, if the Company combines (by combination, reverse stock split, or otherwise) its outstanding shares of common stock into a smaller number of shares, the warrant exercise price is proportionately increased and the number of shares under outstanding warrants is proportionately decreased.
(2)Subject to specified conditions, the Company may voluntarily reduce the warrant exercise price of the warrants issued in February 2020.
A summary of the Company’s warrant activity during the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:
| Common Stock Warrants | |||||||||||
| Number | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | ||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 498,500 | $16.00 | |||||||||
| Exercised | (77,871) | $16.50 | |||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 420,629 | ||||||||||
Equity-Classified Warrants
In connection with the Merger in 2020, the Company assumed 29,446 outstanding warrants to purchase shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.15 per share that expire ten years from the date of issuance. At the time of the Merger, the warrants were classified as equity and recorded at fair value with no subsequent remeasurement.
In connection with the Company’s 2020 Public Offering, the Company issued warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $16.50 per share that expire five years from the date of issuance (the “Warrants”). The terms of the warrants include certain provisions related to fundamental transactions, a cashless exercise provision in the event registered shares are not available, and do not include any mandatory redemption provisions. Therefore, the Warrants were classified as equity with no subsequent remeasurement as long as the warrants continued to be classified as equity. On November 6, 2020, Warrants were exercised to purchase 33,333 shares of common stock for proceeds of approximately $0.5 million.
In connection with a debt financing in 2017, the Company issued detachable warrants to purchase up to 1,606 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $107.25 per share that expire seven years from the date of issuance. At issuance, the Warrants were classified as equity and recorded at fair value with no subsequent remeasurement.
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12. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
Equity Incentive Plans
The Company has grants outstanding under its 2008 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2008 Plan”), its amended and restated 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2016 Plan”), and the Viridian 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2020 Plan” and collectively with the 2008 Plan and the 2016 Plan, the “Equity Incentive Plans”)
Upon closing of the Merger, the Company assumed all outstanding options issued under the 2020 Plan. The terms and conditions for each assumed option were substantially the same as prior to the Merger, including that the assumed options remained subject to the terms and conditions of the 2020 Plan, provided that each assumed option are exercisable for shares of the Company’s common stock and the number of shares issuable upon exercise of, and the exercise price per share for, each assumed option has been appropriately adjusted to give effect to the Merger.
The 2016 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, nonstatutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, other stock awards, and performance awards that may be settled in cash, stock, or other property. All employees and non-employee directors are eligible to participate in the 2016 Plan. Incentive stock options may be granted under the 2016 Plan only to employees and employees of the Company’s affiliates. The term of stock options granted under the 2016 Plan may not exceed ten years.
Pursuant to the 2016 Plan, the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued will not exceed 3,419,368 shares. Subsequent to December 31, 2020, any awards granted under the 2016 Plan that expire or terminate subsequent to December 31, 2020, for any reason prior to exercise or settlement, are forfeited, or are reacquired, withheld, or not issued to satisfy a tax withholding obligation or to satisfy the exercise price of a stock award, will become available for grant under the 2016 Plan in accordance with its terms. Similarly, any shares of common stock issued pursuant to a stock award under the 2020 Plan that are forfeited, repurchased by the Company, or reacquired by the Company in satisfaction of tax withholding obligations will become available for grant under the 2020 Plan.
In July 2021, the Company granted stock options outside of its Equity Incentive Plans to certain employees to induce them to accept employment with the Company (the “Inducement Awards”). The terms and conditions of the Inducement Awards are substantially similar to those awards granted under the Company’s Equity Incentive Plans.
Options granted under the Equity Incentive Plans, as well as the Inducement Awards, have an exercise price equal to the market value of the common stock at the date of grant and expire ten years from the date of grant. Generally, options vest 25% on the first anniversary of the vesting commencement date and 75% ratably in equal monthly installments over the remaining 36 months. The Company has also granted options that vest in equal monthly or quarterly amounts over periods up to 48 months.
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had the following balances by plan:
| Stock Options Outstanding | Shares Available for Issuance | ||||||||||
| Inducement Awards | 720,000 | — | |||||||||
| 2020 Plan | 746,386 | 1,030,549 | |||||||||
| 2016 Plan | 2,216,940 | 1,125,396 | |||||||||
| 2008 Plan | 513 | — | |||||||||
| Total | 3,683,839 | 2,155,945 | |||||||||
The Company does not currently hold any treasury shares. Upon stock option exercise, the Company issues new shares and delivers them to the participant.
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A summary of common stock option activity is as follows:
| Number of Options | Weighted-Average Exercise Price | Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (years) | Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2020 | 1,033,256 | $ | 15.34 | 8.56 | $ | 11,427 | |||||||||||||||||
| Granted | 3,437,690 | 20.56 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Exercised | (106,831) | 9.61 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Forfeited or expired | (680,276) | (33.94) | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Outstanding at December 31, 2021 | 3,683,839 | 16.94 | 8.94 | $ | 15,969 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vested or expected to vest as of December 31, 2021 | 3,683,839 | $ | 16.94 | 8.94 | $ | 15,969 | |||||||||||||||||
| Exercisable as of December 31, 2021 | 618,293 | $ | 15.92 | 7.33 | $ | 4,167 | |||||||||||||||||
| Vested as of December 31, 2021 | 618,293 | $ | 15.92 | 7.33 | $ | 4,167 | |||||||||||||||||
Fair Value Assumptions
The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock options granted under its equity compensation plans. The Black-Scholes model requires inputs for risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, volatility, and expected lives of the options. Because the Company has a limited history of stock purchase and sale activity, expected volatility is based on historical data from public companies that are similar to the Company in size and nature of operations. The Company will continue to use similar entity volatility information until its historical volatility is relevant to measure expected volatility for option grants. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur. The risk-free rate for periods within the contractual life of each option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of the grant for a period commensurate with the expected term of the grant. The expected term (without regard to forfeitures) for options granted represents the period of time that options granted are expected to be outstanding and is derived from the contractual terms of the options granted and expected option-exercise behaviors. The fair value of the underlying common stock is based on the closing price of the common stock on The Nasdaq Capital Market at the date of grant.
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of options granted to the Company’s employees and members of its board of directors during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $17.50 and $11.44, respectively. The fair value was determined by the Black-Scholes option pricing model using the following weighted-average assumptions:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Expected term, in years | 5.92 | 5.55 | |||||||||
| Expected volatility | 117.7 | % | 118.1 | % | |||||||
| Risk-free interest rate | 0.8 | % | 0.4 | % | |||||||
| Expected dividend yield | — | % | — | % | |||||||
| Weighted average exercise price | $ | 20.56 | $ | 3.59 | |||||||
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
The 2016 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”) allows qualified employees to purchase shares of common stock at a price equal to 85% of the lower of: (i) the closing price at the beginning of the offering period or (ii) the closing price at the end of the offering period. New six-month offering periods begin each August 22 and February 22. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had 83,437 shares available for issuance and 14,050 cumulative shares had been issued under the ESPP.
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Share-Based Compensation Expense
Share-based compensation related to all equity awards issued pursuant to the Equity Incentive Plans and for estimated shares to be issued under the ESPP for the purchase periods active during each respective period is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Research and development | $ | 4,701 | $ | 861 | |||||||
| General and administrative | 9,764 | 2,784 | |||||||||
| Total share-based compensation expense | $ | 14,465 | $ | 3,645 | |||||||
As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $45.1 million of total unrecognized employee and non-employee share-based compensation costs, which the Company expects to recognize over a weighted-average remaining period of 3.17 years.
13. NET LOSS PER SHARE
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding. Diluted net loss per share is computed similarly to basic net loss per share except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional shares of common stock that would have been outstanding if the potential shares of common stock had been issued and if the additional shares of common stock were dilutive. Diluted net loss per share is the same as basic net loss per share of common stock, as the effects of potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive.
Potentially dilutive securities include the following:
| December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Series A Preferred Stock, as converted to shares of common stock | 17,363 | 26,567 | |||||||||
| Series B Preferred Stock, as converted to shares of common stock | 1,542 | — | |||||||||
| Options to purchase common stock | 3,684 | 1,033 | |||||||||
| Warrants to purchase common stock | 421 | 499 | |||||||||
| Total | 23,010 | 28,099 | |||||||||
14. INCOME TAXES
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse.
Since its inception, the Company has incurred net taxable losses, and accordingly, no current provision for income taxes has been recorded. This amount differs from the amount computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate of 21% to pretax loss due to the provision of a valuation allowance to the extent of the Company’s net deferred tax asset, as well as to state income taxes and nondeductible expenses.
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The effective income tax rate of the provision for income taxes differs from the federal statutory rate as follows:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| Federal statutory income tax rate | 21.0 | % | 21.0 | % | |||||||
| Federal and state tax credits | 1.5 | 0.4 | |||||||||
| State income taxes, net of federal benefit | 8.3 | 1.3 | |||||||||
| Change in valuation allowance | (28.5) | 15.8 | |||||||||
| IPR&D | 0.0 | (12.9) | |||||||||
| Other permanent items | — | (0.9) | |||||||||
| Section 382 limit | — | (24.9) | |||||||||
| Stock-based compensation | (2.3) | 0.2 | |||||||||
| Effective income tax rate | — | % | — | % | |||||||
The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilities are presented below:
| Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
| 2021 | 2020 | ||||||||||
| (in thousands) | |||||||||||
| Deferred tax assets: | |||||||||||
| Net operating loss carryforwards | $ | 40,992 | $ | 22,622 | |||||||
| Tax credits | 1,686 | 494 | |||||||||
| Accruals and reserves | 3,055 | 2,037 | |||||||||
| Stock-based expense | 3,123 | 1,571 | |||||||||
| Start-up costs | 5,013 | 2,467 | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets | 53,869 | 29,191 | |||||||||
| Valuation allowance | (53,430) | (29,073) | |||||||||
| Net deferred tax assets | 439 | 118 | |||||||||
| Deferred tax liabilities: | |||||||||||
| Operating lease right-of-use asset, net | (439) | (118) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax liabilities | (439) | (118) | |||||||||
| Total deferred tax assets, net | $ | — | $ | — | |||||||
At December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $157.8 million and $1.7 million of federal net operating loss and research and experimentation tax carryforwards, respectively, which will begin to expire in 2029. At December 31, 2021, the Company had approximately $168.9 million of state net operating loss carryforwards which will begin to expire in 2030. In addition, the realization of net operating losses to offset potential future taxable income and related income taxes that would otherwise be due is subject to annual limitations under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and similar state provisions, which may result in the expiration of additional net operating losses before future utilization as a result of ownership changes. As a result of these ownership change provisions during 2020, the Company estimated an aggregate limitation on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards of $59.0 million as of December 31, 2020. In addition to the limitation of net operating losses of $59.0 million, approximately $15.3 million of research and development tax credits were derecognized as of December 31, 2020, with the inability of the Company to ever realize a benefit from those credits in the future. The Company determines on an annual basis whether net operating loss carryforwards will be limited. The Company will continue to evaluate changes in ownership and the related limitations on a go forward basis.
As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s net deferred tax assets before valuation allowance was $53.4 million and $29.1 million, respectively. In assessing the realizability of its deferred tax assets, the Company considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of its deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The Company considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. As the Company does not have any historical taxable income or
31
projections of future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, and after consideration of its history of operating losses, the Company does not believe it is more likely than not that it will realize the benefits of its net deferred tax assets, and accordingly, has established a valuation allowance equal to 100% of its net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2021 and 2020. The change in valuation allowance was an increase of $24.4 million in 2021 and an increase of $17.2 million in 2020.
The Company concluded that there were no significant uncertain tax positions relevant to the jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns requiring recognition in the consolidated financial statements for the years ended 2021 and 2020. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had no accrued interest related to uncertain tax positions.
The Company’s federal and state returns for 2018 through 2021 remain open to examination by tax authorities.
15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS
None.
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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
| VIRIDIAN THERAPEUTICS, INC. | |||||||||||
| Date: March 11, 2022 | By: | /s/ Jonathan Violin | |||||||||
| Jonathan Violin | |||||||||||
| President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director | |||||||||||
| (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||||||||
| Date: March 11, 2022 | By: | /s/ Kristian Humer | |||||||||
| Kristian Humer | |||||||||||
| Chief Financial Officer | |||||||||||
| (Principal Financial Officer; Principal Accounting Officer) | |||||||||||
KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Jonathan Violin and Kristian Humer, and each of them, as his or her attorneys-in-fact, with the power of substitution, for him or her in any and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith with the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, and each of them, or his substitute or substitutes may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of l934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
| Signature | Title | Date | ||||||||||||
| /s/ Jonathan Violin | President, Chief Executive Officer, and Director | March 11, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Jonathan Violin | (Principal Executive Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Kristian Humer | Chief Financial Officer | March 11, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Kristian Humer | (Principal Financial Officer; Principal Accounting Officer) | |||||||||||||
| /s/ Tomas Kiselak | Chairman of the Board | March 11, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Tomas Kiselak | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Peter Harwin | Director | March 11, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Peter Harwin | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Arlene Morris | Director | March 11, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Arlene Morris | ||||||||||||||
| /s/ Jennifer Moses | Director | March 11, 2022 | ||||||||||||
| Jennifer Moses | ||||||||||||||