WABASH NATIONAL Corp - Quarter Report: 2018 June (Form 10-Q)

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the transition period from                            to                           

Commission File Number: 1-10883

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware (State of Incorporation)   1000 Sagamore Parkway South, Lafayette, Indiana (Address of Principal Executive Offices)

52-1375208 (IRS Employer Identification Number)   47905 (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (765) 771-5300

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes x     No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

Yes x    No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Emerging growth company ¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ¨ No x

The number of shares of common stock outstanding at August 2, 2018 was 57,209,388.

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

INDEX

FORM 10-Q

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements.

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements.

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements.

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Condensed Consolidated Statements.

WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

The condensed consolidated financial statements of Wabash National Corporation (the “Company”) have been prepared without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. In the opinion of management, the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements contain all material adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) necessary to present fairly the consolidated financial position of the Company, its results of operations and cash flows. The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of Topic 606 did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements. The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of its products when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied; this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and replacement parts or with the completion of service work. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer and excludes all taxes collected from the customer. Shipping and handling fees are included in Net Sales and the associated costs included in Cost of Sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For shipping and handling costs that take place after the transfer of control, the Company is applying the practical expedient and treating it as a fulfillment cost. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. For certain performance obligations satisfied over time, the Company recognizes revenue on the basis of the Company’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of a performance obligation, measured by actual total cost incurred to the total estimated costs for each project.

The Company has identified three separate and distinct performance obligations: 1) the sale of a trailer or equipment, 2) sale of replacement parts, and 3) service work. For trailer, truck body, equipment, and replacement part sales, control is transferred and revenue recognized from the sale upon shipment to or pick up by the customer in accordance with the contract terms. Service facilities recognize revenue when the service work has been completed. The Company does not have any material extended payment terms as payment is received shortly after the point of sale. Accounts receivables are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. The Company does have customers who pay for the product prior to the transfer of control which is recorded as customer deposits in Other Accrued Liabilities as shown in Note 12. Customer deposits are recognized as revenue when the Company performs its obligations under the contract and transfer control of the product.

On September 27, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of Supreme Industries, Inc. (“Supreme”) following a cash tender offer by the Company for all outstanding shares of Supreme’s Class A and Class B common stock for $21 per share and an aggregate consideration paid of $360.4 million. The Company financed the Supreme acquisition and related fees and expenses using the proceeds of the Company’s $325 million offering in aggregate principal amount of 5.50% senior unsecured notes due 2025 (as described in further detail in Note 6) and available cash and cash equivalents.

Supreme is one of the nation’s leading manufacturers of specialized commercial vehicles, including cutaway and dry-freight van bodies, refrigerated units, and stake bodies. Supreme has manufacturing facilities in Goshen and Ligonier, Indiana; Jonestown, Pennsylvania; Cleburne, Texas; Griffin, Georgia; and Moreno Valley, California. Supreme is part of a new Final Mile Products segment created by the Company in the fourth quarter of 2017. This acquisition allows the Company to accelerate our growth and expand our presence in the final mile space, with increased distribution paths and greater customer reach, and supports the Company’s objective to transform into a more diversified industrial manufacturer.

The Company incurred various costs related to the Supreme acquisition including fees paid to an investment banker for acquisition services and the related bridge financing commitment as well as professional fees for diligence, legal and accounting totaling $0.1 million for the six month period ending June 30, 2018. These costs have been recorded as Acquisition Expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The aggregate purchase price of $360.4 million was allocated to the opening balance sheet of Supreme at September 27, 2017, the date of acquisition, as follows (in thousands):

Intangible assets totaling $161.2 million were recorded as a result of the acquisition and consist of the following (in thousands):

Intangibles

The Company amortizes the tradename intangible asset utilizing a straight-line approach and the customer relationship intangible asset using an accelerated method that follows the pattern in which the economic benefits of the asset is expected to be consumed. Amortization expense, including the intangible assets preliminarily recorded from the Supreme acquisition, is estimated to be $20.4 million, $21.6 million, $23.1 million, $24.4 million and $19.5 million for the years 2018 through 2022, respectively.

Goodwill of $167.7 million was recorded as a result of the acquisition. The amount recorded as goodwill for the Supreme acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes. Goodwill, calculated as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net assets recognized and represents future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired that could not be individually identified and separately recognized, is comprised of operational synergies that are expected to be realized in both the short and long-term and the opportunity to enter new market sectors with higher margin potential which will enable us to deliver greater value to our customers and shareholders. During the first six months of 2018, the Company made certain adjustments to its purchase price allocation to adjust tax obligations, inventory, accrued liabilities, and accounts receivable, which resulted in $1.5 million decrease in goodwill.

Unaudited Pro forma Results

The results of Supreme are included in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations, including $119.5 million and $12.2 million of revenue and net income, respectively, for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and $191.7 million and $14.3 million of revenue and net income, respectively, for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The following unaudited pro forma information is shown below as if the acquisition of Supreme had been completed as of the beginning of the earliest period presented (in thousands):

The information presented above is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the actual results that would have occurred had the acquisition been consummated at the beginning of the respective periods, nor is it necessarily indicative of future operating results of the combined companies under the ownership and management of the Company.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined either on the first-in, first-out or average cost method, or market. The cost of manufactured inventory includes raw material, labor and overhead. Inventories, net of reserves, consist of the following (in thousands):

Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 consists of the following (in thousands):

Chassis converter pool agreements represent chassis transferred to the Company on a restricted basis by the manufacturer, who retains the sole authority to authorize commencement of work on the chassis and to make certain other decisions with respect to the chassis including the terms and pricing of sales to the manufacturer’s dealers. Assets held for sale are related to the Company’s former branch locations, as well as certain locations acquired through the Supreme acquisition. Insurance premiums and maintenance agreements are charged to expenses over the contractual life, which is generally one year or less. Additionally, prepaid expenses include costs in excess of billings on contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue over time as services are completed.

Restricted cash includes balances that resulted from the sale of certain branch assets that served as collateral to secure the Company’s long-term debt. The restriction will lapse when collateral assets are purchased. The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets that sum to the total of the same such amounts shown in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

Convertible Notes

In April 2012, the Company issued Convertible Senior Notes due 2018 (the “Convertible Notes”) with an aggregate principal amount of $150 million in a public offering. The Convertible Notes bore interest at a rate of 3.375% per annum from the date of issuance, payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1, and matured on May 1, 2018. The Convertible Notes were senior unsecured obligations of the Company ranking equally with its existing and future senior unsecured debt. The Company used the net proceeds of $145.1 million from the sale of the Convertible Notes to fund a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition of Walker Group Holdings (“Walker”) in May 2012. The Company accounted separately for the liability and equity components of the Convertible Notes in accordance with authoritative guidance for convertible debt instruments that may be settled in cash upon conversion.

During 2018, the Company used $80.2 million in cash, excluding interest, to settle $44.6 million in principal of the Convertible Notes of which none were converted to common shares. The excess of the cash settlement amount over the principal value of the Convertible Notes was accounted for as a reacquisition of equity, resulting in a $35.5 million reduction to additional paid-in capital during the six months ended June 30, 2018.  For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.2 million related to settlements and the retirement of the Convertible Notes, which is included in Other, net on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees on the liability component for the Convertible Notes for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018, and 2017 included in Interest Expense on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations were as follows (in thousands):

Senior Notes

On September 26, 2017 the Company issued Senior Notes due 2025 (the “Senior Notes”) in an offering pursuant to Rule 144A or Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with an aggregate principal amount of $325 million. The Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 5.50% per annum from the date of issuance, and will pay interest semi-annually in cash on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2018. The Company used the net proceeds of $318.9 million from the sale of the Senior Notes to finance a portion of the acquisition of Supreme and to pay related fees and expenses.

The Senior Notes will mature on October 1, 2025. At any time prior to October 1, 2020, the Company may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes for cash at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes being redeemed plus an applicable make-whole premium set forth in the indenture for the Senior Notes and accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Prior to October 1, 2020, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 105.50% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the proceeds of certain equity offerings so long as if, after any such redemption occurs, at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes remains outstanding. On and after October 1, 2020, the Company may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.750% for the twelve-month period beginning on October 1, 2020, 101.375% for the twelve-month period beginning October 1, 2021 and 100.000% beginning on October 1, 2022, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the indenture for the Senior Notes), unless the Company has exercised its optional redemption right in respect of the Senior Notes, the holders of the Senior Notes have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all direct and indirect existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain restrictions. The Senior Notes and related guarantees are the Company and the guarantors’ general unsecured senior obligations and are subordinate to all of the Company and the guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured obligation. In addition, the Senior Notes are structurally subordinate to any existing and future debt of any of the Company’s subsidiaries that are not guarantors, to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries.

The indenture for the Senior Notes restricts the Company’s ability and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, its capital stock or with respect to any other interest or participation in, or measured by, its profits; (iii) make loans and certain investments; (iv) sell assets; (v) create or incur liens; (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates; and (vii) consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of its assets. These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. During any time when the Senior Notes are rated investment grade by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and no event of default has occurred or is continuing, many of these covenants will be suspended and the Company and its subsidiaries will not be subject to such covenants during such period.

The indenture for the Senior Notes contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants, failure to pay certain judgments and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, may be declared immediately due and payable. These amounts automatically become due and payable if an event of default relating to certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occurs.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees for the Senior Notes for the six month period ended June 30, 2018 was $9.2 million and is included in Interest Expense on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revolving Credit Agreement

In May 2012, the Company entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as subsequently amended, the “Credit Agreement”), dated as of May 8, 2012, among the Company, certain subsidiaries of the Company from time to time party thereto (together with the Company, the “Borrowers”), the several lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as arranger and administrative agent (the “Agent”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (x) a $175 million senior secured revolving credit facility that matures on June 4, 2020, subject to certain springing maturity events and (y) an uncommitted accordion feature allowing for an increase to the availability under the revolving credit facility of up to $50 million, subject to certain conditions (the “Revolving Credit Facility”).

The Revolving Credit Facility (i) bears interest, at the Borrowers’ election, at (x) the London Interbank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”) (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin ranging from 150 basis points to 200 basis points, or (y) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 50 basis points to 100 basis points, in each case, based upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, (ii) requires the Company to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 25 basis points times the average unused availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, (iii) provides that if availability under the Revolving Credit Facility is less than 12.5% of the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility or if there exists an event of default, amounts in any of the Borrowers’ and the subsidiary guarantors’ deposit accounts (other than certain excluded accounts) will be transferred daily into a blocked account held by the Agent and applied to reduce the outstanding amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility, and (iv) requires the Company to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.1 to 1.0 as of the end of any period of 12 fiscal months when excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility is less than 10% of the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility.

In connection with, and in order to permit under the Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes offering and the acquisition of Supreme, on August 16, 2017, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment also permitted the Company to incur certain other indebtedness in connection with the acquisition of Supreme and to acquire certain liens and obligations of Supreme upon the consummation of the acquisition.

The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries (the “Revolver Guarantors”) and is secured by (i) first priority security interests (subject only to customary permitted liens and certain other permitted liens) in substantially all personal property of the Borrowers and the Revolver Guarantors, consisting of accounts receivable, inventory, cash, deposit and securities accounts and any cash or other assets in such accounts and, to the extent evidencing or otherwise related to such property, all general intangibles, licenses, intercompany debt, letter of credit rights, commercial tort claims, chattel paper, instruments, supporting obligations, documents and payment intangibles (collectively, the “Revolver Priority Collateral”), and (ii) second-priority liens on and security interests in (subject only to the liens securing the Term Loan Credit Agreement (as defined below), customary permitted liens and certain other permitted liens) (A) equity interests of each direct subsidiary held by the Borrower and each Revolver Guarantor (subject to customary limitations in the case of the equity of foreign subsidiaries), and (B) substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of the Borrowers and the Revolver Guarantors including equipment, general intangibles, intercompany notes, insurance policies, investment property, intellectual property and material owned real property (in each case, except to the extent constituting Revolver Priority Collateral) (collectively, the “Term Priority Collateral”). The respective priorities of the security interests securing the Credit Agreement and the Term Loan Credit Agreement are governed by an Intercreditor Agreement between the Agent and the Term Agent (as defined below) (the “Intercreditor Agreement”).

The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting the Company’s ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, pay off subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. Subject to the terms of the Intercreditor Agreement, if the covenants under the Credit Agreement are breached, the lenders may, subject to various customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. Other customary events of default in the Credit Agreement include, without limitation, failure to pay obligations when due, initiation of insolvency proceedings, defaults on certain other indebtedness, and the incurrence of certain judgments that are not stayed, satisfied, bonded or discharged within 30 days.

As of June 30, 2018, the Company had no outstanding borrowings under the Credit Agreement and was in compliance with all covenants. The Company’s liquidity position, defined as cash on hand and available borrowing capacity on the Revolving Credit Facility, amounted to $287.7 million as of June 30, 2018.

Term Loan Credit Agreement

In May 2012, the Company entered into the Term Loan Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”), dated as of May 8, 2012, among the Company, the several lenders from time to time party thereto, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent (the “Term Agent”), joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner, which provides for, among other things, (x) a senior secured term loan of $188.0 million that matures on March 19, 2022, subject to certain springing maturity events (the “Term Loans”), and (y) an uncommitted accordion feature to provide for additional senior secured term loans of up to $75 million plus an unlimited amount provided that the senior secured leverage ratio would not exceed 3.00 to 1.00, subject to certain conditions (the “Term Loan Facility”).

In connection with, and in order to permit under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes offering and the acquisition of Supreme, on August 18, 2017, the Company entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 also permitted the Company to incur certain other indebtedness in connection with the Supreme acquisition and to acquire certain liens and obligations of Supreme upon the consummation of the Supreme acquisition.

Furthermore, on November 17, 2017, the Company entered into Amendment No. 5 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 5”). As of the Amendment No. 5 date, $188.0 million of the Term Loans were outstanding. Under Amendment No. 5, the lenders agreed to provide to the Company term loans in the same aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Term Loans, which were used to refinance the outstanding Term Loans.

The Term Loans amortize in equal quarterly installments in aggregate amounts equal to 0.25% of the initial principal amount of the Term Loans, with the balance payable at maturity, and bear interest at a rate, at the Company’s election, equal to (i) LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin of 225 basis points or (ii) a base rate (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin of 125 basis points. The Company is not subject to any financial covenants under the Term Loan Facility.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of the Company’s subsidiaries, and is secured by (i) first-priority liens on and security interests in the Term Priority Collateral, and (ii) second-priority security interests in the Revolver Priority Collateral.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting the Company’s ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, pay off subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. Subject to the terms of the Intercreditor Agreement, if the covenants under the Term Loan Credit Agreement are breached, the lenders may, subject to various customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. Other customary events of default in the Term Loan Credit Agreement include, without limitation, failure to pay obligations when due, initiation of insolvency proceedings, defaults on certain other indebtedness, and the incurrence of certain judgments that are not stayed, satisfied, bonded or discharged within 60 days.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, under the Term Loan Credit Agreement the Company paid interest of $3.9 million and $3.8 million, respectively, and principal of $0.9 million during each period. In connection with Amendment No. 3 the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.6 million during the first quarter of 2017 which was included in Other, net on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had $186.6 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, of which $1.9 million was classified as current on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

For the six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred charges of $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, for amortization of fees and original issuance discount, which is included in Interest Expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

The Company’s fair value measurements are based upon a three-level valuation hierarchy. These valuation techniques are based upon the transparency of inputs (observable and unobservable) to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. These two types of inputs create the following fair value hierarchy:

Recurring Fair Value Measurements

The Company maintains a non-qualified deferred compensation plan which is offered to senior management and other key employees. The amount owed to participants is an unfunded and unsecured general obligation of the Company. Participants are offered various investment options with which to invest the amount owed to them, and the plan administrator maintains a record of the liability owed to participants by investment. To minimize the impact of the change in market value of this liability, the Company has elected to purchase a separate portfolio of investments through the plan administrator similar to those chosen by the participant.

The investments purchased by the Company include mutual funds, $2.4 million of which are classified as Level 1, and life-insurance contracts valued based on the performance of underlying mutual funds, $14.1 million of which are classified as Level 2.

Additionally, upon the Company’s acquisition of Supreme, the Company acquired a pool of investments made by a wholly owned captive insurance subsidiary. These investments are comprised of mutual funds, $4.9 million of which are classified as Level 1.

Estimated Fair Value of Debt

The estimated fair value of debt at June 30, 2018 consists primarily of the Senior Notes due 2025 and borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement (see Note 6). The fair value of the Senior Notes due 2025, Term Loan Credit Agreement and the Revolving Credit Facility are based upon third party pricing sources, which generally do not represent daily market activity or represent data obtained from an exchange, and are classified as Level 2. The interest rates on the Company’s borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility are adjusted regularly to reflect current market rates and thus carrying value approximates fair value for these borrowings. All other debt and capital lease obligations approximate their fair value as determined by discounted cash flows and are classified as Level 3.

The Company’s carrying and estimated fair value of debt at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows (in thousands):

The Company recognizes all share-based payments based upon their fair value. The Company grants restricted stock units subject to service, performance and/or market conditions. The Company’s policy is to recognize expense for awards that have service conditions only subject to graded vesting using the straight-line attribution method. The fair value of service and performance based units is based on the market price of a share of underlying common stock at the date of grant. The fair value of the market based units is based on a lattice valuation model. The amount of compensation costs related to restricted stock units and performance units not yet recognized was $20.5 million at June 30, 2018 for which the expense will be recognized through 2021.

The Company is involved in a number of legal proceedings concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of its business activities, and is periodically subject to governmental examinations (including by regulatory and tax authorities), and information gathering requests (collectively, "governmental examinations"). As of June 30, 2018, the Company was named as a defendant or was otherwise involved in numerous legal proceedings and governmental examinations in various jurisdictions, both in the United States and internationally.

The Company has recorded liabilities for certain of its outstanding legal proceedings and governmental examinations. A liability is accrued when it is both (a) probable that a loss with respect to the legal proceeding has occurred and (b) the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal proceedings and governmental examinations that could cause an increase or decrease in the amount of the liability that has been previously accrued. These legal proceedings, as well as governmental examinations, involve various lines of business of the Company and a variety of claims (including, but not limited to, common law tort, contract, antitrust and consumer protection claims), some of which present novel factual allegations and/or unique legal theories. While some matters pending against the Company specify the damages claimed by the plaintiff, many seek a not-yet-quantified amount of damages or are at very early stages of the legal process. Even when the amount of damages claimed against the Company are stated, the claimed amount may be exaggerated and/or unsupported. As a result, it is not currently possible to estimate a range of possible loss beyond previously accrued liabilities relating to some matters including those described below. Such previously accrued liabilities may not represent the Company's maximum loss exposure. The legal proceedings and governmental examinations underlying the estimated range will change from time to time and actual results may vary significantly from the currently accrued liabilities.

Based on its current knowledge, and taking into consideration its litigation-related liabilities, the Company believes it is not a party to, nor are any of its properties the subject of, any pending legal proceeding or governmental examination other than the matters below, which are addressed individually, that would have a material adverse effect on the Company's consolidated financial condition or liquidity if determined in a manner adverse to the Company. However, in light of the uncertainties involved in such matters, the ultimate outcome of a particular matter could be material to the Company's operating results for a particular period depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of the Company's income for that period. Costs associated with the litigation and settlements of legal matters are reported within General and Administrative Expenses in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Brazil Joint Venture

In March 2001, Bernard Krone Indústria e Comércio de Máquinas Agrícolas Ltda. (“BK”) filed suit against the Company in the Fourth Civil Court of Curitiba in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Because of the bankruptcy of BK, this proceeding is now pending before the Second Civil Court of Bankruptcies and Creditors Reorganization of Curitiba, State of Paraná (No. 232/99).

The case grows out of a joint venture agreement between BK and the Company related to marketing of RoadRailer trailers in Brazil and other areas of South America. When BK was placed into the Brazilian equivalent of bankruptcy late in 2000, the joint venture was dissolved. BK subsequently filed its lawsuit against the Company alleging that it was forced to terminate business with other companies because of the exclusivity and non-compete clauses purportedly found in the joint venture agreement. BK asserted damages, exclusive of any potentially court-imposed interest or inflation adjustments, of approximately R$20.8 million (Brazilian Reais). BK did not change the amount of damages asserted following its filing of the case in 2001.

A bench (non-jury) trial was held on March 30, 2010 in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. On November 22, 2011, the Fourth Civil Court of Curitiba partially granted BK’s claims, and ordered Wabash to pay BK lost profits, compensatory, economic and moral damages in excess of the amount of compensatory damages asserted by BK. The total ordered damages amount was approximately R$26.7 million (Brazilian Reais), which was approximately $6.9 million U.S. dollars using the exchange rate as of June 30, 2018, and exclusive of any potentially court-imposed interest, fees or inflation adjustments. On October 5, 2016, the Court of Appeals re-heard all facts and legal questions presented in the case, and ruled in favor of the Company on all claims at issue. In doing so, the Court of Appeals dismissed all claims against the Company and vacated the judgment and damages previously ordered by the Fourth Civil Court of Curitiba. On September 30, 2017, BK filed its notice for a special appeal of the Court of Appeals ruling to the Superior Court of Justice and the Supreme Federal Court. However, unless these higher courts find in favor of BK on any of its claims, the judgment of the Court of Appeals will be final. As a result of the Court of Appeals ruling, the Company does not expect that this proceeding will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations; however, it will continue to monitor these legal proceedings.

Intellectual Property

In October 2006, the Company filed a patent infringement suit against Vanguard National Corporation (“Vanguard”) regarding the Company’s U.S. Patent Nos. 6,986,546 and 6,220,651 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Indiana (Civil Action No. 4:06-cv-135). The Company amended the Complaint in April 2007. In May 2007, Vanguard filed its Answer to the Amended Complaint, along with Counterclaims seeking findings of non-infringement, invalidity, and unenforceability of the subject patents. The Company filed a reply to Vanguard’s counterclaims in May 2007, denying any wrongdoing or merit to the allegations as set forth in the counterclaims. The case was stayed by agreement of the parties while the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (“Patent Office”) undertook a reexamination of U.S. Patent No. 6,986,546. In June 2010, the Patent Office notified the Company that the reexamination was completed and the Patent Office reissued U.S. Patent No. 6,986,546 without cancelling any claims of the patent. The parties have not yet petitioned the Court to lift the stay, and it is unknown at this time when the parties may do so.

The Company believes that its claims against Vanguard have merit and that the claims asserted by Vanguard are without merit. The Company intends to vigorously defend its position and intellectual property. The Company believes that the resolution of this lawsuit will not have a material adverse effect on its financial position, liquidity or future results of operations. However, at this stage of the proceeding, no assurance can be given as to the ultimate outcome of the case.

Walker Acquisition

In connection with the Company’s acquisition of Walker in May 2012, there was an outstanding, disputed claim of approximately $2.9 million for unpaid benefits. In June 2018, this dispute was resolved as part of a confidential settlement agreement. The resolution of the dispute will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Environmental Disputes

In August 2014, the Company received notice as a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) by the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (“DHEC”) pertaining to the Philip Services Site located in Rock Hill, South Carolina pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act and corresponding South Carolina statutes. PRPs include parties identified through manifest records as having contributed to deliveries of hazardous substances to the Philip Services Site between 1979 and 1999. The DHEC’s allegation that the Company was a PRP arises out of four manifest entries in 1989 under the name of a company unaffiliated with Wabash National (or any of its former or current subsidiaries) that purport to be delivering a de minimis amount of hazardous waste to the Philip Services Site “c/o Wabash National Corporation.” As such, the Philip Services Site PRP Group (“PRP Group”) notified Wabash in August 2014 that it was offering the Company the opportunity to resolve any liabilities associated with the Philip Services Site by entering into a Cash Out and Reopener Settlement Agreement (the “Settlement Agreement”) with the PRP Group, as well as a Consent Decree with the DHEC. The Company has accepted the offer from the PRP Group to enter into the Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree, while reserving its rights to contest its liability for any deliveries of hazardous materials to the Philips Services Site. The requested settlement payment is immaterial to the Company’s financial conditions or operations, and as a result, if the Settlement Agreement and Consent Decree are finalized, the payment to be made by the Company thereunder is not expected to have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

In January 2006, the Company received a letter from the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources indicating that a site that the Company formerly owned near Charlotte, North Carolina has been included on the state's October 2005 Inactive Hazardous Waste Sites Priority List. The letter states that the Company was being notified in fulfillment of the state's “statutory duty” to notify those who own and those who at present are known to be responsible for each Site on the Priority List. Following receipt of this notice, no action has ever been requested from the Company, and since 2006 the Company has not received any further communications regarding this matter from the state of North Carolina. The Company does not expect that this designation will have a material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of operations.

Supreme Litigation

Prior to the Company’s acquisition of Supreme, a complaint was filed against Supreme Corporation (“SC”), a subsidiary of Supreme, in a suit (SVI, Inc. v. Supreme Corporation, Hometown Trolley (a/k/a Double K, Inc.) and Dustin Pence) in the United States District Court, District of Nevada on May 16, 2016. The plaintiff is SC’s former trolley distributor. The plaintiff filed an amended complaint on January 3, 2017, which alleges that SC’s sale of its trolley assets to another trolley manufacturer was improper. SC filed a motion to dismiss, which was granted in part on May 30, 2017. The remaining claims alleged against SC include: (i) misappropriation of trade secrets; (ii) civil conspiracy/collusion; (iii) tortious interference with contractual relationships; (iv) breach of contract; and (v) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The plaintiff alleges damages amounting to approximately $40 million. Management believes that the allegations are without merit. However, due to the inherent risk of litigation and to avoid additional fees and costs, the Company reached a settlement with SVI, Inc., subject to mutual releases of all claims. On May 14, 2018, the Court approved the settlement. On May 30, 2018, the Court dismissed with prejudice all claims against SC. The settlement of this matter will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Prior to the Company’s acquisition of Supreme, on November 4, 2016, a putative class action lawsuit was filed against Supreme, Mark D. Weber (Supreme’s former Chief Executive Officer) and Matthew W. Long (Supreme’s former Chief Financial Officer) in the United States District Court for the Central District of California alleging the defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Rule 10b-5 by making material, misleading statements in July 2016 regarding projected backlog. The plaintiff seeks to recover unspecified damages. On February 14, 2017, the court transferred the venue of the case to the Northern District of Indiana upon the joint stipulation of the plaintiff and the defendants. An amended complaint was filed on April 24, 2017 challenging statements made during a putative class period of October 22, 2015 through October 21, 2016.

On May 24, 2018, the Court granted Supreme’s motion to dismiss all claims for failure to state a claim. On July 13, 2018, the plaintiffs filed a second amended complaint. The case is stayed as to discovery. Due to the inherent risk of litigation, the outcome of this case is uncertain and unpredictable; however, at this time, management believes that the allegations are without merit and is vigorously defending the matter. As a result, management does not believe this matter will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

Chassis Converter Pool Agreements

The Company, through Supreme, obtains most vehicle chassis for its specialized vehicle products directly from the chassis manufacturers under converter pool agreements. Chassis are obtained from the manufacturers based on orders from customers, and in some cases, for unallocated orders. The agreements generally state that the manufacturer will provide a supply of chassis to be maintained at the Company’s facilities with the condition that we will store such chassis and will not move, sell, or otherwise dispose of such chassis except under the terms of the agreement. In addition, the manufacturer typically retains the sole authority to authorize commencement of work on the chassis and to make certain other decisions with respect to the chassis including the terms and pricing of sales of the chassis to the manufacturer’s dealers. The manufacturer also does not transfer the certificate of origin to the Company nor permit the Company to sell or transfer the chassis to anyone other than the manufacturer (for ultimate resale to a dealer). Although the Company is party to related finance agreements with manufacturers, the Company has not historically settled, nor expects to in the future settle, any related obligations in cash. Instead, the obligation is settled by the manufacturer upon reassignment of the chassis to an accepted dealer, and the dealer is invoiced for the chassis by the manufacturer. Accordingly, as of June 30, 2018, the Company’s outstanding chassis converter pool with the manufacturer totaled $14.6 million and has included this financing agreement on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets within Prepaid expenses and other and Other accrued liabilities. All other chassis programs through its Supreme subsidiary are handled as consigned inventory belonging to the manufacturer and totaled approximately $7.5 million. Under these agreements, if the chassis is not delivered to a customer within a specified time frame the Company is required to pay a finance or storage charge on the chassis. Additionally, the Company receives finance support funds from manufacturers when the chassis are assigned into the Company’s chassis pool. Typically, chassis are converted and delivered to customers within 90 days of the receipt of the chassis by the Company.

Per share results have been calculated based on the average number of common shares outstanding. The calculation of basic and diluted net income per share is determined using net income applicable to common stockholders as the numerator and the number of shares included in the denominator as follows (in thousands, except per share amounts):

The calculation of diluted net income per share for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 includes the impact of the Company’s Convertible Notes as the average stock price of the Company’s common stock during the period was above the initial conversion price of approximately $11.70 per share.

The Company recognized income tax expense of $15.9 million in the first six months of 2018 compared to $21.6 million for the same period in the prior year. The effective tax rate for the first six months of 2018 and 2017 were 23.0% and 33.4%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 21% and 35% for 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily due to the impact of state and local taxes and the recognition of excess tax benefits on share-based compensation.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”) was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Act contains numerous new and changed provisions related to the US federal taxation of domestic and foreign corporate operations. As such, for the period ended December 31, 2017, the Company remeasured certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates that are expected to be in effect at the time the tax deduction or taxable item will be reported in the Company’s tax return (i.e. when they are expected to reverse in the future), which is generally 21%, as well as assessed its ability to realize deferred income tax assets in the future under the new rules. Additionally, the Company assessed the impacts of the new provisions associated with the deductibility of executive compensation under Internal Revenue Code Section 162(m), and the associated “grandfathering” rules within the Act to provide taxpayers transition relief when applying the change in law.  We are currently recognizing a deferred income tax asset associated with the future tax deductions of equity-based compensation for the executives whose compensation falls under the new limitation rules.  As of June 30, 2018, no further adjustments have been made to the deferred tax asset that was recognized as of December 31, 2017, due to no further guidance being provided by the Department of Treasury. The Company will continue to monitor future guidance with regard new provisions under the Act, and true up provisional estimates as appropriate within the one year measurement period required under Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118 (SAB 118) issued by the SEC.

The following table presents the major components of Other Accrued Liabilities (in thousands):

The following table presents the changes in the product warranty accrual included in Other Accrued Liabilities (in thousands):

The Company offers a limited warranty for its products with a coverage period that ranges between one and five years, except that the coverage period for DuraPlate^® trailer panels is ten years. The Company passes through component manufacturers’ warranties to our customers. The Company’s policy is to accrue the estimated cost of warranty coverage at the time of the sale.

a. Segment Reporting

The Company manages its business in three segments: Commercial Trailer Products, Diversified Products, and Final Mile Products. The Commercial Trailer Products segment manufactures standard and customized van and platform trailers and other transportation related equipment to customers who purchase directly from the Company or through independent dealers. The Diversified Products segment, comprised of four strategic business units including, Tank Trailer, Aviation & Truck Equipment, Process Systems and Composites, focuses on the Company’s commitment to expand its customer base, diversify its product offerings and revenues and extend its market leadership by leveraging its proprietary DuraPlate® panel technology, drawing on its core manufacturing expertise and making available products that are complementary to truck and tank trailers and transportation equipment. The Final Mile Products segment includes the operations of Supreme, and other truck body activities previously reported in the Company’s Commercial Trailer Products segment.

The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies except that the Company evaluates segment performance based on income from operations. The Company has not allocated certain corporate related administrative costs, interest and income taxes included in the corporate and eliminations segment to the Company’s other reportable segments. The Company accounts for intersegment sales and transfers at cost plus a specified mark-up.

Reportable segment information is as follows (in thousands):

b. Product Information

The Company offers products primarily in four general categories: (1) new trailers, (2) used trailers, (3) components, parts and service and (4) equipment and other. The following table sets forth the major product categories and their percentage of consolidated net sales (dollars in thousands):

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842). This update requires lessees to recognize, on the balance sheet, assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by leases of greater than twelve months.  Leases will be classified as either finance or operating, with classification affecting the pattern of expense recognition in the income statement.  We are in the process of cataloging our existing lease contracts and selecting a software provider to improve our tracking system. This guidance will be effective for the Company as of January 1, 2019. A modified retrospective transition method is required.  The Company has approximately $5.2 million of noncancelable future rental obligations. The Company expects a comparable amount to be recognized on its consolidated balance sheet upon adoption of the standard.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230), Restricted Cash, which requires entities to show the changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents in the statement of cash flows. When cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents are presented in more than one item on the balance sheet, a reconciliation of the totals in the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheet is required. This guidance was adopted by the Company on January 1, 2018 and was applied retrospectively.  See Note 5 for the reconciliation of the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balances reported within the statement of cash flows to the related captions in the balance sheet.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment (“ASU 2017-04”). ASU 2017-4 eliminates Step 2 of the current goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment. A goodwill impairment loss will instead be measured at the amount by which a reporting unit's carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the recorded amount of goodwill. The new standard is effective for annual and interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and should be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted for annual or interim goodwill impairment testing performed after January 1, 2017. The Company believes that the adoption of the provisions of ASU 2017-04 will not have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report of Wabash National Corporation (together with its subsidiaries, the “Company,” “Wabash,” “we,” “our,” or “us”) contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). Forward-looking statements may include the words “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “intend,” “continue,” “believe,” “expect,” “plan” or “anticipate” and other similar words. Our “forward-looking statements” include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:

Although we believe that the expectations expressed in our forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results could differ materially from those projected or assumed in our forward-looking statements. Our future financial condition and results of operations, as well as any forward-looking statements, are subject to change and are subject to inherent risks and uncertainties, such as those disclosed in this Quarterly Report. Important risks and factors that could cause our actual results to be materially different from our expectations include the factors that are disclosed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Each forward-looking statement contained in this Quarterly Report reflects our management’s view only as of the date on which that forward-looking statement was made. We are not obligated to update forward-looking statements or publicly release the result of any revisions to them to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Quarterly Report or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth certain operating data as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated:

For the three and six month period ended June 30, 2018, we recorded net sales of $612.7 million and $1,104.0 million, respectively, compared to $435.9 million and $798.6 million, respectively, in the prior year periods. Net sales for the three month period ended June 30, 2018 increased $176.8 million, or 40.6%, compared to the prior year period, due primarily to an increase in new trailer shipments of approximately 2,050 units, or 15.1%, and $121.2 million in sales within our Final Mile Products segment established in the fourth quarter of 2017 after the acquisition of Supreme. Gross profit margin decreased to 13.9% in the second quarter of 2018 compared to 15.5% in the prior year period driven by labor inefficiencies attributable to attracting and retaining a skilled workforce, higher material costs, and supplier constraints for key materials leading to production inefficiencies. We continue to be encouraged by the strong market demand within all of our reporting segments as well as the expectation that overall industry shipment and production levels will remain above replacement demand for the remainder of 2018 as many key structural and market drivers continue to support healthy demand for new trailers. In addition, we expect to continue our focused efforts to drive ongoing improvements throughout the business, deliver new opportunities to expand our customer base and focus on developing innovative new products that both add value to our customers’ operations and allow us to continue to differentiate our products from the competition.

For the three month period ended June 30, 2018, selling, general and administrative expenses increased $9.4 million as compared to the same period in 2017. This increase was largely due to the inclusion of Supreme, which added $9.1 million in the current year period, as well as a $0.7 million increase in outside professional fees for human resource and tax administration, along with advertising and promotional efforts. These increases were partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in salaries and employee related costs, including employee incentive programs. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to 5.6% in the second quarter of 2018 as compared to 5.8% in the prior year period.

Our management team continues to be focused on increasing overall shareholder value by optimizing our manufacturing operations to match the current demand environment, implementing cost savings initiatives and lean manufacturing techniques, strengthening our capital structure, developing innovative products that enable our customers to succeed, improving earnings and continuing diversification of the business into higher margin opportunities that leverage our intellectual and process capabilities.

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018

Net Sales

Net sales in the second quarter of 2018 increased $176.8 million, or 40.6%, compared to the second quarter of 2017. By business segment, prior to the elimination of intercompany sales, sales and related units sold were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales were $402.5 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $54.4 million, or 15.6%, compared to the second quarter of 2017. New trailers shipped during the second quarter of 2018 totaled 15,650 trailers compared to 13,600 trailers in the prior year period, a 15.1% increase. The increase in new trailer shipments compared to the prior year period, resulted in $55.7 million increase in new trailer sales. Parts and service revenue for the second quarter of 2018 totaled $9.0 million, a decrease of $4.1 million, or 31.0%, as compared to the second quarter of 2017 primarily due to fewer retail branch locations in the current year. Used trailer sales increased $1.3 million compared to the prior year period primarily due to a 200 unit increase in used trailer shipments in the second quarter of 2018 compared to the prior year period.

Diversified Products segment sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales were $94.1 million for the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $3.3 million, or 3.6%, compared to the second quarter of 2017. New trailer sales increased $4.3 million, or 11.5%, from the prior year period driven by improved volume and product mix as new trailer shipments for the second quarter of 2018 totaled 650 units compared to 550 units in the prior year period. Equipment sales decreased $1.0 million, or 4.4%, compared to the prior year period as a result of lower demand for our non-trailer related products. Sales of our parts and service product offerings totaled $31.9 million for the second quarter of 2018, a decrease of $0.3 million or 0.8% as compared to the prior year period.

Final Mile Products segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $121.2 million in the second quarter of 2018 for this newly created segment.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $527.4 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $159.2 million, or 43.2%, compared to the prior year period. Cost of sales is comprised of material costs, a variable expense, and other manufacturing costs, comprised of both fixed and variable expenses, including direct and indirect labor, outbound freight, and overhead expenses.

Commercial Trailer Products segment cost of sales was $355.0 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $57.7 million, or 19.4%, compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by a $45.6 million increase in material costs due to higher production volumes and material cost inflation as compared to the prior year period. Other manufacturing costs increased $12.1 million as compared to the prior year period due to higher new trailer production volumes.

Diversified Products segment cost of sales was $77.4 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $3.7 million, or 5.0%, compared to the prior period. The increase was primarily driven by a $3.2 million increase in material costs and a $0.5 million increase in other manufacturing costs related to increased volume and product mix.

Final Mile Product segment cost of sales was $100.3 million in second quarter of 2018 for this newly created segment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $85.3 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $17.6 million from the prior year period. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales was 13.9% for the current quarter and 15.5% for the same period in 2017. Gross profit by segment was as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment gross profit was $47.5 million for the second quarter of 2018 compared to $50.9 million for the second quarter of 2017. Gross profit prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, as a percentage of net sales, was 11.8% in the second quarter of 2018 compared to 14.6% in the 2017 period. The decreases in gross profit and gross profit margin as compared to the prior year period were primarily driven by labor inefficiencies attributable to attracting and retaining a skilled workforce, higher material costs, and supplier constraints for key materials leading to disruptions in production.

Diversified Products segment gross profit was $16.7 million for the second quarter of 2018 compared to $17.1 million in the same quarter of 2017. Gross profit prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, as a percentage of net sales, was 17.7% in the second quarter of 2018 compared to 18.9% in the 2017 period. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales compared to the prior year period was primarily driven by higher material costs and short-term labor inefficiencies including higher overtime levels in order to meet strong demand requirements.

Final Mile Products segment gross profit was $20.9 million for the second quarter of 2018 for this newly created segment. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales, was 17.3% in the second quarter of 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the second quarter of 2018 increased $6.8 million, or 35.5%, from the prior year period. The increase was largely due to the inclusion of Supreme, which added expenses of $5.7 million. In addition, salaries and employee related costs, including employee incentive programs, increased $0.5 million and outside professional fees for human resource and tax administration increased $0.5 million in the current quarter. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expenses were 4.2% for the second quarter of 2018, down slightly from 4.4% for the second quarter of 2017.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $8.6 million in the second quarter of 2018, an increase of $2.7 million, or 45.1%, compared to the prior year period. The increase was largely due to the inclusion of Supreme, which added expenses of $3.4 million, as well as a $0.2 million increase in advertising and promotion efforts. This was offset by a $0.9 million decrease in salaries and employee related costs, including employee incentive programs. As a percentage of net sales, selling expenses were 1.4% for both the second quarter of 2018 and the second quarter of 2017.

Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangibles was $4.9 million for the second quarter of 2018 compared to $4.1 million in the prior year period. Amortization of intangibles for the current period were the result of expenses recognized for intangible assets recorded from the acquisitions of Walker Group Holdings (“Walker”) in May 2012, certain assets of Beall Corporation (“Beall”) in February 2013, and Supreme in September 2017.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest expense for the second quarter of 2018 totaled $7.1 million compared to $2.9 million in the second quarter of 2017. Interest expense relates to interest and non-cash accretion charges on our Convertible Notes, Term Loan Credit Agreement, and Senior Notes (each as defined below). The increase from the previous year period is primarily due to the issuance of our Senior Notes in September 2017 related to the financing of a portion of the Supreme acquisition, partially offset by the repurchase of the Convertible Notes completed over the previous twelve months.

Other, net for the second quarter of 2018 represented income of $4.0 million as compared to income of $0.3 million for the prior year period. Income for the current period represents the gain on the sale of former retail branch locations.

Income Taxes

We recognized income tax expense of $11.0 million in the second quarter 2018 compared to $13.2 million for the same period in the prior year. The effective tax rates for the second quarter of 2018 and 2017 were 25.7% and 36.4%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 21% and 35% for 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily due to the impact of state and local taxes.

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018

Net Sales

Net sales in the first six months of 2018 increased $305.4 million, or 38.2%, compared to the first six months of 2017. By business segment, prior to the elimination of intercompany sales, sales and related units sold were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales were $729.9 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $107.0 million, or 17.2%, compared to the first six months of 2017. Trailers shipped during the first six months of 2018 totaled 28,300 trailers compared to 24,000 trailers in the prior year period, a 17.9% increase. The increase in new trailer shipments compared to the prior year period resulted in $108.9 million increase in sales. Parts and service revenue for the six month period of 2018 totaled $17.7 million, a decrease of $8.2 million or 31.6% from the prior year period due to fewer retail branch locations in the current year. Used trailer sales increased $4.8 million compared to the prior year period primarily due to a 600 unit increase in used trailer shipments in the first six months of 2018 compared to the prior year period.

Diversified Products segment sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales were $189.3 million for the first six months of 2018, an increase of $8.6 million, or 4.7%, compared to the same period of 2017. Trailers shipped during the first six months of 2018 totaled 1,200 trailers compared to 1,050 trailers in the prior year period, a 14.3% increase. The increase in new trailer shipments compared to the prior year period resulted in $7.5 million increase in sales. Parts and service sales remained flat as compared to the prior year period. Equipment sales increased $0.7 million, or 1.6%, compared to the prior year period as a result of higher demand for our non-trailer products and truck-mounted equipment.

Final Mile Products segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $196.7 million for the first six months of 2018 for this newly created segment.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $954.6 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $283.0 million, or 42.1%, compared to the prior year period. Cost of sales is comprised of material costs, a variable expense, and other manufacturing costs, comprised of both fixed and variable expenses, including direct and indirect labor, outbound freight, and overhead expenses.

Commercial Trailer Products segment cost of sales was $645.9 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $116.0 million, or 21.9%, compared to the prior year period. The increase was primarily driven by a $90.7 million increase in material costs due to higher production volumes and material cost inflation as compared to the prior year period. Other manufacturing costs increased $25.2 million as compared to the prior year period due to higher new trailer production volumes.

Diversified Products segment cost of sales was $155.3 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $9.3 million, or 6.4%, compared to the prior period. The increase was primarily driven by a $5.7 million increase in material costs due to increased material costs and a $3.6 million increase in other manufacturing costs related to increased volume and product mix.

Final Mile Product segment cost of sales was $164.2 million in first six months of 2018 for this newly created segment.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $149.4 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $22.4 million from the prior year period. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales was 13.5% for the first six months and 15.9% for the same period in 2017. Gross profit by segment was as follows (dollars in thousands):

Commercial Trailer Products segment gross profit was $84.0 million for the first six months of 2018 compared to $93.0 million for the prior year period. Gross profit prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, as a percentage of net sales, was 11.5% in 2018 compared to 14.9% in the prior period. The decreases in gross profit and gross profit margin as compared to the prior year period were primarily driven by increases in material costs, start-up expenses associated with the ramp-up of new products as well as increased labor costs resulting from higher wage rates and increased overtime requirements to meet demand.

Diversified Products segment gross profit was $34.0 million for the first half of 2018 compared to $34.7 million in the same period of 2017. Gross profit prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, as a percentage of net sales, was 18.0% in the 2018 period compared to 19.2% in the prior period. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of net sales compared to the prior year period was primarily driven by an unfavorable product mix, higher material costs and lower volume for our non-trailer related equipment and other engineered products.

Final Mile Products segment gross profit was $32.5 million for the first six months of 2018 for this newly created segment. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales, was 16.5% in the first six months of 2018.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the first six months of 2018 increased $13.4 million, or 35.9%, from the prior year period. The increase was largely due to the inclusion of Supreme, which added expenses of $11.9 million. In addition, salaries and employee related costs, including employee incentive programs, increased $0.4 million and outside professional fees for legal, tax administration, and human resources expenses increased $1.2 million in the current quarter. As a percentage of net sales, general and administrative expenses were 4.6% for the 2018 period as compared to 4.7% for the same period of 2017.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $16.9 million in the first six months of 2018, an increase of $4.8 million, or 40.0%, compared to the prior year period. The increase was largely due to the inclusion of Supreme, which added expenses of $6.5 million, as well as a $0.3 million increase in advertising and promotion efforts. These increases were partially offset by a $1.9 million decrease in salaries and employee related costs, including employee incentive programs. As a percentage of net sales, selling expenses were 1.5% for both the 2018 and 2017 periods.

Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangibles was $9.9 million for the first six months of 2018 compared to $8.6 million in the prior year period. Amortization of intangibles for the current year period were the result of expenses recognized for intangible assets recorded from the acquisitions of Walker in May 2012, certain assets of Beall in February 2013, and Supreme in September 2017.

Other Income (Expense)

Interest expense for the first six months of 2018 totaled $14.6 million compared to $5.9 million in the prior year period. Interest expense for the current year period is primarily related to interest and non-cash accretion charges on our Convertible Notes, Term Loan Credit Agreement, and Senior Notes. The increase from the previous year period is due to the issuance of our Senior Notes in September 2017 related to the financing of a portion of the Supreme acquisition, partially offset by the repurchase of the Convertible Notes completed over the previous twelve months.

Other, net for the first six months of 2018 represented income of $12.0 million as compared to income of $1.7 million for the prior year period. The current year period includes gains on the sale of former retail branch locations.

Income Taxes

The Company recognized income tax expense of $15.9 million in the first six months of 2018 compared to $21.6 million for the same period in the prior year. The effective tax rates for the first six months of 2018 and 2017 were 23.0% and 33.4%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 21% and 35% for 2018 and 2017, respectively, primarily due to the impact of state and local taxes and the recognition of excess tax benefits on share-based compensation.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Structure

Our capital structure is comprised of a mix of debt and equity. As of June 30, 2018, our debt to equity ratio was approximately 1.0:1.0. Our long-term objective is to generate operating cash flows sufficient to support the growth within our businesses and increase shareholder value. This objective will be achieved through a balanced capital allocation strategy of maintaining strong liquidity, deleveraging our balance sheet, investing in the business, both organically and strategically, and returning capital to our shareholders. In the first six months of 2018, and in keeping to this balanced approach, we completed the purchase of the remaining $44.6 million of our outstanding Convertible Notes (see “Debt Agreements and Related Amendments” section below for details), repurchased $16.0 million of common stock, and paid dividends of $9.3 million. For the remainder of 2018, we expect to continue our commitment to fund our working capital requirements and capital expenditures while also returning capital to our shareholders and deleveraging our balance sheet through cash flows from operations as well as available borrowings under our existing Credit Agreement.

Debt Agreements and Related Amendments

Convertible Notes

In April 2012, we issued Convertible Senior Notes due 2018 (the “Convertible Notes”) in a public offering with an aggregate principal amount of $150 million. The Convertible Notes bore interest at the rate of 3.375% per annum from the date of issuance, payable semi-annually on May 1 and November 1, and matured on May 1, 2018. The Convertible Notes were senior unsecured obligations and ranked equally with our existing and future senior unsecured debt. We used the net proceeds of $145.1 million from the sale of the Convertible Notes to fund a portion of the purchase price of the acquisition of Walker in May 2012.

During 2018, the Company used $80.2 million in cash, excluding interest, to settle $44.6 million in principal of the Convertible Notes of which none were converted to common shares. The excess of the cash settlement amount over the principal value of the Convertible Notes was accounted for as a reacquisition of equity, resulting in a $35.5 million reduction to additional paid-in capital during the six months ended June 30, 2018.  For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.2 million related to settlements and the retirement of the Convertible Notes, which is included in Other, net on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Senior Notes

On September 26, 2017, we issued Senior Notes due 2025 (the “Senior Notes”) in an offering pursuant to Rule 144A or Regulation S under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, with an aggregate principal amount of $325 million. The Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 5.50% per annum from the date of issuance, and will pay interest semi-annually in cash on April 1 and October 1 of each year, beginning on April 1, 2018. We used the net proceeds of $318.9 million from the sale of the Senior Notes to finance a portion of the acquisition of Supreme and to pay related fees and expenses.

The Senior Notes will mature on October 1, 2025. At any time prior to October 1, 2020, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes for cash at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes being redeemed plus an applicable make-whole premium set forth in the indenture for the Senior Notes and accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Prior to October 1, 2020, we may redeem up to 40% of the Senior Notes at a redemption price of 105.50% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the proceeds of certain equity offerings so long as if, after any such redemption occurs, at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes remains outstanding. On and after October 1, 2020, we may redeem some or all of the Senior Notes at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.750% for the twelve-month period beginning on October 1, 2020, 101.375% for the twelve-month period beginning October 1, 2021 and 100.000% beginning on October 1, 2022, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the indenture for the Senior Notes), unless we have exercised our optional redemption right in respect of the Senior Notes, the holders of the Senior Notes have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all of our direct and indirect existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain restrictions. The Senior Notes and related guarantees are our and the guarantors’ general unsecured senior obligations and are subordinate to all of our and the guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured obligation. In addition, the Senior Notes are structurally subordinate to any existing and future debt of any of our subsidiaries that are not guarantors, to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries.

The indenture for the Senior Notes restricts our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, its capital stock or with respect to any other interest or participation in, or measured by, its profits; (iii) make loans and certain investments; (iv) sell assets; (v) create or incur liens; (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates; and (vii) consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of its assets. These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications. During any time when the Senior Notes are rated investment grade by Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and no event of default has occurred or is continuing, many of these covenants will be suspended and the Company and its subsidiaries will not be subject to such covenants during such period.

The indenture for the Senior Notes contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants, failure to pay certain judgments and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the principal amount of the Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, may be declared immediately due and payable. These amounts automatically become due and payable if an event of default relating to certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occurs.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees for the Senior Notes for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $9.2 million and is included in Interest Expense on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revolving Credit Agreement

In May 2012, we entered into the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as subsequently amended, the “Credit Agreement”), dated as of May 8, 2012, among us, certain of our subsidiaries from time to time party thereto (together with us, the “Borrowers”), the several lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as arranger and administrative agent (the “Agent”). The Credit Agreement provides for, among other things, (x) a $175 million senior secured revolving credit facility that matures on June 4, 2020, subject to certain springing maturity events and (y) an uncommitted accordion feature allowing for an increase to the availability under the revolving credit facility of up to $50 million, subject to certain conditions (the “Revolving Credit Facility”).

The Revolving Credit Facility (i) bears interest, at the Borrowers’ election, at (x) the London Interbank Offer Rate (“LIBOR”) (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin ranging from 150 basis points to 200 basis points, or (y) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 50 basis points to 100 basis points, in each case, based upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, (ii) requires us to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 25 basis points times the average unused availability under the Revolving Credit Facility, (iii) provides that if availability under the Revolving Credit Facility is less than 12.5% of the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility or if there exists an event of default, amounts in any of the Borrowers’ and the subsidiary guarantors’ deposit accounts (other than certain excluded accounts) will be transferred daily into a blocked account held by the Agent and applied to reduce the outstanding amounts under the Revolving Credit Facility, and (iv) requires us to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.1 to 1.0 as of the end of any period of 12 fiscal months when excess availability under the Revolving Credit Facility is less than 10% of the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility.

In connection with, and in order to permit under the Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes offering and the acquisition of Supreme, on August 16, 2017, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Credit Agreement (the “Third Amendment”). The Third Amendment also permitted us to incur certain other indebtedness in connection with the acquisition of Supreme and to acquire certain liens and obligations of Supreme upon the consummation of the acquisition.

The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries (the “Revolver Guarantors”) and is secured by (i) first priority security interests (subject only to customary permitted liens and certain other permitted liens) in substantially all personal property of the Borrowers and the Revolver Guarantors, consisting of accounts receivable, inventory, cash, deposit and securities accounts and any cash or other assets in such accounts and, to the extent evidencing or otherwise related to such property, all general intangibles, licenses, intercompany debt, letter of credit rights, commercial tort claims, chattel paper, instruments, supporting obligations, documents and payment intangibles (collectively, the “Revolver Priority Collateral”), and (ii) second-priority liens on and security interests in (subject only to the liens securing the Term Loan Credit Agreement (as defined below), customary permitted liens and certain other permitted liens) (A) equity interests of each direct subsidiary held by the Borrower and each Revolver Guarantor (subject to customary limitations in the case of the equity of foreign subsidiaries), and (B) substantially all other tangible and intangible assets of the Borrowers and the Revolver Guarantors including equipment, general intangibles, intercompany notes, insurance policies, investment property, intellectual property and material owned real property (in each case, except to the extent constituting Revolver Priority Collateral) (collectively, the “Term Priority Collateral”). The respective priorities of the security interests securing the Credit Agreement and the Term Loan Credit Agreement are governed by an Intercreditor Agreement between the Agent and the Term Agent (as defined below) (the “Intercreditor Agreement”).

The Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, pay off subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. Subject to the terms of the Intercreditor Agreement, if the covenants under the Credit Agreement are breached, the lenders may, subject to various customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. Other customary events of default in the Credit Agreement include, without limitation, failure to pay obligations when due, initiation of insolvency proceedings, defaults on certain other indebtedness, and the incurrence of certain judgments that are not stayed, satisfied, bonded or discharged within 30 days.

As of June 30, 2018, we were in compliance with all covenants of the Credit Agreement.

Term Loan Credit Agreement

In May 2012, we entered into a Term Loan Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”), dated as of May 8, 2012, among us, the several lenders from time to time party thereto, Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as administrative agent (the “Term Agent”), joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner, and Wells Fargo Securities, LLC, as joint lead arranger and joint bookrunner, which provides for, among other things, (x) a senior secured term loan of $188.0 million that matures on March 19, 2022, subject to certain springing maturity events (the “Term Loans”), and (y) an uncommitted accordion feature to provide for additional senior secured term loans of up to $75 million plus an unlimited amount provided that the senior secured leverage ratio would not exceed 3.00 to 1.00, subject to certain conditions (the “Term Loan Facility”).

In connection with, and in order to permit under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, the Senior Notes offering and the acquisition of Supreme, on August 18, 2017, we entered into Amendment No. 4 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 4”). Amendment No. 4 also permitted us to incur certain other indebtedness in connection with the Supreme acquisition and to acquire certain liens and obligations of Supreme upon the consummation of the Supreme acquisition.

Furthermore, on November 17, 2017, we entered into Amendment No. 5 to the Term Loan Credit Agreement (“Amendment No. 5”). As of the Amendment No. 5 date, $188.0 million of the Term Loans were outstanding. Under Amendment No. 5, the lenders agreed to provide us term loans in the same aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Term Loans, which were used to refinance the outstanding Term Loans.

The Term Loans amortize in equal quarterly installments in aggregate amounts equal to 0.25% of the initial principal amount of the Tem Loans, with the balance payable at maturity, and bear interest at a rate, at the Company’s election, equal to (i) LIBOR (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin of 225 basis points or (ii) a base rate (subject to a floor of 0%) plus a margin of 125 basis points. We are not subject to any financial covenants under the Term Loan Facility.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries, and is secured by (i) first-priority liens on and security interests in the Term Priority Collateral, and (ii) second-priority security interests in the Revolver Priority Collateral.

The Term Loan Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting our ability to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, pay off subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. Subject to the terms of the Intercreditor Agreement, if the covenants under the Term Loan Credit Agreement are breached, the lenders may, subject to various customary cure rights, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. Other customary events of default in the Term Loan Credit Agreement include, without limitation, failure to pay obligations when due, initiation of insolvency proceedings, defaults on certain other indebtedness, and the incurrence of certain judgments that are not stayed, satisfied, bonded or discharged within 60 days.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, we paid interest of $3.9 million and $3.8 million, respectively, and principal of $0.9 million during each period. In connection with Amendment No. 3 we recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.6 million during the first quarter of 2017, which was included in Other, net on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. As of June 30, 2018, we had $186.6 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, of which $1.9 million was classified as current on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet.

For the six month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we incurred charges of $0.1 million and less than $0.1 million, respectively, for amortization of fees and original issuance discount, which is included in Interest Expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Cash Flow

Cash provided by operating activities for the first six months of 2018 totaled $40.5 million, compared to providing $75.2 million during the same period in 2017. The cash provided by operations during the current year period was the result of net income adjusted for various non-cash activities including depreciation, amortization, gain on the sale of assets, deferred taxes, loss on debt extinguishment, stock-based compensation, and accretion of debt discount partially offset by a $28.1 million increase in working capital. Changes in key working capital accounts for 2018 and 2017 are summarized below (in thousands):

Accounts receivable increased by $46.6 million in the first six months of 2018 as compared to a decrease of $30.7 million in the prior year period. Days sales outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a receivable is outstanding, was 29 days in 2018 as compared to 26 days in the same period in 2017. The increase in accounts receivable during the first six months of 2018 was primarily due to increased demand, as well as timing of shipments. Inventory increased by $56.1 million during the first six months of 2018 as compared to an increase of $60.7 million in the 2017 period. The increase in inventory for the 2018 period was primarily due to higher finished goods and raw materials inventory resulting from increased demand for the first six months of 2018. Our inventory turns, a commonly used measure of working capital efficiency that measures how quickly inventory turns per year, was approximately eight times in both the 2018 and 2017 periods. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased by $72.8 million in 2018 compared to an increase of $35.3 million for the same period in 2017. The increase during the first six months of 2018 was primarily due to continued strong production levels and purchasing activities required to meet current demand. Days payable outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a payable is outstanding, was 31 days in 2018 as compared to 27 days in the same period in 2017.

Investing activities provided $8.4 million during the first six months of 2018, as compared to $5.9 million used in the same period in 2017. Investing activities for the first six months of 2018 include proceeds from the sale of certain branch location assets totaling $19.5 million offset by capital expenditures of $11.1 million.

Financing activities used $111.1 million during the first six months of 2018 as compared to $54.2 million used in the same period in 2017. Cash used in financing activities during the current year period primarily relates to repurchase of Convertible Notes totaling $80.2 million, common stock repurchases of $21.4 million and cash dividends paid to our shareholders of $9.3 million. Cash used in financing activities in the first six months of 2017 primarily relates to common stock repurchases through our share repurchase program of $38.5 million, cash dividends paid to our shareholders of $7.8 million, and the repurchase of Convertible Notes totaling $7.3 million offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $5.6 million.

As of June 30, 2018, our liquidity position, defined as cash on hand and available borrowing capacity, amounted to $287.7 million, representing a decrease of $60.5 million compared to June 30, 2017 and a decrease of $73.4 million compared to December 31, 2017. Total debt and capital lease obligations amounted to $512.8 million as of June 30, 2018. As we continue to see a strong demand environment within the trailer industry and excellence in operational performance across all of our business segments, we believe our liquidity is adequate to fund our currently planned operations, working capital needs and capital expenditures for the remainder of 2018.

Capital Expenditures

Capital spending amounted to $11.1 million for the first six months of 2018 and is expected to be approximately $40 million for 2018. Capital spending for 2018 has been and is expected to continue to be primarily utilized to support maintenance, growth, and productivity improvement initiatives within our facilities.

Off-Balance Sheet Transactions

As of June 30, 2018, we had approximately $5.2 million in operating lease commitments, inclusive of Supreme. We did not enter into any material off-balance sheet debt or operating lease transactions during the year.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

A summary of payments of our contractual obligations and commercial commitments, both on and off balance sheet, as of June 30, 2018 are as follows (in thousands):