VOLITIONRX LTD - Quarter Report: 2019 June (Form 10-Q)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [   ]

As of August 7, 2019, there were 41,089,853 shares of the registrant’s $0.001 par value common stock issued and outstanding.

VOLITIONRX LIMITED

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Use of Terms

Except as otherwise indicated by the context, references in this Report to “Company,” “VolitionRx,” “Volition,” “we,” “us,” and “our” are references to VolitionRx Limited and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Singapore Volition Pte. Limited, Belgian Volition SPRL, Volition Diagnostics UK Limited, Volition America, Inc. and Volition Veterinary Diagnostics Development LLC. Additionally, unless otherwise specified, all references to “$” refer to the legal currency of the United States of America.

Nucleosomics^TM and Nu.Q^TM and their respective logos are trademarks and/or service marks of VolitionRx and its subsidiaries. All other trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Report are the property of their respective owners.

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED) 

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

5

VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(Expressed in United States Dollars)

6

VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

For the Six Months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018

(Expressed in United States Dollars, except share numbers)

7

VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 1 – Nature of Operations

On October 6, 2011, the Company entered into a share exchange agreement with Singapore Volition Pte. Limited, a Singapore corporation incorporated on August 5, 2010 (“Singapore Volition”), and the shareholders of Singapore Volition. Pursuant to the terms of the share exchange agreement, the former shareholders of Singapore Volition held 85% of the issued and outstanding common shares of the Company. The issuance was deemed to be a reverse acquisition for accounting purposes and as such, Singapore Volition is regarded as the predecessor of the Company. The number of shares outstanding and per share amounts of the Company have been restated to recognize the foregoing recapitalization.

The Company’s principal business objective through its subsidiaries is to develop and bring to market simple, easy to use, cost effective blood tests designed to help diagnose a range of cancers and other diseases. The tests are based on the science of Nucleosomics, which is the practice of identifying and measuring nucleosomes in the bloodstream or other bodily fluid – since changes in these parameters are an indication that disease is present. The Company has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Singapore Volition. Singapore Volition has one wholly-owned subsidiary, Belgian Volition SPRL, a Belgium private limited liability company formerly known as ValiBioSA (“Belgian Volition”), which it acquired as of September 22, 2010. Belgian Volition has three wholly-owned subsidiaries, Volition Diagnostics UK Limited (“Volition Diagnostics”), which was formed as of November 13, 2015, Volition America, Inc. (“Volition America”), which was formed as of February 3, 2017, and Volition Veterinary Diagnostics Development LLC (“Volition Vet”), which was formed as of June 3, 2019. Following the acquisition of Singapore Volition in 2011, the Company’s fiscal year end was changed from August 31 to December 31.

Note 2 - Going Concern

The future of the Company as an operating business will depend on its ability to obtain sufficient capital contributions, financing and/or generate revenues as may be required to sustain its operations. Management plans to address the above as needed by (a) securing additional grant funds, (b) obtaining additional financing through debt or equity transactions, (c) granting licenses to third parties in exchange for specified up-front and/or back-end payments and (d) developing and commercializing its products on an accelerated timeline. Management continues to exercise tight cost controls to conserve cash.

The ability of the Company to continue as a going concern is dependent upon its ability to successfully accomplish the plans described in the preceding paragraph and eventually attain profitable operations. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. If the Company is unable to obtain adequate capital, it could be forced to cease operations.

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. It is suggested that these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2019. The results of operations for the periods ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for the full years. The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company are expressed in United States Dollars. The Company’s fiscal year end is December 31.

Use of Estimates

The Company bases its estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the accrual of costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced by the Company may differ materially and adversely from the Company’s estimates. To the extent there are material differences between the estimates and the actual results, future results of operations will be affected.

Principles of Consolidation

Leases

Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (continued)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Note 4 - Property and Equipment

During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $322,131 and $271,347, respectively, in depreciation expense.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 5 - Intangible Assets

During the six-month periods ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $43,778 and $46,863, respectively, in amortization expense.

The Company amortizes the long-lived assets on a straight-line basis with terms ranging from 8 to 20 years. The annual estimated amortization schedule over the next five years is as follows:

The Company periodically reviews its long-lived assets to ensure that their carrying value does not exceed their fair market value. The Company carried out such a review in accordance with ASC 360 as of December 31, 2018. The result of this review confirmed that the ongoing value of the patents was not impaired as of December 31, 2018.

Note 6 - Related Party Transactions

Note 7 - Common Stock

On June 14, 2019, an amendment to the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2015 Plan”) was approved by the stockholders at the annual meeting to increase the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2015 Plan by 1,000,000 shares to an aggregate maximum of 4,250,000.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 7 - Common Stock (continued)

Issuances Upon Warrant Exercises

From January 30, 2019 to February 26, 2019, warrants to purchase 754,475 shares of our common stock were exercised at a price of $2.20 per share, for gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $1.66 million.

On March 8, 2019, Cotterford Company Limited partially exercised its warrant and purchased 1,724,138 shares of our common stock at a price of $2.90 per share, for gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million.

On May 3, 2019, Cotterford Company Limited partially exercised its warrant and purchased 1,666,667 shares of our common stock at a price of $3.00 per share, for gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million.

Equity Distribution Agreement

Note 8 – Warrants and Options

The following table summarizes the changes in warrants outstanding of the Company during the six-month period ended June 30, 2019:

Effective March 5, 2019, the Company entered into an amendment to an outstanding warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 5.0 million shares of our common stock, originally issued to Cotterford Company Limited, a significant stockholder, in connection with an equity financing completed on or about August 10, 2018. The amendment temporarily reduced the exercise price of such warrant from $3.00 per share to $2.90 per share through the close of business on March 8, 2019. As a result of this amendment $196,957 was recorded in other expenses.

On March 8, 2019, Cotterford Company Limited partially exercised its warrant and purchased 1,724,138 shares of our common stock at $2.90 per share resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $5.0 million.

On May 3, 2019, Cotterford Company Limited partially exercised its warrant and purchased 1,666,667 shares of our common stock at $3.00 per share resulting in gross proceeds of $5.0 million to the Company. As of June 30, 2019, the warrant remained exercisable through August 10, 2019 for the remaining balance of 1,609,195 shares of common stock at a price of $3.00 per share.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

a) Warrants (continued)

During 2019, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,145,280 shares of our common stock were exercised (including the exercises by Cotterford Company Limited referenced above) for gross cash proceeds to the Company of approximately of $11.7 million. Refer to Note 7 for the details of these exercises.

Below is a table summarizing the warrants issued and outstanding as of June 30, 2019, which have an aggregate weighted average remaining contractual life of 0.42 years.

Warrant expense of $4,127 and $4,326 was recorded in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested warrants is approximately $12,759 and is expected to be recognized over a period of 1.5 years. As of June 30, 2019, the total intrinsic value of warrants was $347,537.

b) Options

The following table summarizes the changes in options outstanding of the Company during the six-month period ended June 30, 2019:

Effective February 11, 2019, the Company granted stock options to purchase 730,000 shares of common stock to various Company personnel (including directors, executives, members of management and employees) for services to the Company. These options vest on February 11, 2020 and expire 5 years after the vesting date, with an exercise price of $3.25 per share. The Company has calculated the estimated fair market value of these options at $1,569,816, using the Black-Scholes model and the following assumptions: term 6 years, stock price $3.16, exercise price $3.25, 77.86% volatility, 2.52% risk free rate, and no forfeiture rate.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

b) Options (continued)

Stock option expense of $715,838 and $1,388,295 was recorded in the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. Total remaining unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options is approximately $940,273 and is expected to be recognized over a period of 0.62 years. As of June 30, 2019, the total intrinsic value of stock options was $265,585.

Note 9 – Commitments and Contingencies

In 2015, the Company entered into an equipment finance lease to purchase three Tecan machines (automated liquid handling robots) for €550,454 Euros. As of June 30, 2019, the balance payable was $91,053.

In 2016, the Company entered into a real estate finance lease with ING Asset Finance Belgium S.A. (“ING”) to purchase a property located in Belgium for €1.12 million Euros. As of June 30, 2019, the balance payable was $671,793.

In 2018, the Company entered into a finance lease with BNP Paribas leasing solutions to purchase a freezer for the Belgium facility for €25,000 Euros. The leased equipment is amortized on a straight-line basis over 5 years. As of June 30, 2019, the balance payable was. $24,298.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

a) Finance Lease Obligations (continued)

The following is a schedule showing the future minimum lease payments under finance leases by years and the present value of the minimum payments as of June 30, 2019.

b) Operating Lease Right-of-Use Obligations

The Company adopted Topic 842 on January 1, 2019. The Company elected to adopt this standard using the optional modified retrospective transition method and recognized a cumulative-effect adjustment to the condensed consolidated balance sheet on the date of adoption. Comparative periods have not been restated. With the adoption of Topic 842, the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet now contains the following line items: Operating lease right-of-use assets, Current portion of operating lease liabilities and Operating lease liabilities, net of current portion.

As all the existing leases subject to the new lease standard were previously classified as operating leases by the Company, they were similarly classified as operating leases under the new standard. The Company has determined that the identified operating leases did not contain non-lease components and require no further allocation of the total lease cost. Additionally, the agreements in place did not contain information to determine the rate implicit in the leases, so we used our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate. Our weighted average discount rate is 4.45% and the weighted average remaining lease term is 24 months.

As of June 30, 2019, operating lease right-of-use assets and liabilities arising from operating leases were $179,158 and $180,146, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, cash paid for amounts included for the measurement of lease liabilities was $25,171 and the Company recorded operating lease expense of $28,306.

The following is a schedule showing the future minimum lease payments under operating leases by years and the present value of the minimum payments as of June 30, 2019.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

b) Operating Lease Right-of-Use Obligations (continued)

The Company’s office space leases are short-term and the Company has elected under the short-term recognition exemption not to recognize them on the balance sheet. During the six months ended June 30, 2019, $87,335 was recognized in short-term lease costs associated with office space leases. The annual payments remaining for short-term office leases were as follows:

c) Grants Repayable

In 2010, the Company entered into an agreement with the Walloon Region government in Belgium for a colorectal cancer research grant for €1.05 million Euros. Per the terms of the agreement, €314,406 Euros of the grant is to be repaid by instalments over the period from June 30, 2014 to June 30, 2023. The Company has recorded the balance of €733,614 Euros to other income in previous years as there is no obligation to repay this amount. In the event that the Company receives revenue from products or services as defined in the agreement, it is due to pay a 6% royalty on such revenue to the Walloon Region. The maximum amount payable to the Walloon Region, in respect of the aggregate of the amount repayable of €314,406 Euros and the 6% royalty on revenue, is twice the amount of funding received. As of June 30, 2019, the grant balance repayable was $178,969.

In 2018, the Company entered into an agreement with the Walloon Region government in Belgium for a colorectal cancer research grant for €605,000 Euros. Per the terms of the agreement, €181,500 Euros of the grant is to be repaid by instalments over 12 years commencing in 2020. In the event that the Company receives revenue from products or services as defined in the agreement, it is due to pay a 3.53% royalty on such revenue to the Walloon Region. The maximum amount payable to the Walloon Region, in respect of the aggregate of the amount repayable of €181,500 Euros and the 3.53% royalty on revenue, is equal to the amount of funding received. As of June 30, 2019, the grant balance repayable was $202,404.

As of June 30, 2019, the total grant balance repayable was $381,373 and the annual payments remaining were as follows:

d) Long-Term Debt

In 2016, the Company entered into a 7-year loan agreement with Namur Invest for €440,000 Euros with a fixed interest rate of 4.85%. As of June 30, 2019, the principal balance payable was $368,743.

In 2016, the Company entered into a 15-year loan agreement with ING for €270,000 Euros with a fixed interest rate of 2.62%. As of June 30, 2019, the principal balance payable was $264,683.

In 2017, the Company entered into a 4-year loan agreement with Namur Invest for €350,000 Euros with a fixed interest rate of 4.00%. As of June 30, 2019, the principal balance payable was $243,541.

In 2017, the Company entered into a 7-year loan agreement with SOFINEX for up to €1 million Euros with a fixed interest rate of 4.50%. As of June 30, 2019, €1 million Euros has been drawn down under this agreement and the principal balance payable was $1,136,993.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

d) Long-Term Debt (continued)

In 2018, the Company entered into a 4-year loan agreement with Namur Innovation and Growth for €500,000 Euros with fixed interest rate of 4.00%. As of June 30, 2019, the principal balance payable was $504,910.

As of June 30, 2019, the total balance for long-term debt payable was $2,518,870 and the payments remaining were as follows:

e) Collaborative Agreement Obligations

In 2016, the Company entered into a research co-operation agreement with DKFZ in Germany for a 5-year period for €400,000 Euros. As of June 30, 2019, $227,400 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement.

In 2018, the Company entered into a research collaboration agreement with the University of Taiwan for a 3-year period for a cost to the Company of up to $2.55 million payable over such period. As of June 30, 2019, $2.04 million is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement.

On May 1, 2019, the Company entered into a research collaboration agreement with the University of Taiwan to collect a total of 1,200 samples for a 2-year period for a cost to the Company of up to $320,000 payable over such period. As of June 30, 2019, $320,000 is still to be paid by the Company under this agreement.

f) Legal Proceedings

There are no legal proceedings which the Company believes will have a material adverse effect on its financial position.

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VOLITIONRX LIMITED

Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

($ expressed in United States Dollars)

Note 10 – Subsequent Events

On July 24, 2019, Cotterford Company Limited exercised the remaining balance of its warrant and purchased 1,609,195 shares of the Company’s common stock at $3.00 per share for gross proceeds to the Company of $4.8 million.

END NOTES TO FINANCIALS

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2019, or this Report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are intended to qualify for the safe harbor from liability established by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. All statements other than statements of historical fact included in this Report or incorporated by reference into this Report are forward-looking statements. These statements include, among other things, any predictions of earnings, revenues, expenses or other financial items; plans or expectations with respect to our development activities or business strategy; statements concerning clinical studies and results; statements concerning industry trends; statements regarding anticipated demand for our products, or the products of our competitors; statements relating to manufacturing forecasts, and the potential impact of our relationship with contract manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers on our business; statements relating to the commercialization of our products, assumptions regarding the future cost and potential benefits of our research and development efforts; forecasts of our liquidity position or available cash resources; statements relating to the impact of pending litigation; and statements relating to the assumptions underlying any of the foregoing. Throughout this Report, we have attempted to identify forward-looking statements by using words such as “may,” “believe,” “will,” “could,” “project,” “anticipate,” “expect,” “estimate,” “should,” “continue,” “potential,” “plan,” “forecasts,” “goal,” “seek,” “intend,” other forms of these words or similar words or expressions or the negative thereof (although not all forward-looking statements contain these words).

We have based our forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about trends affecting our business and industry and other future events. Although we do not make forward-looking statements unless we believe we have a reasonable basis for doing so, we cannot guarantee their accuracy. Forward-looking statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties that could cause our future business, financial condition, results of operations or performance, to differ materially from our historical results or those expressed or implied in any forward-looking statement contained in this Report. For instance, if we fail to develop and commercialize diagnostic products, we may be unable to execute our plan of operations. Other risks and uncertainties include our failure to obtain necessary regulatory clearances or approvals to distribute and market future products in the clinical in-vitro diagnostics, or IVD, market; a failure by the marketplace to accept the products in our development pipeline or any other diagnostic products we might develop; we will face fierce competition and our intended products may become obsolete due to the highly competitive nature of the diagnostics market and its rapid technological change; and other risks identified elsewhere in this Report, as well as in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC. In addition, actual results may differ as a result of additional risks and uncertainties of which we are currently unaware or which we do not currently view as material to our business. For these reasons, readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements.

You should read this Report in its entirety, together with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, as filed with the SEC on March 13, 2019, or our Annual Report, the documents that we file as exhibits to this Report and the documents that we incorporate by reference into this Report, with the understanding that our future results may be materially different from what we currently expect. The forward-looking statements we make speak only as of the date on which they are made. We expressly disclaim any intent or obligation to update any forward-looking statements after the date hereof to conform such statements to actual results or to changes in our opinions or expectations. If we do update or correct any forward-looking statements, readers should not conclude that we will make additional updates or corrections.

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Company Overview

VolitionRx Limited is a multi-national life sciences company developing simple, easy to use, cost effective blood tests designed to help diagnose a range of cancers and other diseases. We hope that through earlier diagnosis we can help save and improve the quality of many people’s lives throughout the world.

Our tests are based mainly on the science of Nucleosomics^TM, which is the practice of identifying and measuring nucleosomes in the bloodstream or other bodily fluid – since changes in these parameters are an indication that disease is present. We are developing a novel suite of blood assays for epigenetically-altered circulating nucleosomes as biomarkers in cancer and other diseases. Nu.Q^TM products are simple, low-cost, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or ELISA, platform tests and can incorporate other biomarkers such as anti-inflammatory markers and/or off patent, low cost ELISA tests in our panels (e.g. CEA, PSA, and CA125) for higher accuracy.

Our diagnostic target in the blood includes the same tumor chromosome fragment as targeted by ctDNA tests, but our approach is to test for chromosome protein and nucleic acid changes in intact chromosome fragments by ELISA, rather than chemically extracting, amplifying, and sequencing the circulating tumor DNA, or ctDNA, and discarding the rest of the nucleosome. ELISA is possible because the targets of our tests occur globally across all nucleosomes within a tumor cell, whereas individual ctDNA changes must be identified within the three billion base-pair genomes. This means that the targets of our tests are exponentially more prevalent in circulating blood, and detectable using simple laboratory methods.

We are developing blood-based tests for the most prevalent cancers focusing on colorectal cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer, using our Nucleosomics biomarker discovery platform. Our development pipeline includes assays to be used for symptomatic patients, asymptomatic (screening) patients and high-risk populations. The platform employs a range of simple Nu.Q immunoassays on industry standard ELISA formats, which allows rapid quantification of epigenetic changes in biofluids (whole blood, plasma, serum, sputum, urine, etc.) compared to other approaches such as bisulfite conversion and polymerase chain reaction. We are researching the use of our assays across multiple platforms worldwide.

We believe that given the global prevalence of cancer and the low cost, accessible routine nature of our tests, Nu.Q will eventually be used throughout the world. Our launch sequence is determined to a large extent by regulatory hurdles - consequently, we aim to launch in Europe and Asia, and subsequently in the United States. We plan to work with partners and/or distributors to commercialize Nu.Q worldwide. Additionally, we are working on complete Nucleosome analysis (Nu.Q Capture). The goal of this project is to investigate ways to specifically target for ctDNA. The ability of enriching for ctDNA will allow us to use mass spectrometry to analyze histone and DNA modifications and moreover to sequence the DNA present around the nucleosomes. This extremely valuable information might enable cancer diagnosis to identify the tissue of origin of that given cancer.

In addition to human diagnostics we are also researching the use of the Nu.Q technology in veterinary applications. An initial proof of concept study demonstrated that nucleosomes can be detected in dogs and, therefore, the potential to differentiate cancer from other diseases. We will now test Nu.Q Vet in larger trials in veterinary medicine. Our extensive intellectual property portfolio includes coverage of veterinary medicine applications.

The U.S. is currently the largest veterinary market in the world and has a clearly defined regulatory pathway via the USDA, requiring fewer and smaller clinical studies than the FDA process for human diagnostics. This generally allows a much faster route to revenue for veterinary products as compared to human products.

.

Overview of Plan of Operations

We have identified the specific processes and resources required to achieve the near and medium-term objectives of our business plan, including personnel, facilities, equipment, research and testing materials including antibodies and clinical samples, and the protection of intellectual property. To date, operations have proceeded satisfactorily in relation to our business plan. However, it is possible that some resources will not readily become available in a suitable form or on a timely basis or at an acceptable cost. It is also possible that the results of some processes may not be as expected, and that modifications of procedures and materials may be required. Such events could result in delays to the achievement of the near and medium-term objectives of our business plan, in particular the progression of clinical validation studies and regulatory approval processes for the purpose of bringing products to the IVD market.

Our future as an operating business will depend on our ability to obtain sufficient capital contributions, financing and/or generate revenues as may be required to sustain our operations. Management plans to address the above as needed by: (a) securing additional grant funds; (b) obtaining additional equity or debt financing; (c) granting licenses to third parties in exchange for specified up-front and/or back-end payments; and (d) developing and commercializing our products on an accelerated timeline. Management continues to exercise tight cost controls to conserve cash.

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Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our accomplishment of the plans described in the preceding paragraph and eventually to attain profitable operations. The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary if we are unable to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to obtain adequate capital, we could be forced to cease operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations since inception primarily through private placements and public offerings of our common stock. As of June 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $18.5 million.

Net cash used in operating activities was $6.4 million and $6.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. The decrease in cash used in operating activities was primarily due to decreased expenditures on research and development and general and administrative activities.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. The increase was primarily due to investment in software and laboratory equipment.

The following table summarizes our approximate contractual payments due by year as of June 30, 2019:

We intend to use our cash reserves to predominantly fund further research and development activities. We do not currently have any substantial source of revenues and expect to rely on additional future financing, through the sale of equity or debt securities, or the sale of licensing rights, to provide sufficient funding to execute our strategic plan. There is no assurance that we will be successful in raising further funds.

In the event that additional financing is delayed, we will prioritize the maintenance of our research and development personnel and facilities, primarily in Belgium, and the maintenance of our patent rights. In such instance, the completion of clinical validation studies and regulatory approval processes for the purpose of bringing products to the IVD market would be delayed. In the event of an ongoing lack of financing, it may be necessary to discontinue operations, which will adversely affect the value of our common stock.

We have not attained profitable operations and are dependent upon obtaining financing to pursue any extensive activities. For these reasons, our auditors stated in their report on our audited financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018 an explanatory paragraph regarding factors that raise substantial doubt that we will be able to continue as a going concern.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the three months ended on June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively:

Revenues

Our operations are still predominantly in the research and development stage and we had no revenues during the three months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses decreased to $4.1 million from $4.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively, as a result of the factors described below.

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Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $2.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019 from $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease in overall research and development expenditures was primarily due to less work undertaken with our collaborator partners and a receipt of a grant from the Walloon Region, offset by increased laboratory costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased to $1.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $1.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease in overall general and administrative expenditures was primarily due to lower foreign exchange costs and lower stock–based compensation charges.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses increased to $238,124 for the three months ended June 30, 2019, from $235,366 for the three months ended June 30, 2018. This increase in overall sales and marketing expenditures was primarily related to increased staff costs during the period.

Other Expenses

The Company’s other expenses increased to $33,115 compared to $26,556 for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively. This increase was primarily due to additional interest payments on long-term debt.

Net Loss

For the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company’s net loss was $4.2 million, a decrease of approximately $0.4 million, or 9%, in comparison to a net loss of $4.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The change was a result of the factors described above.

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Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the six months ended on June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively:

Revenues

Our operations are still predominantly in the research and development stage and we had no revenues during the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively.

Operating Expenses

Total operating expenses decreased to $8.1 million from $9.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and June 30, 2018, respectively as a result of the factors described below.

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Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased to $5.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $5.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease in overall research and development expenditures was primarily due to less work undertaken with our collaborator partners and receipt of a grant from the Walloon Region, offset by increased laboratory costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses decreased to $2.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019, from $3.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease in overall general and administrative expenditures was primarily due to lower foreign exchange costs, lower stock–based compensation charges and decreased legal fees due to less capital raising activities.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses decreased to $522,404 for the six months ended June 30, 2019, from the $599,510 for the six months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease in overall sales and marketing expenditures was primarily due to decreased marketing professional fees during the period.

Other Expenses

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company’s total other expenses increased to $260,173 from $49,538 for the six months ended June 30, 2018. This increase was primarily due the exercise of warrants to purchase approximately 1.7 million shares of our common stock by Cotterford Company Limited at an amended price of $2.90 which resulted in a $196,957 expense.

Net Loss

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company’s net loss was $8.4 million, a decrease of approximately $0.9 million, or 10%, in comparison to a net loss of $9.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The change was a result of the factors described above.

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Going Concern

We have not attained profitable operations and are dependent upon obtaining external financing to continue to pursue our operational and strategic plans. For these reasons, management has determined that there is substantial doubt that the business will be able to continue as a going concern without further financing.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to stockholders.

Future Financings

We may seek to obtain additional capital through the sale of debt or equity securities, if we deem it desirable or necessary. However, we may be unable to obtain such additional capital when needed, or on terms favorable to us or our stockholders, if at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, the percentage ownership of our stockholders will be reduced, stockholders may experience additional dilution, or such equity securities may provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of the holders of our common stock. If additional funds are raised through the issuance of debt securities, the terms of such securities may place restrictions on our ability to operate our business.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our financial statements and accompanying notes have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, applied on a consistent basis. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods.

We regularly evaluate the accounting policies and estimates that we use to prepare our financial statements. A complete summary of these policies is included in the notes to our financial statements. In general, management's estimates are based on historical experience, on information from third party professionals, and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the facts and circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates made by management.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

The Company has implemented all applicable new accounting pronouncements that are in effect. The Company does not believe that there are any other applicable new accounting pronouncements that have been issued that might have a material impact on its financial position or results of operations.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK 

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act and are not required to provide the information under this item.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by our company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive and Principal Financial Officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

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Our management carried out an evaluation under the supervision and with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon that evaluation, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer have concluded, as they previously concluded as of December 31, 2018, that our disclosure controls and procedures continue to not be effective as of June 30, 2019, because of material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, as described below and in detail in our Annual Report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors meets regularly with our financial management, and with the independent registered public accounting firm engaged by us. Internal accounting controls and the quality of financial reporting are discussed during these meetings. The Audit Committee has discussed with the independent registered public accounting firm matters required to be discussed by the auditing standards adopted or established by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”). In addition, the Audit Committee and the independent registered public accounting firm have discussed the independent registered public accounting firm’s independence from the Company and its management, including the matters in the written disclosures required by PCAOB Rule 3526 “Communicating with Audit Committees Concerning Independence.”

As of June 30, 2019, we did not maintain sufficient internal controls over financial reporting due to insufficient:

segregation of duties in some areas of Finance; 

oversight in the area of IT, where certain processes may affect the internal controls over financial reporting; and  

monitoring of review controls with respect to accounting for complex transactions. 

We have developed, and are currently implementing, a remediation plan for these material weaknesses. Specifically, we have identified and selected a system for financial reporting that will allow further automation of the reporting process, thereby strengthening the control environment over financial reporting.

As we continue to evaluate and work to enhance our internal controls over financial reporting, we may determine that additional measures should be taken to address these or other control deficiencies, and/or that we should modify our remediation plan.

There have been no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that occurred during the fiscal quarter ended June 30, 2019, other than those described above, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

Limitations of the Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Internal Controls

Our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control.

The design of any system of controls is also based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving our stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

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PART II   OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 

In the ordinary course of business, we may be subject to claims, counter claims, suits and other litigation of the type that generally arise from the conduct of our business. We know of no material, existing or pending legal proceedings against our company, nor are we involved as a plaintiff in any material proceeding or pending litigation. There are no proceedings in which our directors, officers or any affiliates, or any registered or beneficial shareholders, is an adverse party or has a material interest adverse to our interest.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS 

There have been no material changes in our assessment of risk factors affecting our business since those presented in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS 

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES 

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES 

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION 

None.

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS 

* The certifications attached as Exhibit 32.1 accompany this Quarterly Report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, and shall not be deemed “filed” by the registrant for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and are not to be incorporated by reference into any of the registrant’s filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in any such filing.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

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